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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Wells

John W. Wells

["1 Early life","2 Early career","3 Later career","4 Selected publications","5 Chronology","6 Awards and memberships","7 Legacy","8 References"]

U.S. paleontologist, cnidariologist, and geologist (1907–1994) John West Wells (July 15, 1907 – January 12, 1994) was an American paleontologist, biologist and geologist who focused his research on corals. He was notable for, among other things, proving that the rotational period of the Earth undergoes periodic changes. The National Academies of Science said that Wells "made an indelible mark on the world of paleontology." The Independent called Wells "the leading authority on modern and fossil corals, a noteworthy contributor on coral reefs and atolls". Wells was Professor of Geology, Ohio State University, Professor of Geology, Cornell University, President, Paleontological Society, a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Early life Wells was bom July 15, 1907, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He went to school in Homer, New York, 20 miles northeast of Ithaca. He took his B.S. degree at the University of Pittsburgh, majoring in chemistry. However he soon became fascinated by geology, under the guidance of Ransom E. Sommers and Henry Leighton. Early career Wells became an instructor of geology at the University of Texas from 1929 to 1931, whilst studying for his M.A. from Cornell University in 1930, with a special interest in paleontology. He took his Ph.D. from Cornell in 1933 under Gilbert D. Harris. During 1933–1934, Wells was a National Research Council Fellow, studying paleontology at the British Museum (Natural History), in London, the French National Museum of Natural History (Paris), and the Natural History Museum of Berlin. Upon his return to the U.S., Wells worked with T. Wayland Vaughan in Washington, D.C. from 1935 to 1937, and "looked for a job." Together they revised a volume on Scleractinia (1943). Wells taught at the State Normal School at Fredonia, New York (now SUNY) from 1937 to 1938, and then was a Professor in Geology at Ohio State University from 1938 to 1948. At Ohio State University, he would begin researching the history of geology. Wells served in the military in France and Germany during 1944–45 in the Office of Strategic Services, and later assisted with studies assessing war damage and in the recovery of coral literature from bombed or burning buildings in Germany. His work with OSS assessed the state of universities and museums in France and Germany, following the war. Later career Wells returned to Cornell in 1948 as professor of geology. He served as department chairman from 1962 to 1965. In 1946 he began working with the U.S. Geological Survey. He was involved in research into various Pacific islands, including field work in the resurvey of Bikini Atoll (1947) and was attached to the Pacific Science Board's Arno Atoll Expedition (1950). He would continue to identify, describe, and analyze the Recent and Tertiary corals from these and other expeditions even in his retirement. Many of his publications were the direct result of this Pacific island work. During 1954, Wells was granted a Fulbright lecturing position at the University of Queensland, spending many months studying corals of the Great Barrier Reef. During this period he established a productive working relationship with Dorothy Hill of the University of Queensland, who was the leading Australian expert on reef geology. Wells and Dorothy Hill would jointly prepare nine sections on the Coelenterata for the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology published in 1956. Wells would also prepare sections on Scleractinia for the Treatise. Wells' most widely read paper appeared in November 1962 and was published in Nature. Astronomers and geophysicists paid attention to his “Coral Growth and Geochronometry” paper, which demonstrated their theory that the Earth's rotation was slowing down. His research indicated that there were more days in the Devonian year (400) compared with those of the modern age (365), by comparing counts of daily growth lines in corals. Wells' paper generated a great amount of research on the incremental growth of skeletal material in several groups of invertebrates. J. B. S. Haldane described Wells' work in an article published in the New York Times, Professor Wells of Cornell University also has this quality. He collects ancient and modern coral. Those which grow in seas where the temperature varies much with the seasons often show annual growth rings like trees. Wells found that some also show daily ridges of growth, which can be counted with a good hand lens costing perhaps $10. Modern corals show about 365 ridges a year….Silurian corals show about 400 rings a year. As the year has probably changed little, therefore the days have been getting longer. (They are getting longer, as we know, from records of ancient eclipses, among other evidence. This is thought to be due to the braking action of the tides, both in the sea and in the earth, which is not quite rigid.) Ask anyone who does not know the answer how much the apparatus cost which proved that the number of days in the year has increased by 35 in 350 million years and he will probably guess at $10 million or so. Wells would retire from Cornell in 1973, and become Emeritus Professor. In 1975 he travelled to the Charles Darwin Research Station in the Galapagos Islands and helped identify six new species of azooxanthellate corals. John Wells' long-standing interests and research into local and cultural history, especially that of upstate New York, were able to flourish in retirement. In 1958, he published The Cayuga Bridge, a story of New York local history. The summer home on Cayuga Lake, that Wells and his wife established in 1948, would host students, colleagues, and other friends from around the world, for decades. Wells had an important collection of early works on American and European geology. Selected publications Wells, J.W. (1933). "Corals of the Cretaceous of the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains and western interior of the United States". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 18 (67): 85–288. Wells, J.W. (1934). "Some fossil corals of the West Indies". Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum. 83 (2975): 71–110. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.83-2975.71. Wells, J.W. (1936) The nomenclature and type species of some genera of recent and fossil corals. American Journal of Science, ser. 5, 31(182): 97-134. Wells, J.W. (1937). "Individual variation in the rugose coral species Heliophyllum halli E. & H.". Palaeontographica Americana. 2 (6): 1–22. Wells, J.W. (1941). "Crinoids and Callixylon". American Journal of Science. 239 (6): 454–456. Bibcode:1941AmJS..239..454W. doi:10.2475/ajs.239.6.454. Wells, J.W. with Vaughan, T. W. (1943). Revision of the suborders, families, and genera of the Scleractinia. Geological Society of America Special Paper 44. Wells, J.W. (1945) West Indian Eocene and Miocene corals. Geological Society of America Memoir 9, part 2. Wells, J.W. (1947). "Provisional paleoecological analysis of Devonian rocks of the Columbus region". Ohio Journal of Science. 47: 119–126. Ladd, H.S.; Emery, K.O.; Tracy, J.I. Jr.; Wells, J.W. (1950). "Organic growth and sedimentation on an atoll". Journal of Geology. 58 (4): 410–425. Bibcode:1950JG.....58..410L. doi:10.1086/625753. S2CID 129615820. Wells, J. W. (1951). "The coral reefs of Arno Atoll, Marshall Islands". Atoll Research Bulletin. 9: 1–14. doi:10.5479/si.00775630.9.1. Wells, J.W. (1954). "Recent corals of the Marshall Islands". U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. 260–1: 385–486. Wells, J. W. (1955) Recent and subfossil corals of Moreton Bay, Queensland. Papers (University of Queensland. Dept. of Geology), 4(10).: 1-24. Stephenson, W. and Wells, J.W. (1956) The corals of Low Isles, Queensland. Papers (University of Queensland. Dept. of Zoology), 1(4): 1-65. Hill, D., and Wells, J.W. (1956) Cnidaria—general features. Section F5, Coelenterata. In: Moore, R.C., ed., Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas Wells, J.W. (1956) Scleractinia, in Moore, R. C., ed., Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part F, Coelentarata. New York, Geological Society of America and Lawrence, Kansas, University of Kansas Press, p. F328-444. Wells, J.W. (1957) Coral reefs. Treatise on marine ecology and paleoecology. Ecology (1): 609-631 . Geological Society of America, Memoir 67. Wells, J.W. (1958) The Cayuga Bridge: Ithaca, New York, DeWitt Historical Society, 14 p. (second edition, 1961, 18 p.; third edition, 1966, 18 p.). Wells, J.W. (1963a). "Coral growth and geochronometry". Nature. 197 (4871): 948–950. Bibcode:1963Natur.197..948W. doi:10.1038/197948a0. S2CID 36696148. Wells, J.W. (1963b) Early investigations of the Devonian System in New York, 1656–1836. Geological Society of America Special Paper 74. Todd, R., Wells, J.W., Brown, D.A.; Cooper, G.A.; Kier, P.M.; Roberts, H.B. (1964) "Bikini and nearby atolls, Marshall Islands". U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1067–1131. Wells, J.W. (1964) Ahermatypic corals from Queensland. Papers (University of Queensland. Dept. of Zoology), 2(6): 107–121. Wells, J.W. (1966). "Evolutionary development in the scleractinian family Fungiidae". Zoological Society of London Symposium. 16: 223–246. Wells, J.W. (1967). "Corals as bathometers". Marine Geology. 5 (5–6): 349–365. Bibcode:1967MGeol...5..349W. doi:10.1016/0025-3227(67)90045-x. Wells, J.W. (1967). "The Devonian coral Pachyphyllum vagabundum, a necroplotic P. woodtnanil". Journal of Paleontology. 41: 1280. Wells, J.W. (1969) The formation of dissepiments in zoanthrarian corals. In K.S.W. Campbell (ed). Stratigraphy and palaeontology: essays in honour of Dorothy Hill. Canberra: Australian National University Press, p. 17-26. Wells, J.W. (1973). "New and old scleractinian corals from Jamaica". Bulletin of Marine Science. 23: 16–55. Wells, J.W. (1982). "Notes on Indo-Pacific scleractinian corals, part 9. New corals from the Galapagos Islands". Pacific Science. 36: 211–219. Wells, J.W. (1983) Annotated list of the scleractinian corals of the Galápagos, in Glynn, P. W., and Wellington, G. M., Corals and coral reefs of the Galápagos Islands: Berkeley, University of California Press, p 212–296. Wells, J.W. (1986) A list of scleractinian generic and subgeneric taxa, 1758–1985. Fossil Cnidaria, 15 (1.1). (Additions and corrections: 1987, v. 16, no. 1, p. 49-53). Chronology 15 July 1907: born Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1928: graduate from the University of Pittsburgh 1932: married Elizabeth "Pie" Baker 1933: Ph.D. from Cornell University 1938-48: Professor of Geology, Ohio State University 1948-73: Professor of Geology, Cornell University 1954: Fulbright Scholar, University of Queensland 1961-62: President, Paleontological Society 1968: elected to the National Academy of Sciences 12 January 1994: died Ithaca, New York Awards and memberships Wells was a Fellow of the Geological Society of America. He was President of the Paleontological Research Institution (1961–63). He was President of the Paleontology Society (1961–62). He was a member of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Society of Systematic Zoology, Society for the Study of Evolution, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Sigma Xi, and the International Association for the Study of Fossil Cnidaria. He was made a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1968. He was awarded the Paleontology Society Medal in 1974, and the James Hall Medal of the New York Geological Survey in 1987. Legacy Wells married Elizabeth (“Pie”) Baker, of Ithaca, in late 1932, after meeting her at Cornell University. Their daughter, Ellen Baker Wells was born in Germany. At his death in 1994, Wells was survived by his daughter, two granddaughters, and two great grandchildren. Ellen Wells would go on to become head librarian in the Dibner Rare Books Library of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C. The Wells family donated papers to the Cornell University Library Archives, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections -Baker Wells Family Papers, #3601. The Paleontological Research Institution established a grant in Wells' name for students to use their research collection. References ^ a b c d e f Brice, William R. (1996). "J o h n W e s t W e l l s 1907—1994" (PDF). National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoirs. Retrieved March 17, 2016. ^ a b c d e f g h i j The Independent:Obituary: Professor John Wells ^ a b c d e f g h i Oliver Jr, William A. and Cairns, Stephen D. (November 1994). "Memorial to John West Wells 1907-1994" (PDF). Geological Society of America Memorials. 25. Retrieved March 17, 2016.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ a b Glynn, Peter. "The departure of a master from our ranks". Coral Reef Newsletter. 25: 1–3. ^ "WILL STUDY CORALS - Brisbane Telegraph (Qld. : 1948 - 1954) - 3 Mar 1954". Brisbane Telegraph (Qld. : 1948 - 1954). 1954-03-03. p. 28. Retrieved 2016-05-22. ^ "INTRODUCING A NEW SATURDAY COLUMN - ANNETTE MOIR'S BRISBANE THIS WEEK | WEEK - The Courier-Mail (Brisbane, Qld. : 1933 - 1954) - 31 Jul 1954". Courier-Mail (Brisbane, Qld. : 1933 - 1954). 1954-07-31. p. 7. Retrieved 2016-03-17. ^ Bowen, James (2015). The Coral Reef Era: From Discovery to Decline: A history of scientific investigation from 1600 to the Anthropocene Epoch. Humanity and the Sea. Springer. p. 108. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07479-5. ISBN 978-3-319-07478-8. S2CID 128435591. ^ Haldane, J. B. S. (April 19, 1964). "A Scientific Revolution? Yes Will We Be Happier? Maybe: A Scientific Revolution?". New York Times. ^ Glynn, Peter W. (1994). "Eastern Pacific coral reefs: new revelations in the twentieth century" (PDF). Retrieved September 29, 2016. ^ Brice, William R. (1996). "John West Wells 1907-1994 - biographical memoir" (PDF). National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved August 25, 2015. ^ "Special collections" (PDF). Special collections. Archives & Manuscript Collections National Sporting Library Middleburg, VA. 2004. Retrieved May 22, 2016. ^ "Paleontological Research Institution". www.priweb.org. Retrieved 2016-09-15. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Netherlands Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"paleontologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologist"},{"link_name":"biologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologist"},{"link_name":"geologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologist"},{"link_name":"corals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IND-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"National Academies of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"coral reefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reefs"},{"link_name":"atolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atolls"},{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IND-2"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IND-2"},{"link_name":"Paleontological Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontological_Society"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IND-2"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IND-2"}],"text":"John West Wells (July 15, 1907 – January 12, 1994) was an American paleontologist, biologist and geologist who focused his research on corals.[1][2]He was notable for, among other things, proving that the rotational period of the Earth undergoes periodic changes.[1]\nThe National Academies of Science said that Wells \"made an indelible mark on the world of paleontology.\"[1]\nThe Independent called Wells \"the leading authority on modern and fossil corals, a noteworthy contributor on coral reefs and atolls\".\nWells was Professor of Geology, Ohio State University,[2] Professor of Geology, Cornell University,[2] President, Paleontological Society,[2] a member of the National Academy of Sciences.[2]","title":"John W. Wells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Homer, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Ithaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York"},{"link_name":"University of Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"}],"text":"Wells was bom July 15, 1907, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He went to school in Homer, New York, 20 miles northeast of Ithaca. He took his B.S. degree at the University of Pittsburgh,[3] majoring in chemistry. However he soon became fascinated by geology, under the guidance of Ransom E. Sommers and Henry Leighton.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"British Museum (Natural History)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London"},{"link_name":"French National Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History_(France)"},{"link_name":"Natural History Museum of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Wayland Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"SUNY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Office of Strategic Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Wells became an instructor of geology at the University of Texas from 1929 to 1931, whilst studying for his M.A. from Cornell University in 1930, with a special interest in paleontology. He took his Ph.D. from Cornell in 1933 under Gilbert D. Harris.[1]During 1933–1934, Wells was a National Research Council Fellow, studying paleontology at the British Museum (Natural History), in London, the French National Museum of Natural History (Paris), and the Natural History Museum of Berlin. Upon his return to the U.S., Wells worked with T. Wayland Vaughan in Washington, D.C. from 1935 to 1937, and \"looked for a job.\"[3] Together they revised a volume on Scleractinia (1943). Wells taught at the State Normal School at Fredonia, New York (now SUNY) from 1937 to 1938, and then was a Professor in Geology at Ohio State University from 1938 to 1948. At Ohio State University, he would begin researching the history of geology. Wells served in the military in France and Germany during 1944–45 in the Office of Strategic Services, and later assisted with studies assessing war damage[1] and in the recovery of coral literature from bombed or burning buildings in Germany.[4] His work with OSS assessed the state of universities and museums in France and Germany, following the war.[3]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"Bikini Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikini_Atoll"},{"link_name":"Arno Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno_Atoll"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"University of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Great Barrier Reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Hill"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Invertebrate_Paleontology"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"J. B. S. Haldane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Cayuga Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayuga_Lake"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Wells returned to Cornell in 1948 as professor of geology. He served as department chairman from 1962 to 1965. In 1946 he began working with the U.S. Geological Survey. He was involved in research into various Pacific islands, including field work in the resurvey of Bikini Atoll (1947) and was attached to the Pacific Science Board's Arno Atoll Expedition (1950). He would continue to identify, describe, and analyze the Recent and Tertiary corals from these and other expeditions even in his retirement. Many of his publications were the direct result of this Pacific island work.[3]During 1954, Wells was granted a Fulbright lecturing position at the University of Queensland,[5] spending many months studying corals of the Great Barrier Reef.[6] During this period he established a productive working relationship with Dorothy Hill of the University of Queensland, who was the leading Australian expert on reef geology.[7] Wells and Dorothy Hill would jointly prepare nine sections on the Coelenterata for the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology published in 1956. Wells would also prepare sections on Scleractinia for the Treatise.Wells' most widely read paper appeared in November 1962 and was published in Nature. Astronomers and geophysicists paid attention to his “Coral Growth and Geochronometry” paper, which demonstrated their theory that the Earth's rotation was slowing down.[4] His research indicated that there were more days in the Devonian year (400) compared with those of the modern age (365), by comparing counts of daily growth lines in corals. Wells' paper generated a great amount of research on the incremental growth of skeletal material in several groups of invertebrates.[3] \nJ. B. S. Haldane described Wells' work in an article published in the New York Times, Professor Wells of Cornell University also has this quality. He collects ancient and modern coral. Those which grow in seas where the temperature varies much with the seasons often show annual growth rings like trees. Wells found that some also show daily ridges of growth, which can be counted with a good hand lens costing perhaps $10. Modern corals show about 365 ridges a year….Silurian corals show about 400 rings a year. As the year has probably changed little, therefore the days have been getting longer. (They are getting longer, as we know, from records of ancient eclipses, among other evidence. This is thought to be due to the braking action of the tides, both in the sea and in the earth, which is not quite rigid.) Ask anyone who does not know the answer how much the apparatus cost which proved that the number of days in the year has increased by 35 in 350 million years and he will probably guess at $10 million or so.[8]Wells would retire from Cornell in 1973, and become Emeritus Professor. In 1975 he travelled to the Charles Darwin Research Station in the Galapagos Islands and helped identify six new species of azooxanthellate corals.[9]John Wells' long-standing interests and research into local and cultural history, especially that of upstate New York, were able to flourish in retirement. In 1958, he published The Cayuga Bridge, a story of New York local history. The summer home on Cayuga Lake, that Wells and his wife established in 1948, would host students, colleagues, and other friends from around the world, for decades. Wells had an important collection of early works on American and European geology.[3]","title":"Later career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Some fossil corals of the West Indies\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/9005"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5479/si.00963801.83-2975.71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5479%2Fsi.00963801.83-2975.71"},{"link_name":"\"Crinoids and Callixylon\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.239.6.454"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1941AmJS..239..454W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1941AmJS..239..454W"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2475/ajs.239.6.454","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.239.6.454"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1950JG.....58..410L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950JG.....58..410L"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/625753","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F625753"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"129615820","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129615820"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5479/si.00775630.9.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5479%2Fsi.00775630.9.1"},{"link_name":"Papers (University of Queensland. Dept. of Geology), 4(10).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//espace.library.uq.edu.au/list/?cat=quick_filter&search_keys%5Bcore_33%5D=Papers%20(University%20of%20Queensland.%20Dept.%20of%20Geology)%20;%20v.%20IV%20no.%2010."},{"link_name":"Papers (University of Queensland. Dept. of Zoology), 1(4):","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//espace.library.uq.edu.au/list/?cat=quick_filter&search_keys%5Bcore_33%5D=Papers%20(University%20of%20Queensland.%20Dept.%20of%20Zoology)%20;%20v.%201%20no.%204."},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1963Natur.197..948W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963Natur.197..948W"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/197948a0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2F197948a0"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"36696148","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36696148"},{"link_name":"Papers (University of Queensland. Dept. of Zoology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//espace.library.uq.edu.au/list/?cat=quick_filter&search_keys%5Bcore_33%5D=Papers%20(University%20of%20Queensland.%20Dept.%20of%20Zoology)%20;%20v.%202%20no.%206."},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1967MGeol...5..349W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967MGeol...5..349W"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0025-3227(67)90045-x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0025-3227%2867%2990045-x"}],"text":"Wells, J.W. (1933). \"Corals of the Cretaceous of the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains and western interior of the United States\". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 18 (67): 85–288.\nWells, J.W. (1934). \"Some fossil corals of the West Indies\". Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum. 83 (2975): 71–110. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.83-2975.71.\nWells, J.W. (1936) The nomenclature and type species of some genera of recent and fossil corals. American Journal of Science, ser. 5, 31(182): 97-134.\nWells, J.W. (1937). \"Individual variation in the rugose coral species Heliophyllum halli E. & H.\". Palaeontographica Americana. 2 (6): 1–22.\nWells, J.W. (1941). \"Crinoids and Callixylon\". American Journal of Science. 239 (6): 454–456. Bibcode:1941AmJS..239..454W. doi:10.2475/ajs.239.6.454.\nWells, J.W. with Vaughan, T. W. (1943). Revision of the suborders, families, and genera of the Scleractinia. Geological Society of America Special Paper 44.\nWells, J.W. (1945) West Indian Eocene and Miocene corals. Geological Society of America Memoir 9, part 2.\nWells, J.W. (1947). \"Provisional paleoecological analysis of Devonian rocks of the Columbus region\". Ohio Journal of Science. 47: 119–126.\nLadd, H.S.; Emery, K.O.; Tracy, J.I. Jr.; Wells, J.W. (1950). \"Organic growth and sedimentation on an atoll\". Journal of Geology. 58 (4): 410–425. Bibcode:1950JG.....58..410L. doi:10.1086/625753. S2CID 129615820.\nWells, J. W. (1951). \"The coral reefs of Arno Atoll, Marshall Islands\". Atoll Research Bulletin. 9: 1–14. doi:10.5479/si.00775630.9.1.\nWells, J.W. (1954). \"Recent corals of the Marshall Islands\". U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. 260–1: 385–486.\nWells, J. W. (1955) Recent and subfossil corals of Moreton Bay, Queensland. Papers (University of Queensland. Dept. of Geology), 4(10).: 1-24.\nStephenson, W. and Wells, J.W. (1956) The corals of Low Isles, Queensland. Papers (University of Queensland. Dept. of Zoology), 1(4): 1-65.\nHill, D., and Wells, J.W. (1956) Cnidaria—general features. Section F5, Coelenterata. In: Moore, R.C., ed., Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas\nWells, J.W. (1956) Scleractinia, in Moore, R. C., ed., Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part F, Coelentarata. New York, Geological Society of America and Lawrence, Kansas, University of Kansas Press, p. F328-444.\nWells, J.W. (1957) Coral reefs. Treatise on marine ecology and paleoecology. Ecology (1): 609-631 . Geological Society of America, Memoir 67.\nWells, J.W. (1958) The Cayuga Bridge: Ithaca, New York, DeWitt Historical Society, 14 p. (second edition, 1961, 18 p.; third edition, 1966, 18 p.).\nWells, J.W. (1963a). \"Coral growth and geochronometry\". Nature. 197 (4871): 948–950. Bibcode:1963Natur.197..948W. doi:10.1038/197948a0. S2CID 36696148.\nWells, J.W. (1963b) Early investigations of the Devonian System in New York, 1656–1836. Geological Society of America Special Paper 74.\nTodd, R., Wells, J.W., Brown, D.A.; Cooper, G.A.; Kier, P.M.; Roberts, H.B. (1964) \"Bikini and nearby atolls, Marshall Islands\". U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1067–1131.\nWells, J.W. (1964) Ahermatypic corals from Queensland. Papers (University of Queensland. Dept. of Zoology), 2(6): 107–121.\nWells, J.W. (1966). \"Evolutionary development in the scleractinian family Fungiidae\". Zoological Society of London Symposium. 16: 223–246.\nWells, J.W. (1967). \"Corals as bathometers\". Marine Geology. 5 (5–6): 349–365. Bibcode:1967MGeol...5..349W. doi:10.1016/0025-3227(67)90045-x.\nWells, J.W. (1967). \"The Devonian coral Pachyphyllum vagabundum, a necroplotic P. woodtnanil\". Journal of Paleontology. 41: 1280.\nWells, J.W. (1969) The formation of dissepiments in zoanthrarian corals. In K.S.W. Campbell (ed). Stratigraphy and palaeontology: essays in honour of Dorothy Hill. Canberra: Australian National University Press, p. 17-26.\nWells, J.W. (1973). \"New and old scleractinian corals from Jamaica\". Bulletin of Marine Science. 23: 16–55.\nWells, J.W. (1982). \"Notes on Indo-Pacific scleractinian corals, part 9. New corals from the Galapagos Islands\". Pacific Science. 36: 211–219.\nWells, J.W. (1983) Annotated list of the scleractinian corals of the Galápagos, in Glynn, P. W., and Wellington, G. M., Corals and coral reefs of the Galápagos Islands: Berkeley, University of California Press, p 212–296.\nWells, J.W. (1986) A list of scleractinian generic and subgeneric taxa, 1758–1985. Fossil Cnidaria, 15 (1.1). (Additions and corrections: 1987, v. 16, no. 1, p. 49-53).","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"University of Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IND-2"},{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IND-2"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IND-2"},{"link_name":"University of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Paleontological Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontological_Society"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IND-2"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IND-2"}],"text":"15 July 1907: born Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\n1928: graduate from the University of Pittsburgh\n1932: married Elizabeth \"Pie\" Baker\n1933: Ph.D. from Cornell University[2]\n1938-48: Professor of Geology, Ohio State University[2]\n1948-73: Professor of Geology, Cornell University[2]\n1954: Fulbright Scholar, University of Queensland[3][10]\n1961-62: President, Paleontological Society[2]\n1968: elected to the National Academy of Sciences[2]\n12 January 1994: died Ithaca, New York","title":"Chronology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Wells was a Fellow of the Geological Society of America. He was President of the Paleontological Research Institution (1961–63). He was President of the Paleontology Society (1961–62). He was a member of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Society of Systematic Zoology, Society for the Study of Evolution, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Sigma Xi, and the International Association for the Study of Fossil Cnidaria.[3] He was made a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1968. He was awarded the Paleontology Society Medal in 1974, and the James Hall Medal of the New York Geological Survey in 1987.","title":"Awards and memberships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Wells married Elizabeth (“Pie”) Baker, of Ithaca, in late 1932, after meeting her at Cornell University. Their daughter, Ellen Baker Wells was born in Germany. At his death in 1994, Wells was survived by his daughter, two granddaughters, and two great grandchildren.[3] Ellen Wells would go on to become head librarian in the Dibner Rare Books Library of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C.[11]The Wells family donated papers to the Cornell University Library Archives, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections -Baker Wells Family Papers, #3601.The Paleontological Research Institution established a grant in Wells' name for students to use their research collection.[12]","title":"Legacy"}]

[]

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Bibcode:1941AmJS..239..454W. doi:10.2475/ajs.239.6.454.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.239.6.454","url_text":"\"Crinoids and Callixylon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1941AmJS..239..454W","url_text":"1941AmJS..239..454W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.239.6.454","url_text":"10.2475/ajs.239.6.454"}]},{"reference":"Wells, J.W. (1947). \"Provisional paleoecological analysis of Devonian rocks of the Columbus region\". Ohio Journal of Science. 47: 119–126.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ladd, H.S.; Emery, K.O.; Tracy, J.I. Jr.; Wells, J.W. (1950). \"Organic growth and sedimentation on an atoll\". Journal of Geology. 58 (4): 410–425. Bibcode:1950JG.....58..410L. doi:10.1086/625753. S2CID 129615820.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950JG.....58..410L","url_text":"1950JG.....58..410L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F625753","url_text":"10.1086/625753"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129615820","url_text":"129615820"}]},{"reference":"Wells, J. W. (1951). \"The coral reefs of Arno Atoll, Marshall Islands\". Atoll Research Bulletin. 9: 1–14. doi:10.5479/si.00775630.9.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5479%2Fsi.00775630.9.1","url_text":"10.5479/si.00775630.9.1"}]},{"reference":"Wells, J.W. (1954). \"Recent corals of the Marshall Islands\". U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. 260–1: 385–486.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wells, J.W. (1963a). \"Coral growth and geochronometry\". Nature. 197 (4871): 948–950. Bibcode:1963Natur.197..948W. doi:10.1038/197948a0. S2CID 36696148.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963Natur.197..948W","url_text":"1963Natur.197..948W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F197948a0","url_text":"10.1038/197948a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36696148","url_text":"36696148"}]},{"reference":"Wells, J.W. (1966). \"Evolutionary development in the scleractinian family Fungiidae\". Zoological Society of London Symposium. 16: 223–246.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wells, J.W. (1967). \"Corals as bathometers\". Marine Geology. 5 (5–6): 349–365. Bibcode:1967MGeol...5..349W. doi:10.1016/0025-3227(67)90045-x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967MGeol...5..349W","url_text":"1967MGeol...5..349W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0025-3227%2867%2990045-x","url_text":"10.1016/0025-3227(67)90045-x"}]},{"reference":"Wells, J.W. (1967). \"The Devonian coral Pachyphyllum vagabundum, a necroplotic P. woodtnanil\". Journal of Paleontology. 41: 1280.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wells, J.W. (1973). \"New and old scleractinian corals from Jamaica\". Bulletin of Marine Science. 23: 16–55.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wells, J.W. (1982). \"Notes on Indo-Pacific scleractinian corals, part 9. New corals from the Galapagos Islands\". Pacific Science. 36: 211–219.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brice, William R. (1996). \"J o h n W e s t W e l l s 1907—1994\" (PDF). National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoirs. Retrieved March 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/wells-john.pdf","url_text":"\"J o h n W e s t W e l l s 1907—1994\""}]},{"reference":"Oliver Jr, William A. and Cairns, Stephen D. (November 1994). \"Memorial to John West Wells 1907-1994\" (PDF). Geological Society of America Memorials. 25. Retrieved March 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgftp//rock.geosociety.org/pub/Memorials/v25/Wells-JW.pdf","url_text":"\"Memorial to John West Wells 1907-1994\""}]},{"reference":"Glynn, Peter. \"The departure of a master from our ranks\". Coral Reef Newsletter. 25: 1–3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"WILL STUDY CORALS - Brisbane Telegraph (Qld. : 1948 - 1954) - 3 Mar 1954\". Brisbane Telegraph (Qld. : 1948 - 1954). 1954-03-03. p. 28. Retrieved 2016-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article218355418","url_text":"\"WILL STUDY CORALS - Brisbane Telegraph (Qld. : 1948 - 1954) - 3 Mar 1954\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTRODUCING A NEW SATURDAY COLUMN - ANNETTE MOIR'S BRISBANE THIS WEEK | WEEK - The Courier-Mail (Brisbane, Qld. : 1933 - 1954) - 31 Jul 1954\". Courier-Mail (Brisbane, Qld. : 1933 - 1954). 1954-07-31. p. 7. Retrieved 2016-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article50592954","url_text":"\"INTRODUCING A NEW SATURDAY COLUMN - ANNETTE MOIR'S BRISBANE THIS WEEK | WEEK - The Courier-Mail (Brisbane, Qld. : 1933 - 1954) - 31 Jul 1954\""}]},{"reference":"Bowen, James (2015). The Coral Reef Era: From Discovery to Decline: A history of scientific investigation from 1600 to the Anthropocene Epoch. Humanity and the Sea. Springer. p. 108. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07479-5. ISBN 978-3-319-07478-8. S2CID 128435591.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-319-07479-5","url_text":"The Coral Reef Era: From Discovery to Decline: A history of scientific investigation from 1600 to the Anthropocene Epoch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-07479-5","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-319-07479-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-07478-8","url_text":"978-3-319-07478-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128435591","url_text":"128435591"}]},{"reference":"Haldane, J. B. S. (April 19, 1964). \"A Scientific Revolution? Yes Will We Be Happier? Maybe: A Scientific Revolution?\". New York Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Glynn, Peter W. (1994). \"Eastern Pacific coral reefs: new revelations in the twentieth century\" (PDF). Retrieved September 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/6787/00494.08.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","url_text":"\"Eastern Pacific coral reefs: new revelations in the twentieth century\""}]},{"reference":"Brice, William R. (1996). \"John West Wells 1907-1994 - biographical memoir\" (PDF). National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved August 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/wells-john.pdf","url_text":"\"John West Wells 1907-1994 - biographical memoir\""}]},{"reference":"\"Special collections\" (PDF). Special collections. Archives & Manuscript Collections National Sporting Library Middleburg, VA. 2004. Retrieved May 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalsporting.org/images/finding_aids/MC0028.pdf","url_text":"\"Special collections\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paleontological Research Institution\". www.priweb.org. Retrieved 2016-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.priweb.org/research.php?page=117513/841798","url_text":"\"Paleontological Research Institution\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dignitas

Dignitas

["1 See also"]

Dignitas may refer to: Dignitas (Roman concept), a Roman virtue Dignitas (Swiss non-profit organisation) Dignitas International, a humanitarian organisation Dignitas (esports), a US-based esports team Dignitas personae, a Vatican instruction on bioethics See also Dignity (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Dignitas.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_scumming

Saved game

["1 Overview and history","2 Time and location of saving","2.1 Savescumming","3 Types of saved games","3.1 Autosave","3.2 Checkpoints","3.3 Quick-saving","3.4 Password","3.5 Save states","4 Presentation","5 Save sharing","6 Arcade games","7 See also","8 References"]

Digitally stored information about the progress of a player in an electronic game "Save point" redirects here. For savepoints in transactional database systems, see Savepoint. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Saved game" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Electronic memory cards used explicitly for game saves, such as this one for the Sony PlayStation, were common during the 5th and 6th generation of consoles as read-only media became more popular. This method of storing game saves has been largely replaced in newer consoles by internal hard disk drives and solid-state drives. A saved game (also called a game save, savegame, savefile, save point, or simply save) is a piece of digitally stored information about the progress of a player in a video game. From the earliest games in the 1970s onward, game platform hardware and memory improved, which led to bigger and more complex computer games, which, in turn, tended to take more and more time to play them from start to finish. This naturally led to the need to store in some way the progress, and how to handle the case where the player received a "game over". More modern games with a heavier emphasis on storytelling are designed to allow the player many choices that impact the story in a profound way later on, and some game designers do not want to allow more than one save game so that the experience will always be "fresh". Game designers allow players to prevent the loss of progress in the game (as might happen after a game over). Games designed this way encourage players to 'try things out', and on regretting a choice, continue from an earlier point on. Although the feature of save games often allows for gameplay to resume after a game over, a notable exception is in games where save games are deleted when it is game over. Several names are used to describe this feature, including "permadeath", "iron man", and "hardcore", and the feature has developed over the years from being the only kind of save system per game to the more modern 'suspend game' feature among regular save points. For online games, the game's progress is maintained on the remote server. In some games, upon resuming the game from a save game, the software locks or marks the save game. Early examples include Moria and Diablo II's "hardcore" mode where the character save game is managed by the server. The use of saved games is very common in modern video games, particularly in role-playing video games, which are usually much too long to finish in a single session. Overview and history In early video games, there was no need for saving games, since these games usually had no actual plot to develop and were generally very short in length. Classic arcade video games from the golden age of arcade video games did not save the player's progress towards completing the game, but rather high scores, custom settings, and other features. The first game to save the player's score was Taito's seminal 1978 shoot 'em up title Space Invaders. The relative complexity and inconvenience of storing game state information on early home computers (and the fact that early video game consoles had no non-volatile data storage) meant that initially game saves were represented as "passwords" (often strings of characters that encoded the game state) that players could write down and later input into the game when resuming. BYTE magazine stated in 1981, regarding the computer text adventure Zork I's save-game feature, that "while some cowards use it to retain their hard-earned position in the game before making some dangerous move", it was intended to let players play over many weeks. InfoWorld disagreed that year, stating that save games "allow users to experiment with different approaches to the same situation". Home computers in the early 1980s had the advantage of using external media for saving, with compact cassettes and floppy disks, before finally using internal hard drives. For later cartridge-based console games, such as The Legend of Zelda and Kirby's Adventure, saved games were stored in battery-backed random-access memory on the game cartridge itself. Pop and Chips (1985) for the Super Cassette Vision was the first-ever game to allow saving game progress on a video game console, using an AA battery on the game cassette. In modern consoles, which use disks for storing games, saved games are stored in other ways, such as by use of memory cards or internal hard drives on the game machine itself. The use of memory cards for saving game data dates back to SNK's cartridge-based Neo Geo arcade system and home console in 1990. Depending on the game, a player will have the ability to save the game either at any arbitrary point (usually when the game has been paused), after a specific task has been completed (such as at the end of a level), or at designated areas within the game known as save points. The available ways to save a game affect gameplay, and can represent a practice of players or an explicit decision by designers to give the game a particular feel or alter its difficulty. Time and location of saving This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A video game may allow the user to save at any point of the game at any time. There are also modified versions of this. For example, in the GameCube game Eternal Darkness, the player can save at almost any time, but only if no enemies are in the room. To make gaming more engaging, some video games may impose a limit on the number of times a player saves the game. For instance, IGI 2 allows only a handful of saves in each mission; Max Payne 2 imposes this restriction on the highest level of difficulty. Some video games only allow the game to be saved at predetermined points in the game, called save points. (Not to be confused with "checkpoints".) Save points are employed either because the game is too complex to allow saving at any given point or to attempt to make the game more challenging by forcing the player to rely on their skills instead of on the ability to retry indefinitely. Save points are easier to program and thus attractive from a development standpoint. Some games use a hybrid system where both save anywhere and save points are used. For example, Final Fantasy VII permits saving anywhere when the player is traveling on the world map, but once the player enters a location (e.g. town, cavern or forest), saving is only possible at save points. Savescumming This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Overusing saved games may be seen as unfair and in such a context is referred to as "savescumming". Savescumming makes losing a game impossible because whenever the player loses or is about to lose, a savegame is loaded, effectively turning back time to the situation before the loss. In a video game, this could for example be done when the player loses a battle/race, misses the best performance grading for a level (such as an S-rank) or runs into an unwinnable situation by losing anyone or anything needed to continue and win. For example, in a game that features a casino, the player could save the game and then bet all their in-game money on black at a roulette table. If the outcome is black, their money is doubled and the player saves the game again. If the outcome is red (or green), the player disregards this outcome by reloading their last savegame. This allows for an indefinite winning streak. Game programmers may defend against savescumming by various means, such as checking timestamps. For example, on multiuser Unix systems, NetHack uses setgid to prevent users from copying save files into the necessary directory. Another technique is to use a deterministic, seeded pseudorandom number generator, so that undesired random outcomes cannot be avoided simply by saving and reloading. In this situation, when the player reloads a saved game, 'random' events will occur identically every time – the only way to get a different outcome is to play differently. Savescumming is made an in-built feature in most game emulators. In this case, a savegame with a loss condition used in this way is usually referred to as a "save state". Types of saved games Autosave Main article: Autosave Game saving does not need to be manual. Some video games save the game in progress automatically, such as after the pass of a fixed amount of time, at certain predetermined points in the game as an extension to the save point concept, or when the player exits. Some games only permit "suspend saves" in which the game is automatically saved upon exiting and reloaded upon restarting. The aim of a suspend save is only to allow the gameplay to be temporarily interrupted; as such, suspend saves are erased when the player resumes the game. This concept was popularized by Rogue and the namesake genre, which are known for employing the mechanic such that if the player were to die in the game, their save file is deleted and the game must be restarted. The term "perma-death" would come to refer to the concept used for that purpose. It is possible to cheat the system by copying and reusing suspend save files in an act of what is considered to be a form of savescumming. Checkpoints Tux passes a checkpoint (the yellow bell) in the video game SuperTux. "Checkpoints" are locations in a video game where a player character respawns after death. Characters generally respawn at the last checkpoint that they have reached. A respawn is most often due to the death of the in-game character, but it can also be caused by the failure to meet an objective required to advance in the game. Checkpoints might be temporary, as they stop working when the player loses their last life, completes or quits the level, especially in platform games. Most modern games, however, save the game to memory at these points, known as auto-saving. Checkpoints might be visible or invisible to the player. Visible checkpoints might give a player a sense of security when activated, but in turn sacrifice some immersion, as checkpoints are intrinsically "gamey" and might even need an explanation of how they work. Invisible checkpoints do not break immersion but make players unsure of where they will respawn. Usually, if a player does get a game over, then their progress will be lost, and the player would lose all of their checkpoints. Quick-saving Quick-saving and quick-loading allow the player to save or load the game with a single keystroke. These terms are used to differentiate between the traditional saving mechanism where the player is required to invoke a menu or dialog box, issue save the order, specify a title for the game being saved and, if applicable, confirm whether an old saved game file with the same title should be overwritten. The term "quick save" may be used in video games that lack the traditional saving mechanism altogether. The advantage of quick saving is its low burden: The player only has to press a button and, if applicable, wait a few seconds. The disadvantage is the automatic loss of the previous quick-saved game. Games that only offer quick saving may be impossible to play by two different players (or more) unless there is a mechanism to distinguish players, such as user accounts. Leaving the decision of when to save up to the player increases the likelihood that a save will be made during a less than favourable game state. A quicksave shortly before an event which kills the player creates what is known as a death loop. Password Passwords are a form of saved game not stored on non-volatile memory. Instead, everything needed to reconstruct the game state is encoded in and displayed on-screen as a string of text, usually comprising random alphanumeric characters, and the player can then record or memorize it. The player may later resume play from that point by entering the same password. Passwords were widely used by home console games before the advent of non-volatile memory and later internal and external storage. Save states A "save state" is a form of a saved game in emulators. A save state is generated when the emulator stores the contents of random-access memory of an emulated program to disk. Save states enable players to save their games even when the emulated game or system does not support the feature. For instance, save states may be used to circumvent saving restrictions or as a savescumming technique. An associated concept is save state hacking, the practice of which uses a hex editor to modify the save states to alter gameplay conditions, usually in favor of the player. Save states are comparable to snapshots of a computer system's state or hibernation in computing, with save states being a limited form of snapshots. Save states have started to receive mainstream usage in the early 2010s with Nintendo's Virtual Console. Some Wii U and 3DS Virtual Console titles allow players to save a "restore point," which is like a quick save but has no restrictions on reloading. Although likely derived from quick saves, restore points are functionally identical to save states, and can be used for many of the same purposes. Presentation Game designers often attempt to integrate the save points into the style of the game using skeuomorphism. Resident Evil represents save points with old fashioned typewriters (which require an ink ribbon item for each save), the Grand Theft Auto series used representations appropriate to the era of the setting: cassette tapes for the mid-1980s (Grand Theft Auto: Vice City), 3½-inch disks for the early-1990s (Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas), and compact discs for the late-1990s (Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories). Although save points are typically seen as boons, some games have traps which use this tendency to fool the player. In Chrono Trigger, attempting to use a fake save point in Magus's castle can actually bring the party into battle. Some games employ limits to saving in order to prevent players from using them as a primary means of succeeding in the game. In Tomb Raider save points are consumed upon use, Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy's Kong Quest charges two banana coins to use a save point more than once, and in Resident Evil the player must find and expend an ink ribbon for each save. In some games, save games or save points are part of the plot. In Chrono Cross, save points are called Records of Fate, managed by an entity called FATE, an antagonist that uses the save points to control people. In Anonymous;Code, the protagonist Pollon Takaoka has a unique ability to save and load save games, which is central to the plot and the main game mechanic. Another way saved games interact with each other is through passing along data to sequels. A famous example of this is the first three installments of the Wizardry series. To play the second and third installments, players needed to import the characters they'd used in the previous installment, which retained all experience and equipment gained in that installment. Later versions of the games made this feature optional, as do franchises such as the Fire Emblem, Shenmue and .hack series. Video games may also take the saved games of other video games into account; for example, the character Rosalina becomes available on Mario Kart Wii if there is a Super Mario Galaxy save on the console. The save game of Midnight Club 3: DUB Edition can be imported to the Remix version of the game. Save sharing This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) For many years, sharing game saves among friends has been very common. From trading passwords to swapping memory cards, gamers have always been able to help each other out to unlock features in a game. With the rise of the Internet, platforms like YourSavesGames.com have facilitated the sharing of save games among online communities, creating a space for gamers to share their in-game progression with other fellow gamers in a simple way and providing the right instructions. However, with the inclusion of a progress meter or "gamerscore" that tracks player progress in games for the Xbox 360, many players are beginning to view those who load other people's files onto their systems as "cheaters". Some games such as Grand Theft Auto IV attempt to prevent the use of saved games made by other users. In contrast, The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Seasons and Oracle of Ages actively encourages players that have completed the game to share their progress with others via a password swapping side quest that is available after finishing the main story. Arcade games This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2011) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Saved games have generally been rare at arcades, but have found some use, notably in the Konami e-Amusement system, Bandai Namco's Bandai Namco Passport, or Banapassport system, or by the use of PlayStation cards, as in Dance Dance Revolution. These generally use either a magnetic card to store the data, a card that stores data through network (internet) connection or through a server, or some combination thereof. Similarly, passwords have generally been rare at arcades, with occasional exceptions, such as Gauntlet Legends. See also Video games portal Core dump References ^ Geddes, Ryan; Hatfield, Daemon (2007-12-10). "IGN's Top 10 Most Influential Games". IGN. Archived from the original on June 4, 2012. Retrieved 2008-07-11. ^ Liddil, Bob (February 1981). "Zork, The Great Underground Empire". BYTE. pp. 262–264. Retrieved 18 October 2013. ^ Barry, Tim (1981-05-11). "In Search of the Ultimate Computer Game". InfoWorld. pp. 11, 48. Retrieved 2019-04-17. ^ "This Fall Everything Turns To Gold With Neo-Geo: The Player's Gold Card Keeps Them Coming Back For More". RePlay. Vol. 16, no. 2. November 1990. pp. 26–7. ^ Moran, Chuk (2010). "Playing with Game Time". Fibreculture. 16. Retrieved 16 July 2012. ^ a b Geerts, Femke Lucienne (2017). Saving the Game is Shaping the Game: Defining and Understanding the Save Mechanic (PDF) (Thesis). Utrecht University. p. 13–14, 20–21. hdl:1874/351188. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2021-11-17. ^ Harris, John (2020). "6.1 Permadeath Defined". Exploring Roguelike Games. CRC Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-000-16949-2. Retrieved 2021-11-17. ^ Ernest, Adams (2010-04-07). Fundamentals of Game Design. New Riders. p. 403. ISBN 978-0132104753. Retrieved 2014-11-26. ^ Rogers, Scott (2014-04-16). "A nice little calm spot". Level Up! The Guide to Great Video Game Design. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1118877197. Retrieved 2014-11-26. ^ Aniko, Angyal (2019-01-02). "Deathloop: What is Zenimax planning?". The Geek. Retrieved 2020-02-13. ^ a b Lowood, Henry; Guins, Raiford (2016). "45 Save". Debugging Game History: A Critical Lexicon. MIT Press. pp. 385–387. ISBN 9780262331951. Retrieved 2021-11-17. ^ Altice, Nathan (2015). "8 Tool-Assisted". I Am Error: The Nintendo Family Computer / Entertainment System Platform. MIT Press. pp. 312–313. ISBN 978-0-262-32840-1. Retrieved 2021-11-17. ^ Cazares, Sergio (2013-12-15). "Restore Point or No Restore Point". 30PLUSGAMER. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-28. ^ Grant, Christopher (2008-03-25). "Cheaters Branded on Xbox Live, Gamerscore Reset, Joystiq". Joystiq. Archived from the original on June 20, 2013. Retrieved 2011-08-29. vteVideo game conceptsGlossary of video game termsAttributes Health Life Experience point Magic Critical hit Characters Boss Bot Non-player character Player character Mechanics Item Power-up HUD Warp Fast travel Fog of war Invisible wall Cutscene Paper doll Loading screen Replay value Saved game Scripted sequence Password Line of sight Stats Permadeath Status effect Turns, rounds and time-keeping systems Collision detection Quick time event Random encounter Tank controls Dialogue tree Quest Game over Scenery Destructible environment Instance dungeon Level Bonus stage Minigame Mini-map Open world Persistent world Procedural generation Map seed Overworld Skybox Movement techniques Rocket jumping Strafing Forms of play Emergent Nonlinear Twitch Multiplayer Cooperative Competitive Single-player Speedrunning Game modes Advance And Secure Capture the flag Deathmatch Last man standing New Game Plus Survival King of the hill

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Savepoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savepoint"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PSX-Memory-Card.jpg"},{"link_name":"memory cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_card"},{"link_name":"Sony PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_(console)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"hard disk drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive"},{"link_name":"solid-state drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"digitally stored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_file_management"},{"link_name":"player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_character"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"game over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_over"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"permadeath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permadeath"},{"link_name":"Moria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moria_(1983_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Diablo II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diablo_II"},{"link_name":"role-playing video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game"}],"text":"\"Save point\" redirects here. For savepoints in transactional database systems, see Savepoint.Electronic memory cards used explicitly for game saves, such as this one for the Sony PlayStation, were common during the 5th and 6th generation of consoles as read-only media became more popular.[citation needed] This method of storing game saves has been largely replaced in newer consoles by internal hard disk drives and solid-state drives.[citation needed]A saved game (also called a game save, savegame, savefile, save point, or simply save) is a piece of digitally stored information about the progress of a player in a video game.From the earliest games in the 1970s onward, game platform hardware and memory improved, which led to bigger and more complex computer games, which, in turn, tended to take more and more time to play them from start to finish. This naturally led to the need to store in some way the progress, and how to handle the case where the player received a \"game over\". More modern games with a heavier emphasis on storytelling are designed to allow the player many choices that impact the story in a profound way later on, and some game designers do not want to allow more than one save game so that the experience will always be \"fresh\".[citation needed]Game designers allow players to prevent the loss of progress in the game (as might happen after a game over). Games designed this way encourage players to 'try things out', and on regretting a choice, continue from an earlier point on.Although the feature of save games often allows for gameplay to resume after a game over, a notable exception is in games where save games are deleted when it is game over. Several names are used to describe this feature, including \"permadeath\", \"iron man\", and \"hardcore\", and the feature has developed over the years from being the only kind of save system per game to the more modern 'suspend game' feature among regular save points. For online games, the game's progress is maintained on the remote server. In some games, upon resuming the game from a save game, the software locks or marks the save game. Early examples include Moria and Diablo II's \"hardcore\" mode where the character save game is managed by the server. The use of saved games is very common in modern video games, particularly in role-playing video games, which are usually much too long to finish in a single session.","title":"Saved game"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"arcade video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_video_game"},{"link_name":"golden age of arcade video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_age_of_arcade_video_games"},{"link_name":"high scores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_score"},{"link_name":"Taito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taito"},{"link_name":"shoot 'em up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_%27em_up"},{"link_name":"Space Invaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Invaders"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-10-1"},{"link_name":"home computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_computers"},{"link_name":"video game consoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_consoles"},{"link_name":"non-volatile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile"},{"link_name":"data storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_storage"},{"link_name":"passwords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"BYTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYTE"},{"link_name":"text adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_adventure"},{"link_name":"Zork I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zork_I"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liddil198102-2"},{"link_name":"InfoWorld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfoWorld"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barry19810511-3"},{"link_name":"compact cassettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassette_tape#Data_recording"},{"link_name":"floppy disks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk"},{"link_name":"hard drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_drive"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"cartridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM_cartridge"},{"link_name":"console games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Console_games"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Zelda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Kirby's Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby%27s_Adventure"},{"link_name":"random-access memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory"},{"link_name":"Super Cassette Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Cassette_Vision"},{"link_name":"AA battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA_batteries"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"disks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_storage"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"memory cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_card"},{"link_name":"hard drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_drive"},{"link_name":"SNK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNK"},{"link_name":"Neo Geo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_Geo_(system)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlayingwithGameTime-5"}],"text":"In early video games, there was no need for saving games, since these games usually had no actual plot to develop and were generally very short in length.[citation needed]Classic arcade video games from the golden age of arcade video games did not save the player's progress towards completing the game, but rather high scores, custom settings, and other features. The first game to save the player's score was Taito's seminal 1978 shoot 'em up title Space Invaders.[1]The relative complexity and inconvenience of storing game state information on early home computers (and the fact that early video game consoles had no non-volatile data storage) meant that initially game saves were represented as \"passwords\" (often strings of characters that encoded the game state) that players could write down and later input into the game when resuming.[citation needed]BYTE magazine stated in 1981, regarding the computer text adventure Zork I's save-game feature, that \"while some cowards use it to retain their hard-earned position in the game before making some dangerous move\", it was intended to let players play over many weeks.[2] InfoWorld disagreed that year, stating that save games \"allow users to experiment with different approaches to the same situation\".[3] Home computers in the early 1980s had the advantage of using external media for saving, with compact cassettes and floppy disks, before finally using internal hard drives.[citation needed]For later cartridge-based console games, such as The Legend of Zelda and Kirby's Adventure, saved games were stored in battery-backed random-access memory on the game cartridge itself. Pop and Chips (1985) for the Super Cassette Vision was the first-ever game to allow saving game progress on a video game console, using an AA battery on the game cassette.[citation needed]In modern consoles, which use disks for storing games, saved games are stored in other ways,[clarification needed] such as by use of memory cards or internal hard drives on the game machine itself. The use of memory cards for saving game data dates back to SNK's cartridge-based Neo Geo arcade system and home console in 1990.[4]Depending on the game, a player will have the ability to save the game either at any arbitrary point (usually when the game has been paused), after a specific task has been completed (such as at the end of a level), or at designated areas within the game known as save points.[citation needed]The available ways to save a game affect gameplay, and can represent a practice of players or an explicit decision by designers to give the game a particular feel or alter its difficulty.[5]","title":"Overview and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GameCube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameCube"},{"link_name":"Eternal Darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_Darkness"},{"link_name":"IGI 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGI_2:_Covert_Strike"},{"link_name":"Max Payne 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Payne_2:_The_Fall_of_Max_Payne"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"checkpoints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Checkpoints"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VII"}],"text":"A video game may allow the user to save at any point of the game at any time. There are also modified versions of this. For example, in the GameCube game Eternal Darkness, the player can save at almost any time, but only if no enemies are in the room. To make gaming more engaging, some video games may impose a limit on the number of times a player saves the game. For instance, IGI 2 allows only a handful of saves in each mission; Max Payne 2 imposes this restriction on the highest level of difficulty.Some video games only allow the game to be saved at predetermined points in the game, called save points.[according to whom?] (Not to be confused with \"checkpoints\".) Save points are employed either because the game is too complex to allow saving at any given point or to attempt to make the game more challenging by forcing the player to rely on their skills instead of on the ability to retry indefinitely. Save points are easier to program and thus attractive from a development standpoint.Some games use a hybrid system where both save anywhere and save points are used. For example, Final Fantasy VII permits saving anywhere when the player is traveling on the world map, but once the player enters a location (e.g. town, cavern or forest), saving is only possible at save points.","title":"Time and location of saving"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"S-rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_video_game_terms#S"},{"link_name":"unwinnable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unwinnable"},{"link_name":"NetHack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetHack"},{"link_name":"setgid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setgid"},{"link_name":"pseudorandom number generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator"}],"sub_title":"Savescumming","text":"Overusing saved games may be seen as unfair and in such a context is referred to as \"savescumming\". Savescumming makes losing a game impossible because whenever the player loses or is about to lose, a savegame is loaded, effectively turning back time to the situation before the loss. In a video game, this could for example be done when the player loses a battle/race, misses the best performance grading for a level (such as an S-rank) or runs into an unwinnable situation by losing anyone or anything needed to continue and win. For example, in a game that features a casino, the player could save the game and then bet all their in-game money on black at a roulette table. If the outcome is black, their money is doubled and the player saves the game again. If the outcome is red (or green), the player disregards this outcome by reloading their last savegame. This allows for an indefinite winning streak.Game programmers may defend against savescumming by various means, such as checking timestamps. For example, on multiuser Unix systems, NetHack uses setgid to prevent users from copying save files into the necessary directory. Another technique is to use a deterministic, seeded pseudorandom number generator, so that undesired random outcomes cannot be avoided simply by saving and reloading. In this situation, when the player reloads a saved game, 'random' events will occur identically every time – the only way to get a different outcome is to play differently.Savescumming is made an in-built feature in most game emulators. In this case, a savegame with a loss condition used in this way is usually referred to as a \"save state\".","title":"Time and location of saving"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types of saved games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geerts-6"},{"link_name":"Rogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"the namesake genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roguelike"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geerts-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Autosave","text":"Game saving does not need to be manual. Some video games save the game in progress automatically, such as after the pass of a fixed amount of time, at certain predetermined points in the game as an extension to the save point concept, or when the player exits.[6]Some games only permit \"suspend saves\" in which the game is automatically saved upon exiting and reloaded upon restarting. The aim of a suspend save is only to allow the gameplay to be temporarily interrupted; as such, suspend saves are erased when the player resumes the game. This concept was popularized by Rogue and the namesake genre, which are known for employing the mechanic such that if the player were to die in the game, their save file is deleted and the game must be restarted. The term \"perma-death\" would come to refer to the concept used for that purpose. It is possible to cheat the system by copying and reusing suspend save files in an act of what is considered to be a form of savescumming.[6][7]","title":"Types of saved games"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Supertux-checkpoint.png"},{"link_name":"Tux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tux_(mascot)"},{"link_name":"SuperTux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperTux"},{"link_name":"respawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spawning_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"auto-saving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosave"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"immersion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersion_(virtual_reality)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Checkpoints","text":"Tux passes a checkpoint (the yellow bell) in the video game SuperTux.\"Checkpoints\" are locations in a video game where a player character respawns after death. Characters generally respawn at the last checkpoint that they have reached. A respawn is most often due to the death of the in-game character, but it can also be caused by the failure to meet an objective required to advance in the game. Checkpoints might be temporary, as they stop working when the player loses their last life, completes or quits the level, especially in platform games. Most modern games, however, save the game to memory at these points, known as auto-saving.[8]Checkpoints might be visible or invisible to the player. Visible checkpoints might give a player a sense of security when activated, but in turn sacrifice some immersion, as checkpoints are intrinsically \"gamey\" and might even need an explanation of how they work. Invisible checkpoints do not break immersion but make players unsure of where they will respawn. Usually, if a player does get a game over, then their progress will be lost, and the player would lose all of their checkpoints.[9]","title":"Types of saved games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"user accounts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_accounts"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Quick-saving","text":"Quick-saving and quick-loading allow the player to save or load the game with a single keystroke. These terms are used to differentiate between the traditional saving mechanism where the player is required to invoke a menu or dialog box, issue save the order, specify a title for the game being saved and, if applicable, confirm whether an old saved game file with the same title should be overwritten. The term \"quick save\" may be used in video games that lack the traditional saving mechanism altogether.The advantage of quick saving is its low burden: The player only has to press a button and, if applicable, wait a few seconds. The disadvantage is the automatic loss of the previous quick-saved game. Games that only offer quick saving may be impossible to play by two different players (or more) unless there is a mechanism to distinguish players, such as user accounts. Leaving the decision of when to save up to the player increases the likelihood that a save will be made during a less than favourable game state. A quicksave shortly before an event which kills the player creates what is known as a death loop.[10]","title":"Types of saved games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-volatile memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memory"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lowood-Guins-11"}],"sub_title":"Password","text":"Passwords are a form of saved game not stored on non-volatile memory. Instead, everything needed to reconstruct the game state is encoded in and displayed on-screen as a string of text, usually comprising random alphanumeric characters, and the player can then record or memorize it. The player may later resume play from that point by entering the same password. Passwords were widely used by home console games before the advent of non-volatile memory and later internal and external storage.[11]","title":"Types of saved games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"emulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator"},{"link_name":"random-access memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory"},{"link_name":"hex editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hex_editor"},{"link_name":"snapshots of a computer system's state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapshot_(computer_storage)"},{"link_name":"hibernation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernation_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lowood-Guins-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Wii U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_U"},{"link_name":"3DS Virtual Console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3DS_Virtual_Console"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Save states","text":"A \"save state\" is a form of a saved game in emulators. A save state is generated when the emulator stores the contents of random-access memory of an emulated program to disk. Save states enable players to save their games even when the emulated game or system does not support the feature. For instance, save states may be used to circumvent saving restrictions or as a savescumming technique. An associated concept is save state hacking, the practice of which uses a hex editor to modify the save states to alter gameplay conditions, usually in favor of the player. Save states are comparable to snapshots of a computer system's state or hibernation in computing, with save states being a limited form of snapshots.[11][12]Save states have started to receive mainstream usage in the early 2010s with Nintendo's Virtual Console. Some Wii U and 3DS Virtual Console titles allow players to save a \"restore point,\" which is like a quick save but has no restrictions on reloading.[13] Although likely derived from quick saves, restore points are functionally identical to save states, and can be used for many of the same purposes.","title":"Types of saved games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"skeuomorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeuomorph"},{"link_name":"Resident Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_Evil_(1996_video_game)"},{"link_name":"typewriters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typewriter"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto"},{"link_name":"cassette tapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassette_tape"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto: Vice City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto:_Vice_City"},{"link_name":"3½-inch disks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk#microfloppy"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto:_San_Andreas"},{"link_name":"compact discs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto:_Liberty_City_Stories"},{"link_name":"Chrono Trigger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrono_Trigger"},{"link_name":"Tomb Raider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_Raider_(1996_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy's Kong Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country_2:_Diddy%27s_Kong_Quest"},{"link_name":"Chrono Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrono_Cross"},{"link_name":"Anonymous;Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous;Code"},{"link_name":"Wizardry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizardry"},{"link_name":"Fire Emblem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Emblem"},{"link_name":"Shenmue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenmue_(series)"},{"link_name":".hack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.hack_(video_game_series)"},{"link_name":"Mario Kart Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Kart_Wii"},{"link_name":"Super Mario Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"Midnight Club 3: DUB Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Club_3:_Dub_Edition"}],"text":"Game designers often attempt to integrate the save points into the style of the game using skeuomorphism. Resident Evil represents save points with old fashioned typewriters (which require an ink ribbon item for each save), the Grand Theft Auto series used representations appropriate to the era of the setting: cassette tapes for the mid-1980s (Grand Theft Auto: Vice City), 3½-inch disks for the early-1990s (Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas), and compact discs for the late-1990s (Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories).Although save points are typically seen as boons, some games have traps which use this tendency to fool the player. In Chrono Trigger, attempting to use a fake save point in Magus's castle can actually bring the party into battle.Some games employ limits to saving in order to prevent players from using them as a primary means of succeeding in the game. In Tomb Raider save points are consumed upon use, Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy's Kong Quest charges two banana coins to use a save point more than once, and in Resident Evil the player must find and expend an ink ribbon for each save.In some games, save games or save points are part of the plot. In Chrono Cross, save points are called Records of Fate, managed by an entity called FATE, an antagonist that uses the save points to control people. In Anonymous;Code, the protagonist Pollon Takaoka has a unique ability to save and load save games, which is central to the plot and the main game mechanic.Another way saved games interact with each other is through passing along data to sequels. A famous example of this is the first three installments of the Wizardry series. To play the second and third installments, players needed to import the characters they'd used in the previous installment, which retained all experience and equipment gained in that installment. Later versions of the games made this feature optional, as do franchises such as the Fire Emblem, Shenmue and .hack series. Video games may also take the saved games of other video games into account; for example, the character Rosalina becomes available on Mario Kart Wii if there is a Super Mario Galaxy save on the console. The save game of Midnight Club 3: DUB Edition can be imported to the Remix version of the game.","title":"Presentation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"YourSavesGames.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.yoursavegames.com/"},{"link_name":"gamerscore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamerscore"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_IV"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Seasons and Oracle of Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Oracle_of_Seasons_and_Oracle_of_Ages"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"}],"text":"For many years,[vague] sharing game saves among friends has been very common. From trading passwords to swapping memory cards, gamers have always been able to help each other out to unlock features in a game. With the rise of the Internet, platforms like YourSavesGames.com have facilitated the sharing of save games among online communities, creating a space for gamers to share their in-game progression with other fellow gamers in a simple way and providing the right instructions. However, with the inclusion of a progress meter or \"gamerscore\" that tracks player progress in games for the Xbox 360, many players are beginning to view those who load other people's files onto their systems as \"cheaters\".[14] Some games such as Grand Theft Auto IV attempt to prevent the use of saved games made by other users. In contrast, The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Seasons and Oracle of Ages actively encourages players that have completed the game to share their progress with others via a password swapping side quest that is available after finishing the main story.[original research?]","title":"Save sharing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Konami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konami"},{"link_name":"e-Amusement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Amusement"},{"link_name":"Bandai Namco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namco"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation"},{"link_name":"Dance Dance Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Gauntlet Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauntlet_Legends"}],"text":"Saved games have generally been rare at arcades,[according to whom?] but have found some use, notably in the Konami e-Amusement system, Bandai Namco's Bandai Namco Passport, or Banapassport system, or by the use of PlayStation cards, as in Dance Dance Revolution. These generally use either a magnetic card to store the data, a card that stores data through network (internet) connection or through a server, or some combination thereof. Similarly, passwords have generally been rare at arcades, with occasional exceptions, such as Gauntlet Legends.","title":"Arcade games"}]

[{"image_text":"Electronic memory cards used explicitly for game saves, such as this one for the Sony PlayStation, were common during the 5th and 6th generation of consoles as read-only media became more popular.[citation needed] This method of storing game saves has been largely replaced in newer consoles by internal hard disk drives and solid-state drives.[citation needed]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PSX-Memory-Card.jpg/250px-PSX-Memory-Card.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tux passes a checkpoint (the yellow bell) in the video game SuperTux.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Supertux-checkpoint.png/220px-Supertux-checkpoint.png"}]

[{"title":"Video games portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Video_games"},{"title":"Core dump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_dump"}]

[{"reference":"Geddes, Ryan; Hatfield, Daemon (2007-12-10). \"IGN's Top 10 Most Influential Games\". IGN. Archived from the original on June 4, 2012. Retrieved 2008-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2007/12/11/igns-top-10-most-influential-games?amp=1","url_text":"\"IGN's Top 10 Most Influential Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604020558/http://games.ign.com/articles/840/840621p1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Liddil, Bob (February 1981). \"Zork, The Great Underground Empire\". BYTE. pp. 262–264. Retrieved 18 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1981-02/1981_02_BYTE_06-02_The_Computer_and_Voice_Synthesis#page/n263/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Zork, The Great Underground Empire\""}]},{"reference":"Barry, Tim (1981-05-11). \"In Search of the Ultimate Computer Game\". InfoWorld. pp. 11, 48. Retrieved 2019-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA11","url_text":"\"In Search of the Ultimate Computer Game\""}]},{"reference":"\"This Fall Everything Turns To Gold With Neo-Geo: The Player's Gold Card Keeps Them Coming Back For More\". RePlay. Vol. 16, no. 2. November 1990. pp. 26–7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/re-play-volume-16-issue-no.-2-november-1990-600dpi/RePlay%20-%20Volume%2016%2C%20Issue%20No.%202%20-%20November%201990/page/26/mode/2up","url_text":"\"This Fall Everything Turns To Gold With Neo-Geo: The Player's Gold Card Keeps Them Coming Back For More\""}]},{"reference":"Moran, Chuk (2010). \"Playing with Game Time\". Fibreculture. 16. Retrieved 16 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://sixteen.fibreculturejournal.org/playing-with-game-time-auto-saves-and-undoing-despite-the-magic-circle/","url_text":"\"Playing with Game Time\""}]},{"reference":"Geerts, Femke Lucienne (2017). Saving the Game is Shaping the Game: Defining and Understanding the Save Mechanic (PDF) (Thesis). Utrecht University. p. 13–14, 20–21. hdl:1874/351188. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2021-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211117084748/https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/351188/Dissertation_Final_FLGEERTS_2017_Final.pdf","url_text":"Saving the Game is Shaping the Game: Defining and Understanding the Save Mechanic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_University","url_text":"Utrecht University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1874%2F351188","url_text":"1874/351188"},{"url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/351188/Dissertation_Final_FLGEERTS_2017_Final.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Harris, John (2020). \"6.1 Permadeath Defined\". Exploring Roguelike Games. CRC Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-000-16949-2. Retrieved 2021-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ni_wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT55","url_text":"\"6.1 Permadeath Defined\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press","url_text":"CRC Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-16949-2","url_text":"978-1-000-16949-2"}]},{"reference":"Ernest, Adams (2010-04-07). Fundamentals of Game Design. New Riders. p. 403. ISBN 978-0132104753. Retrieved 2014-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-BCrex2U1XMC&q=checkpoint+warp+game","url_text":"Fundamentals of Game Design"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0132104753","url_text":"978-0132104753"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Scott (2014-04-16). \"A nice little calm spot\". Level Up! The Guide to Great Video Game Design. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1118877197. Retrieved 2014-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UT5jAwAAQBAJ&q=checkpoint+video+game","url_text":"Level Up! The Guide to Great Video Game Design"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118877197","url_text":"978-1118877197"}]},{"reference":"Aniko, Angyal (2019-01-02). \"Deathloop: What is Zenimax planning?\". The Geek. Retrieved 2020-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://thegeek.games/2019/01/02/deathloop-what-is-zenimax-planning/","url_text":"\"Deathloop: What is Zenimax planning?\""}]},{"reference":"Lowood, Henry; Guins, Raiford (2016). \"45 Save\". Debugging Game History: A Critical Lexicon. MIT Press. pp. 385–387. ISBN 9780262331951. Retrieved 2021-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5F4pDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA385","url_text":"\"45 Save\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press","url_text":"MIT Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262331951","url_text":"9780262331951"}]},{"reference":"Altice, Nathan (2015). \"8 Tool-Assisted\". I Am Error: The Nintendo Family Computer / Entertainment System Platform. MIT Press. pp. 312–313. ISBN 978-0-262-32840-1. Retrieved 2021-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GVDpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA312","url_text":"\"8 Tool-Assisted\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press","url_text":"MIT Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-32840-1","url_text":"978-0-262-32840-1"}]},{"reference":"Cazares, Sergio (2013-12-15). \"Restore Point or No Restore Point\". 30PLUSGAMER. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150528200641/http://30plusgamer.com/restore-point-or-no-restore-point/","url_text":"\"Restore Point or No Restore Point\""},{"url":"http://30plusgamer.com/restore-point-or-no-restore-point/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Grant, Christopher (2008-03-25). \"Cheaters Branded on Xbox Live, Gamerscore Reset, Joystiq\". Joystiq. Archived from the original on June 20, 2013. Retrieved 2011-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130620063008/http://www.joystiq.com/2008/03/25/cheaters-branded-on-xbox-live-gamerscore-reset/","url_text":"\"Cheaters Branded on Xbox Live, Gamerscore Reset, Joystiq\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystiq","url_text":"Joystiq"},{"url":"http://www.joystiq.com/2008/03/25/cheaters-branded-on-xbox-live-gamerscore-reset","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campotenese

Morano Calabro

["1 Geography","1.1 Campotenese","2 Sister cities","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Comune in Calabria, ItalyMorano CalabroComuneComune di Morano Calabro Coat of armsLocation of Morano Calabro Morano CalabroLocation of Morano Calabro in ItalyShow map of ItalyMorano CalabroMorano Calabro (Calabria)Show map of CalabriaCoordinates: 39°51′N 16°8′E / 39.850°N 16.133°E / 39.850; 16.133CountryItalyRegionCalabriaProvinceCosenza (CS)FrazioniCampoteneseGovernment • MayorNicolò De BartoloArea • Total112.34 km2 (43.37 sq mi)Elevation694 m (2,277 ft)Population (30 August 2012) • Total4,608 • Density41/km2 (110/sq mi)DemonymMoranesiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code87016Dialing code0981Patron saintSaint Bernardino of SienaSaint day20 MayWebsiteOfficial website Morano Calabro (Moranese: Murenu ) is a town and comune in the province of Cosenza in the Calabria region of southern Italy. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). It was the birthplace of mathematician Gaetano Scorza. View of Morano Calabro. Norman fortress built on Roman ruins in Morano Calabro. Geography The municipality borders with Castrovillari (the nearest town), Mormanno, Rotonda, San Basile, Saracena, Terranova di Pollino and Viggianello. Campotenese Its frazione (civil parish), the village of Campotenese, is located on a mountain pass at 1,015 amsl. A tourist site, the village is best known for the Battle of Campo Tenese (1806) between the First French Empire and the Kingdom of Naples. Sister cities Porto Alegre, Brazil See also Battle of Campo Tenese References ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ All demographics and other statistics from the Italian statistical institute (Istat) ^ "Calabria" (in Italian). Retrieved 1 August 2023. ^ (in Italian) Infos about the twinnage Morano-Porto Alegre (www.comuni-italiani.it) External links Media related to Morano Calabro at Wikimedia Commons Official website (in Italian) vteCalabria · Comuni of the Province of Cosenza Acquaformosa Acquappesa Acri Aiello Calabro Aieta Albidona Alessandria del Carretto Altilia Altomonte Amantea Amendolara Aprigliano Belmonte Calabro Belsito Belvedere Marittimo Bianchi Bisignano Bocchigliero Bonifati Buonvicino Calopezzati Caloveto Campana Canna Cariati Carolei Carpanzano Casali del Manco Cassano all'Ionio Castiglione Cosentino Castrolibero Castroregio Castrovillari Celico Cellara Cerchiara di Calabria Cerisano Cervicati Cerzeto Cetraro Civita Cleto Colosimi Corigliano-Rossano Cosenza Cropalati Crosia Diamante Dipignano Domanico Fagnano Castello Falconara Albanese Figline Vegliaturo Firmo Fiumefreddo Bruzio Francavilla Marittima Frascineto Fuscaldo Grimaldi Grisolia Guardia Piemontese Lago Laino Borgo Laino Castello Lappano Lattarico Longobardi Longobucco Lungro Luzzi Maierà Malito Malvito Mandatoriccio Mangone Marano Marchesato Marano Principato Marzi Mendicino Mongrassano Montalto Uffugo Montegiordano Morano Calabro Mormanno Mottafollone Nocara Oriolo Orsomarso Paludi Panettieri Paola Papasidero Parenti Paterno Calabro Pedivigliano Piane Crati Pietrafitta Pietrapaola Plataci Praia a Mare Rende Rocca Imperiale Roggiano Gravina Rogliano Rose Roseto Capo Spulico Rota Greca Rovito San Basile San Benedetto Ullano San Cosmo Albanese San Demetrio Corone San Donato di Ninea San Fili San Giorgio Albanese San Giovanni in Fiore San Lorenzo Bellizzi San Lorenzo del Vallo San Lucido San Marco Argentano San Martino di Finita San Nicola Arcella San Pietro in Amantea San Pietro in Guarano San Sosti San Vincenzo La Costa Sangineto Sant'Agata di Esaro Santa Caterina Albanese Santa Domenica Talao Santa Maria del Cedro Santa Sofia d'Epiro Santo Stefano di Rogliano Saracena Scala Coeli Scalea Scigliano Serra d'Aiello Spezzano Albanese Spezzano della Sila Tarsia Terranova da Sibari Terravecchia Torano Castello Tortora Trebisacce Vaccarizzo Albanese Verbicaro Villapiana Zumpano Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Geographic MusicBrainz area Pleiades This Calabrian location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[{"title":"Battle of Campo Tenese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Tenese"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911%E2%80%9312_NCAA_men%27s_basketball_season

1911–12 NCAA men's basketball season

["1 Season headlines","2 Conference membership changes","3 Regular season","3.1 Conference winners","3.2 Statistical leaders","4 Awards","4.1 Helms College Basketball All-Americans","4.2 Major player of the year awards","5 Coaching changes","6 References"]

Men's collegiate basketball season 1911–12 NCAA Division I men's basketball seasonHelms National ChampionsWisconsin (retroactive selection in 1943)Player of the Year(Helms)Otto Stangel, Wisconsin (retroactive selection in 1944)← 1910–11 1912–13 → The 1911–12 NCAA men's basketball season began in December 1911, progressed through the regular season, and concluded in March 1912. Season headlines In February 1943, the Helms Athletic Foundation retroactively selected Wisconsin as its national champion for the 1911–12 season. In 1995, the Premo-Porretta Power Poll retroactively selected Wisconsin as its national champion for the 1911–12 season. Conference membership changes School Former Conference New Conference Dartmouth Big Green Independent Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League Ohio State Buckeyes Independent Western Conference Regular season Conference winners Conference Regular Season Winner Conference Player of the Year Conference Tournament Tournament Venue (City) Tournament Winner Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League Columbia None selected No Tournament Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association Nebraska (North) & Kansas (South) None selected No Tournament Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Colorado Mines No Tournament Western Conference Purdue & Wisconsin None selected No Tournament Statistical leaders This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (May 2021) Awards Helms College Basketball All-Americans Main article: 1912 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans The practice of selecting a Consensus All-American Team did not begin until the 1928–29 season. The Helms Athletic Foundation later retroactively selected a list of All-Americans for the 1911–12 season. Player Team Claus Benson Columbia Thomas Canfield St. Lawrence Lewis Castle Syracuse Fred Gieg Swarthmore Ernst Mensel Dartmouth Emil Schradieck Colgate Alphonse Schumacher Dayton Rufus Sisson Dartmouth Otto Stangel Wisconsin William Turner Penn Major player of the year awards Helms Player of the Year: Eddie Calder, St. Lawrence (retroactive selection in 1944) Coaching changes This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (May 2021) References ^ Scott, Jon (November 9, 2010). "The truth behind the Helms Committee". Retrieved May 13, 2021. ^ ESPN, ed. (2009). ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia: The Complete History of the Men's Game. New York, NY: ESPN Books. pp. 526, 529–587. ISBN 978-0-345-51392-2. ^ "2009 NCAA Men's Basketball Record Book – Conferences Section" (PDF). NCAA. 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2009. ^ The Association for Professional Basketball Research "NCAA All-American Teams, 1919–20 to 1998–99" vteNCAA Division I men's basketball seasonsPre-regulation 1895–96 1896–97 1897–98 1898-99 1899–1900 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 IAAUS / NCAA pre-Tournament era 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 NCAA Tournament era 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_corruption_(2006)

2006 Republican Party scandals

["1 List of politicians","1.1 Resigned","1.2 Lost re-election","2 2006 elections","2.1 Democratic party victory","2.2 Individual districts","3 Republican response","3.1 Background","3.2 2006 Democratic party scandals","3.3 List of scandals","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "2006 Republican Party scandals" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The 2006 Republican Party scandals resulted in four resignations and three election losses for Republican politicians during the first two years of George W. Bush's second term as President and leading up to the 2006 midterm elections. The Democratic Party unified several local and national campaigns around the slogan or meme "culture of corruption". The phrase was used to describe any political scandal, beginning with a national attempt by Gov. Howard Dean (D-VT) to link allegations of insider trading by Senator Bill Frist (R-TN) to the then-emerging Abramoff Scandal. Dean asserted that "Republicans have made their culture of corruption the norm." The phrase was thereafter repeated by other Democratic Party leaders, including Nancy Pelosi (responding to the indictment of Tom DeLay), "The criminal indictment of Majority Leader Tom DeLay is the latest example that Republicans in Congress are plagued by a culture of corruption at the expense of the American people." List of politicians Resigned U.S. Congressman Duke Cunningham — In November 2005 he resigned after pleading guilty to federal charges of conspiracy to commit bribery, mail fraud, wire fraud, and tax evasion. He was sentenced to over eight years in prison and an order to pay $1.8 million in restitution. U.S. House Majority Leader Tom DeLay — In September 2005, he resigned from the House because a Texas court charged him of violating campaign finance laws and money laundering. DeLay pleaded not guilty, claiming political motivation for the charges. Was found guilty in 2010. His conviction was overturned in 2013 due to insufficient evidence. U.S. Congressman Mark Foley — In September 2006, he resigned from the House because of allegations of sending teenage boys explicit sexually solicit e-mails and instant messages. In 2008, the case was thrown out and the charges were dropped because of insufficient evidence. U.S. Congressman Bob Ney — In November 2006, he resigned after he pleaded guilty to charges of conspiracy and making false statements in relation to the Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal. He served thirty months in prison. Lost re-election U.S. Congresswoman Sue W. Kelly — Lost to John Hall mostly because of allegations of connections to the Mark Foley scandal. U.S. Congressman Don Sherwood — Lost to Chris Carney because of an extramarital affair with accusations of abuse. U.S. Congressman Curt Weldon — Lost to Joe Sestak because of a series of scandals 2006 elections Democratic party victory Political corruption was a key issue cited by voters at exit polls during the 2006 Midterm Elections. The Democratic Party regained control of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Democrats also regained a majority of state governorships and control over a plurality of state legislatures. Individual districts Arizona's 8th congressional district: Following the emergence of Foley's controversy and the retirement of Jim Kolbe, Democrat Gabby Giffords won the election with 54% of the vote despite the fact that George W. Bush carried the district with 53% just two years prior in the 2004 presidential election. California's 50th congressional district: Following the emergence of the Cunningham scandal and the resignation of Duke Cunningham, Republican Brian Bilbray barely won the special election with 50% of the vote despite the fact that George W. Bush carried the district with 55% just two years prior in the 2004 presidential election. Florida's 16th congressional district: Following the emergence of the Mark Foley scandal and the resignation of Mark Foley, Democrat Tim Mahoney won the special election with 50% of the vote despite the fact that George W. Bush carried the district with 54% just two years prior in the 2004 presidential election. Mahoney lost re-election in 2008. New York's 19th congressional district: Following the emergence of the Foley scandal, Republican Sue W. Kelly was defeated by Democrat John Hall with 51% of the vote despite the fact that George W. Bush carried the district with 54% just two years prior in the 2004 presidential election. Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district: Following the emergence of numerous controversies, Republican Curt Weldon was defeated by Democrat Joe Sestak with 56% of the vote. Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district: Following the emergence of an extramarital affair, Republican Don Sherwood was defeated by Democrat Chris Carney with 53% of the vote despite the fact that George W. Bush carried the district with 60% just two years prior in the 2004 presidential election.. Texas's 22nd congressional district: Following the emergence of the Tom DeLay campaign finance investigation and the resignation of Tom DeLay, Democrat Nick Lampson won the special election with 51% of the vote despite the fact that George W. Bush carried the district with 64% just two years prior in the 2004 presidential election. Lampson lost re-election in 2008. Republican response Background Responding to the use of the phrase "culture of corruption" by the Democratic Party, authors Lynn Vincent and Robert Stacy McCain published "Donkey Cons" in April, 2006. A review on right-wing web site WorldNet Daily said: "Vincent and McCain do not claim that the Republican Party boasts only the good, the pure and the beautiful, as Aristotle said..." Democrat William Jefferson was re-elected in his district despite the ongoing investigation, which some political commentators such as Rush Limbaugh have decried as a hypocrisy of the "culture of corruption" label with which the DNC had been branding the Republicans. Republicans have also accused House Speaker Nancy Pelosi of hypocrisy, who had promised to "drain the swamp" and have "the most open, most honest, most ethical Congress in history," while defending the unethical former House Ways and Means Chair Charlie Rangel. 2006 Democratic party scandals While usually avoiding using the phrase, Republicans responded to Democratic charges by pointing out that Democrats had also been involved in similar scandals. These Democrats included: Congressman William J. Jefferson, whose Congressional offices were raided by the FBI in May 2006 Alabama Governor Don Siegelman, convicted on corruption charges in June 2006 List of scandals Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal Mark Foley scandal Tom DeLay campaign finance investigation Plame affair Cunningham scandal Jerry Lewis – Lowery lobbying firm controversy Bush administration payment of columnists See also Criminalization of politics Culture of Life Culture of Death References ^ (PDF) Archived 2011-07-15 at the Wayback Machine ^ Bresnahan, John (May 21, 2006). "FBI Raid Angers Some on Hill; Feds Probe Additional Jefferson 'Schemes'". RollCall. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved February 6, 2007. ^ "Ex-governor of Alabama Gets 7 Years in Corruption Case", Los Angeles Times, June 29, 2007, p. A15 External links TheCultureofCorruption.com (Independent Party) Culture of Corruption: A Week of GOP Scandals (from the webpage of the Democratic Party) A look at the scandals from the left "In California, sigh of relief for GOP" by Linda Feldmann, Christian Science Monitor, June 8, 2006, retrieved June 21, 2006 "The Democrats' Culture of Corruption" Accuracy in Media, Cliff Kincaid, April 28, 2006 DeLay indicted, steps down as majority leader Dean decries GOP's "culture of corruption" SEC issues subpoena to Frist, sources say Dean slam at GOP puts Democrats in tricky spot Republican Culture of Corruption Reaches Alaska (from the webpage of the Democratic Party) "Scandals Alone Could Cost Republicans Their House Majority", by Jonathan Weisman and Jeffrey H. Birnbaum, Washington Post, November 2, 2006, page A01 vteCorruptionCorruption in different fields Corporate crime Corruption in local government Interest group corruption Police corruption Political corruption Measures of corruption Corruption Perceptions Index Economics of corruption Forms or aspectsof corruptionGeneral Baksheesh Black market / Grey market Bribery Collusion Commercial bribery Confidence trick Embezzlement Extortion Fraud Graft (politics) Honest services fraud Kickback Match fixing Money laundering Cryptocurrency and crime Hawala and crime Noble cause corruption Professional courtesy Slush fund Tax evasion Tax haven Offshore investment Offshore financial centre State Clientelism Coronelism Crony capitalism Cronyism Elite capture Failed state Kleptocracy Mafia state Nepotism Plutocracy Political scandal Regulatory capture Rent-seeking Rent-setting State capture State crime Elections Ballot stuffing Electoral fraud Election security Gerrymandering Vote pairing Vote suppression Institutions dealing with corruptionInternational Global Financial Integrity Global Witness Group of States Against Corruption International Anti-Corruption Academy Mo Ibrahim Foundation Transparency International UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations National Oficina Anticorrupción (Argentina) Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory (Burundi) National Anti-Corruption Observatory (Cameroon) National Supervisory Commission (China) Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong) Commission Against Corruption (Macau) USKOK (Croatia) Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption Central Vigilance Commission (India) KPK (Indonesia) Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau (Latvia) Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program (Liberia) Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania BIANCO (Madagascar) Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar (Myanmar) Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (Nigeria) National Accountability Bureau (Pakistan) Investigation Task Force Sweep (Papua New Guinea) Central Anticorruption Bureau (Poland) Anti-Corruption General Directorate (Romania) National Anticorruption Directorate (Romania) Investigative Committee of Russia (Russia) Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (Singapore) Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission (South Korea) Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera (Spain) National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine (Ukraine) Warioba Commission (Tanzania) Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption (Vietnam) Anti-corruptionLaws andenforcement Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011 (pending) Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Foreign Extortion Prevention Act Freedom of information laws by country The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 UK Bribery Act of 2010 Whistleblower protection Internationalinstrumentsand efforts Inter-American Convention Against Corruption International asset recovery International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities OECD Anti-Bribery Convention United Nations Convention against Corruption Protestmovements 2011 Azerbaijani protests 2011 Indian anti-corruption movement 2012 Indian anti-corruption movement Anti-austerity movement in Spain Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity Russian anti-corruption campaign Yo Soy 132 2017–2019 Romanian protests 2017–2018 Russian protests

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Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Individual districts","text":"Arizona's 8th congressional district: Following the emergence of Foley's controversy and the retirement of Jim Kolbe, Democrat Gabby Giffords won the election with 54% of the vote despite the fact that George W. Bush carried the district with 53% just two years prior in the 2004 presidential election.\nCalifornia's 50th congressional district: Following the emergence of the Cunningham scandal and the resignation of Duke Cunningham, Republican Brian Bilbray barely won the special election with 50% of the vote despite the fact that George W. Bush carried the district with 55% just two years prior in the 2004 presidential election.\nFlorida's 16th congressional district: Following the emergence of the Mark Foley scandal and the resignation of Mark Foley, Democrat Tim Mahoney won the special election with 50% of the vote despite the fact that George W. Bush carried the district with 54% just two years prior in the 2004 presidential election. Mahoney lost re-election in 2008.\nNew York's 19th congressional district: Following the emergence of the Foley scandal, Republican Sue W. Kelly was defeated by Democrat John Hall with 51% of the vote despite the fact that George W. Bush carried the district with 54% just two years prior in the 2004 presidential election.\nPennsylvania's 7th congressional district: Following the emergence of numerous controversies, Republican Curt Weldon was defeated by Democrat Joe Sestak with 56% of the vote.\nPennsylvania's 10th congressional district: Following the emergence of an extramarital affair, Republican Don Sherwood was defeated by Democrat Chris Carney with 53% of the vote despite the fact that George W. Bush carried the district with 60% just two years prior in the 2004 presidential election..\nTexas's 22nd congressional district: Following the emergence of the Tom DeLay campaign finance investigation and the resignation of Tom DeLay, Democrat Nick Lampson won the special election with 51% of the vote despite the fact that George W. Bush carried the district with 64% just two years prior in the 2004 presidential election.[1] Lampson lost re-election in 2008.","title":"2006 elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Republican response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lynn Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Vincent"},{"link_name":"Robert Stacy McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stacy_McCain"},{"link_name":"WorldNet Daily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldNet_Daily"},{"link_name":"Rush Limbaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/62670-pelosi-we-are-the-most-ethical-congress/"},{"link_name":"Charlie Rangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Rangel"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"Responding to the use of the phrase \"culture of corruption\" by the Democratic Party, authors Lynn Vincent and Robert Stacy McCain published \"Donkey Cons\" in April, 2006. A review on right-wing web site WorldNet Daily said: \"Vincent and McCain do not claim that the Republican Party boasts only the good, the pure and the beautiful, as Aristotle said...\" Democrat William Jefferson was re-elected in his district despite the ongoing investigation, which some political commentators such as Rush Limbaugh have decried as a hypocrisy of the \"culture of corruption\" label with which the DNC had been branding the Republicans.Republicans have also accused House Speaker Nancy Pelosi of hypocrisy, who had promised to \"drain the swamp\" and have \"the most open, most honest, most ethical Congress in history,\" [3] while defending the unethical former House Ways and Means Chair Charlie Rangel.","title":"Republican response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William J. Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Jefferson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Don Siegelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Siegelman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT0829-3"}],"sub_title":"2006 Democratic party scandals","text":"While usually avoiding using the phrase, Republicans responded to Democratic charges by pointing out that Democrats had also been involved in similar scandals. These Democrats included:Congressman William J. Jefferson, whose Congressional offices were raided by the FBI in May 2006[2]\nAlabama Governor Don Siegelman, convicted on corruption charges in June 2006[3]","title":"Republican response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Abramoff_Indian_lobbying_scandal"},{"link_name":"Mark Foley scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Foley_scandal"},{"link_name":"Tom DeLay campaign finance investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_DeLay_campaign_finance_investigation"},{"link_name":"Plame affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plame_affair"},{"link_name":"Cunningham scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunningham_scandal"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lewis – Lowery lobbying firm controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lewis_%E2%80%93_Lowery_lobbying_firm_controversy"},{"link_name":"Bush administration payment of columnists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_administration_payment_of_columnists"}],"sub_title":"List of scandals","text":"Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal\nMark Foley scandal\nTom DeLay campaign finance investigation\nPlame affair\nCunningham scandal\nJerry Lewis – Lowery lobbying firm controversy\nBush administration payment of columnists","title":"Republican response"}]

[]

[{"title":"Criminalization of politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminalization_of_politics"},{"title":"Culture of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Life"},{"title":"Culture of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Death"}]

[{"reference":"Bresnahan, John (May 21, 2006). \"FBI Raid Angers Some on Hill; Feds Probe Additional Jefferson 'Schemes'\". RollCall. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved February 6, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110609123804/http://www.rollcall.com/news/-13467-1.html","url_text":"\"FBI Raid Angers Some on Hill; Feds Probe Additional Jefferson 'Schemes'\""},{"url":"http://www.rollcall.com/news/-13467-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabad_(disambiguation)

Mahabad (disambiguation)

["1 Places","2 Other"]

Mahabad is a city in northwestern Iran. Mahabad may also refer to: Places Republic of Mahabad, a short-lived, Kurdish state of the 20th century, officially known as the Republic of Kurdistan Mahabad County, a county in Iran Mahabad, Isfahan, a city in Isfahan Province, Iran Mahabad, Yazd, a city in Yazd Province, Iran Mahabad, Kerman, a village in Kerman Province, Iran Mahabad, Razavi Khorasan, a village in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran Mahabad-e Jadid, a village in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran Mahabad-e Olya, a village in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran Mahabad, Tehran, a village in Tehran Province, Iran Mahabad Agricultural Training Camp, in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran Other Mahabad (prophet), a pre-Zoroastrian Prophet Mahabad Qaradaghi (b. 1966), Kurdish writer, poet and translator Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Mahabad.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanwenog

Llanwenog

["1 Governance","2 Notable people","3 References"]

Coordinates: 52°05′15″N 4°12′00″W / 52.087404°N 4.200097°W / 52.087404; -4.200097Village and community in Ceredigion, Wales Human settlement in WalesLlanwenogLlanwenogLocation within CeredigionPopulation1,364 OS grid referenceSN 4936 4551• Cardiff60.5 mi (97.4 km)• London178.5 mi (287.3 km)CommunityLlanwenogPrincipal areaCeredigionCountryWalesSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townLlanybydderPostcode districtSA40PoliceDyfed-PowysFireMid and West WalesAmbulanceWelsh List of places UK Wales Ceredigion 52°05′15″N 4°12′00″W / 52.087404°N 4.200097°W / 52.087404; -4.200097 Llanwenog Church Llanwenog is a village and community in Ceredigion, Wales. In 2011 the population of Llanwenog was 1,364, of whom 57.0% were able to speak Welsh. The community includes the villages of Alltyblacca, Gorsgoch, Cwmsychbant, Cwrtnewydd, Highmead, Aber, Drefach and Rhuddlan. St Gwenog Church is a Grade I listed building. A Medieval structure, it is the only church dedicated to St Gwenog. The tower was added after 1485 for Rhys ap Thomas (died 1525) of Dinefwr and Carew. The Llanwenog sheep is a breed of domestic sheep originating in Wales, which was developed in the 19th century. Governance An electoral ward with the same name stretches beyond the confines of Llanwenog Community and had a total population at the 2011 census of 1,854. Notable people Evan James Williams (1903-1945), physicist, born in Cwmsychbant, attended Llanwenog Primary School. References ^ Welsh Government website; 2011 Census Returns and stats; Archived 30 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine accessed 9 May 2014 ^ "St Gwenog's Church, Llanwenog (220)". Coflein. RCAHMW. Retrieved 7 April 2024. ^ "Ward population 2011". Retrieved 12 May 2011. vteCeredigionPrincipal settlements Aberaeron Aberystwyth Cardigan Lampeter Llandysul New Quay Tregaron Communities Aberaeron Aberporth Aberystwyth Beulah Blaenborthyn Blaenrheidol Borth Cardigan Ceulanamaesmawr Ciliau Aeron Dyffryn Arth Faenor Y Ferwig Geneu'r Glyn Henfynyw Lampeter Llanarth Llanbadarn Fawr Llanddewi Brefi Llandyfriog Llandysiliogogo Llandysul Llanfair Clydogau Llanfarian Llanfihangel Ystrad Llangeitho Llangoedmor Llangrannog Llangwyryfon Llangybi Llangynfelyn Llanilar Llanllwchaiarn Llanrhystyd Llansantffraid Llanwenog Llanwnnen Lledrod Melindwr Nantcwnlle New Quay Penbryn Pontarfynach Tirymynach Trawsgoed Trefeurig Tregaron Troedyraur Ysbyty Ystwyth Ysgubor-y-coed Ystrad Fflur Ystrad Meurig Towns andvillages Aberarth Aberbanc Aberffrwd Aberlerry Abermagwr Abermeurig Aberporth Alltyblacca Betws Ifan Beulah Blaen Celyn Borth Bow Street Broginin Bryngwyn Bwlchyfadfa Caerwedros Capel Bangor Capel Dewi Cilcennin Comins Coch Cribyn Cwmann Cwmystwyth Cwrtnewydd Devil's Bridge Dôl-y-bont Eisteddfa Gurig Eglwys Fach Elerch Ffostrasol Ffynnon-oer Furnace Glandyfi Glasgoed Gorsgoch Gwbert Llanarth Llanbadarn Fawr Llanddewi Brefi Llandre (Llanfihangel Genau'r Glyn) Llandyfriog Llandygwydd Llanerchaeron Llanfarian Llanfihangel y Creuddyn Llanfihangel Ystrad Llangeitho Llangoedmor Llangrannog Llangybi Llangynfelyn Llanilar Llanon Llanrhystud Llansantffraid Llanwenog Llanwnnen Llechryd Lledrod Melindwr Moelfryn Mwnt Newbridge Oakford Olmarch Pant-gwyn Penbryn Pennant Penparc Penparcau Pen-Rhiw-Newydd Penrhyn-coch Pentre-bach Pentre-gat Pentre-rhew Penuwch Penybont Peny-y-garn Ponterwyd Pontrhydfendigaid Pont-rhyd-y-groes Pontsian Rhydowen Rhydypennau Salem Silian Taigwynion Talgarreg Talsarn Tal-y-bont Trefeurig Tregaron Tresaith Tre-Taliesin Tre'r Ddôl Troed y Rhiw Troedyraur Tŷ-llwyd Upper Borth Waunifor Y Ferwig Ynyslas Ysbyty Ystwyth Ystrad Aeron Ystrad Meurig Ystumtuen Universitiesand colleges Aberystwyth University Coleg Ceredigion University of Wales Trinity Saint David Rivers Aeron Arth Brenig Clarach Dulas Leri Llyfnant Mynach Rheidol Teifi Wyre Ystwyth Castles Aberdyfi Aberystwyth Cardigan Castell Gwallter Dinerth Lampeter Castle Islands Cardigan Island Ynys Lochtyn Topics Parliamentary constituencies Places Schools SSSIs Scheduled Monuments Country houses Listed buildings Grade I Grade II* Registered parks and gardens Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Museums Public art Geography Wales This Ceredigion location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Leonov

Sergey Leonov

["1 References"]

Russian politician You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (January 2022) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|ru|Леонов, Сергей Дмитриевич}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Sergey LeonovСергей ЛеоновLeonov in 2018Member of the State Duma forSmolensk OblastIncumbentAssumed office 12 October 2021Preceded byOlga OkunevaConstituencyRoslavl (No. 176)Senator from Smolensk OblastIn office27 September 2018 – 6 October 2021Preceded byLyudmila Kozlova Succeeded byIrina Kozhanova Personal detailsBornSergey Leonov (1983-05-09) 9 May 1983 (age 41)Suvorov, Tula Oblast, Russian SFSR, Soviet UnionPolitical partyLiberal Democratic Party of RussiaEducation Smolensk State Medical Academy Smolensk Institute of Business and Entrepreneurship Sergey Dmitrievich Leonov (Russian: Сергей Дмитриевич Леонов; born 9 May 1983) is a Russian politician from the ultranationalist Liberal Democratic Party. He has represented Roslavl constituency in the State Duma since the 2021 election. Sanctioned by the United Kingdom in March 2022 for actions by Russia in Ukraine. On 20 April 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, he proposed to forcibly take blood from Ukrainian war prisoners. References ^ "Структура". Совет Федерации Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации (in Russian). Retrieved 30 January 2022. ^ "CONSOLIDATED LIST" (PDF). 29 September 2023. ^ В Госдуме предложили принудительно брать кровь у украинских пленных vteMembers of the 8th State Duma by party (2021 to 2026)United Russia Abakarov Agayev Aitkulova Alexeyenko Alshevskikh Altukhov Amelchenkova A. Anikeyev G. Anikeyev Antropenko Anufriyeva Arshba Arshinova Artamonova Ayupov Azimov Babashov Baiguskarov Bakharev Bakhmetyev Barakhoyev Basansky Bashankayev Batalova Bazhenov Belik Belykh Bessarab Bessarabov Bichayev Bidonko Boguslavsky Bondarenko Borisov Borodai Bortsov Boyarsky Brykin Buduyev Bulavinov Buranova Burlakov Burmatov Butina Butskaya Chaplin Chizhov Damdintsurunov Danchikova Delimkhanov Demchenko Deryabkin Dimov Dogayev Doluda Doroshenko Drozdov Drozhzhina Dyakonova Dzyuba Efimov Fadina Farrakhov Fedyaev Fetisov Fomichyov Frolova Fyodorov R. Gadzhiev A. Gadzhiyev M. Gadzhiev Garin Gasanov Gekkiyev Germanova Getta D. Gilmutdinov I. Gilmutdinov Gimbatov Gladkikh Golikov Goncharov Gordeyev Gorelkin Gorokhov Govyrin Gurulyov Gutenev Ignatov Igoshin Ilinykh Iltyakov Isayev Islamov Ivaninsky M. Ye. Ivanov M. A. Ivanov V. Ivanov Ivenskikh Ivlev Kachkayev Kadenkov Kalimullin Kanayev Karmazina Kara-ool Karlov Kartapolov Kastyukevich Kavinov Kazakov Kazakova Khamzaev Kharchenko Khasanov Khinshtein Khor Khubezov Kidyayev Kiryanov Kiselyov Kislyakov Kizeyev Kobylkin Kogan Kogogina Kolesnik Kolesnikov Kolunov Kononov Korobova Kostenko Kotkin Kovpak Kozlovsky Krasheninnikov Krasnoshtanov Krasov Kravchenko Krivonosov Kurbanov Kusayko Kushnarev Kuzmin E. Kuznetsov Kuznetsova Kvitka Lameykin Larionova Lavrinenko Lebedev Lechkhadzhiev Lesun Likhachyov Lisovsky Lobach Loginov Loor Lotsmanov Lyubarsky A. Makarov V. Makarov Makiev Marchenko Mardanshin Markov Matveychev Maximov Maidanov Mazhuga Metelev Metshin Milonov O. Morozov S. Morozov Moskvichev Mutsoev Nazarova Nemkin Neverov Nifantiev Nikolaev Nikolaeva Nikonov Novikov Nurbagandov Nuriyev Ogloblina Ogul Orgeyeva Orlova Pakhomov Panin Pankina Pankov Pavlov Pervyshov A. Petrov S. Petrov V. Petrov Y. Petrov Pilipenko Pinsky Pirog Piskaryov Pivnenko Vladimir Plotnikov Pogorely Poluyanova Polyakov Polyakova Ponomaryov Popov Prokopyev Ptitsyn Razvorotneva Resin Revenko Reznik Rodina Rodnina Romanenko Romanov Rudensky A. Rumyantsev N. Rumyantsev Ryabtseva Sablin Salayeva Samokish Samokutyayev Saraliev Saranova Saryglar Savchenko Savelyev Seliverstov Senin Shamanov Shcheglov Shcherbakov Sheremet Shipulin Shkhagoshev Shkolkina Sholokhov Shubin Shuvalov Shvytkin Simanovsky Simigin Sitnikov Skachkov Sklyar Skoch Skrivanov Skrug Smirnov Sokol Solodovnikov Solomatina Soloviev Spiridonov Stankevich Starshinov Stenyakina Strelyukhin Tarasenko Tatriyev Taymazov Tchepikov Ten Terentyev Tereshkova Teryushkov Teterdinko Timofeyeva Tkachov Tolmachev Tolstoy Topilin Tretiak Trifonov Tsed Tsunaeva Turov Tutova Umakhanov Utyasheva D. Uzdenov S. Uzdenov Valenchuk Valeev Valuev Vasilkova Vasilyev Veller Veremeenko Vlasova Vodolatsky Vodyanov Volfson Volodin Volotskov Vorobiev Voronovsky Vtorygina Vyatkin Vyborny Yagafarov Yakhnyuk Yakubovsky Yampolskaya Yarovaya Yevtyukhova Yezubov Zakharov Zatulin Zavalny Zavarzin Zhukov Zhurova Zubarev Communist Party Afonin Alekhin Alimova Ammosov Arefiev Avdeev Babich Berulava Bessonov Bifov Blotsky Drobot Ezersky Filatova Gavrilov Glazkova Isakov N. Ivanov Ivanyuzhenkov Kalashnikov Kamnev Kashin Kazankov Kharitonov Kochiev Kolomeitsev Komotsky Kornienko Kumin Kurinny Lebedev Levchenko Lyabikhov Markhayev Matveyev Melnikov Mikhailov Novikov Obukhov Osadchy Ostanina Panteleev Parfenov Prokofiev Prusakova Savitskaya Shargunov Shchapov Sinelshchikov Smolin Sobolev Suleymanov Taysaev Udaltsova (replaced Rashkin) Vasiliev Yushchenko Zyuganov A Just Russia — For Truth Aksakov Aksyonenko Ananskikh Babakov Belousov Burlyayev Chepa Delyagin Drapeko Gartung Greshnevikov Grigoriev Gusev Kabyshev Kanokov Khovanskaya A. Kuznetsov D. Kuznetsov (replaced Prilepin) Lantratova Lisitsyn Mironov Nilov Novichkov Remezkov Semigin Terentyev Tumusov Wasserman Liberal Democratic Party Chernyshov Didenko Karginov Koshelev Leonov Lugovoy Markov Musatov Napso Naumov Nilov Panesh Paykin Seleznev Shaykhutdinov Slutsky Sukharev Svintsov (replaced † Zhirinovsky) Svishchev Svistunov Vlasov Zhuravlyov New People Arapov Avksentyeva Chemeris Tkachev (replaced Chudaev) Davankov Demin Goryacheva Skroznikova (replaced Gulin) Hamitov Leonov Nechayev Pevtsov Plyakin Shilkin Tarbaev Party of Growth Dmitriyeva 8th State Duma This article about a Russian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Friend_Louis

My Friend Louis

["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]

1992 studio album by Andrew CyrilleMy Friend LouisStudio album by Andrew CyrilleReleased1992RecordedNovember 18 and 19, 1991StudioPower Station, New York CityGenrejazzLabelDIW RecordsDIW-858ProducerKazunori SugiyamaAndrew Cyrille chronology Galaxies(1991) My Friend Louis(1992) X Man(1994) My Friend Louis is an album by drummer Andrew Cyrille. It was recorded in November 1991 at Power Station in New York City, and was released by DIW Records in 1992. On the album, Cyrille is joined by saxophonist Oliver Lake, trumpeter Hannibal, pianist Adegoke Steve Colson, and bassist Reggie Workman. "Louis" refers to drummer Louis Moholo, to whom the album is dedicated. Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicTom Hull – on the WebB+The Penguin Guide to Jazz In a review for AllMusic, Ron Wynn wrote: "Fiery, rampaging session with drummer Andrew Cyrille anchoring a stirring set featuring the dynamic Oliver Lake on alto and soprano saxophone. This is uncompromising, exciting material, far from sedate standards or derivative hard bop recitations." The authors of the Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings wrote: "My Friend Louis is dedicated to the South African Louis Moholo and explores a shared pool of atavistic dialects, free jazz confronting the most basic communicative rhythms... Workman is his usual cavernous self, and the recording is as full and intense as anyone might wish." Track listing "Soul Brother (Dedicated To Malcolm X)" (Lokumbe) – 9:25 "South Of The Border Serenade" (Colson) – 6:43 "The Prophet" (Eric Dolphy) – 6:32 "Shell" (Cyrille) – 8:35 "Kiss On The Bridge" (Lokumbe) – 8:01 "Tap Dancer" (Lake) – 5:55 "Where's Nine" (Workman) – 3:34 "My Friend Louis (Dedicated To Louis Moholo)" (Cyrille) – 14:02 Personnel Andrew Cyrille – drums Oliver Lake – alto saxophone, soprano saxophone Hannibal – trumpet Adegoke Steve Colson – piano Reggie Workman – bass References ^ a b c Wynn, Ron. "Andrew Cyrille: My Friend Louis". AllMusic. Retrieved February 4, 2022. ^ My Friend Louis (liner notes). Andrew Cyrille. DIW Recordings. 1992. DIW-858.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Hull, Tom. "Jazz (1960–70s)". Tom Hull – on the Web. Retrieved February 28, 2022. ^ a b Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (1998). The Penguin Guide to Jazz on CD. Penguin Books. p. 365. vteAndrew CyrilleYears given are for the recording(s), not first release, unless stated otherwise.Studio albums What About? (1969) Celebration (1975) The Loop (1978) Metamusicians' Stomp (1978) Nuba (with Jeanne Lee and Jimmy Lyons, 1979) Special People (1980) The Navigator (1982) My Friend Louis (1991) X Man (1993) Ode to the Living Tree (1994) Good to Go, with a Tribute to Bu (1995) Duo Palindrome 2002 (with Anthony Braxton, 2002) Low Blue Flame (2005) Route de Frères (2005) The Declaration of Musical Independence (2014) Proximity (with Bill McHenry, 2014) Lebroba (2017) The News (2019) 2 Blues for Cecil (with William Parker and Enrico Rava, 2021) Music Delivery/Percussion (2022) Live albums Dialogue of the Drums (with Milford Graves, 1974) Junction (1976) Double Clutch (with Richard Teitelbaum, 1981) Something in Return (with Jimmy Lyons, 1981) Burnt Offering (with Jimmy Lyons, 1982) Andrew Cyrille Meets Brötzmann in Berlin (with Peter Brötzmann, 1982) Irène Schweizer & Andrew Cyrille (with Irène Schweizer, 1988) Galaxies (with Vladimir Tarasov, 1990) Opus de Life (with Paul Dunmall and Henry Grimes, 2008) Evocation (with Elliott Sharp and Richard Teitelbaum, 2011) Related articles Trio 3 Air Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Irish_local_government_areas_1898%E2%80%931921

List of Irish local government areas 1899–1921

["1 County boroughs","2 County Antrim","3 County Armagh","4 County Carlow","5 County Cavan","6 County Clare","7 County Cork","8 County Donegal","9 County Down","10 County Dublin","11 County Fermanagh","12 County Galway","13 County Kerry","14 County Kildare","15 County Kilkenny","16 King's County","17 County Leitrim","18 County Limerick","19 County Londonderry","20 County Longford","21 County Louth","22 County Mayo","23 County Meath","24 County Monaghan","25 Queen's County","26 County Roscommon","27 County Sligo","28 Tipperary (North Riding)","29 Tipperary (South Riding)","30 County Tyrone","31 County Waterford","32 County Westmeath","33 County Wexford","34 County Wicklow","35 See also","36 Sources","37 Citations"]

The system of local government Ireland, then wholly within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, was reformed by the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, which came into force in 1899. The new system divided Ireland into the following entities: At the county level: Administrative counties; and County boroughs Within the administrative counties: Municipal boroughs, governed by the Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840; Urban districts; and Rural districts Some counties contained rural districts only, with no municipal boroughs or urban districts. A number of small towns located in rural districts also had town commissioners with limited powers under the Towns Improvement (Ireland) Act 1854. Map of Local Government Areas in 1898 County boroughs Name of county borough Electoral areas Notes Belfast Cromac, Duncairn, Falls, Ormeau, Pottinger, St. Anne's, Shankill, Victoria, and Woodvale Cork Centre, North-East, North-West No. 1, North-West No. 2, North-West No. 3, South No. 1, and South No. 2 Dublin Dublin No. 1, Dublin No. 2, Dublin No. 3, Dublin No. 4, Dublin No. 5, Dublin No. 6, Dublin No. 7, Dublin No. 8, Dublin No. 9, and Dublin No. 10 Absorbed three urban districts in County Dublin 1900 Limerick Limerick No. 1, Limerick No. 2, Limerick No. 3, Limerick No. 4, and Limerick No. 5 Londonderry East and South, North, Waterside, and West Commonly called Derry Waterford Waterford No. 1, Waterford No. 2, Waterford No. 3, Waterford No. 4, and Waterford No. 5 County Antrim Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Ballycastle Urban District Established as an Urban District on 1 April 1921 from part of Ballycastle RD Ballyclare Urban District Established as an Urban District on 1 October 1905 Ballymena Urban District Harryville, Market, and Town Hall Ballymoney Urban District Ballymoney North Urban, and Ballymoney South Urban Carrickfergus Urban District Carrickfergus Central Urban, Carrickfergus East Urban, and Carrickfergus West Urban Larne Urban District Central, Curran, Gardenmore, and Townparks Lisburn Urban District Lisburn Central Urban, Lisburn North Urban, and Lisburn South East Urban Portrush Urban District Portrush East Urban, Portrush North Urban, and Portrush West Urban Aghalee Rural District Originally known as Lurgan No. 3 Rural District; renamed by 1902; incorporated into Lisburn RD on 1 April 1920 Antrim Rural District Antrim, Ballyclare Rural, Crumlin, Randalstown, and Templepatrick Ballycastle Rural District Ballintoy, Ballycastle, and Cushendall Ballymena Rural District Broughshane, Clogh, Galgorm, Kells, and Portglenone Ballymoney Rural District Bushmills, Castle Quarter, Dervock, Enagh, and Killoquin Belfast Rural District Belfast Rural (sole electoral area) Originally known as Belfast No. 1 Rural District; renamed by 1902 Larne Rural District Carrickfergus Rural, Island Magee, and Kilwaughter Lisburn Rural District Aghalee, Glenavy, Knocknadona, and Malone Originally known as Lisburn No. 1 Rural District; renamed by 1902 County Armagh Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Armagh Urban District Armagh East Urban, Armagh North Urban, and Armagh South Urban Keady Urban District Keady Urban (sole electoral area) Constituted Urban District 1903 Lurgan Urban District Lurgan North Urban, Lurgan South East Urban, and Lurgan South West Urban Portadown Urban District Portadown North Urban, Portadown South East Urban, and Portadown South West Urban Tanderagee Urban District Tanderagee Urban (sole electoral area) Armagh Rural District Armagh Rural, Keady Rural, Loughgall, Markethill, and Tynan Crossmaglen Rural District Crossmaglen, and Newtown Hamilton Originally known as Castleblayney No. 2 Rural District; renamed in June 1899 incorporated into Newry No. 2 Rural District on 1 April 1921 Lurgan Rural District Lurgan Rural, Portadown Rural, and Tartaraghan Originally known as Lurgan No. 1 Rural District; renamed by 1902 Newry No. 2 Rural District Camlough, and Poyntz Pass Tandragee Rural District Tanderagee Rural (sole electoral area) Briefly known as Banbridge No. 2 Rural District; renamed Tandragee Rural District in June 1899, sometimes spelt Tanderagee. County Carlow Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Carlow Urban District Carlow North Urban, Carlow South Urban, and Graiguecullen Baltinglass No. 2 Rural District Hacketstown, and Rathvilly Carlow Rural District Bagenalstown, Borris, Carlow Rural, Clonegall, Fennagh & Myshall, Leighlinbridge, and Tullow Originally known as Carlow No. 1 Rural District; renamed by 1912 Idrone Rural District Idrone Rural (sole electoral area) Originally known as New Ross No. 3 Rural District; renamed 1899 County Cavan Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Belturbet Urban District Belturbet Urban (sole electoral area) Cavan Urban District Cavan East Urban, Cavan North West Urban, and Cavan South West Created in 1900 Cootehill Urban District Cootehill Urban (sole electoral area) Bailieborough Rural District Bailieborough, Crossbane, and Kingscourt Bawnboy Rural District Bawnboy, and Swanlinbar Originally known as Bawnboy No. 1 Rural District; renamed by 1902 Castlerahan Rural District Castlerahan (sole electoral area) Originally known as Oldcastle No. 2 Rural District; renamed between 1902 and 1912 Cavan Rural District Arvagh, Ballyhaise, Bellananagh, Cavan Rural, Cootehill Rural, Drumcarn, Killeshandra, Kilnaleck, Larah, and Stradone Cootehill No. 1 Rural District Absorbed into Cavan Rural District some time between 1911 and 1925. Enniskillen No. 2 Rural District Enniskillen No. 2 Rural (sole electoral area) Mullaghoran Rural District Mullaghoran Rural (sole electoral area) Originally known as Granard No. 2 Rural District; renamed between 1902 and 1912 County Clare Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Ennis Urban District Ennis North East Urban, and Ennis South West Urban Kilrush Urban District Kilrush East Urban, and Kilrush West Urban Ballyvaghan Rural District Drumcreehy, and Lisdoonvarna Corrofin Rural District Corrofin, and Muckanagh Ennis Rural District Ennis Rural, Killanniv, Newmarket, and Templemaley Ennistymon Rural District Ennistymon, Killilagh, Magherareagh, and Miltown Malbay Killadysert Rural District Coolmeen, and Killadysert Kilrush Rural District Doonbeg, Kilkee, Kilmihil, Kilrush Rural, Moyarta, and Mullagh Limerick No. 2 Rural District Mountievers, and O'Briensbridge Scariff Rural District Feakle, Killaloe, and Scariff Tulla Rural District Caher, Kilkishen, Quinn, and Tulla County Cork Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Clonakilty Urban District Clonakilty Urban (sole electoral area) Fermoy Urban District Fermoy Central Urban, Fermoy North Urban, and Fermoy South Urban Kinsale Urban District Kinsale North Urban, and Kinsale South Urban Macroom Urban District Macroom Urban (sole electoral area) Created in 1901 from part of Macroom Rural District Mallow Urban District Mallow East Urban, Mallow North West Urban, and Mallow South Urban Constituted Urban District 1902 Midleton Urban District Midleton Urban (sole electoral area) Created in 1900 Passage West Urban District Created in 1921 from part of Cork Rural District, by virtue of an Order made by the Local Government Board for Ireland on 28 June 1921 Queenstown Urban District Queenstown East Urban, and Queenstown West Urban Skibbereen Urban District Skibbereen Urban (sole electoral area) Created in 1900 Youghal Urban District Youghal Central Urban, Youghal North Urban, and Youghal South Urban Bandon Rural District Ballymodan, Bandon, Inishannon, Kilbrittain, Teadies, and Templemartin Bantry Rural District Bantry, Bantry Rural, Durrus, and Glengarriff Castletown Rural District Castletown Rural (sole electoral area) Charleville Rural District Charleville (sole electoral area) Originally known as Kilmallock No. 2 Rural District; renamed by 1902 Clonakilty Rural District Clonakilty Rural, Rosscarbery, and Timoleague Cork Rural District Ballincollig, Bishopstown, Blackrock, Blarney, Queenstown Rural, and Whitechurch Dunmanway Rural District Carrigboy, Coolmountain, Dunmanway, and Kinneigh Fermoy Rural District Ballyhooly, Ballynoe, Fermoy Rural, Kilworth, and Rathcormack Kanturk Rural District Banteer, Boherboy, Kanturk, Knockatooan, Milford, and Newmarket Kinsale Rural District Ballinspittle, Ballymartle, Carrigaline, and Kinsale Rural Macroom Rural District Clonmoyle, Inchigeelagh, Macloneigh, Rahalisk, and Slievereagh Mallow Rural District Buttevant, Doneraile, Kilshannig, and Mallow Rural Midleton Rural District Cloyne, Lisgoold, and Midleton Rural Millstreet Rural District Cullen, and Drishane Mitchelstown No. 1 Rural District Kildorrery, and Mitchelstown Skibbereen Rural District Aghadown, Castlehaven, Clonkeen, Dromdaleague, and Skibbereen Rural Skull Rural District Goleen, and Skull Youghal No. 1 Rural District Youghal No. 1 Rural (sole electoral area) County Donegal Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Buncrana Urban District Buncrana North Urban, and Buncrana South Urban Created in 1914 Bundoran Urban District Bundoran North Urban, and Bundoran South Urban Created in 1915 Letterkenny Urban District Letterkenny Urban (sole electoral area) Ballyshannon Rural District Ballyshannon Rural (sole electoral area) Originally known as Ballyshannon No. 1 Rural District; renamed by 1902 Donegal Rural District Donegal, Dunkineely, Laghy, and Mountcharles Dunfanaghy Rural District Dunfanaghy, and Gortahork Glenties Rural District Annagarry, Ardara, Dunglow, Glencolumbkille, Glenties, and Killybegs Inishowen Rural District Buncrana Rural, Carndonagh, Malin, and Moville Letterkenny Rural District Letterkenny Rural, and Temple Douglas Londonderry No. 2 Rural District Londonderry No. 2 Rural (sole electoral area) Absorbed into Inishowen Rural District Milford Rural District Carrickart, Fanad, Milford, and Rathmullan Strabane No. 2 Rural District Castlefinn, and Raphoe Absorbed into Stranorlar Rural District some time between 1911 and 1925 Stranorlar Rural District Cloghan, and Stranorlar County Down Area Electoral area Notes Banbridge Urban District Banbridge East Urban, Banbridge North West Urban, and Banbridge South West Urban Bangor Urban District Castle, Clifton, and Dufferin Donaghadee Urban District Donaghadee North Urban, and Donaghadee South Urban Established as an Urban District on 1 January 1906 Dromore Urban District Dromore Urban (sole electoral area) Created in 1902 (?) Holywood Urban District Holywood Urban (sole electoral area) Newcastle Urban District Newcastle North Urban, and Newcastle South Urban Established as an Urban District on 1 October 1905 Newry Urban District Newry North Urban, Newry South Urban, and Newry West Urban Newtownards Urban District Castle, Central, and Victoria Warrenpoint Urban District Warrenpoint East Urban, and Warrenpoint West Urban Banbridge Rural District Banbridge Rural, Dromore Rural, Gilford, Loughbrickland, and Moneyslane Originally known as Banbridge No. 1 Rural District; renamed by 1902 Castlereagh Rural District Castlereagh Rural (sole electoral area) Originally known as Belfast No. 2 Rural District; renamed by 1902 Downpatrick Rural District Ballynahinch, Castlewellan, Downpatrick, Killyleagh, Portaferry, and Strangford Hillsborough Rural District Drumbeg, and Hillsborough Originally known as Lisburn No. 2 Rural District; renamed by 1902 Kilkeel Rural District Kilkeel, and Rostrevor Moira Rural District Moira Rural (sole electoral area) Originally known as Lurgan No. 2 Rural District; renamed by 1902 Newry No. 1 Rural District Newry Rural, and Rathfriland Newtownards Rural District Comber, Grey Abbey, and Newtownards Rural County Dublin Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Blackrock Urban District Blackrock No. 1 Urban, Blackrock No. 2 Urban, Booterstown, and Monkstown Clontarf Urban District Absorbed by Dublin county borough 1900 Dalkey Urban District Dalkey North Urban, and Dalkey South Urban Drumcondra, Clonliffe and Glasnevin Urban District Absorbed by Dublin county borough 1900 Howth Urban District Howth East Urban, and Howth West Urban Established in 1919 Killiney and Ballybrack Urban District Killiney and Ballybrack North Urban, and Killiney and Ballybrack South Urban Kingstown Urban District Glasthule, Kingstown East Urban, Kingstown West Urban, and Monkstown New Kilmainham Urban District Absorbed by Dublin county borough 1900 Pembroke Urban District Pembroke East Urban, and Pembroke West Urban Rathmines and Rathgar Urban District Rathmines and Rathgar No. 1 East Urban, Rathmines and Rathgar No. 2 East Urban, Rathmines and Rathgar No. 1 West Urban, and Rathmines and Rathgar No. 2 West Urban Balrothery Rural District Balbriggan, Malahide, and Skerries Celbridge No. 2 Rural District Celbridge No. 2 Rural (sole electoral area) North Dublin Rural District North Dublin Rural (sole electoral area) Rathdown No. 1 Rural District Rathdown No. 1 Rural (sole electoral area) South Dublin Rural District South Dublin Rural (sole electoral area) County Fermanagh Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Enniskillen Urban District Enniskillen East Urban, Enniskillen North Urban, and Enniskillen South Urban Belleek Rural District Belleek Rural (sole electoral area) Originally known as Ballyshannon No. 2 Rural District; renamed by 1902; incorporated into Irvinestown Rural District on 1 April 1921 Clones No. 2 Rural District Clones No. 2 Rural (sole electoral area) Incorporated into Lisnaskea Rural District on 1 April 1921 Enniskillen Rural District Ely, Enniskillen, Florencecourt, Holywell, Lisbellaw, Newporton, and Tempo Originally known as Enniskillen No. 1 Rural District; renamed by 1902 Irvinestown Rural District Clonelly, Ederny, and Irvinestown Originally known as Irvinestown No. 1 Rural District; renamed by 1902 Lisnaskea Rural District Brookeborough, Doon, and Lisnaskea County Galway Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Ballinasloe Urban District Ballinasloe North East Urban, Ballinalsoe South East Urban, and Ballinasloe West Urban Galway Urban District Galway East Urban, Galway North Urban, Galway South Urban, and Galway West Urban Ballinasloe No. 1 Rural District Ballinasloe Rural, Killallaghtan, Kiltormer, and Laurencetown Clifden Rural District Clifden, Owengowla, Rinvyle, and Roundstone Galway Rural District Clare Galway, Galway Rural, Inishmore, Moycullen, Oranmore, and Spiddle Glennamaddy Rural District Glennamaddy, Kilcroan, Raheen, and Toberroe Gort Rural District Ardrahan, Ballycahalan, Gort, and Kinvarra Loughrea Rural District Athenry, Bullaun, Cappalusk, Kilteskill, Loughrea, Loughrea Rural, and Woodford Mountbellew Rural District Clonbrook, Killeroran, and Mount Bellew Oughterard Rural District Cloonbur, Lettermore, and Oughterard Portumna Rural District Drummin, Eyrecourt, and Portumna Tuam Rural District Abbey, Belclare, Dunmore, Headford, Hillsbrook, Tuam, and Tuam Rural County Kerry Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Killarney Urban District Killarney East Urban, and Killarney West Urban Listowel Urban District Listowel East Urban, and Listowel West Urban Tralee Urban District Tralee North East Urban, Tralee South East Urban, and Tralee West Urban Caherciveen Rural District Caher, Glanbehy, Loughcurrane, and Portmagee Dingle Rural District Ballinvoher, Castlegregory, Dingle, and Ventry Kenmare Rural District Ardea, Kenmare, Kilgarvan, and Sneem Killarney Rural District Coom, Killarney Rural, Killorglin, Milltown, and Molahiffe Listowel Rural District Ballyduff, Ballyhorgan, Killehenny, Lisselton, Listowel Rural, and Tarbert Originally known as Listowel No. 1 Rural District; renamed between 1901 and 1912 Tralee Rural District Ardfert, Brosna, Castleisland, Kilgarrylander, Ratass, Scartaglin, and Tralee Rural County Kildare Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Athy Urban District Athy East Urban, and Athy West Urban Created in 1900 from part of Athy No. 1 Rural District Naas Urban District Naas (sole electoral area) Created in 1900 Athy No. 1 Rural District Athy Rural, Ballitore, Castledermot, Fontstown, Harristown, and Monasterevin Baltinglass No. 3 Rural District Absorbed into Athy No.1 Rural District some time between 1911 and 1925. Celbridge No. 1 Rural District Celbridge, and Kilcock Edenderry No. 2 Rural District Cadamstown, Carbury, and Rathangan Naas No. 1 Rural District Ballymore Eustace, Kilcullen, Kildare, Kilmeage, Naas Rural, and Newbridge County Kilkenny Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Kilkenny Borough (City) Kilkenny No. 1, and Kilkenny No. 2 Callan Rural District Callan, and Kilmaganny Originally known as Callan No. 1 Rural District; renamed by 1901 Carrick-on-Suir No. 3 Rural District Carrick-on-Suir No. 3 Rural (sole electoral area) Castlecomer Rural District Castlecomer Rural (sole electoral area) Ida Rural District Ida Rural (sole electoral area) Briefly known as New Ross No. 2 Rural District; renamed 1899. Kilkenny Rural District Freshford, Kilkenny Rural, and Tiscoffin Thomastown Rural District Graiguenamanagh, Inistioge, Knocktopher, Thomastown, and Woolengrange Urlingford No. 1 Rural District Balleen, and Urlingford Waterford No. 2 Rural District Dunkitt, and Kilmakevoge King's County Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Birr Urban District Birr North East Urban, Birr South East Urban, and Birr West Urban Tullamore Urban District Tullamore East Urban, and Tullamore West Urban Created in 1900 Birr No. 1 Rural District Banagher, Birr Rural, Clonmacnoise, Ferbane, Frankford, and Kinnity Clonygowan Rural District Originally known as Mountmellick No. 2 Rural District; renamed between 1901 and 1912; absorbed into Tullamore Rural District by 1925. Edenderry No. 1 Rural District Ballyburley, Clonbulloge, and Edenderry Roscrea No. 2 Rural District Mountheaton, and Shinrone Tullamore Rural District Clara, Clonygowan, Killoughy, Philipstown, and Tullamore Rural Originally known as Tullamore No. 1 Rural District; renamed between 1901 and 1912 County Leitrim Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Ballinamore Rural District Ballinamore, and Newtowngore Originally known as Bawnboy No. 2 Rural District; renamed by 1902 Carrick-on-Shannon No. 1 Rural District Carrick-on-Shannon, Drumreilly, and Drumshanbo Kinlough Rural District Kinlough Rural (sole electoral area) Originally known as Ballyshannon No. 3 Rural District; renamed by 1902 Manorhamilton Rural District Drumahaire, Drumkeeran, Lurganboy, Manorhamilton, and Munakill Mohill Rural District Carrigallen, Drumod, Mohill, Rinn, and Rowan County Limerick Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Croom Rural District Adare, Castletown, and Croom Glin Rural District Glin (sole electoral area) Originally known as Listowel No. 2 Rural District; renamed by 1902 Kilmallock Rural District Bruff, Bruree, Hospital, Kilfinnane, and Kilmallock Originally known as Kilmallock No. 1 Rural District; renamed between 1901 and 1912 Limerick No. 1 Rural District Caherconlish, Cappamore, Castleconnell, and Limerick Rural Mitchelstown No. 2 Rural District Mitchelstown No. 2 Rural (sole electoral area) Newcastle Rural District Abbeyfeale, Ardagh, Broadford, Monagay, and Newcastle Rathkeale Rural District Askeaton, Pallaskenry, Rathkeale, Rathkeale Rural, and Shanagolden Tipperary No. 2 Rural District Tipperary No. 2 Rural (sole electoral area) County Londonderry Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Coleraine Urban District Coleraine North East Urban, Coleraine South East Urban, and Coleraine West Urban Limavady Urban District Limavady Urban (sole electoral area) Portstewart Urban District Portstewart East Urban, and Portstewart West Urban Established as an Urban District on 1 April 1916 from part of Coleraine RD Coleraine Rural District Aghadowey, Articlave, Garvagh, Kilrea, and Knockantern Limavady Rural District Ballykelly, Bellarena, Dungiven, and Fruithill Londonderry No. 1 Rural District Claudy, Eglinton, and Waterside Magherafelt Rural District Bellaghy, Draperstown, Maghera, Magherafelt, and Moneymore County Longford Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Granard Urban District Granard Urban (sole electoral area) Longford Urban District Longford North West Urban, and Longford South East Urban Created in 1900 Ballymahon Rural District Ballymahon, and Kilglass Originally known as Ballymahon No. 1 Rural District; renamed between 1901 and 1912 Granard No. 1 Rural District Ballinalee, Columbkille, Edgeworthstown, and Granard Rural Longford Rural District Ballinamuck, Drumlish, Killashee, and Longford Rural County Louth Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Drogheda Borough Duleek Gate, St. Lawrence Gate, and West Gate Dundalk Urban District Dundalk Middle Urban, Dundalk North Urban, Dundalk South Urban, and Seatown Ardee No. 1 Rural District Ardee, Castlebellingham, and Dunleer Dundalk Rural District Carlingford, Dromiskin, and Dundalk Rural Louth Rural District Louth Rural (sole electoral area) Originally known as Drogheda No. 1 Rural District; renamed between 1901 and 1912 County Mayo Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Ballina Urban District Ardnaree, Ballina North West Urban, and Ballina South West Urban Created in 1900 Castlebar Urban District Castlebar East Urban, and Castlebar West Urban Created in 1900 Westport Urban District Westport East Urban, Westport South Urban, and Westport West Urban Created in 1900 Ballina Rural District Ballina Rural, Ballycastle, Crossmolina, Killala, and Mount Falcon Ballinrobe Rural District Ballinrobe, Cappaghduff, Cong, and Hollymount Belmullet Rural District Bangor, Belmullet, and Knocknalower Castlebar Rural District Bellavary, Castlebar Rural, Clonkeen, and Pontoon Claremorris Rural District Ballyhaunis, Ballindine, and Claremorris Killala Rural District Absorbed into Ballina Rural District some time between 1911 and 1925. Swineford Rural District Kilkelly, Kiltamagh, Meelick, Sonnagh, and Swineford Westport Rural District Achill, Ballycroy, Islandeady, Louisburgh, Newport, and Westport Rural County Meath Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Kells Urban District Kells North Urban, and Kells South Urban Navan Urban District Navan North Urban, and Navan South Urban Trim Urban District Trim Urban (sole electoral area) Ardee No. 2 Rural District Ardee No. 2 Rural (sole electoral area) Dunshaughlin Rural District Dunboyne, and Dunshaughlin Edenderry No. 3 Rural District Absorbed into Trim Rural District some time between 1911 and 1925. Kells Rural District Kells Rural, Kilskeer, Moynalty, and Nobber Meath Rural District Meath Rural (sole electoral area) Originally known as Drogheda No. 2 Rural District; renamed between 1901 and 1912 Navan Rural District Castletown, Navan Rural, and Painestown Oldcastle Rural District Oldcastle (sole electoral area) Originally known as Oldcastle No. 1 Rural District; renamed between 1901 and 1912 Trim Rural District Athboy, Ballyboggan, Innfield, Summerhill, and Trim Rural County Monaghan Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Carrickmacross Urban District Carrickmacross Urban (sole electoral area) Created in 1900 Castleblayney Urban District Castleblayney Urban (sole electoral area) Created in 1900 Clones Urban District Clones Urban (sole electoral area) Monaghan Urban District Monaghan East Urban, and Monaghan West Urban Carrickmacross Rural District Carrickmacross Rural, and Donaghmoyne Castleblayney Rural District Ballybay, and Castleblayney Rural Originally known as Castleblayney No. 1 Rural District; renamed by 1902 Clones No. 1 Rural District Clones Rural, and Dawsongrove Cootehill No. 2 Rural District Monaghan Rural District Castleshane, Emyvale, Kilmore, Monaghan Rural, and Scotstown Queen's County Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Abbeyleix Rural District Abbeyleix, Ballinakill, Ballyroan, Castletown, Durrow, and Rathdowney Athy No. 2 Rural District Ballylynan, and Stradbally Mountmelick Rural District Ballybrittas, Clonaslee, Coolrain, Emo, Maryborough, Mountmellick, and Mountrath Originally known as Mountmelick No. 1 Rural District; renamed by 1902 Roscrea No. 3 Rural District Roscrea No. 3 Rural (sole electoral area) Slievemargy Rural District Slievemargy Rural (sole electoral area) Originally known as Carlow No. 2 Rural District; renamed by 1902 County Roscommon Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Athlone No. 2 Rural District Athlone West Rural, Creagh, Dysart, and Kiltoom Ballinasloe No. 2 Rural District Absorbed into Athlone No. 2 Rural District some time between 1911 and 1925. Boyle No. 1 Rural District Boyle, Boyle Rural, Croghan, and Keadew Carrick-on-Shannon No. 2 Rural District Aughrim, and Danesfort Absorbed into Boyle No. 1 Rural District some time between 1911 and 1925. Castlerea Rural District Ballaghaderreen, Ballinlough, Castlerea, and Frenchpark Roscommon Rural District Athleague, Cams, Drumdaff, and Roscommon Strokestown Rural District Elphin, Roosky, Strokestown, and Tulsk Absorbed into Roscommon Rural District some time between 1911 and 1925. County Sligo Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Sligo Borough Sligo East, Sligo North, and Sligo West Boyle Rural District Ballymote, Carney, Cliffony, Collooney, Knockaree, and Riverstown Originally known as Sligo Rural District (?) Boyle No. 2 Rural District Coolavin, Kilmactranny, and Templevanny Dromore West Rural District Castleconor, Dromor, and Skreen Tobercurry Rural District Achonry, Aclaire, Coolaney, and Tobercurry Tipperary (North Riding) Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Nenagh Urban District Created in 1900 Templemore Urban District Templemore East Urban, Templemore North West Urban, Templemore South Urban Thurles Urban District Thurles North Urban, and Thurles South Urban Birr No. 2 Rural District Absorbed into Borrisokane Rural District some time between 1911 and 1925. Borrisokane Rural District Borrisokane, Clougjordan, Riverstown, and Terryglass Nenagh Rural District Ballina, Birdhill, Kilmore, Latteragh, Nenagh Rural, and Newport Roscrea No. 1 Rural District Bourney, and Roscrea Thurles Rural District Borrisoleigh, Holycross, Littleton, Templetuohy, and Thurles Rural Tipperary (South Riding) Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Clonmel Borough St. Mary's North, St. Mary's South, St. Patrick's, and St. Peter's Carrick-on-Suir Urban District Carrick-on-Suir East Urban, Carrick-on-Suir West Urban, and Carrickbeg Cashel Urban District Cashel East Urban, Cashel North West Urban, and Cashel South West Urban Tipperary Urban District Tipperary East Urban, and Tipperary West Urban Created in 1900 Carrick-on-Suir No. 1 Rural District Carrick-on-Suir No. 1 Rural (sole electoral area) Cashel Rural District Cashel Rural, Fethard, Killenaule, Kilpatrick, and Tullamain Clogheen Rural District Ardfinnan, Caher, and Clogheen Clonmel No. 1 Rural District Clonmel No. 1 Rural (sole electoral area) Gortnahoe Rural District Originally known as Urlingford No. 2 Rural District; renamed between 1901 and 1912; absorbed into Slievardagh Rural District by 1925. Slievardagh Rural District Ballingarry, Kilcooly, and Mullinahone Briefly known as Callan No. 2 Rural District; renamed 1899. Tipperary No. 1 Rural District Bansha, Cappagh, Emly, Golden, and Tipperary Rural County Tyrone Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Cookstown Urban District Cookstown North Urban, and Cookstown South Urban Created in 1900 Dungannon Urban District Dungannon Centre Urban, Dungannon East Urban, and Dungannon West Urban Created in 1900 Omagh Urban District Omagh North Urban, Omagh South Urban, and Omagh West Urban Created in 1900 Strabane Urban District Strabane North Urban, and Strabane South Urban Created in 1900 Castlederg Rural District Castlederg, Clare, and Killeter Clogher Rural District Augher, Aughnacloy, Ballygawley, Clogher, and Fivemiletown Cookstown Rural District Coagh, Cookstown Rural, Pomeroy, and Stewartstown Dungannon Rural District Caledon, Clonavaddy, Donaghmore, Moy, and Tullyniskan Omagh Rural District Carrickmore, Dromore, Drumquin, Fintona, Gortin, Mountjoy, Omagh Rural, Six Mile Cross, and Trillick Strabane No. 1 Rural District Altaclady, Camus, Dunnamanagh, Newtown Stewart, and Plumb Bridge Trillick Rural District Originally known as Irvinestown No. 2 Rural District; renamed by 1902; incorporated into Omagh RD on 1 April 1920 County Waterford Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Dungarvan Urban District Abbeyside, Dungarvan Central Urban, and Dungarvan South West Urban Carrick-on-Suir No. 2 Rural District Portlaw, and Rathgormuck Clonmel No. 2 Rural District Clonmel No. 2 Rural Dungarvan Rural District Dungarvan Rural, Ringville, Seskinan, and Whitechurch Kilmacthomas Rural District Comeragh, Gardenmorris, and Kilmacthomas Lismore Rural District Ballyduff, Cappoquin, Lismore, and Tallow Waterford No. 1 Rural District Kilmeadan, Tramore, Waterford Rural, and Woodstown Youghal No. 2 Rural District Youghal No. 2 Rural (sole electoral area) County Westmeath Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Athlone Urban District Athlone East Urban, and Athlone West Urban Athlone No. 1 Rural District Athlone East Rural, Glassan, and Moate Ballymore Rural District Ballymore (sole electoral area) Originally known as Ballymahon No. 2 Rural District; renamed between 1901 and 1912 Coole Rural District Coole (sole electoral area) Originally known as Granard No. 3 Rural District; renamed between 1901 and 1912 Delvin Rural District Clonarney, Delvin, Fore, and Kinturk Kilbeggan Rural District Originally known as Tullamore No. 2 Rural District; renamed between 1901 and 1912; absorbed into Mullingar Rural District by 1925. Mullingar Rural District Castletown, Clonfad, Enniscoffey, Kilbeggan, Killucan, Knockdrin, Mullingar, Mullingar Rural, Multyfarnham, and Rathconrath County Wexford Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Wexford Borough Wexford No. 1, Wexford No. 2, and Wexford No. 3 Enniscorthy Urban District Enniscorthy East Urban, Enniscorthy North West Urban, and Enniscorthy South West Urban New Ross Urban District New Ross North East Urban, and New Ross South West Urban Enniscorthy Rural District Ballyhuskard, Clonroche, Enniscorthy Rural, Ferns, Killann, and Newtownbarry Gorey Rural District Coolgreany, Gorey, Gorey Rural, Kilcomb, and Monamolin New Ross Rural District Carrigbyrne, Fethard, New Ross Rural, and Old Ross Originally known as New Ross No. 1 Rural District; renamed by 1902 Wexford Rural District Ardcavan, Bannow, Bridgetown, Rosslare, Tagmon, and Wexford Rural County Wicklow Name of administrative area Electoral areas Notes Arklow Urban District Arklow East Urban, and Arklow West Urban Constituted an Urban District some time between 1901 and 1912 Bray Urban District Bray East Urban, Bray West Urban, and Little Bray Wicklow Urban District Abbey, Castle, and Kilmartin Baltinglass No. 1 Rural District Baltinglass, Blessington, Dunlavin, and Rathdangan Naas No. 2 Rural District Absorbed into Baltinglass No. 1 Rural District some time between 1911 and 1925. Rathdown No. 2 Rural District Rathdown No. 2 Rural (sole electoral area) Rathdrum Rural District Arklow Rural, Dunganstown, Glendalough, Newcastle, Rathdrum, and Wicklow Rural Shillelagh Rural District Coolattin, Killinure, and Tinahely See also List of rural and urban districts in Northern Ireland (1921—1972) Sources "Alphabetical index to the county districts of Ireland". Census of Ireland, 1901: General topographical index. Command papers. Vol. Cd.2071. Dublin: HMSO. 1904. pp. 1040–1042. "Supplement to the alphabetical index to the county districts". Supplement to the general topographical index of Ireland. Command papers. Vol. Cd.6756. Dublin: HMSO. 1913. p. 17. Local Government Board for Ireland 27th Annual Report , 1900: (Containing Various Orders Made Modifying Boundaries Under the Local Government Act 1898 ). Command papers. Vol. C.9480. Dublin: HMSO. 1900. pp. 1–1022. Department of Industry and Commerce (1928). "Table 9. Population, Area and Valuation of Urban and Rural Districts and of all Towns with a Population of 1,500 Inhabitants or over, Showing Particulars of Town and Village Population and of the Number of Persons per 100 Acres" (PDF). Census of Population 1926. Vol. 1–Population, Area and Valuation of each DED and each larger Unit of Area. Dublin: Stationery Office. pp. 19–29. Retrieved 6 June 2018. Citations ^ a b c d Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 1 ^ a b c d e f g Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 2 ^ Census of Northern Ireland 1926 (County of Antrim), publ. HMSO, Belfast, 1928, p. vii ^ a b c Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1905 (Cd 2655), publ. 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HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 22 ^ Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. III, No. 3 (County of Cavan) (Cd 1123-II), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1902, p. vii ^ a b c Census of Ireland, 1911 (County of Cavan) (Cd 6051-III), publ. HMSO, London, 1912, p. vi ^ a b c d e f g Census 1926 pp.28–29 ^ a b c d e f g h Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 23 ^ a b c d e f g h i j Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 9 ^ Census of Population 1926 (Vol. I), publ. by the Stationery Office, Dublin, 1928, p. 25 ^ Local Government and Public Health Provisional Order Confirmation Act, 1928 (Schedule) ^ a b Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. 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HMSO, London, 1912, p. vi ^ Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 27 ^ a b c d Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. III, No. 5 (County of Down) (Cd 1123-IV), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1902, p. vii ^ a b c d e f g h i Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 28 ^ a b c Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. III, No. 6 (County of Fermanagh) (Cd 1123-V), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1902, p. vii ^ a b Census of Northern Ireland 1926 (County of Fermanagh), publ. HMSO, Belfast, 1928, p. vii ^ a b c d e f g Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 29 ^ a b c d e f g Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. 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HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 37 ^ a b c Census of Ireland, 1911 (County of Meath) (Cd 6049-VIII), publ. HMSO, London, 1912, p. vi ^ a b Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. I, No. 8 (County of Meath) (Cd 847-VII), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1901, p. vii ^ a b c d e f g h Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 38 ^ Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. III, No. 8 (County of Monaghan) (Cd 1123-VII), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1902, p. vii ^ a b Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. I, No. 9 (Queen's County) (Cd 847-VIII), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1902, p. vii ^ a b c d e f g h Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 39 ^ a b c Census of Ireland, 1911 (County of Roscommon) (Cd 6052-III), publ. HMSO, London, 1912, p. vi ^ a b c d e f g h Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 40 ^ a b Census of Ireland, 1911 (County of Tipperary) (Cd 6050-IV), publ. HMSO, London, 1912, p. vi ^ a b Census 1926 p.26–27 ^ a b c d e f g h Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 41 ^ Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. II, No. 5 (County of Tipperary) (Cd 1058-IV), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1902, p. vi ^ "Slievardagh Rural District Council". Nationalist and Munster Advertiser. 21 October 1899. p. 4. ^ a b c d e f g Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 42 ^ Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. III, No. 9 (County of Tyrone) (Cd 1123-VIII), publ. 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Population, Area and Valuation of Urban and Rural Districts and of all Towns with a Population of 1,500 Inhabitants or over, Showing Particulars of Town and Village Population and of the Number of Persons per 100 Acres\" (PDF). Census of Population 1926. Vol. 1–Population, Area and Valuation of each DED and each larger Unit of Area. Dublin: Stationery Office. pp. 19–29. Retrieved 6 June 2018.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-archive.org_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-archive.org_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-archive.org_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-archive.org_1-3"},{"link_name":"Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. 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HMSO, London, 1912, p. vi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/PageBrowser?path=Browse/Census%20(by%20date)/1911&active=yes&mno=455&tocstate=expandnew&tocseq=67700&display=sections&display=tables&display=pagetitles&pageseq=first-nonblank"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ireland_1432_p._45_94-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ireland_1432_p._45_94-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ireland_1432_p._45_94-2"},{"link_name":"Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/op1256891-1001"}],"text":"^ a b c d Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 1\n\n^ a b c d e f g Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 2\n\n^ Census of Northern Ireland 1926 (County of Antrim), publ. HMSO, Belfast, 1928, p. vii\n\n^ a b c Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1905 (Cd 2655), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1905, p. xxxix\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 3\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 4\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 8\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 10\n\n^ a b c Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. III, No. 1 (County of Antrim) (Cd 1123), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1902, p. vii\n\n^ Census of Northern Ireland 1926 (County of Antrim), publ. HMSO, Belfast, 1928, p. vi\n\n^ a b c d e f g Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 20\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 7\n\n^ Gould, M. H. (1981). \"The Administrative Units Used for Water Supply Purposes in Northern Ireland from 1828\". Journal of the Royal Society of Health. 101 (3): 119–122. doi:10.1177/146642408110100310. PMID 7022550. S2CID 30451524.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 11\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 21\n\n^ a b \"Armagh County Council\". Belfast Newsletter. 13 June 1899. p. 6.\n\n^ a b c d e Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. III, No. 2 (County of Armagh) (Cd 1123-I), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1902, p. vii\n\n^ Census of Northern Ireland 1926 (County of Armagh), publ. HMSO, Belfast, 1928, p. vi\n\n^ a b Census of Ireland, 1911 (County of Carlow) (Cd 6049), publ. HMSO, London, 1912, p. vi\n\n^ \"Idrone (County Carlow) Rural District Council\". Nationalist and Leinster Times. 17 June 1899. p. 8.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 5\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 6\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 22\n\n^ Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. III, No. 3 (County of Cavan) (Cd 1123-II), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1902, p. vii\n\n^ a b c Census of Ireland, 1911 (County of Cavan) (Cd 6051-III), publ. HMSO, London, 1912, p. vi\n\n^ a b c d e f g Census 1926 pp.28–29\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 23\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 9\n\n^ Census of Population 1926 (Vol. I), publ. by the Stationery Office, Dublin, 1928, p. 25\n\n^ Local Government and Public Health Provisional Order Confirmation Act, 1928 (Schedule)\n\n^ a b Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 12\n\n^ a b c d e f g Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 24\n\n^ Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. II, No. 2 (County and City of Cork) (Cd 1058-I), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1902, p. vi\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 25\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 26\n\n^ Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. III, No. 4 (County of Donegal) (Cd 1123-III), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1902, p. vii\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 27\n\n^ Census of Ireland, 1911 (County of Donegal) (Cd 6051-IV), publ. HMSO, London, 1912, p. vi\n\n^ Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 27\n\n^ a b c d Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. III, No. 5 (County of Down) (Cd 1123-IV), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1902, p. vii\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 28\n\n^ a b c Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. III, No. 6 (County of Fermanagh) (Cd 1123-V), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1902, p. vii\n\n^ a b Census of Northern Ireland 1926 (County of Fermanagh), publ. HMSO, Belfast, 1928, p. vii\n\n^ a b c d e f g Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 29\n\n^ a b c d e f g Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 30\n\n^ a b c d e f g Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 31\n\n^ Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. II, No. 3 (County of Kerry) (Cd 1058-I), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1902, p. vii\n\n^ Census of Ireland, 1911 (County of Kerry) (Cd 6050-II), publ. HMSO, London, 1912, p. vi\n\n^ Census of Ireland, 1911 (County of Kildare) (Cd 6049-III), publ. HMSO, London, 1912, p. vi\n\n^ Census 1926 pp.20–21\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 32\n\n^ Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. I, No. 4 (County of Kilkenny) (Cd 847-III), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1901, p. vii\n\n^ \"Contracts Advertised\". Irish County Council Gazette. 30 August 1899. p. 15.\n\n^ a b Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. I, No. 5 (King's County) (Cd 847-IV), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1901, p. vii\n\n^ a b Census of Ireland, 1911 (King's County) (Cd 6049-V), publ. HMSO, London, 1912, p. vi\n\n^ a b c d Census 1926 pp.22–23\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 33\n\n^ a b Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. IV, No. 2 (County of Leitrim) (Cd 1059-I), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1902, p. vii\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 34\n\n^ a b Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. II, No. 4 (County and City of Limerick) (Cd 1058-III), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1902, p. vii\n\n^ Census of Ireland, 1911 (County and City of Limerick) (Cd 6050-III), publ. HMSO, London, 1912, p. vi\n\n^ Census of Northern Ireland 1926 (County and County Borough of Londonderry), publ. HMSO, Belfast, 1928, p. vii\n\n^ a b c d e f g Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 35\n\n^ Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. I, No. 6 (County of Longford) (Cd 847-V), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1901, p. vii\n\n^ Census of Ireland, 1911 (County of Longford) (Cd 6049-VI), publ. HMSO, London, 1912, p. vi\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 36\n\n^ Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. I, No. 7 (County of Louth) (Cd 847-VI), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1901, p. vii\n\n^ Census of Ireland, 1911 (County of Louth) (Cd 6049-VII), publ. HMSO, London, 1912, p. vi\n\n^ Census of Ireland, 1911 (County of Mayo) (Cd 6052-II), publ. HMSO, London, 1912, p. vi\n\n^ a b c d e f Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 37\n\n^ a b c Census of Ireland, 1911 (County of Meath) (Cd 6049-VIII), publ. HMSO, London, 1912, p. vi\n\n^ a b Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. I, No. 8 (County of Meath) (Cd 847-VII), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1901, p. vii\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 38\n\n^ Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. III, No. 8 (County of Monaghan) (Cd 1123-VII), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1902, p. vii\n\n^ a b Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. I, No. 9 (Queen's County) (Cd 847-VIII), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1902, p. vii\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 39\n\n^ a b c Census of Ireland, 1911 (County of Roscommon) (Cd 6052-III), publ. HMSO, London, 1912, p. vi\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 40\n\n^ a b Census of Ireland, 1911 (County of Tipperary) (Cd 6050-IV), publ. HMSO, London, 1912, p. vi\n\n^ a b Census 1926 p.26–27\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 41\n\n^ Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. II, No. 5 (County of Tipperary) (Cd 1058-IV), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1902, p. vi\n\n^ \"Slievardagh Rural District Council\". Nationalist and Munster Advertiser. 21 October 1899. p. 4.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 42\n\n^ Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. III, No. 9 (County of Tyrone) (Cd 1123-VIII), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1902, p. vii\n\n^ Census of Northern Ireland 1926 (County of Tyrone), publ. HMSO, Belfast, 1928, p. vi\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 43\n\n^ a b c Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. I, No. 10 (County of Westmeath) (Cd 847-IX), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1901, p. vii\n\n^ a b c Census of Ireland, 1911 (County of Westmeath) (Cd 6049-X), publ. HMSO, London, 1912, p. vi\n\n^ a b c d e f Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 44\n\n^ Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. I, No. 11 (County of Wexford) (Cd 847-X), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1902, p. vii\n\n^ Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. I, No. 12 (County of Wicklow) (Cd 847-XI), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1902, p. vii\n\n^ a b Census of Ireland, 1911 (County of Wicklow) (Cd 6049-XII), publ. HMSO, London, 1912, p. vi\n\n^ a b c Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 45","title":"Citations"}]

[{"image_text":"Map of Local Government Areas in 1898","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ireland1898Administrative.png/500px-Ireland1898Administrative.png"}]

[{"title":"List of rural and urban districts in Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rural_and_urban_districts_in_Northern_Ireland"}]

[{"reference":"\"Alphabetical index to the county districts of Ireland\". Census of Ireland, 1901: General topographical index. Command papers. Vol. Cd.2071. Dublin: HMSO. 1904. pp. 1040–1042.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/PageBrowser?path=Browse/Census%20%28by%20date%29/1901/Ireland&active=yes&mno=453&tocstate=expandnew&tocseq=4200&display=sections&display=tables&display=pagetitles&pageseq=first-nonblank","url_text":"\"Alphabetical index to the county districts of Ireland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_paper","url_text":"Command papers"}]},{"reference":"\"Supplement to the alphabetical index to the county districts\". Supplement to the general topographical index of Ireland. Command papers. Vol. Cd.6756. Dublin: HMSO. 1913. p. 17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/PageBrowser?path=Browse/Census%20%28by%20date%29/1911/Ireland&active=yes&mno=460&tocstate=expandnew&tocseq=600&display=sections&display=tables&display=pagetitles&pageseq=first-nonblank","url_text":"\"Supplement to the alphabetical index to the county districts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_paper","url_text":"Command papers"}]},{"reference":"Local Government Board for Ireland 27th Annual Report , 1900: (Containing Various Orders Made Modifying Boundaries Under the Local Government Act 1898 ). Command papers. Vol. C.9480. Dublin: HMSO. 1900. pp. 1–1022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/op1253906-1001","url_text":"Local Government Board for Ireland 27th Annual Report , 1900: (Containing Various Orders Made Modifying Boundaries Under the Local Government Act 1898 )"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_paper","url_text":"Command papers"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/op1253906-1001/page/n22","url_text":"1"}]},{"reference":"Department of Industry and Commerce (1928). \"Table 9. Population, Area and Valuation of Urban and Rural Districts and of all Towns with a Population of 1,500 Inhabitants or over, Showing Particulars of Town and Village Population and of the Number of Persons per 100 Acres\" (PDF). Census of Population 1926. Vol. 1–Population, Area and Valuation of each DED and each larger Unit of Area. Dublin: Stationery Office. pp. 19–29. Retrieved 6 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Industry_and_Commerce_(Ireland)","url_text":"Department of Industry and Commerce"},{"url":"https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/census1926results/volume1/C_1926_V1_T9.pdf","url_text":"\"Table 9. Population, Area and Valuation of Urban and Rural Districts and of all Towns with a Population of 1,500 Inhabitants or over, Showing Particulars of Town and Village Population and of the Number of Persons per 100 Acres\""}]},{"reference":"Gould, M. H. (1981). \"The Administrative Units Used for Water Supply Purposes in Northern Ireland from 1828\". Journal of the Royal Society of Health. 101 (3): 119–122. doi:10.1177/146642408110100310. PMID 7022550. S2CID 30451524.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F146642408110100310","url_text":"10.1177/146642408110100310"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7022550","url_text":"7022550"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30451524","url_text":"30451524"}]},{"reference":"\"Armagh County Council\". Belfast Newsletter. 13 June 1899. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_Newsletter","url_text":"Belfast Newsletter"}]},{"reference":"\"Idrone (County Carlow) Rural District Council\". Nationalist and Leinster Times. 17 June 1899. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Contracts Advertised\". Irish County Council Gazette. 30 August 1899. p. 15.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Slievardagh Rural District Council\". Nationalist and Munster Advertiser. 21 October 1899. p. 4.","urls":[]}]

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HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 37"},{"Link":"http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/PageBrowser?path=Browse/Census%20(by%20date)/1911&active=yes&mno=455&tocstate=expandnew&tocseq=45300&display=sections&display=tables&display=pagetitles&pageseq=first-nonblank","external_links_name":"Census of Ireland, 1911 (County of Meath) (Cd 6049-VIII), publ. HMSO, London, 1912, p. vi"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/op1254513-1001","external_links_name":"Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. I, No. 8 (County of Meath) (Cd 847-VII), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1901, p. vii"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/op1256891-1001","external_links_name":"Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 38"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/op1254513-1001","external_links_name":"Census of Ireland, 1901, Part I, Vol. III, No. 8 (County of Monaghan) (Cd 1123-VII), publ. 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HMSO, Dublin, 1902, p. vii"},{"Link":"http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/PageBrowser?path=Browse/Census%20(by%20date)/1911&active=yes&mno=455&tocstate=expandnew&tocseq=67700&display=sections&display=tables&display=pagetitles&pageseq=first-nonblank","external_links_name":"Census of Ireland, 1911 (County of Wicklow) (Cd 6049-XII), publ. HMSO, London, 1912, p. vi"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/op1256891-1001","external_links_name":"Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, for the Year Ended 31st March, 1920 (Cmd 1432), publ. HMSO, Dublin, 1921, Appendix p. 45"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Alan_George

J. Alan George

["1 Education","2 Administrative service","3 Controversy","4 Other","5 See also","6 References"]

Canadian computer scientist J. Alan George, FRSC (born November 9, 1943) is a computer scientist and university administrator. In the academic world, George is best known for his intensive research and wide-ranging contributions to the field of numerical linear algebra, specifically computation with sparse matrices. He is the author or coauthor of more than 100 research articles and two books, and co-editor of two other books. With his students, he has developed a widely used mathematical software package (SPARSPAK) for solving sparse systems of equations and sparse least squares problems. He is also well known at the University of Waterloo for having served in a number of senior administrative positions, notably vice-president, provost, and dean of mathematics. Education George received a BSc and MSc from the University of Alberta in 1964 and 1966 respectively, and a PhD from Stanford University in 1971. His doctoral thesis was entitled Computer Implementation of the Finite Element Method and his supervisor was George Forsythe. Administrative service He served as dean of the Faculty of Mathematics at the University of Waterloo from 1980 to 1986. From 1986 to 1988 he held the position of distinguished scientist at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and university professor of mathematics and computer science at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville. He held the position of vice-president, academic and provost from 1988 until June 30, 1993. He again served as dean of mathematics from December 3, 1997, to June 30, 2005. He served as interim vice-president, academic and provost at the university from January through August 2001, and interim vice-president, university research from January 2006 through June 2007. He is currently associate provost, information systems and technology at UW, a position he has held since July, 2003, and also has been serving as interim dean of graduate studies since October 2007. His name has been given to an award, the J. Alan George Award, given by Waterloo's undergraduate Mathematics Society to an undergraduate completing studies in the Faculty of Mathematics who has shown exemplary service to student life during the duration of his or her studies. Controversy In 1989, George attracted some attention for his decision, as Provost, to bar the Internet newsgroup rec.humor.funny from Waterloo's news service. From 1991 to 1993, he was involved in a dispute ("the Edmonds affair") with the University of Waterloo and Jack Edmonds. In 2000, his decision to override a professor's assigned marks for a calculus class resulted in considerable news coverage on campus and a formal arbitration between the university and the professor concerned. Other He has been a consultant to various companies and government agencies in Canada, the United States, and Britain, and serves or has served on advisory or governing boards for numerous academic institutions and research institutes. He is a Fellow of the Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), a Fellow of the Institute for Mathematics and its Applications (UK), and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. See also List of University of Waterloo people References ^ CAUT called in on Jack Edmonds case ^ Editor's introduction Archived 2010-10-27 at the Wayback Machine, in: Kenneth Westhues, ed., Workplace Mobbing in Academe: Reports from Twenty Universities, Lewiston: NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2004 ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-09. Retrieved 2022-06-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Academics CiNii DBLP MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project Other IdRef

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With his students, he has developed a widely used mathematical software package (SPARSPAK) for solving sparse systems of equations and sparse least squares problems.He is also well known at the University of Waterloo for having served in a number of senior administrative positions, notably vice-president, provost, and dean of mathematics.","title":"J. Alan George"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSc"},{"link_name":"MSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSc"},{"link_name":"University of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"George Forsythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Forsythe"}],"text":"George received a BSc and MSc from the University of Alberta in 1964 and 1966 respectively, and a PhD from Stanford University in 1971. His doctoral thesis was entitled Computer Implementation of the Finite Element Method and his supervisor was George Forsythe.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faculty of Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"University of Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory"}],"text":"He served as dean of the Faculty of Mathematics at the University of Waterloo from 1980 to 1986. From 1986 to 1988 he held the position of distinguished scientist at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and university professor of mathematics and computer science at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville. He held the position of vice-president, academic and provost from 1988 until June 30, 1993. He again served as dean of mathematics from December 3, 1997, to June 30, 2005. He served as interim vice-president, academic and provost at the university from January through August 2001, and interim vice-president, university research from January 2006 through June 2007. He is currently associate provost, information systems and technology at UW, a position he has held since July, 2003, and also has been serving as interim dean of graduate studies since October 2007.His name has been given to an award, the J. Alan George Award, given by Waterloo's undergraduate Mathematics Society to an undergraduate completing studies in the Faculty of Mathematics who has shown exemplary service to student life during the duration of his or her studies.","title":"Administrative service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"newsgroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsgroup"},{"link_name":"rec.humor.funny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rec.humor.funny"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jack Edmonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Edmonds"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In 1989, George attracted some attention for his decision, as Provost, to bar the Internet newsgroup rec.humor.funny from Waterloo's news service.From 1991 to 1993, he was involved in a dispute (\"the Edmonds affair\")[1][2] with the University of Waterloo and Jack Edmonds.In 2000, his decision to override a professor's assigned marks for a calculus class resulted in considerable news coverage on campus and a formal arbitration between the university and the professor concerned.[3]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"He has been a consultant to various companies and government agencies in Canada, the United States, and Britain, and serves or has served on advisory or governing boards for numerous academic institutions and research institutes.He is a Fellow of the Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), a Fellow of the Institute for Mathematics and its Applications (UK), and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.","title":"Other"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of University of Waterloo people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_Waterloo_people"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._C._Darby

Sarah Darby

["1 Education","2 Career and research","2.1 Awards and honours","3 References"]

Sarah DarbyFRSBornSarah C. DarbyEducationImperial College London (BSc)University of Birmingham (MSc)London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (PhD)Scientific careerFieldsEpidemiologyStatisticsCancerInstitutionsUniversity of OxfordRadcliffe InfirmarySt Thomas's Hospital Medical SchoolNational Radiological Protection BoardRadiation Effects Research FoundationThesisA Bayesian Approach to Parallel Line Bioassay (1977)Doctoral studentsHelen Weiss Websitewww.ndph.ox.ac.uk/team/sarah-darbySarah C. Darby FRS is Professor of Medical Statistics at the University of Oxford. Her research has focused the beneficial effects of smoking cessation, the risk of lung cancer from residential radon, and treatments for early breast cancer. She is also a Principal Scientist with the Cancer Research UK in the Clinical Trial Service Unit (CTSU) and Epidemiological Studies Unit at the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, at the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford. Education Darby studied Mathematics at Imperial College London (BSc) and Mathematical Statistics at the University of Birmingham (MSc). She completed her PhD at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in 1977 where her research investigated Bayesian approaches to analysing bioassays. Career and research After her PhD, she worked at St Thomas's Hospital Medical School, the National Radiological Protection Board, and the Radiation Effects Research Foundation in Hiroshima, before moving to the University of Oxford in 1984. Her major funder since then has been Cancer Research UK. Darby and her team have demonstrated that there is a linear relationship between the dose of radiation delivered incidentally to the heart during breast cancer radiotherapy and the subsequent risk of ischaemic heart disease, and that the absolute size of the radiation-related risk is bigger for women already at increased risk of heart disease. She and her team have also estimated the absolute size of the benefit of radiotherapy to breast cancer patients and their work is enabling comparison of the likely absolute benefit of radiotherapy with its likely absolute risk for individual patients. Therefore, it is now becoming possible to assess which patients can receive standard radiotherapy, which should be considered for advanced techniques, and which should avoid radiotherapy altogether. Other topics that Darby has worked on include estimating the risk of lung cancer from residential radon, the risk of invasive breast cancer after a diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ, and the risk of cancer after computerised tomography (CT) scans in young people. Awards and honours Darby was awarded the Guy Medal in Bronze in 1988 by the Royal Statistical Society. She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2019. References ^ "UK Health Protection Agency entry". hpa.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2006-11-27. ^ Darby, S. C.; Whitely, E.; Howe, G. R.; Hutchings, S. J.; Kusiak, R. A.; Lubin, J. H.; Morrison, H. I.; Tirmarche, M.; Tomasek, L.; Radford, E. P.; Roscoe, R. J.; Samet, J. M.; Yao, S. X. (1995). "Radon and Cancers Other Than Lung Cancer in Underground Miners: a Collaborative Analysis of 11 Studies". JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 87 (5): 378–384. doi:10.1093/jnci/87.5.378. ISSN 0027-8874. PMID 7853419. ^ Sarah Darby publications from Europe PubMed Central ^ Darby, Sarah C; Ewart, David W; Giangrande, Paul LF; Spooner, Rosemary JD; Rizza, Charles R; Dusheiko, Geoffrey M; Lee, Christine A; Ludlam, Christopher A; Preston, F Eric (1997). "Mortality from liver cancer and liver disease in haemophilic men and boys in UK given blood products contaminated with hepatitis C". The Lancet. 350 (9089): 1425–1431. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)05413-5. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 9371165. S2CID 20692603. ^ Darby, Sarah C.; Kan, Sau Wan; Spooner, Rosemary J.; Giangrande, Paul L. F.; Hill, Frank G. H.; Hay, Charles R. M.; Lee, Christine A.; Ludlam, Christopher A.; Williams, Michael (2007). "Mortality rates, life expectancy, and causes of death in people with hemophilia A or B in the United Kingdom who were not infected with HIV". Blood. 110 (3): 815–825. doi:10.1182/blood-2006-10-050435. ISSN 0006-4971. PMID 17446349. ^ a b c d e f g Anon (2019). "Sarah Darby". royalsociety.org. London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 2019-04-24. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: “All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.” --Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies at the Wayback Machine (archived 2016-11-11) ^ Darby, Sarah C. (1977). A Bayesian Approach to Parallel Line Bioassay. jisc.ac.uk (PhD thesis). London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London). OCLC 1124248683. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.452976. ^ Darby, Sarah C.; Ewertz, Marianne; McGale, Paul; Bennet, Anna M.; Blom-Goldman, Ulla; Brønnum, Dorthe; Correa, Candace; Cutter, David; Gagliardi, Giovanna; Gigante, Bruna; Jensen, Maj-Britt; Nisbet, Andrew; Peto, Richard; Rahimi, Kazem; Taylor, Carolyn; Hall, Per (2013). "Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease in Women after Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer" (PDF). New England Journal of Medicine. 368 (11): 987–998. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1209825. hdl:10616/41712. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 23484825. S2CID 31409740. ^ Darby, Sarah C; McGale, Paul; Taylor, Carolyn W; Peto, Richard (2005). "Long-term mortality from heart disease and lung cancer after radiotherapy for early breast cancer: prospective cohort study of about 300 000 women in US SEER cancer registries". The Lancet Oncology. 6 (8): 557–565. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(05)70251-5. ISSN 1470-2045. PMID 16054566. ^ Mathews, J. D.; Forsythe, A. V.; Brady, Z.; Butler, M. W.; Goergen, S. K.; Byrnes, G. B.; Giles, G. G.; Wallace, A. B.; Anderson, P. R.; Guiver, T. A.; McGale, P.; Cain, T. M.; Dowty, J. G.; Bickerstaffe, A. C.; Darby, S. C. (2013). "Cancer risk in 680 000 people exposed to computed tomography scans in childhood or adolescence: data linkage study of 11 million Australians". BMJ. 346 (1): f2360. doi:10.1136/bmj.f2360. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 3660619. PMID 23694687. ^ Royal Statistical Society Guy Medal in Bronze, MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive vteGuy MedallistsGold Medallists Charles Booth (1892) Robert Giffen (1894) Jervoise Athelstane Baines (1900) Francis Ysidro Edgeworth (1907) Patrick G. Craigie (1908) G. Udny Yule (1911) T. H. C. Stevenson (1920) A. William Flux (1930) A. L. Bowley (1935) Major Greenwood (1945) R. A. Fisher (1946) A. Bradford Hill (1953) E. S. Pearson (1955) Frank Yates (1960) Harold Jeffreys (1962) Jerzy Neyman (1966) M. G. Kendall (1968) M. S. Bartlett (1969) Harald Cramér (1972) David Cox (1973) G. A. Barnard (1975) Roy Allen (1978) D. G. Kendall (1981) Henry Daniels (1984) Bernard Benjamin (1986) Robin Plackett (1987) Peter Armitage (1990) George E. P. Box (1993) Peter Whittle (1996) Michael Healy (1999) Dennis Lindley (2002) John Nelder (2005) James Durbin (2008) C. R. Rao (2011) John Kingman (2013) Bradley Efron (2014) Adrian Smith (2016) Stephen Buckland (2019) David Spiegelhalter (2020) Nancy Reid (2022) Silver Medallists John Glover (1893) Augustus Sauerbeck (1894) A. L. Bowley (1895) F. J. Atkinson (1897) C. S. Loch (1899) Richard Crawford (1900) Thomas A. Welton (1901) R. H. Hooker (1902) Yves Guyot (1903) D. A. Thomas (1904) R. H. Rew (1905) W. H. Shaw (1906) N. A. Humphreys (1907) Edward Brabrook (1909) G. H. Wood (1910) R. Dudfield (1913) S. Rowson (1914) S. J. Chapman (1915) J. S. Nicholson (1918) J. C. Stamp (1919) A. William Flux (1921) H. W. Macrosty (1927) Ethel Newbold (1928) H. E. Soper (1930) J. H. Jones (1934) Ernest Charles Snow (1935) R. G. Hawtrey (1936) E. C. Ramsbottom (1938) L. Isserlis (1939) H. Leak (1940) M. G. Kendall (1945) Harry Campion (1950) F. A. A. Menzler (1951) M. S. Bartlett (1952) J. O. Irwin (1953) L. H. C. Tippett (1954) D. G. Kendall (1955) Henry Daniels (1957) G. A. Barnard (1958) E. C. Fieller (1960) D. R. Cox (1961) P. V. Sukhatme (1962) George E. P. Box (1964) C. R. Rao (1965) Peter Whittle (1966) Dennis Lindley (1968) Robin Plackett (1973) James Durbin (1976) John Nelder (1977) Peter Armitage (1978) Michael Healy (1979) M. Stone (1980) John Kingman (1981) Henry Wynn (1982) Julian Besag (1983) J. C. Gittins (1984) A. Bissell (1985) W. Pridmore (1985) Richard Peto (1986) John Copas (1987) John Aitchison (1988) F. P. Kelly (1989) David Clayton (1990) R. L. Smith (1991) Robert Nicholas Curnow (1992) A. F. M. Smith (1993) David Spiegelhalter (1994) B. W. Silverman (1995) Steffen Lauritzen (1996) Peter Diggle (1997) Harvey Goldstein (1998) Peter Green (1999) Walter Gilks (2000) Philip Dawid (2001) David Hand (2002) Kanti Mardia (2003) Peter Donnelly (2004) Peter McCullagh (2005) Michael Titterington (2006) Howell Tong (2007) Gareth Roberts (2008) Sylvia Richardson (2009) Iain M. Johnstone (2010) P. G. Hall (2011) David Firth (2012) Brian Ripley (2013) Jianqing Fan (2014) Anthony Davison (2015) Nancy Reid (2016) Neil Shephard (2017) Peter Bühlmann (2018) Susan Murphy (2019) Arnaud Doucet (2020) Håvard Rue (2021) Paul Fearnhead (2022) Bronze Medallists William Gemmell Cochran (1936) R. F. George (1938) W. J. Jennett (1949) Peter Armitage (1962) James Durbin (1966) F. Downton (1967) Robin Plackett (1968) M. C. Pike (1969) P. G. Moore (1970) D. J. Bartholomew (1971) G. N. Wilkinson (1974) A. F. Bissell (1975) P. L. Goldsmith (1976) A. F. M. Smith (1977) Philip Dawid (1978) T. M. F. Smith (1979) A. J. Fox (1980) S. J. Pocock (1982) Peter McCullagh (1983) Bernard Silverman (1984) David Spiegelhalter (1985) D. F. Hendry (1986) Peter Green (1987) S. C. Darby (1988) S. M. Gore (1989) Valerie Isham (1990) M. G. Kenward (1991) C. Jennison (1992) Jonathan Tawn (1993) R. F. A. Poultney (1994) Iain M. Johnstone (1995) J. N. S. Matthews (1996) Gareth Roberts (1997) D. Firth (1998) P. W. F. Smith J. Forster (1999) J. Wakefield (2000) Guy Nason (2001) Geert Molenberghs (2002) Peter Lynn (2003) Nicola Best (2004) Steve Brooks (2005) Matthew Stephens (2006) Paul Fearnhead (2007) Fiona Steele (2008) Chris Holmes (2009) Omiros Papaspiliopoulos (2010) Nicolai Meinshausen (2011) Richard Samworth (2012) Piotr Fryzlewicz (2013) Ming Yuan (2014) Jinchi Lv (2015) Yingying Fan (2017) Peng Ding (2018) Jonas Peters (2019) Rachel McCrea (2020) Pierre E. Jacob (2021) Rajan Shah (2022) vteFellows of the Royal Society elected in 2019Fellows Salim Abdool Karim Charles Bangham Gurdyal Besra Manjul Bhargava Caucher Birkar Benjamin Blencowe James Briscoe Peter A. Butler Lucy Carpenter Sarah Darby George Davey Smith Martin Embley Bernie Fanaroff Jonathan Flint Véronique Gouverneur Christopher Hacon Mark Handley Richard Harland Peter H. Haynes Martin Head-Gordon Matthew Hurles Richard Jozsa Gagandeep Kang Steve A. Kay John-Michael Kendall Roy Kerr Jonathan C. Knight Marta Kwiatkowska Mark Mayer Gareth H. McKinley David G. Nicholls Christine Orengo Anne Osbourn Anant Parekh Julian Peto Caetano Reis e Sousa John Rodenburg Matthew Rushworth Leonid Sazanov Gregory D. Scholes Barbara Sherwood Lollar Molly Shoichet Liz Sockett Paraskevas Sphicas Jack W. Szostak Andrew D. Taylor Robert Tibshirani Ian Tomlinson Douglass Turnbull Akshay Venkatesh Kumar Wickramasinghe HonoraryYusuf HamiedForeign Barry Barish Hans Clevers Sandra Díaz Jack Dongarra Elaine Fuchs Inez Fung David Milstein Akkihebbal Ravishankara James Rothman Brian Staskawicz Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Czech Republic Netherlands Academics MathSciNet ORCID

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor"},{"link_name":"Medical Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Statistics"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"smoking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking"},{"link_name":"lung cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer"},{"link_name":"radon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DarbyWhitely1995-2"},{"link_name":"breast cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epmc-3"},{"link_name":"Cancer Research UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_Research_UK"},{"link_name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_Trial_Service_Unit"},{"link_name":"Epidemiological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiological"},{"link_name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisions_of_the_University_of_Oxford#Medical_Sciences_Division"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe Infirmary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Infirmary"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DarbyEwart1997-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DarbyKan2007-5"}],"text":"Sarah C. Darby FRS is Professor of Medical Statistics at the University of Oxford.[1] Her research has focused the beneficial effects of smoking cessation, the risk of lung cancer from residential radon,[2] and treatments for early breast cancer.[3] She is also a Principal Scientist with the Cancer Research UK in the Clinical Trial Service Unit (CTSU) and Epidemiological Studies Unit at the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, at the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford.[4][5]","title":"Sarah Darby"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Imperial College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London"},{"link_name":"Mathematical Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Statistics"},{"link_name":"University of Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-6"},{"link_name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_and_Tropical_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Bayesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_inference"},{"link_name":"bioassays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioassay"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-darbyphd-7"}],"text":"Darby studied Mathematics at Imperial College London (BSc) and Mathematical Statistics at the University of Birmingham (MSc).[6] She completed her PhD at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in 1977 where her research investigated Bayesian approaches to analysing bioassays.[7]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Thomas's Hospital Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Thomas%27s_Hospital_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"National Radiological Protection Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Radiological_Protection_Board"},{"link_name":"Radiation Effects Research Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_Effects_Research_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima"},{"link_name":"Cancer Research UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_Research_UK"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-6"},{"link_name":"breast cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer"},{"link_name":"radiotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotherapy"},{"link_name":"ischaemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischaemic"},{"link_name":"heart disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_disease"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DarbyEwertz2013-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DarbyMcGale2005-9"},{"link_name":"lung cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer"},{"link_name":"radon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon"},{"link_name":"carcinoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoma"},{"link_name":"in situ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_situ"},{"link_name":"computerised tomography (CT) scans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_scan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MathewsForsythe2013-10"}],"text":"After her PhD, she worked at St Thomas's Hospital Medical School, the National Radiological Protection Board, and the Radiation Effects Research Foundation in Hiroshima, before moving to the University of Oxford in 1984. Her major funder since then has been Cancer Research UK.[6]Darby and her team have demonstrated that there is a linear relationship between the dose of radiation delivered incidentally to the heart during breast cancer radiotherapy and the subsequent risk of ischaemic heart disease, and that the absolute size of the radiation-related risk is bigger for women already at increased risk of heart disease.[6][8]She and her team have also estimated the absolute size of the benefit of radiotherapy to breast cancer patients and their work is enabling comparison of the likely absolute benefit of radiotherapy with its likely absolute risk for individual patients.[6] Therefore, it is now becoming possible to assess which patients can receive standard radiotherapy, which should be considered for advanced techniques, and which should avoid radiotherapy altogether.[6][9]Other topics that Darby has worked on include estimating the risk of lung cancer from residential radon, the risk of invasive breast cancer after a diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ, and the risk of cancer after computerised tomography (CT) scans in young people.[6][10]","title":"Career and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guy Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Medal"},{"link_name":"Royal Statistical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-6"}],"sub_title":"Awards and honours","text":"Darby was awarded the Guy Medal in Bronze in 1988 by the Royal Statistical Society.[11] She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2019.[6]","title":"Career and research"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"UK Health Protection Agency entry\". hpa.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2006-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061127120000/http://www.hpa.org.uk/radiation/advisory_groups/agnir/members/darby.htm","url_text":"\"UK Health Protection Agency entry\""},{"url":"http://www.hpa.org.uk/radiation/advisory_groups/agnir/members/darby.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Darby, S. C.; Whitely, E.; Howe, G. R.; Hutchings, S. J.; Kusiak, R. A.; Lubin, J. H.; Morrison, H. I.; Tirmarche, M.; Tomasek, L.; Radford, E. P.; Roscoe, R. J.; Samet, J. M.; Yao, S. X. (1995). \"Radon and Cancers Other Than Lung Cancer in Underground Miners: a Collaborative Analysis of 11 Studies\". JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 87 (5): 378–384. doi:10.1093/jnci/87.5.378. ISSN 0027-8874. PMID 7853419.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnci%2F87.5.378","url_text":"10.1093/jnci/87.5.378"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8874","url_text":"0027-8874"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7853419","url_text":"7853419"}]},{"reference":"Darby, Sarah C; Ewart, David W; Giangrande, Paul LF; Spooner, Rosemary JD; Rizza, Charles R; Dusheiko, Geoffrey M; Lee, Christine A; Ludlam, Christopher A; Preston, F Eric (1997). \"Mortality from liver cancer and liver disease in haemophilic men and boys in UK given blood products contaminated with hepatitis C\". The Lancet. 350 (9089): 1425–1431. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)05413-5. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 9371165. S2CID 20692603.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2897%2905413-5","url_text":"10.1016/S0140-6736(97)05413-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736","url_text":"0140-6736"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9371165","url_text":"9371165"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20692603","url_text":"20692603"}]},{"reference":"Darby, Sarah C.; Kan, Sau Wan; Spooner, Rosemary J.; Giangrande, Paul L. F.; Hill, Frank G. H.; Hay, Charles R. M.; Lee, Christine A.; Ludlam, Christopher A.; Williams, Michael (2007). \"Mortality rates, life expectancy, and causes of death in people with hemophilia A or B in the United Kingdom who were not infected with HIV\". Blood. 110 (3): 815–825. doi:10.1182/blood-2006-10-050435. ISSN 0006-4971. PMID 17446349.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood-2006-10-050435","url_text":"\"Mortality rates, life expectancy, and causes of death in people with hemophilia A or B in the United Kingdom who were not infected with HIV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood-2006-10-050435","url_text":"10.1182/blood-2006-10-050435"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-4971","url_text":"0006-4971"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17446349","url_text":"17446349"}]},{"reference":"Anon (2019). \"Sarah Darby\". royalsociety.org. London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 2019-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190424061841/https://royalsociety.org/people/sarah-darby-14073/","url_text":"\"Sarah Darby\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society","url_text":"Royal Society"},{"url":"https://royalsociety.org/people/sarah-darby-14073/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Darby, Sarah C. (1977). A Bayesian Approach to Parallel Line Bioassay. jisc.ac.uk (PhD thesis). London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London). OCLC 1124248683. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.452976.","urls":[{"url":"https://discover.libraryhub.jisc.ac.uk/search?q=A%20Bayesian%20Approach%20to%20Parallel%20Line%20Bioassay&rn=1","url_text":"A Bayesian Approach to Parallel Line Bioassay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1124248683","url_text":"1124248683"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EThOS","url_text":"EThOS"},{"url":"http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.452976","url_text":"uk.bl.ethos.452976"}]},{"reference":"Darby, Sarah C.; Ewertz, Marianne; McGale, Paul; Bennet, Anna M.; Blom-Goldman, Ulla; Brønnum, Dorthe; Correa, Candace; Cutter, David; Gagliardi, Giovanna; Gigante, Bruna; Jensen, Maj-Britt; Nisbet, Andrew; Peto, Richard; Rahimi, Kazem; Taylor, Carolyn; Hall, Per (2013). \"Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease in Women after Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer\" (PDF). New England Journal of Medicine. 368 (11): 987–998. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1209825. hdl:10616/41712. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 23484825. S2CID 31409740.","urls":[{"url":"http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/803982/1/Darby%20et%20al%20NEJM%202013.pdf","url_text":"\"Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease in Women after Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa1209825","url_text":"10.1056/NEJMoa1209825"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10616%2F41712","url_text":"10616/41712"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793","url_text":"0028-4793"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23484825","url_text":"23484825"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31409740","url_text":"31409740"}]},{"reference":"Darby, Sarah C; McGale, Paul; Taylor, Carolyn W; Peto, Richard (2005). \"Long-term mortality from heart disease and lung cancer after radiotherapy for early breast cancer: prospective cohort study of about 300 000 women in US SEER cancer registries\". The Lancet Oncology. 6 (8): 557–565. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(05)70251-5. ISSN 1470-2045. PMID 16054566.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1470-2045%2805%2970251-5","url_text":"10.1016/S1470-2045(05)70251-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1470-2045","url_text":"1470-2045"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16054566","url_text":"16054566"}]},{"reference":"Mathews, J. D.; Forsythe, A. V.; Brady, Z.; Butler, M. W.; Goergen, S. K.; Byrnes, G. B.; Giles, G. G.; Wallace, A. B.; Anderson, P. R.; Guiver, T. A.; McGale, P.; Cain, T. M.; Dowty, J. G.; Bickerstaffe, A. C.; Darby, S. C. (2013). \"Cancer risk in 680 000 people exposed to computed tomography scans in childhood or adolescence: data linkage study of 11 million Australians\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83bhogak%C4%81ya

Saṃbhogakāya

["1 Understanding in Buddhist tradition","1.1 Tibetan Buddhism","1.2 Chan Buddhism","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References","5 Further reading"]

Concept in Buddhism This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Saṃbhogakāya (Sanskrit: संभोगकाय, lit. 'body of enjoyment', Chinese: 報身; pinyin: bàoshēn, Tib: longs spyod rdzog pa'i sku) is the second of three aspects of a buddha. Sambhogakāya is a "subtle body of limitless form". Buddhas such as Bhaisajyaguru and Amitābha, as well as advanced bodhisattvas such as Avalokiteśvara and Manjusri can appear in an "enjoyment-body." A Buddha can appear in an "enjoyment-body" to teach bodhisattvas through visionary experiences. Those Buddhas and Bodhisattvas manifest themselves in their specific pure lands. These worlds are created for the benefits of others. In those lands it is easy to hear and practice the Dharma. A person can be reborn in such a pure land by "the transfer of some of the huge stock of 'merit' of a Land's presiding Buddha, stimulated by devout prayer." One of the places where the Sambhogakāya appears is the extra-cosmic realm or pure land called Akaniṣṭha. This realm should not be confused with the akanistha of the pure abodes, for it is a realm that completely transcends it. Absolutely seen, only Dharmakāya is real; Sambhogakāya and Nirmāṇakāya are "provisional ways of talking about and apprehending it." Understanding in Buddhist tradition Tibetan Buddhism This section includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this section by introducing more precise citations. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) There are numerous Sambhogakāya realms almost as numerous as deities in Tibetan Buddhism. These Sambhogakaya-realms are known as Buddha-fields or Pure Lands. One manifestation of Sambhogakaya in Tibetan Buddhism is the rainbow body. This is where an advanced practitioner is walled up in a cave or sewn inside a small yurt-like tent shortly before death. For a period of a week or so after death, the practitioners' body transforms into a Sambhogakaya (light body), leaving behind only hair and nails. Lopön Tenzin Namdak as rendered by John Myrdhin Reynolds conveyed the relationship of the mindstream (Sanskrit: citta santana) of Sambhogakaya that links Dharmakaya with Nirmanakaya. Chan Buddhism In Chan Buddhism (Japanese Zen), the Sambhogakāya, along with the Dharmakāya and the Nirmāṇakāya, are given metaphorical interpretations. In the Platform Sutra, Huineng describes the Sambhogakāya as a state in which the practitioner continually and naturally produces good thoughts: Think not of the past but of the future. Constantly maintain the future thoughts to be good. This is what we call the Sambhogakāya. Just one single evil thought could destroy the good karma that has continued for one thousand years; and just one single good thought in turn could destroy the evil karma that has lived for one thousand years. If the future thoughts are always good, you may call this the Sambhogakāya. The discriminative thinking arising from the Dharmakāya is called the Nirmanakāya. The successive thoughts that forever involve good are thus the Sambhogakāya. See also Refuge tree Yidam Notes ^ a b c d Harvey 1995, p. 126. ^ Harvey 1995, p. 128. ^ Namdak 1991. ^ Yampolski 1967. References Harvey, Peter (1995). An introduction to Buddhism. Teachings, history and practices. Cambridge University Press. Namdak, Lopon Tenzin (1991). Vajranatha (ed.). "The Attaining of Buddhahood". Retrieved March 18, 2009. Yampolski, Philip (tr.) (1967). "The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2008-04-11. Further reading Snellgrove, David (1987a). Indo-Tibetan Buddhism. Vol. 1. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-87773-311-2. Snellgrove, David (1987b). Indo-Tibetan Buddhism. Vol. 2. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications, Inc. 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1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNamdak1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYampolski1967_4-0"},{"link_name":"Yampolski 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFYampolski1967"}],"text":"^ a b c d Harvey 1995, p. 126.\n\n^ Harvey 1995, p. 128.\n\n^ Namdak 1991.\n\n^ Yampolski 1967.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Snellgrove, 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religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions"},{"link_name":"Gnosticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist"},{"link_name":"Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_science"},{"link_name":"Theosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy"},{"link_name":"Violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence"},{"link_name":"Western philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists"},{"link_name":"Bodhisattvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas"},{"link_name":"Buddhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhas"},{"link_name":"Buddhists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhists"},{"link_name":"Suttas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_suttas"},{"link_name":"Sutras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutra"},{"link_name":"Temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples"},{"link_name":"Festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Buddhism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg"},{"link_name":"Religion portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Religion"}],"text":"Snellgrove, David (1987a). Indo-Tibetan Buddhism. Vol. 1. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-87773-311-2.\nSnellgrove, David (1987b). Indo-Tibetan Buddhism. Vol. 2. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-87773-379-1.vteTopics in Buddhism\n Outline\nGlossary\nIndex\nFoundations\nFour Noble Truths\nThree Jewels\nBuddha\nDharma\nSangha\nNoble Eightfold Path\nNirvana\nMiddle Way\nThe Buddha\nTathāgata\nBirthday\nFour sights\nEight Great Events\nGreat Renunciation\nPhysical characteristics\nLife of Buddha in art\nFootprint\nRelics\nIconography in Laos and Thailand\nFilms\nMiracles\nFamily\nSuddhodāna (father)\nMāyā (mother)\nMahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)\nYaśodharā (wife)\nRāhula (son)\nĀnanda (cousin)\nDevadatta (cousin)\nPlaces where the Buddha stayed\nBuddha in world religions\nBodhisattvas\nAvalokiteśvara\nGuanyin\nMañjuśrī\nMahāsthāmaprāpta\nĀkāśagarbha\nKṣitigarbha\nSamantabhadra\nVajrapāṇi\nSkanda\nTārā\nMetteyya/Maitreya\nDisciples\nKaundinya\nAssaji\nSāriputta\nMahamoggallāna\nĀnanda\nMahākassapa\nAṅgulimāla\nAnuruddha\nMahākaccana\nNanda\nSubhūti\nPunna\nUpāli\nMahapajapati Gotamī\nKhema\nUppalavanna\nAsita\nChanna\nYasa\nKey concepts\nAvidyā (Ignorance)\nBardo\nBodhicitta\nBuddha-nature\nDhamma theory\nDharma\nEnlightenment\nFive hindrances\nIndriya\nKarma\nKleshas\nMental factors\nMindstream\nParinirvana\nPratītyasamutpāda\nRebirth\nSaṃsāra\nSaṅkhāra\nSkandha\nŚūnyatā\nTaṇhā (Craving)\nTathātā\nTen Fetters\nThree marks of existence\nAnicca\nDukkha\nAnatta\nTwo truths doctrine\nCosmology\nTen spiritual realms\nSix realms\nDeva realm\nHuman realm\nAsura realm\nHungry Ghost realm\nAnimal realm\nNaraka\nThree planes of existence\nBranches\nMahayana\nZen\nChinese Chan\nJapanese Zen\nKorean Seon\nVietnamese Thiền\nPure Land\nTiantai\nHuayan\nRisshū\nNichiren\nMadhyamaka\nYogachara\nVajrayana\nTibetan Buddhism\nChinese Esoteric Buddhism\nShingon\nDzogchen\nTheravada\nNavayana\nEarly Buddhist schools\nPre-sectarian Buddhism\nBasic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna\nPractices\nBhavana\nBodhipakkhiyādhammā\nBrahmavihara\nMettā\nKaruṇā\nMudita\nUpekkha\nBuddhābhiṣeka\nDāna\nDevotion\nDeity yoga\nDhyāna\nFaith\nFive Strengths\nIddhipada\nMeditation\nMantras\nKammaṭṭhāna\nRecollection\nSmarana\nAnapanasati\nSamatha\nVipassanā (Vipassana movement)\nShikantaza\nZazen\nKoan\nGanana\nMandala\nTonglen\nTantra\nTertön\nTerma\nMerit\nMindfulness\nMindful Yoga\nSatipatthana\nNekkhamma\nNianfo\nPāramitā\nParitta\nPuja\nOfferings\nProstration\nChanting\nRefuge\nSādhu\nSatya\nSacca\nSeven Factors of Enlightenment\nSati\nDhamma vicaya\nPīti\nPassaddhi\nŚīla\nFive precepts\nEight precepts\nBodhisattva vow\nPratimokṣa\nThreefold Training\nŚīla\nSamadhi\nPrajñā\nVīrya\nFour Right Exertions\nTwenty-two vows of Ambedkar\nNirvana\nBodhi\nBodhisattva\nBuddhahood\nPratyekabuddha\nFour stages of awakening\nSotāpanna\nSakadagami\nAnāgāmi\nArhat\nMonasticism\nBhikkhu\nBhikkhunī\nŚrāmaṇera\nŚrāmaṇerī\nAnagārika\nAjahn\nSayadaw\nZen master\nRōshi\nLama\nRinpoche\nGeshe\nTulku\nWestern tulku\nKappiya\nDonchee\nHouseholder\nUpāsaka and Upāsikā\nAchar\nŚrāvaka\nThe ten principal disciples\nShaolin Monastery\nMajor figures\nGautama Buddha\nNagasena\nAśvaghoṣa\nNagarjuna\nAsanga\nVasubandhu\nKumārajīva\nBuddhaghosa\nBuddhapālita\nDignāga\nBodhidharma\nZhiyi\nEmperor Wen of Sui\nSongtsen Gampo\nXuanzang\nShandao\nPadmasambhāva\nSaraha\nAtiśa\nNaropa\nKarmapa\nHōnen\nShinran\nDōgen\nNichiren\nShamarpa\nDalai Lama\nPanchen Lama\nAjahn Mun\nB. R. Ambedkar\nAjahn Chah\nThích Nhất Hạnh\nTexts\nEarly Buddhist Texts\nTripiṭaka\nMahayana sutras\nPāli Canon\nChinese Buddhist canon\nTibetan Buddhist canon\nDhammapada\nSutra\nVinaya\nMadhyamakālaṃkāra\nAbhidharmadīpa\nCountries\nAfghanistan\nBangladesh\nBhutan\nCambodia\nChina\nIndia\nIndonesia\nJapan\nKorea\nLaos\nMalaysia\nMaldives\nMongolia\nMyanmar\nNepal\nPakistan\nPhilippines\nRussia\nBuryatia\nKalmykia\nTuva (ru)\nSingapore\nSri Lanka\nTaiwan\nThailand\nTibet\nVietnam\nAfrica\nCentral Asia\nMiddle East\nIran\nWestern countries\nArgentina\nAustralia\nBrazil\nCanada\nFrance\nMexico\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States\nVenezuela\nHistory\nTimeline\nAshoka\nKanishka\nBuddhist councils\nHistory of Buddhism in India\nDecline of Buddhism in India\nGreat Anti-Buddhist Persecution\nGreco-Buddhism\nMenander I\nBuddhism and the Roman world\nBuddhism in the West\nSilk Road transmission of Buddhism\nPersecution of Buddhists\nBanishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal\nBuddhist crisis\nSinhalese Buddhist nationalism\nBuddhist modernism\nVipassana movement\n969 Movement\nWomen in Buddhism\nPhilosophy\nAbhidharma\nAtomism\nBuddhology\nCreator\nBuddhism and democracy\nEconomics\nEight Consciousnesses\nEngaged Buddhism\nEschatology\nEthics\nEvolution\nHumanism\nLogic\nReality\nSecular Buddhism\nSocialism\nThe unanswered questions\nCulture\nArchitecture\nTemple\nVihāra\nKyaung\nWat\nOrdination hall\nStupa\nPagoda\nBurmese pagoda\nCandi\nDzong architecture\nList of Buddhist architecture in China\nJapanese Buddhist architecture\nKorean Buddhist temples\nThai temple art and architecture\nTibetan Buddhist architecture\nArt\nGreco-Buddhist\nBodhi Tree\nBudai\nBuddha in art\nCalendar\nCuisine\nFuneral\nHolidays\nVesak\nUposatha\nMāgha Pūjā\nAsalha Puja\nVassa\nJaya Sri Maha Bodhi\nKasaya\nMahabodhi Temple\nMantra\nOm mani padme hum\nMudra\nMusic\nPilgrimage\nLumbini\nMaya Devi Temple\nBodh Gaya\nSarnath\nKushinagar\nPoetry\nPrayer beads\nHama Yumi\nPrayer wheel\nSymbolism\nDharmachakra\nFlag\nBhavacakra\nSwastika\nThangka\nTemple of the Tooth\nVegetarianism\nMiscellaneous\nAbhijñā\nAmitābha\nBrahmā\nDharma talk\nHinayana\nKalpa\nKoliya\nLineage\nMāra\nṚddhi\nSiddhi\nSacred languages\nPāḷi\nSanskrit\nComparison\nBaháʼí Faith\nChristianity\nInfluences\nComparison\nEast Asian religions\nGnosticism\nHinduism\nJainism\nJudaism\nPsychology\nScience\nTheosophy\nViolence\nWestern philosophy\nLists\nBodhisattvas\nBuddhas\nBuddhists\nSuttas\nSutras\nTemples\nFestivals\n\n Category\n Religion portal","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"title":"Refuge tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refuge_tree"},{"title":"Yidam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yidam"}]

[{"reference":"Harvey, Peter (1995). An introduction to Buddhism. Teachings, history and practices. Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Namdak, Lopon Tenzin (1991). Vajranatha (ed.). \"The Attaining of Buddhahood\". Retrieved March 18, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.surajamrita.com/bon/buddhahood.html","url_text":"\"The Attaining of Buddhahood\""}]},{"reference":"Yampolski, Philip (tr.) (1967). \"The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2008-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080517020552/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenTeachings/Translations/Platform_Sutra_Yampolsky.pdf","url_text":"\"The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch\""},{"url":"http://www.thezensite.com/ZenTeachings/Translations/Platform_Sutra_Yampolsky.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Snellgrove, David (1987a). Indo-Tibetan Buddhism. Vol. 1. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-87773-311-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Snellgrove","url_text":"Snellgrove, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87773-311-2","url_text":"0-87773-311-2"}]},{"reference":"Snellgrove, David (1987b). Indo-Tibetan Buddhism. Vol. 2. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-87773-379-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87773-379-1","url_text":"0-87773-379-1"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_IFA_Shield

Women's IFA Shield

["1 Formation","1.1 2023 Teams","2 Results","3 References","4 External links"]

Association football tournament in India Football tournamentWomen's IFA ShieldOrganising bodyIndian Football AssociationFounded2023; 1 year ago (2023)RegionIndia (West Bengal)Number of teams6Current championsEast Bengal (1st title)Most successful team(s)East Bengal (1 time) 2023 The Women's IFA Shield is a women's football cup competition organised by the Indian Football Association in West Bengal. The inaugural edition was held in 2023 and was won by East Bengal. Formation This tournament started on 25 May 2023 with six teams participating in the inaugural edition. The matches will be held at Tehatta Stadium in Tehatta and Krishnanagar Stadium, Krishnanagar in the Nadia district. The first match was played between East Bengal and Nadia DSA. 2023 Teams East Bengal Sreebhumi Mohammedan Sporting Chandney SC WB Police Nadia DSA Results Year Winners Score Runners-up Venue Ref 2023 East Bengal 5–0 Sreebhumi Tehatta Stadium, Nadia References ^ "East Bengal Women wins inaugural IFA Women's Shield title". Sportstar. 2 June 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023. ^ "Women's IFA Shield 2023: East Bengal become inaugural champions- Highlights". The Bridge. 2 June 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023. ^ "East Bengal, Sreebhumi win big in IFA Women's Shield". The Times of India. 26 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023. ^ "দুই প্রধান থাকলেও IFA-র প্রথম মহিলা শিল্ড খেলছে না মোহনবাগান!". peoplesreporter.in. 23 May 2023. ^ Ghosh, Rajarshi (24 May 2023). "East Bengal FC To Participate In First Ever IFA Women's Shield". eastbengaltherealpower.com. Retrieved 27 May 2023. ^ "মহিলা দল নিয়ে শিল্ড করতে চলেছে IFA". insidesports.in. 22 May 2023. ^ "East Bengal FC Women begin their maiden IFA Women's Shield campaign with a thumping 8-0 win over Nadia DSA". emamieastbengal.com. East Bengal. 26 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023. ^ Ghosh, Rajarshi (26 May 2023). "East Bengal FC Defeated Nadia DSA 8-0 In IFA Women's Shield 2023". eastbengaltherealpower.com. Retrieved 26 May 2023. ^ "East Bengal Women wins inaugural IFA Women's Shield title". Sportstar. 2 June 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023. External links Official website of the Indian Football Association (IFA) vte Football in India All India Football Federation State Football Associations National teamsMen India U-23 U-20 U-17 Women India U-20 U-17 Others Beach soccer Futsal League systemMen Indian Super League I-League I-League 2 I-League 3 Women Indian Women's League Indian Women's League 2 State Arunachal Pradesh Assam M W Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi M F Goa M F Gujarat M F Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka M F Kerala M F Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra M F Manipur M F Meghalaya M F Mizoram M F Nagaland Odisha M F Punjab M F Rajasthan Sikkim M F Tamil Nadu M F Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal M F Youth Youth League Reliance Foundation Development League Cup competitionsClub Federation Cup Super Cup Durand Cup IFA Shield M W others State Santosh Trophy Women's Championship National Games International Intercontinental Cup Tri-Nation Series Women's Gold Cup Youth Subroto Cup B.C. Roy Trophy Mir Iqbal Hussain Trophy JSW Youth Cup Junior Girl's NFC Sub–Junior Girl's NFC Others National Beach Soccer Championship Futsal Club Championship Defunct competitionsLeagues National Football League National Football League 2nd Division National Football League 3rd Division National Football League U19 Cups Nehru Cup Indian Super Cup Rovers Cup others Sports complexes AIFF National Center of Excellence History Champions Men Women Clubs Stadiums Asian competition Women's football Awards vteFootball in West BengalIndian Football AssociationState teams West Bengal football team West Bengal women's football team ClubsIndian Super League East Bengal Mohun Bagan Mohammedan I-League 2 United SC I-League 3 Bhawanipore Diamond Harbour Calcutta Football League Aryan Bengal Nagpur Railway BSS Calcutta Customs Calcutta FC Dalhousie Eastern Railway Food Corporation of India George Telegraph Howrah Union Kalighat Milan Sangha Kidderpore Peerless Rainbow Southern Samity Sreebhumi Tollygunge Agragami Wari West Bengal Police League competitions Calcutta Football League Calcutta Women's Football League Cup competitions IFA Shield Trades Cup Women's IFA Shield Cooch Behar Cup (defunct) All Airlines Gold Cup (defunct) McDowell's Cup (defunct) Uttarbanga Cup Kolkata Police Friendship Cup Stadiums Salt Lake Stadium Mohun Bagan Ground East Bengal Ground Mohammedan Sporting Ground Barasat Stadium Jadavpur Stadium Kalyani Stadium Kanchenjunga Stadium Naihati Stadium Rabindra Sarobar Stadium Sailen Manna Stadium Football in Darjeeling Darjeeling Gold Cup Others Football in Kolkata Kolkata Derby Football Lover's Day

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"East Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bengal_Club_(women)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Football tournamentThe Women's IFA Shield is a women's football cup competition organised by the Indian Football Association in West Bengal. The inaugural edition was held in 2023 and was won by East Bengal.[1][2]","title":"Women's IFA Shield"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tehatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehatta"},{"link_name":"Krishnanagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnanagar,_Nadia"},{"link_name":"Nadia district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_district"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"East Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bengal_Club_(women)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"This tournament started on 25 May 2023 with six teams participating in the inaugural edition.[3][4] The matches will be held at Tehatta Stadium in Tehatta and Krishnanagar Stadium, Krishnanagar in the Nadia district.[5][6] The first match was played between East Bengal and Nadia DSA.[7][8]","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bengal_Club_(women)"},{"link_name":"Sreebhumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sreebhumi_FC"},{"link_name":"Mohammedan Sporting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammedan_SC_Women_(Kolkata)"}],"sub_title":"2023 Teams","text":"East Bengal\nSreebhumi\nMohammedan Sporting\nChandney SC\nWB Police\nNadia DSA","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"East Bengal Women wins inaugural IFA Women's Shield title\". Sportstar. 2 June 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-womens-ifa-shield-win-kanyashree-cup-indian-football-news-updates/article66924353.ece/amp/","url_text":"\"East Bengal Women wins inaugural IFA Women's Shield title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women's IFA Shield 2023: East Bengal become inaugural champions- Highlights\". The Bridge. 2 June 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thebridge.in/football/womens-ifa-shield-2023-final-live-east-bengal-vs-sreebhumi-updates-scores-results-blog-42247","url_text":"\"Women's IFA Shield 2023: East Bengal become inaugural champions- Highlights\""}]},{"reference":"\"East Bengal, Sreebhumi win big in IFA Women's Shield\". The Times of India. 26 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/east-bengal-sreebhumi-win-big-in-ifa-womens-shield/articleshow/100515727.cms?from=mdr","url_text":"\"East Bengal, Sreebhumi win big in IFA Women's Shield\""}]},{"reference":"\"দুই প্রধান থাকলেও IFA-র প্রথম মহিলা শিল্ড খেলছে না মোহনবাগান!\". peoplesreporter.in. 23 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.peoplesreporter.in/sports/mohun-bagan-is-not-playing-the-first-womens-shield-of-ifa","url_text":"\"দুই প্রধান থাকলেও IFA-র প্রথম মহিলা শিল্ড খেলছে না মোহনবাগান!\""}]},{"reference":"Ghosh, Rajarshi (24 May 2023). \"East Bengal FC To Participate In First Ever IFA Women's Shield\". eastbengaltherealpower.com. Retrieved 27 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/east-bengal-fc-to-participate-in-first-ever-ifa-womens-shield/","url_text":"\"East Bengal FC To Participate In First Ever IFA Women's Shield\""}]},{"reference":"\"মহিলা দল নিয়ে শিল্ড করতে চলেছে IFA\". insidesports.in. 22 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://insidesports.in/archives/6394","url_text":"\"মহিলা দল নিয়ে শিল্ড করতে চলেছে IFA\""}]},{"reference":"\"East Bengal FC Women begin their maiden IFA Women's Shield campaign with a thumping 8-0 win over Nadia DSA\". emamieastbengal.com. East Bengal. 26 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://emamieastbengal.com/east-bengal-fc-women-begin-their-maiden-ifa-womens-shield-campaign-with-a-thumping-8-0-win-over-nadia-dsa/","url_text":"\"East Bengal FC Women begin their maiden IFA Women's Shield campaign with a thumping 8-0 win over Nadia DSA\""}]},{"reference":"Ghosh, Rajarshi (26 May 2023). \"East Bengal FC Defeated Nadia DSA 8-0 In IFA Women's Shield 2023\". eastbengaltherealpower.com. Retrieved 26 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/east-bengal-fc-defeated-nadia-dsa-8-0-in-ifa-womens-shield-2023/","url_text":"\"East Bengal FC Defeated Nadia DSA 8-0 In IFA Women's Shield 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"East Bengal Women wins inaugural IFA Women's Shield title\". Sportstar. 2 June 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-womens-ifa-shield-win-kanyashree-cup-indian-football-news-updates/article66924353.ece/amp/","url_text":"\"East Bengal Women wins inaugural IFA Women's Shield title\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-womens-ifa-shield-win-kanyashree-cup-indian-football-news-updates/article66924353.ece/amp/","external_links_name":"\"East Bengal Women wins inaugural IFA Women's Shield title\""},{"Link":"https://thebridge.in/football/womens-ifa-shield-2023-final-live-east-bengal-vs-sreebhumi-updates-scores-results-blog-42247","external_links_name":"\"Women's IFA Shield 2023: East Bengal become inaugural champions- Highlights\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/east-bengal-sreebhumi-win-big-in-ifa-womens-shield/articleshow/100515727.cms?from=mdr","external_links_name":"\"East Bengal, Sreebhumi win big in IFA Women's Shield\""},{"Link":"https://www.peoplesreporter.in/sports/mohun-bagan-is-not-playing-the-first-womens-shield-of-ifa","external_links_name":"\"দুই প্রধান থাকলেও IFA-র প্রথম মহিলা শিল্ড খেলছে না মোহনবাগান!\""},{"Link":"https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/east-bengal-fc-to-participate-in-first-ever-ifa-womens-shield/","external_links_name":"\"East Bengal FC To Participate In First Ever IFA Women's Shield\""},{"Link":"https://insidesports.in/archives/6394","external_links_name":"\"মহিলা দল নিয়ে শিল্ড করতে চলেছে IFA\""},{"Link":"https://emamieastbengal.com/east-bengal-fc-women-begin-their-maiden-ifa-womens-shield-campaign-with-a-thumping-8-0-win-over-nadia-dsa/","external_links_name":"\"East Bengal FC Women begin their maiden IFA Women's Shield campaign with a thumping 8-0 win over Nadia DSA\""},{"Link":"https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/east-bengal-fc-defeated-nadia-dsa-8-0-in-ifa-womens-shield-2023/","external_links_name":"\"East Bengal FC Defeated Nadia DSA 8-0 In IFA Women's Shield 2023\""},{"Link":"https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-womens-ifa-shield-win-kanyashree-cup-indian-football-news-updates/article66924353.ece/amp/","external_links_name":"\"East Bengal Women wins inaugural IFA Women's Shield title\""},{"Link":"https://www.ifawb.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo

President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

["1 Presidential powers","2 Requirements","3 Succession","4 Other information","5 Elections","5.1 2023 election","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

Head of state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo For a list of presidents of the DRC, see List of presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. President of theDemocratic Republic of the CongoPrésident de la République démocratique du Congo (French)Rais wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo (Swahili)Mokonzi wa Republíki ya Kongó Demokratíki (Lingala) Presidential SealPresidential StandardIncumbentFélix Tshisekedisince 25 January 2019StyleHis ExcellencyTypeHead of stateResidencePalais de la Nation, KinshasaTerm length5 years,renewable onceFormation30 June 1960First holderJoseph KasavubuDeputyPresident of the SenateWebsiteOfficial website of the President of the DRC Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Constitution Human rights Government President (list) Félix Tshisekedi Government Prime Minister (list) Judith Suminwa Cabinet (current cabinet) Parliament Senate President National Assembly President Judiciary Constitutional Court Court of Cassation Council of State Administrative divisions Provinces (governors) TerritoriesCities SectorsChiefdomsCommunes Elections Recent and upcoming elections General: 20182023 Senate: 200720192024 Gubernatorial: 201620172024 Political parties Foreign relations Ministry of State for Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Minister: Christophe Lutundula Diplomatic missions of / in Democratic Republic of the Congo Passport Visa requirements Visa policy United Nations Mission Democratic Republic of the Congo portal Other countries vte The president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (French: Président de la République démocratique du Congo, Swahili: Rais wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, Lingala: Mokonzi wa Republíki ya Kongó Demokratíki) is the head of state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The position of president in the DRC has existed since the first constitution – known as The Fundamental Law – of 1960. However the powers of this position have varied over the years, from a limited shared role in the executive branch, with a prime minister, to a full-blown dictatorship. Under the current constitution, the President exists as the highest institution in a semi-presidential republic. The president is protected by the Republican Guard.The constitutional mandate of the then president, Joseph Kabila, was due to expire on 20 December 2016 but was initially extended by him until the end of 2017 and he continued to remain in post until a presidential election was held in December 2018 when Félix Tshisekedi was elected and took office on 24 January 2019. Presidential powers Monument to Lumumba and the Tower of Limete. The semi-presidential system established by the constitution is largely borrowed from the French constitution. Although it is the prime minister and parliament that oversee much of the nation's actual lawmaking, the president wields significant influence, both formally and from constitutional convention. The president holds the nation's most senior office, and outranks all other politicians. The president is able to choose the prime minister. However, the President must nominate the prime minister from among the parliamentary majority after consultation with the parliamentary majority, if an obvious majority exists, and if it does not exist, must nominate a prime minister who has a once renewable 30 day exploratory mandate to form a coalition. The prime minister and cabinet must present their plan of action to the National Assembly, which must approve the government and the plan of action by an absolute majority. Only the National Assembly has the power to dismiss the prime minister's government. When the majority of the Assembly has opposite political views to that of the president, this leads to political cohabitation. In that case, the president's power is diminished, since much of the de facto power relies on a supportive prime minister and National Assembly, and is not directly attributed to the post of president. Still, the constitutional convention is that the president directs foreign policy, though he must work on that matter with the Minister of Foreign Affairs. When the majority of the Assembly sides with him, the President can take a more active role and may, in effect, direct government policy. The prime minister is often a mere "fuse" – and can be replaced if the administration becomes unpopular. Among the formal powers of the president: The president ensures respect of the constitution and ensures the proper functioning of the public authorities and institutions as well as the continuity of the State. He guarantees the independence, territorial integrity, and sovereignty of the nation and ensures the observance of international treaties. The president appoints the Prime Minister and, acting on the advice of the latter, appoints and removes the other members of the government. The president convokes and presides at meetings of the Council of Ministers, promulgates the laws, and issues ordinances The president invests the elected Governors and Vice-Governors of the Provinces with their powers. The president appoints, suspends, and removes, on the proposal of the government and after deliberation by the Council of Ministers: Ambassadors and other diplomatic personnel; Officers of the armed forces and national police, after hearing the opinion of the High Defense Council; The general chief of staff, the chiefs of staff and the commanders of the main branches of the armed forces, after hearing the opinion of the High Defense Council; High-ranking civil servants; Persons in charge of public services and establishments; Representatives of the State (other than auditors) in public enterprises; Judges and public prosecutors on the proposal of the High Council of the Judiciary. The president is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and chairs the High Defense Council. The president confers national honors. The president may declare a state of emergency or a state of siege "When grave circumstances constitute a present threat to the independence or the integrity of the national territory or when they provoke the disruption of the proper functioning of the institutions." The president may declare war with the authorization of both chambers of parliament, after deliberation by the Council of Ministers, and after hearing the opinion of the High Defense Council. The President may grant pardons or commute or reduce sentences. The President appoints and accredits ambassadors to foreign countries and international organizations, and receives ambassadors accredited to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The President defines national policy in coordination with the government and is responsible, in cooperation with the government, for defense, security, and foreign affairs. The president has a very limited form of suspensive veto: when presented with a law. The president can request another reading of it by parliament, but only once per law. Requirements Article 72 of the Congolese constitution states that the President must be a natural-born citizen – or more accurately: French: citoyen d'origine – of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and at least 30 years of age. Additionally, the President must be free of any legal constraints on their civil and political rights. Article 10 of the same constitution defines citoyen d'origine as : "anyone belonging to the ethnic groups whose persons and territory constituted what became the Congo (currently the Democratic Republic of the Congo), at independence". Succession Part of a series onOrders of successionPresidencies Argentina Austria Brazil Colombia China DR Congo Finland France Germany India Indonesia Israel Italy Ireland Republic of Korea Mexico Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Romania Sri Lanka Taiwan United States Uruguay Vietnam vte Articles 75 and 76 of the constitution state that upon the death or resignation of the President, the vacancy of the position is declared by the Constitutional court. The President of the Senate then becomes interim president. The Independent Electoral Commission has to organize elections between sixty (60) and ninety (90) days after the official declaration of vacancy by the Constitutional court. Other information Presidential registration plate (PR) Palais de la Nation, KinshasaThe official office of the president is the Palais de la Nation (Palace of the Nation) in Kinshasa.The official residence of the president is the Camp Tshatshi Palace in Kinshasa, although it has not been used since it was looted in 1997. Other presidential residences include: the Palais de Marbre; it houses foreign official guests; the Domaine de la Rwindi in Goma, Nord-Kivu. Elections Under the 2006 constitution, the President is directly elected to a five-year term – renewable only once – by universal suffrage. The first President to have been elected under these provisions is Joseph Kabila, in the 2006 elections. After the president is elected, he goes through a solemn investiture ceremony. 2023 election Main article: 2023 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election CandidatePartyVotes%Félix TshisekediUnion for Democracy and Social Progress13,058,96273.47Moïse KatumbiTogether for the Republic3,256,57218.32Martin FayuluCommitment to Citizenship and Development875,3364.92Adolphe MuzitoNew Momentum200,8001.13Soborabo Radjabho TebabhoCongolese United for Change70,0990.39Denis MukwegeIndependent39,6390.22Aggrey Ngalasi KurisiniIndependent37,2010.21Constant Mutamba Revolutionary Progressive Dynamic36,1970.20Jean-Claude BaendeIndependent25,5840.14Delly SesangaFlight17,7850.10Loli Nkema Liloo BokonziIndependent17,0460.10Patrice Majondo MwambaIndependent15,7930.09Marie-Josée IfokuIndependent15,2660.09Matata Ponyo MaponLeadership and Governance for Development14,1810.08André Masalu AneduIndependent13,9740.08Floribert AnzuluniIndependent13,7070.08Noël TshianiIndependent9,2760.05Seth KikuniIndependent8,6210.05Justin Mudekereza BisimwaIndependent7,5730.04Joëlle Bile Batali Independent6,9110.04Franck Diongo Progressive Lumumbist Movement6,7800.04Tony Bolamba Independent6,3070.04Rex Kazadi KandaIndependent5,7570.03Georges Buse FalayIndependent5,2880.03Enoch NgilaIndependent5,1560.03Théodore NgoyIndependent4,1320.02Total17,773,943100.00Valid votes17,773,94399.85Invalid/blank votes26,2520.15Total votes17,800,195100.00Registered voters/turnout41,738,62842.65Source: CENI as amended by the Constitutional Court See also Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo List of presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo List of prime ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Historical: Vice-Presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Colonial Heads of Congo Rulers of Katanga Rulers of Kuba Rulers of Luba Rulers of Ruund (Luunda) Rulers of Kasongo Luunda (Yaka) Rulers of Kongo Zaire References ^ "20 dead in Congo unrest as Kabila clings on to power". IOL. South Africa. Retrieved 3 March 2017. ^ Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2006, article 69 Archived 5 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine. ^ a b Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2006, article 81 Archived 5 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2006, article 79 Archived 5 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2006, article 80 Archived 5 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2006, article 82 Archived 5 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2006, article 83 Archived 5 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2006, article 84 Archived 5 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2006, article 85 Archived 5 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2006, article 86 Archived 5 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2006, article 87 Archived 5 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2006, article 88 Archived 5 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2006, article 91 Archived 5 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2006, article 137 Archived 5 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ Constitution of the DRC ^ Cook, Candace; Siegle, Joseph. "Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa". Africa Center for Strategic Studies. ^ "Résultats des élections combinées du 20 décembre 2023" (in French). CENI. Retrieved 15 January 2024. ^ Audience publique du 09 janvier 2024 – Contentieux des résultats de la présidentielle (video) (in French). Constitutional Court. 9 January 2024. Event occurs at 1:47:00. Retrieved 13 January 2024 – via Facebook. External links Official website of the President of the DRC vtePresident of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (list)Republic of the Congo (1960–1971) Joseph Kasa-Vubu Joseph Mobutu Republic of Zaire (1971–1997) Joseph Mobutu/Mobutu Sese Seko Democratic Republic of the Congo(1997–present) Laurent-Désiré Kabila Joseph Kabila Félix Tshisekedi vteDemocratic Republic of the Congo articlesHistory Early history Colonization (1867–85) Colonial governors (1885–1960) Congo Free State (1885–1908) Atrocities Belgian Congo (1908–60) World War II Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65) Congo Crisis (1960–65) State of Katanga (1960–63) Zaire (1965–97) First Congo War (1996–98) Second Congo War (1998–2003) 2000s Transitional Government (2003–06) M23 rebellion (2012–13) Geography Cities Conservation Deforestation Ecoregions Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Former place names Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Court of Cassation Elections Foreign relations Foreign policy under Mobutu Government Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Military Chief of Staff Parliament Senate National Assembly Political parties President List Prime Minister List Economy Agriculture Central Bank Companies Energy Franc (currency) Mining Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Child marriage Corruption Crime Demographics Education Health Human trafficking Languages Prostitution Religion Social issues Women Culture Cinema Cuisine Flag Football Media Music Public holidays OutlineIndex Category Portal vteHeads of state and government of AfricaHeads of stateUN member states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Other states Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Heads of governmentUN member states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Other states Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Defunct statesand governments Ashanti Empire Monarch Benin Prime Minister Burundi King Central African Empire Emperor Dahomey King Egypt Muhammad Ali dynasty Monarch Ethiopia Emperor list The Gambia Prime Minister Ghana Prime Minister Kenya Prime Minister Kingdom of Kongo Monarch list Malawi Prime Minister Merina Kingdom Monarch Nigeria Prime Minister Orange Free State State President Rwanda King South African Republic State President South Africa Governor-General State President Prime Minister Tunisia Bey Zanzibar Sultan Prime Minister Zambia Prime Minister Zimbabwe Prime Minister Zulu Kingdom King

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Swahili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_language"},{"link_name":"Lingala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala"},{"link_name":"head of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"semi-presidential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic"},{"link_name":"Republican Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kabila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kabila"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Félix Tshisekedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi"}],"text":"For a list of presidents of the DRC, see List of presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.The president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (French: Président de la République démocratique du Congo, Swahili: Rais wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, Lingala: Mokonzi wa Republíki ya Kongó Demokratíki) is the head of state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and commander-in-chief of the armed forces.The position of president in the DRC has existed since the first constitution – known as The Fundamental Law – of 1960. However the powers of this position have varied over the years, from a limited shared role in the executive branch, with a prime minister, to a full-blown dictatorship. Under the current constitution, the President exists as the highest institution in a semi-presidential republic. The president is protected by the Republican Guard.The constitutional mandate of the then president, Joseph Kabila, was due to expire on 20 December 2016 but was initially extended by him until the end of 2017[1] and he continued to remain in post until a presidential election was held in December 2018 when Félix Tshisekedi was elected and took office on 24 January 2019.","title":"President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kinshasa,_tour_de_l%27%C3%A9changeur_de_Limete_-_20090705.jpg"},{"link_name":"prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-constitutionnet.org-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-constitutionnet.org-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Monument to Lumumba and the Tower of Limete.The semi-presidential system established by the constitution is largely borrowed from the French constitution. Although it is the prime minister and parliament that oversee much of the nation's actual lawmaking, the president wields significant influence, both formally and from constitutional convention. The president holds the nation's most senior office, and outranks all other politicians.The president is able to choose the prime minister. However, the President must nominate the prime minister from among the parliamentary majority after consultation with the parliamentary majority, if an obvious majority exists, and if it does not exist, must nominate a prime minister who has a once renewable 30 day exploratory mandate to form a coalition. The prime minister and cabinet must present their plan of action to the National Assembly, which must approve the government and the plan of action by an absolute majority. Only the National Assembly has the power to dismiss the prime minister's government.When the majority of the Assembly has opposite political views to that of the president, this leads to political cohabitation. In that case, the president's power is diminished, since much of the de facto power relies on a supportive prime minister and National Assembly, and is not directly attributed to the post of president. Still, the constitutional convention is that the president directs foreign policy, though he must work on that matter with the Minister of Foreign Affairs.\nWhen the majority of the Assembly sides with him, the President can take a more active role and may, in effect, direct government policy. The prime minister is often a mere \"fuse\" – and can be replaced if the administration becomes unpopular.Among the formal powers of the president:The president ensures respect of the constitution and ensures the proper functioning of the public authorities and institutions as well as the continuity of the State. He guarantees the independence, territorial integrity, and sovereignty of the nation and ensures the observance of international treaties.[2]\nThe president appoints the Prime Minister and, acting on the advice of the latter, appoints and removes the other members of the government.[3]\nThe president convokes and presides at meetings of the Council of Ministers, promulgates the laws, and issues ordinances[4]\nThe president invests the elected Governors and Vice-Governors of the Provinces with their powers.[5]\nThe president appoints, suspends, and removes, on the proposal of the government and after deliberation by the Council of Ministers:[3]\nAmbassadors and other diplomatic personnel;\nOfficers of the armed forces and national police, after hearing the opinion of the High Defense Council;\nThe general chief of staff, the chiefs of staff and the commanders of the main branches of the armed forces, after hearing the opinion of the High Defense Council;\nHigh-ranking civil servants;\nPersons in charge of public services and establishments;\nRepresentatives of the State (other than auditors) in public enterprises;\nJudges and public prosecutors on the proposal of the High Council of the Judiciary.[6]\nThe president is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and chairs the High Defense Council.[7]\nThe president confers national honors.[8]\nThe president may declare a state of emergency or a state of siege \"When grave circumstances constitute a present threat to the independence or the integrity of the national territory or when they provoke the disruption of the proper functioning of the institutions.\"[9]\nThe president may declare war with the authorization of both chambers of parliament, after deliberation by the Council of Ministers, and after hearing the opinion of the High Defense Council.[10]\nThe President may grant pardons or commute or reduce sentences.[11]\nThe President appoints and accredits ambassadors to foreign countries and international organizations, and receives ambassadors accredited to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[12]\nThe President defines national policy in coordination with the government and is responsible, in cooperation with the government, for defense, security, and foreign affairs.[13]\nThe president has a very limited form of suspensive veto: when presented with a law. The president can request another reading of it by parliament, but only once per law.[14]","title":"Presidential powers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural-born citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-born_citizen"}],"text":"Article 72 of the Congolese constitution states that the President must be a natural-born citizen – or more accurately: French: citoyen d'origine – of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and at least 30 years of age. Additionally, the President must be free of any legal constraints on their civil and political rights.Article 10 of the same constitution defines citoyen d'origine as : \"anyone belonging to the ethnic groups whose persons and territory constituted what became the Congo (currently the Democratic Republic of the Congo), at independence\".","title":"Requirements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Senate_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Articles 75 and 76 of the constitution state that upon the death or resignation of the President, the vacancy of the position is declared by the Constitutional court. The President of the Senate then becomes interim president.The Independent Electoral Commission has to organize elections between sixty (60) and ninety (90)[15] days after the official declaration of vacancy by the Constitutional court.","title":"Succession"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Registration_Plate_of_DRC_5-_Presidential_Registration_Plate.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palais_de_la_nation.jpg"},{"link_name":"Palais de la Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_de_la_Nation_(Kinshasa)"},{"link_name":"Kinshasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa"},{"link_name":"Kinshasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa"},{"link_name":"Palais de Marbre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_de_Marbre"},{"link_name":"Goma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goma"},{"link_name":"Nord-Kivu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Kivu_Province"}],"text":"Presidential registration plate (PR)Palais de la Nation, KinshasaThe official office of the president is the Palais de la Nation (Palace of the Nation) in Kinshasa.The official residence of the president is the Camp Tshatshi Palace in Kinshasa, although it has not been used since it was looted in 1997. Other presidential residences include:the Palais de Marbre; it houses foreign official guests;\nthe Domaine de la Rwindi in Goma, Nord-Kivu.","title":"Other information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2006 constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-termlimits-16"},{"link_name":"universal suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kabila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kabila"},{"link_name":"2006 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election"},{"link_name":"investiture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investiture"}],"text":"Under the 2006 constitution, the President is directly elected to a five-year term – renewable only once[16] – by universal suffrage. The first President to have been elected under these provisions is Joseph Kabila, in the 2006 elections.After the president is elected, he goes through a solemn investiture ceremony.","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2023 election","title":"Elections"}]

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[{"title":"Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"title":"List of presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"title":"Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"title":"List of prime ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"title":"Vice-Presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Presidents_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"title":"Colonial Heads of Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Heads_of_Congo"},{"title":"Rulers of Kuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulers_of_Kuba"},{"title":"Rulers of Luba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulers_of_Luba"},{"title":"Rulers of Ruund (Luunda)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulers_of_Ruund_(Luunda)"},{"title":"Rulers of Kasongo Luunda (Yaka)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulers_of_Kasongo_Luunda_(Yaka)"},{"title":"Rulers of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Manikongo_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Zaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire"}]

[{"reference":"\"20 dead in Congo unrest as Kabila clings on to power\". IOL. South Africa. Retrieved 3 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/20-dead-in-congo-unrest-as-kabila-clings-on-to-power-7252926","url_text":"\"20 dead in Congo unrest as Kabila clings on to power\""}]},{"reference":"Cook, Candace; Siegle, Joseph. \"Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa\". Africa Center for Strategic Studies.","urls":[{"url":"https://africacenter.org/spotlight/circumvention-of-term-limits-weakens-governance-in-africa/","url_text":"\"Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Résultats des élections combinées du 20 décembre 2023\" [Results of the combined elections of 20 December 2023] (in French). CENI. Retrieved 15 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://cartographie.ceni.cd/scrutins.html","url_text":"\"Résultats des élections combinées du 20 décembre 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_National_Electoral_Commission_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)","url_text":"CENI"}]},{"reference":"Audience publique du 09 janvier 2024 – Contentieux des résultats de la présidentielle [Public Hearing of January 09, 2024 - Litigation over the presidential election results] (video) (in French). Constitutional Court. 9 January 2024. Event occurs at 1:47:00. Retrieved 13 January 2024 – via Facebook.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/CourconstitutionnelleRDCongo/videos/677242114610182/","url_text":"Audience publique du 09 janvier 2024 – Contentieux des résultats de la présidentielle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo","url_text":"Constitutional Court"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]}]

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2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/CourconstitutionnelleRDCongo/videos/677242114610182/","external_links_name":"Audience publique du 09 janvier 2024 – Contentieux des résultats de la présidentielle"},{"Link":"http://www.presidentrdc.cd/","external_links_name":"Official website of the President of the DRC"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobim_(album)

Jobim (album)

["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]

1973 studio album by Antônio Carlos JobimJobimStudio album by Antônio Carlos JobimReleased1973RecordedDecember 11–13, 1972GenreJazz, bossa novaLength33:47LabelMCA (LP); Verve By Request (CD)ProducerClaus OgermanAntônio Carlos Jobim chronology Tide(1972) Jobim(1973) Elis & Tom(1974) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic Jobim is the eighth studio album by Antônio Carlos Jobim. It was released in 1973. In Brazil, it was released as Matita Perê without the additional English version of Águas de Março (Waters of March). Track listing No.TitleComposer(s)Length1."Águas de Março (Waters of March)"Antônio Carlos Jobim3:582."Ana Luiza"Antônio Carlos Jobim5:283."Matita Perê"Antônio Carlos Jobim, Paulo César Pinheiro7:124."Tempo Do Mar"Antônio Carlos Jobim5:145."Mantiqueira Range"Paulo Jobim3:336."Themes from the Film Cronica da Casa Assassinada/Trem Para Cordisburgo"Antônio Carlos Jobim10:017."Um Rancho Nas Nuvens"Antônio Carlos Jobim4:058."Nuvens Douradas"Antônio Carlos Jobim3:189."Águas de Março (Waters of March)"Antônio Carlos Jobim3:55 The album was arranged, conducted and produced by Claus Ogerman. Personnel Antônio Carlos Jobim – guitar, piano vocals (tracks 1, 2, 3, 6, 9) Harry Lookofsky – tenor violin, concertmaster Urbie Green - trombone Ray Beckenstein, Phil Bodner, Jerry Dodgion, Don Hammond, Romeo Penque - woodwinds Richard Davis, Ron Carter – bass Airto Moreira, George Devens, João Palma – percussion References ^ "Antonio Carlos Jobim - Jobim (Vinyl, LP) at Discogs". Discogs.com. 1973. Retrieved 2012-02-26. ^ Jobim at AllMusic vteAntônio Carlos JobimStudio albums The Composer of Desafinado Plays (1963) The Wonderful World of Antônio Carlos Jobim (1965) A Certain Mr. Jobim (1967) Wave (1967) Tide (1970) Stone Flower (1970) Jobim (1973) Urubu (1976) Terra Brasilis (1980) Inédito (1995) Antônio Brasileiro (1995) Live albums Jazzvisions (1986) Compilations Sinatra–Jobim Sessions (1979) Sinatra/Jobim: The Complete Reprise Recordings (2010) Soundtracks Lost Highway (1997) Collaborations Getz/Gilberto (1963, Stan Getz) Jazz Samba Encore! (1963, Stan Getz and Luiz Bonfá) Getz/Gilberto Vol. 2 (1963, Stan Getz) Francis Albert Sinatra & Antônio Carlos Jobim (1967, Frank Sinatra) Sinatra & Company (1971, Frank Sinatra) Elis & Tom (1974, Elis Regina) "Fly Me to the Moon" (1994, Frank Sinatra) Compositions "A felicidade" "Água de Beber" (Drinking Water) "Waters of March" "Chega de Saudade" (No More Blues) "Corcovado" (Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars) "Desafinado" "Dindi" "The Girl from Ipanema" "How Insensitive" "Inútil Paisagem" (If You Never Come to Me) "Meditation" "O Morro Não Tem Vez" (Favela) "One Note Samba" "Só Danço Samba" "Someone to Light Up My Life" "Triste "Wave" As contributor Canção do Amor Demais (1958, Elizete Cardoso) Black Orpheus (1959, Luiz Bonfá) Chega de Saudade (1959, João Gilberto) Do the Bossa Nova with Herbie Mann, Latin Fever (1962, Herbie Mann) The Swinger from Rio (1965, Sérgio Mendes) Love, Strings and Jobim (1966, various) Abandoned Garden (1995, Michael Franks) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner_Public_School

Banner School District

["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]

School district in Oklahoma Banner School DistrictLocationEl Reno, Oklahoma United StatesDistrict informationTypePublic The Banner School District is a school district based in unincorporated Canadian County, Oklahoma, United States. It contains a single K-8 school for all students. The district includes sections of El Reno, Oklahoma City, Union City, and Yukon. See also List of school districts in Oklahoma References ^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Canadian County, OK" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. pp. 7–8, 11-12 (PDF pp. 8-9, 12-13/13). Retrieved January 28, 2024. - Text list External links Banner School District Banner Overview This Oklahoma school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"List of school districts in Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_Oklahoma"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hampson

Thomas Hampson

["1 Early life and education","2 Early career","3 1990s","4 2000s","5 2010s","6 2020s","7 Personal life","8 Teaching and scholarship","9 Repertory","9.1 Concert works","9.2 Operas / operettas","9.3 Musicals","10 Recordings","10.1 Select discography","10.2 Select videography","11 References","12 External links"]

American opera singer This article is about the American baritone. For other uses, see Thomas Hampson (disambiguation). Hampson in June 2014 Thomas Walter Hampson (born June 28, 1955) is an American lyric baritone, a classical singer who has appeared world-wide in major opera houses and concert halls and made over 170 musical recordings. Hampson's operatic repertoire spans a range of more than 80 roles, including the title roles in Mozart's Don Giovanni, Rossini's Guillaume Tell and Il barbiere di Siviglia, Thomas' Hamlet, and Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin. The center of his Verdi repertoire remains Posa in Don Carlo, Germont in La traviata, the title roles in Macbeth and Simon Boccanegra, and more recently also Amfortas in Wagner's Parsifal and Scarpia in Puccini's Tosca. As a recitalist Hampson has won worldwide recognition for his thoughtfully researched and creatively constructed programs that explore the rich repertoire of song in a wide range of styles, languages, and periods. He is one of the most important interpreters of German Romantic song – especially known for his interpretations of the music of Gustav Mahler – and, with his "Song of America" project collaboration with the Library of Congress, has become known as the "ambassador" of American song. Hampson's diverse and expansive discography has earned him an Edison Award for Lifetime Achievement, four Edison Awards, four Echo prizes, numerous VEB Deutsche Schallplatten, Gramophone Awards, and Grand Prix du Disque, as well as six Grammy Award nominations, and one Grammy Award. Vienna Acoustics, an Austrian music company, named one of their speakers "The Hampson Edition." Dame Elisabeth Schwarzkopf once said of her student, " the best singer in Europe right now." Early life and education Born in Elkhart, Indiana, Hampson has two older sisters, with whom he sang in church as a child. He grew up in Spokane, Washington, where he enrolled at Eastern Washington State College (now Eastern Washington University) in Cheney, majoring in political science/government. Concurrently, Hampson earned a BFA in Voice Performance at Fort Wright College under the tutelage of Sister Marietta Coyle. During the summers of 1978 and 1979, he studied under Gwendolyn Koldowsky and Martial Singher at the Music Academy of the West, where he won the Lotte Lehmann Award. He then continued his studies at the University of Southern California Thornton School of Music, where he worked with vocal coach Jack Metz and the baritone Horst Günter, a lifelong mentor. In 1980, as a consequence of winning the San Francisco Opera audition, he competed in the Merola Opera Program, in which he met Elisabeth Schwarzkopf. In 1981, he was one of the winners in the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions national finals. Early career An audition tour in Europe in the early 1980s brought him a contract with the Deutsche Oper am Rhein in Düsseldorf, as well as the opportunity to study with Dame Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, whom he had met at the Merola program. In his three years as a member of the Düsseldorf ensemble (1981–84), he honed his stage experience with a number of smaller roles, but also had bigger assignments, both in Düsseldorf and elsewhere. He sang the title role in Henze's Der Prinz von Homburg in Darmstadt, and Guglielmo, in a Jonathan Miller production of Mozart's Così fan tutte at the Opera Theatre of Saint Louis, which brought him significant attention in the United States. In 1984, he began an engagement at the Opernhaus Zürich as a principal lyric baritone, among others participating in the legendary Harnoncourt-Ponnelle Mozart cycle, including all of the Da Ponte operas and the title role of the famed 1987 production of Don Giovanni. Engagements during this time also included those with companies in Hamburg, Cologne, and Vienna, and his 1984 London recital debut at Wigmore Hall. His U.S. recital debut occurred April 14, 1986 at The Town Hall in New York, where The New York Times praised him for "good looks, a commanding stage presence and, even within the confines of the recital format, an apparently vivid theatricality...". Shortly after, he made his Metropolitan Opera debut on October 9, 1986 as the Count in Le nozze di Figaro. In 1986, he was invited to audition for Leonard Bernstein, which led to Hampson's participation in the 1987 semi-staged performance of Puccini's La bohème in Rome, led by Bernstein, and, soon after, their legendary performances with the Vienna Philharmonic of Gustav Mahler's Kindertotenlieder (1988), Rückert-Lieder (1990) and Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen (1990). From this point forward, he was recognized as "among the leading lyric baritones of the late century." 1990s The next years brought performances in many of the world's most important concert venues (including Avery Fisher Hall, Barbican Centre, Carnegie Hall, Concertgebouw, Royal Albert Hall, Théâtre du Châtelet), opera houses (including Lyric Opera of Chicago, Metropolitan Opera, Paris Opera, Royal Opera House Covent Garden, San Francisco Opera, Vienna State Opera) and festivals (Mostly Mozart Festival, Maggio Musicale, the Salzburg Festival), where Hampson performed with some of the world's most renowned pianists (incl. John Browning, Geoffrey Parsons, Wolfram Rieger, Craig Rutenberg, Wolfgang Sawallisch), orchestras (incl. Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Houston Symphony, New York Philharmonic, Philadelphia Orchestra, San Francisco Symphony, Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome, Spokane Symphony, Staatskapelle Berlin, UBS Verbier Orchestra) and conductors (incl. Daniel Barenboim, Christoph Eschenbach, Daniele Gatti, Vladimir Jurowski, James Levine, Fabio Luisi, Kurt Masur, Zubin Mehta, Seiji Ozawa, Antonio Pappano, Michael Tilson Thomas, and Franz Welser-Möst). In 1990, Hampson released his first solo recital album on Teldec titled Des Knaben Wunderhorn, in collaboration with Geoffrey Parsons. The piano used for the recording had belonged to Mahler himself. The New York Times praised the recording, saying that "the performances have a luminous beauty and cast a storyteller's spell." In February and March of the same year, Hampson continued his partnership with Bernstein, first in a widely appreciated performance of Mahler's Rückert-Lieder and Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen, and then for his Carnegie Hall debut, performing Mahler's two cycles with the Vienna Philharmonic (Bernstein's last public performances in the venue). In November, he made his San Francisco Opera debut, performing the title role in Monteverdi's Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria and role debut as Don Giovanni at the Metropolitan Opera. In 1991, Hampson opened the New York Philharmonic season in a Live from Lincoln Center telecast, singing Aaron Copland's Old American Songs in a performance conducted by Kurt Masur. He also sang in the 25th Anniversary Gala of the Metropolitan Opera, which was recorded live for video/CDV. The same year, he released a Cole Porter tribute album on EMI/Angel. In 1992, he was named the Musical America's Singer of the Year, alongside John Corigliano, Robert Shaw, Christoph von Dohnányi, and Yo-Yo Ma. The year included many notable performances, including: the Rossini 200th birthday gala at Avery Fisher Hall, the title role in Britten's Billy Budd at the Met, the Count in Le nozze di Figaro at Florence's Maggio Musicale conducted by Zubin Mehta, Brahms' Ein deutsches Requiem with Daniel Barenboim at the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, and two performances of Schumann's Dichterliebe: one in Geneva and the other in his first recital at Carnegie Hall. Hampson began 1993 by performing his first rendition of the title character in Thomas' Hamlet in Monte Carlo. The performance was subsequently recorded for EMI/Angel. That year, he continued to add to his repertoire with performances including Il barbiere di Siviglia at The Royal Opera House, Covent Garden and the Met, his debut in the role of Posa in Verdi's Don Carlo in Zürich, the title role in Henze's Der Prinz von Homburg, and Chorebe in Les Troyens by Berlioz at the Metropolitan Opera. 1993 also saw the beginning of Hampson's institutional involvement in the classical world, when he gave a series of master classes at the Tanglewood Festival in Lenox, Massachusetts. He was also awarded an honorary doctorate of music in his hometown of Spokane, Washington from Whitworth College that same year, and took a large role in the publication of a new critical edition of Mahler songs, alongside which he released a recording in collaboration with Geoffrey Parsons. In January 1994, Hampson made his debut with the Houston Symphony Orchestra, singing Mahler and Copland, and conducted by Christoph Eschenbach. Later that month he was named Male Singer of the Year by the International Classical Music Awards. He then embarked on a five-month tour that led him to over twenty cities, featuring recitals debuts in Reutlingen, State College, Washington, D.C., Iowa City, Fort Worth, Quebec, and Buffalo, New York. In July, he opened the Mostly Mozart Festival in a telecast Live from Lincoln Center, and then in August he performed at the Salzburg Festival with a solo recital of Barber and Mahler. In September, he sang the leading role in the world premiere of the Conrad Susa and Philip Littell's opera, The Dangerous Liaisons and then in October recorded the 20 Lieder und Gesänge based on his and Dr. Renate Hilmar-Voit's research. External audio You may hear Thomas Hampson as Herod Antipas in Jules Massenet's opera Hérodiade with Cheryl Studer, Nadime Denize, Ben Heppner and Michel Plasson conducting the Orchestre national du Capitole de Toulouse in 1995 Here on archive.org In 1995, Hampson received two awards for his contribution to classical music: the Cannes Classical Music Award for Singer of the Year in 1994, and the Echo Music Prize for Best Male Singer. That year, he went on to perform in a number of significant productions, including Das Lied von der Erde at Carnegie Hall under the baton of James Levine, a Live from Lincoln Center telecast with Kathleen Battle, a performance of Britten's War Requiem in Rome conducted by Wolfgang Sawallisch, a recital of all of Gustav Mahler's songs (Hampson's new critical edition) for the Mahler Festival at Concertgebouw, and another engagement with Sawallisch and the Philadelphia Orchestra at the Academy of Music. Hampson began to develop his interest in American Song in 1996, first with his January performance at a Gala benefit for WNET and next with the I Hear America Singing: Great Performances project, shot in May. In February 1996, President Bill Clinton extended Hampson's first invitation to sing at the White House during a state dinner honoring French President Jacques Chirac. Additionally, he was inducted as an Honorary Member of the Royal Academy of Music in London in June. Other important appearances of Hampson's in 1996 include a series of master classes at the Mozarteum University of Salzburg, and two productions of Don Carlos in the original French (directed by Luc Bondy), one in Paris and one in London. In April 1997, he made his first performance as Eugene Onegin in Tchaikovsky's opera of the same name at the Vienna State Opera, and in May he reunited with Harnoncourt for a rare production of Schubert's Alfonso und Estrella at Theater an der Wien in Vienna. Hampson also cemented his role as an American musical fixture, first by serving as Artistic Director, Creative Consultant, and Performer on the PBS production "Thomas Hampson: I Hear America Singing," and next by winning EMI's Artist of the Year Award. He also made his first appearance as Riccardo in Bellini's I puritani at the Metropolitan Opera, his performance being hailed as "the most serious bel canto effort" by the Metropolitan Opera Guild. In October he débuted yet another role: Antonio in Donizetti's rarely performed Linda di Chamounix at the Vienna State Opera. Hampson began 1998 with the world premiere of Richard Danielpour's Elegies in Jacksonville, Florida and later reprised the role at Carnegie Hall. In February he teamed up with Jerry Hadley, Cheryl Studer, and Craig Rutenberg to perform I Hear America Singing at the Barbican Centre in London. Late in the year, Hampson found himself engaged at the Vienna State Opera once more, this time debuting the title role of Rossini's Guillaume Tell. Early 1999 saw Hampson back at the Metropolitan Opera, this time in the title role in the baritone version of Massenet's Werther, alongside Susan Graham. In April he performed with soprano Renée Fleming at the White House for a gala. In July, he made yet another role debut: Wolfram in Wagner's Tannhäuser, a role that would later win him the 2002 Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording. In August he made another debut in Busoni's Doktor Faust. 2000s In early 2000, Hampson returned to his fascination with Gustav Mahler, performing a Mahler-centric recital at Carnegie Hall in February. He also reprised his performance in Doktor Faust at the Met. That year, he served as a member of the Artistic Committee for the Kennedy Center Honors and sang at the Centennial Celebration for Elinor Remick Warren at the Washington National Cathedral. Appearing again with Renée Fleming, Hampson also put out a recording of Massenet's Thaïs late in the year. In February 2001, he sang Amfortas in Wagner's Parsifal at the Paris Opera and the Royal Opera House in London, took a four-month recital tour across Europe and the U.S., performing with Vladimir Jurowski and Franz Welser-Möst. 2002 bore a number of role débuts, including an April performance as Mandryka in Arabella by Richard Strauss at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris alongside Karita Mattila, another as the title role in the world premiere of Friedrich Cerha's Der Riese vom Steinfeld in June, and then two performances in October: one as the title role in Verdi's Simon Boccanegra at the Vienna State Opera under the baton of Daniele Gatti and the direction of Peter Stein, and one in the world premiere of Wolfgang Rihm's Sechs Gedichte von Friedrich Nietzsche in Cologne. Finally, in December, he made his first stage appearance in the role of Athanael in Thaïs at the Lyric Opera of Chicago. In 2003, Hampson performed in a recital dedicated to the works of composer Hugo Wolf, first in February at Carnegie Hall (appearing with pianist/conductor Daniel Barenboim) and then at the Salzburg Festival in a piece titled "The Hugo Wolf Project", created by Hampson and featuring a number of his famous contemporaries. That year, he also reprised his roles in Tannhäuser and Don Giovanni, and sang an arrangement of the poem Dover Beach with the Emerson String Quartet. Later that year, he also appeared with the Vienna Philharmonic in a performance of Friedrich Cerha's Baal-Gesänge under Zubin Mehta. Hampson returned to the Metropolitan Opera in 2004 to sing the title role in Don Giovanni, directed by Marthe Keller. He reprised this role again on in the Japan tour of the Vienna State Opera under the baton of Seiji Ozawa. He also appeared in Tannhäuser once more, directed by Otto Schenk and conducted by Mark Elder. That year, he also began a collaboration with the Library of Congress that led to the creation of the Hampsong Foundation. He debuted in Un ballo in maschera and another performance at the 2005 Salzburg Festival, this time as Germont in La traviata. That year, he also launched his website, www.thomashampson.com. Finally, Hampson's collaboration with the Library of Congress then led him on a 12-city concert tour that extended through summer 2006. In 2006, in a collaboration between the Heidelberger Frühling Festival and the Hampsong Foundation, the 200th anniversary of the printing of Des Knaben Wunderhorn was celebrated in concerts, symposium, and master classes. That year was also the 50th anniversary of the Vienna State Opera's reopening, and Hampson was invited to sing at a gala in the venue's honor. Hampson also sang at the Salzburg Festival once more, this time in honor of Mozart's 250th Birthday. The year's performances included the title role in Verdi's Macbeth, the title role in Doktor Faust once more and Mandryka in a new production of Arabella. In 2007, Hampson returned to Simon Boccanegra at the Met. In May, he performed with the San Francisco Symphony at Carnegie Hall, to great praise. In 2008, Hampson appeared as Carlo in a revival of Verdi's Ernani at the Metropolitan Opera. He also took once more to the role of Athanael in Massenet's Thaïs, again opposite Renée Fleming and sang at the opening nights of both the Metropolitan Opera and Carnegie Hall. Both performances were broadcast worldwide. In June, Hampson seized control of his media output and established his own independent record label, Thomas Hampson Media (THM), re-releasing six albums through iTunes. In 2009, as part of the Metropolitan Opera's 125th Anniversary celebration, Hampson sang the last scene of Parsifal with tenor Plácido Domingo. In February, he performed in the world premiere of Michael Daugherty's Letters From Lincoln with the Spokane Symphony and then as the title role in Eugene Onegin at the Met. In March, he made his role début as Scarpia in Puccini's Tosca at the Zürich Opera. In May, he held a recital at the Supreme Court of the United States. Starting in September of that year, Hampson became the New York Philharmonic's first Artist-in-Residence. In November, Hampson launched www.songofamerica.net, an interactive database that details the culture and history of American Song and re-embarked on his "Song of America" tour, holding 13 recitals between July 2009 and February 2010. 2010s In addition to his performance schedule, much of Hampson's modern career has centered on music scholarship and education. As such, in March 2010 he spearheaded the first-ever live streaming classical music available on a mobile app: a master class on Mahler songs, hosted by the Manhattan School of Music's Distance Learning Program. That year, he performed in the composer John Adams's 19-minute musical monologue, The Wound-Dresser. He also appeared in a trouble-ridden production of La traviata that year, under the baton of Leonard Slatkin, who later removed himself from the production. Also in 2010, Hampson was elected into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2011, Hampson sang the role of Rick Rescorla in the world premiere of Christopher Theofanidis' Heart of a Soldier with the San Francisco Opera, based on a true story from 9/11. Hampson continued activities in the Mahler community, performing in over 50 concerts of Mahler's music in 2011 in honor of the centennial of Mahler's death. That year also saw the debut of the Song of America radio series, co-produced by the Hampsong Foundation and the WFMT Radio Network of Chicago. Hosted by Hampson, the series consists of 13 hour-long programs exploring the history of American culture through song; it has aired in more than 200 U.S. markets. Hampson's 2012 engagements included role debuts as Iago in Verdi's Otello and the title role in Hindemith's Mathis der Maler, both at Zurich Opera, and his house debut as Verdi's Macbeth at the Metropolitan Opera. Among other season highlights include concerts with the National Symphony Orchestra and Christoph Eschenbach, the Munich Philharmonic and Zubin Mehta, the Los Angeles Philharmonic and Gustavo Dudamel, the Pittsburgh Symphony and Manfred Honeck and the Israel Philharmonic and Zubin Mehta. He was featured in CNN's "Fusion Journeys" series, which filmed him in South Africa in a musical exchange with Ladysmith Black Mambazo. In 2013, he recorded Verdi's Simon Boccanegra for Decca Classics, with costars Kristine Opolais and Joseph Calleja. That same year, he was inducted into the Gramophone Hall of Fame. He received an Honorary Doctor of Music degree from New England Conservatory in 2015, the same year that he premiered a new work by Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Jennifer Higdon at Carnegie Hall. In 2016, Hampson added another role to his operatic repertoire with the world premiere of Miroslav Srnka's South Pole at the Bavarian State Opera. He starred as Roald Amundsen, opposite tenor Rolando Villazón as Robert Falcon Scott, in the real-life story of the Antarctic explorers' race to reach the South Pole. In 2017, he was awarded the Hugo-Wolf-Medaille alongside Wolfram Rieger, for their outstanding achievements in the art of song interpretation. 2020s Hampson received the 2020 Heidelberger Frühling Music Award. Personal life Hampson is married to Andrea Herberstein, and has 3 step-children from her. He has one daughter, Meghan, from his first marriage, which ended in divorce in 1986. His eldest daughter Catherine is married to singer Luca Pisaroni, to whom she was introduced by her father. Having settled in Vienna long-term, Hampson later began dividing his time between New York City and Zürich. Teaching and scholarship In addition to his performance schedule, much of Hampson's modern career has centered on music scholarship and education. In 2007, he was instated as a member of the board of the Manhattan School of Music where he is also part of the Artistic Advisory Board, positions which allow him to frequently teach master classes for the school's Distance Learning Program that are streamed live to Internet and smart phone users worldwide. In March 2011, Hampson continued his dedication to song with the opening of the first Lied Academy as part of the Heidelberger Frühling Festival. Under the artistic direction of Hampson, and with the contribution of prominent visiting artists, such as Graham Johnson, Brigitte Fassbaender and Nikolaus Harnoncourt, the Academy each year transforms the German city into an international meeting point for the Lied. Repertory Concert works John Adams, The Wound-Dresser Johannes Brahms, Ein Deutsches Requiem Benjamin Britten, War Requiem Aaron Copland, Old American Songs Michael Daugherty, Letters From Lincoln (World premiere) Gustav Mahler, Das Lied von der Erde, Des Knaben Wunderhorn, Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen, Kindertotenlieder, and Rückert-Lieder Operas / operettas Richard Nixon, Nixon in China (Adams) Riccardo, I puritani (Bellini) Wozzeck, Wozzeck (Berg) Chorèbe, Les Troyens (Berlioz) Billy, Billy Budd (Britten) Dr. Faust, Doktor Faust (Busoni) Der Riese, Der Riese vom Steinfeld (Cerha)* Conte Robinson, Il matrimonio segreto (Cimarosa) Le roi Arthus, Le roi Arthus (Chausson) Dark Fiddler, A Village Romeo and Juliet (Delius) Malatesta, Don Pasquale (Gaetano Donizetti) Belcore, L'elisir d'amore (Donizetti) Antonio, Linda di Chamounix (Donizetti) Oreste, Iphigénie en Tauride (Gluck) Valentin, Faust (Gounod) Cesare / Achille, Giulio Cesare (Handel) Prinz, Der Prinz von Homburg (Henze) Mathis, Mathis der Maler (Hindemith) Danilo, The Merry Widow (Lehár) Silvio, Pagliacci (Leoncavallo) Hérode, Hérodiade (Massenet) Lescaut, Manon (Massenet) Athanaël, Thaïs (Massenet) Werther / Albert, Werther (Massenet) Ulisse, Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria (Monteverdi) Apollo, L'Orfeo (Monteverdi) Guglielmo / Don Alfonso, Così fan tutte (Mozart) M. Vogelsang, Der Schauspieldirektor (Mozart) Sprecher, The Magic Flute (Mozart) Don Giovanni, Don Giovanni (Mozart) Count Almaviva, The Marriage of Figaro (Mozart) Gendarme, Les mamelles de Tirésias (Poulenc) Marcello / Schaunard, La bohème (Puccini) Yamadori / Sharpless, Madama Butterfly (Puccini) Sergeant / Lescaut, Manon Lescaut (Puccini) Scarpia, Tosca (Puccini) Aeneas, Dido and Aeneas (Purcell) Tell, Guillaume Tell (Rossini) Figaro, The Barber of Seville (Rossini) Poeta, Prima la musica e poi le parole (Salieri) Der Auserwählte, Die Jakobsleiter (Schoenberg) Froila, Alfonso und Estrella (Schubert) Roland, Fierrabras (Schubert) Amundsen, South Pole (Miroslav Srnka) Falk, Die Fledermaus (J. Strauss II) Mandryka, Arabella (Strauss) Harlekin, Ariadne auf Naxos (Strauss) Vicomte de Valmont, The Dangerous Liaisons (Conrad Susa)* King Roger, King Roger (Szymanowski) Eugene Onegin, Eugene Onegin (Tchaikovsky) Rick Rescorla, Heart of a Soldier (Christopher Theofanidis)* Hamlet, Hamlet (Thomas) Lorenzo Da Ponte, The Phoenix (Tarik O'Regan) Amonasro, Aida (Verdi) Rodrigue, Don Carlo (Verdi) Don Carlo, Ernani (Verdi) Ford, Falstaff (Verdi) Il Conte di Luna, Il trovatore (Verdi) Francesco, I masnadieri (Verdi) Giorgio Germont, La traviata (Verdi) Macbeth, Macbeth (Verdi) Iago, Otello (Verdi) Simon Boccanegra, Simon Boccanegra (Verdi) Renato, Un ballo in maschera (Verdi) Gunther, Götterdämmerung (Wagner) King's herald, Lohengrin (Wagner) Wolfram, Tannhäuser (Wagner) Hadrian, Hadrian (Rufus Wainwright) * indicates world premiere Musicals Role Work Composer Frank Butler Annie Get Your Gun Irving Berlin Gabey On the Town Leonard Bernstein Robert Baker Wonderful Town Fred Graham Kiss Me, Kate Cole Porter Recordings Select discography This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2018) Mozart: Così fan tutte, conducted by James Levine, The Metropolitan Opera (1990) Porter: Kiss me, Kate, conducted by John McGlinn, EMI Digital, B000008HD3 (1990) Berlin: Annie Get Your Gun, conducted by John McGlinn, with Kim Criswell, Rebecca Luker, David Garrison, Jason Graae, EMI Classics, B000002RS4 (1991) An Old Song Re-Sung, EMI Digital, B000002RRM (1991) Griffes, Ives, MacDowell: Lieder, with pianist Armen Guzelimian, Warner Music Spain, B000009J2V (1991) Delius: Sea Drift, Florida Suite, Argo, B00000E4KQ (1991) Porter: Night and Day, Warner Classics (1991) Bernstein: Arias and Barcarolles, conducted by Michael Tilson Thomas, Deutsche Grammophon (1993) Bernstein: On the Town, conducted by Michael Tilson Thomas, Deutsche Grammophon (1993) Rossini: The Rossini Bicentennial Birthday Gala, conducted by Roger Norrington, EMI (1994) Verdi: Simon Boccanegra, Decca (2013) Britten: War Requiem: Warner Classics (2013) Richard Strauss: Notturno, Deutsche Grammophon, 00028947929437 (2014) Autograph: Thomas Hampson, Warner Classics (2015) Mozart: Le Nozze di Figaro, conducted by Yannick Nézet-Séguin, Deutsche Grammophon, 00028947959458 (2016) Richard Danielpour: Songs of Solitude & War Songs, conducted by Giancarlo Guerrero, Naxos, 8.559792 (2016) Christmas Surprises: Sony Music (2017) Tides of Life: Channel Classics, 0723385389170 (2017) Serenade. Thomas Hampson, Maciej Pikulski  (piano); Pentatone PTC 5186681 (2017) Elgar: The Dream of Gerontius, conducted by Daniel Barenboim, Decca, 4831585 (2017) Songs from Chicago: Thomas Hampson, Kuang-Hao Huang (piano); Cedille CDR 90000 180 (2018) The Phoenix: Tarik O’Regan, John Caird, Thomas Hampson, Luca Pisaroni: Pentatone PTC 5186857 (2019) Hope: Daniel Hope, Zürcher Kammerorchester, Thomas Hampson, vocal ensemble Amarcord, Colin Rich, Deutsche Grammophon UPC 00028948605415 (2021) Select videography The Metropolitan Opera Gala 1991, Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4582 James Levine's 25th Anniversary Metropolitan Opera Gala (1996), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, B0004602-09 Verdi: Don Carlos (1997), Kultur Video, B00008DDRK Verdi: Macbeth (2001), Image Entertainment, B00006LPDZ Mahler: Des Knaben Wunderhorn – Voices of our time (2002), Alliance, B0002J9TX8 Wonderful Town (2005) - EuroArts, B0009SQC2S La Traviata (2006) - Arthaus, B000CCU8SK Parsifal (2006) - Opus Arte, OA0915D References ^ "Thomas Hampson". 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"Music; Reaching the Top of the Opera World by Accident". The New York Times. Retrieved December 3, 2014. ^ Von Uthmann, Jörg (November 2005). "In Review: From Around the world – International: Salzburg". Opera News. ^ Wakin, Daniel J. (June 15, 2005). "Arts, Briefly; Library of Congress Tour". The New York Times. Retrieved December 3, 2014. ^ Hoffman, Gary (April 1, 2006). "Reviews: Vienna State Opera Gala Concert – 50th Anniversary of the Reopening". Opera Today. Retrieved December 3, 2014. ^ Hilferty, Robert (December 2006). "Salzburg Festival: From Romps to the Soporific". American Record Guide. ^ Reed, Peter (March 2006). "Opera on DVD: Macbeth, Verdi". Opera. ^ Holland, Bernard (January 16, 2006). "Schumann Rarity: An Opera of Bits and Pieces of 'Faust'". The New York Times. Retrieved December 3, 2014. ^ Holland, Bernard (February 21, 2007). "An Opera by Verdi That Needs Name Tags". The New York Times. Retrieved December 3, 2014. ^ Holland, Bernard (May 21, 2007). 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Retrieved December 3, 2014. ^ "Thomas Hampson Honoured by US Establishment" Archived January 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Opera Now, May 10, 2010; "Members of the American Academy, Listed by election year, 2000–2014" Archived January 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, American Academy of Arts & Sciences ^ Woolfe, Zachary (September 11, 2011). "A Journey of Heroism That Led to the Towers". The New York Times. Retrieved December 3, 2014. ^ "Thomas Hampson Hosts 13-Week "Song of America" Radio Series, Syndicated by WFMT Radio Network to Radio Stations Across U.S. From October 2011" (Press release). 21C Media Group. August 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2014. ^ "Fusion Journeys". CNN. Retrieved December 3, 2014. ^ "Thomas Hampson and Wolfram Rieger awarded the Hugo Wolf Medal « Thomas Hampson". thomashampson.com. Retrieved July 16, 2021. ^ ""Heidelberger Frühling"-Musikpreis an Thomas Hampson". MUSIK HEUTE (in German). September 24, 2019. Retrieved October 11, 2021. ^ "Luca Pisaroni's passion for music leads to a Lyric Opera debut in "Rinaldo"". The Classical Review. March 2, 2012. Retrieved April 2, 2018. ^ Pia Catton (January 12, 2011). "In SoHo, an Encore". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 2, 2018. ^ "Board of Trustees". Manhattan School of Music. Archived from the original on December 8, 2014. Retrieved December 3, 2014. ^ "Artistic Advisory Board". Manhattan School of Music. Archived from the original on December 8, 2014. Retrieved December 3, 2014. ^ "Das Lied beim Heidelberger Frühling". Heidelberger Frühling. Archived from the original on July 18, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2014. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas Hampson. Official website Official website of the Hampsong Foundation Song of America LOC Biography (American 2006 tour) PBS Site (American Dreams 1990s tour) Bryce, Peter. "Understanding Your Life Through Music: A Mahler Scholar Brings His Passion to DC", Washingtonian, January 30, 2008 Thomas Hampson in photographs by Wolf Kettler Thomas Hampson speaks about the Werther baritone version Interview with Luiz Gazzola, 4 April 2012, about his American song project and other topics Interview with Thomas Hampson by Bruce Duffie, September 14, 1992 vteGramophone Hall of FameConductors Claudio Abbado John Barbirolli Daniel Barenboim Thomas Beecham Leonard Bernstein Karl Böhm Pierre Boulez Adrian Boult Benjamin Britten Sergiu Celibidache Riccardo Chailly Colin Davis Gustavo Dudamel Wilhelm Furtwängler John Eliot Gardiner Carlo Maria Giulini Bernard Haitink Nikolaus Harnoncourt Christopher Hogwood Mariss Jansons Herbert von Karajan Carlos Kleiber Otto Klemperer Rafael Kubelík James Levine Charles Mackerras Neville Marriner Zubin Mehta Yevgeny Mravinsky Riccardo Muti Eugene Ormandy Antonio Pappano Trevor Pinnock Simon Rattle Fritz Reiner Georg Solti Leopold Stokowski George Szell Michael Tilson Thomas Arturo Toscanini Bruno Walter Singers Thomas Allen Victoria de los Ángeles Janet Baker Cecilia Bartoli Jussi Björling Montserrat Caballé Maria Callas José Carreras Enrico Caruso Feodor Chaliapin Joyce DiDonato Plácido Domingo Kathleen Ferrier Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau Kirsten Flagstad Renée Fleming Angela Gheorghiu Nicolai Ghiaurov Tito Gobbi Thomas Hampson Marilyn Horne Hans Hotter Dmitri Hvorostovsky Gundula Janowitz Jonas Kaufmann Simon Keenlyside Emma Kirkby Anna Netrebko Birgit Nilsson Jessye Norman Anne Sofie von Otter Luciano Pavarotti Leontyne Price Elisabeth Schwarzkopf Joan Sutherland Renata Tebaldi Kiri Te Kanawa Bryn Terfel Fritz Wunderlich Keyboardists Leif Ove Andsnes Martha Argerich Claudio Arrau Vladimir Ashkenazy Alfred Brendel Emil Gilels Glenn Gould Friedrich Gulda Marc-André Hamelin Angela Hewitt Vladimir Horowitz Stephen Hough Wilhelm Kempff Evgeny Kissin Gustav Leonhardt Lang Lang Dinu Lipatti Radu Lupu Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli Murray Perahia Maurizio Pollini Sergei Rachmaninoff Sviatoslav Richter Arthur Rubinstein András Schiff Artur Schnabel Grigory Sokolov Mitsuko Uchida String/brass/woodwind players Maurice André Dennis Brain Julian Bream Pablo Casals Kyung Wha Chung Jacqueline du Pré James Galway Arthur Grumiaux Jascha Heifetz Heinz Holliger Steven Isserlis Fritz Kreisler Gidon Kremer Yo-Yo Ma Wynton Marsalis Albrecht Mayer Yehudi Menuhin Nathan Milstein Anne-Sophie Mutter David Oistrakh Emmanuel Pahud Itzhak Perlman Jean-Pierre Rampal Mstislav Rostropovich Jordi Savall Andrés Segovia John Williams Ensembles Alban Berg Quartett Amadeus Quartet Beaux Arts Trio The King's Singers Takács Quartet The Tallis Scholars Producers/engineers/record label executives Emile Berliner Bernard Coutaz John Culshaw C. Robert Fine Fred Gaisberg Klaus Heymann Alain Lanceron Walter Legge Edward Lewis Goddard Lieberson Richard Mohr Ted Perry Kenneth Wilkinson Portals: Biography Opera Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Finland United States Latvia Czech Republic Australia Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz People BMLO Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef Theaterlexikon

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Hampson (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hampson_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ThomasHampson.jpg"},{"link_name":"baritone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone"},{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"title roles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_role"},{"link_name":"Don Giovanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Giovanni"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Tell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Tell"},{"link_name":"Il barbiere di Siviglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Barber_of_Seville"},{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Eugene Onegin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Onegin_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Don Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Carlo"},{"link_name":"La traviata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_traviata"},{"link_name":"Macbeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)"},{"link_name":"Simon Boccanegra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Boccanegra"},{"link_name":"Parsifal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsifal"},{"link_name":"Tosca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosca"},{"link_name":"Gustav Mahler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Mahler"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Edison Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_Award"},{"link_name":"Echo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_(music_award)"},{"link_name":"VEB Deutsche Schallplatten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VEB_Deutsche_Schallplatten"},{"link_name":"Gramophone Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_Award"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix du Disque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_du_Disque"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Schwarzkopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Schwarzkopf"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"This article is about the American baritone. For other uses, see Thomas Hampson (disambiguation).Hampson in June 2014Thomas Walter Hampson (born June 28, 1955) is an American lyric baritone, a classical singer who has appeared world-wide in major opera houses and concert halls and made over 170 musical recordings.Hampson's operatic repertoire spans a range of more than 80 roles, including the title roles in Mozart's Don Giovanni, Rossini's Guillaume Tell and Il barbiere di Siviglia, Thomas' Hamlet, and Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin. The center of his Verdi repertoire remains Posa in Don Carlo, Germont in La traviata, the title roles in Macbeth and Simon Boccanegra, and more recently also Amfortas in Wagner's Parsifal and Scarpia in Puccini's Tosca.As a recitalist Hampson has won worldwide recognition for his thoughtfully researched and creatively constructed programs that explore the rich repertoire of song in a wide range of styles, languages, and periods. He is one of the most important interpreters of German Romantic song – especially known for his interpretations of the music of Gustav Mahler[1] – and, with his \"Song of America\" project collaboration with the Library of Congress, has become known as the \"ambassador\" of American song.[2]Hampson's diverse and expansive discography has earned him an Edison Award for Lifetime Achievement, four Edison Awards, four Echo prizes, numerous VEB Deutsche Schallplatten, Gramophone Awards, and Grand Prix du Disque, as well as six Grammy Award nominations, and one Grammy Award. Vienna Acoustics, an Austrian music company, named one of their speakers \"The Hampson Edition.\"[3]Dame Elisabeth Schwarzkopf once said of her student, \"[Thomas Hampson is] the best singer in Europe right now.\"[4]","title":"Thomas Hampson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elkhart, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkhart,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrea-5"},{"link_name":"Spokane, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Eastern Washington University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Washington_University"},{"link_name":"BFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Fort Wright College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wright_College"},{"link_name":"Martial Singher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_Singher"},{"link_name":"Music Academy of the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Academy_of_the_West"},{"link_name":"Lotte Lehmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotte_Lehmann"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California Thornton School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California_Thornton_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Horst Günter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_G%C3%BCnter"},{"link_name":"Merola Opera Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merola_Opera_Program"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_National_Council_Auditions"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Born in Elkhart, Indiana, Hampson has two older sisters, with whom he sang in church as a child.[5] He grew up in Spokane, Washington, where he enrolled at Eastern Washington State College (now Eastern Washington University) in Cheney, majoring in political science/government. Concurrently, Hampson earned a BFA in Voice Performance at Fort Wright College under the tutelage of Sister Marietta Coyle. During the summers of 1978 and 1979, he studied under Gwendolyn Koldowsky and Martial Singher at the Music Academy of the West, where he won the Lotte Lehmann Award.[6] He then continued his studies at the University of Southern California Thornton School of Music, where he worked with vocal coach Jack Metz and the baritone Horst Günter, a lifelong mentor. In 1980, as a consequence of winning the San Francisco Opera audition, he competed in the Merola Opera Program,[7] in which he met Elisabeth Schwarzkopf. In 1981, he was one of the winners in the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions national finals.[8]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deutsche Oper am Rhein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Oper_am_Rhein"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Der Prinz von Homburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Prinz_von_Homburg_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Miller"},{"link_name":"Così fan tutte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cos%C3%AC_fan_tutte"},{"link_name":"Opera Theatre of Saint Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Theatre_of_Saint_Louis"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Opernhaus Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opernhaus_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Harnoncourt-Ponnelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt"},{"link_name":"Da Ponte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Da_Ponte"},{"link_name":"Don Giovanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Giovanni"},{"link_name":"Wigmore Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigmore_Hall"},{"link_name":"The Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Town_Hall_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"Le nozze di Figaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_nozze_di_Figaro"},{"link_name":"Leonard Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"La bohème","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me"},{"link_name":"Vienna Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"Kindertotenlieder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindertotenlieder"},{"link_name":"Rückert-Lieder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCckert-Lieder"},{"link_name":"Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieder_eines_fahrenden_Gesellen"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"An audition tour in Europe in the early 1980s brought him a contract with the Deutsche Oper am Rhein in Düsseldorf, as well as the opportunity to study with Dame Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, whom he had met at the Merola program. In his three years as a member of the Düsseldorf ensemble (1981–84), he honed his stage experience with a number of smaller roles,[9] but also had bigger assignments, both in Düsseldorf and elsewhere. He sang the title role in Henze's Der Prinz von Homburg in Darmstadt, and Guglielmo, in a Jonathan Miller production of Mozart's Così fan tutte at the Opera Theatre of Saint Louis, which brought him significant attention in the United States.[10]In 1984, he began an engagement at the Opernhaus Zürich as a principal lyric baritone, among others participating in the legendary Harnoncourt-Ponnelle Mozart cycle, including all of the Da Ponte operas and the title role of the famed 1987 production of Don Giovanni. Engagements during this time also included those with companies in Hamburg, Cologne, and Vienna, and his 1984 London recital debut at Wigmore Hall.His U.S. recital debut occurred April 14, 1986 at The Town Hall in New York, where The New York Times praised him for \"good looks, a commanding stage presence and, even within the confines of the recital format, an apparently vivid theatricality...\". Shortly after, he made his Metropolitan Opera debut on October 9, 1986 as the Count in Le nozze di Figaro. In 1986, he was invited to audition for Leonard Bernstein, which led to Hampson's participation in the 1987 semi-staged performance of Puccini's La bohème in Rome, led by Bernstein, and, soon after, their legendary performances with the Vienna Philharmonic of Gustav Mahler's Kindertotenlieder (1988), Rückert-Lieder (1990) and Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen (1990). From this point forward, he was recognized as \"among the leading lyric baritones of the late century.\"[11]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avery Fisher Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Fisher_Hall"},{"link_name":"Barbican Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbican_Centre"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall"},{"link_name":"Concertgebouw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concertgebouw,_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Royal Albert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall"},{"link_name":"Théâtre du Châtelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Ch%C3%A2telet"},{"link_name":"Lyric Opera of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric_Opera_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Paris Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_National_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"Royal Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Covent Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covent_Garden"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Opera"},{"link_name":"Vienna State Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera"},{"link_name":"Mostly Mozart Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostly_Mozart_Festival"},{"link_name":"Salzburg Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg_Festival"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Parsons_(pianist)"},{"link_name":"Wolfram Rieger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Rieger"},{"link_name":"Chicago Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Houston Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Symphony"},{"link_name":"New York Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Symphony"},{"link_name":"Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra_dell%27Accademia_Nazionale_di_Santa_Cecilia"},{"link_name":"Spokane Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane_Symphony"},{"link_name":"Staatskapelle Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatskapelle_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Daniel Barenboim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim"},{"link_name":"Christoph Eschenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Eschenbach"},{"link_name":"Daniele Gatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniele_Gatti"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Jurowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Jurowski"},{"link_name":"James Levine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Levine"},{"link_name":"Fabio Luisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Luisi"},{"link_name":"Kurt Masur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Masur"},{"link_name":"Zubin Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubin_Mehta"},{"link_name":"Seiji Ozawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiji_Ozawa"},{"link_name":"Antonio Pappano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Pappano"},{"link_name":"Michael Tilson Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tilson_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Franz Welser-Möst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Welser-M%C3%B6st"},{"link_name":"Teldec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teldec"},{"link_name":"Des Knaben Wunderhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Knaben_Wunderhorn_(Mahler)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_ritorno_d%27Ulisse_in_patria"},{"link_name":"Live from Lincoln Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_from_Lincoln_Center"},{"link_name":"Aaron Copland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Copland"},{"link_name":"Old American Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_American_Songs"},{"link_name":"Cole Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Porter"},{"link_name":"EMI/Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MA1992-15"},{"link_name":"Musical America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_America"},{"link_name":"John Corigliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Corigliano"},{"link_name":"Robert Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Shaw_(conductor)"},{"link_name":"Christoph von Dohnányi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_von_Dohn%C3%A1nyi"},{"link_name":"Yo-Yo Ma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MA1992-15"},{"link_name":"Billy Budd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Budd_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Ein deutsches Requiem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_German_Requiem_(Brahms)"},{"link_name":"Dichterliebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichterliebe"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Don Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Carlo"},{"link_name":"Les Troyens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Troyens"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"master classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_class"},{"link_name":"Tanglewood Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanglewood_Festival"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Whitworth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitworth_University"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Christoph Eschenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Eschenbach"},{"link_name":"International Classical Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Classical_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Conrad Susa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Susa"},{"link_name":"The Dangerous Liaisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dangerous_Liaisons"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Cannes Classical Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Classical_Awards"},{"link_name":"Echo Music Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_Music_Prize"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Battle"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"War Requiem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Requiem"},{"link_name":"Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Music_(Philadelphia)"},{"link_name":"WNET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNET"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Jacques Chirac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Mozarteum University of Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozarteum_University_of_Salzburg"},{"link_name":"Don Carlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Carlos"},{"link_name":"Luc Bondy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Bondy"},{"link_name":"Vienna State Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera"},{"link_name":"Alfonso und Estrella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_und_Estrella"},{"link_name":"Theater an der Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_an_der_Wien"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"I puritani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_puritani"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Linda di Chamounix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_di_Chamounix"},{"link_name":"Richard Danielpour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Danielpour"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Jerry Hadley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Hadley"},{"link_name":"Cheryl Studer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_Studer"},{"link_name":"Barbican Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbican_Centre"},{"link_name":"Werther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werther"},{"link_name":"Susan Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Graham"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Renée Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Fleming"},{"link_name":"Tannhäuser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Doktor Faust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktor_Faust"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"The next years brought performances in many of the world's most important concert venues (including Avery Fisher Hall, Barbican Centre, Carnegie Hall, Concertgebouw, Royal Albert Hall, Théâtre du Châtelet), opera houses (including Lyric Opera of Chicago, Metropolitan Opera, Paris Opera, Royal Opera House Covent Garden, San Francisco Opera, Vienna State Opera) and festivals (Mostly Mozart Festival, Maggio Musicale, the Salzburg Festival), where Hampson performed with some of the world's most renowned pianists (incl. John Browning, Geoffrey Parsons, Wolfram Rieger, Craig Rutenberg, Wolfgang Sawallisch), orchestras (incl. Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Houston Symphony, New York Philharmonic, Philadelphia Orchestra, San Francisco Symphony, Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome, Spokane Symphony, Staatskapelle Berlin, UBS Verbier Orchestra) and conductors (incl. Daniel Barenboim, Christoph Eschenbach, Daniele Gatti, Vladimir Jurowski, James Levine, Fabio Luisi, Kurt Masur, Zubin Mehta, Seiji Ozawa, Antonio Pappano, Michael Tilson Thomas, and Franz Welser-Möst).In 1990, Hampson released his first solo recital album on Teldec titled Des Knaben Wunderhorn, in collaboration with Geoffrey Parsons. The piano used for the recording had belonged to Mahler himself.[12] The New York Times praised the recording, saying that \"the performances have a luminous beauty and cast a storyteller's spell.\"[13] In February and March of the same year, Hampson continued his partnership with Bernstein, first in a widely appreciated performance of Mahler's Rückert-Lieder and Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen, and then for his Carnegie Hall debut, performing Mahler's two cycles with the Vienna Philharmonic (Bernstein's last public performances in the venue).[14] In November, he made his San Francisco Opera debut, performing the title role in Monteverdi's Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria and role debut as Don Giovanni at the Metropolitan Opera.In 1991, Hampson opened the New York Philharmonic season in a Live from Lincoln Center telecast, singing Aaron Copland's Old American Songs in a performance conducted by Kurt Masur. He also sang in the 25th Anniversary Gala of the Metropolitan Opera, which was recorded live for video/CDV. The same year, he released a Cole Porter tribute album on EMI/Angel.[15]In 1992, he was named the Musical America's Singer of the Year, alongside John Corigliano, Robert Shaw, Christoph von Dohnányi, and Yo-Yo Ma.[15] The year included many notable performances, including: the Rossini 200th birthday gala at Avery Fisher Hall, the title role in Britten's Billy Budd at the Met, the Count in Le nozze di Figaro at Florence's Maggio Musicale conducted by Zubin Mehta, Brahms' Ein deutsches Requiem with Daniel Barenboim at the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, and two performances of Schumann's Dichterliebe: one in Geneva and the other in his first recital at Carnegie Hall.[16]Hampson began 1993 by performing his first rendition of the title character in Thomas' Hamlet in Monte Carlo. The performance was subsequently recorded for EMI/Angel. That year, he continued to add to his repertoire with performances including Il barbiere di Siviglia at The Royal Opera House, Covent Garden and the Met, his debut in the role of Posa in Verdi's Don Carlo in Zürich, the title role in Henze's Der Prinz von Homburg, and Chorebe in Les Troyens by Berlioz at the Metropolitan Opera.[17] 1993 also saw the beginning of Hampson's institutional involvement in the classical world, when he gave a series of master classes at the Tanglewood Festival in Lenox, Massachusetts.[18] He was also awarded an honorary doctorate of music in his hometown of Spokane, Washington from Whitworth College that same year,[19] and took a large role in the publication of a new critical edition of Mahler songs, alongside which he released a recording in collaboration with Geoffrey Parsons.In January 1994, Hampson made his debut with the Houston Symphony Orchestra, singing Mahler and Copland, and conducted by Christoph Eschenbach. Later that month he was named Male Singer of the Year by the International Classical Music Awards.[20] He then embarked on a five-month tour that led him to over twenty cities, featuring recitals debuts in Reutlingen, State College, Washington, D.C., Iowa City, Fort Worth, Quebec, and Buffalo, New York.[21] In July, he opened the Mostly Mozart Festival in a telecast Live from Lincoln Center, and then in August he performed at the Salzburg Festival with a solo recital of Barber and Mahler. In September, he sang the leading role in the world premiere of the Conrad Susa and Philip Littell's opera, The Dangerous Liaisons[22] and then in October recorded the 20 Lieder und Gesänge based on his and Dr. Renate Hilmar-Voit's research.In 1995, Hampson received two awards for his contribution to classical music: the Cannes Classical Music Award for Singer of the Year in 1994, and the Echo Music Prize for Best Male Singer. That year, he went on to perform in a number of significant productions, including Das Lied von der Erde at Carnegie Hall under the baton of James Levine, a Live from Lincoln Center telecast with Kathleen Battle,[23] a performance of Britten's War Requiem in Rome conducted by Wolfgang Sawallisch, a recital of all of Gustav Mahler's songs (Hampson's new critical edition) for the Mahler Festival at Concertgebouw, and another engagement with Sawallisch and the Philadelphia Orchestra at the Academy of Music.Hampson began to develop his interest in American Song in 1996, first with his January performance at a Gala benefit for WNET and next with the I Hear America Singing: Great Performances project, shot in May.[24] In February 1996, President Bill Clinton extended Hampson's first invitation to sing at the White House during a state dinner honoring French President Jacques Chirac.[25] Additionally, he was inducted as an Honorary Member of the Royal Academy of Music in London in June.[26] Other important appearances of Hampson's in 1996 include a series of master classes at the Mozarteum University of Salzburg, and two productions of Don Carlos in the original French (directed by Luc Bondy), one in Paris and one in London.In April 1997, he made his first performance as Eugene Onegin in Tchaikovsky's opera of the same name at the Vienna State Opera, and in May he reunited with Harnoncourt for a rare production of Schubert's Alfonso und Estrella at Theater an der Wien in Vienna. Hampson also cemented his role as an American musical fixture, first by serving as Artistic Director, Creative Consultant, and Performer on the PBS production \"Thomas Hampson: I Hear America Singing,\"[27] and next by winning EMI's Artist of the Year Award.[28] He also made his first appearance as Riccardo in Bellini's I puritani at the Metropolitan Opera, his performance being hailed as \"the most serious bel canto effort\" by the Metropolitan Opera Guild.[29] In October he débuted yet another role: Antonio in Donizetti's rarely performed Linda di Chamounix at the Vienna State Opera.Hampson began 1998 with the world premiere of Richard Danielpour's Elegies in Jacksonville, Florida and later reprised the role at Carnegie Hall.[30] In February he teamed up with Jerry Hadley, Cheryl Studer, and Craig Rutenberg to perform I Hear America Singing at the Barbican Centre in London. Late in the year, Hampson found himself engaged at the Vienna State Opera once more, this time debuting the title role of Rossini's Guillaume Tell.Early 1999 saw Hampson back at the Metropolitan Opera, this time in the title role in the baritone version of Massenet's Werther, alongside Susan Graham.[31] In April he performed with soprano Renée Fleming at the White House for a gala. In July, he made yet another role debut: Wolfram in Wagner's Tannhäuser, a role that would later win him the 2002 Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording. In August he made another debut in Busoni's Doktor Faust.[32]","title":"1990s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Center Honors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors"},{"link_name":"Elinor Remick Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Remick_Warren"},{"link_name":"Washington National Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Thaïs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tha%C3%AFs_(opera)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Arabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabella"},{"link_name":"Karita Mattila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karita_Mattila"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Cerha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Cerha"},{"link_name":"Simon Boccanegra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Boccanegra"},{"link_name":"Peter Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Stein_(director)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Rihm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Rihm"},{"link_name":"Hugo Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Wolf"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hugo-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sommerich-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canning-40"},{"link_name":"Dover Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Beach"},{"link_name":"Emerson String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eisler-41"},{"link_name":"Marthe Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marthe_Keller"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellison04-42"},{"link_name":"Otto Schenk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Schenk"},{"link_name":"Mark Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Elder"},{"link_name":"Un ballo in maschera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uthmann-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watkin-44"},{"link_name":"Heidelberger Frühling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberger_Fr%C3%BChling"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hilferty-46"},{"link_name":"Macbeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reed-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holland06-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holland07-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holland3-50"},{"link_name":"Ernani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernani"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holland08-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tommasini08-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abbot-53"},{"link_name":"Plácido Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baker09-54"},{"link_name":"Michael Daugherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Daugherty"},{"link_name":"Spokane Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane_Symphony"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woolfe-55"}],"text":"In early 2000, Hampson returned to his fascination with Gustav Mahler, performing a Mahler-centric recital at Carnegie Hall in February.[33] He also reprised his performance in Doktor Faust at the Met. That year, he served as a member of the Artistic Committee for the Kennedy Center Honors and sang at the Centennial Celebration for Elinor Remick Warren at the Washington National Cathedral. Appearing again with Renée Fleming, Hampson also put out a recording of Massenet's Thaïs late in the year.[34]In February 2001, he sang Amfortas in Wagner's Parsifal at the Paris Opera and the Royal Opera House in London, took a four-month recital tour across Europe and the U.S., performing with Vladimir Jurowski and Franz Welser-Möst.[35]2002 bore a number of role débuts, including an April performance as Mandryka in Arabella by Richard Strauss at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris alongside Karita Mattila, another as the title role in the world premiere of Friedrich Cerha's Der Riese vom Steinfeld in June, and then two performances in October: one as the title role in Verdi's Simon Boccanegra at the Vienna State Opera under the baton of Daniele Gatti and the direction of Peter Stein,[36] and one in the world premiere of Wolfgang Rihm's Sechs Gedichte von Friedrich Nietzsche in Cologne. Finally, in December, he made his first stage appearance in the role of Athanael in Thaïs at the Lyric Opera of Chicago.In 2003, Hampson performed in a recital dedicated to the works of composer Hugo Wolf, first in February at Carnegie Hall (appearing with pianist/conductor Daniel Barenboim)[37] and then at the Salzburg Festival in a piece titled \"The Hugo Wolf Project\", created by Hampson and featuring a number of his famous contemporaries.[38] That year, he also reprised his roles in Tannhäuser[39] and Don Giovanni,[40] and sang an arrangement of the poem Dover Beach with the Emerson String Quartet.[41] Later that year, he also appeared with the Vienna Philharmonic in a performance of Friedrich Cerha's Baal-Gesänge under Zubin Mehta.Hampson returned to the Metropolitan Opera in 2004 to sing the title role in Don Giovanni, directed by Marthe Keller.[42] He reprised this role again on in the Japan tour of the Vienna State Opera under the baton of Seiji Ozawa. He also appeared in Tannhäuser once more, directed by Otto Schenk and conducted by Mark Elder. That year, he also began a collaboration with the Library of Congress that led to the creation of the Hampsong Foundation.He debuted in Un ballo in maschera and another performance at the 2005 Salzburg Festival, this time as Germont in La traviata.[43] That year, he also launched his website, www.thomashampson.com. Finally, Hampson's collaboration with the Library of Congress then led him on a 12-city concert tour that extended through summer 2006.[44]In 2006, in a collaboration between the Heidelberger Frühling Festival and the Hampsong Foundation, the 200th anniversary of the printing of Des Knaben Wunderhorn was celebrated in concerts, symposium, and master classes. That year was also the 50th anniversary of the Vienna State Opera's reopening, and Hampson was invited to sing at a gala in the venue's honor.[45] Hampson also sang at the Salzburg Festival once more, this time in honor of Mozart's 250th Birthday.[46] The year's performances included the title role in Verdi's Macbeth,[47] the title role in Doktor Faust once more[48] and Mandryka in a new production of Arabella.In 2007, Hampson returned to Simon Boccanegra at the Met.[49] In May, he performed with the San Francisco Symphony at Carnegie Hall, to great praise.[50]In 2008, Hampson appeared as Carlo in a revival of Verdi's Ernani at the Metropolitan Opera.[51] He also took once more to the role of Athanael in Massenet's Thaïs, again opposite Renée Fleming[52] and sang at the opening nights of both the Metropolitan Opera and Carnegie Hall.[53] Both performances were broadcast worldwide. In June, Hampson seized control of his media output and established his own independent record label, Thomas Hampson Media (THM), re-releasing six albums through iTunes.In 2009, as part of the Metropolitan Opera's 125th Anniversary celebration, Hampson sang the last scene of Parsifal with tenor Plácido Domingo.[54] In February, he performed in the world premiere of Michael Daugherty's Letters From Lincoln with the Spokane Symphony and then as the title role in Eugene Onegin at the Met. In March, he made his role début as Scarpia in Puccini's Tosca at the Zürich Opera. In May, he held a recital at the Supreme Court of the United States. Starting in September of that year, Hampson became the New York Philharmonic's first Artist-in-Residence.[55] In November, Hampson launched www.songofamerica.net, an interactive database that details the culture and history of American Song and re-embarked on his \"Song of America\" tour, holding 13 recitals between July 2009 and February 2010.","title":"2000s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"master class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_class"},{"link_name":"Manhattan School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)"},{"link_name":"The Wound-Dresser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wound-Dresser"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tommasini10-56"},{"link_name":"Leonard Slatkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Slatkin"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Traviata-57"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Rick Rescorla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Rescorla"},{"link_name":"Christopher Theofanidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Theofanidis"},{"link_name":"9/11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woolfe11-59"},{"link_name":"WFMT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFMT"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WFMT-60"},{"link_name":"Hindemith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hindemith"},{"link_name":"Mathis der Maler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathis_der_Maler"},{"link_name":"Zurich Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurich_Opera"},{"link_name":"National Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Munich Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"Zubin Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubin_Mehta"},{"link_name":"Gustavo Dudamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Dudamel"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"Ladysmith Black Mambazo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladysmith_Black_Mambazo"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-61"},{"link_name":"Simon Boccanegra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Boccanegra"},{"link_name":"Kristine Opolais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristine_Opolais"},{"link_name":"Joseph Calleja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Calleja"},{"link_name":"Gramophone Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Honorary Doctor of Music degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Higdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Higdon"},{"link_name":"Miroslav Srnka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_Srnka"},{"link_name":"Bavarian State Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_State_Opera"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Roald Amundsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen"},{"link_name":"Rolando Villazón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolando_Villaz%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Robert Falcon Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott"},{"link_name":"Antarctic explorers' race to reach the South Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_pole_expedition"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"text":"In addition to his performance schedule, much of Hampson's modern career has centered on music scholarship and education. As such, in March 2010 he spearheaded the first-ever live streaming classical music available on a mobile app: a master class on Mahler songs, hosted by the Manhattan School of Music's Distance Learning Program. That year, he performed in the composer John Adams's 19-minute musical monologue, The Wound-Dresser.[56] He also appeared in a trouble-ridden production of La traviata that year, under the baton of Leonard Slatkin, who later removed himself from the production.[57]Also in 2010, Hampson was elected into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[58]In 2011, Hampson sang the role of Rick Rescorla in the world premiere of Christopher Theofanidis' Heart of a Soldier with the San Francisco Opera, based on a true story from 9/11.[59] Hampson continued activities in the Mahler community, performing in over 50 concerts of Mahler's music in 2011 in honor of the centennial of Mahler's death. That year also saw the debut of the Song of America radio series, co-produced by the Hampsong Foundation and the WFMT Radio Network of Chicago. Hosted by Hampson, the series consists of 13 hour-long programs exploring the history of American culture through song; it has aired in more than 200 U.S. markets.[60]Hampson's 2012 engagements included role debuts as Iago in Verdi's Otello and the title role in Hindemith's Mathis der Maler, both at Zurich Opera, and his house debut as Verdi's Macbeth at the Metropolitan Opera. Among other season highlights include concerts with the National Symphony Orchestra and Christoph Eschenbach, the Munich Philharmonic and Zubin Mehta, the Los Angeles Philharmonic and Gustavo Dudamel, the Pittsburgh Symphony and Manfred Honeck and the Israel Philharmonic and Zubin Mehta. He was featured in CNN's \"Fusion Journeys\" series, which filmed him in South Africa in a musical exchange with Ladysmith Black Mambazo.[61] In 2013, he recorded Verdi's Simon Boccanegra for Decca Classics, with costars Kristine Opolais and Joseph Calleja. That same year, he was inducted into the Gramophone Hall of Fame.He received an Honorary Doctor of Music degree from New England Conservatory in 2015, the same year that he premiered a new work by Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Jennifer Higdon at Carnegie Hall. In 2016, Hampson added another role to his operatic repertoire with the world premiere of Miroslav Srnka's South Pole at the Bavarian State Opera.[3] He starred as Roald Amundsen, opposite tenor Rolando Villazón as Robert Falcon Scott, in the real-life story of the Antarctic explorers' race to reach the South Pole. In 2017, he was awarded the Hugo-Wolf-Medaille alongside Wolfram Rieger, for their outstanding achievements in the art of song interpretation.[62]","title":"2010s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heidelberger Frühling Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberger_Fr%C3%BChling_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"Hampson received the 2020 Heidelberger Frühling Music Award.[63]","title":"2020s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrea-5"},{"link_name":"Luca Pisaroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Pisaroni"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"text":"Hampson is married to Andrea Herberstein, and has 3 step-children from her.[5] He has one daughter, Meghan, from his first marriage, which ended in divorce in 1986. His eldest daughter Catherine is married to singer Luca Pisaroni,[64] to whom she was introduced by her father. Having settled in Vienna long-term, Hampson later began dividing his time between New York City and Zürich.[65]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manhattan School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-School-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Advisory-67"},{"link_name":"Lied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lied"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leid-68"}],"text":"In addition to his performance schedule, much of Hampson's modern career has centered on music scholarship and education. In 2007, he was instated as a member of the board of the Manhattan School of Music where he is also part of the Artistic Advisory Board, positions which allow him to frequently teach master classes for the school's Distance Learning Program that are streamed live to Internet and smart phone users worldwide.[66][67]In March 2011, Hampson continued his dedication to song with the opening of the first Lied Academy as part of the Heidelberger Frühling Festival. Under the artistic direction of Hampson, and with the contribution of prominent visiting artists, such as Graham Johnson, Brigitte Fassbaender and Nikolaus Harnoncourt, the Academy each year transforms the German city into an international meeting point for the Lied.[68]","title":"Teaching and scholarship"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Repertory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)"},{"link_name":"The Wound-Dresser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wound-Dresser"},{"link_name":"Johannes Brahms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms"},{"link_name":"Ein Deutsches Requiem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_German_Requiem_(Brahms)"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Britten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Britten"},{"link_name":"War Requiem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Requiem"},{"link_name":"Aaron Copland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Copland"},{"link_name":"Old American Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_American_Songs"},{"link_name":"Michael Daugherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Daugherty"},{"link_name":"Gustav Mahler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Mahler"},{"link_name":"Das Lied von der Erde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Lied_von_der_Erde"},{"link_name":"Des Knaben Wunderhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Knaben_Wunderhorn_(Mahler)"},{"link_name":"Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieder_eines_fahrenden_Gesellen"},{"link_name":"Kindertotenlieder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindertotenlieder"},{"link_name":"Rückert-Lieder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCckert-Lieder"}],"sub_title":"Concert works","text":"John Adams, The Wound-Dresser\nJohannes Brahms, Ein Deutsches Requiem\nBenjamin Britten, War Requiem\nAaron Copland, Old American Songs\nMichael Daugherty, Letters From Lincoln (World premiere)\nGustav Mahler, Das Lied von der Erde, Des Knaben Wunderhorn, Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen, Kindertotenlieder, and Rückert-Lieder","title":"Repertory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nixon in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_in_China"},{"link_name":"Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams"},{"link_name":"I puritani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_puritani"},{"link_name":"Bellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini"},{"link_name":"Wozzeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wozzeck"},{"link_name":"Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban_Berg"},{"link_name":"Les Troyens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Troyens"},{"link_name":"Berlioz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlioz"},{"link_name":"Billy Budd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Budd_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Britten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britten"},{"link_name":"Doktor Faust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktor_Faust"},{"link_name":"Busoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni"},{"link_name":"Cerha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Cerha"},{"link_name":"Il matrimonio segreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_matrimonio_segreto"},{"link_name":"Cimarosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Cimarosa"},{"link_name":"Le roi Arthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_roi_Arthus"},{"link_name":"Chausson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Chausson"},{"link_name":"A Village Romeo and Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Village_Romeo_and_Juliet"},{"link_name":"Delius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Delius"},{"link_name":"Don Pasquale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Pasquale"},{"link_name":"Gaetano Donizetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti"},{"link_name":"L'elisir d'amore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27elisir_d%27amore"},{"link_name":"Linda di Chamounix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_di_Chamounix"},{"link_name":"Iphigénie en Tauride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphig%C3%A9nie_en_Tauride"},{"link_name":"Gluck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluck"},{"link_name":"Faust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faust_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Gounod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gounod"},{"link_name":"Giulio Cesare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Cesare"},{"link_name":"Der Prinz von Homburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Prinz_von_Homburg_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Henze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze"},{"link_name":"Mathis der Maler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathis_der_Maler_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Hindemith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hindemith"},{"link_name":"The Merry Widow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merry_Widow"},{"link_name":"Pagliacci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagliacci"},{"link_name":"Leoncavallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leoncavallo"},{"link_name":"Hérodiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rodiade"},{"link_name":"Massenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massenet"},{"link_name":"Manon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manon"},{"link_name":"Thaïs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tha%C3%AFs_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Werther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werther"},{"link_name":"Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_ritorno_d%27Ulisse_in_patria"},{"link_name":"Monteverdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monteverdi"},{"link_name":"L'Orfeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Orfeo"},{"link_name":"Così fan tutte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cos%C3%AC_fan_tutte"},{"link_name":"Der Schauspieldirektor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Schauspieldirektor"},{"link_name":"The Magic Flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Flute"},{"link_name":"Don Giovanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Giovanni"},{"link_name":"The Marriage of Figaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro"},{"link_name":"Les mamelles de Tirésias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_mamelles_de_Tir%C3%A9sias"},{"link_name":"Poulenc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poulenc"},{"link_name":"La bohème","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me"},{"link_name":"Madama Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madama_Butterfly"},{"link_name":"Manon Lescaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manon_Lescaut_(Puccini)"},{"link_name":"Tosca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosca"},{"link_name":"Dido and Aeneas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dido_and_Aeneas"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Tell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Tell"},{"link_name":"The Barber of Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Barber_of_Seville"},{"link_name":"Prima la musica e poi le parole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_la_musica_e_poi_le_parole"},{"link_name":"Die Jakobsleiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Jakobsleiter"},{"link_name":"Schoenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoenberg"},{"link_name":"Alfonso und Estrella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_und_Estrella"},{"link_name":"Fierrabras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fierrabras_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Miroslav Srnka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_Srnka"},{"link_name":"Die Fledermaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Fledermaus"},{"link_name":"Arabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabella"},{"link_name":"Ariadne auf Naxos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadne_auf_Naxos"},{"link_name":"The Dangerous Liaisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dangerous_Liaisons"},{"link_name":"Conrad Susa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Susa"},{"link_name":"King Roger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Roger"},{"link_name":"Szymanowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski"},{"link_name":"Eugene Onegin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Onegin_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Christopher Theofanidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Theofanidis"},{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(Thomas)"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambroise_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Tarik O'Regan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarik_O%27Regan"},{"link_name":"Aida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida"},{"link_name":"Don Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Carlo"},{"link_name":"Ernani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernani"},{"link_name":"Falstaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falstaff_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Il trovatore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore"},{"link_name":"I masnadieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_masnadieri"},{"link_name":"La traviata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_traviata"},{"link_name":"Macbeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)"},{"link_name":"Otello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otello"},{"link_name":"Simon Boccanegra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Boccanegra"},{"link_name":"Un ballo in maschera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera"},{"link_name":"Götterdämmerung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung"},{"link_name":"Lohengrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Tannhäuser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Rufus Wainwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_Wainwright"}],"sub_title":"Operas / operettas","text":"Richard Nixon, Nixon in China (Adams)\nRiccardo, I puritani (Bellini)\nWozzeck, Wozzeck (Berg)\nChorèbe, Les Troyens (Berlioz)\nBilly, Billy Budd (Britten)\nDr. Faust, Doktor Faust (Busoni)\nDer Riese, Der Riese vom Steinfeld (Cerha)*\nConte Robinson, Il matrimonio segreto (Cimarosa)\nLe roi Arthus, Le roi Arthus (Chausson)\nDark Fiddler, A Village Romeo and Juliet (Delius)\nMalatesta, Don Pasquale (Gaetano Donizetti)\nBelcore, L'elisir d'amore (Donizetti)\nAntonio, Linda di Chamounix (Donizetti)\nOreste, Iphigénie en Tauride (Gluck)\nValentin, Faust (Gounod)\nCesare / Achille, Giulio Cesare (Handel)\nPrinz, Der Prinz von Homburg (Henze)\nMathis, Mathis der Maler (Hindemith)\nDanilo, The Merry Widow (Lehár)\nSilvio, Pagliacci (Leoncavallo)\nHérode, Hérodiade (Massenet)\nLescaut, Manon (Massenet)\nAthanaël, Thaïs (Massenet)\nWerther / Albert, Werther (Massenet)\nUlisse, Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria (Monteverdi)\nApollo, L'Orfeo (Monteverdi)\nGuglielmo / Don Alfonso, Così fan tutte (Mozart)\nM. Vogelsang, Der Schauspieldirektor (Mozart)\nSprecher, The Magic Flute (Mozart)\nDon Giovanni, Don Giovanni (Mozart)\nCount Almaviva, The Marriage of Figaro (Mozart)\nGendarme, Les mamelles de Tirésias (Poulenc)\nMarcello / Schaunard, La bohème (Puccini)\nYamadori / Sharpless, Madama Butterfly (Puccini)\nSergeant / Lescaut, Manon Lescaut (Puccini)\nScarpia, Tosca (Puccini)\nAeneas, Dido and Aeneas (Purcell)\nTell, Guillaume Tell (Rossini)\nFigaro, The Barber of Seville (Rossini)\nPoeta, Prima la musica e poi le parole (Salieri)\nDer Auserwählte, Die Jakobsleiter (Schoenberg)\nFroila, Alfonso und Estrella (Schubert)\nRoland, Fierrabras (Schubert)\nAmundsen, South Pole (Miroslav Srnka)\nFalk, Die Fledermaus (J. Strauss II)\nMandryka, Arabella (Strauss)\nHarlekin, Ariadne auf Naxos (Strauss)\nVicomte de Valmont, The Dangerous Liaisons (Conrad Susa)*\nKing Roger, King Roger (Szymanowski)\nEugene Onegin, Eugene Onegin (Tchaikovsky)\nRick Rescorla, Heart of a Soldier (Christopher Theofanidis)*\nHamlet, Hamlet (Thomas)\nLorenzo Da Ponte, The Phoenix (Tarik O'Regan)\nAmonasro, Aida (Verdi)\nRodrigue, Don Carlo (Verdi)\nDon Carlo, Ernani (Verdi)\nFord, Falstaff (Verdi)\nIl Conte di Luna, Il trovatore (Verdi)\nFrancesco, I masnadieri (Verdi)\nGiorgio Germont, La traviata (Verdi)\nMacbeth, Macbeth (Verdi)\nIago, Otello (Verdi)\nSimon Boccanegra, Simon Boccanegra (Verdi)\nRenato, Un ballo in maschera (Verdi)\nGunther, Götterdämmerung (Wagner)\nKing's herald, Lohengrin (Wagner)\nWolfram, Tannhäuser (Wagner)\nHadrian, Hadrian (Rufus Wainwright)* indicates world premiere","title":"Repertory"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Musicals","title":"Repertory"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mozart: Così fan tutte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cos%C3%AC_fan_tutte"},{"link_name":"James Levine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Levine"},{"link_name":"The Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"Porter: Kiss me, Kate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_Me,_Kate"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Annie Get Your Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Get_Your_Gun_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Kim Criswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Criswell"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Luker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Luker"},{"link_name":"David Garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Garrison"},{"link_name":"Griffes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tomlinson_Griffes"},{"link_name":"Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ives"},{"link_name":"MacDowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_MacDowell"},{"link_name":"Lieder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lied"},{"link_name":"Delius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Delius"},{"link_name":"Sea Drift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Drift_(Delius)"},{"link_name":"Florida Suite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Suite"},{"link_name":"Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Porter"},{"link_name":"Warner Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Classics"},{"link_name":"Bernstein: Arias and Barcarolles, conducted by Michael Tilson Thomas, Deutsche Grammophon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arias_and_Barcarolles"},{"link_name":"Bernstein: On the Town, conducted by Michael Tilson Thomas, Deutsche Grammophon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Town_(Michael_Tilson_Thomas_recording)"},{"link_name":"Rossini: The Rossini Bicentennial Birthday Gala, conducted by Roger Norrington, EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rossini_Bicentennial_Birthday_Gala"},{"link_name":"Verdi:","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi"},{"link_name":"Simon Boccanegra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Boccanegra"},{"link_name":"Britten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Britten"},{"link_name":"War Requiem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Requiem"},{"link_name":"Warner Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Classics"},{"link_name":"Richard Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Grammophon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon"},{"link_name":"Autograph: Thomas Hampson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.warnerclassics.com/release/thomas-hampson-autograph"},{"link_name":"Warner Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Classics"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Le Nozze di Figaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro"},{"link_name":"Yannick Nézet-Séguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yannick_N%C3%A9zet-S%C3%A9guin"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Grammophon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon"},{"link_name":"Maciej Pikulski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maciej_Pikulski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maciej_Pikulski"},{"link_name":"Pentatone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentatone_(record_label)"},{"link_name":"Daniel Barenboim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim"},{"link_name":"Decca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"Cedille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedille_Records"},{"link_name":"Tarik O’Regan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarik_O%27Regan"},{"link_name":"John Caird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Caird_(director)"},{"link_name":"Luca Pisaroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Pisaroni"},{"link_name":"Pentatone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentatone_(record_label)"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Grammophon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon"}],"sub_title":"Select discography","text":"Mozart: Così fan tutte, conducted by James Levine, The Metropolitan Opera (1990)\nPorter: Kiss me, Kate, conducted by John McGlinn, EMI Digital, B000008HD3 (1990)\nBerlin: Annie Get Your Gun, conducted by John McGlinn, with Kim Criswell, Rebecca Luker, David Garrison, Jason Graae, EMI Classics, B000002RS4 (1991)\nAn Old Song Re-Sung, EMI Digital, B000002RRM (1991)\nGriffes, Ives, MacDowell: Lieder, with pianist Armen Guzelimian, Warner Music Spain, B000009J2V (1991)\nDelius: Sea Drift, Florida Suite, Argo, B00000E4KQ (1991)\nPorter: Night and Day, Warner Classics (1991)\nBernstein: Arias and Barcarolles, conducted by Michael Tilson Thomas, Deutsche Grammophon (1993)\nBernstein: On the Town, conducted by Michael Tilson Thomas, Deutsche Grammophon (1993)\nRossini: The Rossini Bicentennial Birthday Gala, conducted by Roger Norrington, EMI (1994)\nVerdi: Simon Boccanegra, Decca (2013)\nBritten: War Requiem: Warner Classics (2013)\nRichard Strauss: Notturno, Deutsche Grammophon, 00028947929437 (2014)\nAutograph: Thomas Hampson, Warner Classics (2015)\nMozart: Le Nozze di Figaro, conducted by Yannick Nézet-Séguin, Deutsche Grammophon, 00028947959458 (2016)\nRichard Danielpour: Songs of Solitude & War Songs, conducted by Giancarlo Guerrero, Naxos, 8.559792 (2016)\nChristmas Surprises: Sony Music (2017)\nTides of Life: Channel Classics, 0723385389170 (2017)\nSerenade. Thomas Hampson, Maciej Pikulski [fr] (piano); Pentatone PTC 5186681 (2017)\nElgar: The Dream of Gerontius, conducted by Daniel Barenboim, Decca, 4831585 (2017)\nSongs from Chicago: Thomas Hampson, Kuang-Hao Huang (piano); Cedille CDR 90000 180 (2018)\nThe Phoenix: Tarik O’Regan, John Caird, Thomas Hampson, Luca Pisaroni: Pentatone PTC 5186857 (2019)\nHope: Daniel Hope, Zürcher Kammerorchester, Thomas Hampson, vocal ensemble Amarcord, Colin Rich, Deutsche Grammophon UPC 00028948605415 (2021)","title":"Recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Metropolitan Opera Gala 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Opera_Gala_1991"},{"link_name":"James Levine's 25th Anniversary Metropolitan Opera Gala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Levine%27s_25th_Anniversary_Metropolitan_Opera_Gala"},{"link_name":"Verdi: Don Carlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Carlos"},{"link_name":"Verdi: Macbeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)"},{"link_name":"Mahler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Mahler"},{"link_name":"Des Knaben Wunderhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Knaben_Wunderhorn_(Mahler)"},{"link_name":"La Traviata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_traviata"},{"link_name":"Parsifal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsifal"}],"sub_title":"Select videography","text":"The Metropolitan Opera Gala 1991, Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4582\nJames Levine's 25th Anniversary Metropolitan Opera Gala (1996), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, B0004602-09\nVerdi: Don Carlos (1997), Kultur Video, B00008DDRK\nVerdi: Macbeth (2001), Image Entertainment, B00006LPDZ\nMahler: Des Knaben Wunderhorn – Voices of our time (2002), Alliance, B0002J9TX8\nWonderful Town (2005) - EuroArts, B0009SQC2S\nLa Traviata (2006) - Arthaus, B000CCU8SK\nParsifal (2006) - Opus Arte, OA0915D","title":"Recordings"}]

[{"image_text":"Hampson in June 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/ThomasHampson.jpg/220px-ThomasHampson.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Thomas Hampson\". Los Angeles Philharmonic. Archived from the original on September 17, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150917074911/https://www.laphil.com/philpedia/thomas-hampson","url_text":"\"Thomas Hampson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Philharmonic","url_text":"Los Angeles Philharmonic"},{"url":"http://www.laphil.com/philpedia/thomas-hampson","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About The Library of Congress Song of America Project\". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on November 9, 2014. Retrieved December 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141109175415/http://www.loc.gov/creativity/hampson/about.html","url_text":"\"About The Library of Congress Song of America Project\""},{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/creativity/hampson/about.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Singing By Radar\". VAN Magazine. March 1, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://van-us.atavist.com/thomas-hampson","url_text":"\"Singing By Radar\""}]},{"reference":"Stearns, David Patrick (December 9, 1995). \"The Schwarzkopf File\". Opera News. Retrieved December 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.operanews.com/Opera_News_Magazine/Archive/1995/12/Features/The_Schwarzkopf_File.html","url_text":"\"The Schwarzkopf File\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_News","url_text":"Opera News"}]},{"reference":"\"Mahler 'has overwhelmed my life,' singer says\". Thomas Hampson. October 13, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://thomashampson.com/2007/10/13/mahler-has-overwhelmed-my-life-singer-says/","url_text":"\"Mahler 'has overwhelmed my life,' singer says\""}]},{"reference":"Oron, Aryeh (May 2001). \"Thomas Hampson (baritone)\". Bach Cantata Website. Retrieved December 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Hampson-Thomas.htm","url_text":"\"Thomas Hampson (baritone)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Merola Alumni\". Merola Opera Program. Retrieved December 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://merolaopera.info/alumni-listings","url_text":"\"Merola Alumni\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Council Auditions, Past Winners\". The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved December 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metoperafamily.org/metopera/auditions/national/national-council-auditions-past-winners.aspx","url_text":"\"National Council Auditions, Past Winners\""}]},{"reference":"Milnes, Rodney (2002). Baritones in Opera: Profiles of Fifteen Great Baritone. London: Opera Magazine Ltd. pp. 73–79.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_(British_magazine)","url_text":"Opera Magazine Ltd."}]},{"reference":"Henahan, Donal (June 18, 1982). \"Opera: Così fan tutte\". The New York Times. 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Met\""},{"Link":"https://secure.pqarchiver.com/boston/doc/294734991.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Feb+12%2C+1993&author=Dyer%2C+Richard&pub=Boston+Globe+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=Tanglewood+season+opens+with+Studer","external_links_name":"\"Tanglewood season opens with Studer\""},{"Link":"http://nwda-db.wsulibs.wsu.edu/findaid/ark:/80444/xv42078","external_links_name":"\"Guide to the Recognitions and Honorary Degrees Records 1892–2002\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/the-classical-music-awards-1994-stars-come-together-in-a-new-wide-world-artistic-barriers-are-falling-in-a-celebration-of-the-whole-field-writes-robert-maycock-1409042.html","external_links_name":"\"The Classical Music Awards 1994: Stars come together in a new wide world: Artistic barriers are falling in a celebration of the whole field, writes Robert Maycock\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/the-classical-music-awards-1994-stars-come-together-in-a-new-wide-world-artistic-barriers-are-falling-in-a-celebration-of-the-whole-field-writes-robert-maycock-1409042.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://saintpaulsunday.publicradio.org/features/9702_hampson/thomas_hampson.htm","external_links_name":"\"Thomas Hampson, Baritone\""},{"Link":"http://archive.sfopera.com/qry3webcastlist.asp?x_OperaID=322&z_OperaID=%3D%2C%2C","external_links_name":"\"San Francisco Opera Performance Archive: The Dangerous Liaisons\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/03/arts/music-review-battle-and-hampson-all-charm-in-a-parade-of-hits.html?ref=thomashampson","external_links_name":"\"Music Review; Battle and Hampson: All Charm in a Parade of 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Data_Book_of_Ukraine

Red Data Book of Ukraine

["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]

Threatened animal list The Red Data Book of Ukraine, or literally the Red Book of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Червона книга України, Chervona knyha Ukrainy), is an official national red list of the threatened animals, plants and fungi that are protected by the law in Ukraine. State administration, conservation regulation and control of species is provided by the state institutions such as the Cabinet of Ukraine, Ministry of Ecology (Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources), and other state institutions. Scientific support for the Red Data Book is provided by the National Commission on the Red Data Book issues that prepare propositions about including and excluding species from the Red Data Book, provides control over materials' preparation, determination of edition structure and coordination of related activities. The National Commission on the Red Data Book issues is formed by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine based on its Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology and Cholodny Institute of Botany that directly conduct registry of the red data. The first edition of the Ukrainian Red Data Book was published in 1980, just couple of years after there was released the first edition of the Soviet Red Data Book. It was published by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine publishing house Naukova Dumka. In 1994 and 1996 there was released the second edition of the Book by the Ukrainian Encyclopedia. In 2009 the Third Edition of the Red Book of Ukraine was released by Global Consulting Ukraine. As of 2019 the 1369 species are protected by the Red Book of Ukraine. See also Ukrainian Encyclopedia (publishing) Red Data List References ^ Viktoriya Herasymchuk. Red Data Book – 3. The Ukrainian Week. 14 August 2009 External links "Червона книга України. Головна" (in Ukrainian and Russian). Retrieved 2015-04-28. Law of Ukraine #3055-III About the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Про Червону книгу України). Verkhovna Rada. 2002 vteThreatened species by regionBy region Blue-listed Environmental Vulnerability Index Regional Red List Australasia Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 ROTAP Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 Threatened ecological community Trade in Endangered Species Act 1989 Canada Species at Risk Act Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada Europe EAZA Ex-situ Programme Funds for Endangered Parrots South Africa Endangered Wildlife Trust UnitedStates Distinct population segment Endangered Species Act of 1973 Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978 Endangered species recovery plan Endangered Wolf Center National Wildlife Refuge NatureServe conservation status The Nature Conservancy ListsAsia List of endangered and protected species of China Endangered mammals of India List of endangered animals in India List of endemic and threatened plants of India List of endangered species in Pakistan List of threatened species of the Philippines List of endangered species in Vietnam Europe Threatened mammals of Europe Endangered plants of Europe Italy Lithuania Russia Ukraine United Kingdom North America List of endangered plants of North America List of endangered animals of North America Endangered mammals and birds of the United States List of threatened mammals of the United States List of threatened birds of the United States List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States Elsewhere Threatened fauna of Australia List of threatened flora of Australia List of endangered flora of Brazil List of threatened mammals of Brazil List of threatened birds of Brazil This article about a book on zoology or animals is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a book on botany or plants is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Ukraine-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Rights_(song)

Animal Rights (instrumental)

["1 Background","2 Track listing","3 Charts","4 References"]

2010 single by Deadmau5 and Wolfgang Gartner"Animal Rights"Single by Deadmau5 and Wolfgang Gartnerfrom the album 4×4=12 Released6 September 2010Recorded2010GenreElectro houseLength2:37 (Radio Edit)6:15 (Full Version)LabelMau5trapUltra Records (US/Canada)Virgin Records (Rest of world)Songwriter(s)Joel Zimmerman, Joey YoungmanDeadmau5 singles chronology "Some Chords" (2010) "Animal Rights" (2010) "Sofi Needs a Ladder" (2010) Wolfgang Gartner singles chronology "Conscindo"(2010) "Animal Rights"(2010) "Forever"(2011) "Animal Rights" is an instrumental by Canadian electronic music producer Deadmau5 and American DJ Wolfgang Gartner. It was released on 6 September 2010, as the 5th single from Deadmau5's fifth studio album, 4×4=12. Background The single debuted on BBC Radio 1's coverage of Creamfields 2010 on 28 August 2010, at which Deadmau5 was playing. On 1 December 2010, the song was added to BBC Radio 1's playlist. Following this, the song entered the UK Singles Chart and peaked at number 70, and also reached number 10 in the UK Dance Chart. Track listing Digital download and vinylNo.TitleLength1."Animal Rights"6:15 Promo CDNo.TitleLength1."Animal Rights (Original Mix)"6:152."Animal Rights (Radio Edit)"2:36 Charts Chart (2010) Peakposition Canadian Hot 100 (Billboard) 72 UK Singles (OCC) 70 UK Dance (OCC) 10 US Dance/Electronic Digital Songs (Billboard) 34 References ^ Mau5 It Up: New collaboration with Wolfgang Gartner previewed – ANIMAL RIGHTS / Radio 1 Show. Mau5itup.blogspot.com (28 August 2010). Retrieved on 2010-12-03. ^ Radio 1 – Playlist. BBC (24 February 2007). Retrieved on 2010-12-03. ^ "Animal Rights – Single by deadmau5 & Wolfgang Gartner on Apple Music". iTunes. 19 September 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2017. ^ "Deadmau5 – Music Chart". acharts. Retrieved 11 April 2018. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. ^ "Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. ^ "Deadmau5 chart history – Billboard". Billboard Charts. Retrieved 11 April 2018. vteDeadmau5 Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Get Scraped Vexillology Random Album Title For Lack of a Better Name 4×4=12 Album Title Goes Here While(1<2) W:/2016Album/ Kx5 Compilation albums Deadmau5 Circa 1998–2002 5 Years of Mau5 Stuff I Used to Do Where's the Drop? Mix albums At Play At Play Vol. 2 Extended plays Mau5ville: Level 1 Mau5ville: Level 2 Mau5ville: Level 3 Singles "Faxing Berlin" "Not Exactly" "Move for Me" "I Remember" "Ghosts 'n' Stuff" "Strobe" "Some Chords" "Animal Rights" "Sofi Needs a Ladder" "Raise Your Weapon" "Aural Psynapse" "Maths" "The Veldt" "Professional Griefers" "Channel 42" "Telemiscommunications" "Avaritia" "Seeya" "Infra Turbo Pigcart Racer" "Phantoms Can't Hang" "Snowcone" "Beneath with Me" "Let Go" "Legendary" "Bridged by a Lightwave" "When the Summer Dies" Other songs "A City in Florida" "4ware" "Monophobia" Related articles Mau5trap Lots of Shows in a Row Steve Duda "Happiness" Category vteWolfgang GartnerDiscographyStudio albums Weekend in America 10 Ways to Steal Home Plate Singles "Animal Rights "Forever" "We Own the Night" "Channel 42" This 2010s electronic music song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewel_Robbery

Jewel Robbery

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Response","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

1932 film Jewel RobberyTheatrical Film PosterDirected byWilliam DieterleScreenplay byErwin S. GelseyBased onEkszerrablás a Váci-uccában1931 playby Ladislas FodorBertram Bloch (1931 English adaptation)StarringWilliam PowellKay FrancisCinematographyRobert KurrleEdited byRalph DawsonMusic byBernhard KaunLeo F. ForbsteinDistributed byWarner Bros.Release date August 13, 1932 (1932-08-13) Running time70 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$291,039 Jewel Robbery is a 1932 American pre-Code romantic comedy heist film, directed by William Dieterle and starring William Powell and Kay Francis. It is based on the 1931 Hungarian play Ékszerrablás a Váci-utcában by Ladislas Fodor and its subsequent English adaptation, Jewel Robbery by Bertram Bloch. Plot Viennese Baroness Teri von Horhenfels (Kay Francis) relieves the boredom of her marriage to her rich but dull older husband (Henry Kolker) with love affairs. One day, she meets both her husband and a current lover, Paul (Hardie Albright), at an exclusive jewel shop, where the Baron is to buy her an extravagant 28-carat (5.6 g) diamond ring. While he and the shop owner retire to haggle over price, her tedium is lifted by the arrival of a suave jewel thief (William Powell) and his gang. In turn, he is entranced by her beauty and uninhibited, even cheeky, personality. He locks her husband and Paul, a young cabinet minister she has already tired of, in the vault, and forces shop owner Hollander (Lee Kohlmar) to smoke a marijuana-laced cigarette that soon makes him forget his troubles. However, she persuades the thief to leave her free, but not before he takes her ring. After misdirecting the police, Teri returns home, envied of her adventure by her equally bored but less reckless friend Marianne (Helen Vinson). A vase of flowers appears in the house but the housekeeper says no delivery was made. Teri surmises that the jewel thief has visited. She and Marianne go upstairs to discover her safe has been cracked. Initially outraged, they discover that nothing has been taken and Teri's ring has been returned. Marianne departs hastily, anxious to avoid becoming entangled in a potential scandal. The thief then enters through the window, and informs Teri that the diamonds taken from the jewel shop are hidden in the safe. He explains it is the safest place to hide them, but a flustered Teri tries to make him take the ring, since she would be considered an accomplice if it was returned to her. When he refuses to take it back, she accuses him of using her to hide out from the police. Police detective Fritz (Alan Mowbray) arrives, flushes out the robber, and takes the two into custody. However, the arrest is staged; Fritz is a member of the gang. The thief had used the fake arrest to transport Teri to his house without protest for a night of romance. She is intrigued. Instead of plunging into love-making she insists on being wooed. He shows her safe upon safe of jewels from previous heists. Aware Vienna has become too hot for him, he asks her to meet him in Nice, but she hesitates. Just then, the real police arrive and storm the place. He ties Teri up to divert suspicion then flees. Pretending to be terrified, she calls for help. After being untied, and giving a false description of the thief, she announces that she needs a vacation to recover from all the excitement, and will take the first train to Nice. She winks at the camera. Cast William Powell as The Robber Kay Francis as Baroness Teri Helen Vinson as Marianne Hardie Albright as Paul Alan Mowbray as Detective Fritz Andre Luguet as Count Andre Henry Kolker as Baron Franz Spencer Charters as Lenz Lee Kohlmar as Hollander Clarence Wilson as Prefect of Police Production The film marked the fifth of seven to pair William Powell and Kay Francis. Powell, who had recently married Carole Lombard, initially did not want to appear in the film, but he eventually accepted the role because he considered it amusing. Response In a contemporary review for The New York Times, critic Andre Sennwald wrote: "All this is nervous, brittle comedy of a sort that is sufficiently novel in the films to be stimulating. Miss Francis interprets the countess as if she were giving an imitation of an imitation, and her performance is one in which her usual intelligence and sincerity are strangely absent. An excellent subsidiary cast has been assembled, and William Dieterle's direction has the proper daintiness and wit." See also The Peterville Diamond (1942) References ^ Jewel Robbery Archived April 5, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, KayFrancisFilms.com; accessed March 16, 2014. ^ D'Onofrio, Joseph. "Jewel Robbery", TCM.com; accessed September 13, 2015. ^ Sennwald, Andre (July 23, 1932). "From the Viennese". The New York Times. p. 6. External links Jewel Robbery at IMDb Jewel Robbery at the TCM Movie Database Jewel Robbery at AllMovie Jewel Robbery at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films vteFilms directed by William Dieterle Man by the Wayside (1923) Behind the Altar (1927) The Saint and Her Fool (1928) Sex in Chains (1928) Rustle of Spring (1929) Ludwig II, King of Bavaria (1929) Triumph of Love (1929) The Brandenburg Arch (1929) Silence in the Forest (1929) The Dance Goes On (1930) Kismet (1931) The Mask Falls (1931) Demon of the Sea (1931) One Hour of Happiness (1931) The Sacred Flame (1931) The Last Flight (1931) Her Majesty, Love (1931) Man Wanted (1932) Jewel Robbery (1932) The Crash (1932) Six Hours to Live (1932) Scarlet Dawn (1932) Lawyer Man (1933) Adorable (1933) The Devil's in Love (1933) Grand Slam (1933) Female (1933) From Headquarters (1933) Fog Over Frisco (1934) Fashions of 1934 (1934) Madame Du Barry (1934) Dr. Monica (1934) The Firebird (1934) The Secret Bride (1934) A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935) Dr. Socrates (1935) The Story of Louis Pasteur (1935) The White Angel (1936) Satan Met a Lady (1936) The Great O'Malley (1937) The Prince and the Pauper (1937) Another Dawn (1937) The Life of Emile Zola (1937) Blockade (1938) Juarez (1939) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939) Dr. Ehrlich's Magic Bullet (1940) A Dispatch from Reuters (1940) The Devil and Daniel Webster (1941) Syncopation (1942) Tennessee Johnson (1943) Kismet (1944) I'll Be Seeing You (1944) Love Letters (1945) This Love of Ours (1945) The Searching Wind (1946) Duel in the Sun (1946) Portrait of Jennie (1948) The Accused (1949) Rope of Sand (1949) Paid in Full (1950) Vulcano (1950) September Affair (1950) Dark City (1950) Peking Express (1951) Red Mountain (1951) Boots Malone (1952) The Turning Point (1952) Salome (1953) Elephant Walk (1954) Magic Fire (1955) Omar Khayyam (1957) Dubrowsky (1959) Mistress of the World (1960) Carnival Confession (1960) Quick, Let's Get Married (1964)

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It is based on the 1931 Hungarian play Ékszerrablás a Váci-utcában by Ladislas Fodor and its subsequent English adaptation, Jewel Robbery by Bertram Bloch.","title":"Jewel Robbery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Viennese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Kay Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Francis"},{"link_name":"Henry Kolker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kolker"},{"link_name":"Hardie Albright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardie_Albright"},{"link_name":"William Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Powell"},{"link_name":"Lee Kohlmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Kohlmar"},{"link_name":"marijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana"},{"link_name":"Helen Vinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Vinson"},{"link_name":"Alan Mowbray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Mowbray"},{"link_name":"Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice"}],"text":"Viennese Baroness Teri von Horhenfels (Kay Francis) relieves the boredom of her marriage to her rich but dull older husband (Henry Kolker) with love affairs. One day, she meets both her husband and a current lover, Paul (Hardie Albright), at an exclusive jewel shop, where the Baron is to buy her an extravagant 28-carat (5.6 g) diamond ring. While he and the shop owner retire to haggle over price, her tedium is lifted by the arrival of a suave jewel thief (William Powell) and his gang. In turn, he is entranced by her beauty and uninhibited, even cheeky, personality. He locks her husband and Paul, a young cabinet minister she has already tired of, in the vault, and forces shop owner Hollander (Lee Kohlmar) to smoke a marijuana-laced cigarette that soon makes him forget his troubles. However, she persuades the thief to leave her free, but not before he takes her ring.After misdirecting the police, Teri returns home, envied of her adventure by her equally bored but less reckless friend Marianne (Helen Vinson). A vase of flowers appears in the house but the housekeeper says no delivery was made. Teri surmises that the jewel thief has visited. She and Marianne go upstairs to discover her safe has been cracked. Initially outraged, they discover that nothing has been taken and Teri's ring has been returned. Marianne departs hastily, anxious to avoid becoming entangled in a potential scandal. The thief then enters through the window, and informs Teri that the diamonds taken from the jewel shop are hidden in the safe. He explains it is the safest place to hide them, but a flustered Teri tries to make him take the ring, since she would be considered an accomplice if it was returned to her. When he refuses to take it back, she accuses him of using her to hide out from the police. Police detective Fritz (Alan Mowbray) arrives, flushes out the robber, and takes the two into custody.However, the arrest is staged; Fritz is a member of the gang. The thief had used the fake arrest to transport Teri to his house without protest for a night of romance. She is intrigued. Instead of plunging into love-making she insists on being wooed. He shows her safe upon safe of jewels from previous heists. Aware Vienna has become too hot for him, he asks her to meet him in Nice, but she hesitates. Just then, the real police arrive and storm the place. He ties Teri up to divert suspicion then flees. Pretending to be terrified, she calls for help. After being untied, and giving a false description of the thief, she announces that she needs a vacation to recover from all the excitement, and will take the first train to Nice. She winks at the camera.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Powell"},{"link_name":"Kay Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Francis"},{"link_name":"Helen Vinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Vinson"},{"link_name":"Hardie Albright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardie_Albright"},{"link_name":"Alan Mowbray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Mowbray"},{"link_name":"Andre Luguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Luguet"},{"link_name":"Henry Kolker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kolker"},{"link_name":"Spencer Charters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Charters"},{"link_name":"Lee Kohlmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Kohlmar"},{"link_name":"Clarence Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Wilson_(actor)"}],"text":"William Powell as The Robber\nKay Francis as Baroness Teri\nHelen Vinson as Marianne\nHardie Albright as Paul\nAlan Mowbray as Detective Fritz\nAndre Luguet as Count Andre\nHenry Kolker as Baron Franz\nSpencer Charters as Lenz\nLee Kohlmar as Hollander\nClarence Wilson as Prefect of Police","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carole Lombard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_Lombard"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcmart-2"}],"text":"The film marked the fifth of seven to pair William Powell and Kay Francis. Powell, who had recently married Carole Lombard, initially did not want to appear in the film, but he eventually accepted the role because he considered it amusing.[2]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Andre Sennwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Sennwald"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In a contemporary review for The New York Times, critic Andre Sennwald wrote: \"All this is nervous, brittle comedy of a sort that is sufficiently novel in the films to be stimulating. Miss Francis interprets the countess as if she were giving an imitation of an imitation, and her performance is one in which her usual intelligence and sincerity are strangely absent. An excellent subsidiary cast has been assembled, and William Dieterle's direction has the proper daintiness and wit.\"[3]","title":"Response"}]

[]

[{"title":"The Peterville Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peterville_Diamond"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_futurists

Russian Futurism

["1 Style","2 Name","3 Origins","4 Modernity","5 Cinema","6 Literature and typography","7 Politics","8 The Bolshevik Agit-trains","9 Demise","10 See also","11 References and sources","12 External links"]

Literary and artistic movement in the Eurasian country "Russian Futurists" redirects here. For the band, see The Russian Futurists. Group photograph of some Russian Futurists, published in their manifesto A Slap in the Face of Public Taste. Left to right: Aleksei Kruchyonykh, Vladimir Burliuk, Vladimir Mayakovsky, David Burliuk, and Benedikt Livshits. Russian Futurism is the broad term for a movement of Russian poets and artists who adopted the principles of Filippo Marinetti's "Manifesto of Futurism", which espoused the rejection of the past, and a celebration of speed, machinery, violence, youth, industry, destruction of academies, museums, and urbanism; it also advocated for modernization and cultural rejuvenation. Russian Futurism began roughly in the early 1910s; in 1912, a year after Ego-Futurism began, the literary group "Hylea"—also spelt "Guilée" and "Gylea"—issued the manifesto A Slap in the Face of Public Taste. The 1912 movement was originally called Cubo-Futurism, but this term is now used to refer to the style of art produced. Russian Futurism ended shortly after the Russian Revolution of 1917, after which former Russian Futurists either left the country, or participated in the new art movements. Notable Russian Futurists included Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov, David Burliuk, Kazimir Malevich, Vladimir Mayakovsky, and Velimir Khlebnikov. Style The Manifesto celebrated the "beauty of speed" and the machine as the new aesthetic. Marinetti explained the "beauty of speed" as "a roaring automobile is more beautiful than the Winged Victory" further asserting the movement towards the future. Artforms were greatly affected by the Russian Futurism movement within Russia, with its influences being seen in cinema, literature, typography, politics, and propaganda. The Russian Futuristic movement saw its demise in the early 1920s. Name Initially the term "futurism" was problematic, because it reminded them too much of their rivals in Italy; however, in 1911, the Ego-futurist group began. This was the first group of Russian futurism to call themselves "futurist"; shortly afterwards, many other futurists followed in using the term too. Origins The Knifegrinder (1912-13), by Kazimir Malevich, is an example how Cubism and Futurism crossed over to create Cubo-Futurism, a combined art form. Igra v Adu (A Game in Hell; Moscow 1914 edition) is an example of the collaborations of Futurist writers and visual artists. It fused Khlebnikov and Kruchenykh's poems with Goncharova's bold imagery. The most important group of Russian Futurism may be said to have been born in December 1912, when the Moscow-based literary group Hylaea (Russian: Гилея ) (initiated in 1910 by David Burlyuk and his brothers at their estate near Kherson, and quickly joined by Vasily Kamensky and Velimir Khlebnikov, with Aleksey Kruchenykh and Vladimir Mayakovsky in 1911) issued a manifesto entitled A Slap in the Face of Public Taste (Russian: Пощёчина общественному вкусу). The Russian Futurist Manifesto shared similar ideas to Marinetti's Manifesto, such as the rejection of old literature for the new and unexpected. In addition to the forenamed authors, the group included artists Mikhail Larionov, Natalia Goncharova, Kazimir Malevich, and Olga Rozanova. Although Hylaea is generally considered to be the most influential group of Russian Futurism, other groups were formed in St. Petersburg (Igor Severyanin's Ego-Futurists), Moscow (Tsentrifuga, with Boris Pasternak among its members), Kiev, Kharkiv, and Odessa. While many artforms and artists converged to create "Russian Futurism", David Burlyuk (born 1882, Ukraine) is credited with publicizing the avant-garde movement and increasing its renown within Europe and the United States. Burlyuk was a Russian poet, critic, and publisher who centralized the Russian movement. While his contribution to the arts were lesser than his peers, he was the first to discover many of the talented poets and artists associated with the movement. Burlyuk was the first to publish Velimir Khlebnikov and to celebrate the Futurist poetry of Vladimir Mayakovsky. Russian futurism also adopted ideas from "French Cubism" which coined the name "Cubo-Futurists" given by an art critic in 1913. Cubo-futurism adopted ideas from "Italian Futurism" and "French Cubism" to create its own blended style of visual art. It emphasized the breakdown of forms, the use of various viewpoints, the intersection of spatial planes, and the contrast of colour and texture. The focus was to show the intrinsic value of a painting, without it being dependent on a narrative. Modernity Like their Italian counterparts, the Russian Futurists were fascinated with the dynamism, speed, and restlessness of modern machines and urban life. They purposely sought to arouse controversy and to gain publicity by repudiating the static art of the past. The likes of Pushkin and Dostoevsky, according to A Slap in the Face of Public taste, should be "heaved overboard from the steamship of modernity". They acknowledged no authorities whatsoever; even Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, when he arrived in Russia on a proselytizing visit in 1914, was obstructed by most Russian Futurists, who did not profess to owe him anything. Cinema Russian Futurist cinema refers to the futurist movement in Soviet cinema. Russian Futurist cinema was deeply influenced by the films of Italian futurism (1916-1919) most of which are lost today. Some of the film directors identified as part of this movement are Lev Kuleshov, Dziga Vertov, Sergei Eisenstein, Vsevolod Pudovkin and Aleksandr Dovzhenko. Sergei Eisenstein's film Strike was seen as "the mordern Futurist art form par excellence." by Olga Bulgakowa. Bulgakowa theorized how the camera could change one's perceptions of reality and how it could make it seem like time was speeding up or slowing down during the film. Literature and typography In contrast to Marinetti's circle, Russian Futurism was primarily a literary rather than a plastic philosophy. Although many poets (Mayakovsky, Burlyuk) dabbled with painting, their interests were primarily literary. However, such well-established artists as Mikhail Larionov, Natalia Goncharova, and Kazimir Malevich found inspiration in the refreshing imagery of Futurist poems and experimented with versification themselves. The poets and painters collaborated on such innovative productions as the Futurist opera Victory Over the Sun, with music by Mikhail Matyushin, texts by Kruchenykh and sets contributed by Malevich. Cyclist (1913) by Natalia Goncharova. This painting is an example of how Russian Futurism affected her later works. Members of Hylaea elaborated the doctrine of Cubo-Futurism and assumed the name of budetlyane (from the Russian word budet 'will be'). They found significance in the shape of letters, in the arrangement of text around the page, in the details of typography. They considered that there is no substantial difference between words and material things, hence the poet should arrange words in his poems like the artist arranges colors and lines on his canvas. Grammar, syntax, and logic were often discarded; many neologisms and profane words were introduced; onomatopoeia was declared a universal texture of verse. Khlebnikov, in particular, developed "an incoherent and anarchic blend of words stripped of their meaning and used for their sound alone", known as zaum. Politics With all this emphasis on formal experimentation, some Futurists were not indifferent to politics. In particular, Mayakovsky's poems, with their lyrical sensibility, appealed to a broad range of readers. He vehemently opposed the meaningless slaughter of World War I and hailed the Russian Revolution as the end of that traditional mode of life which he and other Futurists ridiculed so zealously. Although never a member of the Russian Communist Party (RKP(b)), he was active in early 1919 in the attempt to set up Komfut as an organisation promoting Futurism affiliated to the Viborg District Branch of the Party. The Bolshevik Agit-trains War correspondent Arthur Ransome and five other foreigners were taken to see two of the Bolshevik propaganda trains in 1919 by their organiser, Burov. The organiser first showed them the "Lenin", which had been painted a year and a half ago when, as fading hoardings in the streets of Moscow still testify, revolutionary art was dominated by the Futurist movement. Every carriage is decorated with most striking but not very comprehensible pictures in the brightest colours, and the proletariat was called upon to enjoy what the pre-revolutionary artistic public had for the most part failed to understand. Its pictures are 'art for arts sake', and can not have done more than astonish, and perhaps terrify, the peasants and the workmen of the country towns who had the luck to see them. The "Red Cossack" was quite different. As Burov put it with deep satisfaction, "At first we were in the artists' hands, and now the artists are in our hands". Initially the artists were so revolutionary that at one point Burov had delivered the Department of Proletarian Culture some Futurists "bound hand and foot", but now "the artists had been brought under proper control". The other three trains were the "Sverdlov", the "October Revolution", and the "Red East". Demise Black Square (1915), by Kazimir Malevich, was featured at the 0,10 Exhibition, the last exhibition of Russian Futurist paintings. The exhibition was held from December 19, 1915 to January 17, 1916. After the Bolsheviks gained power, Mayakovsky's group—patronized by Anatoly Lunacharsky, Bolshevik Commissar for Education—aspired to dominate Soviet culture. Their influence was paramount during the first years after the revolution, until their program—or rather lack thereof—was subjected to scathing criticism by the authorities. By the time OBERIU attempted to revive some of the Futurist tenets during the late 1920s, the Futurist movement in Russia had already ended. The most militant Futurist poets either died (Khlebnikov, Mayakovsky) or preferred to adjust their very individual style to more conventional requirements and trends (Aseyev, Pasternak). The decline of futurism can also be seen in Russia when Kruchenykh attempted to publish Fifteen Years of Russian Futurism 1912-1927 in 1928 and the Communist Party made it clear they did not want any futurist influence in Soviet literature. This marked an abrupt fall from grace for Kruchenykh's writing and futurism as a literary movement. See also Futurism Russian avant-garde Ego-Futurism Russian cosmism Universal Flowering Cubo-Futurism References and sources References ^ a b c d Lawton, Anna, Eagle, Herbet (1988). Russian Futurism through Its Manifestoes, 1912-1928. United States: Cornell University Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN 0-8014-9492-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Severini, Gino. The Life of a Painter. Princeton. pp. 294–7. ^ Victor Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature (Yale University Press, 1990), s.v. "Hylaea", p. 197. ^ "Selected Poems with Postscript, 1907–1914". World Digital Library. 1914. Archived from the original on 28 November 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2013. ^ Gurianova, Nina "Game in Hell, Hard Work in Heaven: Deconstructing the Canon in Russian Futurist Books" The Russian avant-garde book, 1910-1934 Ed. Margit Rowell and Deborah Wye. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 2002. ^ a b c d "Cubo-Futurism | art movement". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2019. ^ "David Davidovich Burlyuk | Russian poet, painter, critic, and publisher". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2019. ^ "A Slap in the Face of Public Taste 1917". Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021. ^ Ioffe, Denis G. White, Frederick H., 1970- (2012). Russian avant-garde and radical modernism : an introductory reader. Academic Studies Press. ISBN 978-1-936235-29-2. OCLC 899529219.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Futurism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2013. ^ Jangfeldt, Bengt (1976). Majakovskij and Futurism 1917-21 (PDF). Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018. ^ a b Jonathan Smele, The "Russian" Civil Wars, 1916–1926: Ten Years that Shook the World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015; pg. 248. ^ Ransome, Arthur (2010) . The Crisis in Russia, 1920 (2 ed.). London. pp. 68, 69. ISBN 978-0-571-26907-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ a b Markov, Vladimir. (1969). Russian futurism. MacGibbon & Kee. OCLC 216203127. Sources Markov, Vladimir (1968). Russian Futurism: a History. Berkeley; Los Angeles, Ca: University of California Press. Petrova, Ye (2000) Russkiy futurizm ('Russian Futurism'). SPb. V. N. Terekhina, A. P. Zimenkov (1999) Russkiy futurizm. Teoriya. Praktika. Kritika. Vospominaniya. ('Russian Futurism. Theory. Practice. Criticism. Memoir.'). Nasledie: Moscow. External links "A Slap in the Face of Public Taste", Russian Futurist manifesto vteFuturismItalian Futurists Giacomo Balla (list of works) "Barbara" Umberto Boccioni Anton Bragaglia Benedetta Cappa Carlo Carrà Franco Casavola Nikolay Diulgheroff Luigi De Giudici F. T. Marinetti Marisa Mori Bruno Munari Aldo Palazzeschi Ugo Piatti Francesco Balilla Pratella Antonio Russolo Luigi Russolo Antonio Sant'Elia Gino Severini Ardengo Soffici Ego-Futurists Graal Arelsky Vasilisk Gnedov Boris Gusman Georgy Ivanov Igor Severyanin Dmitri Kryuchkov Konstantin Olimpov Rurik Ivnev Pavel Shirokov Russian Futurists andCubo-Futurists Alexander Archipenko Nikolai Aseev Vladimir Baranoff-Rossine Lilya Brik Osip Brik Alexander Bogomazov Kseniya Boguslavskaya David Burliuk Vladimir Burliuk Joseph Chaikov Aleksandra Ekster Nina Genke-Meller Natalia Goncharova Elena Guro Vasily Kamensky Velimir Khlebnikov Ivan Kliun Aleksei Kruchyonykh Nikolai Kulbin Mikhail Larionov Aristarkh Lentulov El Lissitzky Benedikt Livshits Kazimir Malevich Mikhail Matyushin Vladimir Mayakovsky Boris Pasternak Victor Palmov Lyubov Popova Ivan Puni Olga Rozanova Vadim Shershenevich Nadezhda Udaltsova Ilia Zdanevich (Iliazd) Aeropittura Giacomo Balla "Barbara" Benedetta Cappa Giuseppe Caselli Tullio Crali Fortunato Depero Gerardo Dottori Fillìa Sante Monachesi Marisa Mori Enrico Prampolini Other Futurists Alice Bailly Mina Loy José de Almada Negreiros C. R. W. Nevinson Emilio Pettoruti Valentine de Saint-Point Jules Schmalzigaug Mykhaylo Semenko Amadeo de Souza Cardoso Frances Simpson Stevens Mary Swanzy Růžena Zátková Techniques, sub-genresand inventions Anti-neutral suit Intonarumori Italian futurism in cinema Futurist architecture Futurist cooking Futurist literature Futurist music Noise music Zaum Selected output Abstract Speed + Sound Antigrazioso The Art of Noises BÏF§ZF+18 The City Rises Cyclist Development of a Bottle in Space Drama in the Futurists' Cabaret No. 13 Dyr bul shchyl Dynamism of a Car Dynamism of a Cyclist Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash Dynamism of a Human Body: Boxer Dynamism of a Soccer Player Dynamism of a Speeding Horse + Houses Futurist Painting: Technical Manifesto The Knifegrinder Girl Running on a Balcony The Hand of the Violinist Lacerba Manifesto of Futurism Manifesto of Futurist Musicians Mercury Passing Before the Sun The Poem of the End Poesia The Street Enters the House The Street Light Thaïs Tango with Cows Unique Forms of Continuity in Space Universal War Victory over the Sun Vladimir Mayakovsky Zangezi Zang Tumb Tumb Associated people Luisa, Marchesa Casati Gabriele D'Annunzio Sergei Diaghilev Benito Mussolini Wyndham Lewis Léonide Massine Igor Stravinsky Groups influenced Agitprop Agit-train Constructivism Dadaism Donkey's Tail Grosvenor School Jack of Diamonds Neo-Primitivism Oberiu Panfuturism Precisionism Rayonism Soyuz Molodyozhi Suprematism Supremus Vorticism See also 0,10 Exhibition 5x5=25 Cubism Divisionism Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art Le Chahut Pointillism Primitivism Robert René Meyer-Sée Russian avant-garde Russian Ballet Sackville Gallery Ukrainian avant-garde Verbovka Village Folk Centre Zveno (art) vteRussian art movements Abramtsevo Colony Acmeist poetry Russian avant-garde Second Russian Avant-Garde Conceptualism Constructivism The Five Russian Futurism Cubo-Futurism Ego-Futurism Zaum Imaginism Mir iskusstva New Peasant Poets Nonconformism OBERIU Peredvizhniki Rayonism Russian postmodernism Russian Symbolism Socialist realism Stroganov School Suprematism vteAvant-garde movementsVisual art Abstract expressionism Art Nouveau Art & Language Conceptual art Constructivism Proto-Cubism Cubism Functionalism Bauhaus Grosvenor School Devětsil Divisionism Fauvism Impressionism Neo-Impressionism Post-Impressionism Color Field Incoherents Lyrical Abstraction Mail art Minimalism Mir iskusstva Multidimensional art Neoplasticism De Stijl Neue Slowenische Kunst Nonconformism Nouveau réalisme Orphism Performance art Pop art Process art Purism Rayonism Suprematism Temporary art Vorticism Literatureand poetry Acmeism Angry Penguins Asemic writing Conceptual poetry Cyberpunk Ego-Futurism Experimental literature Flarf poetry Hungry generation Imaginism Imagism Language poets Neoavanguardia Neoteric Nouveau roman Oberiu Oulipo Slam poetry Ultraísmo Visual poetry Zaum MusicBy style Funk Jazz Free funk Yass Pop Rock Prog Punk Metal Others Aleatoric music Ars nova Ars subtilior Atonal music Electroacoustic music Electronic music Industrial music Experimental pop Free jazz Free improvisation Futurism Microtonal music Minimal music Drone music Music theatre Musique concrète New Complexity No wave Noise music Post-rock Rock in Opposition Second Viennese School Serialism Spectral music Stochastic music Textural music Totalism Twelve-tone technique Cinemaand theatre Cinéma pur Dogme 95 Drop Art Epic theatre Experimental film Experimental theatre Modernist film Poetic realism Postdramatic theatre Remodernist film Structural film Theatre of the Absurd Theatre of Cruelty General Constructivism Dada Expressionism Fluxus Futurism Russian Futurism Cubo-Futurism Lettrism Modernism Minimalism Postminimalism Neo-minimalism Neo-Dada Neoism Postmodernism Postmodernist film Late modernism Primitivism Situationist International Social realism Socialist realism Surrealism Symbolism Russian symbolism

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Russian Futurists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Russian_Futurists"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poshechina_obshestvennomu_vkusu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aleksei Kruchyonykh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksei_Kruchyonykh"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Burliuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Burliuk"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Mayakovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky"},{"link_name":"David Burliuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Burliuk"},{"link_name":"Benedikt Livshits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_Livshits"},{"link_name":"Futurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurism_(art)"},{"link_name":"Filippo Marinetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Marinetti"},{"link_name":"Manifesto of Futurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurist_Manifesto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Ego-Futurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego-Futurism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cubo-Futurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubo-Futurism"},{"link_name":"Natalia Goncharova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Larionov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Larionov"},{"link_name":"David Burliuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Burliuk"},{"link_name":"Kazimir Malevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Mayakovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky"},{"link_name":"Velimir Khlebnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velimir_Khlebnikov"}],"text":"\"Russian Futurists\" redirects here. For the band, see The Russian Futurists.Group photograph of some Russian Futurists, published in their manifesto A Slap in the Face of Public Taste. Left to right: Aleksei Kruchyonykh, Vladimir Burliuk, Vladimir Mayakovsky, David Burliuk, and Benedikt Livshits.Russian Futurism is the broad term for a movement of Russian poets and artists who adopted the principles of Filippo Marinetti's \"Manifesto of Futurism\", which espoused the rejection of the past, and a celebration of speed, machinery, violence, youth, industry, destruction of academies, museums, and urbanism;[1] it also advocated for modernization and cultural rejuvenation.Russian Futurism began roughly in the early 1910s; in 1912, a year after Ego-Futurism began, the literary group \"Hylea\"—also spelt \"Guilée\"[2] and \"Gylea\"—issued the manifesto A Slap in the Face of Public Taste. The 1912 movement was originally called Cubo-Futurism, but this term is now used to refer to the style of art produced. Russian Futurism ended shortly after the Russian Revolution of 1917, after which former Russian Futurists either left the country, or participated in the new art movements.Notable Russian Futurists included Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov, David Burliuk, Kazimir Malevich, Vladimir Mayakovsky, and Velimir Khlebnikov.","title":"Russian Futurism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The Manifesto celebrated the \"beauty of speed\" and the machine as the new aesthetic.[1] Marinetti explained the \"beauty of speed\" as \"a roaring automobile is more beautiful than the Winged Victory\" further asserting the movement towards the future. Artforms were greatly affected by the Russian Futurism movement within Russia, with its influences being seen in cinema, literature, typography, politics, and propaganda. The Russian Futuristic movement saw its demise in the early 1920s.","title":"Style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ego-futurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego-Futurism"}],"text":"Initially the term \"futurism\" was problematic, because it reminded them too much of their rivals in Italy; however, in 1911, the Ego-futurist group began. This was the first group of Russian futurism to call themselves \"futurist\"; shortly afterwards, many other futurists followed in using the term too.","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Knife_Grinder_Principle_of_Glittering_by_Kazimir_Malevich.jpeg"},{"link_name":"The Knifegrinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Knifegrinder"},{"link_name":"Kazimir Malevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich"},{"link_name":"Cubism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubism"},{"link_name":"Futurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurism"},{"link_name":"Cubo-Futurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubo-Futurism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Igra_v_adu_(Moscow,_1914)_%E2%80%93_Cover.jpg"},{"link_name":"Khlebnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velimir_Khlebnikov"},{"link_name":"Kruchenykh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksei_Kruchyonykh"},{"link_name":"Goncharova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"David Burlyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Burlyuk"},{"link_name":"Kherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherson"},{"link_name":"Vasily Kamensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Kamensky"},{"link_name":"Velimir Khlebnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velimir_Khlebnikov"},{"link_name":"Aleksey Kruchenykh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_Kruchenykh"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Mayakovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WDL-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Larionov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Larionov"},{"link_name":"Natalia Goncharova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova"},{"link_name":"Kazimir Malevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich"},{"link_name":"Olga Rozanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Rozanova"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Igor Severyanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Severyanin"},{"link_name":"Ego-Futurists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego-Futurist"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Boris Pasternak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Pasternak"},{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv"},{"link_name":"Odessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa"},{"link_name":"David Burlyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Burliuk"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Burlyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Burliuk"},{"link_name":"Velimir Khlebnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velimir_Khlebnikov"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Mayakovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Cubism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubism"},{"link_name":"Cubo-Futurists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubo-Futurism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Cubo-futurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubo-Futurism"},{"link_name":"Futurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurism"},{"link_name":"Cubism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"}],"text":"The Knifegrinder (1912-13), by Kazimir Malevich, is an example how Cubism and Futurism crossed over to create Cubo-Futurism, a combined art form.Igra v Adu (A Game in Hell; Moscow 1914 edition) is an example of the collaborations of Futurist writers and visual artists. It fused Khlebnikov and Kruchenykh's poems with Goncharova's bold imagery.The most important group of Russian Futurism may be said to have been born in December 1912, when the Moscow-based literary group Hylaea (Russian: Гилея [Gileya]) (initiated in 1910 by David Burlyuk and his brothers at their estate near Kherson, and quickly joined by Vasily Kamensky and Velimir Khlebnikov, with Aleksey Kruchenykh and Vladimir Mayakovsky in 1911)[3] issued a manifesto entitled A Slap in the Face of Public Taste (Russian: Пощёчина общественному вкусу).[4] The Russian Futurist Manifesto shared similar ideas to Marinetti's Manifesto, such as the rejection of old literature for the new and unexpected.[1]In addition to the forenamed authors, the group included artists Mikhail Larionov, Natalia Goncharova, Kazimir Malevich, and Olga Rozanova.[5]Although Hylaea is generally considered to be the most influential group of Russian Futurism, other groups were formed in St. Petersburg (Igor Severyanin's Ego-Futurists), Moscow (Tsentrifuga, with Boris Pasternak among its members), Kiev, Kharkiv, and Odessa. While many artforms and artists converged to create \"Russian Futurism\", David Burlyuk (born 1882, Ukraine) is credited with publicizing the avant-garde movement and increasing its renown within Europe and the United States.[6] Burlyuk was a Russian poet, critic, and publisher who centralized the Russian movement. While his contribution to the arts were lesser than his peers, he was the first to discover many of the talented poets and artists associated with the movement. Burlyuk was the first to publish Velimir Khlebnikov and to celebrate the Futurist poetry of Vladimir Mayakovsky.[7] Russian futurism also adopted ideas from \"French Cubism\" which coined the name \"Cubo-Futurists\" given by an art critic in 1913.[6] Cubo-futurism adopted ideas from \"Italian Futurism\" and \"French Cubism\" to create its own blended style of visual art. It emphasized the breakdown of forms, the use of various viewpoints, the intersection of spatial planes, and the contrast of colour and texture. The focus was to show the intrinsic value of a painting, without it being dependent on a narrative.[6]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pushkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushkin"},{"link_name":"Dostoevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostoevsky"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASlapInTheFaceOfPublicTaste-8"},{"link_name":"Filippo Tommaso Marinetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Like their Italian counterparts, the Russian Futurists were fascinated with the dynamism, speed, and restlessness of modern machines and urban life. They purposely sought to arouse controversy and to gain publicity by repudiating the static art of the past. The likes of Pushkin and Dostoevsky, according to A Slap in the Face of Public taste, should be \"heaved overboard from the steamship of modernity\".[8] They acknowledged no authorities whatsoever; even Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, when he arrived in Russia on a proselytizing visit in 1914, was obstructed by most Russian Futurists, who did not profess to owe him anything.[1]","title":"Modernity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"films of Italian futurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema"},{"link_name":"Lev Kuleshov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov"},{"link_name":"Dziga Vertov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dziga_Vertov"},{"link_name":"Sergei Eisenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein"},{"link_name":"Vsevolod Pudovkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Dovzhenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Dovzhenko"},{"link_name":"Sergei Eisenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Russian Futurist cinema refers to the futurist movement in Soviet cinema. Russian Futurist cinema was deeply influenced by the films of Italian futurism (1916-1919) most of which are lost today. Some of the film directors identified as part of this movement are Lev Kuleshov, Dziga Vertov, Sergei Eisenstein, Vsevolod Pudovkin and Aleksandr Dovzhenko. Sergei Eisenstein's film Strike was seen as \"the mordern Futurist art form par excellence.\" by Olga Bulgakowa. Bulgakowa theorized how the camera could change one's perceptions of reality and how it could make it seem like time was speeding up or slowing down during the film.[9]","title":"Cinema"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mikhail Larionov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Larionov"},{"link_name":"Natalia Goncharova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova"},{"link_name":"Kazimir Malevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich"},{"link_name":"Victory Over the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Over_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Matyushin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Matyushin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyclist_(Goncharova,_1913).jpg"},{"link_name":"Cyclist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclist_(painting)"},{"link_name":"Natalia Goncharova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova"},{"link_name":"Cubo-Futurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubo-Futurism"},{"link_name":"onomatopoeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomatopoeia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"zaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaum"}],"text":"In contrast to Marinetti's circle, Russian Futurism was primarily a literary rather than a plastic philosophy. Although many poets (Mayakovsky, Burlyuk) dabbled with painting, their interests were primarily literary. However, such well-established artists as Mikhail Larionov, Natalia Goncharova, and Kazimir Malevich found inspiration in the refreshing imagery of Futurist poems and experimented with versification themselves. The poets and painters collaborated on such innovative productions as the Futurist opera Victory Over the Sun, with music by Mikhail Matyushin, texts by Kruchenykh and sets contributed by Malevich.[6]Cyclist (1913) by Natalia Goncharova. This painting is an example of how Russian Futurism affected her later works.Members of Hylaea elaborated the doctrine of Cubo-Futurism and assumed the name of budetlyane (from the Russian word budet 'will be'). They found significance in the shape of letters, in the arrangement of text around the page, in the details of typography. They considered that there is no substantial difference between words and material things, hence the poet should arrange words in his poems like the artist arranges colors and lines on his canvas. Grammar, syntax, and logic were often discarded; many neologisms and profane words were introduced; onomatopoeia was declared a universal texture of verse. Khlebnikov, in particular, developed \"an incoherent and anarchic blend of words stripped of their meaning and used for their sound alone\",[10] known as zaum.","title":"Literature and typography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917"},{"link_name":"Russian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union#Early_years_(1898%E2%80%931924)"},{"link_name":"Komfut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komfut"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jangfeldt-11"}],"text":"With all this emphasis on formal experimentation, some Futurists were not indifferent to politics. In particular, Mayakovsky's poems, with their lyrical sensibility, appealed to a broad range of readers. He vehemently opposed the meaningless slaughter of World War I and hailed the Russian Revolution as the end of that traditional mode of life which he and other Futurists ridiculed so zealously. Although never a member of the Russian Communist Party (RKP(b)), he was active in early 1919 in the attempt to set up Komfut as an organisation promoting Futurism affiliated to the Viborg District Branch of the Party.[11]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Ransome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Ransome"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smele248-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smele248-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"War correspondent Arthur Ransome and five other foreigners were taken to see two of the Bolshevik propaganda trains in 1919 by their organiser, Burov. The organiser first showed them the \"Lenin\",[12] which had been painted a year and a half agowhen, as fading hoardings in the streets of Moscow still testify, revolutionary art was dominated by the Futurist movement. Every carriage is decorated with most striking but not very comprehensible pictures in the brightest colours, and the proletariat was called upon to enjoy what the pre-revolutionary artistic public had for the most part failed to understand. Its pictures are 'art for arts sake', and can not have done more than astonish, and perhaps terrify, the peasants and the workmen of the country towns who had the luck to see them.The \"Red Cossack\"[12] was quite different. As Burov put it with deep satisfaction, \"At first we were in the artists' hands, and now the artists are in our hands\". Initially the artists were so revolutionary that at one point Burov had delivered the Department of Proletarian Culture some Futurists \"bound hand and foot\", but now \"the artists had been brought under proper control\".[13]The other three trains were the \"Sverdlov\", the \"October Revolution\", and the \"Red East\".","title":"The Bolshevik Agit-trains"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kazimir_Malevich,_1915,_Black_Suprematic_Square,_oil_on_linen_canvas,_79.5_x_79.5_cm,_Tretyakov_Gallery,_Moscow.jpg"},{"link_name":"Black Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Square_(painting)"},{"link_name":"Kazimir Malevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich"},{"link_name":"0,10 Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0,10_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"Bolsheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks"},{"link_name":"Anatoly Lunacharsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Lunacharsky"},{"link_name":"Bolshevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik"},{"link_name":"Commissar for Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_Education"},{"link_name":"OBERIU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OBERIU"},{"link_name":"Aseyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Aseyev"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"Kruchenykh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksei_Kruchyonykh"},{"link_name":"Kruchenykh's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksei_Kruchyonykh"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"}],"text":"Black Square (1915), by Kazimir Malevich, was featured at the 0,10 Exhibition, the last exhibition of Russian Futurist paintings. The exhibition was held from December 19, 1915 to January 17, 1916.After the Bolsheviks gained power, Mayakovsky's group—patronized by Anatoly Lunacharsky, Bolshevik Commissar for Education—aspired to dominate Soviet culture. Their influence was paramount during the first years after the revolution, until their program—or rather lack thereof—was subjected to scathing criticism by the authorities. By the time OBERIU attempted to revive some of the Futurist tenets during the late 1920s, the Futurist movement in Russia had already ended. The most militant Futurist poets either died (Khlebnikov, Mayakovsky) or preferred to adjust their very individual style to more conventional requirements and trends (Aseyev, Pasternak).[14] The decline of futurism can also be seen in Russia when Kruchenykh attempted to publish Fifteen Years of Russian Futurism 1912-1927 in 1928 and the Communist Party made it clear they did not want any futurist influence in Soviet literature. This marked an abrupt fall from grace for Kruchenykh's writing and futurism as a literary movement.[14]","title":"Demise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8014-9492-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9492-3"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WDL_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Selected Poems with Postscript, 1907–1914\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wdl.org/en/item/9236/"},{"link_name":"World Digital Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Digital_Library"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151128120209/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9236/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"The Russian avant-garde book, 1910-1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/49779415"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_6-3"},{"link_name":"\"Cubo-Futurism | art movement\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/topic/Cubo-Futurism"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20191223165836/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cubo-Futurism"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"David Davidovich Burlyuk | Russian poet, painter, critic, and publisher\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/biography/David-Davidovich-Burlyuk"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190327203201/https://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Davidovich-Burlyuk"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ASlapInTheFaceOfPublicTaste_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"A Slap in the Face of Public Taste 1917\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.marxists.org/subject/art/literature/mayakovsky/1917/slap-in-face-public-taste.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210414110454/https://www.marxists.org/subject/art/literature/mayakovsky/1917/slap-in-face-public-taste.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-936235-29-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936235-29-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"899529219","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/899529219"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Futurism\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130102154605/http://wwwa.britannica.com/eb/article-9035727"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//wwwa.britannica.com/eb/article-9035727"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jangfeldt_11-0"},{"link_name":"Majakovskij and Futurism 1917-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//monoskop.org/images/e/e0/Jangfeldt_Bengt_Majakovskij_and_Futurism_1917-1921.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20181223211447/https://monoskop.org/images/e/e0/Jangfeldt_Bengt_Majakovskij_and_Futurism_1917-1921.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Smele248_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Smele248_12-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-571-26907-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-26907-5"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:2_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:2_14-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"216203127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/216203127"},{"link_name":"Russian Futurism: a History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/russianfuturismh0000mark/page/3/mode/1up"}],"text":"References^ a b c d Lawton, Anna, Eagle, Herbet (1988). Russian Futurism through Its Manifestoes, 1912-1928. United States: Cornell University Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN 0-8014-9492-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ Severini, Gino. The Life of a Painter. Princeton. pp. 294–7.\n\n^ Victor Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature (Yale University Press, 1990), s.v. \"Hylaea\", p. 197.\n\n^ \"Selected Poems with Postscript, 1907–1914\". World Digital Library. 1914. Archived from the original on 28 November 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2013.\n\n^ Gurianova, Nina \"Game in Hell, Hard Work in Heaven: Deconstructing the Canon in Russian Futurist Books\" The Russian avant-garde book, 1910-1934 Ed. Margit Rowell and Deborah Wye. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 2002.\n\n^ a b c d \"Cubo-Futurism | art movement\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2019.\n\n^ \"David Davidovich Burlyuk | Russian poet, painter, critic, and publisher\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2019.\n\n^ \"A Slap in the Face of Public Taste 1917\". Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.\n\n^ Ioffe, Denis G. White, Frederick H., 1970- (2012). Russian avant-garde and radical modernism : an introductory reader. Academic Studies Press. ISBN 978-1-936235-29-2. OCLC 899529219.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\n\n^ \"Futurism\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2013.\n\n^ Jangfeldt, Bengt (1976). Majakovskij and Futurism 1917-21 (PDF). Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.\n\n^ a b Jonathan Smele, The \"Russian\" Civil Wars, 1916–1926: Ten Years that Shook the World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015; pg. 248.\n\n^ Ransome, Arthur (2010) [1921]. The Crisis in Russia, 1920 (2 ed.). London. pp. 68, 69. ISBN 978-0-571-26907-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ a b Markov, Vladimir. (1969). Russian futurism. MacGibbon & Kee. OCLC 216203127.SourcesMarkov, Vladimir (1968). Russian Futurism: a History. Berkeley; Los Angeles, Ca: University of California Press.\nPetrova, Ye (2000) Russkiy futurizm ('Russian Futurism'). SPb.\nV. N. Terekhina, A. P. Zimenkov (1999) Russkiy futurizm. Teoriya. Praktika. Kritika. Vospominaniya. ('Russian Futurism. Theory. Practice. Criticism. Memoir.'). Nasledie: Moscow.","title":"References and sources"}]

[{"image_text":"Group photograph of some Russian Futurists, published in their manifesto A Slap in the Face of Public Taste. Left to right: Aleksei Kruchyonykh, Vladimir Burliuk, Vladimir Mayakovsky, David Burliuk, and Benedikt Livshits.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Poshechina_obshestvennomu_vkusu.jpg/200px-Poshechina_obshestvennomu_vkusu.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Knifegrinder (1912-13), by Kazimir Malevich, is an example how Cubism and Futurism crossed over to create Cubo-Futurism, a combined art form.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_Knife_Grinder_Principle_of_Glittering_by_Kazimir_Malevich.jpeg/220px-The_Knife_Grinder_Principle_of_Glittering_by_Kazimir_Malevich.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Igra v Adu (A Game in Hell; Moscow 1914 edition) is an example of the collaborations of Futurist writers and visual artists. It fused Khlebnikov and Kruchenykh's poems with Goncharova's bold imagery.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Igra_v_adu_%28Moscow%2C_1914%29_%E2%80%93_Cover.jpg/220px-Igra_v_adu_%28Moscow%2C_1914%29_%E2%80%93_Cover.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cyclist (1913) by Natalia Goncharova. This painting is an example of how Russian Futurism affected her later works.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cyclist_%28Goncharova%2C_1913%29.jpg/275px-Cyclist_%28Goncharova%2C_1913%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Black Square (1915), by Kazimir Malevich, was featured at the 0,10 Exhibition, the last exhibition of Russian Futurist paintings. The exhibition was held from December 19, 1915 to January 17, 1916.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kazimir_Malevich%2C_1915%2C_Black_Suprematic_Square%2C_oil_on_linen_canvas%2C_79.5_x_79.5_cm%2C_Tretyakov_Gallery%2C_Moscow.jpg/220px-Kazimir_Malevich%2C_1915%2C_Black_Suprematic_Square%2C_oil_on_linen_canvas%2C_79.5_x_79.5_cm%2C_Tretyakov_Gallery%2C_Moscow.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bila_language

Bila language

["1 Phonology","1.1 Consonants","1.2 Vowels","2 References"]

Bantu language of the northeastern DR Congo Not to be confused with Bira language, Bali language (DRC), Sua language, Kango language (Bas-Uélé District), or Bila' language. BilaForest BiraKango, SuaNative toDemocratic Republic of the CongoRegionIturi forestEthnicityKango (Wochua?)Native speakers(40,000 cited 1993–1998)Language familyNiger–Congo? Atlantic–CongoBenue–CongoBantoidBantu (Zone D.20–30)BoanBomokandianBiranBilaDialects Kango (1,000) Sua (1,000) Bombi-Ngbanja Nyaku Ibutu Language codesISO 639-3Either:bip – Bilakzy – Kango–SuaGlottologbila1255  Bilakang1285  Kangobelu1239  BelueliGuthrie codeD.211,311,313 Bila, or Forest Bira, is a Bantu language spoken in the Mambasa Territory of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is also spoken by the Mbuti Pygmies who live in that area. Pygmy groups to the west include the Kango and Sua (Batchua). Other Mbuti speak Central Sudanic languages. The Kango and Sua speak distinct dialects (southern and northern), but not enough to impair mutual intelligibility with their farming Bila patrons. Maho (2009) lists Ibutu (Mbuttu, D.313) as a distinct language. Phonology Consonants Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Labio-velar Glottal Nasal m n ɲ Plosive/Affricate plain p t t͡ʃ k k͡p prenasalized ᵐb ⁿd ᶮd͡ʒ ᵑɡ ᵑᵐɡ͡b implosive ɓ ɗ Fricative ɸ s h Lateral l Semivowel j w Vowels Front Central Back Close i u Near-close ɪ ʊ Close-mid e o Open-mid ɛ ɔ Open a References ^ Bila at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)Kango–Sua at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online ^ L'Apare est un ruisseau, affluent de l'Ituri en région des Bantous Babali. La route qui relie Bafwasende à Bomili traverse le village, où réside ce groupe de Pygmées devenus sédentaires. Dans la documentation de l'expédition de 1929 et de 1935, ils étaient désignés sous le nom de Basua Babali aux Bango wa mugwase (ou Pygmées de forêt). Après l'expédition de 1949–50, l'auteur préfère substituer à ces deux appellations, données par les Babali, leurs propres noms : les Pygmées de forêt désignent ceux de village du nom de Balioli (=Belueli) (sing. Dioy) et vice-versa ceux-ci désignent les Pygmées de forêt du nom de Bango (sing. Mwango). Serge BAHUCHET, 2006. "Languages of the African Rainforest « Pygmy » Hunter-Gatherers: Language Shifts without Cultural Admixture." In Historical linguistics and hunter-gatherers populations in global perspective. Leipzig. Kutsch Lojenga, Constance. 2003. Bila (D32). In Nurse, Derek and Philippson, Gérard (eds.), The Bantu languages, 450-474. London & New York: Routledge. vteLanguages of the PygmiesNilo-SaharanCentral Sudanic Lese Asoa Niger-CongoUbangian Baka Ganzi Gundi Gbaya Bofi Bantoid Tikar BantuZone A Mvumbo Zone B Ngom Tsogo Nzebi West Teke Punu Lumbu Myene Kaningi Rimba? Zone C Aka Mongo Ntomba Lia Bushong Zone D Bila Zone J Rundi Kiga Zone L Luba-Katanga Hemba Songe Zone M Taabwa Bemba Lenje Tonga Unclassified Rimba vteLanguages of the Democratic Republic of the CongoOfficial language French National languages Kongo Kituba Lingala Swahili Tshiluba Indigenouslanguages(by province)Bandundu Boma Chokwe Ding Hungana Kwese Lia-Ntomba Mbala Mpuono Nzadi Pende Sakata Sengele Shinji Sonde Suku Tiene Yaka Yansi Équateur Bala Bangi Bango Budza Central Banda Furu Losengo Mbaka Mbandja Mongo Mono Ndolo Ndunga Ngbaka Minagende Ngbandi Ngbinda Ngbundu Ngombe Pagibete Sango South Banda Yangere Kasai-Occidental Binji Bushong Chokwe Lele Lwalu Wongo Kasai-Oriental Budya Dengese Luna Nkutu Salampasu Songe Tetela Katanga Bangubangu Bemba Bwile Chokwe Hemba Kaonde Kebwe Luba-Katanga Lunda Ruund Sanga Tabwa Zela Yazi Kinshasa Mfinu Maniema Hendo Zimba Nord-Kivu Amba Havu Hunde Kinyarwanda Kirundi Nande Nyanga Talinga Tembo Vanuma Yaka Orientale Alur Asoa Avokaya Bangala Bangba Barambu Beeke Bila Budu Bwa Bwela Dongo Guru Hema Kaliko Kango (Bas-Uélé District) Kango (Tshopo District) Kari Kele Lendu Lese Lika Likile Linga Loki Logo Lombo Lugbara Ma Mangbetu Mangbutu Mayogo Mba Mbo Ndaka Ngbee Ngelima Nyali Nyanga-li Nzakara Omi Pambia Poke Soko Tagbo Zande Sud-Kivu Buyu Fuliiru Havu Kabwari Kinyarwanda Kirundi Shi Tembo Sign languages French African Sign vteNarrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D) (by Guthrie classification)Zone CC10 C11 Ngondi C12a Pande C12b Bogongo C13 Mbati C14 Mbomotaba C15 Bongili C16 Lobala [C101 Dibole C102 Ngando C103 Kota C104 Yaka C105 Mbenga C141 Enyele C142 Bondongo C143 Mbonzo C161 Bomboli C162 Bozaba C20 C21 Mboko C22 Akwa C23 Ngare C24 Koyo C25 Mbosi C26 Kwala C27 Kuba [C201 Bwenyi C30 C31a Loi C31b Ngiri C31c Nunu C32 Bobangi C33 Sengele C34 Sakata C35a Ntomba C35b Bolia C36a Poto C36b Mpesa C36c Mbudza C36d Mangala C36e Boloki C36f Kangana C36g Ndolo C37 Buja [C301 Doko C302 Bolondo C311 Mabaale C312 Ndoobo C313 Litoka C314 Balobo C315 Enga C321 Binza C322 Dzamba C323 Mpama C371 Tembo C372 Kunda C373 Gbuta C374 Babale C40 C41 Ngombe C42 Bwela C43 Bati C44 Boa C45 Angba [C401 Pagibete C403 Kango C411 Bomboma C412 Bamwe C413 Dzando C414 Ligendza C415 Likula C441 Bango C50 C51 Mbesa C52 So C53 Poke C54 Lombo C55 Kele C56 Foma [C501 Likile C502 Linga C60 C61a Northeast Mongo C61b Northwest Mongo C62 Lalia [C63 Ngando C611 Bafoto C70 C71 Tetela C72 Kusu C73 Nkutu C74 Yela C75 Kela C76 Ombo [C701 Langa C80 C81 Dengese C82 Songomeno C83 Busoong C84 Lele C85 Wongo Zone DD10 D11 Mbole D12 Lengola D13 Metoko D14 Enya [D141 Zura D20 D21 Bali D22 Amba D23 Komo D24 Songola D25 Lega D26 Zimba D27 Bangubangu D28a West Holoholo D28b East Holoholo [D201 Liko D211 Kango D251 Lega-Malinga D281 Tumbwe D282 Lumbwe D30 D31 Peri D32 Bira D33 Nyali [D301 Kari D302 Guru D303 Ngbinda D304 Homa D305 Nyanga-li D306 Gbati-ri D307 Mayeka D308 Bodo D311 Bila D312 Kaiku D313 Ibutu D331 Bvanuma D332 Budu D333 Ndaaka D334 Mbo D335 Beeke D336 Ngbee D40 D41 Konzo D42 Ndandi D43 Nyanga D50 D51 Hunde D52 Haavu D53 Nyabungu D54 Bembe D55 Buyi D56 Kabwari [JD501 Nyindu JD502 Yaka JD531 Tembo D60 D61 Ruanda D62 Rundi D63 Fuliiro D64 Shubi D65 Hangaza D66 Ha D67 Vinza [JD631 Vira Italics indicate extinct languages. Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. The Guthrie classification is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them. Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S) This Bantu language-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Democratic Republic of the Congo-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Hamel

Jacques Hamel

["1 Early life","2 Ministry","3 Death and legacy","3.1 Commemorations and funeral","3.2 Canonization cause","4 See also","5 References"]

Coordinates: 49°25′18″N 1°07′23″E / 49.4215304°N 1.1229655°E / 49.4215304; 1.1229655French Catholic Priest murdered during the 26 July 2016 Normandy church attack in France Servant of GodJacques HamelChurchSaint-Étienne-du-RouvrayArchdioceseArchdiocese of RouenOrdersOrdination30 June 1958by Joseph-Marie MartinPersonal detailsBorn(1930-11-30)30 November 1930Darnétal, Seine-Maritime, FranceDied26 July 2016(2016-07-26) (aged 85)Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray, FranceBuriedBasilica of Notre-Dame de Bonsecours49°25′18″N 1°07′23″E / 49.4215304°N 1.1229655°E / 49.4215304; 1.1229655NationalityFrenchDenominationRoman Catholicism Jacques Hamel (French pronunciation: ; 30 November 1930 – 26 July 2016) was a French Catholic priest who served in Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray. On 26 July 2016, Hamel was murdered during the 2016 Normandy church attack by two Muslim men pledging allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant while Hamel celebrated Mass in his church. The circumstances of his death have led him to be called a martyr by Christians, including Pope Francis, non-Christians, and the press. Calls to declare him a saint started soon after his death. The canonization cause was officially opened at diocesan level in April 2017, after Pope Francis had waived the otherwise mandatory five-year waiting period for the opening of such causes. Early life Hamel was born on 30 November 1930 in Darnétal, France. At the age of six he became a choirboy in St. Paul's Church in Rouen and at 14 he entered the minor seminary. He served in the military for 18 months in Algeria. He did not wish to be an officer as he did not want to issue orders to other men to kill. Ministry Hamel was ordained as a priest on 30 June 1958. He served as an assistant priest at the St. Antoine church in Le Petit-Quevilly from 1958, an assistant priest at the Notre-Dame de Lourdes church in Sotteville-lès-Rouen from 1967, a parish priest in Saint-Pierre-lès-Elbeuf from 1975, and a parish priest in Cléon from 1988. He joined the church in Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray in 2000. He officially retired in 2005 at the age of 75, but continued serving as the parish's assistant priest. With local imam Mohammed Karabila, the president of Normandy's regional council of Muslims, Hamel worked since early 2015 on an interfaith committee. After Hamel's death, Karabila described him as his friend with whom he had discussed religion and as also someone who gave his life for others. Death and legacy Main article: 2016 Normandy church attack Hamel died when his throat was slit by two Muslim men, Adel Kermiche and Abdel Malik Petitjean, both aged nineteen, who both pledged allegiance to the Islamic State. The attack occurred while Hamel was saying Mass in his parish in Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray on 26 July 2016. Hamel was taken hostage along with three nuns and two parishioners and said "Satan, go!" during the struggle. Commemorations and funeral A Mass was held in his memory at Notre Dame de Paris on 27 July 2016. It was celebrated by the archbishop of Paris, André Vingt-Trois, and attended by president François Hollande, prime minister Manuel Valls and ministers Jean-Marc Ayrault, Bernard Cazeneuve, Emmanuel Macron and Najat Vallaud-Belkacem, as well as former presidents Nicolas Sarkozy and Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, the Archbishop of Rouen, Dominique Lebrun, and the Apostolic Nuncio to France, Luigi Ventura. Hamel's grave at Basilique Notre-Dame de Bonsecours cemetery The Funeral Mass was held at Rouen Cathedral on 2 August 2016, drawing a crowd of thousands which included senior clerics, the French interior minister Bernard Cazeneuve and former prime minister Laurent Fabius. Pope Francis instructed Lebrun to place images of Hamel in all the local churches. In August 2016, the Italian arm of Aid to the Church in Need announced it would cover the cost of training 1,000 new priests in countries like Nigeria, Cuba, Zambia, the Democratic Republic of Congo and India in response to Hamel's murder. On August 27 of that same year, Br. Alexis Bugnolo and A. J. Baalman founded Ordo Miitaris Inc., to defend persecuted Christians in memory of Father Jacques Hamel. His legacy was also celebrated by French singer-songwriter Vianney Bureau in his song "L'homme et l'âme" which was dedicated to Père Hamel as well as victims of terror attacks throughout France. Canonization cause On the same day of the murder, public figures like the President of Lombardy, Roberto Maroni, called on Pope Francis to "immediately proclaim him St Jacques". The hashtag #santosubito ("saint now") trended on Twitter. Hamel was called a martyr by some international press shortly after his death. On 13 August, La Croix reported that archbishop Dominique Lebrun of Rouen said he thought Hamel was a martyr, but the decision to declare him so was the pope's. He added that "formally, it is the bishop of the person's place of death to initiate the procedure." Anthony Fisher, the archbishop of Sydney, suggested he died in odium fidei ("in hatred of the faith"), adding, "This is a term Catholics use to describe the characteristic death of a martyr, as one who dies for his or her faith, and because of that faith." Pope Francis celebrates a special Mass for Hamel on 14 September 2016 On 14 September 2016, Pope Francis referred to Hamel as "blessed", a title used prior to canonization. "This man accepted his martyrdom next to the martyrdom of Christ, on the altar," Pope Francis said on 14 September during a homily at a Mass held for Hamel's soul at the Vatican. "He is a martyr and martyrs are beatified," the pope continued.. Two weeks later Archbishop Lebrun announced in a homily that the Pope had formally waived the five-year waiting period needed before the start of a canonization process, and that he had decided to prepare it without delay. During Chrism Mass (on Holy Thursday, 13 April 2017), Archbishop Lebrun publicly announced the opening of the canonization cause, with all of Rouen's clergy gathered. Archbishop Lebrun also said the Pope himself allowed a photo of Hamel to be put in a church, and called him blessed. Paul Vigouroux, vice-chancellor of the diocese of Rouen, has been appointed postulator of the Cause, in charge of the local investigation. The Archdiocese of Rouen distributed a prayer to request Hamel's intercession. The prayer makes reference to the circumstances of his murder, including his unmasking of Satan, the divisor and his death in the habits of prayer. Archbishop Lebrun announced on 1 February 2019 that the diocesan inquiry for the beatification process would be solemnly closed on 9 March 2019. See also List of terrorist incidents in July 2016 Paulos Faraj Rahho Frans van der Lugt Andrea Santoro Luigi Padovese References ^ a b "Abbé Jacques Hamel Prêtre auxiliaire de la paroisse Saint-Etienne de Saint-Etienne-du-Rouvray" . Rouen Catholique (in French). 26 July 2016. Archived from the original on 26 July 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016. ^ Malzac, Marie (16 August 2016). "Le 15 août, les Rouennais ont prié sur la tombe du P. Hamel" . La Croix (in French). Retrieved 19 August 2016. ^ a b c d e f g h San Martín, Inés (14 September 2016). "Pope Calls French Priest Murdered by ISIS Loyalists a 'Martyr'". Crux. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016. ^ a b "Pour Mgr Lebrun, le P. Jacques Hamel 'est un martyr'" . La Croix (in French). 13 August 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016. ^ a b "Fr Hamel Was Martyred 'In Odium Fidei', Says Archbishop Fisher". The Catholic Herald. 27 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016. ^ a b "One Person Detained in Normandy Church Attack Investigation". The Catholic Herald. 26 July 2016. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016. ^ "Muslim Leader: The priest beheaded by ISIS is also a victim for us". Rome Reports. 8 October 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ a b Lenesley, Eloïse (26 July 2016). "Jacques Hamel, martyr du fanatisme et des lâchetés politiques" . Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 28 July 2016. ^ a b "Ouverture du procès de béatification du père Jacques Hamel". Diocèse de Rouen. 13 April 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2017. ^ a b Mora, Sergio (20 April 2017). "Official Opening of the Cause of Beatification of Father Jacques Hamel". zenit.org. Zenit. Retrieved 20 April 2017. ^ "Pope Francis green-lights opening of Fr. Jacques Hamel beatification process". Catholic News Agency. 2 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016. ^ a b c de Coustin, Paul; Théobald, Marie (26 July 2016). "Qui était le père Jacques Hamel égorgé dans son église près de Rouen?" . Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 27 July 2016. ^ a b c Henley, Jon (26 July 2016). "Father Jacques Hamel: 'A good priest … who did his job to the very end'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016. ^ Bouanchaud, Cécile; Geoffroy, Romain (7 August 2016). "Le père Jacques Hamel, 'un homme bon mais qui ne transigeait pas'". Le Monde (in French). ^ Jan De Volder; Andrea Riccardi (2016). Martyr. Vie et mort du père Jacques Hamel (in French) (Éditions du Cerf ed.). Editions du Cerf. ISBN 978-2-204-11725-8. ^ Quindroit, Anthony; Boitelle, Franck (3 August 2016). "Des milliers de fidèles hier aux obsèques du père Jacques Hamel à la cathédrale à Rouen" (in French). paris-normandie.fr. Retrieved 3 August 2016. ^ "Communiqué de presse de l'archevêque de Rouen suite à la prise d'otages de Saint-Etienne du Rouvray" . Église Catholique de Rouen (in French). 26 July 2016. Archived from the original on 26 July 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016. ^ a b Nossiter, Adam; Olivennes, Hannah (26 July 2016). "Jacques Hamel, 85, a Beloved French Priest, Killed in His Church". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016. ^ "Father Jacques Hamel: Tributes Paid to Priest Who Dedicated Life to Church". BBC News. 26 July 2016. Archived from the original on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016. ^ "El imán Mohammed Karabila se siente 'horrorizado por la muerte' de su amigo el P. Jacques Hamel" . InfoCatólica (in Spanish). Zenit. 16 August 2016. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016. ^ Mortimer, Caroline; Osborne, Samuel (27 July 2016). "France Church Attack: Normandy Attacker Identified by Authorities As 18-Year-Old Adel Kermiche". The Independent. Archived from the original on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016. ^ "French 'Priest Killer' on Probation". BBC News. 26 July 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016. ^ "France Church Attack: Killers 'Pledged Allegiance to IS' in Video". BBC News. 27 July 2016. Archived from the original on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016. ^ Willsher, Kim. "Teenagers Who Killed French Priest Made Film Declaring Allegiance to Isis". France. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016. ^ Chazan, David (26 July 2016). "Isil Knifemen 'Shouted Daesh and Slit Priest's Throat' in Normandy After Taking Nuns Hostage in Church". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 26 July 2016. ^ Willsher, Kim; Borger, Julian (26 July 2016). "Isis Attackers Forced French Priest to Kneel Before He Was Murdered, Hostage Says". France. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 July 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016. ^ a b "Hollande Attends Notre Dame Mass for Fr Jacques Hamel". BBC News. 27 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016. ^ a b c Wolf-Mandroux, Pierre (27 July 2016). "L'hommage au P. Hamel réunit politiques et religieux à Notre-Dame de Paris" . La Croix (in French). Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016. ^ "French Priest Funeral: Jacques Hamel Mourned in Rouen". BBC News. 2 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016. ^ "Thousands Attend Funeral of Father Jacques Hamel". The Guardian. Associated Press. 2 August 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016. ^ "Catholic Charity to Support Seminarians Across the World After Murder of Fr Hamel". The Catholic Herald. 11 August 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016. ^ "Ordo Militaris Inc.: About". Ordo Militaris Inc. Retrieved 16 July 2022. ^ "Quand Vianney chante pour le Père Hamel". La Croix. 26 July 2017. ^ Condon, Ed (27 July 2016). "There Can Be No Doubt That Fr Jacques Hamel Died a Martyr's Death". The Catholic Herald. Retrieved 27 July 2016. Jacques Hamel died a martyr's death. Of this there can be no question. ^ Drake, Gavin (27 July 2016). "Church Leaders Respond to Martyrdom of Father Jacques Hamel". Anglican Communion News Service. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016. ^ "French Archbishop to Reportedly Fast Track Cause of Martyred Priest". The Catholic Herald. 15 August 2016. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016. ^ O'Connell, Gerard (14 September 2016). "Pope Francis Declares Assassinated French Priest a Martyr". America. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2015. 'To kill in the name of God is satanic,' Pope Francis said as he celebrated Mass in the Vatican this morning for Father Jacques Hamel, who was assassinated in his church in France on July 26 and whom today he hailed as 'a martyr' and declared him 'blessed.' ^ a b O'Connell, Gerard (14 September 2016). "Pope Francis Declares Assassinated French Priest a Martyr". America Magazine. Retrieved 14 September 2016. To kill in the name of God is satanic," Pope Francis said as he celebrated Mass in the Vatican this morning for Father Jacques Hamel, who was assassinated in his church in France on July 26 and whom today he hailed as "a martyr" and declared him "blessed. ^ "El Papa autoriza adelantar el proceso de beatificación del cura asesinado por yihadistas" (in Spanish). Rome Reports. 4 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016. ^ "Annonce de la dispense du pape François du délai des 5 ans pour l'ouverture du procès de béatification du père Jacques Hamel" (in French). Église Catholique de Rouen. 3 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016. ^ "Cause of Fr Jacques Hamel is officially opened". The Catholic Herald. 13 April 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2017. ^ Gauthier Vaillant (13 April 2017). "Saint-Etienne-du-Rouvray : le procès en béatification du Père Hamel officiellement ouvert". La Croix. Retrieved 17 April 2017. ^ "Padre Jacques Hamel: sabato 9 marzo sessione di chiusura processo beatificazione. L'annuncio dell'arcivescovo di Rouen". Zenit News Agency. 1 February 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2019. Portals: France Catholicism Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ʒak amɛl]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"French Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne-du-Rouvray"},{"link_name":"2016 Normandy church attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Normandy_church_attack"},{"link_name":"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Martin_(2016)-3"},{"link_name":"martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_martyrs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pour_Mgr_Lebrun-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fr_Hamel_Was_Martyred-5"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Martin_(2016)-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-One_Person_Detained-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muslim_Leaders-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lenesley_(2016)-8"},{"link_name":"declare him a saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonization"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ouverture-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mora_(2017)-10"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-process-11"}],"text":"French Catholic Priest murdered during the 26 July 2016 Normandy church attack in FranceJacques Hamel (French pronunciation: [ʒak amɛl]; 30 November 1930 – 26 July 2016) was a French Catholic priest who served in Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray. On 26 July 2016, Hamel was murdered during the 2016 Normandy church attack by two Muslim men pledging allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant while Hamel celebrated Mass in his church.[3]The circumstances of his death have led him to be called a martyr by Christians,[4][5] including Pope Francis,[3] non-Christians,[6][7] and the press.[8] Calls to declare him a saint started soon after his death. The canonization cause was officially opened at diocesan level in April 2017,[9][10] after Pope Francis had waived the otherwise mandatory five-year waiting period for the opening of such causes.[11]","title":"Jacques Hamel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darnétal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darn%C3%A9tal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rouen_Catholique-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De_Coustin_&_Th%C3%A9obald_(2016)-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henley_(2016)-13"},{"link_name":"St. Paul's Church in Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%A9glise_Saint-Paul_de_Rouen"},{"link_name":"minor seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_seminary"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lemonde7aout-14"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-volder-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PNO-16"}],"text":"Hamel was born on 30 November 1930 in Darnétal, France.[1][12][13] At the age of six he became a choirboy in St. Paul's Church in Rouen and at 14 he entered the minor seminary.[14] He served in the military for 18 months in Algeria.[15] He did not wish to be an officer as he did not want to issue orders to other men to kill.[16]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De_Coustin_&_Th%C3%A9obald_(2016)-12"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press_Release-17"},{"link_name":"Le Petit-Quevilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Petit-Quevilly"},{"link_name":"Sotteville-lès-Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotteville-l%C3%A8s-Rouen"},{"link_name":"Saint-Pierre-lès-Elbeuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Pierre-l%C3%A8s-Elbeuf"},{"link_name":"Cléon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A9on"},{"link_name":"Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne-du-Rouvray"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimesabelovednossiter-18"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henley_(2016)-13"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimesabelovednossiter-18"},{"link_name":"imam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De_Coustin_&_Th%C3%A9obald_(2016)-12"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tributes_Paid_to_Priest-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-El_im%C3%A1n_Mohammed-20"}],"text":"Hamel was ordained as a priest on 30 June 1958.[12][17] He served as an assistant priest at the St. Antoine church in Le Petit-Quevilly from 1958, an assistant priest at the Notre-Dame de Lourdes church in Sotteville-lès-Rouen from 1967, a parish priest in Saint-Pierre-lès-Elbeuf from 1975, and a parish priest in Cléon from 1988. He joined the church in Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray in 2000.[18] He officially retired in 2005 at the age of 75, but continued serving as the parish's assistant priest.[13][18]With local imam Mohammed Karabila, the president of Normandy's regional council of Muslims, Hamel worked since early 2015 on an interfaith committee.[12][19] After Hamel's death, Karabila described him as his friend with whom he had discussed religion and as also someone who gave his life for others.[20]","title":"Ministry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adel Kermiche and Abdel Malik Petitjean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Normandy_church_attack#Perpetrators"},{"link_name":"Islamic State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mortimer_&_Osborner_(2016)-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-French_Priest_Killer-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-France_Church_Attack-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willsher_(2016)-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chazan_(2016)-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willsher_&_Borger_(2016)-26"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Martin_(2016)-3"}],"text":"Hamel died when his throat was slit by two Muslim men, Adel Kermiche and Abdel Malik Petitjean, both aged nineteen, who both pledged allegiance to the Islamic State.[21][22][23][24] The attack occurred while Hamel was saying Mass in his parish in Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray on 26 July 2016.[25][26] Hamel was taken hostage along with three nuns and two parishioners and said \"Satan, go!\" during the struggle.[3]","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Notre Dame de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hollande_Attends-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolf-Mandroux_(2016)-28"},{"link_name":"André Vingt-Trois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Vingt-Trois"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolf-Mandroux_(2016)-28"},{"link_name":"François Hollande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande"},{"link_name":"Manuel Valls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Valls"},{"link_name":"Jean-Marc Ayrault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marc_Ayrault"},{"link_name":"Bernard Cazeneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Cazeneuve"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Macron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron"},{"link_name":"Najat Vallaud-Belkacem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najat_Vallaud-Belkacem"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Sarkozy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy"},{"link_name":"Valéry Giscard d'Estaing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Rouen"},{"link_name":"Dominique Lebrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Lebrun"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Nuncio to France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_France"},{"link_name":"Luigi Ventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Ventura"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hollande_Attends-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolf-Mandroux_(2016)-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tombe_de_Jacques_Hamel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Basilique Notre-Dame de Bonsecours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilique_Notre-Dame_de_Bonsecours"},{"link_name":"Funeral Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral_Mass"},{"link_name":"Rouen Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Bernard Cazeneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Cazeneuve"},{"link_name":"Laurent Fabius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Fabius"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-French_Priest_Funeral-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thousands_Attand_Funeral-30"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Martin_(2016)-3"},{"link_name":"Aid to the Church in Need","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catholic_Charity_to_Support-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Vianney Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vianney_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vianney-33"}],"sub_title":"Commemorations and funeral","text":"A Mass was held in his memory at Notre Dame de Paris on 27 July 2016.[27][28] It was celebrated by the archbishop of Paris, André Vingt-Trois,[28] and attended by president François Hollande, prime minister Manuel Valls and ministers Jean-Marc Ayrault, Bernard Cazeneuve, Emmanuel Macron and Najat Vallaud-Belkacem, as well as former presidents Nicolas Sarkozy and Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, the Archbishop of Rouen, Dominique Lebrun, and the Apostolic Nuncio to France, Luigi Ventura.[27][28]Hamel's grave at Basilique Notre-Dame de Bonsecours cemeteryThe Funeral Mass was held at Rouen Cathedral on 2 August 2016, drawing a crowd of thousands which included senior clerics, the French interior minister Bernard Cazeneuve and former prime minister Laurent Fabius.[29][30] Pope Francis instructed Lebrun to place images of Hamel in all the local churches.[3]In August 2016, the Italian arm of Aid to the Church in Need announced it would cover the cost of training 1,000 new priests in countries like Nigeria, Cuba, Zambia, the Democratic Republic of Congo and India in response to Hamel's murder.[31] On August 27 of that same year, Br. Alexis Bugnolo and A. J. Baalman founded Ordo Miitaris Inc., to defend persecuted Christians in memory of Father Jacques Hamel.[32]His legacy was also celebrated by French singer-songwriter Vianney Bureau in his song \"L'homme et l'âme\" which was dedicated to Père Hamel as well as victims of terror attacks throughout France.[33]","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roberto Maroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Maroni"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-One_Person_Detained-6"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henley_(2016)-13"},{"link_name":"martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Martin_(2016)-3"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Condon_(2016)-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drake_(2016)-35"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lenesley_(2016)-8"},{"link_name":"La Croix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Croix_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Dominique Lebrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Lebrun"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pour_Mgr_Lebrun-4"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-French_Archbishop_to_Reportedly-36"},{"link_name":"Anthony Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Fisher"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fr_Hamel_Was_Martyred-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Messedem%C3%A9moireP%C3%A8reHamel-PapeFran%C3%A7ois.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Martin_(2016)-3"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Connell_(2016)-37"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Martin_(2016)-3"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-americapopefrancisdeclares-38"},{"link_name":"beatified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatification"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Martin_(2016)-3"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-americapopefrancisdeclares-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RRwaive5yr-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waive5yrper-40"},{"link_name":"Chrism Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrism_Mass"},{"link_name":"Holy Thursday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maundy_Thursday"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cause_of_Fr_Jacques-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vaillant_(2017)-42"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ouverture-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mora_(2017)-10"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSTj4-43"}],"sub_title":"Canonization cause","text":"On the same day of the murder, public figures like the President of Lombardy, Roberto Maroni, called on Pope Francis to \"immediately proclaim him St Jacques\".[6] The hashtag #santosubito (\"saint now\") trended on Twitter.[13]Hamel was called a martyr by some international press shortly after his death.[3][34][35][8] On 13 August, La Croix reported that archbishop Dominique Lebrun of Rouen said he thought Hamel was a martyr, but the decision to declare him so was the pope's.[4] He added that \"formally, it is the bishop of the person's place of death to initiate the procedure.\"[36] Anthony Fisher, the archbishop of Sydney, suggested he died in odium fidei (\"in hatred of the faith\"), adding, \"This is a term Catholics use to describe the characteristic death of a martyr, as one who dies for his or her faith, and because of that faith.\"[5]Pope Francis celebrates a special Mass for Hamel on 14 September 2016On 14 September 2016, Pope Francis referred to Hamel as \"blessed\", a title used prior to canonization.[3][37] \"This man accepted his martyrdom next to the martyrdom of Christ, on the altar,\" Pope Francis said on 14 September during a homily at a Mass held for Hamel's soul at the Vatican.[3][38] \"He is a martyr and martyrs are beatified,\" the pope continued.[3].[38] Two weeks later Archbishop Lebrun announced in a homily that the Pope had formally waived the five-year waiting period needed before the start of a canonization process, and that he had decided to prepare it without delay.[39][40]During Chrism Mass (on Holy Thursday, 13 April 2017), Archbishop Lebrun publicly announced the opening of the canonization cause, with all of Rouen's clergy gathered.[41][42] Archbishop Lebrun also said the Pope himself allowed a photo of Hamel to be put in a church, and called him blessed. Paul Vigouroux, vice-chancellor of the diocese of Rouen, has been appointed postulator of the Cause, in charge of the local investigation. The Archdiocese of Rouen distributed a prayer to request Hamel's intercession. The prayer makes reference to the circumstances of his murder, including his unmasking of Satan, the divisor and his death in the habits of prayer.[9][10]Archbishop Lebrun announced on 1 February 2019 that the diocesan inquiry for the beatification process would be solemnly closed on 9 March 2019.[43]","title":"Death and legacy"}]

[{"image_text":"Hamel's grave at Basilique Notre-Dame de Bonsecours cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Tombe_de_Jacques_Hamel.jpg/220px-Tombe_de_Jacques_Hamel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pope Francis celebrates a special Mass for Hamel on 14 September 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Messedem%C3%A9moireP%C3%A8reHamel-PapeFran%C3%A7ois.jpg/220px-Messedem%C3%A9moireP%C3%A8reHamel-PapeFran%C3%A7ois.jpg"}]

[{"title":"List of terrorist incidents in July 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_July_2016"},{"title":"Paulos Faraj Rahho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulos_Faraj_Rahho"},{"title":"Frans van der Lugt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_van_der_Lugt"},{"title":"Andrea Santoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Santoro"},{"title":"Luigi Padovese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Padovese"}]

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Jacques Hamel 'est un martyr'\" [For Bishop Lebrun, Father Jacques Hamel 'Is a Martyr']. La Croix (in French). 13 August 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.la-croix.com/France/Pour-Mgr-Lebrun-le-P-Jacques-Hamel-est-un-martyr-2016-08-13-1200782051","url_text":"\"Pour Mgr Lebrun, le P. Jacques Hamel 'est un martyr'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Croix_(newspaper)","url_text":"La Croix"}]},{"reference":"\"Fr Hamel Was Martyred 'In Odium Fidei', Says Archbishop Fisher\". The Catholic Herald. 27 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2016/07/27/fr-hamel-was-martyred-in-odium-fidei-says-archbishop-fisher/","url_text":"\"Fr Hamel Was Martyred 'In Odium Fidei', Says Archbishop Fisher\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Catholic_Herald","url_text":"The Catholic Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"One Person Detained in Normandy Church Attack Investigation\". The Catholic Herald. 26 July 2016. 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Jacques Hamel beatification process\""}]},{"reference":"de Coustin, Paul; Théobald, Marie (26 July 2016). \"Qui était le père Jacques Hamel égorgé dans son église près de Rouen?\" [Who Was This Father Jacques Hamel Who Was Murdered in His Church Near Rouen?]. Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 27 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2016/07/26/01016-20160726ARTFIG00151-qui-etait-le-pere-jacques-hamel-egorge-dans-son-eglise-pres-de-rouen.php","url_text":"\"Qui était le père Jacques Hamel égorgé dans son église près de Rouen?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Figaro","url_text":"Le Figaro"}]},{"reference":"Henley, Jon (26 July 2016). \"Father Jacques Hamel: 'A good priest … who did his job to the very end'\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 July 2016. 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Vie et mort du père Jacques Hamel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Cerf","url_text":"Éditions du Cerf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-204-11725-8","url_text":"978-2-204-11725-8"}]},{"reference":"Quindroit, Anthony; Boitelle, Franck (3 August 2016). \"Des milliers de fidèles hier aux obsèques du père Jacques Hamel à la cathédrale à Rouen\" (in French). paris-normandie.fr. 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Hamel réunit politiques et religieux à Notre-Dame de Paris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Croix_(newspaper)","url_text":"La Croix"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20160914164206/http://www.la-croix.com/Religion/France/L-hommage-au-P-Hamel-reunit-politiques-et-religieux-a-Notre-Dame-de-Paris-2016-07-27-1200778705","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"French Priest Funeral: Jacques Hamel Mourned in Rouen\". BBC News. 2 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36950521","url_text":"\"French Priest Funeral: Jacques Hamel Mourned in Rouen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Thousands Attend Funeral of Father Jacques Hamel\". The Guardian. Associated Press. 2 August 2016. 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Of this there can be no question.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/commentandblogs/2016/07/27/there-can-be-no-doubt-that-fr-jacques-hamel-died-a-martyrs-death/","url_text":"\"There Can Be No Doubt That Fr Jacques Hamel Died a Martyr's Death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Catholic_Herald","url_text":"The Catholic Herald"}]},{"reference":"Drake, Gavin (27 July 2016). \"Church Leaders Respond to Martyrdom of Father Jacques Hamel\". Anglican Communion News Service. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. 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'To kill in the name of God is satanic,' Pope Francis said as he celebrated Mass in the Vatican this morning for Father Jacques Hamel, who was assassinated in his church in France on July 26 and whom today he hailed as 'a martyr' and declared him 'blessed.'","urls":[{"url":"http://americamagazine.org/content/dispatches/pope-francis-declares-assassinated-french-priest-martyr","url_text":"\"Pope Francis Declares Assassinated French Priest a Martyr\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_(Jesuit_magazine)","url_text":"America"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160915045125/http://americamagazine.org/content/dispatches/pope-francis-declares-assassinated-french-priest-martyr","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"O'Connell, Gerard (14 September 2016). \"Pope Francis Declares Assassinated French Priest a Martyr\". America Magazine. Retrieved 14 September 2016. To kill in the name of God is satanic,\" Pope Francis said as he celebrated Mass in the Vatican this morning for Father Jacques Hamel, who was assassinated in his church in France on July 26 and whom today he hailed as \"a martyr\" and declared him \"blessed.","urls":[{"url":"http://americamagazine.org/content/dispatches/pope-francis-declares-assassinated-french-priest-martyr","url_text":"\"Pope Francis Declares Assassinated French Priest a Martyr\""}]},{"reference":"\"El Papa autoriza adelantar el proceso de beatificación del cura asesinado por yihadistas\" (in Spanish). Rome Reports. 4 October 2016. 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Retrieved 17 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2017/04/13/french-diocese-opens-cause-of-fr-jacques-hamel/","url_text":"\"Cause of Fr Jacques Hamel is officially opened\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Catholic_Herald","url_text":"The Catholic Herald"}]},{"reference":"Gauthier Vaillant (13 April 2017). \"Saint-Etienne-du-Rouvray : le procès en béatification du Père Hamel officiellement ouvert\". La Croix. Retrieved 17 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Catholicisme/France/Saint-Etienne-Rouvray-proces-beatification-Pere-Hamel-officiellement-ouvert-2017-04-13-1200839327","url_text":"\"Saint-Etienne-du-Rouvray : le procès en béatification du Père Hamel officiellement ouvert\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Croix_(newspaper)","url_text":"La Croix"}]},{"reference":"\"Padre Jacques Hamel: sabato 9 marzo sessione di chiusura processo beatificazione. L'annuncio dell'arcivescovo di Rouen\". 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Jacques Hamel beatification process\""},{"Link":"http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2016/07/26/01016-20160726ARTFIG00151-qui-etait-le-pere-jacques-hamel-egorge-dans-son-eglise-pres-de-rouen.php","external_links_name":"\"Qui était le père Jacques Hamel égorgé dans son église près de Rouen?\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/26/father-jacques-hamel-normandy-france-a-good-priest-who-did-his-job-to-the-very-end","external_links_name":"\"Father Jacques Hamel: 'A good priest … who did his job to the very end'\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20160726181531/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/26/father-jacques-hamel-normandy-france-a-good-priest-who-did-his-job-to-the-very-end","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.lemonde.fr/religions/article/2016/08/07/le-pere-jacques-hamel-un-homme-bon-mais-qui-ne-transige-pas_4979475_1653130.html","external_links_name":"\"Le père Jacques Hamel, 'un homme bon mais qui ne transigeait pas'\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pe4WDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT26","external_links_name":"Martyr. 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Hamel réunit politiques et religieux à Notre-Dame de Paris\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20160914164206/http://www.la-croix.com/Religion/France/L-hommage-au-P-Hamel-reunit-politiques-et-religieux-a-Notre-Dame-de-Paris-2016-07-27-1200778705","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36950521","external_links_name":"\"French Priest Funeral: Jacques Hamel Mourned in Rouen\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2016/aug/02/thousands-attend-funeral-of-father-jacques-hamel-video","external_links_name":"\"Thousands Attend Funeral of Father Jacques Hamel\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2016/08/11/catholic-charity-to-support-seminarians-across-the-world-after-murder-of-fr-hamel/","external_links_name":"\"Catholic Charity to Support Seminarians Across the World After Murder of Fr Hamel\""},{"Link":"https://www.ordo-militaris.us/about","external_links_name":"\"Ordo Militaris Inc.: About\""},{"Link":"https://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Catholicisme/France/Quand-Vianney-chante-pere-Hamel-2017-07-26-1200865711","external_links_name":"\"Quand Vianney chante pour le Père Hamel\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/commentandblogs/2016/07/27/there-can-be-no-doubt-that-fr-jacques-hamel-died-a-martyrs-death/","external_links_name":"\"There Can Be No Doubt That Fr Jacques Hamel Died a Martyr's Death\""},{"Link":"http://www.anglicannews.org/news/2016/07/church-leaders-respond-to-martyrdom-of-father-jacques-hamel.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Church Leaders Respond to Martyrdom of Father Jacques Hamel\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20160728153525/http://www.anglicannews.org/news/2016/07/church-leaders-respond-to-martyrdom-of-father-jacques-hamel.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2016/08/15/french-archbishop-to-reportedly-fast-track-cause-of-martyred-priest/","external_links_name":"\"French Archbishop to Reportedly Fast Track Cause of Martyred Priest\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160815191732/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2016/08/15/french-archbishop-to-reportedly-fast-track-cause-of-martyred-priest/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://americamagazine.org/content/dispatches/pope-francis-declares-assassinated-french-priest-martyr","external_links_name":"\"Pope Francis Declares Assassinated French Priest a Martyr\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160915045125/http://americamagazine.org/content/dispatches/pope-francis-declares-assassinated-french-priest-martyr","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://americamagazine.org/content/dispatches/pope-francis-declares-assassinated-french-priest-martyr","external_links_name":"\"Pope Francis Declares Assassinated French Priest a Martyr\""},{"Link":"http://www.romereports.com/2016/10/04/el-papa-autoriza-adelantar-el-proceso-de-beatificacion-del-cura-asesinado-por-yijadistas","external_links_name":"\"El Papa autoriza adelantar el proceso de beatificación del cura asesinado por yihadistas\""},{"Link":"http://rouen.catholique.fr/se-renseigner/articles/305664-annonce-de-dispense-pape-francois-delai-5-ans-louverture-proces-de-beatification-pere-jacques-hamel/","external_links_name":"\"Annonce de la dispense du pape François du délai des 5 ans pour l'ouverture du procès de béatification du père Jacques Hamel\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2017/04/13/french-diocese-opens-cause-of-fr-jacques-hamel/","external_links_name":"\"Cause of Fr Jacques Hamel is officially opened\""},{"Link":"http://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Catholicisme/France/Saint-Etienne-Rouvray-proces-beatification-Pere-Hamel-officiellement-ouvert-2017-04-13-1200839327","external_links_name":"\"Saint-Etienne-du-Rouvray : le procès en béatification du Père Hamel officiellement ouvert\""},{"Link":"https://agensir.it/quotidiano/2019/2/1/padre-jacques-hamel-sabato-9-marzo-sessione-di-chiusura-processo-beatificazione-lannuncio-dellarcivescovo-di-rouen/","external_links_name":"\"Padre Jacques Hamel: sabato 9 marzo sessione di chiusura processo beatificazione. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_35_torpedo_boat

Type 35 torpedo boat

["1 Design and description","1.1 Armament","2 Ships","3 Service","4 Notes","5 Citations","6 References","7 External links"]

Right elevation and plan of the Type 1935 Class overview Operators  Kriegsmarine  Soviet Navy Preceded byType 24 torpedo boat Succeeded byType 37 torpedo boat Built1938–1940 In commission1939–1957 Completed12 Lost8 Scrapped4 General characteristics (as built) TypeTorpedo boat Displacement 859 long tons (873 t) (standard) 1,108 long tons (1,126 t) (deep load) Length84.3 m (276 ft 7 in) o/a Beam8.62 m (28 ft 3 in) Draft2.83 m (9 ft 3 in) Installed power 4 × water-tube boilers 31,000 shp (23,000 kW) Propulsion2 × shafts; 2 × geared steam turbines Speed35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph) Range1,200 nmi (2,200 km; 1,400 mi) at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph) Complement119 Armament 1 × single 10.5 cm (4.1 in) gun 1 × single 3.7 cm (1.5 in) AA gun 2 × single 2 cm (0.8 in) AA guns 2 × triple 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes 30–60 mines The Type 35 torpedo boat was a class of a dozen torpedo boats built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine in the late 1930s. Although the first boats were completed a few months after the start of World War II in September 1939, none of them were able to participate in the Norwegian Campaign of April–June 1940. They began escorting convoys and minelayers as they laid their minefields in the North Sea and English Channel in July. Most of the boats were transferred to Norway in November where they made an unsuccessful attempt to attack shipping along the Scottish coast that saw one boat sunk. They were all refitted in early 1941 and nearly half the class was deployed afterwards in the Baltic Sea where they supported German operations after Operation Barbarossa began in June. Four of the boats were placed in reserve at one point or another during in 1941 and again in 1942, because of manpower shortages. Four others returned to France where they helped to escort a pair of commerce raiders passing through the Channel in late 1941 and were part of the escort for a pair of battleships and a heavy cruiser through the Channel back to Germany in the Channel Dash in early 1942. Two boats were the first to be assigned to the Torpedo School in mid-year and they were followed by all the others over the rest of the year and 1943. A pair of boats were sent to France in mid-1942 and were part of the escort during an unsuccessful attempt to pass one of the earlier commerce raiders back through the Channel in October. In early 1943 three boats returned to France where they were twice unsuccessful in escorting an Italian blockade runner through the Bay of Biscay into the Atlantic. By the end of the year, all of the Type 35s were either in reserve, under repair or assigned to the Torpedo School. Advancing Soviet forces caused them to be recalled to active duty during 1944 to support German forces operating in the Baltic. Three boats were lost that year to Allied bombs. The following year three more were sunk by British aircraft and two lost to Soviet mines. Three survived the war and were seized by the Allies as war reparations. Only the Soviet Union actually made use of its vessel and it was eventually used as a test ship before being scuttled during the 1950s. Design and description The 1930 London Naval Treaty had a clause that ships below 600 long tons (610 t) standard displacement did not count against the national tonnage limits, so the Kriegsmarine attempted to design a high-speed, ocean-going torpedo boat with a maximum displacement of 600 long tons. This proved to be impossible as the over-ambitious high-speed requirement demanded use of the same troublesome high-pressure boilers that were being installed in the Type 1934 destroyers. The maintenance problems with the boilers were exacerbated by the lack of access to the machinery allowed by the restricted spaces of the lightly-built and narrow hull. The naval historian M. J. Whitley deemed "the whole concept, with the benefit of hindsight, must be considered a gross waste of men and materials, for these torpedo boats were rarely employed in their designed role." The boats had an overall length of 84.3 meters (276 ft 7 in) and were 82.2 meters (269 ft 8 in) long at the waterline. After the bow was rebuilt in 1941 to improve seaworthiness, the overall length increased to 87.1 meters (285 ft 9 in). They had a beam of 8.62 meters (28 ft 3 in), and a mean draft of 2.83 meters (9 ft 3 in) at deep load and displaced 859 long tons (873 t) at standard load and 1,108 long tons (1,126 t) at deep load. Their hull was divided into 12 watertight compartments and it was fitted with a double bottom that covered 75% of their length. The boats had a metacentric height of 0.74 meters (2.4 ft). They were considered excellent sea boats and were very maneuverable. They were, however, very wet forward in a head sea until the bow was rebuilt. The crew numbered 119 officers and sailors. The Type 35s had two sets of Wagner geared steam turbines, each driving a single three-bladed 2.45–2.6-meter (8 ft 0 in – 8 ft 6 in) propeller, using steam provided by four Wagner water-tube boilers that operated at a pressure of 70 kg/cm2 (6,865 kPa; 996 psi) and a temperature of 460 °C (860 °F). The turbines were designed to produce 31,000 shaft horsepower (23,000 kW) for a speed of 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph). The boats carried a maximum of 191 metric tons (188 long tons) of fuel oil which gave a range of 1,200 nautical miles (2,200 km; 1,400 mi) at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph). Armament As built, the Type 35 class mounted a single 42-caliber 10.5 cm (4.1 in) SK C/32 gun on the stern. Its mount had a range of elevation from -10° to +50° and the gun fired 15.1-kilogram (33 lb) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 785 m/s (2,580 ft/s). It had a range of 15,175 meters (16,596 yd) at an elevation of +44.4°. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by a single 80-caliber 3.7 cm (1.5 in) SK C/30 anti-aircraft (AA) gun superfiring over the 10.5 cm gun. The hand-operated mount had a maximum elevation of 80° which gave the gun a ceiling of less than 6,800 metres (22,300 ft); horizontal range was 8,500 metres (9,300 yd) at an elevation of 35.7°. The single-shot SK C/30 fired 0.748-kilogram (1.65 lb) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 1,000 m/s (3,300 ft/s) at a rate of 30 rounds per minute. The boats were also fitted with a pair of 65-caliber 2 cm (0.8 in) C/30 AA guns on the bridge wings. The gun had an effective rate of fire of about 120 rounds per minute. Its 0.12-kilogram (0.26 lb) projectiles were fired at a muzzle velocity of 875 m/s (2,870 ft/s) which gave it a ceiling of 3,700 meters (12,100 ft) and a maximum horizontal range of 4,800 meters (5,200 yd). Each boat carried 2,000 rounds per gun. The boats were also equipped with six above-water 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes in two triple rotating mounts and could also carry 30 mines (or 60 if the weather was good). The boats used the G7a torpedo which had a 300-kilogram (660 lb) warhead and three speed/range settings: 14,000 meters (15,000 yd) at 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph); 8,000 meters (8,700 yd) at 40 knots (74 km/h; 46 mph) and 6,000 meters (6,600 yd) at 44 knots (81 km/h; 51 mph). Many boats exchanged the 3.7 cm gun for another 2 cm gun, depth charges and minesweeping paravanes before completion. Late-war additions were limited to the installation of radar, radar detectors and additional AA guns. As late as April 1944, T1, T2, T3, and T4 lacked radar and had not had their anti-aircraft suite significantly augmented. Ships Construction data Ship Builder Laid down Launched Commissioned Fate T1 Schichau, Elbing 14 November 1936 17 February 1938 1 December 1939 Sunk by aircraft, 10 April 1945 T2 7 April 1938 2 December 1939 Sunk by aircraft, 29 July 1944 T3 23 June 1938 3 February 1940 Sunk by aircraft, 19 September 1940, but raised and repaired. Sunk by mines, 14 March 1945 T4 29 December 1936 15 September 1938 27 May 1940 Transferred to US, 1945, then Denmark, 1948; scrapped, 1951 T5 Deschimag, Bremen 30 December 1936 22 November 1937 23 January 1940 Sunk by mines, 14 March 1945 T6 3 January 1937 16 December 1937 30 April 1940 Sunk by mines, 7 November 1940 T7 20 August 1937 18 June 1938 20 December 1939 Sunk by aircraft, 29 July 1944 T8 28 August 1937 10 August 1938 8 October 1939 Sunk by aircraft, 3 May 1945 T9 Schichau 24 November 1936 3 November 1938 4 July 1940 T10 19 January 1939 5 August 1940 Sunk by aircraft, 19 December 1944 T11 Deschimag 1 July 1938 1 March 1939 24 May 1940 Transferred to UK, 1946, then France; scrapped, 1951 T12 20 August 1938 12 April 1939 3 July 1940 Transferred to USSR, 1946; converted into a test ship and scuttled, 1959 Service Although the first few boats were completed at the end of 1939, maintenance problems with the boilers and modifications to the bridge and the normal issues associated with working up boats of a new class, kept them in German waters until mid-1940. Assigned to the 5th Torpedo Boat Flotilla, T2, T7 and T8 began escorting minelayers as they laid a minefield in the North Sea in August. By the end of the month, T1, T2 and T3 were assigned to the 1st Torpedo Boat Flotilla while T5, T6, T7 and T8 were assigned to the 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotilla. Both flotillas continued to escort minelayers in the North Sea and the English Channel and the Straits of Dover. T12 was transferred to Norway for convoy escort duties in September. T2 was damaged by British bombers on 9 September and returned to Germany for repairs. T3 was sunk by British bombers nine days later, although she was refloated in 1941 and towed back to Germany. By November the 1st and 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotillas with T1, T4, T6, T7, T8, T9 and T10 between them had transferred to Stavanger, Norway. On 6 November they departed in an attempt to attack two coastal convoys that had been spotted off the Scottish coast, but they ran into a British minefield that sank T6 and they returned to port after recovering the survivors. T11 remained in France until December when she began a lengthy refit in Germany. All of her sisters began their own refits between January and March 1941. After completing their refits, T2, T5, T8 and T11 supported German forces invading the Estonian islands (Operation Beowulf) in mid-September and then, reinforced by T7, they escorted the battleship Tirpitz, as it sortied into the Sea of Åland on 23–29 September to forestall any attempt by the Soviet Red Banner Baltic Fleet to breakout from the Gulf of Finland. T1, T8, T9 and T10 were reduced to reserve at some point during the year to alleviate manpower shortages. In November, T4, T7 and T12 successfully escorted the commerce raider Komet through the Channel and into the Atlantic despite an attack by British motor torpedo boats (MTBs). The following month T2, T4, T7, T12 and the torpedo boat T14 successfully did the same for the commerce raider Thor although the British failed to react. On the morning of 12 February 1942, the 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotilla (with T2, T4, T5, T11 and T12) rendezvoused with the battleships Gneisenau and Scharnhorst and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen to help escort them through the Channel to Germany in the Channel Dash. After their arrival, T4, T5, T11 and T12 were transferred to Norway for escort duties and were joined by T7 in April while T2 was reduced to reserve, followed by T11. T1 and T8 were reactivated and assigned to the Torpedo School as training ships in mid-1942. T4 returned to France in June, followed shortly afterwards by T10, and were assigned to 3rd Torpedo Boat Flotilla. The flotilla made an unsuccessful attempt to escort Komet through the Channel in October. They were intercepted by a British force of five escort destroyers and eight MTBs that sank the raider and severely damaged T10 which subsequently returned home and was paid off into reserve. T7 was briefly put in reserve in October before being assigned to the Torpedo School in January 1943. T4 and T10 returned to Germany in January and then joined T1, T7, T8 and T11 in the Torpedo School. T2 was activated and joined T9 and T12 in France in March 1943 while T5 arrived there that same month. T2, T9 and T12, all assigned to the 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotilla, were some of the escorts in late March for the Italian blockade runner, Himalaya, in her attempt to breakout through the Bay of Biscay, but the Italian ship turned back when she was spotted by a British reconnaissance aircraft. Another attempt was made several weeks later, but failed when she was spotted by British aircraft and forced to return by heavy aerial attacks. T9 and T12 sailed to Germany in May for a refit and were then assigned to the Torpedo School while T2 was transferred to the Baltic in July and was assigned to the Torpedo School in October together with T5. T3 completed her repairs in December and was then assigned to the Torpedo School. Beginning in March 1944, the boats began to return to active duty with the 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotilla escorting ships in the Baltic and supporting Axis forces against advancing Soviet troops. T8 and T10, together with the torpedo boat T30, and Finnish forces participated in a failed attempt to recapture the island of Narvi on 27/28 June. The three torpedo boats damaged a Soviet patrol boat off Narva, Estonia, on 16 July. On 29 July, T2 and T7 were sunk by American bombers attacking Bremen. Both ships were refloated, but neither was repaired. On the night of 23/24 November, the flotilla, which included T3, T5, T9 and T12, screened the heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer as she shelled Soviet positions during the evacuation of Sworbe, on the Estonian island of Ösel. T10 was damaged during a Soviet air raid on Libau, Latvia, on 15 December. She sailed to Gotenhafen for repairs and was in a floating drydock when the British bombed the port on 18 December. The drydock was badly damaged and several bombs landed between the drydock's walls and T10's hull, blowing large holes in the latter and she sank the following day. T1 and T12 were among the escorts for Prinz Eugen as she supported a German counterattack against advancing Soviet forces near Cranz, East Prussia, on 29–30 January 1945. T8 screened the heavy cruiser Lützow as she bombarded Soviet positions near Frauenburg on 8 February. While escorting a convoy on 14 March, T3 and T5 struck mines laid by a Soviet submarine and sank. T1 sank after being hit by British bombs in Kiel on the night of 9 April and T8 and T9 were sunk by British aircraft on 3 May. T4, T11 and T12 were the only Type 35s to survive the war. The first two were allocated to the United States and Great Britain when the Allies divided the surviving ships of the Kriegsmarine amongst themselves in late 1945, but their navies had no interest in them. T4 was sold to Denmark on in 1948 for use as a MTB leader, but was never commissioned and the boat was demolished in 1950–1951. The British transferred T11 to France in 1946 which renamed her Bir Hacheim. The boat was immediately placed in reserve until she was stricken on 8 October 1951 and subsequently scrapped. T12 was allocated to the Soviet Union and renamed Podvizhny in 1946. She served with the Baltic Fleet until 1949, when she seriously damaged by a boiler explosion. The boat was withdrawn from service on in 1953 and renamed Kit in 1954 for use as a vessel in simulated nuclear testing on Lake Ladoga, the boat was scuttled in shallow water in 1959. In mid-1991, the radioactively contaminated wreck was raised and towed to a different location, where it was scuttled in deeper water. Notes ^ In Kriegsmarine gun nomenclature, SK stands for Schiffskanone (ship's gun), C/32 stands for Constructionjahr (construction year) 1932. Citations ^ Whitley 1991, pp. 48–49 ^ a b c d Gröner, p. 193 ^ Whitley 1991, pp. 49, 202 ^ Sieche, p. 237 ^ Whitley 1991, p. 202 ^ Campbell, p. 219 ^ Campbell, p. 246 ^ Campbell, p. 256 ^ Campbell, p. 258 ^ Campbell, p. 263 ^ Whitley 1991, pp. 49–51; Whitley 2000, p. 71 ^ Whitley n.d., p. 21 ^ a b c d Whitley 1991, pp. 209–210 ^ Whitley 2000, p. 70 ^ Rohwer, p. 414 ^ Sources differ on the boat's fate. Possibly served until stricken in 1957 and then scrapped or served until the 1960s and scuttled, 1991 ^ Gröner, p. 194; Rohwer, pp. 35–36, 38–41; Whitley 1991, pp. 109, 114, 209–210 ^ Rohwer, pp. 99, 102, 108; Whitley 1991, pp. 116–117, 209–210 ^ Rohwer, pp. 143, 181, 202; Whitley 1991, pp. 118, 121, 209–210 ^ Rohwer, pp. 143, 188, 241, 249; Whitley 1991, pp. 118, 168, 188, 209–210 ^ Rohwer, pp. 338, 343, 374, 387, 414; Whitley 1991, pp. 117, 168, 173, 180, 209 ^ Roche, p. 76; Rohwer, pp. 387, 398, 408, 414; Whitley 1991, pp. 168, 173, 180, 188–189, 191, 199, 209–210 ^ Berezhnoy, pp. 18–19 ^ Tarasov, Oleg (10–12 April 1991). "Чёрная быль Ладоги" . Leningradskaya Pravda (in Russian). Retrieved 14 September 2018. References Berezhnoy, Sergey (1994). Трофеи и репарации ВМФ СССР (in Russian). Yakutsk: Sakhapoligrafizdat. OCLC 33334505. Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-459-4. Dodson, Aidan & Cant, Serena (2020). Spoils of War: The Fate of Enemy Fleets after Two World Wars. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-4198-1. Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 1: Major Surface Warships. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-790-9. Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la Flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours. Vol. II: 1879–2006. Toulon, France: J.-M. Roche. ISBN 2952591717. Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2. Sieche, Erwin (1980). "Germany". In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7. Whitley, M. J. (2000). Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. London: Cassell & Co. ISBN 1-85409-521-8. Whitley, M. J. (1991). German Destroyers of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-302-8. Whitley, M. J. (n.d.). The "Type 35" Torpedoboats of the Kriegsmarine. Kendal, UK: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-39-8. External links Type 35 on German Navy.de vteType 35 torpedo boats Kriegsmarine T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12  Soviet Navy Podvizhny Preceded by: Type 24 Followed by: Type 37 German torpedo boats of World War II vteGerman naval ship classes of World War IIAircraft carriers Graf Zeppelin IXV Jade XV Seydlitz XV II XV Capital ships Scharnhorst Bismarck HX OX Pre-dreadnought battleships Deutschland Heavy cruisers Deutschland Admiral Hipper PX Light cruisers Gazelle EmdenS Königsberg Leipzig MX SpähkreuzerX Destroyers Type 1934 Type 1934A Type 1936 Type 1936A/Narvik Type 1936A(Mob)/Narvik Type 1936B Type 1936CX Torpedo boats Type 23 Type 24 Type 35 Type 37 Type 39 Type 40X Type 41X Type 44X Ausland U-boats (submarines) Type I Type II Type VII Type IX Type X Type XIV Type XVII Type XXI Type XXIII Uncompleted projects Other E-boats R boats M-class minesweepers F-class escort ship Auxiliary cruisers Vorpostenboot Marinefährprahm Siebel ferry Sperrbrecher S Single ship of class X Cancelled V Conversions

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Operation Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_fleet"},{"link_name":"commerce raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_raider"},{"link_name":"battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"heavy cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Channel Dash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Dash"},{"link_name":"blockade runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_runner"},{"link_name":"Bay of Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"},{"link_name":"war reparations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_reparation"},{"link_name":"scuttled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuttled"}],"text":"They were all refitted in early 1941 and nearly half the class was deployed afterwards in the Baltic Sea where they supported German operations after Operation Barbarossa began in June. Four of the boats were placed in reserve at one point or another during in 1941 and again in 1942, because of manpower shortages. Four others returned to France where they helped to escort a pair of commerce raiders passing through the Channel in late 1941 and were part of the escort for a pair of battleships and a heavy cruiser through the Channel back to Germany in the Channel Dash in early 1942. Two boats were the first to be assigned to the Torpedo School in mid-year and they were followed by all the others over the rest of the year and 1943. A pair of boats were sent to France in mid-1942 and were part of the escort during an unsuccessful attempt to pass one of the earlier commerce raiders back through the Channel in October.In early 1943 three boats returned to France where they were twice unsuccessful in escorting an Italian blockade runner through the Bay of Biscay into the Atlantic. By the end of the year, all of the Type 35s were either in reserve, under repair or assigned to the Torpedo School. Advancing Soviet forces caused them to be recalled to active duty during 1944 to support German forces operating in the Baltic. Three boats were lost that year to Allied bombs. The following year three more were sunk by British aircraft and two lost to Soviet mines. Three survived the war and were seized by the Allies as war reparations. Only the Soviet Union actually made use of its vessel and it was eventually used as a test ship before being scuttled during the 1950s.","title":"Type 35 torpedo boat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Naval Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty"},{"link_name":"standard displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)#Standard_displacement"},{"link_name":"boilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler"},{"link_name":"Type 1934 destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_1934_destroyers"},{"link_name":"M. J. Whitley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._J._Whitley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"overall length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_overall"},{"link_name":"long at the waterline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_at_the_waterline"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(ship)"},{"link_name":"seaworthiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaworthiness"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g3-2"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(hull)"},{"link_name":"deep load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_load"},{"link_name":"long tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)"},{"link_name":"watertight compartments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watertight_compartment"},{"link_name":"double bottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bottom"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"metacentric height","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacentric_height"},{"link_name":"head sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_sea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g3-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gg7-4"},{"link_name":"steam turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine"},{"link_name":"propeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g3-2"},{"link_name":"water-tube boilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-tube_boiler"},{"link_name":"kg/cm2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram-force"},{"link_name":"kPa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)"},{"link_name":"psi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch"},{"link_name":"shaft horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Shaft_horsepower"},{"link_name":"kW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"km/h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometres_per_hour"},{"link_name":"mph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_per_hour"},{"link_name":"fuel oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil"},{"link_name":"nautical miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-w2-5"}],"text":"The 1930 London Naval Treaty had a clause that ships below 600 long tons (610 t) standard displacement did not count against the national tonnage limits, so the Kriegsmarine attempted to design a high-speed, ocean-going torpedo boat with a maximum displacement of 600 long tons. This proved to be impossible as the over-ambitious high-speed requirement demanded use of the same troublesome high-pressure boilers that were being installed in the Type 1934 destroyers. The maintenance problems with the boilers were exacerbated by the lack of access to the machinery allowed by the restricted spaces of the lightly-built and narrow hull. The naval historian M. J. Whitley deemed \"the whole concept, with the benefit of hindsight, must be considered a gross waste of men and materials, for these torpedo boats were rarely employed in their designed role.\"[1]The boats had an overall length of 84.3 meters (276 ft 7 in) and were 82.2 meters (269 ft 8 in) long at the waterline. After the bow was rebuilt in 1941 to improve seaworthiness, the overall length increased to 87.1 meters (285 ft 9 in).[2] They had a beam of 8.62 meters (28 ft 3 in), and a mean draft of 2.83 meters (9 ft 3 in) at deep load and displaced 859 long tons (873 t) at standard load and 1,108 long tons (1,126 t) at deep load. Their hull was divided into 12 watertight compartments and it was fitted with a double bottom that covered 75% of their length.[3] The boats had a metacentric height of 0.74 meters (2.4 ft). They were considered excellent sea boats and were very maneuverable. They were, however, very wet forward in a head sea until the bow was rebuilt.[2] The crew numbered 119 officers and sailors.[4]The Type 35s had two sets of Wagner geared steam turbines, each driving a single three-bladed 2.45–2.6-meter (8 ft 0 in – 8 ft 6 in) propeller,[2] using steam provided by four Wagner water-tube boilers that operated at a pressure of 70 kg/cm2 (6,865 kPa; 996 psi) and a temperature of 460 °C (860 °F). The turbines were designed to produce 31,000 shaft horsepower (23,000 kW) for a speed of 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph). The boats carried a maximum of 191 metric tons (188 long tons) of fuel oil which gave a range of 1,200 nautical miles (2,200 km; 1,400 mi) at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph).[5]","title":"Design and description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caliber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliber_(artillery)"},{"link_name":"10.5 cm (4.1 in) SK C/32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10.5_cm_SK_C/32_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern"},{"link_name":"muzzle velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle_velocity"},{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation_(ballistics)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"3.7 cm (1.5 in) SK C/30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.7_cm_SK_C/30"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft (AA) gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun"},{"link_name":"superfiring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfiring"},{"link_name":"rounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2 cm (0.8 in) C/30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_cm_FlaK_30/38/Flakvierling"},{"link_name":"bridge wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_wing"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g3-2"},{"link_name":"torpedo tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_tube"},{"link_name":"mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"},{"link_name":"G7a torpedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G7a_torpedo"},{"link_name":"warhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhead"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"depth charges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_charge"},{"link_name":"minesweeping paravanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paravane_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"radar detectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_detector"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-w1-13"}],"sub_title":"Armament","text":"As built, the Type 35 class mounted a single 42-caliber 10.5 cm (4.1 in) SK C/32[Note 1] gun on the stern. Its mount had a range of elevation from -10° to +50° and the gun fired 15.1-kilogram (33 lb) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 785 m/s (2,580 ft/s). It had a range of 15,175 meters (16,596 yd) at an elevation of +44.4°.[7]Anti-aircraft defense was provided by a single 80-caliber 3.7 cm (1.5 in) SK C/30 anti-aircraft (AA) gun superfiring over the 10.5 cm gun. The hand-operated mount had a maximum elevation of 80° which gave the gun a ceiling of less than 6,800 metres (22,300 ft); horizontal range was 8,500 metres (9,300 yd) at an elevation of 35.7°. The single-shot SK C/30 fired 0.748-kilogram (1.65 lb) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 1,000 m/s (3,300 ft/s) at a rate of 30 rounds per minute.[8] The boats were also fitted with a pair of 65-caliber 2 cm (0.8 in) C/30 AA guns on the bridge wings. The gun had an effective rate of fire of about 120 rounds per minute. Its 0.12-kilogram (0.26 lb) projectiles were fired at a muzzle velocity of 875 m/s (2,870 ft/s) which gave it a ceiling of 3,700 meters (12,100 ft) and a maximum horizontal range of 4,800 meters (5,200 yd).[9] Each boat carried 2,000 rounds per gun.[2]The boats were also equipped with six above-water 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes in two triple rotating mounts and could also carry 30 mines (or 60 if the weather was good). The boats used the G7a torpedo which had a 300-kilogram (660 lb) warhead and three speed/range settings: 14,000 meters (15,000 yd) at 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph); 8,000 meters (8,700 yd) at 40 knots (74 km/h; 46 mph) and 6,000 meters (6,600 yd) at 44 knots (81 km/h; 51 mph).[10]Many boats exchanged the 3.7 cm gun for another 2 cm gun, depth charges and minesweeping paravanes before completion. Late-war additions were limited to the installation of radar, radar detectors and additional AA guns.[11] As late as April 1944, T1, T2, T3, and T4 lacked radar and had not had their anti-aircraft suite significantly augmented.[12]","title":"Design and description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"working up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M-Z)#W"},{"link_name":"Straits of Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Dover"},{"link_name":"Stavanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Operation Beowulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Beowulf"},{"link_name":"Tirpitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_battleship_Tirpitz"},{"link_name":"sortied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortie"},{"link_name":"Sea of Åland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_%C3%85land"},{"link_name":"Red Banner Baltic Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Banner_Baltic_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Komet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_auxiliary_cruiser_Komet"},{"link_name":"motor torpedo boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_torpedo_boat"},{"link_name":"T14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_torpedo_boat_T14"},{"link_name":"Thor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_auxiliary_cruiser_Thor"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Gneisenau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_battleship_Gneisenau"},{"link_name":"Scharnhorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_battleship_Scharnhorst"},{"link_name":"Prinz Eugen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_cruiser_Prinz_Eugen"},{"link_name":"escort destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escort_destroyer"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"reconnaissance aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"T30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_torpedo_boat_T30"},{"link_name":"patrol boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrol_boat"},{"link_name":"Narva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narva"},{"link_name":"Admiral Scheer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_cruiser_Admiral_Scheer"},{"link_name":"Sworbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sworbe"},{"link_name":"Ösel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sel"},{"link_name":"Libau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Gotenhafen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotenhafen"},{"link_name":"floating drydock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_drydock"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Cranz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelenogradsk"},{"link_name":"Lützow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_cruiser_Deutschland"},{"link_name":"Frauenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frauenburg_(Ostpreussen)"},{"link_name":"Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Lake Ladoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ladoga"},{"link_name":"scuttled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuttled"},{"link_name":"radioactively contaminated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_contamination"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Although the first few boats were completed at the end of 1939, maintenance problems with the boilers and modifications to the bridge and the normal issues associated with working up boats of a new class, kept them in German waters until mid-1940. Assigned to the 5th Torpedo Boat Flotilla, T2, T7 and T8 began escorting minelayers as they laid a minefield in the North Sea in August. By the end of the month, T1, T2 and T3 were assigned to the 1st Torpedo Boat Flotilla while T5, T6, T7 and T8 were assigned to the 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotilla. Both flotillas continued to escort minelayers in the North Sea and the English Channel and the Straits of Dover. T12 was transferred to Norway for convoy escort duties in September. T2 was damaged by British bombers on 9 September and returned to Germany for repairs. T3 was sunk by British bombers nine days later, although she was refloated in 1941 and towed back to Germany. By November the 1st and 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotillas with T1, T4, T6, T7, T8, T9 and T10 between them had transferred to Stavanger, Norway. On 6 November they departed in an attempt to attack two coastal convoys that had been spotted off the Scottish coast, but they ran into a British minefield that sank T6 and they returned to port after recovering the survivors. T11 remained in France until December when she began a lengthy refit in Germany. All of her sisters began their own refits between January and March 1941.[17]After completing their refits, T2, T5, T8 and T11 supported German forces invading the Estonian islands (Operation Beowulf) in mid-September and then, reinforced by T7, they escorted the battleship Tirpitz, as it sortied into the Sea of Åland on 23–29 September to forestall any attempt by the Soviet Red Banner Baltic Fleet to breakout from the Gulf of Finland. T1, T8, T9 and T10 were reduced to reserve at some point during the year to alleviate manpower shortages. In November, T4, T7 and T12 successfully escorted the commerce raider Komet through the Channel and into the Atlantic despite an attack by British motor torpedo boats (MTBs). The following month T2, T4, T7, T12 and the torpedo boat T14 successfully did the same for the commerce raider Thor although the British failed to react.[18]On the morning of 12 February 1942, the 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotilla (with T2, T4, T5, T11 and T12) rendezvoused with the battleships Gneisenau and Scharnhorst and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen to help escort them through the Channel to Germany in the Channel Dash. After their arrival, T4, T5, T11 and T12 were transferred to Norway for escort duties and were joined by T7 in April while T2 was reduced to reserve, followed by T11. T1 and T8 were reactivated and assigned to the Torpedo School as training ships in mid-1942. T4 returned to France in June, followed shortly afterwards by T10, and were assigned to 3rd Torpedo Boat Flotilla. The flotilla made an unsuccessful attempt to escort Komet through the Channel in October. They were intercepted by a British force of five escort destroyers and eight MTBs that sank the raider and severely damaged T10 which subsequently returned home and was paid off into reserve. T7 was briefly put in reserve in October before being assigned to the Torpedo School in January 1943.[19]T4 and T10 returned to Germany in January and then joined T1, T7, T8 and T11 in the Torpedo School. T2 was activated and joined T9 and T12 in France in March 1943 while T5 arrived there that same month. T2, T9 and T12, all assigned to the 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotilla, were some of the escorts in late March for the Italian blockade runner, Himalaya, in her attempt to breakout through the Bay of Biscay, but the Italian ship turned back when she was spotted by a British reconnaissance aircraft. Another attempt was made several weeks later, but failed when she was spotted by British aircraft and forced to return by heavy aerial attacks. T9 and T12 sailed to Germany in May for a refit and were then assigned to the Torpedo School while T2 was transferred to the Baltic in July and was assigned to the Torpedo School in October together with T5. T3 completed her repairs in December and was then assigned to the Torpedo School.[20]Beginning in March 1944, the boats began to return to active duty with the 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotilla escorting ships in the Baltic and supporting Axis forces against advancing Soviet troops. T8 and T10, together with the torpedo boat T30, and Finnish forces participated in a failed attempt to recapture the island of Narvi on 27/28 June. The three torpedo boats damaged a Soviet patrol boat off Narva, Estonia, on 16 July. On 29 July, T2 and T7 were sunk by American bombers attacking Bremen. Both ships were refloated, but neither was repaired. On the night of 23/24 November, the flotilla, which included T3, T5, T9 and T12, screened the heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer as she shelled Soviet positions during the evacuation of Sworbe, on the Estonian island of Ösel. T10 was damaged during a Soviet air raid on Libau, Latvia, on 15 December. She sailed to Gotenhafen for repairs and was in a floating drydock when the British bombed the port on 18 December. The drydock was badly damaged and several bombs landed between the drydock's walls and T10's hull, blowing large holes in the latter and she sank the following day.[21]T1 and T12 were among the escorts for Prinz Eugen as she supported a German counterattack against advancing Soviet forces near Cranz, East Prussia, on 29–30 January 1945. T8 screened the heavy cruiser Lützow as she bombarded Soviet positions near Frauenburg on 8 February. While escorting a convoy on 14 March, T3 and T5 struck mines laid by a Soviet submarine and sank. T1 sank after being hit by British bombs in Kiel on the night of 9 April and T8 and T9 were sunk by British aircraft on 3 May. T4, T11 and T12 were the only Type 35s to survive the war. The first two were allocated to the United States and Great Britain when the Allies divided the surviving ships of the Kriegsmarine amongst themselves in late 1945, but their navies had no interest in them. T4 was sold to Denmark on in 1948 for use as a MTB leader, but was never commissioned and the boat was demolished in 1950–1951. The British transferred T11 to France in 1946 which renamed her Bir Hacheim. The boat was immediately placed in reserve until she was stricken on 8 October 1951 and subsequently scrapped. T12 was allocated to the Soviet Union and renamed Podvizhny in 1946.[22] She served with the Baltic Fleet until 1949, when she seriously damaged by a boiler explosion. The boat was withdrawn from service on in 1953 and renamed Kit in 1954 for use as a vessel in simulated nuclear testing on Lake Ladoga, the boat was scuttled in shallow water in 1959. In mid-1991, the radioactively contaminated wreck was raised and towed to a different location, where it was scuttled in deeper water.[23][24]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"^ In Kriegsmarine gun nomenclature, SK stands for Schiffskanone (ship's gun), C/32 stands for Constructionjahr (construction year) 1932.[6]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-g3_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-g3_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-g3_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-g3_2-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gg7_4-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-w2_5-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-w1_13-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-w0_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-w0_14-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-w0_14-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-w0_14-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"scrapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breaking"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"\"Чёрная быль Ладоги\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ladoga-lake.ru/pages/artcl-ladoga-atom-islands-tarasov-01.php"}],"text":"^ Whitley 1991, pp. 48–49\n\n^ a b c d Gröner, p. 193\n\n^ Whitley 1991, pp. 49, 202\n\n^ Sieche, p. 237\n\n^ Whitley 1991, p. 202\n\n^ Campbell, p. 219\n\n^ Campbell, p. 246\n\n^ Campbell, p. 256\n\n^ Campbell, p. 258\n\n^ Campbell, p. 263\n\n^ Whitley 1991, pp. 49–51; Whitley 2000, p. 71\n\n^ Whitley n.d., p. 21\n\n^ a b c d Whitley 1991, pp. 209–210\n\n^ Whitley 2000, p. 70\n\n^ Rohwer, p. 414\n\n^ Sources differ on the boat's fate. Possibly served until stricken in 1957 and then scrapped or served until the 1960s and scuttled, 1991\n\n^ Gröner, p. 194; Rohwer, pp. 35–36, 38–41; Whitley 1991, pp. 109, 114, 209–210\n\n^ Rohwer, pp. 99, 102, 108; Whitley 1991, pp. 116–117, 209–210\n\n^ Rohwer, pp. 143, 181, 202; Whitley 1991, pp. 118, 121, 209–210\n\n^ Rohwer, pp. 143, 188, 241, 249; Whitley 1991, pp. 118, 168, 188, 209–210\n\n^ Rohwer, pp. 338, 343, 374, 387, 414; Whitley 1991, pp. 117, 168, 173, 180, 209\n\n^ Roche, p. 76; Rohwer, pp. 387, 398, 408, 414; Whitley 1991, pp. 168, 173, 180, 188–189, 191, 199, 209–210\n\n^ Berezhnoy, pp. 18–19\n\n^ Tarasov, Oleg (10–12 April 1991). \"Чёрная быль Ладоги\" [The Dark Past of Ladoga]. Leningradskaya Pravda (in Russian). Retrieved 14 September 2018.","title":"Citations"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Tarasov, Oleg (10–12 April 1991). \"Чёрная быль Ладоги\" [The Dark Past of Ladoga]. Leningradskaya Pravda (in Russian). Retrieved 14 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://ladoga-lake.ru/pages/artcl-ladoga-atom-islands-tarasov-01.php","url_text":"\"Чёрная быль Ладоги\""}]},{"reference":"Berezhnoy, Sergey (1994). Трофеи и репарации ВМФ СССР [Trophies and Reparations of the Soviet Navy] (in Russian). Yakutsk: Sakhapoligrafizdat. OCLC 33334505.","urls":[{"url":"http://militera.lib.ru/enc/berezhnoy_ss01/index.html","url_text":"Трофеи и репарации ВМФ СССР"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33334505","url_text":"33334505"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-459-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-459-4","url_text":"0-87021-459-4"}]},{"reference":"Dodson, Aidan & Cant, Serena (2020). Spoils of War: The Fate of Enemy Fleets after Two World Wars. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-4198-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-4198-1","url_text":"978-1-5267-4198-1"}]},{"reference":"Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 1: Major Surface Warships. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-790-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Gr%C3%B6ner","url_text":"Gröner, Erich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-790-9","url_text":"0-87021-790-9"}]},{"reference":"Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la Flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours. Vol. II: 1879–2006. Toulon, France: J.-M. Roche. ISBN 2952591717.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2952591717","url_text":"2952591717"}]},{"reference":"Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rohwer","url_text":"Rohwer, Jürgen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-119-2","url_text":"1-59114-119-2"}]},{"reference":"Sieche, Erwin (1980). \"Germany\". In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-146-7","url_text":"0-85177-146-7"}]},{"reference":"Whitley, M. J. (2000). Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. London: Cassell & Co. ISBN 1-85409-521-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Whitley","url_text":"Whitley, M. J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85409-521-8","url_text":"1-85409-521-8"}]},{"reference":"Whitley, M. J. (1991). German Destroyers of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-302-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-302-8","url_text":"1-55750-302-8"}]},{"reference":"Whitley, M. J. (n.d.). The \"Type 35\" Torpedoboats of the Kriegsmarine. Kendal, UK: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-39-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905617-39-8","url_text":"0-905617-39-8"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_army_officer_ranks_of_Asia

Comparative army officer ranks of Asia

["1 Officers","2 Warrant officers","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Comparative army officer ranks of Asia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Rank comparison chart of armies and land forces of Asian states. Officers Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers Officer cadet  Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan No rank structure  Armenian Ground Forcesvte Բանակի գեներալBanaki general գեներալ-գնդապետGeneral-gndapet գեներալ-լեյտենանտGeneral-leytenant գեներալ-մայորGeneral-mayor գնդապետGndapet փոխգնդապետP’vokhgndapet մայորMayor կապիտանKapitan ավագ լեյտենանտAvag leytenant լեյտենանտLeytenant  Azerbaijani Land Forcesvte Ordu generalı General-polkovnik General-leytenant General-mayor Polkovnik Polkovnik-leytenant Mayor Kapitan Baş leytenant Leytenant Kiçik leytenant  Royal Bahraini Armyvte مشیرMushir فريق أول‎‎Fariq 'awal فريقFariq لواءLiwa عميدAmid عقيدAqid مقدمMuqaddam رائدRa'id نقيبNaqib ملازم أولMulazim awwal ملازمMulazim  Bangladesh Armyvte জেনারেলJēnārēla লেফটেন্যান্ট জেনারেলLēphaṭēn'yānṭa jēnārēla মেজর জেনারেলMējara jēnārēla ব্রিগেডিয়ার জেনারেলBrigēḍiẏāra jēnārēla কর্নেলKarnēla লেফটেন্যান্ট কর্নেলLēphaṭēn'yānṭa karnēla মেজরMējara ক্যাপ্টেনKyāpṭēna লেফটেন্যান্টLēphaṭēn'yānṭa সেকেন্ড লেফটেন্যান্টSēkēnḍa lēphaṭēn'yānṭa  Royal Bhutan Armyvte གུང་ བློན་ གོང མ །Gung blon gong ma གུང་ བློན་ འོག མ །Gung blon 'og ma མདོ་ འཛིན །Mdo 'dzin དམག་ སྲིད་ གོང མ །Dmag srid gong ma དམག་ སྲིད་ འོག མ །Dmag srid 'og ma ལིང་ དཔོན །Ling dpon སྤྱི་ དཔོན །Spyi dpon སྡེ་ གོང་ །Sde gong Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain Lieutenant  Royal Brunei Land Forcevte Fil marsyal Jeneral Leftenan jeneral Mejar jeneral Brigedier jeneral Kolonel Leftenan kolonel Mejar Kapten Leftenan Leftenan muda  Royal Cambodian Armyvte នាយឧត្ដមសេនីយ៍ផុតលេខNéay ŭtdâmôséniy phŏt lékh នាយឧត្ដមសេនីយ៍Néay ŭtdâmôséniy ឧត្ដមសេនីយ៍ឯកŬtdâmôséniy êk ឧត្តមសេនីយ៍ទោŬtdâmôséniy toŭ ឧត្តមសេនីយ៍ត្រីŬtdâmôséniy trei វរសេនីយ៍ឯកVôrôséniy êk វរសេនីយ៍ទោVôrôséniy toŭ វរសេនីយ៍ត្រីVôrôséniy trei អនុសេនីយ៍ឯកÂnŭséniy êk អនុសេនីយ៍ទោÂnŭséniy toŭ អនុសេនីយ៍ត្រីÂnŭséniy trei នាយចំណង់Néay châmnáng  PLA Ground Forcevte 上将Shàngjiāng 中将Zhōngjiāng 少将Shàojiāng 大校Dàxiào 上校Shàngxiào 中校Zhōngxiào 少校Shàoxiào 上尉Shàngwèi 中尉Zhōngwèi 少尉Shàowèi 学员Xuéyuán  Republic of China Armyvte 一級上將It-kip siōng-chiòng 二級上將Jī-kip siōng-chiòng 中將Tiong-chiòng 少將Siáu-chiòng 上校Siōng-hāu 中校Tiong-hāu 少校Siáu-hāu 上尉Siōng-ùi 中尉Tiong-ùi 少尉Siáu-ùi 軍校生Jūnxiào shēng  Indian Armyvte No insignia Field marshalफील्ड मार्शल Generalजनरल Lieutenant generalलेफ्टिनेंट जनरल Major generalमेजर जनरल Brigadierब्रिगेडियर Colonelकर्नल Lieutenant colonelलेफ्टिनेंट कर्नल Majorमेजर Captainकैप्टन Lieutenantलेफ्टिनेंट Officer cadet Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers Officer cadet  Indonesian Armyvte Jenderal besar Jenderal Letnan jenderal Mayor jenderal Brigadir jenderal Kolonel Letnan kolonel Mayor Kapten Letnan satu Letnan dua  Iranian Ground Forcesvte ارتشبدArteshbod سپهبدSepahbod سرلشکرSarlashkar سرتیپSartip سرتیپ دومSartip dovom سرهنگSarhang سرهنگ دومSarhang dovom سرگردSargord سروانSarvān ستوان یکمSotvān yekom ستوان دومSotvān dovom ستوان سومSotvān sevom General Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier general Second brigadier general Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain First lieutenant Second lieutenant Third lieutenant  Iraqi Ground Forcesvte مشیرMushir فريق أول‎‎Fariq 'awal فريقFariq لواءLiwa عميدAmid عقيدAqid مقدمMuqaddam رائدRa'id نقيبNaqib ملازم أولMulazim awwal ملازمMulazim  Israeli Ground Forcesvte רב-אלוףRav aluf אלוףAluf תת-אלוףTat aluf אלוף משנהAluf mishne סגן-אלוףSgan aluf רב סרןRav seren סרןSeren סגןSegen סגן-משנהSegen mishne קצין אקדמאי בכירKatzín akademai bakhír קצין מקצועי אקדמאיKatzín miktsoí akademai  Japan Ground Self-Defense Forcevte 幕僚長たる陸将Bakuryōchō-taru-rikushō 陸将Rikushō 陸将補Rikushō-ho 1等陸佐Ittō rikusa 2等陸佐Nitō rikusa 3等陸佐Santō rikusa 1等陸尉Ittō rikui 2等陸尉Nitō rikui 3等陸尉Santō rikui 准陸尉Jun rikui  Royal Jordanian Armyvte مشیرMushir فريق أول‎‎Fariq 'awal فريقFariq لواءLiwa عميدAmid عقيدAqid مقدمMuqaddam رائدRa'id نقيبNaqib ملازم أولMulazim awwal ملازمMulazim تلميذ مرشحTilmidh murashah  Kazakh Ground Forcesvte Жоғарғы Бас қолбасшыныңJoğarğı Bas qolbasşınıñ Армия генералыArmïya generalı Генерал-ПолҝвниҝGeneral-polkovnïk Генерал-лейтенантGeneral-leytenant Генерал-майорGeneral-mayor ПолковникPolkovnïk ПодполковникPodpolkovnïk МайорMayor КапитанKapïtan Аға лейтенантAğa leytenant ЛейтенантLeytenant  Korean People's Army Ground Forcevte 인민군원수Inmingun-wonsu 차수Chasu 대장Daejang 상장Sangjang 중장Chungjang 소장Sojang 대좌Daechwa 상좌Sangjwa 중좌Chungjwa 소좌Sojwa 대위Taewi 상위Sangwi 중위Chungwi 소위Sowi  Republic of Korea Armyvte 원수Wonsu 대장Daejang 중장Jungjang 소장Sojang 준장Junjang 대령Daeryeong 중령Jungnyeong 소령Soryeong 대위Daewi 중위Jungwi 소위Sowi  Kuwait Armyvte فريق أول‎‎Fariq 'awal فريقFariq لواءLiwa عميدAmid عقيدAqid مقدمMuqaddam رائدRa'id نقيبNaqib ملازم أولMulazim awwal ملازمMulazim  Kyrgyz Armyvte Генерал-майорGeneral-mayor ПолковникPolkovnik ПодполковникPodpolkovnik МайорMayor КапитанKapitan Улук лейтенантUluk leytenant ЛейтенантLeytenant Кенже лейтенантKenje leytenant Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers Officer cadet  Lao People's Armyvte ພົນເອກPhonoek ພົນໂທPhonoth ພົນຕີPhon ti ພົນຈັດຕະວາPhonchadtauaa ພັນເອກPhanoek ພັນໂທPhanoth ພັນຕີPhan ti ຮ້ອຍເອກHonyoek ຮ້ອຍໂທHony oth ຮ້ອຍຕີHony ti  Lebanese Ground Forcesvte عمادEimad لواءLiwa عميدAmid عقيدAqid مقدمMuqaddam رائدRa'id نقيبNaqib ملازم أولMulazim awwal ملازمMulazim  Malaysian Armyvte No insignia Fil marsyal Jeneral Leftenan jeneral Mejar jeneral Brigedier jeneral Kolonel Leftenan kolonel Mejar Kapten Leftenan Leftenan muda Pegawai kadet Maldivian Marine Corpsvte ޖެނެރަލްJeneral ލެފްޓިނަންޓް ޖެނެރަލްLeftinant jeneral މޭޖަރ ޖެނެރަލްMeyjar jeneral ބްރިގޭޑިއަރ ޖެނެރަލްBrigeydiar jeneral ކާނަލްKaanal ލެފްޓިނަންޓް ކާނަލްLeftinant kaanal މޭޖަރMeyjar ކެޕްޓަންKeptan ފަސްޓް ލެފްޓިނަންޓްFast leftinant ލެފްޓިނަންޓްLeftinant  Mongolian Ground Forcevte ГенералGyenyeral Дэслэгч генералDeslegch gyenyeral Хошууч генералKhoshuuch gyenyeral Бригадын генералBrigadyn gyenyeral ХурандааKhurandaa Дэд хурандааDed khurandaa ХошуучKhoshuuch АхмадAkhmad Ахлах дэслэгчAkhmad deslegch ДэслэгчDeslegch  Myanmar Armyvte ဗိုလ်ချုပ်မှူးကြီးBuilʻkhyupʻmhūʺkrīʺ ဒုတိယ ဗိုလ်ချုပ်မှူးကြီးDutiya builʻkhyupʻmhūʺkrīʺ ဗိုလ်ချုပ်ကြီးBuilʻkhyupʻkrīʺ ဒုတိယ ဗိုလ်ချုပ်ကြီးDutiya builʻkhyupʻkrīʺ ဗိုလ်ချုပ်Builʻkhyupʻ ဗိုလ်မှူးချုပ်Builʻmhūʺkhyupʻ ဗိုလ်မှူးကြီးBuilʻmhūʺkrīʺ ဒုတိယ ဗိုလ်မှူးကြီးDutiya builʻmhūʺkrīʺ ဗိုလ်မှူးBuilʻmhūʺ ဗိုလ်ကြီးBuilʻkrīʺ ဗိုလ်Builʻ ဒုတိယ ဗိုလ်Dutiyabuilʻ ဗိုလ်လောင်းBuilʻloṅʻʺ  Nepali Armyvte No insignia महारथी (प्रधानसेनापती)Mahārathī (pradhānasēnāpatī) रथीRathī उपरथीUparathī सहायक रथीSahaayak rathee महासेनानीMahāsēnānī प्रमुख सेनानीPramukh senaanee सेनानीSenaanee सहसेनानीSahasēnānī उपसेनानीUpasēnānī सहायक सेनानीSahaayak senaanee अधिकृत क्याडेटAdhikr̥ta kyāḍēṭa COAS General Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier general Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Second lieutenant Officer cadet  Royal Army of Omanvte مشیرMushir فريق أول‎‎Fariq 'awal فريقFariq لواءLiwa عميدAmid عقيدAqid مقدمMuqaddam رائدRa'id نقيبNaqib ملازم أولMulazim awwal ملازمMulazim  Pakistan Armyvte Field marshalفیلڈ مارشل Generalجنرل Lieutenant generalلیفٹیننٹ جنرل Major generalمیجر جنرل Brigadierبریگیڈیئر Colonelکرنل Lieutenant colonelلیفٹیننٹ کرنل Majorمیجر Captainکیپٹن Lieutenantلیفٹنینٹ Second lieutenantسیکنڈ لیفٹیننٹ  Philippine Armyvte General Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier general Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major Captain First lieutenant Second lieutenant  Qatari Emiri Land Forcevte فريق أول‎‎Fariq 'awal فريقFariq لواءLiwa عميدAmid عقيدAqid مقدمMuqaddam رائدRa'id نقيبNaqib ملازم أولMulazim awwal ملازمMulazim  Russian Ground Forcesvte Ма́ршал росси́йской федера́цииMárshal rossíyskoy federátsii Генера́л а́рмииGenerál ármii Генера́л-полко́вникGenerál-polkóvnik Генера́л-лейтена́нтGenerál-leytenánt Генера́л-майо́рGenerál-mayór Полко́вникPolkóvnik Подполко́вникPodpolkóvnik Майо́рMajór Kапита́нKapitán Старший лейтена́нтStárshiy leytenánt ЛейтенантLeytenant Mла́дший лейтена́нтMládshiy leytenánt КурсантKursant Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers Officer cadet  Saudi Arabian Armyvte فريق أول‎‎Fariq 'awal فريقFariq لواءLiwa عميدAmid عقيدAqid مقدمMuqaddam رائدRa'id نقيبNaqib ملازم أولMulazim awwal ملازمMulazim مرشحMurashah  Singapore Armyvte No insignia yet General Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier general Colonel Senior lieutenant colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Second lieutenant Officer cadet  Sri Lanka Armyvte Field marshal General Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Second lieutenant Officer cadet  Syrian Arab Armyvte فريقFariq عماد أول‎‎Eimad 'awal عمادEimad لواءAlliwa' عميدAmid عقيدAqid مقدمMuqaddam رائدRa'id نقيبNaqib ملازم أولMulazim awwal ملازمMulazim  Tajik Ground Forcesvte Генерали артишGenerali artish Генерал-полковникGeneral-polkovnik Генерал-лейтенантGeneral-leytenant Генерал-майорGeneral-mayor ПолковникPolkovnik ПодполковникPodpolkovnik МайорMayor КапитанKapitan Лейтенанти калонLeytenanti kalon ЛейтенантLeytenant Лейтенанти хурдLeytenanti xurd КурсантKursant  Royal Thai Armyvte จอมพลChom phon พลเอกPhon ek พลโทPhon tho พลตรีPhon tri พันเอกPhan ek พันโทPhan tho พันตรีPhan tri ร้อยเอกRoi ek ร้อยโทRoi tho ร้อยตรีRoi tri นักเรียนนายร้อยNak-rian nairoi Timor-Leste Armyvte General Tenente-general Major-general Brigadeiro-general Coronel Tenente-coronel Major Capitão Tenente Alferes Aspirante  Turkmen Ground Forcesvte Goşun generaly General-polkownik General-leýtenant General-maýor Polkownik Podpolkownik Maýor Kapitan Uly leýtenant Leýtenant Kiçi leýtenant Harby talyp  United Arab Emirates Armyvte فريق أول‎‎Fariq 'awal فريقFariq لواءLiwa عميدAmid عقيدAqid مقدمMuqaddam رائدRa'id نقيبNaqib ملازم أولMulazim awwal ملازمMulazim  Uzbek Ground Forcesvte Armiya generali General-polkovnik General-leytenant General-mayor Polkovnik Podpolkovnik Mayor Kapitan Katta leytenant Leytenant  Vietnam People's Ground Forcevte Đại tướng Thượng tướng Trung tướng Thiếu tướng Đại tá Thượng tá Trung tá Thiếu tá Đại úy Thượng úy Trung úy Thiếu úy Học viên sĩ quan  Yemeni Land Forcesvte مشیرMushir فريق أول‎‎Fariq 'awal فريقFariq لواءLiwa عميدAmid عقيدAqid مقدمMuqaddam رائدRa'id نقيبNaqib ملازم أولMulazim awwal ملازم ثانMulazim than Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers Officer cadet Warrant officers EquivalentNATO rank WO-5 WO-4 WO-3 WO-2 WO-1  Bangladesh Armyvte Honorary captain Honorary lieutenant Master warrant officer Senior warrant officer Warrant officer  Republic of China Armyvte Warrant officer(准尉Chunwèi)  Republic of Korea Armyvte Jun-wi준위Warrant officer Maldivian Marine Corpsvte Chief warrant officer Warrant officer grade 4 Warrant officer grade 3 Warrant officer grade 2 Warrant officer grade 1  Nepali Armyvte Warrant officerclass IIISubedar-major सुबेदार मेजर Warrant officerclass IISubedar सुबेदार Warrant officerclass IJamadar जमादार  Pakistan Armyvte Subedar-Major/Risaldar-Major Subedar/Risaldar Naib Subedar/Naib Risaldar  Singapore Armyvte Chief warrant officer Senior warrant officer Master warrant officer First warrant officer Second warrant officer Third warrant officer  Vietnam People's Ground Forcevte Thượng tá Quân nhân Chuyên nghiệp Trung tá Quân nhân Chuyên nghiệp Thiếu tá Quân nhân Chuyên nghiệp Đại úy Quân nhân Chuyên nghiệp Thượng úy Quân nhân Chuyên nghiệp Trung úy Quân nhân Chuyên nghiệp Thiếu úy Quân nhân Chuyên nghiệp EquivalentNATO rank WO-5 WO-4 WO-3 WO-2 WO-1 See also Comparative army officer ranks of the Americas Ranks and insignia of NATO armies officers Comparative military ranks of Korea Notes References ^ "ԶԻՆՎՈՐԱԿԱՆ ԾԱՌԱՅՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԵՎ ԶԻՆԾԱՌԱՅՈՂԻ ԿԱՐԳԱՎԻՃԱԿԻ ՄԱՍԻՆ". arlis.am (in Armenian). 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Retrieved 30 May 2021. vteMilitary ranks and insignia by country List of comparative military ranks Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros DR Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States withlimited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Former People's Republic of Angola Biafra Bophuthatswana Ciskei Kingdom of Egypt Ethiopian Empire Katanga People's Republic of Mozambique Rhodesia South West Africa Transkei Venda Zaire Comparative Army Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Apartheid States in Southern Africa Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Officers: Army Navy Air Force Coast Guard Enlisted: Army Navy Air Force Coast Guard Other: Marine Corps Space Force Warrant officer Opposing forces Uruguay Venezuela Former Canada (pre-Unification) Confederate States of America Union Army Navy Costa Rica Empire of Brazil Panama Republic of Texas Army Navy United States Army enlisted World War I World War II Comparative Army Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia PR of China Army Navy Air Force East Timor India Army Air Force Navy Coast Guard Border Roads Organisation Paramilitary forces Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea North South Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Army Navy Air Force Marines Civil Armed Forces Maritime Security Agency Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Army Navy Air Force Coast Guard Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States withlimited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan (Republic of China) Former China Empire Republic (1912–1949) Dutch East Indies East Turkestan (Second Republic) People's Republic of Kampuchea Imperial Iran Imperial Japan Army Navy Korea Empire Liberation Army Kingdom of Laos Manchukuo Mengjiang Mongolian People's Republic Vietnam State South South Yemen Tibet Tuva Comparative Army Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Europe Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Army Navy Air Force Home Guard Estonia Finland France Army Navy Gendarmerie Air and Space Force Foresters Germany Georgia Greece Hungary Iceland Land Forces Coast Guard Ireland Italy Army Navy Air Force Carabinieri Finance Guard Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg North Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Army Navy Air Force Cossacks Between 1994 and 2010 San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Army officers Army other ranks Navy officers Navy ratings Air Force officers Air Force other ranks Vatican States withlimited recognition Kosovo Northern Cyprus Transnistria Former Albania Kingdom People's Socialist Republic Austria–Hungary Army Navy Bulgaria Kingdom People's Republic Independent State of Croatia Czechoslovakia German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany Army Navy Air Force East Germany Kingdom of Greece Army Navy Air Force France Napoleonic Grand Army Hungary Kingdom People's Republic Italy Kingdom Social Republic Ottoman Empire Polish People's Republic Republika Srpska Romania Kingdom Socialist Republic Russian Empire White Movement Slovakia (First Republic) Soviet Union 1918–35 1935–40 1940–43 1943–55 1955–91 Spain 2nd Republic Army Navy Air Force State Yugoslavia Kingdom Socialist Federal Republic Federal Republic Comparative Army Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Tonga Vanuatu Comparative Army Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted LanguageAnglophone Army Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Arabophone Army Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Francophone Army Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Hispanophone Army Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Lusophone Army Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Military police Officers Enlisted Post-Soviet states Army Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Commonwealth of Nations Army Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted European Union Army Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted NATO Army Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Air Force Officers Enlisted Comparative ranks of Highest ranks Star ranking Officers of World War I Officers of World War II Women's Services in World War II Marine forces Space forces Gendarmeries UK and US

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asian states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia"}],"text":"Rank comparison chart of armies and land forces of Asian states.","title":"Comparative army officer ranks of Asia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Officers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Warrant officers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]

[]

[{"title":"Comparative army officer ranks of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_army_officer_ranks_of_the_Americas"},{"title":"Ranks and insignia of NATO armies officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_NATO_armies_officers"},{"title":"Comparative military ranks of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_military_ranks_of_Korea"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B

1988–89 Segunda División B

["1 Overview before the season","2 Group 1","2.1 Teams","2.2 League table","2.3 Results","2.4 Top goalscorers","2.5 Top goalkeepers","3 Group 2","3.1 Teams","3.2 League table","3.3 Results","3.4 Top goalscorers","3.5 Top goalkeepers","4 Group 3","4.1 Teams","4.2 League table","4.3 Results","4.4 Top goalscorers","4.5 Top goalkeepers","5 Group 4","5.1 Teams","5.2 League table","5.3 Results","5.4 Top goalscorers","5.5 Top goalkeepers","6 External links"]

Football league seasonSegunda División BSeason1988–89ChampionsAtlético MadrileñoBilbao AthleticLevantePalamósPromotedAtlético MadrileñoBilbao AthleticLevantePalamósRelegatedAlgecirasArenteiroArnedoBarcelona AficionadosBergantiñosBetis DeportivoDon BenitoGimnástica MedinenseLorcaNulesOviedo AficionadosPlasenciaPoblensePolideportivo AlmeríaSanta PonsaSantoñaServerenseSan Sebastián de los ReyesTerrassaMatches played1,520Goals scored3,486 (2.29 per match)Top goalscorerJuan Carlos de Diego (33 goals)Best goalkeeperManolo López(0.46 goals/match)Biggest home winAtlético Baleares 8–0 Santa Ponsa(10 September 1988)Villarreal 8–0 Nules(25 March 1989)Barcelona Aficionados 8–0 Santa Ponsa(4 June 1989)Biggest away winBergantiños 0–5 Lugo(18 December 1988)Highest scoringLevante 5–4 Ceuta(12 February 1989)Longest winning run7 matchesBarakaldoFC AndorraLeganésLongest unbeaten run31 matchesPalamósLongest winless run19 matchesSanta PonsaLongest losing run9 matchesTerrassa← 1987–88 1989–90 → The 1988–89 Segunda División B season was the 12th since its establishment. The first matches of the season were played on 3 September 1988, and the season ended in 25 June 1989. Overview before the season 80 teams joined the league, including four relegated from the 1987–88 Segunda División and 17 promoted from the 1987–88 Tercera División. The composition of the groups was determined by the Royal Spanish Football Federation, attending to geographical criteria. Relegated from Segunda División Bilbao Athletic Hércules Granada Cartagena Promoted from Tercera División Racing Ferrol Oviedo Aficionados Santoña Barakaldo Palamós Nules Pegaso Gimnástica Medinense Jaén Algeciras Santa Ponsa Marino Torrevieja Don Benito Calahorra Binéfar Tomelloso Group 1 Teams from Asturias, Basque Country, Cantabria, Castile and Leon and Galicia. Teams ArenteiroArosaAs PontesAvilésBarakaldoBasconiaBilbao AthBergantiñosCulturalDurangoLalínLangreoLemonaLugoOrenseOviedo AfiPonferradinaPontevedraFerrolSantoñaclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in Segunda División B Gr. 1 1988–89 Team Founded Home city Stadium Arenteiro 1958 O Carballiño, Galicia Espiñedo Arosa 1945 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Galicia A Lomba As Pontes 1960 As Pontes, Galicia O Poboado Real Avilés 1903 Avilés, Asturias Román Suárez Puerta Barakaldo 1917 Barakaldo, Basque Country Lasesarre Basconia 1913 Basauri, Basque Country Basozelai Bergantiños 1923 Carballo, Galicia As Eiroas Bilbao Athletic 1964 Bilbao, Basque Country San Mamés Cultural Leonesa 1923 León, Castile and Leon Antonio Amilvia Durango 1919 Durango, Basque Country Tabira Lalín 1974 Lalín, Galicia Manuel Anxo Cortizo Langreo 1961 Langreo, Asturias Ganzábal Lemona 1923 Lemoa, Basque Country Arlonagusia Lugo 1953 Lugo, Galicia Anxo Carro Orense 1952 Ourense, Galicia O Couto Oviedo Aficionados 1940 Oviedo, Asturias Carlos Tartiere Ponferradina 1922 Ponferrada, Castile and Leon Fuentesnuevas Pontevedra 1941 Pontevedra, Galicia Pasarón Racing de Ferrol 1919 Ferrol, Galicia Manuel Rivera Santoña 1917 Santoña, Cantabria El Palomar League table Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation 1 Bilbao Athletic 38 26 7 5 74 37 +37 59 Promotion to Segunda División 2 Barakaldo 38 21 9 8 56 32 +24 51 3 Ourense 38 18 15 5 50 23 +27 51 4 Avilés 38 17 16 5 48 25 +23 50 5 Lugo 38 18 11 9 49 20 +29 47 6 Pontevedra 38 15 13 10 45 34 +11 43 7 As Pontes 38 17 9 12 54 46 +8 43 8 Cultural Leonesa 38 16 9 13 44 37 +7 41 9 Arosa 38 15 10 13 41 33 +8 40 10 Ponferradina 38 14 8 16 42 44 −2 36 11 Langreo 38 10 14 14 43 49 −6 34 12 Lalín 38 12 10 16 28 39 −11 34 13 Racing Ferrol 38 11 12 15 32 38 −6 34 14 Baskonia 38 9 16 13 36 48 −12 34 15 Lemona 38 9 15 14 29 33 −4 33 16 Cultural Durango 38 10 13 15 29 40 −11 33 17 Arenteiro 38 10 6 22 26 53 −27 26 Relegation to Tercera División 18 Santoña 38 7 11 20 19 49 −30 25 19 Oviedo Aficionados 38 7 10 21 31 68 −37 24 20 Bergantiños 38 6 10 22 31 59 −28 22 Source: BDFútbolRules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scoredNotes: ^ a b Barakaldo finished ahead of Ourense on head-to-head points: Barakaldo–Ourense 1–0, Ourense–Barakaldo 1–1 ^ a b Pontevedra finished ahead of As Pontes on head-to-head points: Pontevedra–As Pontes 5–1, As Pontes–Pontevedra 3–3 ^ a b c d Langreo finished ahead of Lalín, Racing Ferrol and Baskonia on head-to-head points: Langreo 7 pts, Lalín 7 pts, Racing Ferrol 6 pts, Baskonia 4 pts. Langreo finished ahead of Lalín on head-to-head points: Lalín–Langreo 0–1, Langreo–Lalín 1–1 ^ a b Lemona finished ahead of Durango on head-to-head goal difference: Lemona–Durango 2–0, Durango–Lemona 1–0 Results Home \ Away ARE ARO ASP AVI BAR BAS BER BIL CUL DUR LAL LAN LEM LUG ORE OVI PNF PNT RFE SNT Arenteiro — 0–1 0–1 0–1 0–2 1–0 2–0 2–3 0–2 1–0 3–0 1–0 1–0 1–0 1–1 1–0 1–3 1–0 0–0 2–0 Arosa 5–2 — 0–1 2–1 1–0 3–0 1–0 0–0 4–1 3–1 0–1 1–2 2–1 2–1 1–1 3–0 0–1 0–1 1–1 0–1 As Pontes 2–0 1–1 — 2–2 4–1 2–1 6–0 1–3 2–1 1–1 2–0 1–0 2–0 0–0 0–0 6–1 2–1 3–3 1–2 2–1 Real Avilés Ind. 2–0 0–0 1–0 — 2–2 1–1 2–1 0–1 1–0 3–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 2–0 0–0 2–2 2–0 1–0 6–1 0–0 Barakaldo 4–0 0–0 2–1 1–1 — 0–1 3–1 1–2 0–2 1–0 1–0 2–1 2–0 3–0 1–0 3–1 2–0 1–2 1–0 1–0 Basconia 1–1 2–1 1–1 3–0 0–1 — 1–1 1–2 0–0 1–1 1–2 2–2 1–1 0–4 1–1 2–1 2–1 0–3 1–3 2–0 Bergantiños 2–0 2–0 0–1 0–2 0–1 1–1 — 1–2 2–1 0–1 2–3 5–3 0–0 0–5 1–3 2–2 1–2 1–2 0–1 0–0 Bilbao Athletic 5–0 2–1 2–0 1–3 2–2 5–2 3–1 — 4–0 1–0 2–0 1–1 1–1 1–0 1–1 2–0 3–2 4–1 3–0 2–0 Cultural Leonesa 1–0 3–1 3–0 0–1 2–0 2–2 0–2 1–1 — 0–0 2–0 1–1 1–0 1–1 1–2 4–0 2–0 1–0 0–0 1–1 Durango 1–1 1–0 1–2 0–2 2–2 0–0 1–0 1–2 2–0 — 3–1 0–2 1–0 0–1 1–0 1–1 2–2 0–0 1–0 2–1 Lalín 2–0 0–1 1–2 0–0 0–1 1–0 0–0 1–2 0–1 1–0 — 0–1 1–1 1–0 1–0 2–1 0–0 2–1 1–1 1–0 Langreo 2–0 1–1 2–1 0–0 2–3 1–1 3–1 1–2 1–2 4–1 1–1 — 1–0 0–0 0–1 0–0 0–0 2–2 2–1 1–3 Lemona 2–1 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–2 1–1 2–1 3–1 0–1 2–0 3–0 1–1 — 0–0 1–1 3–2 2–1 0–0 3–0 1–0 Lugo 0–0 2–1 4–0 0–0 1–0 2–0 0–0 3–0 1–0 0–3 1–1 4–0 2–1 — 1–0 0–0 2–0 0–0 1–0 5–0 Orense 2–0 2–0 1–0 2–2 1–1 1–1 1–0 3–0 2–0 1–0 2–1 2–0 0–0 1–2 — 1–0 3–0 2–0 0–0 4–1 Oviedo Aficionados 1–0 1–2 1–3 0–5 0–4 1–0 0–0 1–4 0–1 0–0 1–0 3–2 0–0 0–4 1–1 — 2–0 0–2 3–2 3–0 Ponferradina 3–2 0–1 2–0 3–0 1–1 0–1 1–1 0–1 0–3 3–0 1–1 2–0 1–0 1–0 1–4 3–1 — 2–0 1–0 0–0 Pontevedra 2–1 0–1 5–1 1–2 1–1 0–0 2–0 1–1 2–2 1–1 2–1 0–0 2–0 1–0 0–0 1–0 1–0 — 2–0 4–0 Racing Ferrol 2–0 0–0 2–0 2–0 1–1 0–1 0–1 0–2 2–0 0–0 0–0 2–0 2–0 0–2 2–2 0–0 0–0 3–0 — 1–0 Santoña 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–1 0–2 0–1 1–1 1–0 2–1 0–0 0–1 1–3 1–0 0–0 0–1 2–1 1–4 0–0 2–1 — Source: BDFútbolLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. Top goalscorers Goalscorers Goals Team José Luis Astiazaran 22 Barakaldo José Ángel Uribarrena 20 Bilbao Athletic Moska 17 Bilbao Athletic Herrera 14 Cultural Leonesa Rui Wamba 14 Baskonia Top goalkeepers Goalkeeper Goals Matches Average Team Pachu 16 30 0.53 Avilés José Domínguez 20 36 0.56 Lugo Fermín Hortas 22 36 0.61 Ourense Manuel Espinosa 22 30 0.73 Pontevedra Eugenio Lozano 23 28 0.82 Lemona Group 2 Teams from Andorra, Aragon, Basque Country, Balearic Islands, Catalonia, La Rioja and Navarre. Teams FC AndorraAndorraArnedoAt. BalearesBarcelona AfiHospitaletBinéfarCalahorraCala MillorDep. AragónFragaGimnàstic Sp. MahonésOsasuna Pr.PalamósPoblenseSan SebastiánSanta PonsaTerrassaTeruelclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in Segunda División B Gr. 2 1988–89 Team Founded Home city Stadium Andorra CF 1957 Andorra, Aragon Juan Antonio Endeiza FC Andorra 1942 Andorra la Vella, Andorra Comunal Arnedo 1949 Arnedo, La Rioja Sendero Atlético Baleares 1942 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands Balear Barcelona Aficionados 1967 Barcelona, Catalonia Mini Estadi Binéfar 1922 Binéfar, Aragon El Segalar Calahorra 1923 Calahorra, La Rioja La Planilla Cala Millor 1933 Cala Millor, Balearic Islands Badía Cala Millor Deportivo Aragón 1958 Zaragoza, Aragon Ciudad Deportiva del Real Zaragoza Fraga 1947 Fraga, Aragon La Estacada Gimnàstic de Tarragona 1886 Tarragona, Catalonia Nou Estadi Hospitalet 1957 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia Municipal de Deportes Sporting Mahonés 1974 Mahón, Balearic Islands Bintaufa Osasuna Promesas 1962 Aranguren, Navarre Tajonar Palamós 1898 Palamós, Catalonia Carrer de Cervantes Poblense 1935 Sa Pobla, Balearic Islands Nou Camp Sa Pobla San Sebastián 1951 San Sebastián, Basque Country Atotxa Santa Ponsa 1972 Santa Ponsa, Balearic Islands Municipal Terrassa 1906 Terrassa, Catalonia Olímpic de Terrassa Teruel 1954 Teruel, Aragon Pinilla League table Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation 1 Palamós 38 23 13 2 70 30 +40 59 Promotion to Segunda División 2 FC Andorra 38 23 8 7 59 28 +31 54 3 San Sebastián 38 20 6 12 57 34 +23 46 4 Teruel 38 17 11 10 43 35 +8 45 5 Sporting Mahonés 38 18 9 11 49 34 +15 45 6 Atlético Baleares 38 15 15 8 54 40 +14 45 7 Osasuna Promesas 38 15 12 11 59 46 +13 42 8 Binéfar 38 15 10 13 57 50 +7 40 9 Gimnàstic 38 13 14 11 54 44 +10 40 10 L'Hospitalet 38 15 8 15 57 44 +13 38 11 Barcelona Aficionados 38 16 5 17 64 58 +6 37 Relegation to Tercera División 12 Andorra 38 11 14 13 41 54 −13 36 13 Calahorra 38 13 9 16 44 48 −4 35 14 Fraga 38 12 10 16 41 54 −13 34 15 Cala Millor 38 12 9 17 49 56 −7 33 Relegation to Tercera División 16 Deportivo Aragón 38 10 12 16 38 41 −3 32 17 Arnedo 38 11 10 17 43 56 −13 32 Relegation to Tercera División 18 Poblense 38 9 8 21 28 56 −28 26 19 Terrassa 38 10 6 22 37 68 −31 26 20 Santa Ponsa 38 2 11 25 24 92 −68 15 Source: BDFútbolRules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scoredNotes: ^ a b c Teruel finished ahead of Sporting Mahonés and Atlético Baleares on head-to-head points: Teruel 5 pts, Sporting Mahonés 4 pts, Atlético Baleares 3 pts ^ a b Binéfar finished ahead of Gimnàstic on head-to-head points: Gimnàstic–Binéfar 0–0, Binéfar–Gimnàstic 6–2 ^ Barcelona Aficionados was relegated to Terceara División after Barcelona Atlètic relegation from Segunda División ^ Cala Millor was relegated to Tercera División due to financial problems ^ a b Deportivo Aragón finished ahead of Arnedo on overall goal difference ^ a b Poblense finished ahead of Terrassa on head-to-head points: Terrassa–Poblense 1–1, Poblense–Terrassa 2–0 Results Home \ Away AND FCA ARN BAL BAR BIN CAL CAM DAR FRA GIM HOS MAH OSA PAL POB SSE SPN TRR TER Andorra CF — 2–2 2–1 1–1 2–0 3–0 0–1 1–0 0–0 1–1 3–2 1–2 1–0 3–2 3–3 2–3 3–2 2–2 3–1 0–0 FC Andorra 2–1 — 0–1 1–2 2–3 3–0 3–1 2–0 1–0 2–0 1–0 1–0 0–0 1–1 2–0 1–0 1–0 5–0 3–1 2–0 Arnedo 1–1 0–2 — 1–1 1–2 5–3 1–1 1–1 0–1 1–0 1–1 1–1 0–1 3–0 1–1 2–0 0–2 4–0 0–1 1–2 Atlético Baleares 3–1 0–0 2–0 — 3–0 3–1 2–0 2–2 1–1 3–1 1–1 1–0 1–1 2–1 2–1 1–0 1–1 8–0 1–3 0–0 Barcelona Afic. 5–0 0–2 2–0 0–1 — 3–1 0–2 2–1 1–0 3–0 3–1 0–2 1–0 4–2 3–4 2–1 1–2 8–0 0–0 1–1 Binéfar 0–0 1–3 2–1 2–0 0–2 — 2–0 3–2 2–0 1–1 6–2 0–1 2–1 0–2 1–1 5–0 0–1 6–0 0–0 1–0 Calahorra 3–0 1–1 1–4 0–0 0–2 1–1 — 4–1 4–1 2–1 0–3 1–0 2–1 0–0 1–2 1–0 1–2 2–1 6–2 1–3 Cala Millor 3–0 1–3 5–0 0–0 4–1 3–0 1–1 — 1–1 2–1 0–0 0–0 1–0 2–1 1–2 3–0 3–0 2–2 2–0 0–1 Deportivo Aragón 0–1 0–1 1–2 0–1 3–0 3–3 0–1 1–1 — 2–0 1–1 1–2 1–1 2–2 0–0 3–1 0–1 4–0 2–0 3–0 Fraga 1–1 2–0 2–1 1–1 2–2 1–2 1–0 2–1 2–1 — 0–0 2–1 1–1 2–0 0–2 2–1 0–0 5–0 2–2 2–0 Gimnàstic 1–1 1–0 2–2 2–1 3–1 0–0 0–0 4–2 0–1 6–0 — 1–4 0–0 1–1 0–1 2–1 1–2 2–1 4–1 0–1 Hospitalet 0–0 1–2 5–0 3–0 3–0 0–3 2–0 1–0 4–0 2–1 0–2 — 1–1 2–3 2–2 1–1 2–2 4–2 4–1 1–2 Sporting Mahonés 4–0 2–1 0–1 1–1 1–1 1–0 1–0 2–0 2–1 0–2 1–1 1–0 — 4–2 1–2 2–0 1–0 5–1 2–1 1–0 Osasuna Prom. 3–0 2–3 2–0 2–0 3–2 3–1 0–0 4–0 2–0 6–0 1–3 2–1 2–1 — 0–0 2–1 1–0 0–0 1–1 1–1 Palamós 1–0 1–1 4–0 2–0 2–1 1–1 3–1 4–0 1–1 2–1 0–0 2–0 3–0 2–2 — 3–1 1–0 4–0 1–0 2–0 Poblense 2–0 0–2 0–1 1–1 2–1 1–1 0–2 0–2 0–0 0–0 1–3 2–0 1–3 1–0 0–0 — 1–0 1–0 2–0 0–0 San Sebastián 2–1 1–1 2–1 4–0 2–1 0–0 2–1 5–0 0–1 2–1 2–1 3–1 1–2 0–0 0–2 5–0 — 3–0 5–0 0–2 Santa Ponsa 0–0 1–1 2–2 1–1 0–4 1–2 2–1 0–1 0–1 0–1 1–2 0–0 0–1 2–2 2–2 0–1 0–1 — 2–1 0–0 Terrassa 0–1 0–1 0–1 2–6 1–1 0–1 2–0 4–1 1–0 1–0 2–1 0–2 1–3 0–1 1–2 1–1 1–0 2–1 — 3–0 Teruel 0–0 2–0 1–1 2–0 4–1 1–3 1–1 1–0 1–1 2–0 0–0 3–2 1–0 1–0 1–4 2–1 1–2 1–0 5–0 — Source: BDFútbolLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. Top goalscorers Goalscorers Goals Team Salvador Cardona 25 Palamós Manuel Escribano 16 Gimnàstic Rafael Sanz 15 Sporting Mahonés Javier Artabe 15 Atlético Baleares Gabriel Ramón 15 Atlético Baleares Top goalkeepers Goalkeeper Goals Matches Average Team Francesc Boix 24 34 0.71 Palamós José Antonio Arévalo 28 38 0.74 FC Andorra Patxi Hernández 26 30 0.87 San Sebastián Enrique Ciaurriz 34 38 0.89 Sporting Mahonés José Pérez 31 33 0.94 Teruel Group 3 Teams from Andalusia, Canary Islands, Castile and Leon, Castilla–La Mancha, Extremadura and Madrid. Teams AlcaláAt. MadrileñoÁvilaBadajozBetis Dep.CórdobaDon BenitoGetafeMedinenseJaénLeganésLinaresPegasoSS ReyesPlasenciaSevilla At.Tomellosoclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in Segunda División B Gr. 3 1988–89 MarinoMaspalomasTeldeclass=notpageimage| Canary Islands Team Founded Home city Stadium Alcalá 1923 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid El Val Atlético Madrileño 1969 Madrid, Madrid Vicente Calderón Real Ávila 1923 Ávila, Castile and Leon Adolfo Suárez Badajoz 1905 Badajoz, Extremadura Vivero Betis Deportivo 1962 Seville, Andalusia Benito Villamarín Córdoba 1954 Córdoba, Andalusia El Arcángel Don Benito 1928 Don Benito, Extremadura Vicente Sanz Getafe 1983 Getafe, Madrid Las Margaritas Gimnástica Medinense 1962 Medina del Campo, Castile and Leon Acción Católica Real Jaén 1929 Jaén, Andalusia La Victoria Leganés 1928 Leganés, Madrid Luis Rodríguez de Miguel Linares 1961 Linares, Andalusia Linarejos Marino 1936 Playa de las Américas, Canary Islands Antonio Domínguez Alfonso Maspalomas 1969 San Bartolomé de Tirajana, Canary Islands Ciudad Deportiva Maspalomas Pegaso 1962 Tres Cantos, Madrid La Foresta Plasencia 1941 Plasencia, Extremadura Ciudad Deportiva San Sebastián de los Reyes 1971 San Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid Matapiñonera Sevilla Atlético 1950 Seville, Andalusia Viejo Nervión Telde 1965 Telde, Canary Islands El Hornillo Tomelloso 1979 Tomelloso, Castilla–La Mancha Municipal League table Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation 1 Atlético Madrileño 38 21 10 7 78 40 +38 52 Promotion to Segunda División 2 Sevilla Atlético 38 20 11 7 53 31 +22 51 3 Linares 38 18 15 5 46 25 +21 51 4 Badajoz 38 21 7 10 60 33 +27 49 5 Tomelloso 38 18 10 10 53 36 +17 46 6 Getafe 38 16 11 11 52 36 +16 43 7 Alcalá 38 13 15 10 42 45 −3 41 8 Leganés 38 13 13 12 36 37 −1 39 9 Pegaso 38 15 8 15 47 49 −2 38 10 Marino 38 15 7 16 44 45 −1 37 11 Jaén 38 13 11 14 43 48 −5 37 12 Ávila 38 12 11 15 39 42 −3 35 13 Córdoba 38 13 9 16 36 39 −3 35 14 Maspalomas 38 10 14 14 39 47 −8 34 15 Telde 38 10 12 16 51 55 −4 32 16 San Sebastián de los Reyes 38 10 12 16 28 43 −15 32 Relegation to Tercera División 17 Plasencia 38 7 18 13 28 32 −4 32 18 Betis Deportivo 38 9 11 18 54 67 −13 29 19 Don Benito 38 9 10 19 30 59 −29 28 20 Gimnástica Medinense 38 5 9 24 29 79 −50 19 Source: BDFútbolRules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scoredNotes: ^ a b Sevilla Atlético finished ahead of Linares on overall goal difference ^ a b Marino finished ahead of Jaén on overall goal difference ^ a b Ávila finished ahead of Córdoba on number of goals scored ^ a b c Telde finished ahead of San Sebastián de los Reyes and Plasencia on head-to-head points: Telde 5 pts, San Sebastián de los Reyes 5 pts, Plasencia 2 pts. Telde finished ahead of San Sebastián de los Reyes on head-to-head points: Telde–San Sebastián de los Reyes 3–1, San Sebastián de los Reyes–Telde 0–0 Results Home \ Away ALC ATM AVI BAD BET COR DBE GET GME JAE LEG LIN MAR MAS PEG PLA SSR SAT TEL TOM Alcalá — 1–0 3–2 1–2 2–2 0–0 1–1 0–4 2–0 0–1 0–1 1–1 2–1 1–0 3–0 1–1 0–0 0–0 2–1 2–0 At. Madrileño 1–1 — 4–0 1–3 3–3 2–1 3–1 3–2 8–1 4–1 1–1 2–0 2–1 6–1 1–1 2–0 2–0 0–0 3–2 0–0 Real Ávila 0–0 1–2 — 1–0 0–2 2–1 1–0 1–3 1–0 2–1 2–1 0–1 5–1 2–0 0–1 1–1 0–0 1–0 2–0 1–1 Badajoz 4–0 3–2 1–1 — 1–1 1–0 1–0 2–0 6–0 3–0 0–1 2–2 2–0 1–1 1–0 0–0 1–0 0–1 5–3 2–0 Betis Deportivo 3–1 2–1 0–2 1–2 — 3–1 1–2 0–2 3–0 0–2 1–1 2–2 1–3 3–1 0–3 1–0 1–1 0–1 1–2 0–0 Córdoba 1–0 1–3 1–0 1–2 1–1 — 2–1 0–0 2–1 0–0 0–1 0–0 2–1 3–1 0–1 2–0 5–1 1–2 1–0 2–1 Don Benito 2–2 1–0 2–2 1–0 0–4 1–2 — 0–1 3–2 0–0 1–1 2–0 1–4 1–1 1–1 0–2 0–0 2–1 1–0 1–3 Getafe 5–1 0–2 1–0 0–2 3–3 0–0 2–0 — 4–2 0–0 0–0 0–2 3–0 0–0 4–3 2–0 1–0 0–0 3–0 0–2 Gimnástica Medinense 1–2 0–4 1–4 0–3 2–2 1–0 3–1 0–0 — 1–1 1–3 0–0 2–1 1–2 0–3 0–0 1–1 0–2 2–1 1–0 Jaén 2–2 1–2 0–0 3–0 1–3 2–1 2–0 3–1 2–1 — 0–0 1–2 2–1 1–1 1–2 0–3 2–1 2–0 1–0 1–1 Leganés 1–1 1–1 2–0 0–0 3–2 1–1 1–0 2–1 2–0 1–0 — 0–0 0–0 1–1 0–1 1–0 3–0 3–0 0–2 1–2 Linares 0–0 1–0 2–1 0–1 1–1 1–0 4–0 1–0 3–1 1–0 2–0 — 2–0 2–0 3–1 1–0 0–0 2–2 2–0 2–1 Marino 1–2 1–1 1–0 2–1 1–0 0–0 0–1 1–0 0–0 1–0 4–0 2–0 — 1–0 3–0 2–1 0–0 1–0 2–0 1–2 Maspalomas 1–2 1–2 3–1 1–0 5–1 2–0 0–0 1–3 0–0 4–2 1–0 1–1 1–1 — 2–0 0–0 0–0 3–1 0–0 0–0 Pegaso 0–0 0–2 1–0 2–0 3–2 3–1 2–0 1–1 1–1 0–3 2–0 1–1 5–2 1–0 — 0–0 1–2 0–2 1–1 2–3 Plasencia 0–1 0–0 1–1 1–2 3–2 2–0 2–1 0–0 0–0 2–2 0–0 1–1 1–1 2–0 1–0 — 0–1 1–2 0–0 0–0 San Sebast. Reyes 1–2 0–2 0–0 0–0 1–0 0–1 1–2 0–2 2–0 0–1 3–2 0–0 1–0 1–0 2–1 2–1 — 1–3 0–0 4–2 Sevilla Atlético 2–1 4–2 2–0 2–1 2–0 2–0 0–0 1–1 2–1 4–1 3–1 0–0 1–0 4–1 2–3 0–0 2–0 — 0–0 3–2 Telde 2–2 2–2 0–0 2–5 6–1 0–2 5–0 0–3 4–2 1–1 2–0 1–3 3–2 1–1 3–0 1–1 3–1 0–0 — 3–1 Tomelloso 1–0 1–2 2–2 2–0 2–1 0–0 2–0 3–0 4–0 3–0 2–0 1–0 1–1 1–2 1–0 2–1 2–1 0–0 2–0 — Source: BDFútbolLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. Top goalscorers Goalscorers Goals Team Juan Carlos de Diego 33 Atlético Madrileño Juan Sabas 21 Pegaso Julio Suárez 20 Marino Manuel Blázquez 16 Badajoz Manuel Toledano 14 Linares Top goalkeepers Goalkeeper Goals Matches Average Team Peio Aguirreoa 22 37 0.59 Linares José Ángel del Cerro 23 33 0.7 Plasencia Alex Pinilla 27 34 0.79 Sevilla Atlético Diego Díaz 29 30 0.97 Atlético Madrileño Pedro Clavijo 31 32 0.97 Badajoz Group 4 Teams from Andalusia, Castilla–La Mancha, Ceuta, Melilla, Region of Murcia and Valencian Community. Teams AlbaceteAlcoyanoAlgecirasPoli AlmeríaCartagenaCeutaEldenseGandíaGranadaHércules LinenseLevanteLorcaMarbellaMelillaNulesOlímpicSanluqueñoTorreviejaVillarrealclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in Segunda División B Gr. 4 1988–89 Team Founded Home city Stadium Albacete 1940 Albacete, Castilla–La Mancha Carlos Belmonte Alcoyano 1928 Alcoy, Valencian Community El Collao Algeciras 1909 Algeciras, Andalusia El Mirador Polideportivo Almería 1983 Almería, Andalusia Municipal Cartagena FC 1940 Cartagena, Region of Murcia Cartagonova Ceuta 1970 Ceuta Alfonso Murube Eldense 1921 Elda, Valencian Community Pepico Amat Gandía 1947 Gandia, Valencian Community Guillermo Olagüe Granada 1931 Granada, Andalusia Los Cármenes Hércules 1922 Alicante, Valencian Community José Rico Pérez Levante 1909 Valencia, Valencian Community Nou Estadi Llevant Linense 1912 La Línea de la Concepción, Andalusia Municipal La Línea de la Concepción Lorca 1969 Lorca, Region of Murcia San José Marbella 1947 Marbella, Andalusia Municipal de Marbella Melilla 1976 Melilla Álvarez Claro Nules 1931 Nules, Valencian Community Noulas Olímpic de Xàtiva 1932 Xàtiva, Valencian Community La Murta Atlético Sanluqueño 1948 Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Andalusia El Palmar Torrevieja 1971 Torrevieja, Valencian Community Vicente García Villarreal 1923 Villarreal, Valencian Community El Madrigal League table Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation 1 Levante 38 25 9 4 66 29 +37 59 Promotion to Segunda División 2 Ceuta 38 15 18 5 44 23 +21 48 3 Atlético Sanluqueño 38 17 13 8 47 27 +20 47 4 Villarreal 38 15 15 8 53 34 +19 45 5 Eldense 38 15 14 9 37 32 +5 44 6 Marbella 38 15 13 10 46 32 +14 43 7 Cartagena 38 16 9 13 39 29 +10 41 8 Hércules 38 14 12 12 49 47 +2 40 9 Alcoyano 38 15 9 14 48 44 +4 39 10 Olímpic 38 13 13 12 41 41 0 39 11 Gandía 38 12 14 12 32 30 +2 38 12 Albacete 38 11 14 13 46 45 +1 36 13 Torrevieja 38 12 11 15 45 52 −7 35 14 Linense 38 10 15 13 36 41 −5 35 15 Melilla 38 13 9 16 37 49 −12 35 16 Granada 38 10 12 16 40 47 −7 32 17 Polideportivo Almería 38 11 6 21 37 59 −22 28 Relegation to Tercera División 18 Algeciras 38 6 15 17 28 43 −15 27 19 Lorca 38 8 10 20 20 53 −33 26 20 Nules 38 7 9 22 32 66 −34 23 Source: BDFútbolRules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scoredNotes: ^ a b Alcoyano finished ahead of Olímpic on head-to-head goal difference: Olímpic–Alcoyano 2–0, Alcoyano–Olímpic 3–0 ^ a b c Torrevieja finished ahead of Linense and Melilla on head-to-head points: Torrevieja 6 pts, Linense 4 pts, Melilla 2 pts Results Home \ Away ALB ALC ALG ALM CAR CEU ELD GAN GRA HER LEV LNS LOR MAB MEL NUL OLI SLU TRV VIL Albacete — 1–3 2–1 3–1 0–1 0–0 1–1 0–0 2–1 3–3 2–1 3–0 2–0 1–2 2–0 2–1 3–0 0–0 2–2 1–2 Alcoyano 1–1 — 2–1 2–1 1–0 0–0 3–0 1–0 1–1 2–2 1–2 2–1 0–1 2–1 3–0 4–2 3–0 0–1 2–1 1–1 Algeciras 0–0 0–1 — 3–0 0–0 1–1 0–1 0–1 0–0 0–1 1–1 3–2 0–1 1–1 2–2 4–3 2–1 0–0 0–1 2–2 Poli Almería 2–0 3–2 0–2 — 1–2 1–2 3–2 4–1 1–0 1–0 1–2 2–1 1–0 1–1 0–1 0–0 3–2 0–1 3–2 0–2 Cartagena FC 0–0 1–2 3–0 4–1 — 0–1 0–1 0–4 0–1 1–0 1–1 2–1 3–0 1–0 0–0 4–1 2–0 2–0 1–0 0–1 Ceuta 3–0 1–0 1–0 1–0 0–0 — 0–1 0–0 2–0 1–0 0–0 2–2 3–0 0–0 0–0 2–1 2–0 3–0 5–2 1–1 Eldense 1–0 2–0 1–0 1–1 1–1 0–0 — 1–0 2–0 2–0 0–0 2–1 1–1 1–0 3–0 2–0 0–0 0–2 1–1 1–0 Gandía 1–1 1–1 2–0 3–0 0–1 0–0 0–0 — 0–1 1–3 0–1 1–0 0–0 0–3 1–2 1–0 0–0 2–1 1–0 0–0 Granada 2–1 0–0 0–0 2–0 2–0 0–1 2–2 0–1 — 1–1 0–1 0–0 4–0 0–2 2–1 1–1 3–5 0–1 2–2 2–0 Hércules 1–1 2–2 1–0 2–0 1–0 0–0 2–0 1–1 4–1 — 2–1 1–0 4–1 1–0 0–1 1–1 1–1 0–1 2–0 4–3 Levante 1–0 2–1 3–0 2–1 3–0 5–4 1–1 0–0 2–0 4–1 — 2–1 4–2 1–0 2–1 3–0 1–0 1–0 1–0 2–0 Linense 3–2 1–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 1–1 1–1 1–0 1–1 1–1 1–1 — 1–0 1–0 3–0 0–0 0–0 1–0 1–0 1–0 Lorca 1–0 1–2 1–1 1–0 0–1 0–2 2–0 0–0 2–1 1–2 0–4 1–1 — 0–0 1–0 1–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 1–1 Marbella 3–1 1–1 1–0 3–1 1–1 2–1 3–0 1–1 2–5 1–1 0–2 2–2 3–0 — 1–1 2–1 0–0 3–0 2–0 2–1 Melilla 1–2 2–0 1–1 0–1 1–0 1–0 4–2 0–1 0–0 2–1 1–1 1–0 2–0 0–0 — 3–1 2–1 1–1 1–2 1–2 Nules 1–1 3–2 0–1 2–1 0–3 0–0 1–0 1–2 1–1 1–0 0–3 0–1 2–1 2–1 2–3 — 0–1 0–1 0–1 1–1 Olímpic Xàtiva 2–2 2–0 1–0 1–1 0–2 1–0 1–1 1–4 2–0 2–1 3–1 0–0 3–0 0–1 3–1 0–1 — 1–1 1–1 2–1 Atlético Sanluqueño 1–3 2–0 0–0 1–1 1–0 0–0 0–0 3–1 2–1 3–0 1–1 4–2 2–0 0–0 5–0 3–1 0–1 — 6–0 0–0 Torrevieja 1–0 2–0 3–0 3–0 2–1 4–4 0–2 1–1 0–2 5–1 0–3 3–1 1–0 0–1 1–0 1–1 1–1 1–2 — 1–1 Villarreal 1–1 1–0 2–2 2–0 1–1 0–0 1–0 1–0 4–1 1–1 3–0 3–2 2–0 1–0 2–0 8–0 0–2 1–1 0–0 — Source: BDFútbolLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. Top goalscorers Goalscorers Goals Team Antonio López 17 Levante José Luis Mínguez 17 Atlético Sanluqueño Adriano García 16 Villarreal Antonio López 16 Albacete Julio Cabello 16 Algeciras Top goalkeepers Goalkeeper Goals Matches Average Team Manolo López 16 35 0.46 Ceuta Antonio Museros 27 37 0.73 Levante Juan Tapia 24 31 0.77 Marbella Pedro Torrano 27 35 0.77 Atlético Sanluqueño Juan Miguel San Román 29 36 0.81 Gandía External links Futbolme.com vte1988–89 in Spanish football « 1987–88 1989–90 » Domestic leagues Primera División Segunda División 2ª División B 3ª División Domestic cups Copa del Rey Supercopa de España European competitions European Cup UEFA Cup Cup Winners' Cup Super Cup Related to national team UEFA Euro 1988 Women's football Liga Nacional Copa de la Reina Euro 1989 qualifying Youth football Superliga Club seasonsPrimera Athletic Atlético Barcelona Betis Cádiz Celta Elche Español Logroñés Málaga Murcia Osasuna Oviedo Real Madrid Real Sociedad Real Sporting Sevilla Valencia Valladolid Zaragoza Summer transfers Winter transfers vteSegunda División B seasonsSeasons 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 Play-offs 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Segunda División B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B"}],"text":"The 1988–89 Segunda División B season was the 12th since its establishment. The first matches of the season were played on 3 September 1988, and the season ended in 25 June 1989.","title":"1988–89 Segunda División B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1987–88 Segunda División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"1987–88 Tercera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Royal Spanish Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Segunda División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Bilbao Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao_B"},{"link_name":"Hércules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rcules_CF"},{"link_name":"Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_CF"},{"link_name":"Cartagena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_FC"},{"link_name":"Tercera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Racing Ferrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_de_Ferrol"},{"link_name":"Oviedo Aficionados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Oviedo_B"},{"link_name":"Santoña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo%C3%B1a_CF"},{"link_name":"Barakaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barakaldo_CF"},{"link_name":"Palamós","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palam%C3%B3s_CF"},{"link_name":"Nules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF_Nules"},{"link_name":"Pegaso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1ctico_Pegaso"},{"link_name":"Gimnástica Medinense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimn%C3%A1stica_Medinense"},{"link_name":"Jaén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Ja%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Algeciras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeciras_CF"},{"link_name":"Santa Ponsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Santa_Ponsa"},{"link_name":"Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Marino"},{"link_name":"Torrevieja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrevieja_CF"},{"link_name":"Don Benito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Don_Benito"},{"link_name":"Calahorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Calahorra"},{"link_name":"Binéfar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Bin%C3%A9far"},{"link_name":"Tomelloso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomelloso_CF"}],"text":"80 teams joined the league, including four relegated from the 1987–88 Segunda División and 17 promoted from the 1987–88 Tercera División. The composition of the groups was determined by the Royal Spanish Football Federation, attending to geographical criteria.Relegated from Segunda DivisiónBilbao Athletic\nHércules\nGranada\nCartagenaPromoted from Tercera DivisiónRacing Ferrol\nOviedo Aficionados\nSantoña\nBarakaldo\nPalamós\nNules\nPegaso\nGimnástica Medinense\nJaén\nAlgeciras\nSanta Ponsa\nMarino\nTorrevieja\nDon Benito\nCalahorra\nBinéfar\nTomelloso","title":"Overview before the season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturias"},{"link_name":"Basque Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)"},{"link_name":"Cantabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabria"},{"link_name":"Castile and Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castile_and_Leon"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)"}],"text":"Teams from Asturias, Basque Country, Cantabria, Castile and Leon and Galicia.","title":"Group 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spain_location_map_with_provinces.svg"},{"link_name":"Arenteiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Arenteiro"},{"link_name":"Arosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arosa_SC"},{"link_name":"As Pontes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_As_Pontes"},{"link_name":"Avilés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Avil%C3%A9s_CF"},{"link_name":"Barakaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barakaldo_CF"},{"link_name":"Basconia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Basconia"},{"link_name":"Bilbao Ath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao_B"},{"link_name":"Bergantiños","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berganti%C3%B1os_FC"},{"link_name":"Cultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_y_Deportiva_Leonesa"},{"link_name":"Durango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCD_Durango"},{"link_name":"Lalín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Lal%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Langreo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UP_Langreo"},{"link_name":"Lemona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_Lemona"},{"link_name":"Lugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Lugo"},{"link_name":"Orense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Ourense"},{"link_name":"Oviedo Afi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Oviedo_B"},{"link_name":"Ponferradina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_Ponferradina"},{"link_name":"Pontevedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontevedra_CF"},{"link_name":"Ferrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_de_Ferrol"},{"link_name":"Santoña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo%C3%B1a_CF"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spain_location_map_with_provinces.svg"}],"sub_title":"Teams","text":"ArenteiroArosaAs PontesAvilésBarakaldoBasconiaBilbao AthBergantiñosCulturalDurangoLalínLangreoLemonaLugoOrenseOviedo AfiPonferradinaPontevedraFerrolSantoñaclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in Segunda División B Gr. 1 1988–89","title":"Group 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BDFútbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bdfutbol.com/t/t1988-892aB1.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_BAR0.5575025885168_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_BAR0.5575025885168_1-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_PNT0.5575025885168_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_PNT0.5575025885168_2-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_LAN0.5575025885168_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_LAN0.5575025885168_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_LAN0.5575025885168_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_LAN0.5575025885168_3-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_LEM0.5575025885168_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_LEM0.5575025885168_4-1"}],"sub_title":"League table","text":"Source: BDFútbolRules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scoredNotes:^ a b Barakaldo finished ahead of Ourense on head-to-head points: Barakaldo–Ourense 1–0, Ourense–Barakaldo 1–1\n\n^ a b Pontevedra finished ahead of As Pontes on head-to-head points: Pontevedra–As Pontes 5–1, As Pontes–Pontevedra 3–3\n\n^ a b c d Langreo finished ahead of Lalín, Racing Ferrol and Baskonia on head-to-head points: Langreo 7 pts, Lalín 7 pts, Racing Ferrol 6 pts, Baskonia 4 pts. Langreo finished ahead of Lalín on head-to-head points: Lalín–Langreo 0–1, Langreo–Lalín 1–1\n\n^ a b Lemona finished ahead of Durango on head-to-head goal difference: Lemona–Durango 2–0, Durango–Lemona 1–0","title":"Group 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Arenteiro"},{"link_name":"ARO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arosa_SC"},{"link_name":"ASP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_As_Pontes"},{"link_name":"AVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Avil%C3%A9s_CF"},{"link_name":"BAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barakaldo_CF"},{"link_name":"BAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Basconia"},{"link_name":"BER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berganti%C3%B1os_FC"},{"link_name":"BIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao_B"},{"link_name":"CUL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_y_Deportiva_Leonesa"},{"link_name":"DUR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCD_Durango"},{"link_name":"LAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Lal%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"LAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UP_Langreo"},{"link_name":"LEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_Lemona"},{"link_name":"LUG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Lugo"},{"link_name":"ORE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Ourense"},{"link_name":"OVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Oviedo_B"},{"link_name":"PNF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_Ponferradina"},{"link_name":"PNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontevedra_CF"},{"link_name":"RFE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_de_Ferrol"},{"link_name":"SNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo%C3%B1a_CF"},{"link_name":"Arenteiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Arenteiro"},{"link_name":"Arosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arosa_SC"},{"link_name":"As Pontes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_As_Pontes"},{"link_name":"Real Avilés Ind.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Avil%C3%A9s_CF"},{"link_name":"Barakaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barakaldo_CF"},{"link_name":"Basconia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Basconia"},{"link_name":"Bergantiños","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berganti%C3%B1os_FC"},{"link_name":"Bilbao Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao_B"},{"link_name":"Cultural Leonesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_y_Deportiva_Leonesa"},{"link_name":"Durango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCD_Durango"},{"link_name":"Lalín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Lal%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Langreo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UP_Langreo"},{"link_name":"Lemona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_Lemona"},{"link_name":"Lugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Lugo"},{"link_name":"Orense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Ourense"},{"link_name":"Oviedo Aficionados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Oviedo_B"},{"link_name":"Ponferradina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_Ponferradina"},{"link_name":"Pontevedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontevedra_CF"},{"link_name":"Racing Ferrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_de_Ferrol"},{"link_name":"Santoña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo%C3%B1a_CF"},{"link_name":"BDFútbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bdfutbol.com/es/t/t1988-892aB1.html"}],"sub_title":"Results","text":"Home \\ Away\n\nARE\n\nARO\n\nASP\n\nAVI\n\nBAR\n\nBAS\n\nBER\n\nBIL\n\nCUL\n\nDUR\n\nLAL\n\nLAN\n\nLEM\n\nLUG\n\nORE\n\nOVI\n\nPNF\n\nPNT\n\nRFE\n\nSNT\n\n\nArenteiro\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–3\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–3\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n\nArosa\n\n5–2\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n4–1\n\n3–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n\nAs Pontes\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n2–2\n\n4–1\n\n2–1\n\n6–0\n\n1–3\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n6–1\n\n2–1\n\n3–3\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n\nReal Avilés Ind.\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n6–1\n\n0–0\n\n\nBarakaldo\n\n4–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n3–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n\nBasconia\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n0–4\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–3\n\n1–3\n\n2–0\n\n\nBergantiños\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–2\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–3\n\n5–3\n\n0–0\n\n0–5\n\n1–3\n\n2–2\n\n1–2\n\n1–2\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n\nBilbao Athletic\n\n5–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–3\n\n2–2\n\n5–2\n\n3–1\n\n—\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–2\n\n4–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n\nCultural Leonesa\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n4–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nDurango\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n0–2\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\n3–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n\nLalín\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n\nLangreo\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–3\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–2\n\n4–1\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–3\n\n\nLemona\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–2\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n\nLugo\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n4–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–3\n\n1–1\n\n4–0\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n5–0\n\n\nOrense\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n4–1\n\n\nOviedo Aficionados\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–3\n\n0–5\n\n0–4\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–4\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–4\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n2–0\n\n0–2\n\n3–2\n\n3–0\n\n\nPonferradina\n\n3–2\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–3\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–4\n\n3–1\n\n—\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n\nPontevedra\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n5–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n2–0\n\n4–0\n\n\nRacing Ferrol\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–2\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–0\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n\nSantoña\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–2\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–3\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–4\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\nSource: BDFútbolLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Group 1"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top goalscorers","title":"Group 1"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top goalkeepers","title":"Group 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon"},{"link_name":"Basque Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)"},{"link_name":"Balearic Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_Islands"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"La Rioja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rioja"},{"link_name":"Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarre"}],"text":"Teams from Andorra, Aragon, Basque Country, Balearic Islands, Catalonia, La Rioja and Navarre.","title":"Group 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spain_location_map_with_provinces.svg"},{"link_name":"FC Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Andorra"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra_CF"},{"link_name":"Arnedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Arnedo"},{"link_name":"At. Baleares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Atl%C3%A9tico_Baleares"},{"link_name":"Barcelona Afi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona_C"},{"link_name":"Hospitalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CE_L%27Hospitalet"},{"link_name":"Binéfar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Bin%C3%A9far"},{"link_name":"Calahorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Calahorra"},{"link_name":"Cala Millor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Serverense"},{"link_name":"Dep. Aragón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportivo_Arag%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Fraga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_Fraga"},{"link_name":"Gimnàstic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimn%C3%A0stic_de_Tarragona"},{"link_name":"Sp. Mahonés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF_Sporting_Mahon%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Osasuna Pr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_Osasuna_B"},{"link_name":"Palamós","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palam%C3%B3s_CF"},{"link_name":"Poblense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_Poblense"},{"link_name":"San Sebastián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Sociedad_B"},{"link_name":"Santa Ponsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Santa_Ponsa"},{"link_name":"Terrassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrassa_FC"},{"link_name":"Teruel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Teruel"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spain_location_map_with_provinces.svg"}],"sub_title":"Teams","text":"FC AndorraAndorraArnedoAt. BalearesBarcelona AfiHospitaletBinéfarCalahorraCala MillorDep. AragónFragaGimnàstic Sp. MahonésOsasuna Pr.PalamósPoblenseSan SebastiánSanta PonsaTerrassaTeruelclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in Segunda División B Gr. 2 1988–89","title":"Group 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BDFútbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bdfutbol.com/t/t1988-892aB2.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_TER0.45146030627725_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_TER0.45146030627725_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_TER0.45146030627725_5-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_BIN0.45146030627725_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_BIN0.45146030627725_6-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_FCB0.45146030627725_7-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_SER0.45146030627725_8-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_ARA0.45146030627725_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_ARA0.45146030627725_9-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_POB0.45146030627725_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_POB0.45146030627725_10-1"}],"sub_title":"League table","text":"Source: BDFútbolRules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scoredNotes:^ a b c Teruel finished ahead of Sporting Mahonés and Atlético Baleares on head-to-head points: Teruel 5 pts, Sporting Mahonés 4 pts, Atlético Baleares 3 pts\n\n^ a b Binéfar finished ahead of Gimnàstic on head-to-head points: Gimnàstic–Binéfar 0–0, Binéfar–Gimnàstic 6–2\n\n^ Barcelona Aficionados was relegated to Terceara División after Barcelona Atlètic relegation from Segunda División\n\n^ Cala Millor was relegated to Tercera División due to financial problems\n\n^ a b Deportivo Aragón finished ahead of Arnedo on overall goal difference\n\n^ a b Poblense finished ahead of Terrassa on head-to-head points: Terrassa–Poblense 1–1, Poblense–Terrassa 2–0","title":"Group 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra_CF"},{"link_name":"FCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Andorra"},{"link_name":"ARN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Arnedo"},{"link_name":"BAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Atl%C3%A9tico_Baleares"},{"link_name":"BAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona_C"},{"link_name":"BIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Bin%C3%A9far"},{"link_name":"CAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Calahorra"},{"link_name":"CAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Serverense"},{"link_name":"DAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportivo_Arag%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"FRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_Fraga"},{"link_name":"GIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimn%C3%A0stic_de_Tarragona"},{"link_name":"HOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CE_L%27Hospitalet"},{"link_name":"MAH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF_Sporting_Mahon%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"OSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_Osasuna_B"},{"link_name":"PAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palam%C3%B3s_CF"},{"link_name":"POB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_Poblense"},{"link_name":"SSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Sociedad_B"},{"link_name":"SPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Santa_Ponsa"},{"link_name":"TRR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrassa_FC"},{"link_name":"TER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Teruel"},{"link_name":"Andorra CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra_CF"},{"link_name":"FC Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Andorra"},{"link_name":"Arnedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Arnedo"},{"link_name":"Atlético Baleares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Atl%C3%A9tico_Baleares"},{"link_name":"Barcelona Afic.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona_C"},{"link_name":"Binéfar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Bin%C3%A9far"},{"link_name":"Calahorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Calahorra"},{"link_name":"Cala Millor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Serverense"},{"link_name":"Deportivo Aragón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportivo_Arag%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Fraga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_Fraga"},{"link_name":"Gimnàstic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimn%C3%A0stic_de_Tarragona"},{"link_name":"Hospitalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CE_L%27Hospitalet"},{"link_name":"Sporting Mahonés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF_Sporting_Mahon%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Osasuna Prom.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_Osasuna_B"},{"link_name":"Palamós","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palam%C3%B3s_CF"},{"link_name":"Poblense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_Poblense"},{"link_name":"San Sebastián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Sociedad_B"},{"link_name":"Santa Ponsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Santa_Ponsa"},{"link_name":"Terrassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrassa_FC"},{"link_name":"Teruel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Teruel"},{"link_name":"BDFútbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bdfutbol.com/es/t/t1988-892aB2.html"}],"sub_title":"Results","text":"Home \\ Away\n\nAND\n\nFCA\n\nARN\n\nBAL\n\nBAR\n\nBIN\n\nCAL\n\nCAM\n\nDAR\n\nFRA\n\nGIM\n\nHOS\n\nMAH\n\nOSA\n\nPAL\n\nPOB\n\nSSE\n\nSPN\n\nTRR\n\nTER\n\n\nAndorra CF\n\n—\n\n2–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–2\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n3–2\n\n3–3\n\n2–3\n\n3–2\n\n2–2\n\n3–1\n\n0–0\n\n\nFC Andorra\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–3\n\n3–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n5–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n\nArnedo\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n5–3\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–2\n\n4–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n\nAtlético Baleares\n\n3–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\n3–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n8–0\n\n1–3\n\n0–0\n\n\nBarcelona Afic.\n\n5–0\n\n0–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n—\n\n3–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n3–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n4–2\n\n3–4\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n8–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nBinéfar\n\n0–0\n\n1–3\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–2\n\n—\n\n2–0\n\n3–2\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n6–2\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n5–0\n\n0–1\n\n6–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n\nCalahorra\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–4\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n4–1\n\n4–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–3\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n6–2\n\n1–3\n\n\nCala Millor\n\n3–0\n\n1–3\n\n5–0\n\n0–0\n\n4–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n3–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n\nDeportivo Aragón\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–1\n\n3–0\n\n3–3\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n3–1\n\n0–1\n\n4–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n\nFraga\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n5–0\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n\nGimnàstic\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n4–2\n\n0–1\n\n6–0\n\n—\n\n1–4\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n4–1\n\n0–1\n\n\nHospitalet\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n5–0\n\n3–0\n\n3–0\n\n0–3\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n4–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–2\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n2–3\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n4–2\n\n4–1\n\n1–2\n\n\nSporting Mahonés\n\n4–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n4–2\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n5–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n\nOsasuna Prom.\n\n3–0\n\n2–3\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–2\n\n3–1\n\n0–0\n\n4–0\n\n2–0\n\n6–0\n\n1–3\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n\nPalamós\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n4–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n4–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–2\n\n—\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n\nPoblense\n\n2–0\n\n0–2\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n0–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–3\n\n2–0\n\n1–3\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n\nSan Sebastián\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n4–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n5–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n5–0\n\n—\n\n3–0\n\n5–0\n\n0–2\n\n\nSanta Ponsa\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n0–4\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–2\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n\nTerrassa\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–6\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n4–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–3\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n3–0\n\n\nTeruel\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n4–1\n\n1–3\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–4\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n5–0\n\n—\n\nSource: BDFútbolLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Group 2"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top goalscorers","title":"Group 2"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top goalkeepers","title":"Group 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"},{"link_name":"Canary Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands"},{"link_name":"Castile and Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castile_and_Leon"},{"link_name":"Castilla–La Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilla%E2%80%93La_Mancha"},{"link_name":"Extremadura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremadura"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Madrid"}],"text":"Teams from Andalusia, Canary Islands, Castile and Leon, Castilla–La Mancha, Extremadura and Madrid.","title":"Group 3"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spain_location_map_with_provinces.svg"},{"link_name":"Alcalá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSD_Alcal%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"At. Madrileño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid_B"},{"link_name":"Ávila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_%C3%81vila_CF"},{"link_name":"Badajoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Badajoz"},{"link_name":"Betis Dep.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betis_Deportivo_Balompi%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_CF"},{"link_name":"Don Benito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Don_Benito"},{"link_name":"Getafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getafe_CF"},{"link_name":"Medinense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimn%C3%A1stica_Medinense"},{"link_name":"Jaén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Ja%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Leganés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Legan%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Linares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linares_CF"},{"link_name":"Pegaso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1ctico_Pegaso"},{"link_name":"SS Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_los_Reyes"},{"link_name":"Plasencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UP_Plasencia"},{"link_name":"Sevilla At.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevilla_Atl%C3%A9tico"},{"link_name":"Tomelloso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomelloso_CF"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spain_location_map_with_provinces.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canarias-loc.svg"},{"link_name":"Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Marino"},{"link_name":"Maspalomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Maspalomas"},{"link_name":"Telde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_Telde"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canarias-loc.svg"}],"sub_title":"Teams","text":"AlcaláAt. MadrileñoÁvilaBadajozBetis Dep.CórdobaDon BenitoGetafeMedinenseJaénLeganésLinaresPegasoSS ReyesPlasenciaSevilla At.Tomellosoclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in Segunda División B Gr. 3 1988–89MarinoMaspalomasTeldeclass=notpageimage| Canary Islands","title":"Group 3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BDFútbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bdfutbol.com/t/t1988-892aB3.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_SEV0.33662788073375_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_SEV0.33662788073375_11-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_MAR0.33662788073375_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_MAR0.33662788073375_12-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_AVI0.33662788073375_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_AVI0.33662788073375_13-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_TEL0.33662788073375_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_TEL0.33662788073375_14-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_TEL0.33662788073375_14-2"}],"sub_title":"League table","text":"Source: BDFútbolRules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scoredNotes:^ a b Sevilla Atlético finished ahead of Linares on overall goal difference\n\n^ a b Marino finished ahead of Jaén on overall goal difference\n\n^ a b Ávila finished ahead of Córdoba on number of goals scored\n\n^ a b c Telde finished ahead of San Sebastián de los Reyes and Plasencia on head-to-head points: Telde 5 pts, San Sebastián de los Reyes 5 pts, Plasencia 2 pts. Telde finished ahead of San Sebastián de los Reyes on head-to-head points: Telde–San Sebastián de los Reyes 3–1, San Sebastián de los Reyes–Telde 0–0","title":"Group 3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ALC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSD_Alcal%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"ATM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid_B"},{"link_name":"AVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_%C3%81vila_CF"},{"link_name":"BAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Badajoz"},{"link_name":"BET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betis_Deportivo_Balompi%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"COR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_CF"},{"link_name":"DBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Don_Benito"},{"link_name":"GET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getafe_CF"},{"link_name":"GME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimn%C3%A1stica_Medinense"},{"link_name":"JAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Ja%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"LEG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Legan%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"LIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linares_CF"},{"link_name":"MAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Marino"},{"link_name":"MAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Maspalomas"},{"link_name":"PEG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1ctico_Pegaso"},{"link_name":"PLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UP_Plasencia"},{"link_name":"SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_los_Reyes"},{"link_name":"SAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevilla_Atl%C3%A9tico"},{"link_name":"TEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_Telde"},{"link_name":"TOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomelloso_CF"},{"link_name":"Alcalá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSD_Alcal%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"At. Madrileño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid_B"},{"link_name":"Real Ávila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_%C3%81vila_CF"},{"link_name":"Badajoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Badajoz"},{"link_name":"Betis Deportivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betis_Deportivo_Balompi%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_CF"},{"link_name":"Don Benito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Don_Benito"},{"link_name":"Getafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getafe_CF"},{"link_name":"Gimnástica Medinense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimn%C3%A1stica_Medinense"},{"link_name":"Jaén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Ja%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Leganés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Legan%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Linares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linares_CF"},{"link_name":"Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Marino"},{"link_name":"Maspalomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Maspalomas"},{"link_name":"Pegaso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1ctico_Pegaso"},{"link_name":"Plasencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UP_Plasencia"},{"link_name":"San Sebast. Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_los_Reyes"},{"link_name":"Sevilla Atlético","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevilla_Atl%C3%A9tico"},{"link_name":"Telde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_Telde"},{"link_name":"Tomelloso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomelloso_CF"},{"link_name":"BDFútbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bdfutbol.com/es/t/t1988-892aB3.html"}],"sub_title":"Results","text":"Home \\ Away\n\nALC\n\nATM\n\nAVI\n\nBAD\n\nBET\n\nCOR\n\nDBE\n\nGET\n\nGME\n\nJAE\n\nLEG\n\nLIN\n\nMAR\n\nMAS\n\nPEG\n\nPLA\n\nSSR\n\nSAT\n\nTEL\n\nTOM\n\n\nAlcalá\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n3–2\n\n1–2\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–4\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n\nAt. Madrileño\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n4–0\n\n1–3\n\n3–3\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n3–2\n\n8–1\n\n4–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n6–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–2\n\n0–0\n\n\nReal Ávila\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–3\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n5–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nBadajoz\n\n4–0\n\n3–2\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n6–0\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n5–3\n\n2–0\n\n\nBetis Deportivo\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–2\n\n—\n\n3–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–2\n\n3–0\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–3\n\n3–1\n\n0–3\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n\nCórdoba\n\n1–0\n\n1–3\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n5–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n\nDon Benito\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n0–4\n\n1–2\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n3–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–4\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–3\n\n\nGetafe\n\n5–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n0–2\n\n3–3\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\n4–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n3–0\n\n0–0\n\n4–3\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–0\n\n0–2\n\n\nGimnástica Medinense\n\n1–2\n\n0–4\n\n1–4\n\n0–3\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n1–3\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–3\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n\nJaén\n\n2–2\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–3\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–3\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nLeganés\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n3–0\n\n0–2\n\n1–2\n\n\nLinares\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n\nMarino\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n4–0\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n\nMaspalomas\n\n1–2\n\n1–2\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n5–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–3\n\n0–0\n\n4–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n\nPegaso\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–2\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–3\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n5–2\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–3\n\n\nPlasencia\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n3–2\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n\nSan Sebast. Reyes\n\n1–2\n\n0–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n3–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n1–3\n\n0–0\n\n4–2\n\n\nSevilla Atlético\n\n2–1\n\n4–2\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n4–1\n\n3–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n4–1\n\n2–3\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n3–2\n\n\nTelde\n\n2–2\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n2–5\n\n6–1\n\n0–2\n\n5–0\n\n0–3\n\n4–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–3\n\n3–2\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n3–1\n\n\nTomelloso\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n4–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\nSource: BDFútbolLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Group 3"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top goalscorers","title":"Group 3"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top goalkeepers","title":"Group 3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"},{"link_name":"Castilla–La Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilla%E2%80%93La_Mancha"},{"link_name":"Ceuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta"},{"link_name":"Melilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melilla"},{"link_name":"Region of Murcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_of_Murcia"},{"link_name":"Valencian Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_Community"}],"text":"Teams from Andalusia, Castilla–La Mancha, Ceuta, Melilla, Region of Murcia and Valencian Community.","title":"Group 4"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spain_location_map_with_provinces.svg"},{"link_name":"Albacete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albacete_Balompi%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Alcoyano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Alcoyano"},{"link_name":"Algeciras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeciras_CF"},{"link_name":"Poli Almería","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP_Almer%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Cartagena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_FC"},{"link_name":"Ceuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgD_Ceuta"},{"link_name":"Eldense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Eldense"},{"link_name":"Gandía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF_Gand%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_CF"},{"link_name":"Hércules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rcules_CF"},{"link_name":"Linense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RB_Linense"},{"link_name":"Levante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levante_UD"},{"link_name":"Lorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF_Lorca_Deportiva_(1969)"},{"link_name":"Marbella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_Marbella"},{"link_name":"Melilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_Melilla"},{"link_name":"Nules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF_Nules"},{"link_name":"Olímpic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Ol%C3%ADmpic_de_X%C3%A0tiva"},{"link_name":"Sanluqueño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Sanluque%C3%B1o_CF"},{"link_name":"Torrevieja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrevieja_CF"},{"link_name":"Villarreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villarreal_CF"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spain_location_map_with_provinces.svg"}],"sub_title":"Teams","text":"AlbaceteAlcoyanoAlgecirasPoli AlmeríaCartagenaCeutaEldenseGandíaGranadaHércules LinenseLevanteLorcaMarbellaMelillaNulesOlímpicSanluqueñoTorreviejaVillarrealclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in Segunda División B Gr. 4 1988–89","title":"Group 4"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BDFútbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bdfutbol.com/t/t1988-892aB4.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_ALC0.58459382484881_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_ALC0.58459382484881_15-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_TOR0.58459382484881_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_TOR0.58459382484881_16-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_TOR0.58459382484881_16-2"}],"sub_title":"League table","text":"Source: BDFútbolRules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scoredNotes:^ a b Alcoyano finished ahead of Olímpic on head-to-head goal difference: Olímpic–Alcoyano 2–0, Alcoyano–Olímpic 3–0\n\n^ a b c Torrevieja finished ahead of Linense and Melilla on head-to-head points: Torrevieja 6 pts, Linense 4 pts, Melilla 2 pts","title":"Group 4"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ALB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albacete_Balompi%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"ALC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Alcoyano"},{"link_name":"ALG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeciras_CF"},{"link_name":"ALM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP_Almer%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"CAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_FC"},{"link_name":"CEU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgD_Ceuta"},{"link_name":"ELD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Eldense"},{"link_name":"GAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF_Gand%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"GRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_CF"},{"link_name":"HER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rcules_CF"},{"link_name":"LEV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levante_UD"},{"link_name":"LNS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Balomp%C3%A9dica_Linense"},{"link_name":"LOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF_Lorca_Deportiva_(1969)"},{"link_name":"MAB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_Marbella"},{"link_name":"MEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_Melilla"},{"link_name":"NUL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF_Nules"},{"link_name":"OLI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Ol%C3%ADmpic_de_X%C3%A0tiva"},{"link_name":"SLU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Sanluque%C3%B1o_CF"},{"link_name":"TRV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrevieja_CF"},{"link_name":"VIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villarreal_CF"},{"link_name":"Albacete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albacete_Balompi%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Alcoyano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Alcoyano"},{"link_name":"Algeciras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeciras_CF"},{"link_name":"Poli Almería","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP_Almer%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Cartagena FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_FC"},{"link_name":"Ceuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgD_Ceuta"},{"link_name":"Eldense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Eldense"},{"link_name":"Gandía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF_Gand%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_CF"},{"link_name":"Hércules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rcules_CF"},{"link_name":"Levante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levante_UD"},{"link_name":"Linense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Balomp%C3%A9dica_Linense"},{"link_name":"Lorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF_Lorca_Deportiva_(1969)"},{"link_name":"Marbella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_Marbella"},{"link_name":"Melilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_Melilla"},{"link_name":"Nules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF_Nules"},{"link_name":"Olímpic Xàtiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Ol%C3%ADmpic_de_X%C3%A0tiva"},{"link_name":"Atlético Sanluqueño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Sanluque%C3%B1o_CF"},{"link_name":"Torrevieja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrevieja_CF"},{"link_name":"Villarreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villarreal_CF"},{"link_name":"BDFútbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bdfutbol.com/es/t/t1988-892aB4.html"}],"sub_title":"Results","text":"Home \\ Away\n\nALB\n\nALC\n\nALG\n\nALM\n\nCAR\n\nCEU\n\nELD\n\nGAN\n\nGRA\n\nHER\n\nLEV\n\nLNS\n\nLOR\n\nMAB\n\nMEL\n\nNUL\n\nOLI\n\nSLU\n\nTRV\n\nVIL\n\n\nAlbacete\n\n—\n\n1–3\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–3\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–2\n\n\nAlcoyano\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n4–2\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n\nAlgeciras\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n—\n\n3–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–2\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n4–3\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–2\n\n\nPoli Almería\n\n2–0\n\n3–2\n\n0–2\n\n—\n\n1–2\n\n1–2\n\n3–2\n\n4–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n3–2\n\n0–1\n\n3–2\n\n0–2\n\n\nCartagena FC\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n3–0\n\n4–1\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–4\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n4–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n\nCeuta\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–2\n\n3–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n5–2\n\n1–1\n\n\nEldense\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n\nGandía\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n1–3\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–3\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n\nGranada\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n4–0\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–5\n\n0–1\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n\nHércules\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n4–1\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n4–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n4–3\n\n\nLevante\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n5–4\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n4–1\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n4–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n\nLinense\n\n3–2\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n\nLorca\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–4\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nMarbella\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–5\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–2\n\n3–0\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n\nMelilla\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n4–2\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–2\n\n\nNules\n\n1–1\n\n3–2\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–3\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–3\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–3\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n\nOlímpic Xàtiva\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–4\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n0–0\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n3–1\n\n0–1\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n\nAtlético Sanluqueño\n\n1–3\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n4–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n5–0\n\n3–1\n\n0–1\n\n—\n\n6–0\n\n0–0\n\n\nTorrevieja\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n4–4\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n5–1\n\n0–3\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n\nVillarreal\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n4–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n3–2\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n8–0\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\nSource: BDFútbolLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Group 4"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top goalscorers","title":"Group 4"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top goalkeepers","title":"Group 4"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Tarasenko_(politician)

Andrey Tarasenko (politician)

["1 Early life and career","2 Politics","3 References"]

This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Andrey Tarasenko" politician – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Andrey TarasenkoАндрей ТарасенкоChairman of the Government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)IncumbentAssumed office 31 July 2020Preceded byAleksey Kolodeznikov (acting)Deputy Head of the Federal Agency for Maritime and River TransportIn office27 September 2018 – 31 July 2020Governor of Primorsky Krai (acting)In office4 October 2017 – 26 September 2018Preceded byVladimir MiklushevskySucceeded byOleg Kozhemyako Personal detailsBornAndrey Vladimirovich Tarasenko (1963-08-09) 9 August 1963 (age 60)Vladivostok, Soviet UnionPolitical partyUnited Russia Andrey Vladimirovich Tarasenko (Russian: Андрей Владимирович Тарасенко; born on 9 August 1963), is a Russian politician and former army officer who is currently the Chairman of the Government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) since 31 July 2020. Tarasenko had served as the acting governor of Primorsky Krai from 2017 to 2018, before he was officially replaced by Oleg Kozhemyako. He was also the Deputy Head of the Federal Agency for Maritime and River Transport from 2018 to 2020. He is also a doctor of psychology. Early life and career Andrey Tarasenko was born in Vladivostok on 9 August 1963. He began working in 1980. In 1985, he graduated from the Higher Naval School of Submarine Navigation  in Leningrad. Until 1994, he served in the Soviet Army and the Russian Armed Forces. From September 1997 to January 2000 Tarasenko worked as a manager of the closed joint stock company Westmoreproduct. Between January 2000 and November 2003, he was the Acting General Director, then General Director of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise National Fish Resources. In 2002, he graduated from the Russian Academy of Public Administration under the President of Russia  with a degree in State and Municipal Administration with the qualification of a Manager. In 2003, he defended his Ph.D. thesis at the Moscow State Social University on the topic "Dialogue model of managerial decision-making by a manager." From January 2004 to June 2005, Tarasenko was acting director of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Murmansk Sea Fishing Port". Between July 2005 and June 2007, he became the Deputy Head of the Inspectorate for Controlling Federal Budget Expenditures on Fisheries and Water Resources of the Department for Controlling Federal Budget Expenditures on Natural Resources and Agroindustrial Complex of the Accounts Chamber of Russia. In 2006, he graduated from the Russian State Social University with a degree in accounting, analysis and audit with the qualification of an economist. From June to August 2007, he worked as First Deputy Director of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "State Order of the Red Banner of Labor Research Institute of Chemical Reagents and Highly Pure Chemical Substances." From December 2007 to April 2008, he was the Deputy Head of the Department of Affairs and Administrative Support of the Federal Agency for Atomic Energy. Between April 2008 and February 2010, he worked as Deputy Director of the Department for Management of Affairs and Property Complex of the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom. In 2009, he was awarded the academic title of Professor in the Department of Acmeology and Cybernetics of the Peter the Great Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces. In 2010, Tarasenko was awarded the academic degree of Doctor of Psychology. According to the results of the examination of the Dissernet network community, most of Tarasenko's doctoral dissertation "Socio-psychological patterns and mechanisms of optimal activity of a military leader" is plagiarism: the text of 280 out of 340 analyzed pages is fully or partially borrowed from the dissertation defended in 1995 L. G. Lapteva "Optimization of the administrative activities of military personnel.". From December 2010 to January 2012, he successively held positions, starting from chief economist to advisor to the deputy chairman of the board of JSC Russian Agricultural Bank. From March 2012 to June 2013, he consecutively held the positions of Deputy Head, Head of the Nevsko-Ladoga Basin Water Administration of the Federal Agency for Water Resources. From July to September 2013, he held the position of Deputy General Director of FSUE "Rosmorport". On 11 September 2013, he was promoted to the General Director of FSUE “Rosmorport”. Politics On 4 October 2017, Russian President Vladimir Putin appointed Tarasenko as interim governor of the Primorsky Krai to replace the retired Vladimir Miklushevsky. Tarasenko publicly supported the pension reform which was unpopular among the people. On a single voting day on 9 September 2018, in the first round of elections for the governor of the Primorsky Krai, he received 46.57% of the votes and entered the second round with the member of the Legislative Assembly of the Primorsky Krai, Andrey Ishchenko, of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. On 11 September, President Putin met with Tarasenko, who expressed the hope that in the second round of elections "everything will be all right" for him. The second round took place on 16 September. After processing 96% of the ballots, Tarasenko was trailing about five percent behind the candidate from the Communist Party, Ischenko, but at the last moment he unexpectedly took the lead. The second round was accompanied by numerous violations, protests and accusations of both candidates against each other. After considering numerous complaints, on 19 September, the chairman of the Central Election Commission, Ella Pamfilova, recommended the regional commission to invalidate the election of the governor, which was done the next day. Shortly thereafter, Tarasenko wrote a letter of resignation from the position of acting governor of the Primorsky Krai, which Putin approved on 26 September 2018, and Oleg Kozhemyako was appointed acting governor of the Primorsky Krai, and was eventually officially elected as the governor. By order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 27 September 2018, Tarasenko was appointed Deputy Head of the Federal Agency for Maritime and River Transport. Since 31 July 2020, Tarasenko has served as the chairman of the government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). References ^ "Исполнять обязанности премьера Якутии будет Андрей Тарасенко". prav.sakha.gov.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-08-01. ^ "Приложение N1 к приказу Рособрнадзора от 21.10.09 г. N 2100". Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере образования и науки. Retrieved 2018-09-18. ^ "Тарасенко Андрей Владимирович". Диссернет. Retrieved 2018-09-09. ^ "Из "Нацрыбресурсов" в губернаторы: что известно о новом ио главы Приморья Андрее Тарасенко". VL.RU. 2017-05-10. Retrieved 2018-09-09. ^ Хватили через край / kommersant.ru, 17 September 2018 ^ Рабочая встреча с врио губернатора Приморского края Андреем Тарасенко / kremlin.ru, 11 сентября 2018 года ^ "Избирательная комиссия Приморского края отменила результаты выборов губернатора Приморья" (in Russian). Эхо Москвы. Retrieved 2018-09-20. ^ "Избирательная комиссия Приморского края отменила результаты выборов губернатора Приморья" (in Russian). Эхо Москвы. Retrieved 2018-09-20. ^ Распоряжение Правительства Российской Федерации от 27 сентября 2018 года № 2054-р «О заместителе руководителя Федерального агентства морского и речного транспорта» // Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации ^ "Исполнять обязанности премьера Якутии будет Андрей Тарасенко". prav.sakha.gov.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-08-01.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Sakha_Republic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Primorsky Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorsky_Krai"},{"link_name":"Oleg Kozhemyako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Kozhemyako"},{"link_name":"Federal Agency for Maritime and River Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_Maritime_and_River_Transportation_(Russia)"}],"text":"Andrey Vladimirovich Tarasenko (Russian: Андрей Владимирович Тарасенко; born on 9 August 1963), is a Russian politician and former army officer who is currently the Chairman of the Government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) since 31 July 2020.[1]Tarasenko had served as the acting governor of Primorsky Krai from 2017 to 2018, before he was officially replaced by Oleg Kozhemyako. He was also the Deputy Head of the Federal Agency for Maritime and River Transport from 2018 to 2020. He is also a doctor of psychology.","title":"Andrey Tarasenko (politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"Higher Naval School of Submarine Navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Higher_Naval_School_of_Submarine_Navigation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F"},{"link_name":"Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Soviet Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Army"},{"link_name":"Russian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Russian Academy of Public Administration under the President of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Academy_of_State_Service&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D1%8B"},{"link_name":"Moscow State Social University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_State_Social_University"},{"link_name":"Russian State Social University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_State_Social_University"},{"link_name":"Federal Agency for Atomic Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Agency_on_Atomic_Energy_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Rosatom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosatom"},{"link_name":"Peter the Great Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great_Military_Academy_of_the_Strategic_Missile_Forces"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dissernet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissernet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Russian Agricultural Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Agricultural_Bank"}],"text":"Andrey Tarasenko was born in Vladivostok on 9 August 1963. He began working in 1980. In 1985, he graduated from the Higher Naval School of Submarine Navigation [ru] in Leningrad. Until 1994, he served in the Soviet Army and the Russian Armed Forces.From September 1997 to January 2000 Tarasenko worked as a manager of the closed joint stock company Westmoreproduct. Between January 2000 and November 2003, he was the Acting General Director, then General Director of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise National Fish Resources. In 2002, he graduated from the Russian Academy of Public Administration under the President of Russia [ru] with a degree in State and Municipal Administration with the qualification of a Manager. In 2003, he defended his Ph.D. thesis at the Moscow State Social University on the topic \"Dialogue model of managerial decision-making by a manager.\"From January 2004 to June 2005, Tarasenko was acting director of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise \"Murmansk Sea Fishing Port\". Between July 2005 and June 2007, he became the Deputy Head of the Inspectorate for Controlling Federal Budget Expenditures on Fisheries and Water Resources of the Department for Controlling Federal Budget Expenditures on Natural Resources and Agroindustrial Complex of the Accounts Chamber of Russia. In 2006, he graduated from the Russian State Social University with a degree in accounting, analysis and audit with the qualification of an economist. From June to August 2007, he worked as First Deputy Director of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise \"State Order of the Red Banner of Labor Research Institute of Chemical Reagents and Highly Pure Chemical Substances.\" From December 2007 to April 2008, he was the Deputy Head of the Department of Affairs and Administrative Support of the Federal Agency for Atomic Energy. Between April 2008 and February 2010, he worked as Deputy Director of the Department for Management of Affairs and Property Complex of the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom.In 2009, he was awarded the academic title of Professor in the Department of Acmeology and Cybernetics of the Peter the Great Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces.[2] In 2010, Tarasenko was awarded the academic degree of Doctor of Psychology. According to the results of the examination of the Dissernet network community, most of Tarasenko's doctoral dissertation \"Socio-psychological patterns and mechanisms of optimal activity of a military leader\" is plagiarism: the text of 280 out of 340 analyzed pages is fully or partially borrowed from the dissertation defended in 1995 L. G. Lapteva \"Optimization of the administrative activities of military personnel.\".[3][4]From December 2010 to January 2012, he successively held positions, starting from chief economist to advisor to the deputy chairman of the board of JSC Russian Agricultural Bank. From March 2012 to June 2013, he consecutively held the positions of Deputy Head, Head of the Nevsko-Ladoga Basin Water Administration of the Federal Agency for Water Resources. From July to September 2013, he held the position of Deputy General Director of FSUE \"Rosmorport\". On 11 September 2013, he was promoted to the General Director of FSUE “Rosmorport”.","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Miklushevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Miklushevsky"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B01-5"},{"link_name":"elections for the governor of the Primorsky Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2018_Primorsky_Krai_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Andrey Ishchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Ishchenko"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of the Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ella Pamfilova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Pamfilova"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Oleg Kozhemyako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Kozhemyako"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Federal Agency for Maritime and River Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_Maritime_and_River_Transportation_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Sakha_Republic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"On 4 October 2017, Russian President Vladimir Putin appointed Tarasenko as interim governor of the Primorsky Krai to replace the retired Vladimir Miklushevsky. Tarasenko publicly supported the pension reform which was unpopular among the people.[5]On a single voting day on 9 September 2018, in the first round of elections for the governor of the Primorsky Krai, he received 46.57% of the votes and entered the second round with the member of the Legislative Assembly of the Primorsky Krai, Andrey Ishchenko, of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. On 11 September, President Putin met with Tarasenko, who expressed the hope that in the second round of elections \"everything will be all right\" for him.[6]The second round took place on 16 September. After processing 96% of the ballots, Tarasenko was trailing about five percent behind the candidate from the Communist Party, Ischenko, but at the last moment he unexpectedly took the lead. The second round was accompanied by numerous violations, protests and accusations of both candidates against each other. After considering numerous complaints, on 19 September, the chairman of the Central Election Commission, Ella Pamfilova, recommended the regional commission to invalidate the election of the governor, which was done the next day.[7] Shortly thereafter, Tarasenko wrote a letter of resignation from the position of acting governor of the Primorsky Krai, which Putin approved on 26 September 2018, and Oleg Kozhemyako was appointed acting governor of the Primorsky Krai, and was eventually officially elected as the governor.[8]By order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 27 September 2018, Tarasenko was appointed Deputy Head of the Federal Agency for Maritime and River Transport.[9] Since 31 July 2020, Tarasenko has served as the chairman of the government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).[10]","title":"Politics"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Исполнять обязанности премьера Якутии будет Андрей Тарасенко\". prav.sakha.gov.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://prav.sakha.gov.ru/news/front/view/id/3200161","url_text":"\"Исполнять обязанности премьера Якутии будет Андрей Тарасенко\""}]},{"reference":"\"Приложение N1 к приказу Рособрнадзора от 21.10.09 г. N 2100\". Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере образования и науки. Retrieved 2018-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://obrnadzor.gov.ru/common/html_docs/10555/10555.html","url_text":"\"Приложение N1 к приказу Рособрнадзора от 21.10.09 г. N 2100\""}]},{"reference":"\"Тарасенко Андрей Владимирович\". Диссернет. Retrieved 2018-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dissernet.org/expertise/tarasenkoav2009.htm","url_text":"\"Тарасенко Андрей Владимирович\""}]},{"reference":"\"Из \"Нацрыбресурсов\" в губернаторы: что известно о новом ио главы Приморья Андрее Тарасенко\". VL.RU. 2017-05-10. Retrieved 2018-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsvl.ru/vlad/2017/10/05/163664/","url_text":"\"Из \"Нацрыбресурсов\" в губернаторы: что известно о новом ио главы Приморья Андрее Тарасенко\""}]},{"reference":"\"Избирательная комиссия Приморского края отменила результаты выборов губернатора Приморья\" (in Russian). Эхо Москвы. Retrieved 2018-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://echo.msk.ru/news/2281358-echo.html","url_text":"\"Избирательная комиссия Приморского края отменила результаты выборов губернатора Приморья\""}]},{"reference":"\"Избирательная комиссия Приморского края отменила результаты выборов губернатора Приморья\" (in Russian). Эхо Москвы. Retrieved 2018-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://echo.msk.ru/news/2281358-echo.html","url_text":"\"Избирательная комиссия Приморского края отменила результаты выборов губернатора Приморья\""}]},{"reference":"\"Исполнять обязанности премьера Якутии будет Андрей Тарасенко\". prav.sakha.gov.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://prav.sakha.gov.ru/news/front/view/id/3200161","url_text":"\"Исполнять обязанности премьера Якутии будет Андрей Тарасенко\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Man_Pass

White Man Pass

["1 References"]

Coordinates: 50°46′58″N 115°30′08″W / 50.78278°N 115.50222°W / 50.78278; -115.50222Mountain pass in British Columbia, Canada White Man PassShow map of British ColumbiaShow map of CanadaElevation2,199 meters (7,215 ft)LocationEast Kootenay, British Columbia, CanadaRangeCanadian RockiesCoordinates50°46′58″N 115°30′08″W / 50.78278°N 115.50222°W / 50.78278; -115.50222 White Man Pass is a mountain pass in the Canadian Rockies of British Columbia, Canada. It lies between Mount Currie and White Man Mountain on the Alberta-British Columbia border, at an elevation of 2,199 meters above the sea level. The first recorded venture through White Man Pass made by people of European descent was in 1801, when explorer Duncan McGillivray and David Thompson cross the Rockies through it. The pass was used by James Sinclair to lead settlers into Red River Colony in 1841. References ^ "White Man Pass topographic map, elevation, terrain". Topographic maps. Retrieved 2023-06-23. ^ Sanford, Emerson; Beck, Janice Sanford (2010). Historic Hikes Around Mount Assiniboine & in Kananaskis Country. Rocky Mountain Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-897522-80-6. ^ Patton, Brian; Robinson, Bart (2011-03-31). Canadian Rockies Trail Guide. Summerthought Publishing. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-9782375-0-9. ^ Report of the Commission Appointed to Delimit the Boundary Between the Provinces of Alberta and British Columbia: From 1913 to 1916. Office of the Surveyor General. 1917. p. 141. vteCanadian RockiesRanges Ball Bare Beaverfoot Blue Bow Crowsnest Elk Fairholme Fiddle Flathead Foothills High Rock Kananaskis Livingstone Lizard Maligne Massive Misty Morrissey Palliser President Queen Elizabeth Rainbow Ram Sawback Sentinel Slate South Jasper Sundance Terminal Tower of London Vermilion Victoria Cross Waputik Winston Churchill Continental Ranges Hart Ranges Muskwa Ranges Mountains Alberta Andromeda Assiniboine Athabasca Brazeau Bryce Cascade Castle Castleguard Clemenceau Columbia Cory Edith Cavell Forbes Hector Hosmer Hungabee Joffre Kitchener Lyell Heart Pilot Pyramid Resplendent Robson Rundle Sarbach Saskatchewan Smythe Snow Dome Stanley Peak Sulphur Temple Three Sisters Trinity Twin Ulysses Unnamed Alberta–BC mountain (formerly Mount Pétain) Whymper Passes Abbot Athabasca Bush Carcajou Crowsnest Elbow Elk Fortress Fraser Highwood Howse Jarvis Kananaskis Kicking Horse Monkman Muncho North Kananaskis Palliser Pine Simpson Sinclair Summit Sunwapta Tonquin Vermilion Wapiti White Man Yellowhead Glaciers Athabasca Bow Columbia Icefield Crowfoot Hector Peyto Saskatchewan Vulture Wapta Waputik Icefield Riverssee List of rivers of the Canadian Rockies and Category:Rivers of the Canadian RockiesPeoples Mountain Stoney Mountain Metis Parks and protected areasInternational Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site Waterton Biosphere Reserve Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park National Parks Banff Jasper Kootenay Yoho Waterton Lakes Historic Sites Jasper House Jasper Park Information Centre Yellowhead Pass Athabasca Pass Howse Pass Kootenae House Kicking Horse Pass Skoki Ski Lodge Twin Falls Tea House Abbot Pass Refuge Cabin Cave and Basin Banff Park Museum Sulphur Mountain Cosmic Ray Station First Oil Well in Western Canada Provincial (AB) Parks Bow Valley Bragg Creek Elbow-Sheep Ghost River Kananaskis Peter Lougheed Sheep River Siffleur Spray Valley White Goat Willmore Historic Sites Frank Slide Provincial (BC) Akamina-Kishinena Close To The Edge Dune Za Keyih (Frog-Gataga) Elk Lakes Graham-Laurier Hamber Height of the Rockies Hole-in-the-Wall Kakwa Kikomun Creek Kwadacha Mount Assiniboine Mount Fernie Mount Robson Muncho Lake Northern Rocky Mountains Pine Le Moray Stone Mountain Muskwa-Kechika Ski resorts Castle Mountain Fernie Fortress Mountain Lake Louise Little Mac Marmot Basin Mount Norquay Nakiska Powder King Sunshine Village Communities Banff Canmore Crowsnest Pass Elkford Fernie Field Jasper Lake Louise Sparwood Tumbler Ridge Valemount Waterton Park Ecozone and ecoregions CEC ecozones Boreal Cordillera Montane Cordillera WWF ecoregions Alberta Mountain forests Alberta–British Columbia foothills forests North Central Rockies forest See also Geography portal Canada portal This article about a location in the Interior of British Columbia, Canada is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_fig

Mission fig

["1 See also","2 References"]

Variety of fig Ficus carica 'Mission'SpeciesFicus caricaCultivarFicus carica 'Mission' The Mission fig (also known as Black Mission or Franciscana) is a popular variety of the edible fig (Ficus carica). It was first introduced to the United States in 1768 when Franciscan missionaries planted it in San Diego. It was also planted in the subsequent missions that the Franciscans established up the California coast. Gustav Eisen writes, "The early padres and missionaries in the Pacific coast States cultivated no other variety of fig". It later became the main commercial variety planted throughout California. The Mission fig was later surpassed by the Sari Lop fig (also known as Calimyrna) as the most popular commercial fig variety grown in California. The Mission fig is a high quality fig variety. It produces both a breba and main crop, and is considered an everbearing variety when planted in the right climate. The breba crop is large. The main crop is medium-sized. It is a dark skinned fig with a strawberry colored interior. The skin of the fruit often cracks when it is ripe. The tree is long lived and grows to be quite large. It is sensitive to frost. Mission fig trees are almost always infected with Fig mosaic virus, which can affect the color and shape of leaves, but usually does not affect fruit production. It is still considered one of the highest quality figs that can be grown in USDA zones 9 and up in the United States. See also Mission (olive) Common fig References ^ Fig Varieties: A Monograph, by Ira Condit, published in 1955 in Hilgardia, Volume 23, #11, on page 437 ^ Condit, Ira (1955). "Fig Varieties: A Monograph" (PDF). Hilgardia. California Agricultural Experiment Station. pp. 322–539. ^ The Fig: Its History, Culture, and Curing, by Gustav Eisen, published in 1901, on page 255 ^ Eisen, Gustavus A.; States, United. The fig: its history, culture, and curing, with a descriptive catalogue of the known varieties of figs. Vol. and curing. Washington: Govt. print. off. ^ The New Fig Booklet, by Ray Givan, with Fred Born, published in 2007, on page 3 ^ Fig Varieties: A Monograph. Ira Condit, 1955 This Moraceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"Mission (olive)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_(olive)"},{"title":"Common fig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_fig"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Methylcysteine

S-Methylcysteine

["1 Biosynthesis","2 References"]

S-Methylcysteine Names IUPAC name S-Methyl-L-cysteine Systematic IUPAC name 2-amino-3-(methylthio)propanoic acid Other names 3-methylthioalanine Identifiers CAS Number L-enantiomer: 1187-84-4 3D model (JSmol) L-enantiomer: Interactive image ChEBI L-enantiomer: CHEBI:45658 ChEMBL L-enantiomer: ChEMBL394875 ChemSpider L-enantiomer: 22826 DrugBank L-enantiomer: 02216 ECHA InfoCard 100.013.365 EC Number L-enantiomer: 214-701-6 KEGG L-enantiomer: C22040 PubChem CID L-enantiomer: 24417 UNII L-enantiomer: A34I1H07YM CompTox Dashboard (EPA) L-enantiomer: DTXSID50862579 InChI InChI=1S/C4H9NO2S/c1-8-2-3(5)4(6)7/h3H,2,5H2,1H3,(H,6,7)/t3-/m0/s1Key: IDIDJDIHTAOVLG-VKHMYHEASA-N SMILES L-enantiomer: CSC(C(=O)O)N Properties Chemical formula C4H9NO2S Molar mass 135.18 g·mol−1 Appearance white solid Melting point 248 °C (478 °F; 521 K) Hazards GHS labelling: Pictograms Signal word Warning Hazard statements H302, H315, H319, H335 Precautionary statements P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, P501 Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Infobox references Chemical compound S-Methylcysteine is the amino acid with the nominal formula CH3SCH2CH(NH2)CO2H. It is the S-methylated derivative of cysteine. This amino acid occurs widely in plants, including many edible vegetables. Biosynthesis The amino acid is not genetically coded, but it arises by post-translational methylation of cysteine. One pathway involves methyl transfer from alkylated DNA by zinc-cysteinate-containing repair enzymes. Beyond its biological context, it has been examined as a chelating agent. References ^ Maw, George A. (1982). "Biochemistry of S-Methyl-L-Cysteine and its Principal Derivatives". Sulfur Reports. 2: 1–26. doi:10.1080/01961778208082422. ^ Sors, Thomas G.; Ellis, Danielle R.; Na, Gun Nam; Lahner, Brett; Lee, Sangman; Leustek, Thomas; Pickering, Ingrid J.; Salt, David E. (2005). "Analysis of Sulfur and Selenium Assimilation in Astragalus plants with Varying Capacities to Accumulate Selenium". The Plant Journal. 42 (6): 785–797. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02413.x. PMID 15941393. ^ Clarke, Steven G. (2018). "The ribosome: A Hot Spot for the Identification of New Types of Protein Methyltransferases". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 293 (27): 10438–10446. doi:10.1074/jbc.AW118.003235. PMC 6036201. PMID 29743234. ^ He, Haiyang; Lipowska, Malgorzata; Xu, Xiaolong; Taylor, Andrew T.; Carlone, Maria; Marzilli, Luigi G. (2005). "Re(CO)3 Complexes Synthesized via an Improved Preparation of Aqueousfac-+as an Aid in Assessing 99m Tc Imaging Agents. Structural Characterization and Solution Behavior of Complexes with Thioether-Bearing Amino Acids as Tridentate Ligands". Inorganic Chemistry. 44 (15): 5437–5446. doi:10.1021/ic0501869. PMID 16022542.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puthalam

Puthalam

["1 Demographics","2 References"]

Coordinates: 8°06′32″N 77°28′00″E / 8.10889°N 77.46667°E / 8.10889; 77.46667 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Puthalam" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Village in Tamil Nadu, IndiaPuththalam,VillagePuththalam,Location in Tamil Nadu, IndiaCoordinates: 8°06′32″N 77°28′00″E / 8.10889°N 77.46667°E / 8.10889; 77.46667Country IndiaStateTamil NaduDistrictKanyakumariPopulation (2011) • Total13,073Languages • OfficialTamilTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)Vehicle registrationTN-74 Puththalam is a Panchayat town in the Agastheeswaram taluk Kanniyakumari district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It lies between the Manakudy estuary and the Indian Ocean. The estuary is famous for its biodiversity and migrating birds. The wildlife department has recently introduced mangrove plantations. Puthalam is also known for its salt pans, which have existed since the British colonial rule. The recent tsunami has devastated the surrounding fishing villages. It has a 200-year-old Christian church constructed by Ringel Taube, a German missionary. There is also a 200-year-old higher secondary school, L.M.P.C. Higher Secondary School. Demographics As of the 2011 India census, Puththalam has a population of 13,073. Puthalam has an average literacy rate of 83.7%, higher than the state literacy rate of 80.1% (male literacy is 86.1%, and female literacy is 81.5%). About 10% of the population is under the age of six. References 2011 Census ^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Network

Atlas Network

["1 History","2 Leadership","3 Activities","3.1 Training and networking","3.2 Grants","3.3 Awards","4 Financials","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]

Coordinates: 38°54′14″N 77°01′43″W / 38.9038°N 77.0285°W / 38.9038; -77.0285Free market American think tank support group This article is about the United States-based organization that supports think tanks. For the European police organization, see ATLAS Network. For other networks, see Atlas (disambiguation). Atlas NetworkFounder(s)Antony FisherEstablished1981; 43 years ago (1981)ChairDebbi GibbsChief executive officerBrad LipsBudgetRevenue: $15,545,000Expenses: $12,963,000(2020)Members506Formerly calledAtlas Economic Research FoundationLocationArlington County, Virginia, United StatesWebsitewww.atlasnetwork.org Atlas Network, formerly known as Atlas Economic Research Foundation, is a non-governmental 501(c)(3) organization based in the United States that provides training, networking, and grants for libertarian, free-market, and conservative groups around the world. Atlas Network was founded in 1981 by Antony Fisher, a British entrepreneur, who wanted to create a means to connect various think tanks via a global network. Described as "a think tank that creates think tanks," the organization partners with nearly 600 organizations in over 100 countries. Notable members of Atlas Network include think tanks such as the Institute of Economic Affairs in the United Kingdom; the Cato Institute, Heartland Institute, Heritage Foundation, American Legislative Exchange Council, Manhattan Institute, Pacific Research Institute, and Acton Institute in the United States; the Fraser Institute and MacDonald-Laurier Institute in Canada; the Centre for Independent Studies in Australia; and the New Zealand Taxpayers' Union. History Atlas Network was founded in 1981 in San Francisco as the Atlas Economic Research Foundation by Antony Fisher, a British entrepreneur who was influenced by economist F.A. Hayek and his book, The Road to Serfdom. After founding the Institute of Economic Affairs in London in 1955, Fisher had helped establish the Fraser Institute, the Manhattan Institute and the Pacific Research Institute in the 1970s. The late Linda Whetstone, Fisher's daughter, served as chairman of Atlas Network. Margaret Thatcher, F. A. Hayek, and Milton Friedman, all friends of Fisher, formally endorsed the organization. Fisher conceived Atlas Network as a means to connect various think tanks via a global network through which the organizations could learn best practices from one another and "pass the best research and policy ideas from one to the other." Initially comprising only Fisher's think tanks, Atlas Network grew to include many others, including those affiliated with the Koch family. Major American think tanks in Atlas Network now include the Cato Institute, the Heartland Institute, The Heritage Foundation, and the American Legislative Exchange Council, which are active in conservative politics. Atlas Network states on its website that it is nonpartisan. Atlas Network has received funding from American and European businesses and think tanks to coordinate and organize libertarian organizations in the developing world. Atlas Network has been described as "self-replicating, a think tank that creates think tanks." The 2019 and 2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report ranked Atlas Network as 54th among the "Top Think Tanks in the United States." The organization's website says it is not named after Ayn Rand's novel Atlas Shrugged, but some published sources say it is. Atlas Network has "hundreds of member think tanks across the world, and their members produce white papers, meet with politicos, liaise with the media, write legislation, and much more," as described by WNYC. In 1981, Atlas Network helped economist Hernando de Soto found the Institute for Liberty and Democracy (ILD) in Peru and invested in the Institut Economique de Paris (IEP) in France. In 1983, Fisher helped launch the National Center for Policy Analysis (NCPA) in Dallas, Texas, and the Jon Thorlaksson Institute in Iceland (now replaced by the Icelandic Research Centre for Innovation and Economic Growth). Atlas Network helped establish the Hong Kong Centre for Economic Research in 1987 and the Liberty Institute in New Delhi in 1996. Atlas Network grew from 15 think tanks in nine countries in the mid-1980s to 457 think tanks in 96 countries as of 2020. The rapid growth of Atlas, now arguably the largest think tank network in the world, was partly prompted by challenges to fossil fuel interests from governmental efforts against climate change, Bryan S. Turner suggests. Atlas Network generally refrains from taking any institutional positions on public policy subjects that its affiliates support. According to The Guardian, more than a fifth of Atlas Network affiliates worldwide had either opposed tobacco controls or taken tobacco donations. A 2017 paper in the International Journal of Health Planning and Management said that Atlas Network "channeled funding from tobacco corporations to think tank actors to produce publications supportive of industry positions." The University of Bath's Tobacco Control Research Group said Atlas Network "appears to have played a particular role in helping the tobacco industry oppose tobacco control measures in Latin America" during the 1990s. Le Monde identified 17 Atlas Network partners engaged in lobbying and advocacy for "tobacco harm reduction," which supports vaping as a substitute for smoking. Atlas Network has been linked to oil and gas producers, and to efforts opposing initiatives by governments and activists on climate change. It collaborated with the Macdonald-Laurier Institute of Canada in a push for oil and gas development on Indigenous land, according to documents described in The Guardian. Its affiliates in Canada have "extensive and deepening board interlocks" involving the fossil fuel industry, other policy groups, and academia, and are "a reactionary current" against most climate actions, Nicolas Graham wrote in the Canadian Review of Sociology. An article in The New Republic blamed Atlas Network for its members' efforts in some countries to criminalize climate protesting, particularly in Germany. Various academics have described Atlas as an "oil-industry-funded transnational network" and "the predominant vehicle for fossil capital's global mobilization against climate science and policy", and its affiliates as being "partly funded by Koch and allied capitalists, with heavy support from fossil fuel-based fortunes". The Intercept, The Guardian, and The New Republic have described Atlas Network as having ties to right-wing and conservative movements, including the administration of Donald Trump in the United States, Brexit in the United Kingdom, and anti-government protests in Latin America. According to The Guardian, "Atlas took no position on Brexit itself, and many of its European partners were opposed, but directors of UK groups in the network were prominent in the official campaign to take Britain out of the EU." In Brazil, Atlas Network had a role in the "Free Brazil" movement in 2014 that led to the rise of Jair Bolsonaro and sponsors the Liberty Forum where policies of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva were opposed. Atlas Network was linked to an online campaign that used fake accounts against the Cuban government during the 2021 Cuban protests, according to disinformation expert Julián Macías Tovar. Tovar, cited in The Guardian, also said that Atlas Network members' Twitter accounts had been involved in bot or troll center campaigns during the 2019 Bolivian political crisis, the 2021 Ecuadorian general election, and the 2021 Peruvian general election. Leadership The chief executive officer of Atlas Network is Brad Lips. Lips joined Atlas Network, then known as the Atlas Economic Research Foundation, in 1998 and became CEO in 2009. He is the author of Liberalism and the Free Society in 2021. He has said he advocates for a "freedom philosophy," and quoting Friedman, has summarized Atlas Network's function as "to develop alternatives to existing policies, to keep them alive until the politically impossible becomes the politically inevitable." In an opinion article in The Chronicle of Philanthropy, Lips argued for funding market-oriented nonprofit groups instead of increasing traditional foreign aid. He has said Atlas Network is nonpartisan and "willing to talk to all parties." Matt Warner is the organization's president, while Tom G. Palmer serves as executive vice president for international programs. Warner and Palmer co-authored the book Development with Dignity: Self-Determination, Localization, and the End of Poverty. Palmer, known in libertarian circles since the 1970s, has promoted libertarian efforts in various countries including communist and post-communist Eastern Europe, Iraq and Afghanistan; after the 2022 Russian invasion, he traveled inside Ukraine to help coordinate Atlas Network aid, which according to the Washington Examiner totaled $3.5 million by December 2022. Atlas Network worked with its partners to create the Ukraine Freedom Fund, acquiring, transporting, and providing goods to Ukrainian civilians affected by the war. Only 30 people work specifically for Atlas Network, although more than a thousand people participate in it via its partner think tanks, according to Global Think Tanks: Policy Networks and Governance, published in 2020. Atlas Network is organized into centers by region. Entrepreneur Magatte Wade is director of the Center for African Prosperity and the historian Ibrahim B. Anoba is a fellow at the center. Wade said in Reason that the solution to Africa's economic problems lies in a "cheetah generation" of young Africans who embrace free markets, individualism, human rights, and transparency in government. In her words, " poor because we don't let our entrepreneurs work." Antonella Marty of Argentina served as a fellow for the Center for Latin America, which publishes the annual Index of Bureaucracy. Atlas Network also runs the Center for United States and Canada and the Center for Asia and Oceania. Activities Training and networking Atlas Network offers training, consulting, and professional certification related to fundraising, marketing, organizational leadership, and think tank management through its Atlas Network Academy program. In 2020, Atlas Network trained nearly 4,000 people in promoting free-market voices, preparing nearly 900 people to work at global think tanks. Philadelphia Magazine described Atlas Network as "supporting free-market approaches to eliminating poverty and noted for its refutation of climate change and defense of the tobacco industry." Atlas Network holds four regional Liberty Forums (in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Europe) and an international conference in the United States. At its December 2021 "Liberty Forum and Freedom Dinner" in Miami, Florida, for think tank partners from around the world, Mario Vargas Llosa and Yeonmi Park were among the 800 attendees, and Yotuel performed. Llosa, a Nobel Prize winner and classical liberal, is considered a "friend" of the organization. An Atlas Network executive wrote in the New York Post that its Liberty Forums are "like an Anti-Davos," offering trade-show-type environments for think tanks to exchange ideas. In Canada, Atlas Network partners with about a dozen think tanks. Atlas Network has partnered with the F.A. Hayek Foundation in Slovakia, the Association for Liberal Thinking in Turkey, the Lithuanian Free Market Institute, and Libertad y Desarrollo in Chile to establish Free Enterprise Training Centers. The organization also partners with Chile's Fundación Piensa and Argentina's Libertad y Progreso. In 2021, Atlas Network partnered with Cuban anti-communism activist Ruhama Fernandez to share her story after Fernandez was arrested for criticizing the Cuban government. The Ukraine-based Bendukidze Free Market Center is also an Atlas Network partner. Commentator Deroy Murdock, an Atlas Network senior fellow as of 2017, wrote that the organization "encourages institutions to use local knowledge to reduce government obstacles to upward mobility," featuring local entrepreneurs who overcome such obstacles. In Australia, Atlas Network has partnered with several free-market think tanks, including the Centre for Independent Studies, Institute of Public Affairs, and LibertyWorks. In New Zealand, Atlas Network has partnered with the free-market think tank New Zealand Taxpayers' Union. Grants Atlas Network provides limited amounts of financial support to new think tanks on a case-by-case basis. Grants are usually given for specific projects and range between $2,000 and $5,000. In 2020, Atlas Network provided more than $5 million in the form of grants to support its network of more than 500 partners worldwide. According to Atlas Network, its grants fund coaching, networking, pitch competitions, award programs, and other "ambitious projects for policy change." The organization funds Costa Rica's IDEAS Labs, which helped reform the country's pension laws in 2020. Atlas Network also supports the Philippines-based Foundation for Economic Freedom, which works on property rights. Atlas Network supports the Burundian think tank CDE Great Lakes, which has helped reduce the paperwork and fees required to start a business in the country. The think tank works with local entrepreneurs such as "Papa Coriandre," who formalized his small business and has since grown it from two to 139 employees. Awards Atlas Network’s Templeton Freedom Award, supported by Templeton Religion Trust and named after Sir John Templeton, was established in 2004. In 2015, the Acton Institute was awarded $100,000 for its documentary film “Poverty, Inc.” In 2020, the Center for Indonesian Policy Studies won the award for its Affordable Food for the Poor Initiative. In 2021, India's Centre for Civil Society was the winner. In 2022, the Sri Lanka–based Advocata Institute, an Atlas Network partner, won its Asia Liberty Award and the Templeton Freedom Award. The organization's Think Tank Shark Tank competition allows professionals to pitch their projects to judges. In 2018, Dhananath Fernando won the Asia Think Tank Shark Tank championship for his research on the high cost of construction in Sri Lanka and his proposal to lower the taxes on construction materials. In 2019, Students for Liberty and Entrepreneurship (South Sudan) led by John Mustapha Kutiyote won the award for promoting home ownership by women. Students for Liberty Brasil won the 2021 Latin America competition for their project on educating Brazilian favela residents about property rights. Financials As a non-governmental 501(c)(3) organization, Atlas Network receives donations from foundations, individuals, and corporations, but not government funding. It has received major funding from Koch family foundations including the Charles Koch Foundation and the Charles Koch Institute, along with Koch-affiliated funds such as Donors Trust. Other donors include the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, the John Templeton Foundation and the Lilly Endowment. Research by the activist website DeSmog said Atlas Network had received millions of dollars from Koch-affiliated groups, the ExxonMobil Foundation, and the Sarah Scaife Foundation. As of 2005, Atlas Network had received $440,000 from ExxonMobil, and has received at least $825,000 USD from the tobacco company Philip Morris. Of Atlas Network partners, 57% in the United States received funding from the tobacco industry between 1990 and 2000. Analysis in the International Journal of Health Planning and Management in 2016 said that a lack of transparency and data about think tank funding had made it difficult to ascertain the amounts of tobacco industry funding to Atlas Network and partners since 2003. Atlas Network said that corporate funding accounted for less than 2% of its total donations in 2020. National Review said in 2021 that "fossil-fuel and tobacco interests" provided less than 1% of Atlas Network's funding over two decades, versus 98% from individuals and foundations. As of 2020, Atlas Network had assets of $15,450,264. Funding details as of 2020: Revenue and support as of 2020: $15,545,000   Contributions (99.4%)  Other Income (0.6%) Expenses as of 2020: $12,963,000   Programs (86.0%)  Management (5.2%)  Development (8.8%) References ^ "Atlas Economic Research Foundation – Form Form 990 for period ending Dec 2020". ProPublica. May 9, 2013. ^ a b "Annual Report 2020" (PDF). Atlas Network. Retrieved 19 August 2021. ^ "Global Directory". Atlas Network. Retrieved 17 May 2020. ^ a b c Fang, Lee (August 9, 2017). "Sphere of Influence: How American Libertarians Are Remaking Latin American Politics". The Intercept. Retrieved 27 December 2017. ^ Subramanian, Samanth (24 March 2021). "Why have two long-dead Austrian economists become cult figures in Brazil?". Quartz. Retrieved 2021-09-27. ^ Mitchell, Timothy (2005). "The work of economics: how a discipline makes its world". European Journal of Sociology. 46 (2): 299–310. doi:10.1017/S000397560500010X. 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Growing Apart?: America and Europe in the 21st Century. Cambridge University Press. pp. 145–149. ISBN 978-1139468619. ^ "For Journalists". Atlas Network. Retrieved 2024-02-06. ^ Mitchell, Timothy (2005). "The work of economics: how a discipline makes its world". European Journal of Sociology. 46 (2): 299–310. doi:10.1017/S000397560500010X. S2CID 146456853. ^ Fang, Lee (2017-08-09). "Sphere of Influence: How American Libertarians Are Remaking Latin American Politics". The Intercept. Retrieved 2024-03-26. ^ a b Meagher, Richard (2008). Right Ideas: Discourse, Framing, and the Conservative Coalition. City University of New York. p. 94. ISBN 978-0549807100. ^ James G. McGann (Director) (January 27, 2020). "2019 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report". Retrieved May 16, 2020. ^ McGann, James G. (January 28, 2021). "2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-03-07. (QUOTE: "one measure of a think tank's performance and impact" ... "designed for use in conjunction with other metrics to help identify and evaluate public policy research organizations around the world") ^ "Was Atlas Network named after the book Atlas Shrugged?". Atlas Network. ^ Mirowski, Philip; Plehwe, Dieter, eds. (2015). The road from Mont Pèlerin: the making of the neoliberal thought collective (paperback ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-08834-4. ^ "The Powerful Think Tanks Portraying Climate Protest as Dangerous | On the Media". WNYC Studios. Retrieved 2023-12-22. ^ a b Salles-Djelic, Marie-Laure (2017-10-27). "Building an architecture for political influence: Atlas and the transnational institutionalization of the neoliberal think tank". Power, Policy and Profit: 25–44. doi:10.4337/9781784711214.00007. ISBN 9781784711214. ^ a b c Turner, Bryan S. (2022). "Introduction: Waves of democracy". In Mackert, Jürgen; Wolf, Hannah; Turner, Bryan S. (eds.). The condition of democracy. Volume 1: Neoliberal politics and sociological perspectives. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-40191-2. OCLC 1252704834. Their vehicle is something called the Atlas Network, which at this writing claims over 400 affiliates in 95 countries, their operations partly funded by Koch and allied capitalists, with heavy support from fossil fuel-based fortunes.... The timing suggests one critical prompt. While the Atlas Network had been created a decade and a half earlier, its work notably escalated at this particular moment in the late 1990s. That was just as global recognition of climate change spread and parties across the spectrum began coordinating policies to address it, with the Kyoto Protocol adopted in 1997 being the prime example (Kelly, 2019; Djelic & Mousavi, 2020). ^ Glenza, Jessica (January 23, 2019). "Revealed: the free-market groups helping the tobacco industry". the Guardian. Retrieved 2022-07-30. ^ a b c "Vaping: The real dollars behind fake consumer organisations". Le Monde. 2022-03-15. Retrieved 2022-07-30. ^ a b Hingston, Sandy (2020). "Science and Religion Have Never Been More at Odds. Can Conshohocken's Templeton Foundation Bridge the Divide?". Philadelphia Magazine. Archived from the original on 2020-10-13. ^ a b c d Smith, Julia; Thompson, Sheryl; Lee, Kelley (2016-01-01). "The Atlas Network: a "strategic ally" of the tobacco industry". The International Journal of Health Planning and Management. 32 (4): 433–448. doi:10.1002/hpm.2351. ISSN 1099-1751. PMC 5716244. PMID 27125556. ^ "Atlas Network". Tobacco Tactics. Tobacco Control Research Group, Department of Health, University of Bath. Retrieved 2022-07-30. ^ a b Neubauer, Robert; Graham, Nicolas (2021-11-30). "Fuelling the Subsidized Public: Mapping the Flow of Extractivist Content on Facebook". Canadian Journal of Communication. 46 (4): 911, 928–929. doi:10.22230/cjc.2021v46n4a4019. ISSN 0705-3657. Meanwhile, the Fraser Institute, the MLI, Second Street, the Canadian Taxpayers Federation, the Montreal Economics Institute, the Manhattan Institute, and the Cato Institute—whose materials are all repurposed as information subsidies or shared directly—are all members of the Atlas Network, the oil-industry-funded transnational network that supports market fundamentalist think tanks and whose members include a rogue's gallery of climate denying organizations (including America's Heartland Institute alongside the Fraser Institute). Atlas Network groups often interlock, with members moving from group to group throughout their careers (Neubauer, 2018). ^ Brulle, Robert J.; Hall, Galen; Loy, Loredana; Schell-Smith, Kennedy (May 2021). "Obstructing action: foundation funding and US climate change counter-movement organizations". Climatic Change. 166 (1–2): 2, 3. doi:10.1007/s10584-021-03117-w. ISSN 0165-0009. ^ a b Walker, Jeremy (30 September 2023). "Silencing the Voice: the Fossil-fuelled Atlas Network's Campaign against Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australia". Cosmopolitan Civil Societies. 15 (2): 105-125. doi:10.5130/ccs.v15.i2.8813. Retrieved 20 February 2024. ^ Harkinson, Josh (December 22, 2009). "Climate Change Deniers Without Borders". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2024-03-22. ^ a b "How a conservative US network undermined Indigenous energy rights in Canada". the Guardian. 2022-07-18. Retrieved 2022-07-28. A US-based libertarian coalition has spent years pressuring the Canadian government to limit how much Indigenous communities can push back on energy development on their own land, newly reviewed strategy documents reveal. The Atlas Network partnered with an Ottawa-based thinktank – the Macdonald-Laurier Institute (MLI) ... ^ Graham, Nicolas (2024-03-27). "Think tanks and climate obstruction: Atlas affiliates in Canada". Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie. doi:10.1111/cars.12467. ISSN 1755-6171. PMID 38535618. ^ Walker, Jeremy (2022). "Freedom to Burn: Mining Propaganda, Fossil Capital, and the Australian Neoliberals". In Slobodian, Quinn; Plehwe, Dieter (eds.). Market civilizations: neoliberals East and South. Near futures. Brooklyn, New York: Zone Books. ISBN 978-1-942130-68-0. ^ a b c Lawrence, Felicity; Evans, Rob; Pegg, David; Barr, Caelainn; Duncan, Pamela (2019-11-29). "How the right's radical thinktanks reshaped the Conservative party". the Guardian. Retrieved 2022-07-30. ^ Araldi, Lucas (2023-08-25). "In Brazil, Right-Wing Think Tanks Align with Agribusiness to Seek a Path Back to Power". DeSmog. Retrieved 2023-09-14. ^ "Why the internet in Cuba has become a US political hot potato". the Guardian. 3 August 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2022. ^ "People". Atlas Network. Retrieved May 16, 2020. ^ "As we endure COVID-19, don't underestimate our extraordinary freedom crisis". Washington Examiner. 2021-09-17. Retrieved 2022-03-25. ^ "Interview: Brad Lips, CEO of Atlas Network". Merion West. 2022-08-11. Retrieved 2022-08-19. ^ Lips, Brad (2023-06-06). "Opinion|To Fend Off Threats to Freedom, Support Local Economic Development — Not More Foreign Aid". The Chronicle of Philanthropy. Retrieved 2023-06-14. ^ Coley, Victoria (2020-09-11). "The History and Future of the Freedom Movement". Independent Women's Forum. Retrieved 2024-02-06. ^ a b c Ball, Stephen (2012). Global Education Inc: New Policy Networks and the Neo-liberal Imaginary. Routledge. pp. 19–40. ISBN 978-0415684095. ^ Francovich, Eli (11 March 2022). "Spokane doctor arrives at Ukraine military hospital ready to help — but what will that entail?". The Wenatchee World. Retrieved 2022-03-25. ^ Palmer, Tom G.; Warner, Matt (2022), Development with dignity, Routledge, doi:10.4324/9781003229872, ISBN 978-1-003-22987-2, S2CID 244873522, retrieved 2022-03-25 ^ "In Ukraine, an informal web of Libertarians becomes a 'resistance network' | The Spokesman-Review". www.spokesman.com. Retrieved 2022-08-19. ^ "Libertarian organization tops $3.5 million in aid to Ukraine". Washington Examiner. 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2022-12-08. ^ "Libertarian organization tops $3.5 million in aid to Ukraine". Washington Examiner. 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2023-12-22. ^ a b c McGann, James; Whelan, Laura (2020). Global Think Tanks: Policy Networks and Governance. New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-367-27854-0. ^ Pozzebon, Stefano (13 April 2021). "Analysis: Ecuador and Peru signal political divides that could trouble the region". CNN. Retrieved 2022-03-25. ^ "Magatte Wade: The Real Reasons Why Africa Is Poor and Why It Matters". Reason.com. 2024-01-10. 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Retrieved 2021-08-31. ^ "Promoting Food Security Through Free Trade Ideas, A Congratulations to the Center for Indonesian Policy Studies". www.propertyrightsalliance.org. Retrieved 2021-09-30. ^ Rosell, Rosi (2021-12-22). "Yotuel Romero Shook Up LoanDeopt Park - Calle Ocho News". calleochonews.com. Retrieved 2022-12-12. ^ "Advocata Institute wins 2022 Asia Liberty Award | Daily FT". www.ft.lk. Retrieved 2022-12-06. ^ "Americans Should Pay Attention to Sri Lanka's Economic Crisis with Dhananath Fernando". Lions of Liberty. Retrieved 2022-12-20. ^ "ILAPI to compete in 2019 Think tank shark tank Award in Kenya". Rainbow Radio International. 2019-08-18. Archived from the original on 2021-09-10. Retrieved 2021-09-10. ^ "Dhananath Fernando wins US$ 10,000 for Sri Lanka in Think Tank Shark Tank in Asia". www.dailymirror.lk. Retrieved 2021-09-11. ^ "Kutiyote wins the 2019 Think Tank Shark Tank prize". Atlas Network. 22 August 2019. ^ "Atlas Network 2019 Annual Report Page 12" (PDF). Retrieved 1 March 2024. ^ "Projeto para favelas do Brasil vence Shark Tank da América Latina". Click Guarulhos (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2021-06-26. Retrieved 2021-09-10. ^ "Put a Tiger In Your Think Tank". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2017-09-22. ^ "Atlas Network | Arlington, VA | Cause IQ". www.causeiq.com. Retrieved 2021-08-05. Further reading Marie Laure Djelic: Building an architecture for political influence: Atlas and the transnational institutionalization of the neoliberal think tank. In: Christina Garsten, Adrienne Sörbom (eds.), Power, Policy and Profit. Corporate Engagement in Politics and Governance. Elgar, Cheltenham 2017, ISBN 978 1 78471 120 7 External links Official website "Atlas Network Internal Revenue Service filings". ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer. 38°54′14″N 77°01′43″W / 38.9038°N 77.0285°W / 38.9038; -77.0285 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ATLAS Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATLAS_Network"},{"link_name":"Atlas (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"501(c)(3) organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501(c)(3)_organization"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"libertarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian"},{"link_name":"free-market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-market"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intercept-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Antony Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Fisher"},{"link_name":"think tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:102-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-10"},{"link_name":"Institute of Economic Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Cato Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_Institute"},{"link_name":"Heartland Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartland_Institute"},{"link_name":"Heritage Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation"},{"link_name":"American Legislative Exchange Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legislative_Exchange_Council"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research"},{"link_name":"Pacific Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"Acton Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton_Institute"},{"link_name":"Fraser Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_Institute"},{"link_name":"MacDonald-Laurier Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macdonald%E2%80%93Laurier_Institute"},{"link_name":"Centre for Independent Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Independent_Studies"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Taxpayers' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Taxpayers%27_Union"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chiding_in_plain_sight_1-12"}],"text":"Free market American think tank support groupThis article is about the United States-based organization that supports think tanks. For the European police organization, see ATLAS Network. For other networks, see Atlas (disambiguation).Atlas Network, formerly known as Atlas Economic Research Foundation, is a non-governmental 501(c)(3) organization based in the United States that provides training, networking, and grants for libertarian, free-market, and conservative groups around the world.[4][5][6]Atlas Network was founded in 1981 by Antony Fisher, a British entrepreneur, who wanted to create a means to connect various think tanks via a global network. Described as \"a think tank that creates think tanks,\"[7] the organization partners with nearly 600 organizations in over 100 countries.[8][9][10]Notable members of Atlas Network include think tanks such as the Institute of Economic Affairs in the United Kingdom; the Cato Institute, Heartland Institute, Heritage Foundation, American Legislative Exchange Council, Manhattan Institute, Pacific Research Institute, and Acton Institute in the United States; the Fraser Institute and MacDonald-Laurier Institute in Canada; the Centre for Independent Studies in Australia; and the New Zealand Taxpayers' Union.[11][12]","title":"Atlas Network"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Antony Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Fisher"},{"link_name":"F.A. Hayek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek"},{"link_name":"The Road to Serfdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Institute of Economic Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Fraser Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_Institute"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research"},{"link_name":"Pacific Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"Linda Whetstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Whetstone"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Margaret Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"F. A. Hayek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek"},{"link_name":"Milton Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-15"},{"link_name":"think tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Koch family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_family"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-11"},{"link_name":"Cato Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_Institute"},{"link_name":"Heartland Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartland_Institute"},{"link_name":"The Heritage Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation"},{"link_name":"American Legislative Exchange Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legislative_Exchange_Council"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-11"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"libertarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Global_Go_To-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GGTTI_2020-25"},{"link_name":"Ayn Rand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand"},{"link_name":"Atlas Shrugged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-15"},{"link_name":"WNYC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNYC"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Hernando de Soto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_(economist)"},{"link_name":"Institute for Liberty and Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Liberty_and_Democracy"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-29"},{"link_name":"National Center for Policy Analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Policy_Analysis"},{"link_name":"Dallas, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,Texas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-29"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"Bryan S. Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_S._Turner"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-30"},{"link_name":"third-party source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hingston_2020-33"},{"link_name":"International Journal of Health Planning and Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Health_Planning_and_Management"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-34"},{"link_name":"University of Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bath"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Le Monde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde"},{"link_name":"vaping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaping"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-32"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-11"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-30"},{"link_name":"Macdonald-Laurier Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macdonald%E2%80%93Laurier_Institute"},{"link_name":"Indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"The New Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Republic"},{"link_name":"climate protesting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_protests"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-11"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-36"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-30"},{"link_name":"The Intercept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Intercept"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Brexit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intercept-4"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-43"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-11"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-43"},{"link_name":"Jair Bolsonaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro"},{"link_name":"Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-11"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"2021 Cuban protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Cuban_protests"},{"link_name":"2019 Bolivian political crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Bolivian_political_crisis"},{"link_name":"2021 Ecuadorian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Ecuadorian_general_election"},{"link_name":"2021 Peruvian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Peruvian_general_election"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Atlas Network was founded in 1981 in San Francisco as the Atlas Economic Research Foundation by Antony Fisher, a British entrepreneur who was influenced by economist F.A. Hayek and his book, The Road to Serfdom.[13][14][15][16] After founding the Institute of Economic Affairs in London in 1955, Fisher had helped establish the Fraser Institute, the Manhattan Institute and the Pacific Research Institute in the 1970s.[14] The late Linda Whetstone, Fisher's daughter, served as chairman of Atlas Network.[17][18] Margaret Thatcher, F. A. Hayek, and Milton Friedman, all friends of Fisher, formally endorsed the organization.[9][15]Fisher conceived Atlas Network as a means to connect various think tanks via a global network through which the organizations could learn best practices from one another and \"pass the best research and policy ideas from one to the other.\"[19] Initially comprising only Fisher's think tanks, Atlas Network grew to include many others, including those affiliated with the Koch family.[11] Major American think tanks in Atlas Network now include the Cato Institute, the Heartland Institute, The Heritage Foundation, and the American Legislative Exchange Council, which are active in conservative politics.[11] Atlas Network states on its website that it is nonpartisan.[20] Atlas Network has received funding from American and European businesses and think tanks to coordinate and organize libertarian organizations in the developing world.[21][22]Atlas Network has been described as \"self-replicating, a think tank that creates think tanks.\"[23] The 2019 and 2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report ranked Atlas Network as 54th among the \"Top Think Tanks in the United States.\"[24][25] The organization's website says it is not named after Ayn Rand's novel Atlas Shrugged,[26] but some published sources say it is.[27][15] Atlas Network has \"hundreds of member think tanks across the world, and their members produce white papers, meet with politicos, liaise with the media, write legislation, and much more,\" as described by WNYC.[28]In 1981, Atlas Network helped economist Hernando de Soto found the Institute for Liberty and Democracy (ILD) in Peru[9] and invested in the Institut Economique de Paris (IEP) in France.[29] In 1983, Fisher helped launch the National Center for Policy Analysis (NCPA) in Dallas, Texas,[9] and the Jon Thorlaksson Institute in Iceland (now replaced by the Icelandic Research Centre for Innovation and Economic Growth).[29] Atlas Network helped establish the Hong Kong Centre for Economic Research in 1987 and the Liberty Institute in New Delhi in 1996.[9] Atlas Network grew from 15 think tanks in nine countries in the mid-1980s to 457 think tanks in 96 countries as of 2020.[9] The rapid growth of Atlas, now arguably the largest think tank network in the world, was partly prompted by challenges to fossil fuel interests from governmental efforts against climate change, Bryan S. Turner suggests.[30] Atlas Network generally refrains from taking any institutional positions on public policy subjects that its affiliates support.[third-party source needed]According to The Guardian, more than a fifth of Atlas Network affiliates worldwide had either opposed tobacco controls or taken tobacco donations.[31][32][33] A 2017 paper in the International Journal of Health Planning and Management said that Atlas Network \"channeled funding from tobacco corporations to think tank actors to produce publications supportive of industry positions.\"[34] The University of Bath's Tobacco Control Research Group said Atlas Network \"appears to have played a particular role in helping the tobacco industry oppose tobacco control measures in Latin America\" during the 1990s.[35] Le Monde identified 17 Atlas Network partners engaged in lobbying and advocacy for \"tobacco harm reduction,\" which supports vaping as a substitute for smoking.[32]Atlas Network has been linked to oil and gas producers, and to efforts opposing initiatives by governments and activists on climate change.[11][36][37][38][39][30] It collaborated with the Macdonald-Laurier Institute of Canada in a push for oil and gas development on Indigenous land, according to documents described in The Guardian.[40] Its affiliates in Canada have \"extensive and deepening board interlocks\" involving the fossil fuel industry, other policy groups, and academia, and are \"a reactionary current\" against most climate actions, Nicolas Graham wrote in the Canadian Review of Sociology.[41] An article in The New Republic blamed Atlas Network for its members' efforts in some countries to criminalize climate protesting, particularly in Germany.[11] Various academics have described Atlas as an \"oil-industry-funded transnational network\"[36] and \"the predominant vehicle for fossil capital's global mobilization against climate science and policy\",[42] and its affiliates as being \"partly funded by Koch and allied capitalists, with heavy support from fossil fuel-based fortunes\".[30]The Intercept, The Guardian, and The New Republic have described Atlas Network as having ties to right-wing and conservative movements, including the administration of Donald Trump in the United States, Brexit in the United Kingdom, and anti-government protests in Latin America.[4][43][11] According to The Guardian, \"Atlas took no position on Brexit itself, and many of its European partners were opposed, but directors of UK groups in the network were prominent in the official campaign to take Britain out of the EU.\"[43] In Brazil, Atlas Network had a role in the \"Free Brazil\" movement in 2014 that led to the rise of Jair Bolsonaro and sponsors the Liberty Forum where policies of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva were opposed.[11][44]Atlas Network was linked to an online campaign that used fake accounts against the Cuban government during the 2021 Cuban protests, according to disinformation expert Julián Macías Tovar. Tovar, cited in The Guardian, also said that Atlas Network members' Twitter accounts had been involved in bot or troll center campaigns during the 2019 Bolivian political crisis, the 2021 Ecuadorian general election, and the 2021 Peruvian general election.[45]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-43"},{"link_name":"The Chronicle of Philanthropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Philanthropy"},{"link_name":"foreign aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Tom G. Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_G._Palmer"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ball-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"2022 Russian invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Magatte Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magatte_Wade"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"The chief executive officer of Atlas Network is Brad Lips.[46] Lips joined Atlas Network, then known as the Atlas Economic Research Foundation, in 1998[9] and became CEO in 2009. He is the author of Liberalism and the Free Society in 2021.[47] He has said he advocates for a \"freedom philosophy,\"[48] and quoting Friedman, has summarized Atlas Network's function as \"to develop alternatives to existing policies, to keep them alive until the politically impossible becomes the politically inevitable.\"[43] In an opinion article in The Chronicle of Philanthropy, Lips argued for funding market-oriented nonprofit groups instead of increasing traditional foreign aid.[49] He has said Atlas Network is nonpartisan and \"willing to talk to all parties.\"[50]Matt Warner is the organization's president, while Tom G. Palmer serves as executive vice president for international programs.[51][52] Warner and Palmer co-authored the book Development with Dignity: Self-Determination, Localization, and the End of Poverty.[53] Palmer, known in libertarian circles since the 1970s, has promoted libertarian efforts in various countries including communist and post-communist Eastern Europe, Iraq and Afghanistan; after the 2022 Russian invasion, he traveled inside Ukraine to help coordinate Atlas Network aid,[54] which according to the Washington Examiner totaled $3.5 million by December 2022.[55] Atlas Network worked with its partners to create the Ukraine Freedom Fund, acquiring, transporting, and providing goods to Ukrainian civilians affected by the war.[56]Only 30 people work specifically for Atlas Network, although more than a thousand people participate in it via its partner think tanks, according to Global Think Tanks: Policy Networks and Governance, published in 2020.[57]Atlas Network is organized into centers by region.[58] Entrepreneur Magatte Wade is director of the Center for African Prosperity and the historian Ibrahim B. Anoba is a fellow at the center. Wade said in Reason that the solution to Africa's economic problems lies in a \"cheetah generation\" of young Africans who embrace free markets, individualism, human rights, and transparency in government.[59] In her words, \"[Africa is] poor because we don't let our entrepreneurs work.\"[60]Antonella Marty of Argentina served as a fellow for the Center for Latin America, which publishes the annual Index of Bureaucracy.[61][62] Atlas Network also runs the Center for United States and Canada and the Center for Asia and Oceania.[63][64]","title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-57"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-8"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hingston_2020-33"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ball-51"},{"link_name":"Mario Vargas Llosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa"},{"link_name":"Yeonmi Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeonmi_Park"},{"link_name":"Yotuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yotuel_Romero"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-23"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"classical liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_liberalism"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Villasmil-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"New York Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-10"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-40"},{"link_name":"F.A. Hayek Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.A._Hayek_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Association for Liberal Thinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Liberal_Thinking"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian Free Market Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Free_Market_Institute"},{"link_name":"Libertad y Desarrollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertad_y_Desarrollo"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ball-51"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Villasmil-70"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Deroy Murdock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deroy_Murdock"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Centre for Independent Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Independent_Studies"},{"link_name":"Institute of Public Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Public_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-38"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-75"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Taxpayers' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Taxpayers%27_Union"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chiding_in_plain_sight_1-12"}],"sub_title":"Training and networking","text":"Atlas Network offers training, consulting, and professional certification related to fundraising, marketing, organizational leadership, and think tank management through its Atlas Network Academy program.[57][65] In 2020, Atlas Network trained nearly 4,000 people in promoting free-market voices, preparing nearly 900 people to work at global think tanks.[8][66] Philadelphia Magazine described Atlas Network as \"supporting free-market approaches to eliminating poverty and noted for its refutation of climate change and defense of the tobacco industry.\"[33]Atlas Network holds four regional Liberty Forums (in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Europe) and an international conference in the United States.[51] At its December 2021 \"Liberty Forum and Freedom Dinner\" in Miami, Florida, for think tank partners from around the world, Mario Vargas Llosa and Yeonmi Park were among the 800 attendees, and Yotuel performed.[23][67][68][69] Llosa, a Nobel Prize winner and classical liberal, is considered a \"friend\" of the organization.[70][71] An Atlas Network executive wrote in the New York Post that its Liberty Forums are \"like an Anti-Davos,\" offering trade-show-type environments for think tanks to exchange ideas.[10]In Canada, Atlas Network partners with about a dozen think tanks.[40] Atlas Network has partnered with the F.A. Hayek Foundation in Slovakia, the Association for Liberal Thinking in Turkey, the Lithuanian Free Market Institute, and Libertad y Desarrollo in Chile to establish Free Enterprise Training Centers.[51] The organization also partners with Chile's Fundación Piensa and Argentina's Libertad y Progreso.[70]In 2021, Atlas Network partnered with Cuban anti-communism activist Ruhama Fernandez to share her story after Fernandez was arrested for criticizing the Cuban government.[72] The Ukraine-based Bendukidze Free Market Center is also an Atlas Network partner.[73] Commentator Deroy Murdock, an Atlas Network senior fellow as of 2017, wrote that the organization \"encourages institutions to use local knowledge to reduce government obstacles to upward mobility,\" featuring local entrepreneurs who overcome such obstacles.[74]In Australia, Atlas Network has partnered with several free-market think tanks, including the Centre for Independent Studies, Institute of Public Affairs, and LibertyWorks.[38][75] In New Zealand, Atlas Network has partnered with the free-market think tank New Zealand Taxpayers' Union.[12]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-10"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-67"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-67"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-79"}],"sub_title":"Grants","text":"Atlas Network provides limited amounts of financial support to new think tanks on a case-by-case basis. Grants are usually given for specific projects and range between $2,000 and $5,000.[76]In 2020, Atlas Network provided more than $5 million in the form of grants to support its network of more than 500 partners worldwide.[77][78][non-primary source needed] According to Atlas Network, its grants fund coaching, networking, pitch competitions, award programs, and other \"ambitious projects for policy change.\"[10]The organization funds Costa Rica's IDEAS Labs, which helped reform the country's pension laws in 2020.[67] Atlas Network also supports the Philippines-based Foundation for Economic Freedom, which works on property rights.[67]Atlas Network supports the Burundian think tank CDE Great Lakes, which has helped reduce the paperwork and fees required to start a business in the country. The think tank works with local entrepreneurs such as \"Papa Coriandre,\" who formalized his small business and has since grown it from two to 139 employees.[79]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Templeton Religion Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templeton_Religion_Trust"},{"link_name":"Sir John Templeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Templeton"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-81"},{"link_name":"Acton Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton_Institute"},{"link_name":"Poverty, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Centre for Civil Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Civil_Society"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"John Mustapha Kutiyote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mustapha_Kutiyote"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"third-party source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"Atlas Network’s Templeton Freedom Award, supported by Templeton Religion Trust and named after Sir John Templeton, was established in 2004.[80][81] In 2015, the Acton Institute was awarded $100,000 for its documentary film “Poverty, Inc.”[81] In 2020, the Center for Indonesian Policy Studies won the award for its Affordable Food for the Poor Initiative.[82][better source needed] In 2021, India's Centre for Civil Society was the winner.[83] In 2022, the Sri Lanka–based Advocata Institute, an Atlas Network partner, won its Asia Liberty Award and the Templeton Freedom Award.[84][85]The organization's Think Tank Shark Tank competition allows professionals to pitch their projects to judges.[86] In 2018, Dhananath Fernando won the Asia Think Tank Shark Tank championship for his research on the high cost of construction in Sri Lanka and his proposal to lower the taxes on construction materials.[87] In 2019, Students for Liberty and Entrepreneurship (South Sudan) led by John Mustapha Kutiyote won the award for promoting home ownership by women.[88][89][third-party source needed] Students for Liberty Brasil won the 2021 Latin America competition for their project on educating Brazilian favela residents about property rights.[90]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-57"},{"link_name":"Koch family foundations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_family_foundations"},{"link_name":"Charles Koch Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Koch_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Charles Koch Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Koch_Institute"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intercept-4"},{"link_name":"Donors Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donors_Trust"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-32"},{"link_name":"Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynde_and_Harry_Bradley_Foundation"},{"link_name":"John Templeton Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Templeton_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Lilly Endowment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilly_Endowment"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-67"},{"link_name":"DeSmog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSmog"},{"link_name":"Sarah Scaife Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Scaife_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-11"},{"link_name":"ExxonMobil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExxonMobil"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-91"},{"link_name":"Philip Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Morris_USA"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-34"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-34"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-8"},{"link_name":"National Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Review"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-67"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AR-2"},{"link_name":"Revenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue"},{"link_name":"Expenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expenses"}],"text":"As a non-governmental 501(c)(3) organization, Atlas Network receives donations from foundations, individuals, and corporations, but not government funding.[57]It has received major funding from Koch family foundations including the Charles Koch Foundation and the Charles Koch Institute,[4] along with Koch-affiliated funds such as Donors Trust.[32] Other donors include the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, the John Templeton Foundation and the Lilly Endowment.[67]Research by the activist website DeSmog said Atlas Network had received millions of dollars from Koch-affiliated groups, the ExxonMobil Foundation, and the Sarah Scaife Foundation.[11] As of 2005, Atlas Network had received $440,000 from ExxonMobil,[91] and has received at least $825,000 USD from the tobacco company Philip Morris.[34][verification needed] Of Atlas Network partners, 57% in the United States received funding from the tobacco industry between 1990 and 2000.[34] Analysis in the International Journal of Health Planning and Management in 2016 said that a lack of transparency and data about think tank funding had made it difficult to ascertain the amounts of tobacco industry funding to Atlas Network and partners since 2003.[34] Atlas Network said that corporate funding accounted for less than 2% of its total donations in 2020.[8] National Review said in 2021 that \"fossil-fuel and tobacco interests\" provided less than 1% of Atlas Network's funding over two decades, versus 98% from individuals and foundations.[67]As of 2020, Atlas Network had assets of $15,450,264.[92]Funding details as of 2020:[2]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRevenue and support as of 2020: $15,545,000\n\n  Contributions (99.4%)  Other Income (0.6%)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nExpenses as of 2020: $12,963,000\n\n  Programs (86.0%)  Management (5.2%)  Development (8.8%)","title":"Financials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978 1 78471 120 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B1%2B78471%2B120%2B7"}],"text":"Marie Laure Djelic: Building an architecture for political influence: Atlas and the transnational institutionalization of the neoliberal think tank. In: Christina Garsten, Adrienne Sörbom (eds.), Power, Policy and Profit. Corporate Engagement in Politics and Governance. Elgar, Cheltenham 2017, ISBN 978 1 78471 120 7","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Atlas Economic Research Foundation – Form Form 990 for period ending Dec 2020\". ProPublica. May 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/display_990/942763845/05_2021_prefixes_92-94/942763845_202012_990_2021052118161289","url_text":"\"Atlas Economic Research Foundation – Form Form 990 for period ending Dec 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Report 2020\" (PDF). Atlas Network. Retrieved 19 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atlasnetwork.org/assets/uploads/annual-reports/AR_2020_Spreads.pdf","url_text":"\"Annual Report 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Global Directory\". Atlas Network. Retrieved 17 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atlasnetwork.org/partners/global-directory","url_text":"\"Global Directory\""}]},{"reference":"Fang, Lee (August 9, 2017). \"Sphere of Influence: How American Libertarians Are Remaking Latin American Politics\". The Intercept. Retrieved 27 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://theintercept.com/2017/08/09/atlas-network-alejandro-chafuen-libertarian-think-tank-latin-america-brazil/","url_text":"\"Sphere of Influence: How American Libertarians Are Remaking Latin American Politics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Intercept","url_text":"The Intercept"}]},{"reference":"Subramanian, Samanth (24 March 2021). \"Why have two long-dead Austrian economists become cult figures in Brazil?\". Quartz. Retrieved 2021-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://qz.com/1987280/the-austrians-behind-brazils-love-for-free-market-economics/","url_text":"\"Why have two long-dead Austrian economists become cult figures in Brazil?\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Timothy (2005). \"The work of economics: how a discipline makes its world\". European Journal of Sociology. 46 (2): 299–310. doi:10.1017/S000397560500010X. S2CID 146456853.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS000397560500010X","url_text":"\"The work of economics: how a discipline makes its world\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS000397560500010X","url_text":"10.1017/S000397560500010X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146456853","url_text":"146456853"}]},{"reference":"Meagher, Richard (2008). Right Ideas: Discourse, Framing, and the Conservative Coalition. City University of New York. p. 94. ISBN 978-0549807100.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0549807100","url_text":"978-0549807100"}]},{"reference":"\"Vaping: The real dollars behind fake consumer organisations\". Le Monde.fr (in French). 2021-11-03. Retrieved 2021-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2021/11/03/vaping-the-real-dollars-behind-fake-consumer-organisations_6100848_3224.html","url_text":"\"Vaping: The real dollars behind fake consumer organisations\""}]},{"reference":"Plehwe, Dieter (2020). Nine Lives of Neoliberalism (PDF). London: Verso. pp. 16, 259–261. ISBN 978-1-78873-253-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/215796/1/Full-text-book-Plehwe-et-al-Nine-lives-of-neoliberalism.pdf","url_text":"Nine Lives of Neoliberalism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78873-253-6","url_text":"978-1-78873-253-6"}]},{"reference":"Weinberg, Adam (2024-02-07). \"How I became part of a 'global conspiracy' — for advancing freedom\". New York Post. Retrieved 2024-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2024/02/07/opinion/how-i-became-part-of-a-global-conspiracy-for-advancing-freedom/","url_text":"\"How I became part of a 'global conspiracy' — for advancing freedom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post","url_text":"New York Post"}]},{"reference":"Westervelt, Amy; Dembicki, Geoff (2023-09-12). \"Meet the Shadowy Global Network Vilifying Climate Protesters\". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved 2023-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Westervelt","url_text":"Westervelt, Amy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Dembicki","url_text":"Dembicki, Geoff"},{"url":"https://newrepublic.com/article/175488/meet-shadowy-global-network-vilifying-climate-protesters","url_text":"\"Meet the Shadowy Global Network Vilifying Climate Protesters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Republic","url_text":"The New Republic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583","url_text":"0028-6583"}]},{"reference":"Wiliams, David (31 October 2023). \"Chiding in plain sight\". Newsroom. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240204203511/https://newsroom.co.nz/2023/10/31/chiding-in-plain-sight/","url_text":"\"Chiding in plain sight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsroom_(website)","url_text":"Newsroom"},{"url":"https://newsroom.co.nz/2023/10/31/chiding-in-plain-sight/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Margaret Thatcher and Antony Fisher: Free markets and philanthropy\". Philanthropy Daily. 2013-04-10. Retrieved 2021-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philanthropydaily.com/margaret-thatcher-and-antony-fisher-free-markets-and-philanthropy/","url_text":"\"Margaret Thatcher and Antony Fisher: Free markets and philanthropy\""}]},{"reference":"\"A quiet Briton whose think tanks back a free market\". Christian Science Monitor. 1984-01-19. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 2021-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.csmonitor.com/1984/0119/011934.html","url_text":"\"A quiet Briton whose think tanks back a free market\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor","url_text":"Christian Science Monitor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0882-7729","url_text":"0882-7729"}]},{"reference":"Castro Rea, Julián (2018-02-13). \"Right-Wing Think Tank Networks in Latin America: The Mexican Connection\". Perspectives on Global Development and Technology. 17 (1–2): 89–102. doi:10.1163/15691497-12341468. ISSN 1569-1500.","urls":[{"url":"https://brill.com/view/journals/pgdt/17/1-2/article-p89_89.xml","url_text":"\"Right-Wing Think Tank Networks in Latin America: The Mexican Connection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15691497-12341468","url_text":"10.1163/15691497-12341468"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1569-1500","url_text":"1569-1500"}]},{"reference":"Fischer, Karin (July 9, 2018). \"The Atlas Network: Littering the World with Free-Market Think Tanks\". Global Dialogue, magazine of the International Sociological Association. Retrieved 2024-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://globaldialogue.isa-sociology.org//articles/the-atlas-network-littering-the-world-with-free-market-think-tanks","url_text":"\"The Atlas Network: Littering the World with Free-Market Think Tanks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Sociological_Association","url_text":"International Sociological Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Linda Whetstone, evangelist for the free market who also helped to raise standards in British dressage – obituary\". The Telegraph. 2021-12-20. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2022-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2021/12/20/linda-whetstone-evangelist-free-market-also-helped-raise-standards/","url_text":"\"Linda Whetstone, evangelist for the free market who also helped to raise standards in British dressage – obituary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"}]},{"reference":"\"Global Freedom Fighters Remember Their Humble Leader, Linda Whetstone\". National Review. 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2022-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalreview.com/2021/12/global-freedom-fighters-remember-their-humble-leader-linda-whetstone/","url_text":"\"Global Freedom Fighters Remember Their Humble Leader, Linda Whetstone\""}]},{"reference":"Steinmo, Sven (2007). Growing Apart?: America and Europe in the 21st Century. Cambridge University Press. pp. 145–149. ISBN 978-1139468619.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139468619","url_text":"978-1139468619"}]},{"reference":"\"For Journalists\". Atlas Network. Retrieved 2024-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atlasnetwork.org/faq/category/for-journalists","url_text":"\"For Journalists\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Timothy (2005). \"The work of economics: how a discipline makes its world\". European Journal of Sociology. 46 (2): 299–310. doi:10.1017/S000397560500010X. S2CID 146456853.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS000397560500010X","url_text":"\"The work of economics: how a discipline makes its world\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS000397560500010X","url_text":"10.1017/S000397560500010X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146456853","url_text":"146456853"}]},{"reference":"Fang, Lee (2017-08-09). \"Sphere of Influence: How American Libertarians Are Remaking Latin American Politics\". The Intercept. Retrieved 2024-03-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://theintercept.com/2017/08/09/atlas-network-alejandro-chafuen-libertarian-think-tank-latin-america-brazil/","url_text":"\"Sphere of Influence: How American Libertarians Are Remaking Latin American Politics\""}]},{"reference":"Meagher, Richard (2008). Right Ideas: Discourse, Framing, and the Conservative Coalition. City University of New York. p. 94. ISBN 978-0549807100.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0549807100","url_text":"978-0549807100"}]},{"reference":"James G. McGann (Director) (January 27, 2020). \"2019 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report\". Retrieved May 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McGann","url_text":"James G. McGann (Director)"},{"url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=think_tanks","url_text":"\"2019 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report\""}]},{"reference":"McGann, James G. (January 28, 2021). \"2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-03-07. (QUOTE[s]: \"one measure of a think tank's performance and impact\" ... \"designed for use in conjunction with other metrics to help identify and evaluate public policy research organizations around the world\")","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iris-france.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/2020-Global-Go-To-Think-Tank-Index-Report.pdf","url_text":"\"2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210307035231/https://www.iris-france.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/2020-Global-Go-To-Think-Tank-Index-Report.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Was Atlas Network named after the book Atlas Shrugged?\". Atlas Network.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atlasnetwork.org/faq/category/general-questions","url_text":"\"Was Atlas Network named after the book Atlas Shrugged?\""}]},{"reference":"Mirowski, Philip; Plehwe, Dieter, eds. (2015). The road from Mont Pèlerin: the making of the neoliberal thought collective (paperback ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-08834-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08834-4","url_text":"978-0-674-08834-4"}]},{"reference":"\"The Powerful Think Tanks Portraying Climate Protest as Dangerous | On the Media\". WNYC Studios. Retrieved 2023-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/otm/segments/powerful-think-tanks-portraying-climate-protest-dangerous-on-the-media","url_text":"\"The Powerful Think Tanks Portraying Climate Protest as Dangerous | On the Media\""}]},{"reference":"Salles-Djelic, Marie-Laure (2017-10-27). \"Building an architecture for political influence: Atlas and the transnational institutionalization of the neoliberal think tank\". Power, Policy and Profit: 25–44. doi:10.4337/9781784711214.00007. ISBN 9781784711214.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781784711207/9781784711207.00007.xml","url_text":"\"Building an architecture for political influence: Atlas and the transnational institutionalization of the neoliberal think tank\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4337%2F9781784711214.00007","url_text":"10.4337/9781784711214.00007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784711214","url_text":"9781784711214"}]},{"reference":"Turner, Bryan S. (2022). \"Introduction: Waves of democracy\". In Mackert, Jürgen; Wolf, Hannah; Turner, Bryan S. (eds.). The condition of democracy. Volume 1: Neoliberal politics and sociological perspectives. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-40191-2. OCLC 1252704834. Their vehicle is something called the Atlas Network, which at this writing claims over 400 affiliates in 95 countries, their operations partly funded by Koch and allied capitalists, with heavy support from fossil fuel-based fortunes.... The timing suggests one critical prompt. While the Atlas Network had been created a decade and a half earlier, its work notably escalated at this particular moment in the late 1990s. That was just as global recognition of climate change spread and parties across the spectrum began coordinating policies to address it, with the Kyoto Protocol adopted in 1997 being the prime example (Kelly, 2019; Djelic & Mousavi, 2020).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/title/1252704834","url_text":"The condition of democracy. Volume 1: Neoliberal politics and sociological perspectives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-40191-2","url_text":"978-1-000-40191-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1252704834","url_text":"1252704834"}]},{"reference":"Glenza, Jessica (January 23, 2019). \"Revealed: the free-market groups helping the tobacco industry\". the Guardian. Retrieved 2022-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/ng-interactive/2019/jan/23/free-market-thinktanks-tobacco-industry","url_text":"\"Revealed: the free-market groups helping the tobacco industry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"the Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Vaping: The real dollars behind fake consumer organisations\". Le Monde. 2022-03-15. Retrieved 2022-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/archives/article/2022/03/15/vaping-the-real-dollars-behind-fake-consumer-organisations_5978674_113.html","url_text":"\"Vaping: The real dollars behind fake consumer organisations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde","url_text":"Le Monde"}]},{"reference":"Hingston, Sandy (2020). \"Science and Religion Have Never Been More at Odds. Can Conshohocken's Templeton Foundation Bridge the Divide?\". Philadelphia Magazine. Archived from the original on 2020-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phillymag.com/news/2020/10/10/john-templeton-foundation-philadelphia/","url_text":"\"Science and Religion Have Never Been More at Odds. Can Conshohocken's Templeton Foundation Bridge the Divide?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201013165734/https://www.phillymag.com/news/2020/10/10/john-templeton-foundation-philadelphia/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Julia; Thompson, Sheryl; Lee, Kelley (2016-01-01). \"The Atlas Network: a \"strategic ally\" of the tobacco industry\". The International Journal of Health Planning and Management. 32 (4): 433–448. doi:10.1002/hpm.2351. ISSN 1099-1751. PMC 5716244. PMID 27125556.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5716244","url_text":"\"The Atlas Network: a \"strategic ally\" of the tobacco industry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Journal_of_Health_Planning_and_Management","url_text":"The International Journal of Health Planning and Management"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhpm.2351","url_text":"10.1002/hpm.2351"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1099-1751","url_text":"1099-1751"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5716244","url_text":"5716244"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27125556","url_text":"27125556"}]},{"reference":"\"Atlas Network\". Tobacco Tactics. Tobacco Control Research Group, Department of Health, University of Bath. Retrieved 2022-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://tobaccotactics.org/wiki/atlas-network/","url_text":"\"Atlas Network\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bath","url_text":"University of Bath"}]},{"reference":"Neubauer, Robert; Graham, Nicolas (2021-11-30). \"Fuelling the Subsidized Public: Mapping the Flow of Extractivist Content on Facebook\". Canadian Journal of Communication. 46 (4): 911, 928–929. doi:10.22230/cjc.2021v46n4a4019. ISSN 0705-3657. Meanwhile, the Fraser Institute, the MLI, Second Street, the Canadian Taxpayers Federation, the Montreal Economics Institute, the Manhattan Institute, and the Cato Institute—whose materials are all repurposed as information subsidies or shared directly—are all members of the Atlas Network, the oil-industry-funded transnational network that supports market fundamentalist think tanks and whose members include a rogue's gallery of climate denying organizations (including America's Heartland Institute alongside the Fraser Institute). Atlas Network groups often interlock, with members moving from group to group throughout their careers (Neubauer, 2018).","urls":[{"url":"https://cjc.utpjournals.press/doi/10.22230/cjc.2021v46n4a4019","url_text":"\"Fuelling the Subsidized Public: Mapping the Flow of Extractivist Content on Facebook\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Communication","url_text":"Canadian Journal of Communication"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.22230%2Fcjc.2021v46n4a4019","url_text":"10.22230/cjc.2021v46n4a4019"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0705-3657","url_text":"0705-3657"}]},{"reference":"Brulle, Robert J.; Hall, Galen; Loy, Loredana; Schell-Smith, Kennedy (May 2021). \"Obstructing action: foundation funding and US climate change counter-movement organizations\". Climatic Change. 166 (1–2): 2, 3. doi:10.1007/s10584-021-03117-w. ISSN 0165-0009.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10584-021-03117-w","url_text":"\"Obstructing action: foundation funding and US climate change counter-movement organizations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatic_Change","url_text":"Climatic Change"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10584-021-03117-w","url_text":"10.1007/s10584-021-03117-w"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0165-0009","url_text":"0165-0009"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Jeremy (30 September 2023). \"Silencing the Voice: the Fossil-fuelled Atlas Network's Campaign against Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australia\". Cosmopolitan Civil Societies. 15 (2): 105-125. doi:10.5130/ccs.v15.i2.8813. Retrieved 20 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/mcs/article/view/8813/8267","url_text":"\"Silencing the Voice: the Fossil-fuelled Atlas Network's Campaign against Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5130%2Fccs.v15.i2.8813","url_text":"10.5130/ccs.v15.i2.8813"}]},{"reference":"Harkinson, Josh (December 22, 2009). \"Climate Change Deniers Without Borders\". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2024-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2009/12/climate-deniers-atlas-foundation/","url_text":"\"Climate Change Deniers Without Borders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Jones","url_text":"Mother Jones"}]},{"reference":"\"How a conservative US network undermined Indigenous energy rights in Canada\". the Guardian. 2022-07-18. Retrieved 2022-07-28. A US-based libertarian coalition has spent years pressuring the Canadian government to limit how much Indigenous communities can push back on energy development on their own land, newly reviewed strategy documents reveal. The Atlas Network partnered with an Ottawa-based thinktank – the Macdonald-Laurier Institute (MLI) ...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/18/conservative-us-network-undermined-indigenous-energy-rights-in-canada","url_text":"\"How a conservative US network undermined Indigenous energy rights in Canada\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"the Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Graham, Nicolas (2024-03-27). \"Think tanks and climate obstruction: Atlas affiliates in Canada\". Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie. doi:10.1111/cars.12467. ISSN 1755-6171. PMID 38535618.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcars.12467","url_text":"\"Think tanks and climate obstruction: Atlas affiliates in Canada\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcars.12467","url_text":"10.1111/cars.12467"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1755-6171","url_text":"1755-6171"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38535618","url_text":"38535618"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Jeremy (2022). \"Freedom to Burn: Mining Propaganda, Fossil Capital, and the Australian Neoliberals\". In Slobodian, Quinn; Plehwe, Dieter (eds.). Market civilizations: neoliberals East and South. Near futures. Brooklyn, New York: Zone Books. ISBN 978-1-942130-68-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-942130-68-0","url_text":"978-1-942130-68-0"}]},{"reference":"Lawrence, Felicity; Evans, Rob; Pegg, David; Barr, Caelainn; Duncan, Pamela (2019-11-29). \"How the right's radical thinktanks reshaped the Conservative party\". the Guardian. Retrieved 2022-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/nov/29/rightwing-thinktank-conservative-boris-johnson-brexit-atlas-network","url_text":"\"How the right's radical thinktanks reshaped the Conservative party\""}]},{"reference":"Araldi, Lucas (2023-08-25). \"In Brazil, Right-Wing Think Tanks Align with Agribusiness to Seek a Path Back to Power\". DeSmog. Retrieved 2023-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.desmog.com/2023/08/25/brazil-rightwing-think-tanks-align-with-agribusiness-to-regain-power/","url_text":"\"In Brazil, Right-Wing Think Tanks Align with Agribusiness to Seek a Path Back to Power\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why the internet in Cuba has become a US political hot potato\". the Guardian. 3 August 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/03/why-the-internet-in-cuba-has-become-a-us-political-hot-potato","url_text":"\"Why the internet in Cuba has become a US political hot potato\""}]},{"reference":"\"People\". Atlas Network. Retrieved May 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atlasnetwork.org/about/people/","url_text":"\"People\""}]},{"reference":"\"As we endure COVID-19, don't underestimate our extraordinary freedom crisis\". Washington Examiner. 2021-09-17. Retrieved 2022-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/op-eds/as-we-endure-covid-19-dont-underestimate-our-extraordinary-freedom-crisis","url_text":"\"As we endure COVID-19, don't underestimate our extraordinary freedom crisis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview: Brad Lips, CEO of Atlas Network\". Merion West. 2022-08-11. Retrieved 2022-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://merionwest.com/2022/08/11/brad-lips-atlas-network/","url_text":"\"Interview: Brad Lips, CEO of Atlas Network\""}]},{"reference":"Lips, Brad (2023-06-06). \"Opinion|To Fend Off Threats to Freedom, Support Local Economic Development — Not More Foreign Aid\". The Chronicle of Philanthropy. Retrieved 2023-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philanthropy.com/article/to-fend-off-threats-to-freedom-worldwide-support-local-economic-development-nonprofits-not-more-foreign-aid","url_text":"\"Opinion|To Fend Off Threats to Freedom, Support Local Economic Development — Not More Foreign Aid\""}]},{"reference":"Coley, Victoria (2020-09-11). \"The History and Future of the Freedom Movement\". Independent Women's Forum. Retrieved 2024-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iwf.org/2020/09/11/the-history-and-future-of-the-freedom-movement/","url_text":"\"The History and Future of the Freedom Movement\""}]},{"reference":"Ball, Stephen (2012). Global Education Inc: New Policy Networks and the Neo-liberal Imaginary. Routledge. pp. 19–40. ISBN 978-0415684095.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415684095","url_text":"978-0415684095"}]},{"reference":"Francovich, Eli (11 March 2022). \"Spokane doctor arrives at Ukraine military hospital ready to help — but what will that entail?\". The Wenatchee World. Retrieved 2022-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wenatcheeworld.com/news/spokane-doctor-arrives-at-ukraine-military-hospital-ready-to-help-but-what-will-that-entail/article_66d472a2-a15c-11ec-89e3-e773bd5920f1.html","url_text":"\"Spokane doctor arrives at Ukraine military hospital ready to help — but what will that entail?\""}]},{"reference":"Palmer, Tom G.; Warner, Matt (2022), Development with dignity, Routledge, doi:10.4324/9781003229872, ISBN 978-1-003-22987-2, S2CID 244873522, retrieved 2022-03-25","urls":[{"url":"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781003229872-11/development-dignity-tom-palmer-matt-warner","url_text":"Development with dignity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003229872","url_text":"10.4324/9781003229872"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-22987-2","url_text":"978-1-003-22987-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244873522","url_text":"244873522"}]},{"reference":"\"In Ukraine, an informal web of Libertarians becomes a 'resistance network' | The Spokesman-Review\". www.spokesman.com. Retrieved 2022-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2022/apr/03/in-ukraine-an-informal-web-of-libertarians-becomes/","url_text":"\"In Ukraine, an informal web of Libertarians becomes a 'resistance network' | The Spokesman-Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Libertarian organization tops $3.5 million in aid to Ukraine\". Washington Examiner. 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2022-12-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/policy/defense-national-security/libertarian-organization-aids-ukraine","url_text":"\"Libertarian organization tops $3.5 million in aid to Ukraine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Libertarian organization tops $3.5 million in aid to Ukraine\". Washington Examiner. 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2023-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/policy/defense-national-security/libertarian-organization-aids-ukraine","url_text":"\"Libertarian organization tops $3.5 million in aid to Ukraine\""}]},{"reference":"McGann, James; Whelan, Laura (2020). Global Think Tanks: Policy Networks and Governance. New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-367-27854-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R3rRDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Global Think Tanks: Policy Networks and Governance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-27854-0","url_text":"978-0-367-27854-0"}]},{"reference":"Pozzebon, Stefano (13 April 2021). \"Analysis: Ecuador and Peru signal political divides that could trouble the region\". CNN. Retrieved 2022-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/13/americas/ecuador-peru-election-early-results-analysis-intl-latam/index.html","url_text":"\"Analysis: Ecuador and Peru signal political divides that could trouble the region\""}]},{"reference":"\"Magatte Wade: The Real Reasons Why Africa Is Poor and Why It Matters\". Reason.com. 2024-01-10. Retrieved 2024-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://reason.com/podcast/2024/01/10/magatte-wade-the-real-reasons-why-africa-is-poor-and-why-it-matters/","url_text":"\"Magatte Wade: The Real Reasons Why Africa Is Poor and Why It Matters\""}]},{"reference":"Gillespie, Nick (2024-03-10). \"Magatte Wade on Africa, foreign aid, and free markets\". Reason.com. Retrieved 2024-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://reason.com/?p=8265820","url_text":"\"Magatte Wade on Africa, foreign aid, and free markets\""}]},{"reference":"Wade, Magatte (2021-11-26). \"Opinion | The COP26 Plan to Keep Africa Poor\". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2022-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-cop26-plan-to-keep-africa-poor-climate-change-clean-energy-11637964581","url_text":"\"Opinion | The COP26 Plan to Keep Africa Poor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","url_text":"0099-9660"}]},{"reference":"\"How Leftist 'Saviors' Ruined Latin America\". Reason.com. 2021-12-14. Retrieved 2022-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://reason.com/video/2021/12/14/how-leftist-saviors-ruined-latin-america/","url_text":"\"How Leftist 'Saviors' Ruined Latin America\""}]},{"reference":"Dembicki, Geoff (2020-04-24). \"The Emperor Kenney's New Clothes\". The Tyee. Retrieved 2022-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://thetyee.ca/Analysis/2020/04/24/The-Emperor-Kenneys-New-Clothes/","url_text":"\"The Emperor Kenney's New Clothes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atlas Network\". www.atlasnetwork.org. Retrieved 2022-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atlasnetwork.org/partners/center-for-asia-oceania","url_text":"\"Atlas Network\""}]},{"reference":"\"SFL alumnus from Nigeria, Bayonle Fesobi, attends Atlas Network Academy training in Tanzania\". Students For Liberty. 2022-10-25. Retrieved 2023-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://studentsforliberty.org/blog/sfl-alumnus-bayonle-fesobi-attends-atlas-network-academy-training/","url_text":"\"SFL alumnus from Nigeria, Bayonle Fesobi, attends Atlas Network Academy training in Tanzania\""}]},{"reference":"Armiak, David (4 April 2021). \"Koch-Backed Donor Network Wants to Blame COVID Deaths on Public Health Measures\". Truthout. 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Matters\""},{"Link":"https://reason.com/?p=8265820","external_links_name":"\"Magatte Wade on Africa, foreign aid, and free markets\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-cop26-plan-to-keep-africa-poor-climate-change-clean-energy-11637964581","external_links_name":"\"Opinion | The COP26 Plan to Keep Africa Poor\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","external_links_name":"0099-9660"},{"Link":"https://reason.com/video/2021/12/14/how-leftist-saviors-ruined-latin-america/","external_links_name":"\"How Leftist 'Saviors' Ruined Latin America\""},{"Link":"https://thetyee.ca/Analysis/2020/04/24/The-Emperor-Kenneys-New-Clothes/","external_links_name":"\"The Emperor Kenney's New Clothes\""},{"Link":"https://www.atlasnetwork.org/partners/center-for-asia-oceania","external_links_name":"\"Atlas Network\""},{"Link":"https://studentsforliberty.org/blog/sfl-alumnus-bayonle-fesobi-attends-atlas-network-academy-training/","external_links_name":"\"SFL alumnus from Nigeria, Bayonle Fesobi, attends Atlas Network Academy training in Tanzania\""},{"Link":"https://truthout.org/articles/koch-backed-donor-network-wants-to-blame-covid-deaths-on-public-health-measures/","external_links_name":"\"Koch-Backed Donor Network Wants to Blame COVID Deaths on Public Health Measures\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalreview.com/2021/12/think-tanks-can-be-a-frontline-defense-against-pandemic-setbacks/","external_links_name":"\"Think Tanks Can Be a Frontline Defense against Pandemic Setbacks\""},{"Link":"https://calleochonews.com/yotuel-romero-shook-up-loandepot-park-in-the-name-of-freedom/","external_links_name":"\"Yotuel Romero Shook Up LoanDeopt Park – Calle Ocho News\""},{"Link":"https://www.diariolasamericas.com/america-latina/en-cuba-se-esta-dando-un-cambio-fenomenal-n4239076","external_links_name":"\"\"En Cuba se está dando un cambio fenomenal\"\""},{"Link":"https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/11/16/argentina-election-milei-venezuela-machado-libertarianism-economics-us-influence/","external_links_name":"\"Why Libertarianism Is Rising in Latin America\""},{"Link":"https://lawliberty.org/book-review/a-classical-liberal-in-peru/","external_links_name":"\"A Classical Liberal in Peru – - Javier Fernández-Lasquetty\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/voices/2021/08/31/cuba-protests-castro-communism-havana-freedom-political-prisoner/5652092001/","external_links_name":"\"I'm a Cuban dissident. We need America to stand with us against this communist regime\""},{"Link":"https://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/ny-oped-a-plea-from-ukraine-20220315-4i6t2gdgfbcchkadoil4ctj3ga-story.html","external_links_name":"\"A plea from Ukraine: Continue to stand with us\""},{"Link":"https://www.unionleader.com/opinion/columnists/deroy-murdock-atlas-network-defeats-poverty-for-488-per-person/article_e65ca84a-d8ac-5e19-982b-9ed0de54baf0.html","external_links_name":"\"Deroy Murdock: Atlas Network defeats poverty for $4.88 per person\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240204203510/https://newsroom.co.nz/2023/11/02/chiding-in-plain-sight-part-two/","external_links_name":"\"Chiding in plain sight, Part II\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.co.nz/2023/11/02/chiding-in-plain-sight-part-two/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/display_990/942763845/05_2021_prefixes_92-94/942763845_202012_990_2021052118161289","external_links_name":"\"Atlas Economic Research Foundation – Form Form 990 for period ending Dec 2020\""},{"Link":"https://voz.us/in-a-country-where-doing-business-is-almost-impossible-papa-coriandre-proved-to-be-the-exception-to-the-rule/?lang=en","external_links_name":"\"In a country where doing business is almost impossible, Papa Coriandre proves to be the exception to the rule\""},{"Link":"https://voz.us/in-a-country-where-doing-business-is-almost-impossible-papa-coriandre-proved-to-be-the-exception-to-the-rule/?lang=en","external_links_name":"\"In a country where doing business is almost impossible, Papa Coriandre proves to be the exception to the rule\""},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-04874-2/12","external_links_name":"\"Commemorating Sir John Templeton (1912–2012)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3726%2F978-3-653-04874-2%2F12","external_links_name":"10.3726/978-3-653-04874-2/12"},{"Link":"https://www.mlive.com/business/west-michigan/2015/11/acton_institute_film_about_pov.html","external_links_name":"\"Acton Institute film about poverty wins $100,000 Templeton Freedom Award\""},{"Link":"https://www.propertyrightsalliance.org/news/promoting-food-security-through-free-trade-ideas-a-congratulations-to-the-center-for-indonesian-policy-studies/","external_links_name":"\"Promoting Food Security Through Free Trade Ideas, A Congratulations to the Center for Indonesian Policy Studies\""},{"Link":"https://calleochonews.com/yotuel-romero-shook-up-loandepot-park-in-the-name-of-freedom/","external_links_name":"\"Yotuel Romero Shook Up LoanDeopt Park - Calle Ocho News\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.lk/business/Advocata-Institute-wins-2022-Asia-Liberty-Award/34-740882","external_links_name":"\"Advocata Institute wins 2022 Asia Liberty Award | Daily FT\""},{"Link":"https://www.lionsofliberty.com/episodes/americans-should-pay-attention-to-sri-lankas-economic-crisis-with-dhananath-fernando","external_links_name":"\"Americans Should Pay Attention to Sri Lanka's Economic Crisis with Dhananath Fernando\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210910152945/https://www.rainbowradioonline.com/ilapi-to-compete-in-2019-think-tank-shark-tank-award-in-kenya/","external_links_name":"\"ILAPI to compete in 2019 Think tank shark tank Award in Kenya\""},{"Link":"https://www.rainbowradioonline.com/ilapi-to-compete-in-2019-think-tank-shark-tank-award-in-kenya/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dailymirror.lk/business-news/Dhananath-Fernando-wins-US-for-Sri-Lanka-in-Think-Tank-Shark-Tank-in-Asia/273-145799","external_links_name":"\"Dhananath Fernando wins US$ 10,000 for Sri Lanka in Think Tank Shark Tank in Asia\""},{"Link":"https://www.atlasnetwork.org/articles/kutiyote-wins-the-2019-think-tank-shark-tank-prize","external_links_name":"\"Kutiyote wins the 2019 Think Tank Shark Tank prize\""},{"Link":"https://admin.atlasnetwork.org/assets/documents/financials/AR_2019_Revised.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Atlas Network 2019 Annual Report Page 12\""},{"Link":"https://www.clickguarulhos.com.br/2021/06/26/projeto-para-favelas-do-brasil-vence-shark-tank-da-america-latina/","external_links_name":"\"Projeto para favelas do Brasil vence Shark Tank da América Latina\""},{"Link":"https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2005/05/put-tiger-your-think-tank","external_links_name":"\"Put a Tiger In Your Think Tank\""},{"Link":"https://www.causeiq.com/organizations/atlas-network,942763845/","external_links_name":"\"Atlas Network | Arlington, VA | Cause IQ\""},{"Link":"http://atlasnetwork.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/942763845","external_links_name":"\"Atlas Network Internal Revenue Service filings\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atlas_Network&params=38.9038_N_77.0285_W_","external_links_name":"38°54′14″N 77°01′43″W / 38.9038°N 77.0285°W / 38.9038; -77.0285"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000404007832","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/220129009","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2014128249","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/075937085","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Niembro

Fernando Niembro

["1 Biography","2 Politics","3 References"]

Argentine sports journalist and announcer Fernando NiembroBorn (1947-12-07) 7 December 1947 (age 76)Buenos Aires, ArgentinaOccupationSports journalistNotable creditPES 2014Political partyRepublican Proposal Fernando Niembro (born 7 December 1947 in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine sports journalist and announcer. Biography Niembro was born amid a medium-class family in Parque Chacabuco. He is son of Paulino Niembro, a notable trade unionist during the 1970s. During the government of Carlos Menem he was appointed as "media secretary", one of his tasks was to announce the Presidential Pardon for perpetrators of state terrorism in Argentina and members of insurgent groups the 1970s. Since then he has had a long career as a sports journalist. Currently he hosts La Última Palabra in Fox Sports Latinoamérica (in the south feed). Previously he hosted some sports programs including Vamos con Niembro in AM Del Plata. In 2013 Konami announced that Niembro, along with his colleague Mariano Closs will be the narrators in the Latin-American version of PES 2014, replacing the original Mexican voices. Politics Niembro expressed interest in accompanying the PRO in the place that Macri determines. Thus he headed the list of candidates for national deputy for the Province of Buenos Aires by the Cambiemos Front, composed of the PRO, UCR and the Civic Coalition. On September 16, 2015, Niembro submitted his resignation to his candidacy, due to complaints to La Usina and his contract with the Government of the City of Buenos Aires. References ^ Veiga, Gustavo (16 March 2003). "Un equipo de Menem para Macri". Página12. Retrieved 25 August 2013. ^ "Fernando Niembro y Mariano Closs serán comentaristas del PES 2014". El Comercio. 24 July 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013. Authority control databases International VIAF National Argentina This article about an Argentine journalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culeg_Vise

Culeg Vise

["1 Release and promotion","2 Singles","3 Track listing","4 Awards and nominations","5 References"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Culeg Vise" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2009 studio album by Paula SelingCuleg ViseStudio album by Paula SelingReleasedFebruary 12, 2009Recorded2008BucharestGenrePop, soulLength53:34LabelUniversal, A&A, Unicorn, RotonProducerPaula Seling, Paul SelingPaula Seling chronology 1998 - 2008(2008) Culeg Vise(2009) Believe(2009) Singles from Culeg Vise "Culeg Vise"Released: March 16, 2009 Culeg Vise (English: I Pick Up Dreams) is the eleventh studio album by Romanian female recording artist and songwriter Paula Seling, the winner of Golden Stag in 2002. It was officially released on February 12, 2009. It contains sixteen tracks and a bonus track ("Zburator"). The only single released is "Culeg Vise". At first, Seling confirmed a music video for the song, but it wasn't even shot. The single was physically released on March 16, 2009, being broadcast just by Magic FM. Release and promotion The album was confirmed in September, 2008, after the releasing of the compilation album "1998 - 2008". The album's syles were posted on Paula Seling's official website in early 2009. On February 12, 2009 the album was released both as a CD and as a cassette. Digitally it was released in March, 2009. It didn't gain the success of Seling's last albums. Paula's new English album "Believe" was conceived as an introduction to Paula on the world stage. Hidden on the album are some real jewels, the tracks "Autumn in Bucharest", "Just You" and "Time to Go" are reflections of feelings everyone has experienced at some point in their life and even though the songs seem pop rock, they also feel subtly soulful with a pinch of blues. The title track "Believe" is a tune about a night on the beach that leaves you reflecting back to your own memories while it also makes you think about making new ones."Believe" the album is not all fun and frolic though. Paula also has a serious side. Her song "Hey You" is a song about over coming emotional abuse and its message is directed at anyone suffering under the weight of personal oppression."Can't You See" was written as a message of frustration with the forces of prejudice, racism and sexism and it points out quite eloquently that everyone's life has equal value and that no one person or company should degrade this equality without facing the fact that next, it could be them. Even though mainstream press tries to pretend Romania doesn't exist, there is no denying Paula Seling and "Believe" has been in the Top 100 albums at CDBaby as well as being in the top 10 in Pop Rock, Pop Piano and Solo Female artist, Believe is quite a display of musical perfection, 17 tracks, covering a wide path through the musical landscape. Singles "Culeg Vise" is the only song promoted from the album of the same title. It didn't top any official chart. Track listing No.TitleLength1."Ochii Tăi"4:012."Nu Vezi Că Mă Sting"3:543."Culeg Vise"3:554."De Ziua Ta"3:145."Vreau să Cred"3:546."Fără Tine"3:517."Departe"4:238."Lucrurile Astea Mici"3:209."Mi-e Dor"3:2210."Promit"4:0411."Hey, You"3:4512."Tu Nu Vezi"4:0513."Acolo Sus"4:4014."O Zi Perfectă"3:1315."Toamnă în București"4:5116."Cine Poate Spune"3:1817."Zburător"4:12 Awards and nominations The album got an RRA Award for "Best Pop Album of the Year", in March, 2010. "Believe" is priced to be affordable worldwide at many currency exchange rates. While the album is inexpensive in the USA, it is with the sole purpose of being affordable in many other countries. The World distribution version of "Believe" was assembled from 32 bit premasters in a production studio in New Hampshire, USA. The original tracks were recorded In Paula's studio in Bucharest, Romania. There are two versions of Believe with different cover art; The World Distribution Version of "Believe" (Aqua seascape background) was professionally mastered in the USA at The SoundLAB at DiscMakers in Philadelphia, PA by Brian Lipski, Senior Mastering Engineer. The Romanian market version (white cover background) was professionally mastered in Germany by Silver Sound Studios. Both versions have the same 17 tracks in the same order. References ^ "Paula Seling | Believe | CD Baby Music Store". Cdbaby.com. Retrieved 2013-07-13. ^ "Paula Seling". Paulaseling.ro. Archived from the original on 2013-10-06. Retrieved 2013-07-13. ^ "LIVE Florin Salam Paula Seling - Tu nu vezi by Piticu' 220.ro.flv". YouTube. 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2013-07-13. ^ a b "Paula Seling - Believe CD Album". Cduniverse.com. 2009-06-10. Retrieved 2013-07-13. ^ "Paula Seling .ro". Paula Seling .ro. Retrieved 2010-03-28. ^ "Castigatori premiile Radio Romania Actualitati". Monden INFO. 2010-03-15. Archived from the original on 2010-03-22. Retrieved 2010-03-28. ^ "Paula Seling - Believe (Official Hd Video)". YouTube. 2012-08-22. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved 2013-07-13. vtePaula SelingStudio albums Culeg Vise (2009) Singles "Timpul" "Playing with Fire" "I’ll Show You" "Miracle" Other Songs "O, ce veste minunată!" Related articles Discography Ovidiu Cernăuțeanu Golden Stag Festival Eurovision Song Contest 2010

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The album's syles were posted on Paula Seling's official website in early 2009. On February 12, 2009 the album was released both as a CD[2] and as a cassette. Digitally it was released in March, 2009. It didn't gain the success of Seling's last albums. Paula's new English album \"Believe\" was conceived as an introduction to Paula on the world stage. Hidden on the album are some real jewels, the tracks \"Autumn in Bucharest\", \"Just You\" and \"Time to Go\" are reflections of feelings everyone has experienced at some point in their life and even though the songs seem pop rock, they also feel subtly soulful with a pinch of blues. The title track \"Believe\" is a tune about a night on the beach that leaves you reflecting back to your own memories while it also makes you think about making new ones.\"Believe\" the album is not all fun and frolic though. Paula also has a serious side. 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It didn't top any official chart.[5]","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"No.TitleLength1.\"Ochii Tăi\"4:012.\"Nu Vezi Că Mă Sting\"3:543.\"Culeg Vise\"3:554.\"De Ziua Ta\"3:145.\"Vreau să Cred\"3:546.\"Fără Tine\"3:517.\"Departe\"4:238.\"Lucrurile Astea Mici\"3:209.\"Mi-e Dor\"3:2210.\"Promit\"4:0411.\"Hey, You\"3:4512.\"Tu Nu Vezi\"4:0513.\"Acolo Sus\"4:4014.\"O Zi Perfectă\"3:1315.\"Toamnă în București\"4:5116.\"Cine Poate Spune\"3:1817.\"Zburător\"4:12","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"World Distribution Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Distribution_Version&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"DiscMakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DiscMakers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cduniverse1-4"}],"text":"The album got an RRA Award for \"Best Pop Album of the Year\", in March, 2010.[6] \"Believe\" is priced to be affordable worldwide at many currency exchange rates. While the album is inexpensive in the USA, it is with the sole purpose of being affordable in many other countries.\nThe World distribution version of \"Believe\" was assembled from 32 bit premasters in a production studio in New Hampshire, USA. The original tracks were recorded In Paula's studio in Bucharest, Romania.[7]There are two versions of Believe with different cover art;The World Distribution Version of \"Believe\" (Aqua seascape background) was professionally mastered in the USA at The SoundLAB at DiscMakers in Philadelphia, PA by Brian Lipski, Senior Mastering Engineer.[4]\nThe Romanian market version (white cover background) was professionally mastered in Germany by Silver Sound Studios. Both versions have the same 17 tracks in the same order.","title":"Awards and nominations"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_College_(Jerusalem)

Arab College (Jerusalem)

["1 Alumni","2 References"]

Secondary school in Jerusalem (1918-1948) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Arab College" Jerusalem – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The college during a sports event in 1942 The Arab College in Jerusalem was a secondary school in British Mandatory Palestine. The Arab College existed from 1918 until 1948, when it was disbanded during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The British administration began an education system in the former Ottoman lands which consisted of primary schools in the largest towns and a boarding secondary school, the Government Arab College, in Jerusalem. Initially, the chief role of the Arab College was to train teachers for the primary schools, which were gradually being added to smaller towns and villages. For a time its principal was Ahmad Samih Khalidi, father of Walid Khalidi and Tarif Khalidi. After the school was disbanded, the buildings were converted and used UN headquarters for a short time for a few years after the war. A common practice was for students to visit a nearby orchard during free time, in which to study. It provided a quiet atmosphere, opimal for the rigorous curriculum. According to former graduate Sadiq Ibrahim ‘Odeh, “We grew and the trees grew with us, and now we don‘t know what has happened to them. Many must have grown old and tired and died just like those Arab college students who loved them and sat underneath them.” Alumni This article's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability policy. Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they merit inclusion in this article AND are alumni, or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (April 2021) Ihsan Abbas Haidar Abdel-Shafi Abd el-Aziz el-Zoubi Halil-Salim Jabara Ismail Khalidi Salem Hanna Khamis Abdullah Rimawi Hasib Sabbagh References ^ Caplan, Gerald (1980). Arab and Jew in Jerusalem: Explorations in community mental health. Harvard University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-674-04315-2. ^ Deeb, Mary-Jane; King, Mary E. (1996). Hasib Sabbagh: From Palestinian refugee to citizen of the world. Middle East Institute. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-916808-43-3. ^ "The Arab College in Jerusalem, 1918-1948: Recollections". Institute for Palestine Studies. Retrieved 5 April 2024. This Palestinian school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[{"image_text":"The college during a sports event in 1942","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Arab_College_Jerusalem_1942.jpg/220px-Arab_College_Jerusalem_1942.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_triple-axis_spectroscopy

Neutron triple-axis spectrometry

["1 History","2 TAS instruments in current use","2.1 FRM-II Forschungsneutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz","2.2 Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie","2.3 Paul Scherrer Institut","2.4 Institut Laue-Langevin","2.5 CEA/Saclay Laboratoire Léon Brillouin","2.6 NIST Center for Neutron Research","2.7 ORNL HFIR","2.8 ANSTO Bragg Institute","2.9 MURR University of Missouri Research Reactor","3 References","4 External links"]

This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Neutron triple-axis spectrometry" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Science with neutrons Foundations Neutron temperature Flux, Radiation, Transport Cross section, Absorption, Activation Neutron scattering Neutron diffraction Small-angle neutron scattering GISANS Reflectometry Inelastic neutron scattering Triple-axis spectrometer Time-of-flight spectrometer Backscattering spectrometer Spin-echo spectrometer Other applications Neutron tomography Activation analysis, Prompt gamma activation analysis Fundamental research with neutrons: Ultracold neutrons, Interferometry Fast neutron therapy Neutron capture therapy Infrastructure Neutron sources: Research reactor, Spallation, Neutron moderator Neutron optics: Reflector, Supermirror Detection Neutron facilities America: HFIR, LANSCE, NIST CNR -SNS Australia: OPAL Asia: J-PARC, HANARO Europe: BER II, FRM II, ILL, ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, JINR, SINQ Historic: IPNS, HFBR Under construction: ESS vte Triple-axis spectrometry (TAS, three axis spectroscopy) is a technique used in conjunction with inelastic neutron scattering. The instrument is referred to as triple-axis spectrometer (also called TAS). It allows measurement of the scattering function at any point in energy and momentum space physically accessible by the spectrometer. History The triple-axis spectrometry method was first developed by Bertram Brockhouse at the National Research Experimental NRX reactor at the Chalk River Laboratories in Canada. The first results from the prototype triple-axis spectrometer were published in January 1955 and the first true triple-axis spectrometer was built in 1956. Bertram Brockhouse shared the 1994 Nobel Prize for Physics for this development, which allowed elementary excitations, such as phonons and magnons, to be observed directly. The Nobel citation was "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter" and "for the development of neutron spectroscopy". TAS instruments in current use FRM-II Forschungsneutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Main article: FRM-II PANDA – a cold neutron triple-axis spectrometer. PUMA – a thermal neutron triple-axis spectrometer with multianalyser-detector option. TRISP – a thermal neutron triple-axis spin echo spectrometer. KOMPASS – a cold triple-axis spectrometer with polarization analysis MIRA – a cold triple-axis spectrometer Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Main article: Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie FLEX – a cold neutron triple-axis spectrometer with optional neutron resonance spin echo mode. E1 – a thermal neutron triple-axis spectrometer with polarization analysis. Paul Scherrer Institut Main article: Paul Scherrer Institut RITA-II – a cold-neutron triple-axis spectrometer. TASP – a cold-neutron triple-axis spectrometer with polarization analysis and neutron spherical polarimetry. EIGER – a thermal-neutron triple-axis spectrometer. Institut Laue-Langevin Main article: Institut Laue-Langevin IN1 – a hot-neutron triple-axis spectrometer. IN3 – a thermal-neutron triple-axis spectrometer for tests. IN8 – a high-flux thermal-neutron triple-axis spectrometer. IN12 – a cold neutron triple-axis spectrometer. IN14 – a cold-neutron triple-axis spectrometer with polarized neutron capability. IN20 – a thermal-neutron triple-axis spectrometer with polarized neutron capability. IN22 – a thermal-neutron triple-axis spectrometer with polarized neutron capability. D10 – a thermal-neutron four-circle diffractometer with a triple-axis energy analysis option. CEA/Saclay Laboratoire Léon Brillouin Main article: Commissariat à l'énergie atomique 1T-1 – a double-focusing thermal neutron triple-axis spectrometer. 2T-1 – a thermal-neutron triple-axis spectrometer. 4F-1 – a cold-neutron triple-axis spectrometer. 4F-2 – a cold-neutron triple-axis spectrometer. NIST Center for Neutron Research Main article: NIST SPINS – a cold-neutron triple-axis spectrometer with polarized neutron capability. BT-7 – a thermal-neutron triple-axis spectrometer with polarized neutron capability. MACS – a high-flux cold-neutron multi-axis spectrometer. ORNL HFIR Main articles: ORNL and HFIR CTAX – a cold-neutron triple-axis spectrometer. PTAX(HB1) – a thermal-neutron triple-axis spectrometer specifically designed for polarized neutron measurements. FIETAX (HB1A) – a fixed incident energy thermal-neutron triple-axis spectrometer. TAX (HB3) – a high-flux thermal-neutron triple-axis spectrometer. ANSTO Bragg Institute Main article: ANSTO TAIPAN – a thermal-neutron triple-axis spectrometer with polarized neutron capability and beryllium-filter option. SIKA – a cold-neutron triple-axis spectrometer with polarized neutron capability. MURR University of Missouri Research Reactor Triax – a thermal-neutron triple-axis spectrometer. References ^ "Cold Neutron 3-Axis Spectrometer (FLEXX)". Archived from the original on 2016-01-16. ^ "Thermal Neutron 3-Axis Spectrometer". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. ^ "RITA II". Archived from the original on 2007-02-19. ^ "TASP | TASP | Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI)". www.psi.ch. ^ "EIGER | EIGER | Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI)". www.psi.ch. ^ "Hot-neutron triple-axis spectrometer". Archived from the original on November 24, 2006. ^ "IN3 - thermal neutron three-axis spectrometer". Archived from the original on 2000-09-02. ^ "IN8 thermal neutron three-axis spectrometer". Archived from the original on 2001-07-14. ^ "CRG - cold neutron three-axis spectrometer". Archived from the original on 2001-05-14. ^ "IN14 cold neutron three-axis spectrometer". Archived from the original on 2000-12-18. ^ "IN20 thermal neutron three-axis spectrometer with polarization analysis". Archived from the original on 2001-05-14. ^ "IN22 thermal neutron three-axis spectrometer with polarization analysis". Archived from the original on 2001-05-14. ^ "D10 four-circle diffractometer with three-axis energy analysis". Archived from the original on 2001-04-30. ^ "1 T1 Double Focusing Thermal Triple Axis Spectrometer" (PDF). 2003. pp. 67–68. ^ "2 T1 Thermal Neutron Triple Axis Spectrometer" (PDF). 2003. pp. 69–70. ^ "4 F 1 Cold Neutron Three Axis Spectrometer" (PDF). 2003. pp. 71–72. ^ "4 F 2 Cold Neutron Three Axis Spectrometer" (PDF). 2003. pp. 73–74. ^ "Spin Polarized Inelastic Neutron Spectrometer (SPINS)". www.ncnr.nist.gov. ^ "BT-7 Double Focusing Triple-Axis Spectrometer". NIST. December 19, 2018 – via www.nist.gov. ^ "CHRNS MACS - The Multi-Axis Crystal Spectrometer". NIST. April 2, 2019 – via www.nist.gov. ^ "Cold Neutron Triple-Axis Spectrometer | Neutron Science at ORNL". neutrons.ornl.gov. ^ "Polarized Triple-Axis Spectrometer | Neutron Science at ORNL". neutrons.ornl.gov. ^ "Versatile Intense Triple-Axis Spectrometer | Neutron Science at ORNL". neutrons.ornl.gov. ^ "Triple-Axis Spectrometer | Neutron Science at ORNL". neutrons.ornl.gov. ^ "ANSTO | Taipan". Archived from the original on May 14, 2009. ^ "Beryllium Filter Option". Archived from the original on 2013-05-12. ^ "ANSTO | Sika". Archived from the original on May 14, 2009. ^ "MU Research Reactor - Material Sciences". External links Nobelprize.org page for the 1994 Nobel Prize for Physics

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It allows measurement of the scattering function at any point in energy and momentum space physically accessible by the spectrometer.","title":"Neutron triple-axis spectrometry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bertram Brockhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse"},{"link_name":"NRX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRX"},{"link_name":"Chalk River Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk_River_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"phonons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonon"},{"link_name":"magnons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnon"}],"text":"The triple-axis spectrometry method was first developed by Bertram Brockhouse at the National Research Experimental NRX reactor at the Chalk River Laboratories in Canada. 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instruments in current use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"polarized neutron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polarized_neutron&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"diffractometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffractometer"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Institut Laue-Langevin","text":"IN1 – a hot-neutron triple-axis spectrometer.[6]\nIN3 – a thermal-neutron triple-axis spectrometer for tests.[7]\nIN8 – a high-flux thermal-neutron triple-axis spectrometer.[8]\nIN12 – a cold neutron triple-axis spectrometer.[9]\nIN14 – a cold-neutron triple-axis spectrometer with polarized neutron capability.[10]\nIN20 – a thermal-neutron triple-axis spectrometer with polarized neutron capability.[11]\nIN22 – a thermal-neutron triple-axis spectrometer with polarized neutron capability.[12]\nD10 – a thermal-neutron four-circle diffractometer with a triple-axis energy analysis option.[13]","title":"TAS instruments in current use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"CEA/Saclay Laboratoire Léon Brillouin","text":"1T-1 – a double-focusing thermal neutron triple-axis spectrometer.[14]\n2T-1 – a thermal-neutron triple-axis spectrometer.[15]\n4F-1 – a cold-neutron triple-axis spectrometer.[16]\n4F-2 – a cold-neutron triple-axis spectrometer.[17]","title":"TAS instruments in current use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"NIST Center for Neutron Research","text":"SPINS – a cold-neutron triple-axis spectrometer with polarized neutron capability.[18]\nBT-7 – a thermal-neutron triple-axis spectrometer with polarized neutron capability.[19]\nMACS – a high-flux cold-neutron multi-axis spectrometer.[20]","title":"TAS instruments in current use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"ORNL HFIR","text":"CTAX – a cold-neutron triple-axis spectrometer.[21]\nPTAX(HB1) – a thermal-neutron triple-axis spectrometer specifically designed for polarized neutron measurements.[22]\nFIETAX (HB1A) – a fixed incident energy thermal-neutron triple-axis spectrometer.[23]\nTAX (HB3) – a high-flux thermal-neutron triple-axis spectrometer.[24]","title":"TAS instruments in current use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"ANSTO Bragg Institute","text":"TAIPAN – a thermal-neutron triple-axis spectrometer with polarized neutron capability and beryllium-filter option.[25][26]\nSIKA – a cold-neutron triple-axis spectrometer with polarized neutron capability.[27]","title":"TAS instruments in current use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"MURR University of Missouri Research Reactor","text":"Triax – a thermal-neutron triple-axis spectrometer.[28]","title":"TAS instruments in current use"}]

[]

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NIST. December 19, 2018 – via www.nist.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nist.gov/ncnr/bt-7-double-focusing-triple-axis-spectrometer","url_text":"\"BT-7 Double Focusing Triple-Axis Spectrometer\""}]},{"reference":"\"CHRNS MACS - The Multi-Axis Crystal Spectrometer\". NIST. April 2, 2019 – via www.nist.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nist.gov/ncnr/chrns-macs-multi-axis-crystal-spectrometer","url_text":"\"CHRNS MACS - The Multi-Axis Crystal Spectrometer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cold Neutron Triple-Axis Spectrometer | Neutron Science at ORNL\". neutrons.ornl.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://neutrons.ornl.gov/ctax","url_text":"\"Cold Neutron Triple-Axis Spectrometer | Neutron Science at ORNL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Polarized Triple-Axis Spectrometer | Neutron Science at ORNL\". neutrons.ornl.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://neutrons.ornl.gov/ptax","url_text":"\"Polarized Triple-Axis Spectrometer | Neutron Science at ORNL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Versatile Intense Triple-Axis Spectrometer | Neutron Science at ORNL\". neutrons.ornl.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://neutrons.ornl.gov/veritas","url_text":"\"Versatile Intense Triple-Axis Spectrometer | Neutron Science at ORNL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Triple-Axis Spectrometer | Neutron Science at ORNL\". neutrons.ornl.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://neutrons.ornl.gov/tax","url_text":"\"Triple-Axis Spectrometer | Neutron Science at ORNL\""}]},{"reference":"\"ANSTO | Taipan\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Coutts_(bishop)

Ian Coutts (bishop)

["1 References"]

Ian Alexander Coutts (born 1956) has been Anglican Bishop of Bunbury in Western Australia since 2018. He was educated at the University of Warwick (BA, 1977), Jesus College, Oxford (MSc, 1980), King's College London and Charles Sturt University, Sydney (PhD, 2015). References ^ "BISHOP IAN COUTTS". Bunbury Cathedral. Retrieved 16 December 2019. ^ "Bunbury, Bishop of, (Rt Rev. Dr Ian Alexander Coutts) (born 1956)." WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 1 Dec. 2019 Anglican Communion titles Preceded byAllan Ewing Bishop of Bunbury 2018–present Incumbent vteBishops of Bunbury Frederick Goldsmith Cecil Wilson Leslie Knight Donald Redding Ralph Hawkins Stanley Goldsworthy Hamish Jamieson David McCall Allan Ewing Ian Coutts

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsuf

Apollonia–Arsuf

["1 Names","2 History","2.1 Antiquity","2.2 Early Muslim period","2.3 Crusader to Mamluk period","2.4 Ottoman period","2.5 Catholic titular see until 1965","2.6 British Mandate and Israeli periods","3 Archaeology","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"]

Coordinates: 32°11′43″N 34°48′24″E / 32.19528°N 34.80667°E / 32.19528; 34.80667Ancient city in Tel Aviv District, Israel "Arsuf" redirects here. For the modern community, see Arsuf, Hof HaSharon. Apollonia–ArsufἈπολλωνία Σώζουσα אפולוניה أرْسُوف ArsurAn aerial view of the Crusader castle and anchorageShown within Central IsraelAlternative nameArsurLocationTel Aviv District, IsraelCoordinates32°11′43″N 34°48′24″E / 32.19528°N 34.80667°E / 32.19528; 34.80667Grid position132/178 PALTypeLowland castle (for the city citadel)HistoryAbandoned1265PeriodsMainly Early Islamic and Crusader periodsSite notesConditionRuinPublic accessYes, national parkWebsiteApollonia National Park – Israel Nature and Parks Authority Apollonia (Ancient Greek: Ἀπολλωνία; Hebrew: אפולוניה), known in the Early Islamic period as Arsuf (Arabic: أرْسُوف, romanized: Arsūf) and in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem as Arsur, was an ancient city on the Mediterranean coast of today's Israel. In Israeli archaeology it is known as Tel Arshaf (תֵּל אַרְשָׁף). Founded by the Phoenicians during the Persian period in the late sixth century BCE, it was inhabited continuously until the Crusader period, through the Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine periods, during the latter being renamed to Sozusa (Ancient Greek: Σώζουσα, or Sozusa in Palaestina to differentiate it from Sozusa in Libya). It was situated on a sandy area ending towards the sea with a cliff, about 34 kilometres (21 mi) south of Caesarea. It fell to the Muslims in 640, was fortified against Byzantine attacks and became known as Arsuf. In 1101 it was conquered by the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, and was a strategically important stronghold in the Third Crusade, during which the Battle of Arsuf (1191) was fought nearby. The fortified city and the castle fell to the Mamluks in 1265, when both were completely destroyed. The site of Arsuf (also Apollonia–Arsuf אַפּוֹלוֹנְיָה-אַרְסוּף) is now in Herzliya municipality, Israel (just north of Tel Aviv). The site was intensively excavated from 1994. In 2002 Apollonia National Park was opened to the public. Names The city is first recorded under its Greek name Apollonia in the final decades of the Persian period (mid-4th century BCE). In a long-standing suggestion, first proposed by Clermont-Ganneau in 1876, it was assumed that the Greek name was given due to the interpretatio graeca of the Canaanite deity Resheph (ršp) as Apollo (as god of the plague), suggesting that the settlement would originally have been a "Phoenician" foundation. The Semitic name ršp would then have been "restored" in the medieval Arabic toponym of Arsūf. There is indeed no archaeological evidence for a settlement prior to the Persian period, and Izre'el (1999) upholds this identification, suggesting that the Semitic name might have been preserved by the Aramaic-speaking Samaritan community. The Samaritan chronicle of Abu l-Fath (14th century, written in Arabic) records a toponym rʿšfyn (with ayin). Izre'el (1999) considers the possibility of identifying this toponym with the Arabic Arsūf, assuming that the ayin may derive from a mater lectionis used in Samaritan Aramaic orthography. A tradition connecting the name with the biblical Resheph, a grandson of Ephraim, is spurious. The name of the nearby Israeli settlement of Rishpon was given in 1936, inspired by a misreading of an inscription of Tiglath-Pileser III, where *rašpūna was read for kašpūna; recognition of the misreading rendered void the identification of Arsuf with a supposed Iron Age Phoenician settlement of *Rašpūna. The renaming of Apollonia "city of Apollo" to Sozusa (Σώζουσα Sōzousa) "city of the Saviour" took place in the Byzantine period, under the influence of Christianity as the state religion, motivated by Soter (Σωτήρ) "savior" being a byname of Apollo as well as of Christ. The renaming is paralleled in at least three other cities called Apollonia: Sozusa in Cyrenaica, Sozopolis in Pisidia and Sozopolis in Thrace. The identification of ancient Apollonia with Byzantine-era Sozusa is due to Stark (1852), that of medieval Arsuf with Apollonia/Sozusa to Clermont-Ganneau (1876). The site is variously referred to as Apollonia, Arsin, Arsuf, Arsuph, Arsur, Arsuth, Assur, Orsuf and Sozusa in Crusader-era documents, with a large dominance of "Arsur" among the secondary sources discussed by Schmidt. History Antiquity Although some Chalcolithic and Iron Age remains were uncovered at the site, there is no evidence that there was a settlement prior to the Persian period (ca. 500 BCE). While the importance of the town was overshadowed by both Jaffa and Caesarea, Apollonia developed into a regional center after the decline of its neighbouring site at Tel Michal in the Late Persian period, and was likely the main city and harbour in the southern Sharon Plain by the mid-4th century BCE. It is mentioned in the Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax. During the Hellenistic period it was a port town ruled by the Seleucids. Under Roman rule, the town prospered and grew into the chief commercial and industrial centre of the region between the Poleg and Yarkon rivers. In 113 CE, Apollonia was partially destroyed by an earthquake, but recovered quickly. Apollonia is mentioned by Pliny, Hist. nat., V, 14, and Ptolemy, V, xv, 2, between Cæsarea and Joppa, and by other ancient authors, including Josephus, Ant. jud., XIII, xv, 4, Appianus, Hist. rom. Syr., 57. The Roman proconsul, Gabinius, found it ruined in 57 BCE, and had it rebuilt (Josephus, Bel. jud., I, viii, 4). Apollonia is depicted in the Tabula Peutingeriana, on the coastal highway between Joppa and Caesarea, at the distance of 22 miles from Caesarea, confirming the identification of Arsuf with Apollonia. There was no coin minting in Apollonia, confirming that the town did not have the role of a Roman provincial center but was rather considered a medium-sized coastal town like Jamnia and Azotus. Sozusa in Palaestina was the name of the city in the late Roman province of Palaestina Prima, and its episcopal see was a suffragan of Caesarea, the provincial capital. The name had changed from Apollonia to Sozusa before 449, when Bishop Baruchius signed the acts of the Robber Council of Ephesus with this title. The name Sozusa also occurs in the works of the Byzantine geographers Hierocles and George of Cyprus. Apart from Baruchius of 449, the names of two more of its bishops, Leontius in 518, and Damianus in 553, are also known. The death of patriarch Modestus in 630 in the city is recorded in both Georgian and Arabic texts, the Georgian texts using Sozos (for Sozusa) and the Arabic texts Arsuf, suggesting that both names remained in use for some time in the early medieval period. During the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, the city surrendered on terms in 614 to Shahrbaraz and was in Sasanian hands until near the end of the war. Early Muslim period In 640, the town fell to the Muslims. The Arabic name Arsuf or Ursuf occurs in works of Arab geographers from the 10th century, e.g. Al-Muqaddasi said it was "smaller than Yafah, but strongly fortified and populous There is here a beautiful pulpit, made in the first instance for the Mosque of Ar Ramlah, but which being found too small, was given to Arsuf". At the time of the Muslim conquest, Sozusa was inhabited by Samaritans. In 809, following the death of Harun al-Rashid, the local Samaritan community was destroyed and their synagogue ruined. In 809 the Abbasids violently removed the large group of Samaritans that had been living in the city. The town's area decreased to about 22 acres (89,000 m2) and, for the first time, it was surrounded by a fortified wall with buttresses, to resist the constant attacks of Byzantine fleets from the sea. Crusader to Mamluk period Remains of the castle The dry moat of the castle Godfrey de Bouillon attempted to capture it, but failed for want of ships (William of Tyre, IX, x). King Baldwin I took it in 1102, after a siege by land and sea, allowing the inhabitants to withdraw to Ascalon. The Crusaders, who called it Arsur, rebuilt the city's walls and created the Lordship of Arsur in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In 1187 Arsuf was recaptured by the Muslims, but fell again to the Crusaders on 7 September 1191 after the Battle of Arsuf, fought between the forces of Richard I of England and Saladin. John of Ibelin, Lord of Beirut became Lord of Arsuf in 1207 when he married Melisende of Arsuf. Their son John of Arsuf (d. 1258) inherited the title. The title then passed to John of Arsuf's eldest son Balian of Arsuf (d. 1277). He built new walls, the large castle and new harbor in 1241. In 1251 Louis IX of France re-erected its ramparts. From 1261, the city was ruled by the Knights Hospitaller. In 1225, Yakut wrote: "Arsuf remained in Muslim hands till taken by Kund Furi , lord of Jerusalem, in the year 494 , and it is in the hand of the Franks at the present day." In 1265, sultan Baibars, ruler of the Mamluks, captured Arsuf after 40 days of siege, after almost getting killed in the moat by a sortie of the defenders. The inhabitants were killed or sold as slaves and the town completely razed. The destruction was so complete that the site was abandoned and never regained its urban character – in the 14th century the geographer Abulfeda said it contained no inhabitants ("Tabula Syriæ", 82). According to Mujir al-Din (writing c. 1496), the Sidna Ali Mosque just south of Arsuf was dedicated by Baibars at the site of a saint's tomb where he prayed for victory prior to retaking Arsuf. In the Middle Ages, Sozusa was confused with Antipatris. The identity of Arsuf with ancient Apollonia was first noted by Clermont-Ganneau in 1876. Ottoman period Arsuf from the 1871–77 PEF Survey of Palestine In 1596, Ottoman tax registers recorded a village called Arsuf with 22 families and 4 bachelors, all Muslims. The villagers paid a total of 2,900 akçe in taxes. 1/3 the revenue went to a waqf: Hadrat 'Ali bin 'Ulaym. It appeared, just named "village" on the map that Pierre Jacotin compiled during Napoleon's invasion of 1799. Catholic titular see until 1965 Sozusa in Palaestina is listed as a titular see in the 2013 Annuario Pontificio. Due to the confusion with the other ancient city in classical Palestine known as Apollonia, it was also assigned under the name Antipatris. Its last titular bishop of the Latin Church was Francis Joseph McSorley, the Apostolic Vicar of Jolo (d. 1970). It has no longer been assigned since, in accordance with the practice established after the Second Vatican Council regarding all titular sees situated in what were the eastern patriarchates. British Mandate and Israeli periods The site was incorporated in Herzliya municipality in 1924. At the time, a village called al-Haram existed adjacent to the ruins, but it was depopulated during the 1948 Nakba, and the area south of the site was built up as the Shikun Olim (שיכון עולים "immigrant housing") district of Herzeliya in the 1950s. Rishpon was established in 1936 to the immediate north-east of the site. It is part of the Hof HaSharon Regional Council, Central District. Arsuf is a modern "exclusive clifftop community" named for Arsuf, built in 1995 north of the site, in Hof HaSharon Regional Council. Archaeology The site of Apollonia–Arsuf was excavated in the 1990s and opened for visitors as Apollonia National Park in 2002. Excavations were ongoing as of 2015. The excavation report is prepared in three volumes, of which the first was published in 1999. The second and third volume, covering the excavation seasons until 2015, were in preparation as of 2016. The above-ground remains before the excavations included the medieval city wall and moat, enclosing an area of about 90 dunam, a Crusader castle with a double-wall system with an area of about 4 dunam, a port with built jetties and a sheltered anchorage, protected by a sandstone reef. Large amounts of pottery were recovered in the area surrounding the city, mostly of the Byzantine and early Islamic period, indicating that the city extended significantly beyond its old walls in the 7th century. A large Roman-era villa maritima was uncovered to the south of the site. See also List of ancient Greek cities Tel Michal Via Maris Crusader period: Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem Lord of Arsuf Battle of Arsuf (1191) References ^ History's Garbage Dump, Israel Antiquities Authority, August 2013. Accessed 17.9.2020. ^ a b c d Cohen, Getzel M., The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa (2006), p. 234. ^ Izre'el (1999:73) ^ "All these elements show that the relation between Resheph, Ephraim's descendent, and the Phoenician city of Arsuf should be rejected." Maciej M. Münnich, The God Resheph in the Ancient Near East (2013), p. 244. ^ Izre'el (1999:72). The misreading was recognized in 1951. ^ Stark, K. B., Gaza und die Philistäische Küste, Jena (1852), p. 452, accepted by Clermont-Ganneau (1896:338): " the noticeable fact remains that the town Apollonias-Arsuf, though of considerable importance, does not appear on the ecclesiastical lists, and that Sozousa is mentioned there in conjunction with Joppa, which would harmonize well enough with the geographic position of Arsuf." ^ Schmidt, Otto Heinrich, Ortsnamen Palästinas in der Kreuzfahrerzeit: Ortsnamenregister zu den Aufsätzen von Prutz, Beyer und Kob in der ZDPV 4–8, Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (1953–), vol. 86, No. 2 (1970), pp. 117-164 (123). ^ Edward Lipiński, Itineraria Phoenicia (2004), p. 329. ^ "Baruchius episcopus Sozusae Palaestinae provinciae", "Baruchius episcopus Sozusenae civitatis", "Baruchius episcopus ecclesiae Sozusae" (E. Schwartz, Acta conciliorum oecumenicorum II.1.3 (1935), 183, 245, 255) ^ Le Quien, Michel (1740). Oriens Christianus, in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus: quo exhibentur ecclesiæ, patriarchæ, cæterique præsules totius Orientis. Tomus secundus, in quo Illyricum Orientale ad Patriarchatum Constantinopolitanum pertinens, Patriarchatus Alexandrinus & Antiochenus, magnæque Chaldæorum & Jacobitarum Diœceses exponuntur (in Latin). Paris: Ex Typographia Regia. col. 595. OCLC 955922747. ^ Roll, I. and Tal, O. (1999), introduction, citing Conybeare 1910:517; Garitte 1960:55, Peeters 1923–24:41; Garitte 1953:38, 70; 1974:131. ^ Crawford, Peter (2013). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. pp. 42–43. ISBN 9781473828650. ^ a b Le Strange, 1890, p. p. 399. ^ Izre'el (1999:64) ^ Taragan (2004), p. 85, f.n. 5 quoting Moshe Gil, Palestine during the First Muslim Period (634–1099) (Tel-Aviv, 1983), p. 662. ^ Boas 2006, p. 220 ^ Gestes des Chiprois, Part III, p.117, ed. Gaston Raynaud, Genève, 1887: The year given by the chronicler known as the Templar of Tyre is 1265. ^ Kennedy, Hugh (2001) . Crusader Castles. Cambridge University Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-521-79913-3. Retrieved 19 August 2020. ^ Taragan, Hana (2004): The Tomb of Sayyidna Ali in Arsuf: the Story of a Holy Place In JRAS (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society), Series 4, 14, 2 (2004), pp. 83–102. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 140 ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 170 Archived 2019-12-22 at the Wayback Machine ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 976 ^ Sozusa in Palaestina (catholic-hierarchy.org) ^ Harriet Sherwood, Beny Steinmetz: Israeli diamond dealer who likes to keep a low profile, The Guardian, 30 July 2013. Bibliography Boas, Adrian (2006), Archaeology of the Military Orders: A Survey of the Urban Centres, Rural Settlements and Castles of the Military Orders in the Latin East (c.1120–1291), Routledge, ISBN 9781134422845. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Arsuf" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2. Karmon, Y. (1960). "An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine" (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-22. Retrieved 2015-04-28. Le Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. OCLC 1004386. Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster. (pp. 46-47; 2nd appendix, p. 128) Roll, Israel; Tal, Oren (1999), Apollonia-Arsuf : final report of the excavations, the Persian and Hellenistic periods, with appendices on the Chalcolithic and iron age II remains, Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology, ISBN 965-266-012-4 Roll, I. and Tal, O. (eds.) Apollonia-Arsuf: Final Report of the Excavations. Volume I: The Persian and Hellenistic Periods (with Appendices on the Chalcolithic and Iron Age II Remains), Tel Aviv University, Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology 16, Tel Aviv (1999). Sharon, M. (1997). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Vol. I, A. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-10833-5. (see p.114) Tal, O. (ed.), Apollonia-Arsuf: Final Report of the Excavations. Volume II: Excavations in the Hinterland of Apollonia-Arsuf (1996, 2012, 2013) Tal, O. and Scholkmann, B. (eds.), Final Report of the Excavations. Volume III: Crusader Arsur. Excavations Directed by I. Roll (1977–2006) and O. Tal (2006–2015) (in preparation).  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Sozusa". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Shlomo Izre'el, "Arsuf: The Semitic Name of Apollonia" in: Apollonia-Arsuf: Final Report of the Excavations Volume I, The Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology, Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University No. 16, Tel Aviv (1999). 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For the modern community, see Arsuf, Hof HaSharon.Apollonia (Ancient Greek: Ἀπολλωνία; Hebrew: אפולוניה), known in the Early Islamic period as Arsuf (Arabic: أرْسُوف, romanized: Arsūf) and in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem as Arsur, was an ancient city on the Mediterranean coast of today's Israel. In Israeli archaeology it is known as Tel Arshaf (תֵּל אַרְשָׁף). Founded by the Phoenicians during the Persian period in the late sixth century BCE, it was inhabited continuously until the Crusader period,[1] through the Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine periods, during the latter being renamed to Sozusa (Ancient Greek: Σώζουσα, or Sozusa in Palaestina to differentiate it from Sozusa in Libya).[2] \nIt was situated on a sandy area ending towards the sea with a cliff, about 34 kilometres (21 mi) south of Caesarea.It fell to the Muslims in 640, was fortified against Byzantine attacks and became known as Arsuf. In 1101 it was conquered by the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, and was a strategically important stronghold in the Third Crusade, during which the Battle of Arsuf (1191) was fought nearby. The fortified city and the castle fell to the Mamluks in 1265, when both were completely destroyed.The site of Arsuf (also Apollonia–Arsuf אַפּוֹלוֹנְיָה-אַרְסוּף) is now in Herzliya municipality, Israel (just north of Tel Aviv). The site was intensively excavated from 1994. In 2002 Apollonia National Park was opened to the public.","title":"Apollonia–Arsuf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"link_name":"BCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era"},{"link_name":"Clermont-Ganneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Simon_Clermont-Ganneau"},{"link_name":"interpretatio graeca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca"},{"link_name":"Canaanite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_religion"},{"link_name":"Resheph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resheph"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo"},{"link_name":"Aramaic-speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritan_Aramaic_language"},{"link_name":"Samaritan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritans"},{"link_name":"Abu l-Fath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_l-Fath"},{"link_name":"ayin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayin"},{"link_name":"mater lectionis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mater_lectionis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ephraim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rishpon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishpon"},{"link_name":"Tiglath-Pileser III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Saviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soter"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_late_ancient_Christianity"},{"link_name":"state religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sozusa in Cyrenaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia_in_Cyrenaica"},{"link_name":"Sozopolis in Pisidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozopolis_in_Pisidia"},{"link_name":"Sozopolis in Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozopolis_in_Thrace"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cohen234-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cohen234-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ortsnamen-7"}],"text":"The city is first recorded under its Greek name Apollonia in the final decades of the Persian period (mid-4th century BCE). In a long-standing suggestion, first proposed by Clermont-Ganneau in 1876, it was assumed that the Greek name was given due to the interpretatio graeca of the Canaanite deity Resheph (ršp) as Apollo (as god of the plague), suggesting that the settlement would originally have been a \"Phoenician\" foundation. The Semitic name ršp would then have been \"restored\" in the medieval Arabic toponym of Arsūf. There is indeed no archaeological evidence for a settlement prior to the Persian period, and Izre'el (1999) upholds this identification, suggesting that the Semitic name might have been preserved by the Aramaic-speaking Samaritan community. The Samaritan chronicle of Abu l-Fath (14th century, written in Arabic) records a toponym rʿšfyn (with ayin). Izre'el (1999) considers the possibility of identifying this toponym with the Arabic Arsūf, assuming that the ayin may derive from a mater lectionis used in Samaritan Aramaic orthography.[3]A tradition connecting the name with the biblical Resheph, a grandson of Ephraim, is spurious.[4]The name of the nearby Israeli settlement of Rishpon was given in 1936, inspired by a misreading of an inscription of Tiglath-Pileser III, where *rašpūna was read for kašpūna; recognition of the misreading rendered void the identification of Arsuf with a supposed Iron Age Phoenician settlement of *Rašpūna.[5]The renaming of Apollonia \"city of Apollo\" to Sozusa (Σώζουσα Sōzousa) \"city of the Saviour\" took place in the Byzantine period, under the influence of Christianity as the state religion, motivated by Soter (Σωτήρ) \"savior\" being a byname of Apollo as well as of Christ. The renaming is paralleled in at least three other cities called Apollonia: Sozusa in Cyrenaica, Sozopolis in Pisidia and Sozopolis in Thrace.[2] The identification of ancient Apollonia with Byzantine-era Sozusa is due to Stark (1852),[6] that of medieval Arsuf with Apollonia/Sozusa to Clermont-Ganneau (1876).[2]The site is variously referred to as Apollonia, Arsin, Arsuf, Arsuph, Arsur, Arsuth, Assur, Orsuf and Sozusa in Crusader-era documents, with a large dominance of \"Arsur\" among the secondary sources discussed by Schmidt.[7]","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa"},{"link_name":"Tel Michal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Michal"},{"link_name":"Sharon Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Plain"},{"link_name":"Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periplus_of_Pseudo-Scylax"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coele-Syria"},{"link_name":"Seleucids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid"},{"link_name":"Poleg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahal_Poleg"},{"link_name":"Yarkon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahal_Yarkon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pliny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Hist. nat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"Josephus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus"},{"link_name":"Ant. jud.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews"},{"link_name":"Appianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appianus"},{"link_name":"Gabinius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulus_Gabinius"},{"link_name":"Bel. jud.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_War"},{"link_name":"Tabula Peutingeriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jamnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yavne"},{"link_name":"Azotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azotus_Paralios"},{"link_name":"Roman province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Apollonia%E2%80%93Arsuf#The_province_was_created_in_380,_during_the_Early_Byzantine,_not_Late_Roman_period."},{"link_name":"episcopal see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_see"},{"link_name":"suffragan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan"},{"link_name":"Caesarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_in_Palaestina_(diocese)"},{"link_name":"Robber Council of Ephesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robber_Council_of_Ephesus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Hierocles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierocles_(author_of_Synecdemus)"},{"link_name":"George of Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_of_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"patriarch Modestus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modestus_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628"},{"link_name":"Shahrbaraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahrbaraz"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Antiquity","text":"Although some Chalcolithic and Iron Age remains were uncovered at the site, there is no evidence that there was a settlement prior to the Persian period (ca. 500 BCE). While the importance of the town was overshadowed by both Jaffa and Caesarea, Apollonia developed into a regional center after the decline of its neighbouring site at Tel Michal in the Late Persian period, and was likely the main city and harbour in the southern Sharon Plain by the mid-4th century BCE. It is mentioned in the Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax.[8]During the Hellenistic period it was a port town ruled by the Seleucids.Under Roman rule, the town prospered and grew into the chief commercial and industrial centre of the region between the Poleg and Yarkon rivers. In 113 CE, Apollonia was partially destroyed by an earthquake, but recovered quickly.[citation needed]Apollonia is mentioned by Pliny, Hist. nat., V, 14, and Ptolemy, V, xv, 2, between Cæsarea and Joppa, and by other ancient authors, including Josephus, Ant. jud., XIII, xv, 4, Appianus, Hist. rom. Syr., 57. The Roman proconsul, Gabinius, found it ruined in 57 BCE, and had it rebuilt (Josephus, Bel. jud., I, viii, 4). Apollonia is depicted in the Tabula Peutingeriana, on the coastal highway between Joppa and Caesarea, at the distance of 22 miles from Caesarea, confirming the identification of Arsuf with Apollonia.[citation needed]There was no coin minting in Apollonia, confirming that the town did not have the role of a Roman provincial center but was rather considered a medium-sized coastal town like Jamnia and Azotus.Sozusa in Palaestina was the name of the city in the late Roman province of Palaestina Prima,[dubious – discuss] and its episcopal see was a suffragan of Caesarea, the provincial capital. \nThe name had changed from Apollonia to Sozusa before 449, when Bishop Baruchius signed the acts of the Robber Council of Ephesus with this title.[9] The name Sozusa also occurs in the works of the Byzantine geographers Hierocles and George of Cyprus. Apart from Baruchius of 449, the names of two more of its bishops, Leontius in 518, and Damianus in 553, are also known.[10]\nThe death of patriarch Modestus in 630 in the city is recorded in both Georgian and Arabic texts, the Georgian texts using Sozos (for Sozusa) and the Arabic texts Arsuf, suggesting that both names remained in use for some time in the early medieval period.[11]During the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, the city surrendered on terms in 614 to Shahrbaraz and was in Sasanian hands until near the end of the war.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fell to the Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"Arab geographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_geographers"},{"link_name":"Al-Muqaddasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi"},{"link_name":"pulpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulpit"},{"link_name":"Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"Ar Ramlah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar_Ramlah"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeStrange399-13"},{"link_name":"Samaritans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritans"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Harun al-Rashid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Abbasids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasids"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Early Muslim period","text":"In 640, the town fell to the Muslims. The Arabic name Arsuf or Ursuf occurs in works of Arab geographers from the 10th century, e.g. Al-Muqaddasi said it was \"smaller than Yafah, but strongly fortified and populous There is here a beautiful pulpit, made in the first instance for the Mosque of Ar Ramlah, but which being found too small, was given to Arsuf\".[13]At the time of the Muslim conquest, Sozusa was inhabited by Samaritans.[14]\nIn 809, following the death of Harun al-Rashid, the local Samaritan community was destroyed and their synagogue ruined.[citation needed] In 809 the Abbasids violently removed the large group of Samaritans that had been living in the city.[15]The town's area decreased to about 22 acres (89,000 m2) and, for the first time, it was surrounded by a fortified wall with buttresses, to resist the constant attacks of Byzantine fleets from the sea.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arsuf.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hafir_Apolonia.JPG"},{"link_name":"Godfrey de Bouillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_de_Bouillon"},{"link_name":"William of Tyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Tyre"},{"link_name":"Baldwin I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Edessa"},{"link_name":"Ascalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkelon"},{"link_name":"Lordship of Arsur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassals_of_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Richard I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Saladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin"},{"link_name":"John of Ibelin, Lord of Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Ibelin,_the_Old_Lord_of_Beirut"},{"link_name":"Melisende of Arsuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melisende_of_Arsuf"},{"link_name":"John of Arsuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Arsuf"},{"link_name":"Balian of Arsuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balian_of_Arsuf"},{"link_name":"Louis IX of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"Knights Hospitaller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Yakut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi"},{"link_name":"Kund Furi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kund_Furi"},{"link_name":"AH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Hegirae"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeStrange399-13"},{"link_name":"Baibars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibars"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kennedy1994-18"},{"link_name":"Abulfeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abulfeda"},{"link_name":"Mujir al-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujir_al-Din"},{"link_name":"Sidna Ali Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidna_Ali_Mosque"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Antipatris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipatris"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Apollonia%E2%80%93Arsuf#a._When?_For_how_long?_There_is_no_definition_for_the_%22Middle_Ages%22_in_this_region._b._By_whom?_In_what_context?_The_Crusaders_are_quoted_in_this_article_as_using_Apollonia_as_one_of_their_names_for_Arsur_(although_the_source_is_a_gazetteer_of_modern_German_articles,_not_of_historical_texts,_which_makes_even_this_statement_doubtful.)_Mess."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cohen234-2"}],"sub_title":"Crusader to Mamluk period","text":"Remains of the castleThe dry moat of the castleGodfrey de Bouillon attempted to capture it, but failed for want of ships (William of Tyre, IX, x). King Baldwin I took it in 1102, after a siege by land and sea, allowing the inhabitants to withdraw to Ascalon.\nThe Crusaders, who called it Arsur, rebuilt the city's walls and created the Lordship of Arsur in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In 1187 Arsuf was recaptured by the Muslims, but fell again to the Crusaders on 7 September 1191 after the Battle of Arsuf, fought between the forces of Richard I of England and Saladin.John of Ibelin, Lord of Beirut became Lord of Arsuf in 1207 when he married Melisende of Arsuf. Their son John of Arsuf (d. 1258) inherited the title. The title then passed to John of Arsuf's eldest son Balian of Arsuf (d. 1277). He built new walls, the large castle and new harbor in 1241. In 1251 Louis IX of France re-erected its ramparts. From 1261, the city was ruled by the Knights Hospitaller.[16]In 1225, Yakut wrote: \"Arsuf remained in Muslim hands till taken by Kund Furi [Godfrey of Bouillon], lord of Jerusalem, in the year 494 [ AH 494, i.e. 1101 CE], and it is in the hand of the Franks [Crusaders] at the present day.\"[13]In 1265, sultan Baibars, ruler of the Mamluks, captured Arsuf after 40 days of siege,[17] after almost getting killed in the moat by a sortie of the defenders.[18] The inhabitants were killed or sold as slaves and the town completely razed. The destruction was so complete that the site was abandoned and never regained its urban character – in the 14th century the geographer Abulfeda said it contained no inhabitants (\"Tabula Syriæ\", 82).According to Mujir al-Din (writing c. 1496), the Sidna Ali Mosque just south of Arsuf was dedicated by Baibars at the site of a saint's tomb where he prayed for victory prior to retaking Arsuf.[19]In the Middle Ages, Sozusa was confused with Antipatris.[citation needed][dubious – discuss] The identity of Arsuf with ancient Apollonia was first noted by Clermont-Ganneau in 1876.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arsuf_from_the_1871-77_Palestine_Exploration_Fund_Survey_of_Palestine.jpg"},{"link_name":"PEF Survey of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEF_Survey_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"akçe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C3%A7e"},{"link_name":"waqf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqf"},{"link_name":"Hadrat 'Ali bin 'Ulaym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrat_%27Ali_bin_%27Ulaym"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Pierre Jacotin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Jacotin"},{"link_name":"Napoleon's invasion of 1799","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Ottoman period","text":"Arsuf from the 1871–77 PEF Survey of PalestineIn 1596, Ottoman tax registers recorded a village called Arsuf with 22 families and 4 bachelors, all Muslims. The villagers paid a total of 2,900 akçe in taxes. 1/3 the revenue went to a waqf: Hadrat 'Ali bin 'Ulaym.[20] It appeared, just named \"village\" on the map that Pierre Jacotin compiled during Napoleon's invasion of 1799.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"titular see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_see"},{"link_name":"Annuario Pontificio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"},{"link_name":"Latin Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Vicar of Jolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Jolo"},{"link_name":"Second Vatican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council"},{"link_name":"patriarchates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchate"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Catholic titular see until 1965","text":"Sozusa in Palaestina is listed as a titular see in the 2013 Annuario Pontificio.[22] Due to the confusion with the other ancient city in classical Palestine known as Apollonia, it was also assigned under the name Antipatris. Its last titular bishop of the Latin Church was Francis Joseph McSorley, the Apostolic Vicar of Jolo (d. 1970). It has no longer been assigned since, in accordance with the practice established after the Second Vatican Council regarding all titular sees situated in what were the eastern patriarchates.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herzliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzliya"},{"link_name":"al-Haram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Haram,_Jaffa"},{"link_name":"1948 Nakba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_Nakba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"immigrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah"},{"link_name":"Hof HaSharon Regional Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hof_HaSharon_Regional_Council"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"British Mandate and Israeli periods","text":"The site was incorporated in Herzliya municipality in 1924. At the time, a village called al-Haram existed adjacent to the ruins, but it was depopulated during the 1948 Nakba, and the area south of the site was built up as the Shikun Olim (שיכון עולים \"immigrant housing\") district of Herzeliya in the 1950s.Rishpon was established in 1936 to the immediate north-east of the site. It is part of the Hof HaSharon Regional Council, Central District.Arsuf is a modern \"exclusive clifftop community\" named for Arsuf, built in 1995 north of the site, in Hof HaSharon Regional Council.[24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dunam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunam"}],"text":"The site of Apollonia–Arsuf was excavated in the 1990s and opened for visitors as Apollonia National Park in 2002.\nExcavations were ongoing as of 2015. The excavation report is prepared in three volumes, of which the first was published in 1999. The second and third volume, covering the excavation seasons until 2015, were in preparation as of 2016.The above-ground remains before the excavations included the medieval city wall and moat, enclosing an area of about 90 dunam, a Crusader castle with a double-wall system with an area of about 4 dunam, a port with built jetties and a sheltered anchorage, protected by a sandstone reef.Large amounts of pottery were recovered in the area surrounding the city, mostly of the Byzantine and early Islamic period, indicating that the city extended significantly beyond its old walls in the 7th century. A large Roman-era villa maritima was uncovered to the south of the site.","title":"Archaeology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781134422845","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134422845"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"\"Arsuf\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Arsuf"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-920405-41-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-920405-41-2"},{"link_name":"\"An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf"},{"link_name":"Israel Exploration Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Exploration_Journal"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf"},{"link_name":"Le Strange, G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Le_Strange"},{"link_name":"Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft"},{"link_name":"Palestine Exploration Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1004386","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1004386"},{"link_name":"Robinson, E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"Smith, E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Smith"},{"link_name":"Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft"},{"link_name":"Crocker & Brewster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocker_%26_Brewster"},{"link_name":"46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/n63/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/128/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"Apollonia-Arsuf : final report of the excavations, the Persian and Hellenistic periods, with appendices on the Chalcolithic and iron age II remains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tau.ac.il/humanities/archaeology/publications/pub_mon16.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"965-266-012-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-266-012-4"},{"link_name":"Sharon, M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Sharon"},{"link_name":"Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Vol. I, A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=j1rSzWgHMjoC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-04-10833-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10833-5"},{"link_name":"p.114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=j1rSzWgHMjoC&pg=RA1-PA114"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Sozusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Sozusa"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"}],"text":"Boas, Adrian (2006), Archaeology of the Military Orders: A Survey of the Urban Centres, Rural Settlements and Castles of the Military Orders in the Latin East (c.1120–1291), Routledge, ISBN 9781134422845.\nChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Arsuf\" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.\nHütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.\nKarmon, Y. (1960). \"An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine\" (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-22. Retrieved 2015-04-28.\nLe Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. OCLC 1004386.\nRobinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster. (pp. 46-47; 2nd appendix, p. 128)\nRoll, Israel; Tal, Oren (1999), Apollonia-Arsuf : final report of the excavations, the Persian and Hellenistic periods, with appendices on the Chalcolithic and iron age II remains, Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology, ISBN 965-266-012-4\nRoll, I. and Tal, O. (eds.) Apollonia-Arsuf: Final Report of the Excavations. Volume I: The Persian and Hellenistic Periods (with Appendices on the Chalcolithic and Iron Age II Remains), Tel Aviv University, Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology 16, Tel Aviv (1999).\nSharon, M. (1997). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Vol. I, A. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-10833-5. (see p.114)\nTal, O. (ed.), Apollonia-Arsuf: Final Report of the Excavations. Volume II: Excavations in the Hinterland of Apollonia-Arsuf (1996, 2012, 2013) [in preparation]\nTal, O. and Scholkmann, B. (eds.), Final Report of the Excavations. Volume III: Crusader Arsur. Excavations Directed by I. Roll (1977–2006) and O. Tal (2006–2015) (in preparation).\n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Sozusa\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.\nShlomo Izre'el, \"Arsuf: The Semitic Name of Apollonia\" in: Apollonia-Arsuf: Final Report of the Excavations Volume I, The Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology, Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University No. 16, Tel Aviv (1999).","title":"Bibliography"}]

[{"image_text":"Remains of the castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Arsuf.JPG/450px-Arsuf.JPG"},{"image_text":"The dry moat of the castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hafir_Apolonia.JPG/250px-Hafir_Apolonia.JPG"},{"image_text":"Arsuf from the 1871–77 PEF Survey of Palestine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arsuf_from_the_1871-77_Palestine_Exploration_Fund_Survey_of_Palestine.jpg/220px-Arsuf_from_the_1871-77_Palestine_Exploration_Fund_Survey_of_Palestine.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacology

Dacology

["1 History","2 Dacologists","3 International Congress of Dacology","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"]

Scientific study of Dacia Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Dacology (Romanian: Dacologie) is a branch of Thracology which focuses on the scientific study of Dacia and Dacian antiquities and is a regional and thematic branch of the larger disciplines of ancient history and archaeology. A practitioner of the discipline is a Dacologist. Dacology investigates the range of ancient Dacian culture (language, literature, history, religion, art, economics, and ethics) from c. 1000 BC up to the end of Roman rule in the 4th-7th centuries. It is directly subordinated to Thracology, since Dacians are considered a branch of the Thracians by most mainstream research and historical sources. Other theories sustain that the Daco-Thracian relation is not as strong as originally thought and as such Dacology has the potential to evolve as an independent discipline from Thracology. History One of the first mentions of the term Dacology was made by the historian Radu Vulpe at the 2nd International Congress of Thracology in September 1976 in connection with the Romanian historians Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu and Ion I. Russu. The Romanian Thracology Institute I.G Bibicescu, part of Romanian Academy, was founded in Bucharest in the same year. One of his first directors was the thracologist Dumitru Berciu (1907–1998). The related term Thraco-Dacology also exists, alluding to Thraco-Dacian, and one of the first uses is also from around 1980, in the Romanian government archive. The term Dacologist has been negatively affected by the association with protochronism. Some researchers prefer to call themselves Thracologists instead of Dacologists. This choice of title is made in the context of their research being focused on the Dacians and without necessarily promoting a strong connection between the Thracians and Dacians. Dacologists Researchers who have been noted in the field of Dacology include: Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu Ion I. Russu Radu Vulpe Andrei Vartic International Congress of Dacology There have been 11 editions of the International Congress of Dacology organized so far. However, they have been organized by the controversial Dacianist group around Napoleon Săvescu, thus making the term Dacology synonymous with Protochronism in this ambiance. See also Dacia Thracology Dacian language Thracian language References ^ Encyclopædia Britannica online, Dacia. ^ Strabo VII.3.2 ^ a b c Olteanu. ^ Georgiev (1960) 39-58 ^ Vulpe 1980, p. 95. ^ Archäologien Europas: Geschichte, Methoden und Theorien By Peter F. Biehl, Alexander Gramsch, Arkadiusz Marciniak ^ RA42 1980, p. 181. ^ SCL 1983, p. 267. ^ DaciaRevue 2005, p. 101. Bibliography Olteanu, Sorin. "Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum" (in Romanian and English). Archived from the original on 9 March 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2010. Vulpe, Radu (1980). Actes du IIe Congrès international de thracologie: Linguistique, ethnologie (ethnographie, folkloristique et art populaire), anthropologie (in Romanian, English, and French). Bucharest: Editura Academiei. "Dacia: Revue d'archéologie et d'histoire ancienne". Dacia, Revue d'Archéologie et d'Histoire Ancienne (in English and French). 10. București, Romania: Institutul de Arheologie. 2005. ISSN 0070-251X. "Revista arhivelor". Revista arhivelor. 42. Romania: Arhivele Statului. 1980. "Dacia: revue d'archéologie et d'histoire ancienne". Sc (in Romanian). 34 (3–6). București, Romania: Academia Română. 1983. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dacia and Dacians. Nationalism and the Representation of Society in Romanian Archaeology La plecarea lui Andrei Vartic Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine vteDaciaTribes (List) Aedi Albocenses Anartes Apuli Biephi Bessi/Bessoi Burs (Dacia) Carpi Ciaginsi Clariae Costoboci Crobidae Daci Getae Moesi Peukini Piephigi Potulatenses Predasenses Rhadacenses Saldenses Scaugdae Senses Suci Terizi Teurisci Trixae Tyragetae Troglodytae Kings Coson Cothelas Dromichaetes Moskon Oroles Rhemaxos Rubobostes Zalmodegicus Dacian nucleus in Transylvania1 Burebista (82/61–44 BC) Deceneus (44 BC–???) Comosicus (9 BC(?)–30s AD) Scorilo (c. 30s–70 AD) Duras (c. 69–87 AD) Decebalus (87–106 AD) Dacian kingdom of Banat and Oltenia1 Cotiso (c. 40–c. 9 BC) Dacian kingdom of Dobruja1 Dapyx (1st-century BC) Rholes Zyraxes Dacian kingdom of Wallachia andsouthern Moldavia and Transylvania1 Dicomes Culture andcivilizationArtifacts Coinage Art, jewellery, treasures, tools bracelets Clothing Language Belagines Words of possible Dacian origin Dacian plant names Dacian names Dacian script Sinaia lead plates Daco-Thracian Thracian language Thraco-Illyrian ReligionDeities Bendis Deceneus Derzelas Dionysus Gebeleizis Kotys Pleistoros Sabazios Semele Seirenes Silenus Zalmoxis Dacian Draco Kogaionon Settlements andFortresses Sarmizegetusa Argidava Buridava Cumidava Piroboridava Sucidava Davae Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains Murus Dacicus Foreignrelations Greeks Celts Germanic tribes Romans Warfare Falx Sica Thracian warfare Wars with theRoman EmpireDomitian First Battle of Tapae Trajan First War Second Battle of Tapae Battle of Adamclisi Second War Battle of Sarmizegetusa Roman Dacia / Free Dacians Dacia Traiana Moesia Scythia Minor Dacia Aureliana Diocese of Dacia Dacia Mediterranea Dacia Ripensis Trajan Bridge Column Towns and cities Castra Limes Alutanus Moesiae Porolissensis Sarmatiae (Devil's Dykes) Transalutanus Trajan's Wall Brazda lui Novac Culture Daco-Roman Thraco-Roman Eastern Romance substratum Research Archaeology sites in Romania Books Dacianism Dacology Thracology Category Commons WikiProject 1 Dacian kingdoms succeeding Burebista's state and preceding Decebalus' state

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"Thracology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracology"},{"link_name":"Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia"},{"link_name":"Dacian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacians"},{"link_name":"ancient history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_history"},{"link_name":"archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language"},{"link_name":"literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion"},{"link_name":"art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Thracology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracology"},{"link_name":"Thracians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlteanu-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Dacology (Romanian: Dacologie) is a branch of Thracology which focuses on the scientific study of Dacia and Dacian antiquities and is a regional and thematic branch of the larger disciplines of ancient history and archaeology. A practitioner of the discipline is a Dacologist. Dacology investigates the range of ancient Dacian culture (language, literature, history, religion, art, economics, and ethics) from c. 1000 BC up to the end of Roman rule in the 4th-7th centuries. It is directly subordinated to Thracology, since Dacians are considered a branch of the Thracians by most mainstream research[1] and historical sources.[2] Other theories sustain that the Daco-Thracian relation is not as strong as originally thought[3][4] and as such Dacology has the potential to evolve as an independent discipline from Thracology.","title":"Dacology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Petriceicu_Hasdeu"},{"link_name":"Ion I. Russu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion_I._Russu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVulpe198095-5"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Romanian Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dumitru Berciu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumitru_Berciu"},{"link_name":"Thraco-Dacian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thraco-Dacian"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERA421980181-7"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Dacology#Dubious"},{"link_name":"protochronism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protochronism"},{"link_name":"Thracologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracologists"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlteanu-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlteanu-3"}],"text":"One of the first mentions of the term Dacology was made by the historian Radu Vulpe at the 2nd International Congress of Thracology in September 1976 in connection with the Romanian historians Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu and Ion I. Russu.[5][failed verification] The Romanian Thracology Institute I.G Bibicescu, part of Romanian Academy, was founded in Bucharest in the same year.[6] One of his first directors was the thracologist Dumitru Berciu (1907–1998).The related term Thraco-Dacology also exists, alluding to Thraco-Dacian, and one of the first uses is also from around 1980, in the Romanian government archive.[7][dubious – discuss]The term Dacologist has been negatively affected by the association with protochronism. Some researchers prefer to call themselves Thracologists instead of Dacologists.[3] This choice of title is made in the context of their research being focused on the Dacians and without necessarily promoting a strong connection between the Thracians and Dacians.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Petriceicu_Hasdeu"},{"link_name":"Ion I. Russu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion_I._Russu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESCL1983267-8"}],"text":"Researchers who have been noted in the field of Dacology include:Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu\nIon I. Russu[8]\nRadu Vulpe\nAndrei Vartic","title":"Dacologists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaciaRevue2005101-9"},{"link_name":"Dacianist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacianism"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Săvescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_S%C4%83vescu"}],"text":"There have been 11 editions of the International Congress of Dacology[9] organized so far. However, they have been organized by the controversial Dacianist group around Napoleon Săvescu, thus making the term Dacology synonymous with Protochronism in this ambiance.","title":"International Congress of Dacology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080309232346/http://soltdm.com/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//soltdm.com/"},{"link_name":"Actes du IIe Congrès international de thracologie: Linguistique, ethnologie (ethnographie, folkloristique et art populaire), anthropologie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2TMaAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"\"Dacia: Revue d'archéologie et d'histoire ancienne\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ulppAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0070-251X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0070-251X"},{"link_name":"\"Revista arhivelor\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1kArAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"\"Dacia: revue d'archéologie et d'histoire ancienne\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ulppAAAAMAAJ"}],"text":"Olteanu, Sorin. \"Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum\" (in Romanian and English). Archived from the original on 9 March 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2010.\nVulpe, Radu (1980). Actes du IIe Congrès international de thracologie: Linguistique, ethnologie (ethnographie, folkloristique et art populaire), anthropologie (in Romanian, English, and French). Bucharest: Editura Academiei.\n\"Dacia: Revue d'archéologie et d'histoire ancienne\". Dacia, Revue d'Archéologie et d'Histoire Ancienne (in English and French). 10. București, Romania: Institutul de Arheologie. 2005. ISSN 0070-251X.\n\"Revista arhivelor\". Revista arhivelor. 42. Romania: Arhivele Statului. 1980.\n\"Dacia: revue d'archéologie et d'histoire ancienne\". Sc (in Romanian). 34 (3–6). București, Romania: Academia Română. 1983.","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Gottlieb_Reichard

Christian Gottlieb Reichard

["1 References"]

German cartographer Christian Gottlieb Reichard (26 June 1758 – 11 September 1837) was a German cartographer born in Schleiz, Thuringia. He studied law in Leipzig and subsequently became a city official in Bad Lobenstein. Reichard's map of the United States (1809). With Adolf Stieler (1775-1836), he collaborated on the first edition of "Stieler's Handatlas", which was a 50-map project that was published between 1817 and 1823. Other significant geographical works by Reichard include: Atlas Des Ganzen Erdkreises in der Central Projection (contains a rare 1803 North Polar projection). Charte von Nord America: nach den neuesten Bestimmungen und Entdeckungen, (Weimar, 1804). "Map of the World after Mercator's projection"; 1825 (4 parts). "Orbis terrarum antiquus", 1824 (Atlas of the antique world). References Biography, translated from German ^ Raremaps.com Christian Gottlieb Reichard: Atlas Des Ganzen Erdkreises in der Central Projection 1803 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel Belgium United States Sweden Czech Republic Greece 2 Netherlands Poland Vatican Artists Scientific illustrators People Deutsche Biographie Other RISM SNAC IdRef This article about a German scientist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Always_the_Woman

It's Always the Woman

["1 Outline","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]

1916 British filmIt's Always the WomanDirected byWilfred NoyWritten byBryant Adair (play)Produced byClarendon Film CompanyStarringHayden CoffinDaisy BurrellBarbara HoffeRelease date 1916 (1916) CountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish It's Always the Woman is a British silent motion picture of 1916 directed by Wilfred Noy (1883–1948) and produced by the Clarendon Film Company. It stars Hayden Coffin and Daisy Burrell. The story was adapted from a play by "Riada" (Bryant Adair). Outline The British Film Catalogue says: "Vamp breaks major’s marriage, weds him, and sends his daughter to convent where her 'dead' mother is a nun." Cast Hayden Coffin — Major Sterrington Daisy Burrell — Mrs Sterrington Barbara Hoffe — Esmeralda Chetwynde References ^ Rachael Low, ed., The History of British Film vol. 3, The History of the British Film 1914—1918 (1997), p. 290 ^ Denis Gifford, British Film Catalogue: Volume 1, The Fiction Film/The Non-Fiction Film (Springer Nature, 2021), p. 225 ^ Scott Palmer, British film actors' credits, 1895-1987 (McFarland, 1988), p. 140 ^ Palmer (1988), p. 102 External links It's Always The Woman at IMDb It's Always The Woman at British Film Institute database vteThe films of Wilfred Noy Lorna Doone (1912) King Charles (1913) The Heroine of Mons (1914) Old St. Paul's (1914) The Master of Merripit (1915) The Verdict of the Heart (1915) Under the Red Robe (1915) A Princess of the Blood (1916) The Queen Mother (1916) The Little Breadwinner (1916) It's Always the Woman (1916) The Little Damozel (1916) On the Banks of Allan Water (1916) The Lost Chord (1917) Home Sweet Home (1917) Asthore (1917) A Master of Men (1918) Ave Maria (1918) What Would a Gentleman Do? (1918) Spinner o' Dreams (1918) As He Was Born (1919) The Lady Clare (1919) Castle of Dreams (1919) The Face at the Window (1920) Inheritance (1920) The Marriage Lines (1921) Rogues of the Turf (1923) The Temptation of Carlton Earle (1923) Little Miss Nobody (1923) The Lost Chord (1925) The Midnight Girl (1925) The Substitute Wife (1925) Spider Webs (1927) Eager Lips (1927) The Devil's Cage (1928) Circumstantial Evidence (1929) Father O'Flynn (1935) Well Done, Henry (1936) Melody of My Heart (1936) This article related to a British film of the 1910s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Martin_and_Lewis_Show_(radio_program)

The Martin and Lewis Show

["1 Background","2 Negative reviews","3 Gains","4 Format","5 Personnel","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

1949-1953 radio comedy-variety program Radio show The Martin and Lewis ShowDean Martin and Jerry LewisGenreComedy-varietyRunning time30 minutesCountry of originUnited StatesLanguage(s)EnglishSyndicatesNBCStarringDean MartinJerry LewisAnnouncerJimmy WallingtonJohnny JacobsWritten byEd Simmons (1950-1953)Norman Lear (1950-1953)Directed byRobert L. ReddDick MackProduced byBob AdamsOriginal releaseApril 3, 1949 –July 14, 1953Sponsored byChesterfield cigarettesAnacin The Martin and Lewis Show is a radio comedy-variety program in the United States starring the comedy duo Martin and Lewis, consisting of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis. It was broadcast on the NBC Radio Network beginning April 3, 1949, and ending July 14, 1953. Background After losing The Jack Benny Program and Amos 'n' Andy from its Sunday night lineup to what had been called "the CBS talent raids" of 1948–49, NBC turned to the young comedy team of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis, a pair "virtually unknown to a radio audience." Reinehr and Swartz commented in their old-time radio reference book, "the program ... was never as successful as the network had hoped, because much of Martin and Lewis's comedy was visual. Work on the program began early in 1949, after NBC "decided to build a show around Martin and Lewis." Billboard magazine reported that the network spent approximately $400,000 over five months getting the show ready. Preparation was worked around the duo's performances in night clubs and in the movie My Friend Irma. The basis for NBC's investment was a five-year radio contract signed in December 1948. The deal guaranteed the pair $150,000 per year and "a choice time slot." The program was scheduled to begin Jan. 16, 1949, but it did not go on the air until April. Negative reviews Reviews of the program's first broadcast indicated that the episode left much room for improvement. A Billboard reviewer wrote, "Off the initial outing, the lads will have to do considerable improving to live up to all the web's hopes." However, he offered some optimism by writing, "f the scripters can come up with material as fresh as their style and talent, Martin and Lewis still may earn all the accolades which were tossed their way before they ever faced a mike." Meanwhile, media critic John Crosby wrote in his newspaper column, "The general attitude was one of friendly skepticism." In January 1950, Billboard reported that CBS "was making a determined effort to sign, among others, the comedy team of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis." The story added that at that point the program still had no sponsors and was "costing NBC close to $10,000 per week." By the end of 1950, Jerry Lewis recruited comedy writers Norman Lear and Ed Simmons to become the regular writers for Martin and Lewis. Gains Things eventually improved economically for The Martin and Lewis Show. It went on to have sponsorship from Chesterfield cigarettes and Anacin. It gained popularity with listeners, too, as it was named Favorite Radio Comedy Show in Radio-TV Mirror magazine's 1952 poll. However, at least one newspaper writer still was not favorably impressed by the program. In 1952, Hal Humphrey wrote that The Martin and Lewis Show and Red Skelton's radio program were lacking in comparison to their television counterparts. He commented, "With rare exceptions their jokes and situations were stale and grisly with age, and on radio they had no chance to save themselves with mugging or pratfalls." Format Martin was the singer of the pair, and Lewis was the comedian, with the latter described by radio historian John Dunning as a "squeaky-voiced idiot who heckled everybody in sight." Dunning described the program's content as "standard variety fare: an opening song by Martin, some verbal slapstick, a guest spot, more Lewis antics, and a closing number by Martin." Personnel Besides Martin and Lewis, regulars on the program included Ben Alexander, Sheldon Leonard, Florence MacMichael, The Skylarks and Mary Hatcher. Ed Simmons and Norman Lear wrote for the program, just as they also wrote for Martin and Lewis's movies and TV shows. Dick Stabile was both the bandleader and a foil for Martin and Lewis jokes. See also Teaming with Jerry Lewis (describing how the act broke up in 1956) References ^ a b c "Writing for Early Live Television | Norman Lear | television, film, political and social activist, philanthropist". Archived from the original on 2017-05-20. Retrieved 2017-04-27. ^ a b c d e Dunning, John (1998). On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio (Revised ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 438–439. ISBN 978-0-19-507678-3. Retrieved 2019-10-01. ^ a b Dunning, John. (1976). Tune in Yesterday: The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio, 1925-1976. Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN 0-13-932616-2. Pp. 397-398. ^ Reinehr, Robert C. and Swartz, Jon D. (2008). The A to Z of Old-Time Radio. Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8108-7616-3. P. 171. ^ a b Smith, Bill (March 17, 1951). "Big Dough, Big Aches Wind Up M & L Story". Billboard. Retrieved 29 August 2014. ^ "Martin-Lewis In 150G, 5 Year AM-Tele Deal". Billboard. December 25, 1948. Retrieved 29 August 2014. ^ "Martin-Lewis NBC Show Set To Open On Jan. 16" (PDF). Radio Daily. December 18, 1948. Retrieved 29 August 2014. ^ "NBC Renews Morgan; Wants Martin & Lewis Reduction". Billboard. December 24, 1949. Retrieved 29 August 2014. ^ a b Chase, Sam (April 30, 1949). "Martin and Lewis Show". Billboard. Retrieved 30 August 2014. ^ Crosby, John (May 5, 1949). "Radio in Review". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 30 August 2014. ^ a b "CBS in Pitch for NBC Team Martin-Lewis". January 7, 1950. Retrieved 30 August 2014. ^ "Norman Lear Looks Back on Early Days as TV Comedy Writer". 30 October 2015. ^ "Radio-TV Mirror Awards" (PDF). Radio-TV Mirror. May 1952. Retrieved 30 August 2014. ^ Humphrey, Hal (September 23, 1952). "Video Stars Give Radio Leftovers". The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved 30 August 2014. ^ Terrace, Vincent (1981), Radio's Golden Years: The Encyclopedia of Radio Programs 1930-1960. A.S. Barnes & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-498-02393-1. P. 173. ^ "NBC Irons Sunday Night Kinks". Billboard. March 19, 1949. Retrieved 29 August 2014. ^ "52G to Simmons, Lear to Do Five Martin-Lewis TV Shows". Billboard. October 31, 1953. Retrieved 29 August 2014. ^ Thomas, Bob (January 30, 1952). "Martin And Lewis Bandmaster Signs On For More Mayhem". The Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved 29 August 2014. External links 77 episodes of The Martin and Lewis Show available for streaming from the Internet Archive vteMartin and Lewis Dean Martin Jerry Lewis Films My Friend Irma My Friend Irma Goes West At War with the Army That's My Boy Sailor Beware Jumping Jacks Road to Bali (cameos) The Stooge Scared Stiff The Caddy Money from Home Living It Up 3 Ring Circus You're Never Too Young Artists and Models Pardners Hollywood or Bust Radio The Martin and Lewis Show

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It was broadcast on the NBC Radio Network beginning April 3, 1949, and ending July 14, 1953.[2]","title":"The Martin and Lewis Show"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Jack Benny Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jack_Benny_Program"},{"link_name":"Amos 'n' Andy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_%27n%27_Andy"},{"link_name":"comedy team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_and_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Dean Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Martin"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lewis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunningtiy-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reinehratoz-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb-5"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"My Friend Irma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Friend_Irma_(film)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"After losing The Jack Benny Program and Amos 'n' Andy from its Sunday night lineup to what had been called \"the CBS talent raids\" of 1948–49, NBC turned to the young comedy team of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis, a pair \"virtually unknown to a radio audience.\"[3] Reinehr and Swartz commented in their old-time radio reference book, \"the program ... was never as successful as the network had hoped, because much of Martin and Lewis's comedy was visual.[4]Work on the program began early in 1949, after NBC \"decided to build a show around Martin and Lewis.\"[5] Billboard magazine reported that the network spent approximately $400,000 over five months getting the show ready. Preparation was worked around the duo's performances in night clubs and in the movie My Friend Irma.[5] The basis for NBC's investment was a five-year radio contract signed in December 1948. The deal guaranteed the pair $150,000 per year and \"a choice time slot.\"[6] The program was scheduled to begin Jan. 16, 1949,[7] but it did not go on the air until April.[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb43049-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb43049-9"},{"link_name":"John Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Crosby_(media_critic)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ppg-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb1750-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb1750-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ipppavaga-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Reviews of the program's first broadcast indicated that the episode left much room for improvement. A Billboard reviewer wrote, \"Off the initial outing, the lads will have to do considerable improving to live up to all the web's hopes.\"[9] However, he offered some optimism by writing, \"[I]f the scripters can come up with material as fresh as their style and talent, Martin and Lewis still may earn all the accolades which were tossed their way before they ever faced a mike.\"[9] Meanwhile, media critic John Crosby wrote in his newspaper column, \"The general attitude was one of friendly skepticism.\"[10]In January 1950, Billboard reported that CBS \"was making a determined effort to sign, among others, the comedy team of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis.\"[11] The story added that at that point the program still had no sponsors and was \"costing NBC close to $10,000 per week.\"[11]By the end of 1950, Jerry Lewis recruited comedy writers Norman Lear and Ed Simmons to become the regular writers for Martin and Lewis.[1][12]","title":"Negative reviews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chesterfield cigarettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterfield_(cigarette)"},{"link_name":"Anacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunningota-2"},{"link_name":"Radio-TV Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macfadden_Communications_Group"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Red Skelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Skelton"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Things eventually improved economically for The Martin and Lewis Show. It went on to have sponsorship from Chesterfield cigarettes and Anacin.[2] It gained popularity with listeners, too, as it was named Favorite Radio Comedy Show in Radio-TV Mirror magazine's 1952 poll.[13] However, at least one newspaper writer still was not favorably impressed by the program. In 1952, Hal Humphrey wrote that The Martin and Lewis Show and Red Skelton's radio program were lacking in comparison to their television counterparts. He commented, \"With rare exceptions their jokes and situations were stale and grisly with age, and on radio they had no chance to save themselves with mugging or pratfalls.\"[14]","title":"Gains"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Dunning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dunning_(radio_historian)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunningtiy-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunningota-2"}],"text":"Martin was the singer of the pair, and Lewis was the comedian, with the latter described by radio historian John Dunning as a \"squeaky-voiced idiot who heckled everybody in sight.\"[3] Dunning described the program's content as \"standard variety fare: an opening song by Martin, some verbal slapstick, a guest spot, more Lewis antics, and a closing number by Martin.\"[2]","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheldon Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Leonard"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunningota-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terrace-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Norman Lear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lear"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Dick Stabile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Stabile"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunningota-2"}],"text":"Besides Martin and Lewis, regulars on the program included Ben Alexander, Sheldon Leonard,[2] Florence MacMichael, The Skylarks[15] and Mary Hatcher.[16]Ed Simmons and Norman Lear wrote for the program, just as they also wrote for Martin and Lewis's movies and TV shows.[17] Dick Stabile was both the bandleader[18] and a foil for Martin and Lewis jokes.[2]","title":"Personnel"}]

[]

[{"title":"Teaming with Jerry Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Martin#Teaming_with_Jerry_Lewis"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Stegmaier

Werner Stegmaier

["1 Life","2 Philosophical work","2.1 Substance and Fluctuance","2.2 Orientation","2.3 Nietzsche Research","2.4 Forms of Philosophical Writing","3 Publications","3.1 Monographs (selection)","3.2 As editor (selection)","4 Further reading","5 References","6 External links"]

German philosopher (born 1946) Werner Stegmaier (born 19 July 1946 in Ludwigsburg) is a German philosopher. He was the founding director of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Greifswald after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the German reunification. From 1994 until 2011, he was chair of philosophy with a focus on practical philosophy. His main field of research is the philosophy of orientation. He first published it in the German Philosophie der Orientierung (2008); its English translation has been published as What is Orientation? A Philosophical Investigation (2019). To promote the ideas of this philosophical approach, the Hodges Foundation for Philosophical Orientation was founded in Nashville, Tennessee, in 2018. His second major field of research is Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophy. Both areas of research are integrated in his Nietzsche meets Luhmann. Orientierung im Nihilismus (2016). In 2018, the Hodges Foundation for Philosophical Orientation was founded in Nashville, Tennessee (USA) with the aim of making this philosophy known in the English-speaking world and continuing to develop it by collaborating with people from diverse backgrounds. Life After receiving his graduate degree (Staatsexamen) in philosophy, German studies, and Latin philology, he earned his doctorate in philosophy under the supervision of Karl Ulmer and Josef Simon in 1974 at the University of Tübingen. He taught for a few years at upper level high schools (Gymnasium) and at the University of Stuttgart. He became research assistant of Josef Simon at the University of Bonn, where he defended his habilitation on Philosophie der Fluktuanz. Dilthey und Nietzsche. In his inaugural address, he dealt with Immanuel Kant’s treatise What Does It Mean To Orient Oneself in Thinking?, on the basis of which he later developed his Philosophy of Orientation. After serving as an interim professor in Berlin, he went to Greifswald, where he still lives today. Stegmaier founded the North- and East-European Forum for Philosophy, which connected philosophy departments around the Baltic Sea. It organized annual summer schools and supported the philosophical reorientation in countries formerly controlled by the Soviet Union in a project “Empirical Research on Philosophy,” supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. From 1997 until 2017, Stegmaier was the chief editor of the journal Nietzsche-Studien. International Yearbook for Nietzsche Research as well as of the Monographs and Texts of Nietzsche Research (both published by Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/Boston). He has organized numerous academic conferences on the philosophy of Nietzsche, the philosophy of orientation, signs and time, on the contemporary philosophical significance of the Jewish tradition, and on the thinking of Nietzsche and Luhmann. The philosophy of orientation has influenced various fields, including the sports science, linguistics, musicology, psychotherapy, architecture, and theology. In 2019, an abbreviated and updated version was published in English under the title What is Orientation? A Philosophical Investigation. Founded in 2018, the Hodges Foundation for Philosophical Orientation in Nashville, Tennessee, hosts prize competitions, seminars, research colloquia, publishes books, and awards research grants in order to further develop this philosophy. Philosophical work Substance and Fluctuance Stegmaier discovered in his dissertation that ‘substance,’ the foundational concept of metaphysics, which denotes that which persists in being and which Aristotle conceived of as a substance-accident-relation, Descartes as a substance-substance-relation, and Leibniz as a substance-relation-relation, is itself in flux. Stegmaier coined it in his work on Nietzsche and Dilthey ‘fluctuance,’ i.e. a unit, which can, over time, change and replace all its attributes and thereby completely change its identity. Orientation With Emmanuel Levinas and Jacques Derrida, whose philosophies Stegmaier dealt with in numerous publications, his work delved into the Jewish tradition, which has remained largely foreign to the European philosophy that derives from Greek philosophy. The Jewish tradition conceives of the Torah as a source of ever-new orientations. The philosophical concept of orientation was first introduced by Moses Mendelssohn, a Jew who became one of the most famous enlighteners of his time; after his death, the concept was adopted by Immanuel Kant in his “What Does It Mean to Orient Oneself in Thinking?” Since then, the term of orientation has widely spread in everyday language use not only in most European, but also many other languages. In his magnum opus, the Philosophie der Orientierung (English: What is Orientation? A Philosophical Investigation), Stegmaier made ‘orientation’ the foundational term of a new philosophy for the present day. In light of relentless orientation crises, the term permeates current debates in both the private and public realm in a hardly noticed way. ‘Orientation’ is often used, especially in philosophy but also in science, to define other terms, without itself being defined. Because orientation is also required when analyzing orientation itself (in an orientation about orientation), it is an ultimate term, which one perpetually returns to when trying to go behind it. Orientation is factually self-referential as well: if one orients oneself in a situation, the situation changes, and the new situation requires a new orientation. But since all situations are different, one cannot expect universally valid orientations. For Stegmaier, orientation precedes all cognition and action; therefore, all cognition and action must and can be conceived of in the specific structures of orientation. Orientation structures itself by relying on ‘footholds’ (German, Anhaltspunkte), which it gathers, based on its own needs, in the situations it is in. Orientation orders them, from a specific standpoint within a specific horizon in a specific perspective, in recognizable patterns, and it abbreviates them into signs that allow for communication and thus for an orientation to other orientations. Footholds and signs, however, always allow for leeways (German, Spielräume) for interpretation, which each orientation performs in its own way; one always orients oneself ‘to’ something within individual and situational leeways. According to Stegmaier, this is true for scientific facts as well, to which one orients oneself in various methodically disciplined manners. Orientations find hold not in any existing universals, but in (everyday or scientific) routines, which develop over time and thus may become so self-evident that they are no longer noticed and thus (more or less) vanish from consciousness. In this way, routines relieve an orientation. Thinking, which traditional philosophy has relied on without question, arises when routines are disrupted or disturbed, including language routines; it creates distances from that which appears self-evident establishing its own hold in its own orders, among which is logic. But logic, too, is a specific kind of orientation, especially the scientific one; it does not belong to the world per se. Orientation to another orientation are doubly contingent (here, Stegmaier adopts the concept of Talcott Parsons and Niklas Luhmann): others can, in interaction and communication, always react in a different way than you expect it; and both interlocutors know this. All societal orders (according to Luhmann: the functional systems of the communication of society) must deal with this double contingency. Stegmaier shows how this takes place in economics, politics, the law, science, art, and religion; how all these societal orientation worlds orient individuals, and how individuals in turn orient themselves to them. They professionalize specific needs of orientation. In ethics, Stegmaier distinguishes between moral orientation, as a self-binding commitment due to certain norms and values, and ethical orientation, as the reflection of such self-bindings and the forgoing of reciprocity and universality. In this way, he obtains the rightful place for virtues, which are greatly appreciated by everyone, but which moral philosophers have so far less taken into account, such as open-mindedness and unbiasedness, benevolence and friendliness, tactfulness, nobility, and goodness. Eventually, Stegmaier shows how standardizations permit conceiving of our world orientation in terms of global communication, how traditional metaphysics can be considered a mode of orientation, and what the significance of death is for orientation. Nietzsche Research In Nietzsche research, where he has earned an immense influence, Stegmaier has gained prominence by claiming that the famous doctrines of the overman (Übermensch) and the eternal recurrence of the same and of the will to power (which Nietzsche puts into the mouth of his Zarathustra, the protagonist of his famous poem), are all “anti-doctrines,” i.e. doctrines that undermine the very assumption of any existing universals; their anti-doctrinal character is where, according to Stegmaier, they find their unity. With what he calls ‘contextual interpretation,’ i.e. understanding Nietzsche's philosophical content within the context of his forms of writing, Stegmaier established a methodic paradigm for Nietzsche studies, which he himself comprehensively exemplifies in his interpretation of the 5th book of Nietzsche's The Gay Science. This paradigm has gained great attention in Nietzsche research. In his most recent works, he has shown in numerous contributions how Nietzsche's foundational distinctions in philosophy can, in connection with Luhmann's sociological systems theory, further be developed in the 21st century. With his publication Nietzsche an der Arbeit (2022), he solved a problem that existed since the 1950s, the problem of the significance of Nietzsche's notes for his philosophizing. While his notes were first pushed into a system in the falsifying compilation The Will to Power, they can now be understood, on the basis of the new edition of his late notes, the KGW IX, as an experimental orientation process in which his alleged doctrines are only preliminary stages. Forms of Philosophical Writing Not only with regard to Nietzsche, but to overall 50 outstanding philosophers of the Western tradition, Stegmaier elaborated how great philosophical innovations were accompanied by the invention of new literary forms of philosophical writing. In this sense, Parmenides created a narrative of the gods in order to be able to present his doctrine of true being, Plato the dialogic form in order to avoid any doctrines, Aristotle the treatise in order to present it in his own name, etc., up to Frege's Begriffsschrift, Wittgenstein's album and Levinas' Talmud interpretation. According to Stegmaier, these forms are not mere literary garment, but from them the respective philosophy itself can and must be understood. Publications Monographs (selection) 1977: Substanz. Grundbegriff der Metaphysik (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog 1977), 232 pages. 1987: (co-edited with Karl Ulmer und Wolf Häfele) Bedingungen der Zukunft. Ein naturwissenschaftlich-philosophischer Dialog (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1987), 247 pages. 1992: Philosophie der Fluktuanz. Dilthey und Nietzsche (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1992), 413 pages. Habilitation, Bonn 1990. 1997: Interpretationen. Hauptwerke der Philosophie. Von Kant bis Nietzsche (Stuttgart: Reclam, 1997), 464 pages. 2008: Philosophie der Orientierung (Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2008), 804 pages. 2009: Levinas. Reihe Meisterdenker (Freiburg/Basel/Wien: Herder, 2002), 224 pages; reprint: Hamburg: Junius, 249 pages. 2011: Nietzsche zur Einführung (Hamburg: Junius, 2011), 212 pages. 2012: Nietzsches Befreiung der Philosophie. Kontextuelle Interpretation des V. Buchs der Fröhlichen Wissenschaft (Berlin/ Boston: Walter de Gruyter, 2012), 754 pages. 2016: Luhmann meets Nietzsche. Orientierung im Nihilismus (Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter, 2016), 436 pages. 2018: Europa im Geisterkrieg. Studien zu Nietzsche, ed. Andrea Bertino (Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2018), 638 pages (open access). 2019: What is Orientation? A Philosophical Orientation, transl. Reinhard G. Mueller (Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter, 2019), 352 pages (translated, abridged, and revised edition of Philosophie der Orientierung ) 2021: Formen philosophischer Schriften zur Einführung (Hamburg: Junius, 2021), 288 pages. 2022: Orientierung und Ander(s)heit, together with Burkhard Liebsch (Hamburg: Meiner, 2022), 276 pages. 2022: Nietzsche an der Arbeit. Das Gewicht seiner nachgelassenen Aufzeichnungen für sein Philosophieren (Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2022), 416 pages. As editor (selection) 1992 (co-edited with Tilman Borsche): Zur Philosophie des Zeichens (Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1992), 231 pages. 1993 (co-edited with Gebhard Fürst): Der Rat als Quelle des Ethischen. Zur Praxis des Dialogs (Stuttgart: Akademie der Diözese Rottenburg-Stuttgart, 1993), 132 pages. 1997 (co-edited with Daniel Krochmalnik): Jüdischer Nietzscheanismus (Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1997), 476 pages. 1994–2000 (co-edited with Josef Simon): Zeichen und Interpretation I-VI (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1994-2000), each approx. 300 pages. 2000 (ed.): Europa-Philosophie (Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2000), 194 pages. 2000 (ed.): Die philosophische Aktualität der jüdischen Tradition (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2000), 517 pages. 2004 (ed.): Felix Hausdorff, Philosophisches Werk (Heidelberg: Springer, 2004), XX + 920 pages. 2005 (ed.): Orientierung. Philosophische Perspektiven (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2005), 362 pages. Further reading Andrea Bertino, Ekaterina Poljakova, Andreas Rupschus, Benjamin Alberts (Ed.). Zur Philosophie der Orientierung (Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter, 2016), 415 pages. Jacob Dellinger: "Werner Stegmaier: Fluktuanz, Anti-Lehren, Orientierung," "– ein Leser, wie ich ihn verdiene": Nietzsche-Lektüren in der deutschen Philosophie und Soziologie, ed. Eike Brock and Jutta Georg (Berlin/Stuttgart: Springer/Metzler, 2019), pp. 221–241. References Constructs such as ibid., loc. cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia's style guide for footnotes, as they are easily broken. Please improve this article by replacing them with named references (quick guide), or an abbreviated title. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ^ Werner Stegmaier, What is Orientation? A Philosophical Orientation, transl. by Reinhard G. Mueller (Walter de Gruyter: Berlin/Boston, 2019), book cover. ^ Werner Stegmaier, What is Orientation? A Philosophical Investigation (Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2019). ^ http://www.hfpo.com; see also: https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/2019/10/25/what-is-philosophy-orientation-new-nashville-foundation-wants-tell-you-hodges-foundation-event/4078199002/ ^ "Wissenschaftlicher Werdegang / CV - Werner Stegmaier – Philosophie der Orientierung". stegmaier-orientierung.de. ^ Werner Stegmaier, Substanz. Grundbegriff der Metaphysik (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1977). ^ Werner Stegmaier, Philosophie der Fluktuanz. Dilthey und Nietzsche (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1992). ^ "Emmanuel Levinas und / and Jacques Derrida - Werner Stegmaier – Philosophie der Orientierung". ^ Werner Stegmaier, Philosophie der Orientierung (Berlin / New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2008), pp. 63-96. ^ Werner Stegmaier, What is Orientation? A Philosophical Investigation, transl. by Reinhard G. Mueller (Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter, 2019), pp. 8-9. ^ Ibid., pp. 55-65. ^ Ibid., pp. 103-109. ^ Ibid., pp. 130-136. ^ Ibid., pp. 155-204. ^ Ibid., pp. 238-240. ^ Ibid., pp. 240-245. ^ Ibid., respectively, pp. 247-264, pp. 265-273, and pp. 275-285. ^ Werner Stegmaier, "Nietzsche's Doctrines, Nietzsche's Signs," Journal of Nietzsche Studies 31 (Spring 2006), pp. 20-41. ^ Werner Stegmaier, Nietzsche's Befreiung der Philosophie. Kontextuelle Interpretation des V. Buchs der Fröhlichen Wissenschaft (Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter, 2012). ^ For instance, Werner Stegmaier, Luhmann meets Nietzsche. Orientierung im Nihilismus (Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter, 2016). ^ Werner Stegmaier, Nietzsche an der Arbeit. Das Gewicht seiner nachgelassenen Aufzeichnungen für sein Philosophieren (Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2022). ^ Werner Stegmaier, Formen philosophischer Schriften zur Einführung (Hamburg: Junius, 2021). External links Biography on the website of the University of Greifswald (in German) academia.edu researchgate.net stegmaier-orientierung.de Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Netherlands Poland People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef

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He taught for a few years at upper level high schools (Gymnasium) and at the University of Stuttgart. He became research assistant of Josef Simon at the University of Bonn, where he defended his habilitation on Philosophie der Fluktuanz. Dilthey und Nietzsche. In his inaugural address, he dealt with Immanuel Kant’s treatise What Does It Mean To Orient Oneself in Thinking?, on the basis of which he later developed his Philosophy of Orientation. After serving as an interim professor in Berlin, he went to Greifswald, where he still lives today. Stegmaier founded the North- and East-European Forum for Philosophy, which connected philosophy departments around the Baltic Sea. It organized annual summer schools and supported the philosophical reorientation in countries formerly controlled by the Soviet Union in a project “Empirical Research on Philosophy,” supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. From 1997 until 2017, Stegmaier was the chief editor of the journal Nietzsche-Studien. International Yearbook for Nietzsche Research as well as of the Monographs and Texts of Nietzsche Research (both published by Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/Boston).[4] He has organized numerous academic conferences on the philosophy of Nietzsche, the philosophy of orientation, signs and time, on the contemporary philosophical significance of the Jewish tradition, and on the thinking of Nietzsche and Luhmann. The philosophy of orientation has influenced various fields, including the sports science, linguistics, musicology, psychotherapy, architecture, and theology. In 2019, an abbreviated and updated version was published in English under the title What is Orientation? A Philosophical Investigation. Founded in 2018, the Hodges Foundation for Philosophical Orientation in Nashville, Tennessee, hosts prize competitions, seminars, research colloquia, publishes books, and awards research grants in order to further develop this philosophy.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Philosophical work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"Descartes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes"},{"link_name":"Leibniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Substance and Fluctuance","text":"Stegmaier discovered in his dissertation that ‘substance,’ the foundational concept of metaphysics, which denotes that which persists in being and which Aristotle conceived of as a substance-accident-relation, Descartes as a substance-substance-relation, and Leibniz as a substance-relation-relation, is itself in flux.[5] Stegmaier coined it in his work on Nietzsche and Dilthey ‘fluctuance,’ i.e. a unit, which can, over time, change and replace all its attributes and thereby completely change its identity.[6]","title":"Philosophical work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emmanuel Levinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas"},{"link_name":"Jacques Derrida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Derrida"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Moses Mendelssohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Talcott Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talcott_Parsons"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Orientation","text":"With Emmanuel Levinas and Jacques Derrida, whose philosophies Stegmaier dealt with in numerous publications,[7] his work delved into the Jewish tradition, which has remained largely foreign to the European philosophy that derives from Greek philosophy. The Jewish tradition conceives of the Torah as a source of ever-new orientations. The philosophical concept of orientation was first introduced by Moses Mendelssohn, a Jew who became one of the most famous enlighteners of his time; after his death, the concept was adopted by Immanuel Kant in his “What Does It Mean to Orient Oneself in Thinking?”[8] Since then, the term of orientation has widely spread in everyday language use not only in most European, but also many other languages. In his magnum opus, the Philosophie der Orientierung (English: What is Orientation? A Philosophical Investigation), Stegmaier made ‘orientation’ the foundational term of a new philosophy for the present day. In light of relentless orientation crises, the term permeates current debates in both the private and public realm in a hardly noticed way. ‘Orientation’ is often used, especially in philosophy but also in science, to define other terms, without itself being defined. Because orientation is also required when analyzing orientation itself (in an orientation about orientation), it is an ultimate term, which one perpetually returns to when trying to go behind it.[9] Orientation is factually self-referential as well: if one orients oneself in a situation, the situation changes, and the new situation requires a new orientation. But since all situations are different, one cannot expect universally valid orientations. For Stegmaier, orientation precedes all cognition and action; therefore, all cognition and action must and can be conceived of in the specific structures of orientation. Orientation structures itself by relying on ‘footholds’ (German, Anhaltspunkte), which it gathers, based on its own needs, in the situations it is in. Orientation orders them, from a specific standpoint within a specific horizon in a specific perspective, in recognizable patterns, and it abbreviates them into signs that allow for communication and thus for an orientation to other orientations. Footholds and signs, however, always allow for leeways (German, Spielräume) for interpretation, which each orientation performs in its own way; one always orients oneself ‘to’ something within individual and situational leeways.[10] According to Stegmaier, this is true for scientific facts as well, to which one orients oneself in various methodically disciplined manners. Orientations find hold not in any existing universals, but in (everyday or scientific) routines, which develop over time and thus may become so self-evident that they are no longer noticed and thus (more or less) vanish from consciousness. In this way, routines relieve an orientation. Thinking, which traditional philosophy has relied on without question, arises when routines are disrupted or disturbed, including language routines; it creates distances from that which appears self-evident establishing its own hold in its own orders, among which is logic. But logic, too, is a specific kind of orientation, especially the scientific one; it does not belong to the world per se.[11] Orientation to another orientation are doubly contingent (here, Stegmaier adopts the concept of Talcott Parsons and Niklas Luhmann): others can, in interaction and communication, always react in a different way than you expect it; and both interlocutors know this. All societal orders (according to Luhmann: the functional systems of the communication of society) must deal with this double contingency.[12] Stegmaier shows how this takes place in economics, politics, the law, science, art, and religion; how all these societal orientation worlds orient individuals, and how individuals in turn orient themselves to them.[13] They professionalize specific needs of orientation. In ethics, Stegmaier distinguishes between moral orientation, as a self-binding commitment due to certain norms and values, and ethical orientation, as the reflection of such self-bindings and the forgoing of reciprocity and universality.[14] In this way, he obtains the rightful place for virtues, which are greatly appreciated by everyone, but which moral philosophers have so far less taken into account, such as open-mindedness and unbiasedness, benevolence and friendliness, tactfulness, nobility, and goodness.[15] Eventually, Stegmaier shows how standardizations permit conceiving of our world orientation in terms of global communication, how traditional metaphysics can be considered a mode of orientation, and what the significance of death is for orientation.[16]","title":"Philosophical work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The Gay Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gay_Science"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"The Will to Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Will_to_Power_(manuscript)"}],"sub_title":"Nietzsche Research","text":"In Nietzsche research, where he has earned an immense influence, Stegmaier has gained prominence by claiming that the famous doctrines of the overman (Übermensch) and the eternal recurrence of the same and of the will to power (which Nietzsche puts into the mouth of his Zarathustra, the protagonist of his famous poem), are all “anti-doctrines,” i.e. doctrines that undermine the very assumption of any existing universals; their anti-doctrinal character is where, according to Stegmaier, they find their unity.[17] With what he calls ‘contextual interpretation,’ i.e. understanding Nietzsche's philosophical content within the context of his forms of writing, Stegmaier established a methodic paradigm for Nietzsche studies, which he himself comprehensively exemplifies in his interpretation of the 5th book of Nietzsche's The Gay Science.[18] This paradigm has gained great attention in Nietzsche research. In his most recent works, he has shown in numerous contributions how Nietzsche's foundational distinctions in philosophy can, in connection with Luhmann's sociological systems theory, further be developed in the 21st century.[19] With his publication Nietzsche an der Arbeit (2022),[20] he solved a problem that existed since the 1950s, the problem of the significance of Nietzsche's notes for his philosophizing. While his notes were first pushed into a system in the falsifying compilation The Will to Power, they can now be understood, on the basis of the new edition of his late notes, the KGW IX, as an experimental orientation process in which his alleged doctrines are only preliminary stages.","title":"Philosophical work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Parmenides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmenides"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"Frege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frege"},{"link_name":"Begriffsschrift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begriffsschrift"},{"link_name":"Wittgenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittgenstein"},{"link_name":"Levinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levinas"},{"link_name":"Talmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud"}],"sub_title":"Forms of Philosophical Writing","text":"Not only with regard to Nietzsche, but to overall 50 outstanding philosophers of the Western tradition, Stegmaier elaborated how great philosophical innovations were accompanied by the invention of new literary forms of philosophical writing.[21] In this sense, Parmenides created a narrative of the gods in order to be able to present his doctrine of true being, Plato the dialogic form in order to avoid any doctrines, Aristotle the treatise in order to present it in his own name, etc., up to Frege's Begriffsschrift, Wittgenstein's album and Levinas' Talmud interpretation. According to Stegmaier, these forms are not mere literary garment, but from them the respective philosophy itself can and must be understood.","title":"Philosophical work"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Monographs (selection)","text":"1977: Substanz. Grundbegriff der Metaphysik (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog 1977), 232 pages.\n1987: (co-edited with Karl Ulmer und Wolf Häfele) Bedingungen der Zukunft. Ein naturwissenschaftlich-philosophischer Dialog (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1987), 247 pages.\n1992: Philosophie der Fluktuanz. Dilthey und Nietzsche (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1992), 413 pages. Habilitation, Bonn 1990.\n1997: Interpretationen. Hauptwerke der Philosophie. Von Kant bis Nietzsche (Stuttgart: Reclam, 1997), 464 pages.\n2008: Philosophie der Orientierung (Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2008), 804 pages.\n2009: Levinas. Reihe Meisterdenker (Freiburg/Basel/Wien: Herder, 2002), 224 pages; reprint: Hamburg: Junius, 249 pages.\n2011: Nietzsche zur Einführung (Hamburg: Junius, 2011), 212 pages.\n2012: Nietzsches Befreiung der Philosophie. Kontextuelle Interpretation des V. Buchs der Fröhlichen Wissenschaft (Berlin/ Boston: Walter de Gruyter, 2012), 754 pages.\n2016: Luhmann meets Nietzsche. Orientierung im Nihilismus (Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter, 2016), 436 pages.\n2018: Europa im Geisterkrieg. Studien zu Nietzsche, ed. Andrea Bertino (Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2018), 638 pages (open access).\n2019: What is Orientation? A Philosophical Orientation, transl. Reinhard G. Mueller (Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter, 2019), 352 pages (translated, abridged, and revised edition of Philosophie der Orientierung [2008])\n2021: Formen philosophischer Schriften zur Einführung (Hamburg: Junius, 2021), 288 pages.\n2022: Orientierung und Ander(s)heit, together with Burkhard Liebsch (Hamburg: Meiner, 2022), 276 pages.\n2022: Nietzsche an der Arbeit. Das Gewicht seiner nachgelassenen Aufzeichnungen für sein Philosophieren (Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2022), 416 pages.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As editor (selection)","text":"1992 (co-edited with Tilman Borsche): Zur Philosophie des Zeichens (Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1992), 231 pages.\n1993 (co-edited with Gebhard Fürst): Der Rat als Quelle des Ethischen. Zur Praxis des Dialogs (Stuttgart: Akademie der Diözese Rottenburg-Stuttgart, 1993), 132 pages.\n1997 (co-edited with Daniel Krochmalnik): Jüdischer Nietzscheanismus (Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1997), 476 pages.\n1994–2000 (co-edited with Josef Simon): Zeichen und Interpretation I-VI (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1994-2000), each approx. 300 pages.\n2000 (ed.): Europa-Philosophie (Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2000), 194 pages.\n2000 (ed.): Die philosophische Aktualität der jüdischen Tradition (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2000), 517 pages.\n2004 (ed.): Felix Hausdorff, Philosophisches Werk (Heidelberg: Springer, 2004), XX + 920 pages.\n2005 (ed.): Orientierung. Philosophische Perspektiven (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2005), 362 pages.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Andrea Bertino, Ekaterina Poljakova, Andreas Rupschus, Benjamin Alberts (Ed.). Zur Philosophie der Orientierung (Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter, 2016), 415 pages.\nJacob Dellinger: \"Werner Stegmaier: Fluktuanz, Anti-Lehren, Orientierung,\" \"– ein Leser, wie ich ihn verdiene\": Nietzsche-Lektüren in der deutschen Philosophie und Soziologie, ed. Eike Brock and Jutta Georg (Berlin/Stuttgart: Springer/Metzler, 2019), pp. 221–241.","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangley_Massacre_(1662)

Sangley Massacre (1662)

["1 See also","2 References","3 Bibliography"]

Massacre of Chinese people in the Philippines This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Sangley Massacre" 1662 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2021) The Sangley Massacre occurred in June 1662 when the governor of the Captaincy General of the Philippines ordered the killing of any Sangley (Chinese Filipinos) who had not submitted to the assembly area. Anti-Chinese sentiment had been prevalent in Spanish-ruled Philippines since the early 17th century, resulting in the Sangley Rebellion and the 2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639). In early 1662, the Southern Ming warlord Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) defeated the Dutch at the Siege of Fort Zeelandia in Taiwan. On 24 April 1662, Zheng Manila demanded that the Spanish pay tribute, or else he would send a fleet. The message arrived on 5 May. The Spanish took the threat very seriously and withdrew their forces from the Moluccas and Mindanao to reinforce Manila in preparation for an attack. The Chinese and native Filipinos were forced to gather food supplies and contribute labor to improving the city walls. Some argued for killing all non-Christian Chinese. Chinese began to flee even while the Spanish tried to reassure them and keep things quiet. On 24 May, a disturbance in the Chinese settlement resulted in casualties on both sides. The Spanish fired their cannons at the Chinese. and the Spanish governor ordered the Chinese to submit and all non-Christian Chinese to leave Manila. It is uncertain how many left, but 1,300 Chinese were mentioned to have departed on a single boat. On 4 June, the Spanish ordered all Chinese who had not reported to an assembly area to be killed. Those who were not killed fled to the mountains, where they died of starvation or were killed by Negritos. See also Sino-Spanish conflicts References ^ a b c Willis 1998, p. 362. Bibliography Willis, John E. (1998), Relations with the Maritime Europeans, 1514-1662 vteAnti-Chinese sentiment (Sinophobia)Background Coolie Yellow Peril Chinese emigration The Unparalleled Invasion Japanese nationalism Minzoku De-Sinicization By persecutor Adriaan Valckenier Andrew Jackson Bryant Denis Kearney Hideki Tojo Suharto Pol Pot Plaek Phibunsongkhram By country Hong Kong India Indonesia Japan Racism in Japan Korea Laos Malaysia Racism in Malaysia Ketuanan Melayu Myanmar Nazi Germany Philippines Singapore Taiwan Thailand United States China Initiative Vietnam By institution Anti-Chinese Union Asiatic Exclusion League Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees Tsagaan Khas Uyoku dantai By incident17th century Sangley Rebellion (1603) 2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639) Sangley Massacre (1662) 18th century 1740 Batavia massacre 1782 Saigon massacre 19th century Buckland Riot (1857) Lambing Flat riots (1860–1861) Anti-Coolie Act (1862) Chinese massacre of 1871 Pigtail Ordinance (1873) Page Act of 1875 Trout Creek Outrage (1876) San Francisco riot of 1877 New Zealand head tax (1881–1944) Chinese Exclusion Act (1882–1943) Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885) Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885 Issaquah riot of 1885 Tacoma riot of 1885 Rock Springs massacre (1885) 1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka Chinese head tax in Canada (1885–1923) Seattle riot of 1886 Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886 Hells Canyon Massacre (1887) Scott Act (1888) Geary Act (1892–1943) Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden (1899) 20th century White Australia policy (1901–1973) Vancouver anti-Asian riots (1907) Beipu uprising (1907) Torreón massacre (1911) 1918 Kudus riot Soviet deportations of Chinese people (1920s–1930s) Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 Wanpaoshan Incident (1931) Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) Nanking Massacre (1937–1938) Japanese war crimes Three Alls Policy Sook Ching massacre (1942) Changkiao massacre (1943) Home Office 213/926 (1945–1946) Bersiap (1945–1947) Mergosono massacre (1947) Legislation on Chinese Indonesians (1950s-) Chinese Confession Program (1956–1965) Internment of Chinese-Indians (1962) 1964 race riots in Singapore Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66 1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome) 13 May incident (Malaysia) (1969) 1969 race riots of Singapore Malari incident (1974) Cambodian genocide (1975–1979) 1997 Banjarmasin riot May 1998 riots of Indonesia 21st century 2006 Nukuʻalofa riots Abacus Bank prosecution 2008 Kunming bus bombings July 2009 Ürümqi riots 2011 Kashgar attacks Wolf Amendment 2013 Tiananmen Square attack 2014 Vietnam anti-China protests 2014 Kunming attack April 2014 Ürümqi attack May 2014 Ürümqi attack 2015 Plaza Low Yat riot 2015 Aksu colliery attack China–United States trade war (Trump tariffs) Artificial Intelligence Cold War China Initiative COVID-19 pandemic incidents 2021 Atlanta spa shootings 2021 Solomon Islands unrest 2024 Papua New Guinean unrest Boycotts of Chinese products By victim19th century Chae Chan Ping Fong Yue Ting Mary Tape Wong Kim Ark Yick Wo 20th century Vincent Chin Ita Martadinata Haryono Qian Xuesen Velma Demerson Wen Ho Lee 21st century Anming Hu Danny Chen Ee Lee Eileen Gu Franklin Feng Tao Gang Chen Haoyang Yu Jiansheng Chen Jiayang Fan Leung Chi-cheung Mi Gao Huang Chen Sherry Chen Teoh Beng Hock Xiaoxing Xi Yao Pan Ma Michelle Go Slurs Chinaman Chinaman's chance Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees Ching chong Chink Chinky Locust/Wongchung Shina/Zhina Sick man of Asia Related Chinese imperialism Hong Kong nationalism This Philippine history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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In early 1662, the Southern Ming warlord Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) defeated the Dutch at the Siege of Fort Zeelandia in Taiwan. On 24 April 1662, Zheng Manila demanded that the Spanish pay tribute, or else he would send a fleet. The message arrived on 5 May. The Spanish took the threat very seriously and withdrew their forces from the Moluccas and Mindanao to reinforce Manila in preparation for an attack. The Chinese and native Filipinos were forced to gather food supplies and contribute labor to improving the city walls. Some argued for killing all non-Christian Chinese. Chinese began to flee even while the Spanish tried to reassure them and keep things quiet.[1]On 24 May, a disturbance in the Chinese settlement resulted in casualties on both sides. The Spanish fired their cannons at the Chinese. and the Spanish governor ordered the Chinese to submit and all non-Christian Chinese to leave Manila. It is uncertain how many left, but 1,300 Chinese were mentioned to have departed on a single boat. On 4 June, the Spanish ordered all Chinese who had not reported to an assembly area to be killed. Those who were not killed fled to the mountains, where they died of starvation or were killed by Negritos.[1]","title":"Sangley Massacre (1662)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Anti-Chinese_sentiment"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-Chinese_sentiment"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-Chinese_sentiment"},{"link_name":"Anti-Chinese sentiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment"},{"link_name":"Coolie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolie"},{"link_name":"Yellow Peril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Peril"},{"link_name":"Chinese emigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_emigration"},{"link_name":"The Unparalleled Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unparalleled_Invasion"},{"link_name":"Japanese 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nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bandera_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Philippine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sangley_Massacre_(1662)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Philippines-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Philippines-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines-hist-stub"}],"text":"Willis, John E. (1998), Relations with the Maritime Europeans, 1514-1662vteAnti-Chinese sentiment (Sinophobia)Background\nCoolie\nYellow Peril\nChinese emigration\nThe Unparalleled Invasion\nJapanese nationalism\nMinzoku\nDe-Sinicization\nBy persecutor\nAdriaan Valckenier\nAndrew Jackson Bryant\nDenis Kearney\nHideki Tojo\nSuharto\nPol Pot\nPlaek Phibunsongkhram\nBy country\nHong Kong\nIndia\nIndonesia\nJapan\nRacism in Japan\nKorea\nLaos\nMalaysia\nRacism in Malaysia\nKetuanan Melayu\nMyanmar\nNazi Germany\nPhilippines\nSingapore\nTaiwan\nThailand\nUnited States\nChina Initiative\nVietnam\nBy institution\nAnti-Chinese Union\nAsiatic Exclusion League\nCanadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees\nTsagaan Khas\nUyoku dantai\nBy incident17th century\nSangley Rebellion (1603)\n2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639)\nSangley Massacre (1662)\n18th century\n1740 Batavia massacre\n1782 Saigon massacre\n19th century\nBuckland Riot (1857)\nLambing Flat riots (1860–1861)\nAnti-Coolie Act (1862)\nChinese massacre of 1871\nPigtail Ordinance (1873)\nPage Act of 1875\nTrout Creek Outrage (1876)\nSan Francisco riot of 1877\nNew Zealand head tax (1881–1944)\nChinese Exclusion Act (1882–1943)\nRoyal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885)\nChinese Immigration Act of 1885\nAttack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885\nIssaquah riot of 1885\nTacoma riot of 1885\nRock Springs massacre (1885)\n1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka\nChinese head tax in Canada (1885–1923)\nSeattle riot of 1886\nVancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886\nHells Canyon Massacre (1887)\nScott Act (1888)\nGeary Act (1892–1943)\nUnion Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden (1899)\n20th century\nWhite Australia policy (1901–1973)\nVancouver anti-Asian riots (1907)\nBeipu uprising (1907)\nTorreón massacre (1911)\n1918 Kudus riot\nSoviet deportations of Chinese people (1920s–1930s)\nChinese Immigration Act, 1923\nWanpaoshan Incident (1931)\nSecond Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)\nNanking Massacre (1937–1938)\nJapanese war crimes\nThree Alls Policy\nSook Ching massacre (1942)\nChangkiao massacre (1943)\nHome Office 213/926 (1945–1946)\nBersiap (1945–1947)\nMergosono massacre (1947)\nLegislation on Chinese Indonesians (1950s-)\nChinese Confession Program (1956–1965)\nInternment of Chinese-Indians (1962)\n1964 race riots in Singapore\nIndonesian mass killings of 1965–66\n1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma\nMonosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome)\n13 May incident (Malaysia) (1969)\n1969 race riots of Singapore\nMalari incident (1974)\nCambodian genocide (1975–1979)\n1997 Banjarmasin riot\nMay 1998 riots of Indonesia\n21st century\n2006 Nukuʻalofa riots\nAbacus Bank prosecution\n2008 Kunming bus bombings\nJuly 2009 Ürümqi riots\n2011 Kashgar attacks\nWolf Amendment\n2013 Tiananmen Square attack\n2014 Vietnam anti-China protests\n2014 Kunming attack\nApril 2014 Ürümqi attack\nMay 2014 Ürümqi attack\n2015 Plaza Low Yat riot\n2015 Aksu colliery attack\nChina–United States trade war (Trump tariffs)\nArtificial Intelligence Cold War\nChina Initiative\nCOVID-19 pandemic incidents\n2021 Atlanta spa shootings\n2021 Solomon Islands unrest\n2024 Papua New Guinean unrest\nBoycotts of Chinese products\nBy victim19th century\nChae Chan Ping\nFong Yue Ting\nMary Tape\nWong Kim Ark\nYick Wo\n20th century\nVincent Chin\nIta Martadinata Haryono\nQian Xuesen\nVelma Demerson\nWen Ho Lee\n21st century\nAnming Hu\nDanny Chen\nEe Lee\nEileen Gu\nFranklin Feng Tao\nGang Chen\nHaoyang Yu\nJiansheng Chen\nJiayang Fan\nLeung Chi-cheung\nMi Gao Huang Chen\nSherry Chen\nTeoh Beng Hock\nXiaoxing Xi\nYao Pan Ma\nMichelle Go\nSlurs\nChinaman\nChinaman's chance\nChinese, Japanese, dirty knees\nChing chong\nChink\nChinky\nLocust/Wongchung\nShina/Zhina\nSick man of Asia\nRelated\nChinese imperialism\nHong Kong nationalismThis Philippine history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

[{"title":"Sino-Spanish conflicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Spanish_conflicts"}]

[{"reference":"Willis, John E. (1998), Relations with the Maritime Europeans, 1514-1662","urls":[]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Game_(1928_film)

Fair Game (1928 film)

["1 Cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]

1928 film Fair GameFrench posterDirected byHolger-MadsenWritten byArthur Schnitzler (play) Herbert Juttke Georg C. KlarenProduced byLiddy HegewaldStarringEvelyn Holt Fred Louis Lerch Bruno KastnerCinematographyAxel GraatkjærMusic byFelix BartschProductioncompanyHegewald FilmDistributed byHegewald FilmRelease date 21 February 1928 (1928-02-21) CountryGermanyLanguagesSilent German intertitles Fair Game (German: Freiwild) is a 1928 German silent drama film directed by Holger-Madsen and starring Evelyn Holt, Fred Louis Lerch and Bruno Kastner. The film was adapted from the Arthur Schnitzler play. The film's art direction was by Max Knaake. Cast Evelyn Holt as Anna Riedel Fred Louis Lerch as Paul Rönning Bruno Kastner as Oberleutnant von Karinski John Loder as Oberleutnant von Rohnstedt Max Hansen as Enderle Ernst Pröckl as Balduin Magnus Stifter as Der Oberst Hugo Werner-Kahle as Schneider Jesta Berg as Zimmervermieterin Gerd Briese as Leutnant Vogel Günther Hadank as Dr. Wellner Hilde Maroff as Pepi Boris Nevolin as Kassierer Kohn Friedrich Carl Perponcher as Poldi Grehlinger Franz Stein as Regisseur Finke Geza L. Weiss as Ein Theaterenthusiast References ^ Bock & Bergfelder p.181 Bibliography Hans-Michael Bock and Tim Bergfelder. The Concise Cinegraph: An Encyclopedia of German Cinema. Berghahn Books. External links Fair Game at IMDb This article related to a German silent film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dudley_(writer)

John Dudley (writer)

["1 Works","2 References"]

English writer John Dudley (1762–1856) was an English writer. Dudley was the eldest son of the Rev. John Dudley, vicar of Humberstone, Leicestershire. He was born at Humberstone, and educated at Uppingham School, whence he went to Clare Hall, Cambridge. He proceeded B.A. 1785 (when he was second wrangler and mathematical prizeman), and M.A. 1788. In 1787 he was elected fellow, and in 1788 tutor. In 1794 he succeeded his father in the living of Humberstone. His grandfather had previously held the benefice, which continued in the family for three generations during 142 years. In 1795 he was also presented to the vicarage of Sileby, Leicestershire. According to his own account (advertisement to Naology), Dudley spent ‘a long and happy life’ as ‘a retired student,’ occupying himself chiefly with mythological and philosophical studies. He died at Sileby, 7 January 1856. Works Dudley wrote: Sermon preached before the University of Cambridge on the Translation of the Scriptures into the Languages of Indian Asia, Cambridge, 1807 The Metamorphosis of Sona, a Hindú Tale, in verse, 1810 A Dissertation showing the Identity of the Rivers Niger and Nile, 1821 Naology, or a Treatise on the Origin, Progress, and Symbolical Import of the Sacred Structures of the most Eminent Nations and Ages of the World, 1846 The Anti-Materialist, denying the Reality of Matter and vindicating the Universality of Spirit, 1849. This is a treatise written under the influence of the philosophy of Berkeley, to whose memory it is dedicated. References ^ "Dudley, John (DDLY780J)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Dudley, John (1762-1856)". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. Authority control databases SNAC

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Nation

Screen Nation Film and Television Awards

["1 Statuette","2 Awards","3 Voting","4 2018 winners","5 2016 winners","6 2007 winners","7 2006 winners","8 2003 winners","9 2002 winners (as bfm Awards)","10 References","11 External links"]

British award ceremony Screen Nation Film & TV AwardsAwarded forRewarding Excellence – Celebrating DiversityCountryUnited KingdomFirst awarded2003Websitehttps://www.screennation.org The Screen Nation Film & TV Awards, formerly the bfm (black filmmaker) Film and TV Awards, was founded in September 2003 by independent film producer Charles Thompson, as a platform to raise the profile of black British and international film and television talent of African heritage. Statuette The Screen Nation Award statuette is based on a West African mask and was designed by Jamaican-born sculptor George "Fowokan" Kelly. "The statuette signifies via the mask that there is a change coming. A mask takes you from one state into another and in this case from being unrecognized and unrewarded to being recognized and celebrated". Awards The Screen Nation Film and TV Awards are given at a televised event that normally takes place in October during UK Black History Month. The awards ceremony—dubbed the "Black BAFTAs" by The Independent newspaper in 2003—brings together actors, actresses, directors and filmmakers from the British and international film and TV industry. In 2016, Earl Cameron became the first inductee into the Screen Nation "Hall of Frame" at the BFI Southbank, where he was interviewed by Samira Ahmed. Voting The Screen Nation Film and TV Awards are based on voting by the general public as well as the Screen Nation committee. The honorary and major awards, such as the Outstanding Contribution to Film and TV Award and the Edric Connor Inspiration Award, are decided by the Screen Nation Executive committee. The People's Choice categories—Favourite Male TV Star, Favourite Female TV Star, Favourite Music Performance on Film/TV, Favourite Presenter, Favourite Reality Star, International Film, US Male Screen Personality Film/TV, US Female Screen Personality Film/TV, West African Film Actor, West African Film Actress and West African Film—are all voted for by the public. The 2007 awards ceremony saw actor Morgan Freeman honoured with the Outstanding Contribution Award, newsreader Moira Stuart honoured with the Edric Connor Inspiration Award and American TV director-producer Stan Lathan with the new Vanguard Award. A final honorary award - the Classic TV Award - was presented to the television series Roots in what was its 30th anniversary year. The 2016 awards ceremony saw actor Wesley Snipes honoured with the Outstanding Contribution Award. In 2017, the 12th Screen Nation awards took place. The Edric Connor Trailblazer award was given to Horace Ové. 2018 winners Award Winner Outstanding Contribution to Film and TV Award (Int) Edric Connor Inspiration Award (UK) Special Award Rising Star Achievement in Film Production Female Performance in Film Male Performance in Film Favourite International Movie Favourite African UK Movie Favourite Film Favourite Male Screen Personality Favourite Female Screen Personality Independent Spirit Film Production Male Performance in TV Female Performance in TV Favourite Male TV Personality Favourite Female TV Personality Emerging Talent Diversity in Drama Production Diversity in Factual Production Favourite Grime Music Promo Favourite Comedy Production Just a Couple by Sebastian Thiel Favourite Black Broadcaster Favourite Reality TV Talent 2016 winners Award Winner Outstanding Contribution to Film and TV Award (Int) Wesley Snipes Edric Connor Inspiration Award (UK) Carmen Munroe Rising Star Malachi Kirby (Jekyll & Hyde, Dough) Achievement in Film Production The Hard Stop Female Performance in Film Nathalie Emmanuel (Fast & Furious 7) Male Performance in Film John Boyega (Star Wars: Episode VII) Favourite International Movie Beasts of No Nation – Idris Elba, Ama K. Abebrese, Jude Akuwudlike Favourite African UK Movie The Cursed Ones – Nicholas K. Lory, Nana Obiri Yeboah, Maximilian Claussen Favourite Film Beasts of No Nation Favourite Male Screen Personality Oris Erhuero Favourite Female Screen Personality Gayle Ngozi Thompson-Igwebike Independent Spirit Film Production Looking for Love Male Performance in TV Kascion Franklin (Danny and the Human Zoo) Female Performance in TV Cecilia Noble (Danny and the Human Zoo) Favourite Male TV Personality Charles Venn (Casualty) Favourite Female TV Personality Alison Hammond (Strictly Come Dancing) Emerging Talent Anthony Welsh Diversity in Drama Production The Interceptor (BBC) Diversity in Factual Production Britain's Forgotten Slave Owners (BBC) Favourite Grime Music Promo Lady Leshurr Favourite Comedy Production Chewing Gum (E4) 2007 winners Award Winner Outstanding Contribution to Film and TV Award (Int) Morgan Freeman Edric Connor Inspiration Award (UK) Moira Stuart Vanguard in Production (Int) Stan Lathan Classic TV Series Roots Achievement in African Film Production (Int) Bamako Male Performance in Film David Harewood (Blood Diamond) Female Performance in Film Naomie Harris (Pirates of the Caribbean) Male Performance in TV Aml Ameen (The Bill) Female Performance in TV Sharon D Clarke (Holby City) Favourite TV Presenter Ainsley Harriott (Ready Steady Cook) Favourite Male TV Star Adrian Lester (Hustle) Favourite Female TV Star Freema Agyeman (Doctor Who) Emerging Talent Patrick Regis Diversity in Drama Production The Bill Diversity in Factual Production Roots Remembered Independent Spirit Film Production Mark Norfolk (Crossing Bridges) Favourite Music Performance on Film/TV Dizzee Rascal (Fix Up, Look Sharp) Fav Male US Screen Personality Jamie Foxx (Dreamgirls) Fav Female US Screen Personality Jennifer Hudson (Dreamgirls) Fav International Film The Last King of Scotland Fav West African Male Screen Personality Van Vicker Fav West African Female Screen Personality Stephanie Okereke Fav West African Film The Amazing Grace 2006 winners Award Winner Outstanding Contribution to Film and TV Award (Int) Yaphet Kotto Edric Connor Inspiration Award (UK) Mona Hammond Achievement in Stunt Work, Choreography & Action Direction Clive Curtis Achievement in Independent Film Production Pikki (Rollin' with the Nines) Male Performance in Film Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje (Get Rich or Die Tryin', Mistress of Spices) Female Performance in Film Thandie Newton (Crash) Male Performance in TV Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje (Lost) Female Performance in TV Suzanne Packer (Casualty) Favourite Sports Presenter John Barnes (John Barnes' Football Night) Favourite Male TV Star Wil Johnson (Waking the Dead) Favourite Female TV Star Phina Oruche (Footballers' Wives) Emerging Talent Kara Miller Diversity in Drama Production Doctors Diversity in Factual Production Sticks and Stones Achievement in Screen-Writing for Film/TV Noel Clarke (Kidulthood) Favourite Music Performance on Film/TV Keisha White (Weakness in Me) Favorite BME Channel Original Black Entertainment TV Fav Male US Screen Personality Terrence Howard (Crash, Hustle & Flow, Get Rich or Die Tryin') Fav Female US Screen Personality Loretta Devine (Crash) Fav International Film Crash West African Film Personality Aki & Paw Paw 2003 winners Award Winner Outstanding Contribution to Film & TV Award (Int) Spike Lee Edric Connor Trailblazer Award (UK) Rudolph Walker Male Performance in Film Chiwetel Ejiofor (Dirty Pretty Things) Female Performance in Film Sophie Okonedo (Dirty Pretty Things) Male Performance in TV Lennie James (Buried) Female Performance in TV Naomie Harris (White Teeth) Favourite Female TV Star Angela Griffin (Cutting It) Favourite Male TV Star Kwame Kwei-Armah (Casualty, Fame Academy) Best Presenter June Sarpong (T4) Emerging Talent Caroline Chikezie (As If) Diversity in Drama Production White Teeth Diversity in Comedy Production 3 Non-Blondes 2002 winners (as bfm Awards) Award Winner Outstanding Contribution to Film & TV Award (Int) Pam Grier Edric Connor Inspiration Award (UK) Lenny Henry Female Performance in Film Marsha Thomason (Long Time Dead, Black Knight) Male Performance in Film Lennie James (24 Hour Party People) Female Performance in TV Diane Parish (Babyfather, The Bill) Male Performance in TV Eamonn Walker (Othello) Emerging Talent Zak Ove Best Presenter Angellica Bell Fav Male US Screen Personality Denzel Washington Fav Female US Screen Personality Angela Bassett Fav US Film Training Day Fav Film Soundtrack Ali References ^ Joel Campbell (2 November 2016). "Screen Nation Pays Tribute To Pioneer". Retrieved 5 July 2020. ^ "Watch: Earl Cameron CBE (First Black British Screen Star) in Revealing 40-Minute Hall of Fame Induction Conversation". Shadow and Act. 20 April 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2020. ^ a b "Award season: The 12th annual Screen Nation Awards". Your Voice. 8 May 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2017. ^ "11th Screen Nation Film & Television Awards 2016: Rewarding Excellence Celebrating Diversity". TheNigerianVoice. Retrieved 21 March 2016. ^ a b "Press: 2006 Winners List". Screen Nation. Archived from the original on 27 July 2010. Retrieved 14 July 2010. ^ "'Black Baftas' fete EastEnders star". BBC News. 11 September 2003. Retrieved 14 July 2010. ^ "Black talent honoured at awards". BBC News. 9 September 2002. Retrieved 14 July 2010. External links Official website

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et-Es-Go_Magazines

Frank Z. Temerson

["1 Biography","2 Comic book titles published","3 Comic book characters published by Temerson companies","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Notes","5.2 Sources consulted"]

Frank Z. TemersonBornFrank Zelig Temerson(1890-07-04)July 4, 1890Warsaw, PolandDiedJuly 25, 1963(1963-07-25) (aged 73)Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.Nationalitynaturalized American Area(s)Comic book publishingNotable worksUltem PublicationsHelnit PublishingEt-Es-Go MagazinesContinental Magazines Frank Z. Temerson (1890–1963) was a comic book publisher from the Golden Age of Comic Books. Temerson's imprints included Ultem Publications, Helnit Publishing, Et-Es-Go Magazines, and Continental Magazines. Notable titles published by Temerson included Captain Aero Comics, Cat-Man Comics, and Suspense Comics; notable characters included Cat-Man and Kitten and Miss Victory. L. B. Cole worked as an art director for many of Temerson's earliest comics; other notable creators associated with Temerson included Tony DiPreta, Irwin Hasen, Gil Kane, Don Rico, and Charles M. Quinlan. Temerson often used the names of family members and associates as proxies for companies which he actually owned and operated. Biography Temerson was born in Warsaw, Poland, the third child of Jacob (a dry goods merchant) and Mindel Temerson. In 1892, when Frank was two years old, his family moved to the United States, settling in Birmingham, Alabama. Frank's parents subsequently had four additional children, including Frank's younger sisters Esther, Goldie, and Ethel. The family were members of Birmingham's Temple Emanu-El synagogue, whose founding president was businessman, poet, and humanitarian Samuel Ullman. Temerson finished school after the eighth grade, going to work at his father's dry goods store. In 1913, despite never having gone to high school or college, Temerson was enrolled at the Chattanooga College of Law, which was not an accredited law school but which offered courses in legal studies. In 1914 Temerson was working as a "lawyer" (although he never graduated from the Chattanooga College of Law or passed the state bar exam). Temerson worked as an attorney in Birmingham for a couple of years before moving to Detroit in 1917. Shortly thereafter he registered with the draft board (where he was described as "short, stout, with brown eyes, brown hair, and partly bald"). Temerson served overseas with the Army during World War I from 1918 to 1919. Returning to Birmingham after the war, he soon connected with his old synagogue's president's nephew, I. W. (Isaac Wise) Ullman (1873–1947), who was also in the distribution business. Temerson and Ullman became business partners, moving into pulp magazine printing and distribution. Companies they jointly owned, under the name Ultem Publications (a combination of the first syllables from both names, Ullman and Temerson), included Vamos Color Printing and Inspirational Publications. By 1935, Ultem was headquartered in New York City, at 381 Fourth Avenue, and in 1937 the company was located at 404 Fourth Avenue. Ultem published Modern Movies, Movie Stars Handies, Movie Humor, High Heel Magazine, and Silk Stocking. In 1937, Ultem moved into the burgeoning comic book business. That year Ultem bought out Harry "A" Chesler's comic book titles Star Comics and Star Ranger. In September 1937, Ultem acquired the Comics Magazine Company's titles Funny Pages and Funny Picture Stories, retaining Chesler as the packager for both his own previous titles and the two that were continued from the Comics Magazine Co. Financial difficulties forced Ultem to sell some of its properties, including The Clock, to Everett M. "Busy" Arnold's Quality Comics. By January 1938, Ultem was bought out by Centaur Publications. Beginning in 1939, Temerson went solo, publishing comics during the period 1939–1941 under the names Tem Publishing, Nita Publishing, and, most prominently, Helnit Publishing. Helnit published six issues of Green Hornet Comics, with the writing attributed to Fran Striker, starting in December 1940. Assets from Helnit — including the superhero series Cat-Man Comics and the war comics series Captain Aero Comics — were acquired by Holyoke Publishing in late 1941, with comics cover-dated January 1942 and February 1942. Temerson's staff, including artist Charles Quinlan, continued to produce both series. In 1943, the two titles acquired from Heinit reverted to Temerson's new company Et-Es-Go Magazines (likely named after Temerson's younger sisters Ethel, Esther, and Goldie), which soon transitioned to Continental Magazines. Pioneering female publisher, editor, and cartoonist Ray Herman started her career as an assistant to Temerson in 1943. Other titles published by Temerson in the period 1943–1946 were Suspense Comics and Terrific Comics. Some sources indicate Temerson was behind Continental Publications in 1950. Temerson died in 1963 at age 73, buried in Knesses Israel Cemetery in Birmingham. Comic book titles published Captain Aero Comics (14 issues, Dec. 1941–Aug. 1946) — published by Holyoke Publishing in 1942–1943 Captain Fearless Comics (2 issues, Aug.–Sept. 1941) Cat-Man Comics (21 issues, May 1941–Aug. 1946) — published by Holyoke Publishing in 1942–1943 Crash Comics Adventures (5 issues, May–Nov. 1940) Foodini (4 issues, March–Aug. 1950) Funny Pages (5 issues, Sept. 1937–Jan. 1938) — taken over from Comics Magazine Company; continued by Centaur Publications Funny Picture Stories (5 issues, Sept. 1937–Jan. 1938) — taken over from Comics Magazine Company; continued by Centaur Publications Green Hornet Comics (6 issues, Dec. 1940–Aug. 1941) — continued by Harvey Comics Star Comics (3 issues, Oct./Nov. 1937–Jan. 1938) — taken over from Chesler/Dynamic; continued by Centaur Publications Star Ranger (3 issues, Oct./Nov. 1937–Jan. 1938) — taken over from Chesler/Dynamic; continued by Centaur Publications Suspense Comics (12 issues, Dec. 1943–Sept. 1946) Terrific Comics (6 issues, Jan–Nov., 1944) Whirlwind Comics (3 issues, June–Sept. 1940) Comic book characters published by Temerson companies Alias X Captain Aero Captain Fearless Cat-Man Kitten Commandos of the Devil Dogs Deacon Flagman The Hood (unrelated to Marvel Comics' Hood) Miss Victory Pied Piper (published by Helnit and Holoyoke only) Ragman (unrelated to DC Comics' Ragman) Solar (last published by Holyoke before Temerson reclaimed characters) See also Holyoke Publishing References Notes ^ a b c d e f g h i Saunders, David. "FRANK Z. TEMERSON," Field Guide to Wild American Pulp Artists. Accessed July 15, 2018. ^ "Ultem (1937-1938) at the Grand Comics Database ^ Temerson / Helnit / Continental indicia publishers at the Grand Comics Database ^ Cat-Man Comics (Holyoke, 1942 Series) at the Grand Comics Database ^ Captain Aero Comics (Holyoke, 1942 Series) at the Grand Comics Database ^ "Holyoke (1942-1946) at the Grand Comics Database ^ "Rae Herman," Who's Who of American Comic Book Artists, 1928–1999. Accessed Sept. 23, 2017. ^ "BIP Comics: Publisher Insignia and Indicia Data - Continental". Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2018-07-16. ^ "Temerson / Helnit / Continental: 1940 - 1950," Grand Comics Database. Accessed July 16, 2018: "Foodini, apparently published by 'Continental Publishing' from the same address used by Continental Magazines, Inc. This has not been verified from actual copies, but the link seems strong enough to include this series here." ^ "Frank Z. Temerson," Find a Grave. Accessed September 12, 2018. ^ Grand Comics Database: Captain Fearless #1 at the Grand Comics Database Sources consulted Ultem at the Grand Comics Database Temerson / Helnit / Continental at the Grand Comics Database Continental Magazines at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saunders-1"},{"link_name":"Golden Age of Comic Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Comic_Books"},{"link_name":"Cat-Man Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat-Man_Comics"},{"link_name":"Cat-Man and Kitten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat-Man_and_Kitten"},{"link_name":"Miss Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Victory"},{"link_name":"L. B. Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._B._Cole"},{"link_name":"Tony DiPreta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_DiPreta"},{"link_name":"Irwin Hasen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_Hasen"},{"link_name":"Gil Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Kane"},{"link_name":"Don Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Rico"}],"text":"Frank Z. Temerson (1890–1963)[1] was a comic book publisher from the Golden Age of Comic Books. Temerson's imprints included Ultem Publications, Helnit Publishing, Et-Es-Go Magazines, and Continental Magazines.Notable titles published by Temerson included Captain Aero Comics, Cat-Man Comics, and Suspense Comics; notable characters included Cat-Man and Kitten and Miss Victory. L. B. Cole worked as an art director for many of Temerson's earliest comics; other notable creators associated with Temerson included Tony DiPreta, Irwin Hasen, Gil Kane, Don Rico, and Charles M. Quinlan.Temerson often used the names of family members and associates as proxies for companies which he actually owned and operated.","title":"Frank Z. Temerson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"dry goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_goods"},{"link_name":"Birmingham, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Temple Emanu-El","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Emanu-El_(Birmingham,_Alabama)"},{"link_name":"synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Samuel Ullman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Ullman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saunders-1"},{"link_name":"Chattanooga College of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga_College_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saunders-1"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saunders-1"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saunders-1"},{"link_name":"pulp magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_magazine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saunders-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saunders-1"},{"link_name":"Harry \"A\" Chesler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_%22A%22_Chesler"},{"link_name":"Comics Magazine Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics_Magazine_Company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gcd-ultem-2"},{"link_name":"The Clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clock_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Everett M. \"Busy\" Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_M._%22Busy%22_Arnold"},{"link_name":"Quality Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_Comics"},{"link_name":"Centaur Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaur_Publications"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Green Hornet Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Hornet"},{"link_name":"Fran Striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Striker"},{"link_name":"superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"Cat-Man Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat-Man_and_Kitten"},{"link_name":"war comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_comics"},{"link_name":"Holyoke Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke_Publishing"},{"link_name":"cover-dated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover-date"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catman-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aero-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gcd-holyoke-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saunders-1"},{"link_name":"Ray Herman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Herman"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herman-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Temerson was born in Warsaw, Poland, the third child of Jacob (a dry goods merchant) and Mindel Temerson. In 1892, when Frank was two years old, his family moved to the United States, settling in Birmingham, Alabama. Frank's parents subsequently had four additional children, including Frank's younger sisters Esther, Goldie, and Ethel. The family were members of Birmingham's Temple Emanu-El synagogue, whose founding president was businessman, poet, and humanitarian Samuel Ullman.[1]Temerson finished school after the eighth grade, going to work at his father's dry goods store. In 1913, despite never having gone to high school or college, Temerson was enrolled at the Chattanooga College of Law, which was not an accredited law school but which offered courses in legal studies. In 1914 Temerson was working as a \"lawyer\" (although he never graduated from the Chattanooga College of Law or passed the state bar exam).[1] Temerson worked as an attorney in Birmingham for a couple of years before moving to Detroit in 1917. Shortly thereafter he registered with the draft board (where he was described as \"short, stout, with brown eyes, brown hair, and partly bald\").[1] Temerson served overseas with the Army during World War I from 1918 to 1919.[1]Returning to Birmingham after the war, he soon connected with his old synagogue's president's nephew, I. W. (Isaac Wise) Ullman (1873–1947), who was also in the distribution business. Temerson and Ullman became business partners, moving into pulp magazine printing and distribution. Companies they jointly owned, under the name Ultem Publications (a combination of the first syllables from both names, Ullman and Temerson),[1] included Vamos Color Printing and Inspirational Publications. By 1935, Ultem was headquartered in New York City, at 381 Fourth Avenue, and in 1937 the company was located at 404 Fourth Avenue. Ultem published Modern Movies, Movie Stars Handies, Movie Humor, High Heel Magazine, and Silk Stocking.[1]In 1937, Ultem moved into the burgeoning comic book business. That year Ultem bought out Harry \"A\" Chesler's comic book titles Star Comics and Star Ranger. In September 1937, Ultem acquired the Comics Magazine Company's titles Funny Pages and Funny Picture Stories, retaining Chesler as the packager for both his own previous titles and the two that were continued from the Comics Magazine Co.[2] Financial difficulties forced Ultem to sell some of its properties, including The Clock, to Everett M. \"Busy\" Arnold's Quality Comics. By January 1938, Ultem was bought out by Centaur Publications.Beginning in 1939, Temerson went solo, publishing comics during the period 1939–1941 under the names Tem Publishing,[3] Nita Publishing, and, most prominently, Helnit Publishing. Helnit published six issues of Green Hornet Comics, with the writing attributed to Fran Striker, starting in December 1940. Assets from Helnit — including the superhero series Cat-Man Comics and the war comics series Captain Aero Comics — were acquired by Holyoke Publishing in late 1941, with comics cover-dated January 1942[4] and February 1942.[5] Temerson's staff, including artist Charles Quinlan, continued to produce both series.[6]In 1943, the two titles acquired from Heinit reverted to Temerson's new company Et-Es-Go Magazines (likely named after Temerson's younger sisters Ethel, Esther, and Goldie),[1] which soon transitioned to Continental Magazines. Pioneering female publisher, editor, and cartoonist Ray Herman started her career as an assistant to Temerson in 1943.[7] Other titles published by Temerson in the period 1943–1946 were Suspense Comics and Terrific Comics.[8]Some sources indicate Temerson was behind Continental Publications in 1950.[9]Temerson died in 1963 at age 73, buried in Knesses Israel Cemetery in Birmingham.[10]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Captain Aero Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Aero_Comics"},{"link_name":"Holyoke Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Cat-Man Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat-Man_Comics"},{"link_name":"Holyoke Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Comics Magazine Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics_Magazine_Company"},{"link_name":"Centaur Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaur_Publications"},{"link_name":"Comics Magazine Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics_Magazine_Company"},{"link_name":"Centaur Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaur_Publications"},{"link_name":"Green Hornet Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Hornet"},{"link_name":"Harvey Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Comics"},{"link_name":"Chesler/Dynamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_%22A%22_Chesler"},{"link_name":"Centaur Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaur_Publications"},{"link_name":"Chesler/Dynamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_%22A%22_Chesler"},{"link_name":"Centaur Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaur_Publications"}],"text":"Captain Aero Comics [Helnit, Et-Es-Go, Continental Magazines] (14 issues, Dec. 1941–Aug. 1946) — published by Holyoke Publishing in 1942–1943\nCaptain Fearless Comics [Helnit] (2 issues, Aug.–Sept. 1941)\nCat-Man Comics [Helnit, Et-Es-Go, Continental Magazines] (21 issues, May 1941–Aug. 1946) — published by Holyoke Publishing in 1942–1943\nCrash Comics Adventures [Tem] (5 issues, May–Nov. 1940)\nFoodini [Continental Publications] (4 issues, March–Aug. 1950)\nFunny Pages [Ultem] (5 issues, Sept. 1937–Jan. 1938) — taken over from Comics Magazine Company; continued by Centaur Publications\nFunny Picture Stories [Ultem] (5 issues, Sept. 1937–Jan. 1938) — taken over from Comics Magazine Company; continued by Centaur Publications\nGreen Hornet Comics [Helnit] (6 issues, Dec. 1940–Aug. 1941) — continued by Harvey Comics\nStar Comics [Ultem] (3 issues, Oct./Nov. 1937–Jan. 1938) — taken over from Chesler/Dynamic; continued by Centaur Publications\nStar Ranger [Ultem] (3 issues, Oct./Nov. 1937–Jan. 1938) — taken over from Chesler/Dynamic; continued by Centaur Publications\nSuspense Comics [Et-Es-Go Magazines, Continental Magazines] (12 issues, Dec. 1943–Sept. 1946)\nTerrific Comics [Et-Es-Go Magazines, Continental Magazines] (6 issues, Jan–Nov., 1944)\nWhirlwind Comics [Nita] (3 issues, June–Sept. 1940)","title":"Comic book titles published"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Captain Aero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Aero"},{"link_name":"Cat-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat-Man_and_Kitten"},{"link_name":"Kitten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat-Man_and_Kitten"},{"link_name":"The Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hood_(Holyoke)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hood_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Miss Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Victory"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gcd-11"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Ragman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragman_(comics)"}],"text":"Alias X\nCaptain Aero\nCaptain Fearless\nCat-Man\nKitten\nCommandos of the Devil Dogs\nDeacon\nFlagman\nThe Hood (unrelated to Marvel Comics' Hood)\nMiss Victory[11]\nPied Piper (published by Helnit and Holoyoke only)\nRagman (unrelated to DC Comics' Ragman)\nSolar (last published by Holyoke before Temerson reclaimed characters)","title":"Comic book characters published by Temerson companies"}]

[]

[{"title":"Holyoke Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke_Publishing"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_Hawks

Monmouth Hawks

["1 Teams","2 References","3 External links"]

Intercollegiate sports teams of Monmouth University Athletic teams representing Monmouth University Monmouth HawksUniversityMonmouth UniversityConferenceCoastal Athletic Association (primary)Northeast Conference (bowling, from 2024–25)NCAADivision I (FCS)Athletic directorJeff StapletonLocationWest Long Branch, New JerseyVarsity teams24Football stadiumKessler StadiumBasketball arenaOceanFirst Bank CenterBaseball stadiumMonmouth Baseball FieldMascotShadowNicknameHawksColorsMidnight blue and white   Websitewww.monmouthhawks.com The Monmouth Hawks refer to the 23 sports teams representing Monmouth University in West Long Branch, New Jersey. The Hawks compete in the NCAA Division I and are members of the Coastal Athletic Association, joining on July 1, 2022. The football team became an FCS Independent for the 2013 season, and moved to the Big South Conference on July 1, 2014. The women's bowling program was a charter member of the Southland Bowling League, a single-sport conference formed in January 2015, but moved that sport to the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference after the 2017–18 season, and will return to the Northeast Conference, in which Monmouth had been a full member from 1985 to 2013, as a single-sport member for 2024–25 and beyond. On January 25, 2022, Monmouth announced it would leave the MAAC to join the Coastal Athletic Association, effective July 1, 2022. At that time, its football team left the Big South to join CAA Football, which is administered by the all-sports CAA but is legally a separate entity. Teams Monmouth sponsors teams in ten men's and eleven women's NCAA sanctioned sports: Men's Intercollegiate Sports Baseball (Team article) Basketball (Team article) Cross Country Football (Team article) Golf Lacrosse Soccer (Team article) Swimming Tennis Track & Field (Indoor & Outdoor) Women's Intercollegiate Sports Basketball (Team article) Bowling Cross Country Field Hockey Golf Lacrosse Rowing Soccer Softball (Team article) Swimming Tennis Track & Field (Indoor & Outdoor) ^ Starting in 2024–25, bowling competes in the Northeast Conference. See also: Monmouth Hawks baseball, Monmouth Hawks men's basketball, and Monmouth Hawks football References ^ "Monmouth University Athletics Quick Facts". December 28, 2006. Retrieved April 15, 2016. ^ Big South Adds Monmouth University as Associate Football Member Archived 2013-05-22 at the Wayback Machine ^ "New Southland Bowling League Established" (Press release). Southland Conference. January 20, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015. ^ "Bowling Accepts Invitation to Join MEAC" (Press release). Monmouth Hawks. June 19, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2018. ^ "NEC Welcomes Monmouth as Women's Bowling Associate Member" (Press release). Northeast Conference. June 13, 2024. Retrieved June 18, 2024. ^ "MONMOUTH ACCEPTS INVITATION TO JOIN THE CAA". Monmouth University Athletics. 25 January 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-02. ^ "Monmouth University Athletics - Official Athletics Website". Monmouth University Athletics. External links Official website vteMonmouth UniversityLocated in: West Long Branch, New JerseyAthletics Monmouth Hawks Baseball Softball Men's basketball Women's basketball Football Men's lacrosse Men's soccer OceanFirst Bank Center Kessler Stadium Monmouth Baseball Field Campus Murry Guggenheim House Lauren K. Woods Theatre Monmouth University Polling Institute Shadow Lawn WMCX Founded: 1933 Links to related articles vteCoastal Athletic AssociationCurrent members Campbell Fighting Camels Charleston Cougars Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens (leaving in 2025) Drexel Dragons Elon Phoenix Hampton Pirates and Lady Pirates Hofstra Pride Monmouth Hawks Northeastern Huskies North Carolina A&T Aggies Stony Brook Seawolves Towson Tigers UNC Wilmington Seahawks William & Mary Tribe Lacrosse associates Fairfield Stags Women's rowing associates Eastern Michigan Eagles UC San Diego Tritons UConn Huskies Villanova Wildcats History 2010–2013 Colonial Athletic Association realignment 2021–2024 NCAA conference realignment Related CAA Football vteMid-Eastern Athletic ConferenceFull members Coppin State Eagles Delaware State Hornets Howard Bison Maryland Eastern Shore Hawks Morgan State Bears Norfolk State Spartans North Carolina Central Eagles South Carolina State Bulldogs and Lady Bulldogs Associate members Monmouth Hawks (leaving in 2024) North Carolina A&T Aggies UAB Blazers (all in bowling) vteNortheast ConferenceFull members Central Connecticut Blue Devils Fairleigh Dickinson Knights Le Moyne Dolphins LIU Sharks Merrimack Warriors (leaving in 2024) Sacred Heart Pioneers (leaving in 2024) Saint Francis Red Flash Stonehill Skyhawks Wagner Seahawks Future members Chicago State Cougars Mercyhurst Lakers (both joining in 2024) Baseball associates Coppin State Eagles Delaware State Hornets Maryland Eastern Shore Hawks Norfolk State Spartans Bowling associates Duquesne Dukes Monmouth Hawks (joining in 2024) Niagara Purple Eagles Field hockey associates Fairfield Stags Rider Broncs Football associate Duquesne Dukes Robert Morris Colonials (joining in 2024) Golf associates Binghamton Bearcats (men) Delaware State Hornets (women) Howard Bison (men and women) Maryland Eastern Shore Hawks (men and women) North Carolina Central Eagles (men and women) Men's lacrosse associates(from 2024–25) Cleveland State Vikings Detroit Mercy Titans Robert Morris Colonials VMI Keydets Women's lacrosse associates Delaware State Hornets Howard Bison Soccer associates Delaware State Hornets (women) Howard Bison (men and women) Swimming & diving associate Howard Bison (men and women) Tennis associate Binghamton Bearcats (men and women) Men's volleyball associates Daemen Wildcats D'Youville Saints Maryland Eastern Shore Hawks (joining in 2025) vteSports teams based in New JerseyBaseball EL Somerset Patriots SAL Jersey Shore BlueClaws FL New Jersey Jackals Sussex County Miners MLBDL Trenton Thunder Basketball ABA Garden State Warriors Football NFL New York Giants New York Jets Hockey NHL New Jersey Devils NAHL New Jersey Titans Philadelphia Rebels Roller derby WFTDA Garden State Rollergirls Jersey Shore Roller Girls Rugby league NARL New York City Rugby League Soccer MLS New York Red Bulls USLC New York Red Bulls II USL2 Cedar Stars Rush Morris Elite SC FC Motown New Jersey Copa FC New York Red Bulls U-23 Ocean City Nor'easters Real Central New Jersey NPSL Atlantic City FC FC Monmouth NWSL NJ/NY Gotham FC College athletics(NCAA Division I) Fairleigh Dickinson Knights Monmouth Hawks NJIT Highlanders Princeton Tigers Rider Broncs Rutgers Scarlet Knights Saint Peter's Peacocks Seton Hall Pirates College athletics(NCAA Division II) Bloomfield Bears Caldwell Cougars Felician Golden Falcons Georgian Court Lions College athletics(NCAA Division III) Centenary Cyclones Drew Rangers Fairleigh Dickinson Florham Devils Kean Cougars Montclair State Red Hawks New Jersey Lions New Jersey City Gothic Knights Ramapo Roadrunners Rowan Profs Rutgers Camden Scarlet Raptors Rutgers Newark Scarlet Raiders Saint Elizabeth Screaming Eagles Stevens Ducks Stockton Ospreys William Paterson Pioneers Former Defunct sports clubs and teams in New Jersey vte College sports teams in New JerseyCollege athletics(NCAA Division I) Fairleigh Dickinson Knights (Northeast Conference) Monmouth Hawks (Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference) NJIT Highlanders (America East Conference) Princeton Tigers (Ivy League) Rider Broncs (Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference) Rutgers Scarlet Knights (Big Ten Conference) Saint Peter's Peacocks (Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference) Seton Hall Pirates (Big East Conference) College athletics(NCAA Division II) Bloomfield Bears (Central Atlantic Collegiate Conference) Caldwell Cougars (Central Atlantic Collegiate Conference) Felician Golden Falcons (Central Atlantic Collegiate Conference) Georgian Court Lions (Central Atlantic Collegiate Conference) College athletics(NCAA Division III) Centenary Deacons (Colonial States Athletic Conference) Drew Rangers (Landmark Conference) Fairleigh Dickinson–Florham Devils (MAC Freedom) Kean Cougars (New Jersey Athletic Conference) Montclair State Red Hawks (New Jersey Athletic Conference) New Jersey Lions (New Jersey Athletic Conference) New Jersey City Gothic Knights (New Jersey Athletic Conference) Ramapo Roadrunners (New Jersey Athletic Conference) Rowan Profs (New Jersey Athletic Conference) Rutgers–Camden Scarlet Raptors (New Jersey Athletic Conference) Rutgers–Newark Scarlet Raiders (New Jersey Athletic Conference) St. Elizabeth Eagles (Colonial States Athletic Conference) Stevens Ducks (MAC Freedom) Stockton Ospreys (New Jersey Athletic Conference) William Paterson Pioneers (New Jersey Athletic Conference) College athletics(NJCAA) Atlantic Cape Buccaneers (Garden State Athletic Conference) Bergen County Bulldogs (Garden State Athletic Conference) Brookdale County Jersey Blues (Garden State Athletic Conference) Burlington County Barons (Garden State Athletic Conference) Camden County Cougars (Garden State Athletic Conference) Cumberland County Dukes (Garden State Athletic Conference) Essex County Wolverines (Garden State Athletic Conference) Gloucester County Roadrunners (Garden State Athletic Conference) Mercer County Vikings (Garden State Athletic Conference) Middlesex County Colts (Garden State Athletic Conference) Morris County Titans (Garden State Athletic Conference) Ocean County Vikings (Garden State Athletic Conference) Passaic County Panthers (Garden State Athletic Conference) Raritan Valley Golden Lions (Garden State Athletic Conference) Sussex County Skylanders (Garden State Athletic Conference) Union County Owls (Garden State Athletic Conference)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monmouth University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_University"},{"link_name":"West Long Branch, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Long_Branch,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I"},{"link_name":"Coastal Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"FCS Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FCS_independent_schools"},{"link_name":"2013 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season"},{"link_name":"Big South Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_South_Conference"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Southland Bowling League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland_Bowling_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Northeast Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Conference"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Coastal Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Athletic teams representing Monmouth UniversityThe Monmouth Hawks refer to the 23 sports teams representing Monmouth University in West Long Branch, New Jersey. The Hawks compete in the NCAA Division I and are members of the Coastal Athletic Association, joining on July 1, 2022. The football team became an FCS Independent for the 2013 season, and moved to the Big South Conference on July 1, 2014.[2] The women's bowling program was a charter member of the Southland Bowling League, a single-sport conference formed in January 2015,[3] but moved that sport to the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference after the 2017–18 season,[4] and will return to the Northeast Conference, in which Monmouth had been a full member from 1985 to 2013, as a single-sport member for 2024–25 and beyond.[5]On January 25, 2022, Monmouth announced it would leave the MAAC to join the Coastal Athletic Association, effective July 1, 2022. At that time, its football team left the Big South to join CAA Football, which is administered by the all-sports CAA but is legally a separate entity.[6]","title":"Monmouth Hawks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball"},{"link_name":"Team article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_Hawks_baseball"},{"link_name":"Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"Team article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_Hawks_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Cross Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_country_running"},{"link_name":"Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Team article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_Hawks_football"},{"link_name":"Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"Lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_lacrosse"},{"link_name":"Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_soccer_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Team article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_Hawks_men%27s_soccer"},{"link_name":"Swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_tennis"},{"link_name":"Track & Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"},{"link_name":"Indoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field#Indoor"},{"link_name":"Outdoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field#Outdoor"},{"link_name":"Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"Team article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_Hawks_women%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Bowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten-pin_bowling"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Cross Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_country_running"},{"link_name":"Field Hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey"},{"link_name":"Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"Lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_lacrosse"},{"link_name":"Rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_rowing_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_soccer_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Softball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_softball"},{"link_name":"Team article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_Hawks_softball"},{"link_name":"Swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_tennis"},{"link_name":"Track & Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"},{"link_name":"Indoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field#Indoor"},{"link_name":"Outdoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field#Outdoor"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Northeast Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Conference"},{"link_name":"Monmouth Hawks baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_Hawks_baseball"},{"link_name":"Monmouth Hawks men's basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_Hawks_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Monmouth Hawks football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_Hawks_football"}],"text":"Monmouth sponsors teams in ten men's and eleven women's NCAA sanctioned sports:[7]Men's Intercollegiate Sports\n\nBaseball (Team article)\nBasketball (Team article)\nCross Country\nFootball (Team article)\nGolf\nLacrosse\nSoccer (Team article)\nSwimming\nTennis\nTrack & Field (Indoor & Outdoor)\n\n\nWomen's Intercollegiate Sports\n\nBasketball (Team article)\nBowling [a]\nCross Country\nField Hockey\nGolf\nLacrosse\nRowing\nSoccer\nSoftball (Team article)\nSwimming\nTennis\nTrack & Field (Indoor & Outdoor)^ Starting in 2024–25, bowling competes in the Northeast Conference.See also: Monmouth Hawks baseball, Monmouth Hawks men's basketball, and Monmouth Hawks football","title":"Teams"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Monmouth University Athletics Quick Facts\". December 28, 2006. Retrieved April 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.monmouthhawks.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_LANG=C&DB_OEM_ID=14300&ATCLID=735100&SPID=6808&SPSID=69550","url_text":"\"Monmouth University Athletics Quick Facts\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Southland Bowling League Established\" (Press release). Southland Conference. January 20, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://southland.org/news/2015/1/20/GEN_0120152535.aspx","url_text":"\"New Southland Bowling League Established\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland_Conference","url_text":"Southland Conference"}]},{"reference":"\"Bowling Accepts Invitation to Join MEAC\" (Press release). Monmouth Hawks. June 19, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://monmouthhawks.com/news/2018/6/19/bowling-accepts-invitation-to-join-meac.aspx","url_text":"\"Bowling Accepts Invitation to Join MEAC\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEC Welcomes Monmouth as Women's Bowling Associate Member\" (Press release). Northeast Conference. June 13, 2024. Retrieved June 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://northeastconference.org/news/2024/6/10/BOWL_Monmouth_Associate_Rel_2425.aspx","url_text":"\"NEC Welcomes Monmouth as Women's Bowling Associate Member\""}]},{"reference":"\"MONMOUTH ACCEPTS INVITATION TO JOIN THE CAA\". Monmouth University Athletics. 25 January 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://monmouthhawks.com/news/2022/1/25/athletics-monmouth-university-accepts-invitation-to-join-the-colonial-athletic-association.aspx","url_text":"\"MONMOUTH ACCEPTS INVITATION TO JOIN THE CAA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monmouth University Athletics - Official Athletics Website\". Monmouth University Athletics.","urls":[{"url":"https://monmouthhawks.com/","url_text":"\"Monmouth University Athletics - Official Athletics Website\""}]}]

[{"Link":"http://www.monmouthhawks.com/","external_links_name":"www.monmouthhawks.com"},{"Link":"http://www.monmouthhawks.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_LANG=C&DB_OEM_ID=14300&ATCLID=735100&SPID=6808&SPSID=69550","external_links_name":"\"Monmouth University Athletics Quick Facts\""},{"Link":"http://www.bigsouthsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=4800&ATCLID=206394001","external_links_name":"Big South Adds Monmouth University as Associate Football Member"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130522124749/http://www.bigsouthsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=4800&ATCLID=206394001","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://southland.org/news/2015/1/20/GEN_0120152535.aspx","external_links_name":"\"New Southland Bowling League Established\""},{"Link":"https://monmouthhawks.com/news/2018/6/19/bowling-accepts-invitation-to-join-meac.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Bowling Accepts Invitation to Join MEAC\""},{"Link":"https://northeastconference.org/news/2024/6/10/BOWL_Monmouth_Associate_Rel_2425.aspx","external_links_name":"\"NEC Welcomes Monmouth as Women's Bowling Associate Member\""},{"Link":"https://monmouthhawks.com/news/2022/1/25/athletics-monmouth-university-accepts-invitation-to-join-the-colonial-athletic-association.aspx","external_links_name":"\"MONMOUTH ACCEPTS INVITATION TO JOIN THE CAA\""},{"Link":"https://monmouthhawks.com/","external_links_name":"\"Monmouth University Athletics - Official Athletics Website\""},{"Link":"http://www.monmouthhawks.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.A.S.I.C._(The_Basics_album)

B.A.S.I.C. (The Basics album)

["1 Track listing","2 Charts","3 References","4 External links"]

2019 studio album by The BasicsB.A.S.I.C.Studio album by The BasicsReleased22 November 2019GenreRock, alternativeLength43:04LabelThe Three BasicsThe Basics chronology In the Rude!(2017) B.A.S.I.C.(2019) This Machine Makes Coffee(2020) Singles from B.A.S.I.C. "Land of 1000 Dances"Released: 6 December 2019 B.A.S.I.C. is the fifth studio album by Australian band The Basics. It was released on 22 November 2019, and contains a variety of original songs written by the band, and cover versions from artists such as The Beatles and Chuck Berry. The album was recorded at The Barn, a converted studio at Wally De Backer's parents' farm in the Mornington Peninsula in Victoria. The release was put together entirely by the band, including recording, production, mixing and presentation. The record was made available for purchase as a digital download (via the band's Bandcamp online storefront) and limited edition CD, a vinyl record, and cassette tape formats. The album was launched with a one-off gig on 21 November 2019 at the Gershwin Room at Melbourne's Esplanade Hotel. The album had working titles of Faxing Zimbabwe and Game Over. Track listing No.TitleLength1."Shot Down"2:232."Shakedown on 9th Street"2:213."My Old Mate"2:474."Love Hurts"2:545."My Baby"3:536."Bésame Mucho"2:407."All Day and All of the Night"2:168."Wipe Out"2:169."Land of 1000 Dances"2:3110."Some Other Guy"2:0811."You Never Can Tell"3:0412."Clarabella"3:1013."Baby It's You"2:4114."Money (That's What I Want)"2:4115."Lovin' Man"2:1616."Call It Rhythm and Blues"2:56 Charts Chart (2019) Peakposition Australian Albums (ARIA) 66 100% Independent Albums Chart (AIR) 1 References ^ "B.A.S.I.C. - The Basics". Retrieved 26 April 2020. ^ "THE BASICS - LAND OF 1000 DANCES". Australian Independent Record Labels Association. 3 December 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2020. ^ "The Basics 'Game Over' Album Launch at The Espy". Retrieved 26 April 2020. ^ "ARIA CHART WATCH #553". auspOp. 30 November 2019. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2020. ^ "100% Independent Albums Charts - THE WEEK BEGINNING 2 December 2019". Australian Independent Record Labels Association. 9 December 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2020. External links Official website vteThe Basics Wally De Backer Kris Schroeder Tim Heath Michael Hubbard Studio albums Get Back (2003) The Age of Entitlement (2015) B.A.S.I.C. (2019) Live albums In the Rude! (2017) EPs Wait for You (2010) The Lucky Country (2014) Singles "Call It Rhythm and Blues/Baby, Let Me In" This 2010s alternative rock album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"The Basics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Basics_(band)"},{"link_name":"cover versions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Chuck Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Wally De Backer's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotye"},{"link_name":"Mornington Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mornington_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(state)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bandcamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandcamp"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD"},{"link_name":"vinyl record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph_record"},{"link_name":"cassette tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassette_tape"},{"link_name":"Esplanade Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplanade_Hotel_(Melbourne)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"2019 studio album by The BasicsB.A.S.I.C. is the fifth studio album by Australian band The Basics. It was released on 22 November 2019, and contains a variety of original songs written by the band, and cover versions from artists such as The Beatles and Chuck Berry.[1]The album was recorded at The Barn, a converted studio at Wally De Backer's parents' farm in the Mornington Peninsula in Victoria.[2] The release was put together entirely by the band, including recording, production, mixing and presentation.The record was made available for purchase as a digital download (via the band's Bandcamp online storefront) and limited edition CD, a vinyl record, and cassette tape formats.The album was launched with a one-off gig on 21 November 2019 at the Gershwin Room at Melbourne's Esplanade Hotel.[3]The album had working titles of Faxing Zimbabwe and Game Over.","title":"B.A.S.I.C. (The Basics album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Love Hurts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Hurts"},{"link_name":"Bésame Mucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9same_Mucho"},{"link_name":"All Day and All of the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Day_and_All_of_the_Night"},{"link_name":"Wipe Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wipe_Out_(instrumental)"},{"link_name":"Land of 1000 Dances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_a_Thousand_Dances"},{"link_name":"Some Other Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Other_Guy"},{"link_name":"You Never Can Tell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Never_Can_Tell_(song)"},{"link_name":"Clarabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarabella_(song)"},{"link_name":"Money (That's What I Want)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_(That%27s_What_I_Want)"}],"text":"No.TitleLength1.\"Shot Down\"2:232.\"Shakedown on 9th Street\"2:213.\"My Old Mate\"2:474.\"Love Hurts\"2:545.\"My Baby\"3:536.\"Bésame Mucho\"2:407.\"All Day and All of the Night\"2:168.\"Wipe Out\"2:169.\"Land of 1000 Dances\"2:3110.\"Some Other Guy\"2:0811.\"You Never Can Tell\"3:0412.\"Clarabella\"3:1013.\"Baby It's You\"2:4114.\"Money (That's What I Want)\"2:4115.\"Lovin' Man\"2:1616.\"Call It Rhythm and Blues\"2:56","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Our_Yesterdays_(Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series)

All Our Yesterdays (Star Trek: The Original Series)

["1 Plot","2 Production","3 Reception","4 Sequels","5 Releases","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

23rd episode of the 3rd season of Star Trek: The Original Series "All Our Yesterdays"Star Trek: The Original Series episodeEpisode no.Season 3Episode 23Directed byMarvin J. ChomskyWritten byJean Lisette AroesteFeatured musicGeorge DuningCinematography byAl FrancisProduction code078Original air dateMarch 14, 1969 (1969-03-14)Guest appearances Ian Wolfe as Mr. Atoz Mariette Hartley as Zarabeth Kermit Murdock as The Prosecutor Johnny Haymer as The Constable Ed Bakey as The First Fop Al Cavens as Second Fop Anna Karen Morrow as Woman Stan Barrett as Jailer Episode chronology ← Previous"The Savage Curtain" Next →"Turnabout Intruder" Star Trek: The Original Series season 3List of episodes "All Our Yesterdays" is the twenty-third and penultimate episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek. Written by Jean Lisette Aroeste and directed by Marvin J. Chomsky, it was first broadcast March 14, 1969. In the episode, Captain Kirk, Spock and Dr. McCoy are trapped in two timeframes of another planet's past. It guest-stars Mariette Hartley as Zarabeth and Ian Wolfe as Mr. Atoz. Plot The Federation starship Enterprise arrives at Sarpeidon, whose star will soon go nova. Kirk, Dr. McCoy and Spock beam down, encountering one resident, a librarian named Mr. Atoz. Aware of the imminent destruction, Atoz tells the landing party that he will soon rejoin his family. Atoz shows them the Atavachron, a time portal. Hearing a woman scream, Kirk runs through the portal, followed by McCoy and Spock. Kirk finds himself in a period similar to 17th century England while McCoy and Spock travel back 5,000 years to Sarpeidon's ice age. They cannot locate the portal, but can speak to each other. Spock surmises that the Sarpeidons escaped to their past. The woman who screamed is a thief. The policemen who arrest her hear Kirk speaking to his friends and suspect he is a witch. In jail, Kirk mentions the Atavachron to the prosecutor. The prosecutor is also from the future, but explains that returning would be fatal; the time travel preparation changes the traveler's biology. Because Kirk was not prepared, he cannot survive for more than a few hours. The prosecutor brings Kirk to the portal. McCoy and Spock are saved by Zarabeth, a woman who takes them to a cave. Spock displays uncharacteristic emotionalism, falling in love with Zarabeth and growing angered by McCoy's slurs. Zarabeth is also from Sarpeidon's future, but was banished to this era, in which she is the only humanoid. She claims the Atavachron is a one-way trip. Spock accepts this, but McCoy accuses Zarabeth of lying, because she is desperate not to be abandoned. McCoy realizes that being brought into the past is causing Spock to revert to the barbarism of the ancient Vulcans. Realizing the emotionalism of his behavior, Spock asks Zarabeth again about the portal. She admits she does not know how a return trip will affect them. Despite Kirk's explaining they are not from Sarpeidon, Atoz tries forcing him back into the portal. Kirk overpowers Atoz and forces him to find McCoy and Spock. Kirk is eventually able to talk with them. Unwilling to leave Zarabeth, and unaware he will die if he remains in the past, Spock tries sending McCoy through the portal alone. However, because McCoy and Spock went through the portal together, neither one can return without the other. Upon their return, Atoz hurries through the portal. Spock reverts to his normal self, and they are beamed back to the Enterprise. As the ship leaves the system, the star goes nova and Sarpeidon is destroyed. Production The episode had its origins in Jean Lisette Aroeste's story outline A Handful of Dust. Aroesete was a Star Trek fan without previous writing credits. Reception In 2015, SyFy ranked this episode as one of the top ten essential Star Trek original series Spock episodes. In 2016, The Hollywood Reporter rated "All Our Yesterdays" the 39th best episode of all Star Trek episodes. In 2016, SyFy ranked "All Our Yesterdays" as the 12th-best time travel plot of all episodes of the Star Trek franchise. They point out the episode offered fresh perspective on time travel by exploring the past of an alien world, as well as an interesting exploration of the characters Kirk, Spock, and McCoy. A 2018 Star Trek binge-watching guide by Den of Geek, recommended this episode for featuring the trio of characters Kirk, Spock, and Bones of the original series. In 2019, Nerdist News included this episode on their "Best of Spock" binge-watching guide. They also ranked it the tenth best time travel episode of the Star Trek franchise, including the later 750+ episodes. They note this episode for featuring Spock's travels to an ancient ice age of an alien world, and at that time his emotions are triggered by a woman and the effects of time travel. In the series, they remarked that normally the character does not have much emotion, so seeing the character deal with emotions provides a change of pace for the character's presentation. Sequels Author Ann C. Crispin wrote two non-canonical novel sequels to this episode, titled Yesterday's Son, and Time for Yesterday. Releases "All Our Yesterdays" and "The Savage Curtain" were released on LaserDisc in the United States in 1985. This episode was released in Japan on December 21, 1993 as part of the complete season 3 LaserDisc set, Star Trek: Original Series log.3. A trailer for this and the other episodes was also included, and the episode had English and Japanese audio tracks. The cover script was スター・トレック TVサードシーズン . This episode was included in TOS Season 3 remastered DVD box set, with the remastered version of this episode. See also Atavachron, an album by Allan Holdsworth that includes a track titled "All Our Yesterdays" References ^ "Finding Aid for the Jean Lisette Aroeste Papers, 1968". ^ Kaye, Don (February 27, 2015). "Long Live Spock: 10 essential Star Trek: The Original Series episodes". SYFY WIRE. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019. ^ Hollywood Reporter 'Star Trek': 100 Greatest Episodes ^ a b Granshaw, Lisa (November 15, 2016). "Ranking the 15 best Star Trek time travel episodes". SYFY WIRE. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2019. ^ "Star Trek: An Episode Roadmap for Beginners". Den of Geek. September 8, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2020. ^ "A Guide to Binge Watching 7 Great STAR TREK Arcs". Nerdist. Retrieved July 15, 2019. ^ "The 10 Best STAR TREK Time Travel Episodes, Ranked". Nerdist. Retrieved July 27, 2019. ^ "LaserDisc Database - Star Trek #119: The Savage Curtain/All Our Yesterdays: Disc #39 ". www.lddb.com. Retrieved February 23, 2021. ^ a b c "Star Trek: Original Series log.3 ". LaserDisc Database. Retrieved February 23, 2021. ^ "Star Trek: The Remastered Series Seasons 1, 2 & 3 review". Den of Geek. May 20, 2009. Retrieved February 23, 2021. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to "All Our Yesterdays". "All Our Yesterdays" at Wayback Machine (archived from the original at StarTrek.com) "All Our Yesterdays" at IMDb "All Our Yesterdays" at Memory Alpha "All Our Yesterdays" Remastered version at TrekMovie.com "All Our Yesterdays" December 12, 1968, draft; report & analysis by Eric Paddon "A Handful of Dust" precursor to "All Our Yesterdays"; story outline and analysis by Dave Eversone Star Trek Transcripts - All Our Yesterdays vteStar Trek: The Original Series episodes Seasons 1 2 3 "The Cage" Season 3 "Spock's Brain" "The Enterprise Incident" "The Paradise Syndrome" "And the Children Shall Lead" "Is There in Truth No Beauty?" "Spectre of the Gun" "Day of the Dove" "For the World Is Hollow and I Have Touched the Sky" "The Tholian Web" "Plato's Stepchildren" "Wink of an Eye" "The Empath" "Elaan of Troyius" "Whom Gods Destroy" "Let That Be Your Last Battlefield" "The Mark of Gideon" "That Which Survives" "The Lights of Zetar" "Requiem for Methuselah" "The Way to Eden" "The Cloud Minders" "The Savage Curtain" "All Our Yesterdays" "Turnabout Intruder" vteStar Trek time travel storiesThe Original Series "The Naked Time" "Tomorrow Is Yesterday" "The City on the Edge of Forever" "Assignment: Earth" "All Our Yesterdays" The Animated Series "Yesteryear" The Next Generation "We'll Always Have Paris" "Time Squared" "Yesterday's Enterprise" "Captain's Holiday" "A Matter of Time" "Cause and Effect" "Time's Arrow" "Timescape" "Parallels" "Firstborn" "All Good Things..." Deep Space Nine "Past Tense" "Visionary" "The Visitor" "Little Green Men" "Accession" "Trials and Tribble-ations" "Children of Time" "Wrongs Darker than Death or Night" "Time's Orphan" "The Sound of Her Voice" Voyager "Time and Again" "Eye of the Needle" "Non Sequitur" "Death Wish" "Future's End" "Before and After" "Year of Hell" "Timeless" "Relativity" "Fury" "Shattered" "Endgame" Enterprise "Cold Front" "Shockwave" "Future Tense" "Twilight" "Carpenter Street" "Azati Prime" "E²" "Zero Hour" "Storm Front" "In a Mirror, Darkly" Discovery "Magic to Make the Sanest Man Go Mad" Picard "Assimilation" "Watcher" Strange New Worlds "A Quality of Mercy" "Those Old Scientists" (crossover with Lower Decks) Films Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home Star Trek Generations Star Trek: First Contact Star Trek

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"third season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series_season_3"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Star Trek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series"},{"link_name":"Jean Lisette Aroeste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Lisette_Aroeste"},{"link_name":"Marvin J. Chomsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_J._Chomsky"},{"link_name":"Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_T._Kirk"},{"link_name":"Spock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spock"},{"link_name":"Dr. McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_McCoy"},{"link_name":"timeframes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time"},{"link_name":"Mariette Hartley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariette_Hartley"},{"link_name":"Ian Wolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Wolfe"}],"text":"23rd episode of the 3rd season of Star Trek: The Original Series\"All Our Yesterdays\" is the twenty-third and penultimate episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek. Written by Jean Lisette Aroeste and directed by Marvin J. Chomsky, it was first broadcast March 14, 1969.In the episode, Captain Kirk, Spock and Dr. McCoy are trapped in two timeframes of another planet's past.It guest-stars Mariette Hartley as Zarabeth and Ian Wolfe as Mr. Atoz.","title":"All Our Yesterdays (Star Trek: The Original Series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Federation_of_Planets"},{"link_name":"starship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship"},{"link_name":"Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(NCC-1701)"},{"link_name":"nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova"},{"link_name":"Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_T._Kirk"},{"link_name":"Dr. McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_McCoy"},{"link_name":"Spock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spock"},{"link_name":"time portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_portal"},{"link_name":"ice age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age"},{"link_name":"witch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft"},{"link_name":"Vulcans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_(Star_Trek)"}],"text":"The Federation starship Enterprise arrives at Sarpeidon, whose star will soon go nova. Kirk, Dr. McCoy and Spock beam down, encountering one resident, a librarian named Mr. Atoz. Aware of the imminent destruction, Atoz tells the landing party that he will soon rejoin his family. Atoz shows them the Atavachron, a time portal. Hearing a woman scream, Kirk runs through the portal, followed by McCoy and Spock.Kirk finds himself in a period similar to 17th century England while McCoy and Spock travel back 5,000 years to Sarpeidon's ice age. They cannot locate the portal, but can speak to each other. Spock surmises that the Sarpeidons escaped to their past.The woman who screamed is a thief. The policemen who arrest her hear Kirk speaking to his friends and suspect he is a witch. In jail, Kirk mentions the Atavachron to the prosecutor. The prosecutor is also from the future, but explains that returning would be fatal; the time travel preparation changes the traveler's biology. Because Kirk was not prepared, he cannot survive for more than a few hours. The prosecutor brings Kirk to the portal.McCoy and Spock are saved by Zarabeth, a woman who takes them to a cave. Spock displays uncharacteristic emotionalism, falling in love with Zarabeth and growing angered by McCoy's slurs. Zarabeth is also from Sarpeidon's future, but was banished to this era, in which she is the only humanoid. She claims the Atavachron is a one-way trip. Spock accepts this, but McCoy accuses Zarabeth of lying, because she is desperate not to be abandoned. McCoy realizes that being brought into the past is causing Spock to revert to the barbarism of the ancient Vulcans. Realizing the emotionalism of his behavior, Spock asks Zarabeth again about the portal. She admits she does not know how a return trip will affect them.Despite Kirk's explaining they are not from Sarpeidon, Atoz tries forcing him back into the portal. Kirk overpowers Atoz and forces him to find McCoy and Spock. Kirk is eventually able to talk with them. Unwilling to leave Zarabeth, and unaware he will die if he remains in the past, Spock tries sending McCoy through the portal alone. However, because McCoy and Spock went through the portal together, neither one can return without the other. Upon their return, Atoz hurries through the portal. Spock reverts to his normal self, and they are beamed back to the Enterprise. As the ship leaves the system, the star goes nova and Sarpeidon is destroyed.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The episode had its origins in Jean Lisette Aroeste's story outline A Handful of Dust.[1] Aroesete was a Star Trek fan without previous writing credits.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SyFy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Granshaw-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Granshaw-4"},{"link_name":"binge-watching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binge-watching"},{"link_name":"Den of Geek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_of_Geek"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nerdist News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerdist_News"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"}],"text":"In 2015, SyFy ranked this episode as one of the top ten essential Star Trek original series Spock episodes.[2]In 2016, The Hollywood Reporter rated \"All Our Yesterdays\" the 39th best episode of all Star Trek episodes.[3]In 2016, SyFy ranked \"All Our Yesterdays\" as the 12th-best time travel plot of all episodes of the Star Trek franchise.[4] They point out the episode offered fresh perspective on time travel by exploring the past of an alien world, as well as an interesting exploration of the characters Kirk, Spock, and McCoy.[4]A 2018 Star Trek binge-watching guide by Den of Geek, recommended this episode for featuring the trio of characters Kirk, Spock, and Bones of the original series.[5]In 2019, Nerdist News included this episode on their \"Best of Spock\" binge-watching guide.[6] They also ranked it the tenth best time travel episode of the Star Trek franchise, including the later 750+ episodes. They note this episode for featuring Spock's travels to an ancient ice age of an alien world, and at that time his emotions are triggered by a woman and the effects of time travel. In the series, they remarked that normally the character does not have much emotion, so seeing the character deal with emotions provides a change of pace for the character's presentation.[7]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ann C. Crispin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_C._Crispin"},{"link_name":"non-canonical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek_canon"},{"link_name":"Yesterday's Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesterday%27s_Son"},{"link_name":"Time for Yesterday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_for_Yesterday"}],"text":"Author Ann C. Crispin wrote two non-canonical novel sequels to this episode, titled Yesterday's Son, and Time for Yesterday.","title":"Sequels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LaserDisc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaserDisc"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-9"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"\"All Our Yesterdays\" and \"The Savage Curtain\" were released on LaserDisc in the United States in 1985.[8]This episode was released in Japan on December 21, 1993 as part of the complete season 3 LaserDisc set, Star Trek: Original Series log.3.[9] A trailer for this and the other episodes was also included, and the episode had English and Japanese audio tracks.[9] The cover script was スター・トレック TVサードシーズン [Star Trek TV Third Season].[9]This episode was included in TOS Season 3 remastered DVD box set, with the remastered version of this episode.[10]","title":"Releases"}]

[]

[{"title":"Atavachron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atavachron"},{"title":"Allan Holdsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Holdsworth"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Every_1%27s_a_Winner_(song)

Every 1's a Winner (song)

["1 Track listing","1.1 1978 release","1.2 1988 remix","2 Chart history","2.1 Weekly charts","2.2 Year-end charts","3 Remixes, covers and sampling","4 References"]

1978 single by Hot Chocolate"Every 1's a Winner"Single by Hot Chocolatefrom the album Every 1's a Winner B-side"Power of Love"ReleasedMarch 4, 1978 (1978-03-04)GenreBritish soulLength4:49 (Album Version)4:04 (Single Version)3:38 (Single Edit)LabelRAKSongwriter(s)Errol BrownProducer(s)Mickie MostHot Chocolate singles chronology "Put Your Love In Me" (1977) "Every 1's a Winner" (1978) "I'll Put You Together Again" (1978) "Every 1's a Winner" is the third single from the 1978 Hot Chocolate album of the same name. The single was released on 4 March 1978 on RAK Records in the UK and Infinity Records in the US. It peaked at #12 on the UK Singles Chart and #6 on the US Billboard Hot 100; it was the band's second-highest-charting single in the US, behind "You Sexy Thing". Track listing All tracks written by Errol Brown; except where indicated. 1978 release 7" vinyl "Every 1's a Winner" – 3:35 "Power Of Love" (Harvey Hinsley, Patrick Olive, Tony Connor) – 3:19 12" vinyl (Infinity Records, US) "Every 1's a Winner" – 7:17 "Put Your Love In Me" – 5:48 1988 remix 7" single "Every 1's A Winner (Groove Mix)" – 3:54 "So You Win Again" (Russ Ballard) – 4:29 12" single 1 "Every 1's A Winner (Sexy Remix)" – 6:28 "Every 1's A Winner (Bonus Beats)" – 2:32 "Every 1's A Winner (7" Groove Mix)" – 3:53 "So You Win Again" (Russ Ballard) – 4:29 12" single 2 "Every 1's A Winner (Extended Groove Remix)" – 6:40 "Every 1's A Winner (Groove Mix Bonus Beats)" – 3:05 "Every 1's A Winner (7" Groove Mix)" – 3:53 "So You Win Again" (Russ Ballard) – 4:29 Chart history Weekly charts Chart (1978–1979) Peakposition Australia (Kent Music Report) 12 Belgium 29 Canada RPM Top Singles 5 Germany 14 Ireland (IRMA) 11 Netherlands 10 UK 12 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 6 U.S. Billboard Hot Soul Songs 7 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 7 Year-end charts Chart (1979) Rank Australia (Kent Music Report) 69 Canada 44 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 55 U.S. Cash Box 60 Remixes, covers and sampling Hot Chocolate released a remixed version of the song on their 1987 album 2001; the remix reached #67 in the UK. A 1999 version of the song by Electrotheque reached #85 in the UK. References ^ Stanley, Bob (13 September 2013). "This Is How You Disappear: Bristol, Shoegazing, and a New Psychedelia". Yeah Yeah Yeah: The Story of Modern Pop. Faber & Faber. p. 681. ISBN 978-0-571-28198-5. ^ "Hot Chocolate". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2018-11-10. ^ "Hot Chocolate Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved 2018-11-10. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970-1992. St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1979-03-10. Retrieved 2019-08-11. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Every 1's a Winner". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved August 11, 2019. ^ "Official Charts Company". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2019-08-11. ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955–1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 261. ^ "Cash Box Top 100 Singles, February 29, 1979". Archived from the original on February 14, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2019. ^ "Kent Music Report No 236 – 1 January 1979 > National Top 100 Singles for 1978". Kent Music Report. Retrieved 8 January 2022 – via Imgur.com. ^ "australian-charts.com - Forum - Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". Australian-charts.com. Retrieved 20 September 2019. ^ "1979 Top 200 Singles". RPM. Vol. 32, no. 13. Library and Archives Canada. December 22, 1979. Retrieved March 3, 2018. ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1979/Top 100 Songs of 1979". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 20 September 2019. ^ "Cash Box Year-End Charts: Top 100 Pop Singles, December 29, 1979". Archived from the original on July 13, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2019. ^ "Electrotheque". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2018-11-10. vteHot Chocolate Patrick Olive Tony Connor Harvey Hinsley Steve Ansell Andy Smith Kennie Simon Errol Brown Tony Wilson Franklyn De Allie Jim King Ian King Larry Ferguson Brian Satterwhite Grant Evelyn Greg Bannis Willy Dowling Steve Matthews Studio albums Cicero Park Hot Chocolate Man to Man Every 1's a Winner Compilation albums Their Greatest Hits Singles "Give Peace a Chance" "Love Is Life" "You Could Have Been a Lady" "Brother Louie" "Emma" "You Sexy Thing" "So You Win Again" "Every 1's a Winner" "I'll Put You Together Again" "No Doubt About It" "I Gave You My Heart (Didn't I)" "It Started with a Kiss" See also Hot Chocolate discography Mickie Most Authority control databases MusicBrainz work

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A 1999 version of the song by Electrotheque reached #85 in the UK.[16]","title":"Remixes, covers and sampling"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Hernandez

Lea Hernandez

["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Awards","4 Bibliography","4.1 Short stories","4.2 Books","5 References","5.1 Sources consulted","5.2 Notes","6 External links"]

American comics artist Lea HernandezBorn (1964-03-11) March 11, 1964 (age 60)NationalityAmericanArea(s)Artist, LettererNotable worksKiller PrincessesRumble Girls Lea Hernandez (born March 11, 1964) is an American comic book and webcomic creator, known primarily for working in a manga-influenced style, and for doing lettering and touch-ups on manga imports. She is the co-creator of Killer Princesses, written by Gail Simone and published by Oni Press; and the creator of Rumble Girls from NBM Publishing. Career She did art for comics published by Marvel Comics and DC Comics: Marvel Mangaverse: Punisher (a one-shot), and Transmetropolitan (two two-page shorts). She also did art for three issues of The Hardy Boys manga-style series at Papercutz. Hernandez published several webcomics at Modern Tales and was the original editor of Girlamatic. In 2002, Hernandez created the short webcomic Near Life Experience for Modern Tales. Hernandez has written several short stories for collections of science fiction and fantasy. She was a vice president for General Products, USA (the U.S. marketing arm of Gainax) from 1989–1990 and was briefly a guest editor for Wizard. Hernandez appeared in Adventures Into Digital Comics, a 2006 documentary on the comics industry. She did art on eight issues of the DC Comics title Teen Titans GO! Personal life On the morning of September 6, 2006, her house in Texas burned down and much of her original artwork was lost in the fire. Colleagues in the comics industry responded by collecting donations for Hernandez from fans and friends in the comics industry. In 2014, she married former LA Times comics syndicate and Disney Comics editor David Seidman. Awards Hernandez received a 1999 Eisner Award nomination for Talent Deserving of Wider Recognition. In 2004, she was awarded Lulu of the Year by Friends of Lulu, a now disbanded women in comics organization, for editing at Girlamatic. Bibliography Short stories "800-DJIN-HLP" in Aladdin: Master of the Lamp. edited by Mike Resnick and Martin H. Greenberg, DAW books, 1992. "Al Einstein—Nazi Smasher!" in Alternate Warriors, edited by Mike Resnick, Tor Books, 1993. "Pteri" in Dinosaur Fantastic. edited by Mike Resnick and Martin H. Greenberg, DAW book, 1993. "The Ghost of Christmas Scams." in Christmas Ghosts. edited by Mike Resnick and Martin H. Greenberg, DAW Books, 1993. "The Journal of #3 Honeysuckle Lane" in Witch Fantastic. edited by Mike Resnick and Martin H. Greenberg, DAW Books, 1995. Books Cathedral Child. Somerville, Maryland : Cyberosia Publishing, 1998. Clockwork Angels. Berkeley, California : Image, 2001 Rumble Girls. New York : NBM Publishing, 2003. Manga Secrets. Cincinnati, Ohio : Impact, 2005. References Sources consulted Guzman, Rene A. (January 23, 2002). "Manga revises Marvel heroes". San Antonio Express-News, p. 1G. Pethokoukis, James M. (September 25, 2000). "Help, Spidey, help! Comics are dying!". U.S. News & World Report, p. 46. Wolk, Douglas (November 1, 2004). "Web Comics Send Readers Looking for Books". Publishers Weekly, p. 15. Notes ^ Kross, Karin L. "An Interview with Lea Hernandez," Bookslut (Nov, 2003). ^ Hernandez credits, Grand Comics Database. Accessed Feb. 27, 2014. ^ The Hardy Boys: The Ocean of Osyria (Papercutz, Jan.–Mar. 2005). ^ Sebastian, Trisha (2002-12-01). "Near Life Experience". Sequential Tart. ^ "Pre-web anime fandom (Out of the Archives 4)," Lainspotting (March 24, 2006). ^ Contino, Jennifer. "Rumble Girlamatic: Lea Hernandez," Sequential Tart vol. VI, issue 3 (March 2003). ^ "Icon Film Festival". Promo.icon.org.il. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2012-08-02. ^ "Lea Hernandez". DC. Mar 4, 2012. Retrieved Apr 20, 2021. ^ Weiland, Jonah. "Lea Hernandez's House Burned, Simone Rallies Help," Comic Book Resources (Sept. 6, 2006). ^ Simone, Gail. "A Planet Karen Plea from Gail Simone," Newsarama (02 March 2009). ^ "Eisner Awards," Hahn Library. Accessed Feb. 27, 2014. ^ "Lulu Awards," Friends of Lulu website. Accessed Feb. 27, 2014. External links Atelier Divalea Bani Garu - Lea Hernandez’s involvement with animation studio Gainax Dangerous Beauty—Lea Hernandez's LiveJournal girlamatic.com, archived using the Wayback Machine Lea Hernandez - Anime Convention Personality of the Week - Feb. 22, 1999 Lea Hernandez interviewed on Missions Unknown Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland

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Greenberg, DAW books, 1992.\n\"Al Einstein—Nazi Smasher!\" in Alternate Warriors, edited by Mike Resnick, Tor Books, 1993.\n\"Pteri\" in Dinosaur Fantastic. edited by Mike Resnick and Martin H. Greenberg, DAW book, 1993.\n\"The Ghost of Christmas Scams.\" in Christmas Ghosts. edited by Mike Resnick and Martin H. Greenberg, DAW Books, 1993.\n\"The Journal of #3 Honeysuckle Lane\" in Witch Fantastic. edited by Mike Resnick and Martin H. Greenberg, DAW Books, 1995.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Cathedral Child. Somerville, Maryland : Cyberosia Publishing, 1998.\nClockwork Angels. Berkeley, California : Image, 2001\nRumble Girls. New York : NBM Publishing, 2003.\nManga Secrets. Cincinnati, Ohio : Impact, 2005.","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad_City%E2%80%93style_pizza

Quad City–style pizza

["1 Characteristics","2 History","3 Preparation","4 By region","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

Style of pizza Quad-City–style PizzaThis style of pizza usually has most of the toppings under the cheese.TypePizzaPlace of originUnited StatesRegion or stateQuad CitiesCreated byTony Maniscalco Sr. of Tony's Pizzeria (1952)Main ingredientsPizza dough with malt, tomato sauce with red chili flakes and cayenne, sausage, cheese Location of the Quad Cities Sausage pizza from Fat Boy's Pizza of Davenport, Iowa Sausage pizza from Harris Pizza (Davenport, Iowa location) Quad City–style pizza is a variety of pizza originating in the Quad Cities region of the states of Illinois and Iowa in the United States. Characteristics Characteristics of Quad City–style pizza include malt in the crust, tomato sauce made with red chili flakes or cayenne pepper, toppings placed under the cheese, and being cut into strips instead of triangular slices. History Main article: Sicilian pizza The first person to bring pizza to the Quad Cities was Tony Maniscalco Sr. in 1952. Born of two immigrant parents from Sicily, Maniscalco came to the Quad Cities from Calumet City, Illinois, where he was a butcher by trade. He developed "Quad Cities Style Pizza" using a base recipe from the Bacino family. Preparation Quad City–style pizza dough contains a characteristic spice jam which is heavy on malt, which lends it a toasted, nutty flavor. The pizzas are hand-tossed to be stretched into an even quarter-inch thin crust with a slight lip ringing the edge. The sauce contains both red chili flakes and ground cayenne pepper, and the smooth, thin tomato spread is more spicy than sweet. The sausage is typically a thick blanket of lean, fennel-flecked Italian sausage, sometimes ground twice and spread from edge to edge. The pizzas are cooked using a special gas oven with an average cooking time of about 12 minutes. The pizza is cut into strips, as opposed to being cut in slices. An average 16-inch pizza has about 14 strips, and a 10-inch pizza has about 10 strips. By region The dish originates in the Quad Cities region of the United States. The dish has been prepared in other areas of the United States, including Mahtomedi, Minnesota, Acworth, Georgia, Harrisburg, North Carolina, Mesa, Arizona, West Des Moines, Iowa, Northwest and Central Indiana and Chicago, Illinois. The Outsiders Pizza Company now sells a frozen version of the Quad City–style pizza nationwide through major retail store chains. See also United States portalFood portal Detroit-style pizza Italian tomato pie Sicilian pizza List of pizza varieties by country List of regional dishes of the United States References ^ a b c d ""Quad Cities Style" pizza restaurant nominated for "Best New Chicago Pizzeria"". WQAD News. February 28, 2012. Retrieved March 23, 2012. ^ David Landsel (November 13, 2018). "This Midwest Region You've Probably Never Heard of Makes the Best Pizza You've Never Tried". Food and Wine magazine. ^ "Everything You Need to Know About Quad City–style pizza". Pizza Need. 2020-03-03. Retrieved 2021-03-25. ^ "Dear Bill …". The Quad-City Times. Retrieved 2021-03-25. ^ SCblogger (2018-02-10). "National Pizza Day 2018: The Quad Cities' Pizza Pie Past". Primary Selections from Special Collections. Retrieved 2021-03-25. ^ Sula, Mike (September 8, 2011). "Roots Handmade Pizza: Quad Cities represent". Chicago Reader. Retrieved March 23, 2012. ^ a b Shouse, Heather (2011-05-25). "Quad Cities pizza: a primer – Restaurants + Bars". Time Out Chicago. Archived from the original on 2012-08-14. Retrieved 2012-03-22. ^ Kuban, Adam (2011-04-06). "Is There a 'Quad Cities-Style' Pizza? | Serious Eats: Chicago". Chicago.seriouseats.com. Retrieved 2012-03-22. ^ David Burke (2011-05-30). "What makes a pizza Quad-Cities style?". Qctimes.com. Retrieved 2012-03-22. ^ "Chicago gets a slice of Quad-Cities". Quad-City Times. May 30, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2012. ^ Soenarie, Angelique (June 6, 2011). "Pizza Pit in Mesa offers famous Quad City pies". The Arizona Republic. Mesa, Arizona. Retrieved 2015-08-07. ^ Kott, Ruthie (July 5, 2011). "Coolest job ever: pizza consultant". Red Eye. Archived from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2012. ^ Brenda Cain and Yadi Rodriguez (January 6, 2020). "We've eaten over 100 frozen pizzas and so far, these are our favorites". cleveland.com. Retrieved April 27, 2020. External links Pollack, Penny (May 2011). "Roots Brings Quad City Pizza to Ukrainian Village". Chicago Magazine. Retrieved March 23, 2012. vtePizza in the United StatesStylesNational Coal-fired pizza Pan pizza Stuffed crust pizza Italian tomato pie Pizza by the slice Regional Altoona-style Beach pizza California-style Chicago-style Colorado-style Columbus-style Dayton-style Detroit-style Grandma-style Greek-style Neapolitan-style New Haven–style New York–style Ohio Valley–style Trenton-style Quad City–style Sheet-style Sicilian-style St. Louis–style Other topics Jumbo slice List of pizza chains List of pizza varieties by country

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[{"reference":"\"\"Quad Cities Style\" pizza restaurant nominated for \"Best New Chicago Pizzeria\"\". WQAD News. February 28, 2012. Retrieved March 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://wqad.com/2012/02/28/quad-cities-style-pizza-restaurant-nominated-for-best-new-chicago-pizzeria-5/","url_text":"\"\"Quad Cities Style\" pizza restaurant nominated for \"Best New Chicago Pizzeria\"\""}]},{"reference":"David Landsel (November 13, 2018). \"This Midwest Region You've Probably Never Heard of Makes the Best Pizza You've Never Tried\". Food and Wine magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foodandwine.com/travel/quad-cities-pizza","url_text":"\"This Midwest Region You've Probably Never Heard of Makes the Best Pizza You've Never Tried\""}]},{"reference":"\"Everything You Need to Know About Quad City–style pizza\". Pizza Need. 2020-03-03. Retrieved 2021-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://pizzaneed.com/quad-city-style-pizza/","url_text":"\"Everything You Need to Know About Quad City–style pizza\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dear Bill …\". The Quad-City Times. Retrieved 2021-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://qctimes.com/news/opinion/editorial/columnists/bill-wundram/dear-bill/article_bc7bdf94-981e-5f00-a1b0-c6dfdfbd3250.html","url_text":"\"Dear Bill …\""}]},{"reference":"SCblogger (2018-02-10). \"National Pizza Day 2018: The Quad Cities' Pizza Pie Past\". Primary Selections from Special Collections. Retrieved 2021-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.davenportlibrary.com/sc/2018/02/09/national-pizza-day-2018-the-quad-cities-pizza-pie-past/","url_text":"\"National Pizza Day 2018: The Quad Cities' Pizza Pie Past\""}]},{"reference":"Sula, Mike (September 8, 2011). \"Roots Handmade Pizza: Quad Cities represent\". Chicago Reader. Retrieved March 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/quad-cities-pizza-roots-handmade-doritos-taco/Content?oid=4574063","url_text":"\"Roots Handmade Pizza: Quad Cities represent\""}]},{"reference":"Shouse, Heather (2011-05-25). \"Quad Cities pizza: a primer – Restaurants + Bars\". Time Out Chicago. Archived from the original on 2012-08-14. Retrieved 2012-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120814225140/http://timeoutchicago.com/restaurants-bars/14772199/quad-cities-pizza-a-primer","url_text":"\"Quad Cities pizza: a primer – Restaurants + Bars\""},{"url":"http://www.timeoutchicago.com/restaurants-bars/14772199/quad-cities-pizza-a-primer","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kuban, Adam (2011-04-06). \"Is There a 'Quad Cities-Style' Pizza? | Serious Eats: Chicago\". Chicago.seriouseats.com. Retrieved 2012-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://chicago.seriouseats.com/2011/04/is-there-a-quad-cities-style-pizza.html","url_text":"\"Is There a 'Quad Cities-Style' Pizza? | Serious Eats: Chicago\""}]},{"reference":"David Burke (2011-05-30). \"What makes a pizza Quad-Cities style?\". Qctimes.com. Retrieved 2012-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://qctimes.com/article_78fcec0a-8a7c-11e0-866d-001cc4c03286.html","url_text":"\"What makes a pizza Quad-Cities style?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago gets a slice of Quad-Cities\". Quad-City Times. May 30, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://qctimes.com/news/local/article_0f54bc9c-8a7c-11e0-baeb-001cc4c03286.html","url_text":"\"Chicago gets a slice of Quad-Cities\""}]},{"reference":"Soenarie, Angelique (June 6, 2011). \"Pizza Pit in Mesa offers famous Quad City pies\". The Arizona Republic. Mesa, Arizona. Retrieved 2015-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.azcentral.com/thingstodo/dining/articles/2011/05/27/20110527pizza-pit-mesa-offers-famous-quad-city-pies.html","url_text":"\"Pizza Pit in Mesa offers famous Quad City pies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arizona_Republic","url_text":"The Arizona Republic"}]},{"reference":"Kott, Ruthie (July 5, 2011). \"Coolest job ever: pizza consultant\". Red Eye. Archived from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131231223506/http://neighborhoods.redeyechicago.com/bucktown-wicker-park/news-report/2011/07/05/coolest-job-ever-pizza-consultant/","url_text":"\"Coolest job ever: pizza consultant\""},{"url":"http://neighborhoods.redeyechicago.com/bucktown-wicker-park/news-report/2011/07/05/coolest-job-ever-pizza-consultant/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brenda Cain and Yadi Rodriguez (January 6, 2020). \"We've eaten over 100 frozen pizzas and so far, these are our favorites\". cleveland.com. Retrieved April 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2020/01/weve-eaten-over-100-frozen-pizzas-and-so-far-these-are-our-favorites.html","url_text":"\"We've eaten over 100 frozen pizzas and so far, these are our favorites\""}]},{"reference":"Pollack, Penny (May 2011). \"Roots Brings Quad City Pizza to Ukrainian Village\". Chicago Magazine. Retrieved March 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/May-2011/Roots-Brings-Quad-City-Pizza-to-Ukrainian-Village/","url_text":"\"Roots Brings Quad City Pizza to Ukrainian Village\""}]}]

[{"Link":"http://wqad.com/2012/02/28/quad-cities-style-pizza-restaurant-nominated-for-best-new-chicago-pizzeria-5/","external_links_name":"\"\"Quad Cities Style\" pizza restaurant nominated for \"Best New Chicago Pizzeria\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.foodandwine.com/travel/quad-cities-pizza","external_links_name":"\"This Midwest Region You've Probably Never Heard of Makes the Best Pizza You've Never Tried\""},{"Link":"https://pizzaneed.com/quad-city-style-pizza/","external_links_name":"\"Everything You Need to Know About Quad City–style pizza\""},{"Link":"https://qctimes.com/news/opinion/editorial/columnists/bill-wundram/dear-bill/article_bc7bdf94-981e-5f00-a1b0-c6dfdfbd3250.html","external_links_name":"\"Dear Bill …\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.davenportlibrary.com/sc/2018/02/09/national-pizza-day-2018-the-quad-cities-pizza-pie-past/","external_links_name":"\"National Pizza Day 2018: The Quad Cities' Pizza Pie Past\""},{"Link":"http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/quad-cities-pizza-roots-handmade-doritos-taco/Content?oid=4574063","external_links_name":"\"Roots Handmade Pizza: Quad Cities represent\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120814225140/http://timeoutchicago.com/restaurants-bars/14772199/quad-cities-pizza-a-primer","external_links_name":"\"Quad Cities pizza: a primer – Restaurants + Bars\""},{"Link":"http://www.timeoutchicago.com/restaurants-bars/14772199/quad-cities-pizza-a-primer","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://chicago.seriouseats.com/2011/04/is-there-a-quad-cities-style-pizza.html","external_links_name":"\"Is There a 'Quad Cities-Style' Pizza? | Serious Eats: Chicago\""},{"Link":"https://qctimes.com/article_78fcec0a-8a7c-11e0-866d-001cc4c03286.html","external_links_name":"\"What makes a pizza Quad-Cities style?\""},{"Link":"https://qctimes.com/news/local/article_0f54bc9c-8a7c-11e0-baeb-001cc4c03286.html","external_links_name":"\"Chicago gets a slice of Quad-Cities\""},{"Link":"http://archive.azcentral.com/thingstodo/dining/articles/2011/05/27/20110527pizza-pit-mesa-offers-famous-quad-city-pies.html","external_links_name":"\"Pizza Pit in Mesa offers famous Quad City pies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131231223506/http://neighborhoods.redeyechicago.com/bucktown-wicker-park/news-report/2011/07/05/coolest-job-ever-pizza-consultant/","external_links_name":"\"Coolest job ever: pizza consultant\""},{"Link":"http://neighborhoods.redeyechicago.com/bucktown-wicker-park/news-report/2011/07/05/coolest-job-ever-pizza-consultant/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2020/01/weve-eaten-over-100-frozen-pizzas-and-so-far-these-are-our-favorites.html","external_links_name":"\"We've eaten over 100 frozen pizzas and so far, these are our favorites\""},{"Link":"http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/May-2011/Roots-Brings-Quad-City-Pizza-to-Ukrainian-Village/","external_links_name":"\"Roots Brings Quad City Pizza to Ukrainian Village\""}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82on%C3%B3w

Słonów

["1 References"]

Coordinates: 52°56′N 15°47′E / 52.933°N 15.783°E / 52.933; 15.783Village in Lubusz Voivodeship, PolandSłonówVillageSłonówCoordinates: 52°56′N 15°47′E / 52.933°N 15.783°E / 52.933; 15.783Country PolandVoivodeshipLubuszCountyStrzelce-DrezdenkoGminaDobiegniew Słonów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dobiegniew, within Strzelce-Drezdenko County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-east of Dobiegniew, 19 km (12 mi) east of Strzelce Krajeńskie, and 43 km (27 mi) north-east of Gorzów Wielkopolski. References ^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01. vteGmina DobiegniewTown and seat Dobiegniew Villages Chomętowo Chrapów Czarnolesie Dębnik Dębogóra Derkacze Głusko Grabionka Grąsy Grzmikoło Jarychowo Kamienna Knieja Kępa Zagajna Kowalec Kubczyce Łęczyn Lipinka Lubiewko Ługi Ługowo Mierzęcin Młodolino Moczele Mostniki Niemiennica Niwy Nowy Młyn Osieczek Osiek Osowiec Ostrowiec Ostrowiec-Osada Ostrowite Podlesiec Podszkle Pokręt Radachowo Radęcin Rolewice Rozkochowo Sarbinowo Sitnica Sławica Słonów Słowin Starczewo Stare Osieczno Suchów Świnki Urszulanka Wilczy Dół Wołogoszcz Żeleźnica This Strzelce-Drezdenko County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moel-yr-hydd

Moel-yr-hydd

["1 References","2 External links"]

Coordinates: 52°59′22″N 3°58′47″W / 52.98943°N 3.97984°W / 52.98943; -3.97984 Moel-yr-hyddMoel-yr-hydd from Moelwyn MawrHighest pointElevation648 m (2,126 ft)Prominence82 m (269 ft)Parent peakMoelwyn Mawr ListingHewitt, NuttallCoordinates52°59′22″N 3°58′47″W / 52.98943°N 3.97984°W / 52.98943; -3.97984NamingEnglish translationhill of the stagLanguage of nameWelshPronunciationWelsh: GeographyMoel-yr-hyddGwynedd, Wales Parent rangeSnowdoniaOS gridSH672454Topo mapOS Landranger 115 Moel-yr-hydd is a subsidiary summit of Moelwyn Mawr in Snowdonia, North Wales and forms part of the Moelwynion. (Strictly the mountain is not actually in the Snowdonia National Park as it falls within the exclusion "hole" around the former slate town of Blaenau Ffestiniog.) The mountain overlooks the village of Tanygrisiau and Tanygrisiau railway station (a halt on the Ffestiniog Railway) from where the mountain can easily be ascended. From the 1830s until 1946, Wrysgan Quarry was worked on the north east flank of the mountain. Substantial underground chambers were driven beneath the summit. References ^ Nuttall, John & Anne (1999). The Mountains of England & Wales - Volume 1: Wales (2nd edition ed.). Milnthorpe, Cumbria: Cicerone. ISBN 1-85284-304-7. ^ (Map). 1:2500. Ordnance Survey. 1889. {{cite map}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) External links www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Moel-yr-hydd and surrounding area This Gwynedd location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"reference":"(Map). 1:2500. Ordnance Survey. 1889.","urls":[]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrosyne_Parepa-Rosa

Euphrosyne Parepa-Rosa

["1 Early life and career","2 Marriages and later years","3 Reputation","4 Gallery","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]

British operatic soprano Photograph of Euphrosyne Parepa-Rosa by Jeremiah Gurney, between 1869 and 1874 Euphrosyne Parepa-Rosa (7 May 1836 – 21 January 1874) was a British operatic soprano who established the Carl Rosa Opera Company together with her husband Carl Rosa. Parepa's aristocratic father died soon after her birth, and her mother turned to the stage to support them. Parepa made her operatic debut in 1855, at age 16, and soon earned enthusiastic reviews in the major London opera houses. In 1867, following the death of her first husband, Parepa married the violinist and conductor Carl Rosa in New York, and they founded an opera company with Parepa as the leading lady. They toured successfully in America for several years. After their return to Britain with ambitious plans for their opera company, Parepa fell ill and died in 1874 at only 37 years of age. Early life and career Bust of Parepa-Rosa at the Royal Academy of Music Euphrosyne Parepa was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, to the soprano Elisabeth Seguin (b. 1812, sister of basso Arthur Edward Seguin) and the Wallachian boyar Demetrius Parepa, Baron Georgiades de Boyescu of Bucharest. Her father died when Parepa was an infant, leaving her young mother impoverished. Parepa's mother turned to the stage to support her child and herself and trained her daughter in singing. Parepa-Rosa's operatic début was in 1855 at the age of 16 in Malta as Amina in La Sonnambula, followed by engagements in Italy, Spain and Portugal. She gave her first London performance at the Lyceum Theatre, in the role of Elvira in I Puritani, with the Royal Italian Opera company, with whom she spent the 1857 season. The critic of The Observer wrote of this introduction: "Parepa possesses a soprano voice of excellent quality and remarkable compass. She acts and sings well. Her version of "Son vergine vezzosa" elicited applause terminating in a recall, and … she was again called for. … "Qui la voce" … was correctly and brilliantly executed; and the artiste was again summoned back to the stage to receive the homage of the audience." From 1859 to 1865, she appeared in opera at both Royal Opera House in Covent Garden and at Her Majesty's Theatre, becoming known for such roles as Leonora in Il trovatore, Zerlina in Fra Diavolo and Elvira in La muette de Portici. During this time, she participated in two operatic premieres, creating the title role in Alfred Mellon's Victorine in 1859 and the role of Mabel in George Alexander Macfarren's opera Helvellyn in 1864. She also was a successful oratorio and concert soloist, in constant demand in Britain and beyond. She sang with Charles Santley at the opening of the Oxford Music Hall in 1861, appeared before the Royal Philharmonic Society in Schumann's Paradise and the Peri and participated in the 19th-century English revival of the music of Handel, performing at the Handel festivals of 1862 and 1865, and in Germany. Marriages and later years Grave of Parepa-Rosa in Highgate Cemetery Her first husband, Army Captain H. de Wolfe Carvelle, died in Peru in 1865, sixteen months after their wedding. She travelled to the United States in 1865 with cornetist Jules Levy and violinist Carl Rosa, the latter of whom she married in New York City in 1867. Together they quickly established the Parepa-Rosa English Opera Company there, featuring her as the leading soprano, which became popular, and which introduced opera to places in America that had never staged it before. They opened at the French Theatre on Fourteenth Street, New York City, in September 1869 with a performance of Balfe's opera The Puritan's Daughter, with Parepa singing the title role. The subsequent tour of the eastern and midwestern states included a repertoire that ranged from The Bohemian Girl and Maritana to Weber's Der Freischütz and Oberon. In 1870, the Parepa-Rosa Opera Company returned to Britain and then appeared in Italian opera at Cairo, Egypt, followed by a return to America for another successful tour in 1871–72. In 1872, Parepa sang at the Lower Rhine Festival in Düsseldorf, and they then returned to London, where she sang Donna Anna in Don Giovanni and the title role in Norma at the Royal Opera House. In September 1873, the company changed its name to Carl Rosa's English Opera, since Parepa was pregnant. Parepa died in London, after an illness, at the age of 37 while preparing to sing Elsa in an English version of Wagner's Lohengrin as part of her husband's planned season a Theatre Royal, Drury Lane; after her death, Rosa cancelled the season. She is buried at Highgate cemetery. After her death, Rosa endowed the Parepa-Rosa Scholarship at the Royal Academy of Music in her memory. Reputation William Winter wrote that "Great vocal powers have seldom found such ample or such touching expression as those of Parepa-Rosa did in the first act of Norma. … ne of her best successes was made as Rosina in The Barber of Seville ... to indicate the versatility of her talents and the scope and thoroughness of her culture." Her obituary in Illustrated London News stated: "Her voice was a genuine soprano, of extensive compass and fine quality, while her highly-cultivated execution and her general musical knowledge gave her exceptional advantages, both mechanical and intellectual". Her achievements were recognised by the Philharmonic Society of London (now the Royal Philharmonic Society) with the rare award of their gold medal in 1872. Gallery In the title role of Friedrich von Flotow's Martha Parepa-Rosa Sheet music for S. Behrens's "My Love and I" Vocal score for Balfe's The Puritan's Daughter Notes ^ a b c d "Madame Parepa-Rosa", Illustrated London News, 7 February 1874, p. 129 ^ a b c "Obituary: Euphrosyne Parepa-Rosa", The New York Times, 23 January 1874, retrieved 30 January 2012 ^ a b c d e f Rosenthal, Harold and Elizabeth Forbes. "Parepa(-Rosa), Euphrosyne (De Boyescu, Parepa)", Grove Music Online, 20 January 2001, accessed 22 May 2018 ^ The Royal Italian Opera company held their 1856–57 season at the Lyceum because the Royal Opera House was being remodeled after a fire. See Obituary: "Madame Parepa Rosa", The Times, 23 January 1874, p. 10 ^ "Royal Italian Opera: First Appearance of Mdlle. Parepa", The Observer, 25 May 1857, p. 6 ^ R. Elkin. Royal Philharmonic, Ryder: London (1946), p. 63 ^ a b c The Carl Rosa Opera Company: American and British History, Carl Rosa Company Ltd, archived from the original on 8 February 2012, retrieved 30 January 2012 ^ Obituary: "Madame Parepa Rosa", The Times, 23 January 1874, p. 10 ^ Legge, R. H., revised by J. Gilliland. "Rosa, Euphrosyne Parepa (née Euphrosyne Parepa de Boyesku or Boyescu)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 23 September 2004, accessed 22 May 2018 ^ Winter, William. Brief Chronicles, Ayer Publishing (1970) ISBN 0-8337-3826-7 ^ RPS Gold Medal Recipients Since 1870, Royal Philharmonic Society, archived from the original on 9 May 2012, retrieved 30 January 2012 References Rosenthal, Harold (1980). Sadie, Stanley (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Macmillan Publishers Ltd., London. ISBN 1-56159-174-2. King, William C. (1900). Woman; Her Position, Influence, and Achievement Throughout the Civilized World. The King-Richardson co., London. p. 411. (available online here) External links Several photos of Parepa-Rosa portrait Euphrosyne Parepa (AlexanderStreet; North American Theatre Online) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeremiah_Gurney_-_Photograph_of_Euphrosyne_Parepa-Rosa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Gurney"},{"link_name":"operatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano"},{"link_name":"Carl Rosa Opera Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Rosa_Opera_Company"},{"link_name":"Carl Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Rosa"},{"link_name":"aristocratic father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyars_of_Wallachia_and_Moldavia"}],"text":"Photograph of Euphrosyne Parepa-Rosa by Jeremiah Gurney, between 1869 and 1874Euphrosyne Parepa-Rosa (7 May 1836 – 21 January 1874) was a British operatic soprano who established the Carl Rosa Opera Company together with her husband Carl Rosa. Parepa's aristocratic father died soon after her birth, and her mother turned to the stage to support them. Parepa made her operatic debut in 1855, at age 16, and soon earned enthusiastic reviews in the major London opera houses. In 1867, following the death of her first husband, Parepa married the violinist and conductor Carl Rosa in New York, and they founded an opera company with Parepa as the leading lady. They toured successfully in America for several years. After their return to Britain with ambitious plans for their opera company, Parepa fell ill and died in 1874 at only 37 years of age.","title":"Euphrosyne Parepa-Rosa"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parepasculpture.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano"},{"link_name":"basso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)"},{"link_name":"Wallachian boyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyars_of_Wallachia_and_Moldavia"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Illustrated-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYtimesobit-2"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"La Sonnambula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Sonnambula"},{"link_name":"Lyceum Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre,_London"},{"link_name":"I Puritani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Puritani"},{"link_name":"Royal Italian Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Italian_Opera"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Royal Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Covent Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covent_Garden"},{"link_name":"Her Majesty's Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Il trovatore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore"},{"link_name":"Fra Diavolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Diavolo_(opera)"},{"link_name":"La muette de Portici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_muette_de_Portici"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-3"},{"link_name":"Alfred Mellon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Mellon"},{"link_name":"George Alexander Macfarren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Alexander_Macfarren"},{"link_name":"oratorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYtimesobit-2"},{"link_name":"Charles Santley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Santley"},{"link_name":"Oxford Music Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Music_Hall"},{"link_name":"Royal Philharmonic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Society"},{"link_name":"Schumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann"},{"link_name":"Paradise and the Peri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_and_the_Peri"},{"link_name":"Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Bust of Parepa-Rosa at the Royal Academy of MusicEuphrosyne Parepa was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, to the soprano Elisabeth Seguin (b. 1812, sister of basso Arthur Edward Seguin) and the Wallachian boyar Demetrius Parepa, Baron Georgiades de Boyescu of Bucharest.[1] Her father died when Parepa was an infant, leaving her young mother impoverished. Parepa's mother turned to the stage to support her child and herself and trained her daughter in singing.[2]Parepa-Rosa's operatic début was in 1855 at the age of 16 in Malta as Amina in La Sonnambula, followed by engagements in Italy, Spain and Portugal. She gave her first London performance at the Lyceum Theatre, in the role of Elvira in I Puritani, with the Royal Italian Opera company, with whom she spent the 1857 season.[3][4] The critic of The Observer wrote of this introduction: \"Parepa possesses a soprano voice of excellent quality and remarkable compass. She acts and sings well. Her version of \"Son vergine vezzosa\" elicited applause terminating in a recall, and … [after the finale] she was again called for. … \"Qui la voce\" … was correctly and brilliantly executed; and the artiste was again summoned back to the stage to receive the homage of the audience.\"[5]From 1859 to 1865, she appeared in opera at both Royal Opera House in Covent Garden and at Her Majesty's Theatre, becoming known for such roles as Leonora in Il trovatore, Zerlina in Fra Diavolo and Elvira in La muette de Portici.[3] During this time, she participated in two operatic premieres, creating the title role in Alfred Mellon's Victorine in 1859 and the role of Mabel in George Alexander Macfarren's opera Helvellyn in 1864. She also was a successful oratorio and concert soloist, in constant demand in Britain and beyond.[2] She sang with Charles Santley at the opening of the Oxford Music Hall in 1861, appeared before the Royal Philharmonic Society in Schumann's Paradise and the Peri and participated in the 19th-century English revival of the music of Handel, performing at the Handel festivals of 1862 and 1865, and in Germany.[3][6]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_of_Euphrosyne_Rosa_in_Highgate_Cemetery.jpg"},{"link_name":"Highgate Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYtimesobit-2"},{"link_name":"Jules Levy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Levy_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Carl Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Rosa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-3"},{"link_name":"French Theatre on Fourteenth Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Street_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Balfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_William_Balfe"},{"link_name":"The Bohemian Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bohemian_Girl"},{"link_name":"Maritana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritana"},{"link_name":"Der Freischütz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Freisch%C3%BCtz"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carl-7"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carl-7"},{"link_name":"Lower Rhine Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Rhine_Festival"},{"link_name":"Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"Don Giovanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Giovanni"},{"link_name":"Norma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_(opera)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Illustrated-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-3"},{"link_name":"Carl Rosa's English Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Rosa_Opera_Company"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carl-7"},{"link_name":"Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Lohengrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Theatre Royal, Drury Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Illustrated-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Highgate cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate_cemetery"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-3"}],"text":"Grave of Parepa-Rosa in Highgate CemeteryHer first husband, Army Captain H. de Wolfe Carvelle, died in Peru in 1865, sixteen months after their wedding.[2] She travelled to the United States in 1865 with cornetist Jules Levy and violinist Carl Rosa, the latter of whom she married in New York City in 1867.[3] Together they quickly established the Parepa-Rosa English Opera Company there, featuring her as the leading soprano, which became popular, and which introduced opera to places in America that had never staged it before. They opened at the French Theatre on Fourteenth Street, New York City, in September 1869 with a performance of Balfe's opera The Puritan's Daughter, with Parepa singing the title role. The subsequent tour of the eastern and midwestern states included a repertoire that ranged from The Bohemian Girl and Maritana to Weber's Der Freischütz and Oberon.[7]In 1870, the Parepa-Rosa Opera Company returned to Britain and then appeared in Italian opera at Cairo, Egypt, followed by a return to America for another successful tour in 1871–72.[7] In 1872, Parepa sang at the Lower Rhine Festival in Düsseldorf, and they then returned to London, where she sang Donna Anna in Don Giovanni and the title role in Norma at the Royal Opera House.[1][3] In September 1873, the company changed its name to Carl Rosa's English Opera, since Parepa was pregnant.[7]Parepa died in London, after an illness, at the age of 37 while preparing to sing Elsa in an English version of Wagner's Lohengrin as part of her husband's planned season a Theatre Royal, Drury Lane; after her death, Rosa cancelled the season.[1][8] She is buried at Highgate cemetery.[9] After her death, Rosa endowed the Parepa-Rosa Scholarship at the Royal Academy of Music in her memory.[3]","title":"Marriages and later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_(opera)"},{"link_name":"The Barber of Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Barber_of_Seville"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Illustrated London News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrated_London_News"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Illustrated-1"},{"link_name":"Philharmonic Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Society"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"William Winter wrote that \"Great vocal powers have seldom found such ample or such touching expression as those of Parepa-Rosa did in the first act of Norma. … [O]ne of her best successes was made as Rosina in The Barber of Seville ... to indicate the versatility of her talents and the scope and thoroughness of her culture.\"[10] Her obituary in Illustrated London News stated: \"Her voice was a genuine soprano, of extensive compass and fine quality, while her highly-cultivated execution and her general musical knowledge gave her exceptional advantages, both mechanical and intellectual\".[1]Her achievements were recognised by the Philharmonic Society of London (now the Royal Philharmonic Society) with the rare award of their gold medal in 1872.[11]","title":"Reputation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euphrosyne_Parepa-Rosa_in_Friedrich_von_Flotow%27s_Martha_-_Original.jpg"},{"link_name":"Friedrich von Flotow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Flotow"},{"link_name":"Martha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_(opera)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euphrosyne_Parepa-Rosa_AEhrlichS%C3%A4ngerinnen1895.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:My_Love_and_I,_written_for_and_dedicated_to_Madame_Parepa_Rosa_by_S._Behrens_LCCN97517250.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sheet_music_for_Balfe%27s_The_Puritan%27s_Daughter_advertising_its_performance_by_the_Parepa_Rosa_Opera_Company_-_Original.tif"},{"link_name":"Balfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_William_Balfe"}],"text":"In the title role of Friedrich von Flotow's Martha\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tParepa-Rosa\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSheet music for S. Behrens's \"My Love and I\"\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVocal score for Balfe's The Puritan's Daughter","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Illustrated_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Illustrated_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Illustrated_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Illustrated_1-3"},{"link_name":"Illustrated London News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrated_London_News"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NYtimesobit_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NYtimesobit_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NYtimesobit_2-2"},{"link_name":"\"Obituary: Euphrosyne Parepa-Rosa\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C07EFDB173BEF34BC4B51DFB766838F669FDE"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grove_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grove_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grove_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grove_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grove_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grove_3-5"},{"link_name":"\"Parepa(-Rosa), Euphrosyne (De Boyescu, Parepa)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20896"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Carl_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Carl_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Carl_7-2"},{"link_name":"The Carl Rosa Opera Company: American and British History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120208152042/http://www.carlrosaopera.co.uk/history/uk-ushistory.asp"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.carlrosaopera.co.uk/history/uk-ushistory.asp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Rosa, Euphrosyne Parepa (née Euphrosyne Parepa de Boyesku or Boyescu)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/21264"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Brief Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=lJSYCwf6VaQC&pg=PA253"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8337-3826-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8337-3826-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"RPS Gold Medal Recipients Since 1870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120509113938/http://www.royalphilharmonicsociety.org.uk/awards/gold_medal/goldmedalrecipients/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.royalphilharmonicsociety.org.uk/awards/gold_medal/goldmedalrecipients/"}],"text":"^ a b c d \"Madame Parepa-Rosa\", Illustrated London News, 7 February 1874, p. 129\n\n^ a b c \"Obituary: Euphrosyne Parepa-Rosa\", The New York Times, 23 January 1874, retrieved 30 January 2012\n\n^ a b c d e f Rosenthal, Harold and Elizabeth Forbes. \"Parepa(-Rosa), Euphrosyne (De Boyescu, Parepa)\", Grove Music Online, 20 January 2001, accessed 22 May 2018\n\n^ The Royal Italian Opera company held their 1856–57 season at the Lyceum because the Royal Opera House was being remodeled after a fire. See Obituary: \"Madame Parepa Rosa\", The Times, 23 January 1874, p. 10\n\n^ \"Royal Italian Opera: First Appearance of Mdlle. Parepa\", The Observer, 25 May 1857, p. 6\n\n^ R. Elkin. Royal Philharmonic, Ryder: London (1946), p. 63\n\n^ a b c The Carl Rosa Opera Company: American and British History, Carl Rosa Company Ltd, archived from the original on 8 February 2012, retrieved 30 January 2012\n\n^ Obituary: \"Madame Parepa Rosa\", The Times, 23 January 1874, p. 10\n\n^ Legge, R. H., revised by J. Gilliland. \"Rosa, Euphrosyne Parepa (née Euphrosyne Parepa de Boyesku or Boyescu)\", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 23 September 2004, accessed 22 May 2018\n\n^ Winter, William. Brief Chronicles, Ayer Publishing (1970) ISBN 0-8337-3826-7\n\n^ RPS Gold Medal Recipients Since 1870, Royal Philharmonic Society, archived from the original on 9 May 2012, retrieved 30 January 2012","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Photograph of Euphrosyne Parepa-Rosa by Jeremiah Gurney, between 1869 and 1874","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Jeremiah_Gurney_-_Photograph_of_Euphrosyne_Parepa-Rosa.jpg/220px-Jeremiah_Gurney_-_Photograph_of_Euphrosyne_Parepa-Rosa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bust of Parepa-Rosa at the Royal Academy of Music","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Parepasculpture.jpg/170px-Parepasculpture.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grave of Parepa-Rosa in Highgate Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Grave_of_Euphrosyne_Rosa_in_Highgate_Cemetery.jpg/130px-Grave_of_Euphrosyne_Rosa_in_Highgate_Cemetery.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Obituary: Euphrosyne Parepa-Rosa\", The New York Times, 23 January 1874, retrieved 30 January 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C07EFDB173BEF34BC4B51DFB766838F669FDE","url_text":"\"Obituary: Euphrosyne Parepa-Rosa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"The Carl Rosa Opera Company: American and British History, Carl Rosa Company Ltd, archived from the original on 8 February 2012, retrieved 30 January 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120208152042/http://www.carlrosaopera.co.uk/history/uk-ushistory.asp","url_text":"The Carl Rosa Opera Company: American and British History"},{"url":"http://www.carlrosaopera.co.uk/history/uk-ushistory.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"RPS Gold Medal Recipients Since 1870, Royal Philharmonic Society, archived from the original on 9 May 2012, retrieved 30 January 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120509113938/http://www.royalphilharmonicsociety.org.uk/awards/gold_medal/goldmedalrecipients/","url_text":"RPS Gold Medal Recipients Since 1870"},{"url":"http://www.royalphilharmonicsociety.org.uk/awards/gold_medal/goldmedalrecipients/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rosenthal, Harold (1980). Sadie, Stanley (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Macmillan Publishers Ltd., London. ISBN 1-56159-174-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Rosenthal","url_text":"Rosenthal, Harold"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56159-174-2","url_text":"1-56159-174-2"}]},{"reference":"King, William C. (1900). Woman; Her Position, Influence, and Achievement Throughout the Civilized World. The King-Richardson co., London. p. 411.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/womanherpositio00unkngoog","url_text":"Woman; Her Position, Influence, and Achievement Throughout the Civilized World"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/womanherpositio00unkngoog/page/n413","url_text":"411"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Campbell_(scientist)

Eleanor Campbell (scientist)

["1 Education","2 Academic career","3 Current work","4 References"]

Scottish chemist Eleanor E.B. CampbellFRSE FRS FRSC FInstPBorn (1960-04-13) 13 April 1960 (age 64)Rothesay, ScotlandNationalityScottishAlma materUniversity of EdinburghSpouse(s)Iain Campbell (1984–1991)Professor Mats Jonson (2003–)AwardsFRSE (2004)Royal Swedish Academy of Science (foreign member) (2005)Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (2008)Fellow of the Institute of Physics (2008)FRS (2010)Scientific careerInstitutionsUniversity of EdinburghFreiburg UniversityMax Born InstitutGothenburg UniversityThesis Electronic to rovibrational excitation in fast atom-molecule collisions  (1985)Doctoral advisorMalcolm Fluendy Eleanor Elizabeth Bryce Campbell FRSE FRS FRSC FInstP (born 13 April 1960) is a Scottish scientist who holds the Chair of Chemistry at the University of Edinburgh. Education Campbell was born in 1960 in Rothesay on the Isle of Bute in Scotland to Isobel and William Cowan. She was schooled at Rothesay Academy before going on to study for a BSc in Chemical Physics at the University of Edinburgh, passing with first class honours in 1980. She remained at the university for further 4 years studying for a PhD, which she gained in 1986, on the topic of Electronic to rovibrational excitation in fast atom-molecule collisions. She then went to the University of Freiburg having received a habilitation in experimental physics. Academic career After her time as assistant professor at the University of Freiburg, Campbell became a departmental head at the Max-Born Institut in 1993. In 1998 she was made Chair of Atomic and Molecular Physics at Gothenburg University, Sweden before returning to the University of Edinburgh in to take up a post as Chair of Physical Chemistry in 2007 and then Chair of Chemistry 2013. Campbell was elected as a Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (physics class) in 2005 and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 2004. In 2010 she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society for her contribution to the understanding of relaxation channels and reorganisational dynamics of highly excited molecules and surfaces through experimental research. She was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry and a Fellow of the Institute of Physics in 2008. In 2018 she was elected as a member of the Academia Europaea. Current work Campbell's group at the University of Edinburgh study the fundamental ionisation mechanisms and excited state dynamics of complex molecules in the gas phase using femtosecond laser spectroscopy. They also study carbon nanomaterials and develop microporous carbon-based materials for gas capture and storage. References ^ "Professor Eleanor E. B. Campbell FRS | School of Chemistry". www.chem.ed.ac.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2017. ^ a b c Who's who. Oxford University Press. 2010. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.251235. ^ Bryce, Campbell, Eleanor Elizabeth (1986). "Electronic and vibrational excitation in atom / molecule collisions". hdl:1842/13295. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Academy graduate joins Royal Society". The Buteman. 23 June 2010. Retrieved 4 October 2016. ^ "Eleanor E.B. Campbell - Edinburgh Research Explorer". www.research.ed.ac.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2017. ^ a b "Biography of Eleanor Campbell on University of Edinburgh website". ^ "Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien - Contact Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences". www.kva.se. Retrieved 30 June 2016. ^ "The Royal Society of Edinburgh | RSE Fellows". www.royalsoced.org.uk. Retrieved 30 June 2016. ^ "Royal Society - Eleanor Campbell webpage". ^ "Faraday Division Council Members". Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved 26 December 2017. ^ "Academia Europaea: Eleanor Campbell". Retrieved 4 November 2023. ^ "Eleanor Campbell Group | Eleanor Campbell site". www.ecampbell.chem.ed.ac.uk. Retrieved 30 June 2016. vteFellows of the Royal Society elected in 2010Fellows Gabriel Aeppli Ian Affleck Paul Brakefield Andrea Brand Eleanor Campbell Philip Candelas Peter Cawley Nicola Susan Clayton John William Connor Russell Cowburn Gideon Davies Donald Dawson Raymond Dolan Hugh Durrant-Whyte Lyndon Evans Richard Evershed Georg Gottlob Ben Green Robert Griffiths Roger Hardie Michael Hastings Andrew Hattersley Craig Hawker Ron Hay Ian Hickson Peter Horton Jeremy Hutson Victoria Kaspi Lewis Kay Ondrej Krivanek Angus Lamond Alan Lehmann Malcolm McCulloch Robin Murray Robin Perutz Max Pettini Thomas Platts-Mills Wolf Reik Loren Rieseberg Peter Rigby Ezio Rizzardo Elizabeth Simpson Alan Smith Eric Wolff Honorary Melvyn Bragg Foreign Pascale Cossart Carl Djerassi Ludvig Faddeev Edmond H. Fischer Michael Goodchild John B. Goodenough Detlef Weigel Kurt Wüthrich Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Netherlands Academics Google Scholar ORCID Publons ResearcherID Scopus Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"FRSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"FInstP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Institute_of_Physics"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"Eleanor Elizabeth Bryce Campbell FRSE FRS FRSC FInstP (born 13 April 1960) is a Scottish scientist who holds the Chair of Chemistry at the University of Edinburgh.[1][2]","title":"Eleanor Campbell (scientist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rothesay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothesay,_Bute"},{"link_name":"Isle of Bute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Bute"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Rothesay Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothesay_Academy"},{"link_name":"BSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Chemical Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Physics"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"University of Freiburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Freiburg"},{"link_name":"habilitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation"},{"link_name":"experimental physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_physics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"text":"Campbell was born in 1960 in Rothesay on the Isle of Bute in Scotland to Isobel and William Cowan.[2] She was schooled at Rothesay Academy before going on to study for a BSc in Chemical Physics at the University of Edinburgh, passing with first class honours in 1980. She remained at the university for further 4 years studying for a PhD, which she gained in 1986,[3] on the topic of Electronic to rovibrational excitation in fast atom-molecule collisions.[4][5] She then went to the University of Freiburg having received a habilitation in experimental physics.[6]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gothenburg University, Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Institute of Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Institute_of_Physics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Academia Europaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Europaea"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"After her time as assistant professor at the University of Freiburg, Campbell became a departmental head at the Max-Born Institut in 1993. In 1998 she was made Chair of Atomic and Molecular Physics at Gothenburg University, Sweden before returning to the University of Edinburgh in to take up a post as Chair of Physical Chemistry in 2007 and then Chair of Chemistry 2013.[6]Campbell was elected as a Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (physics class) in 2005[7] and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 2004.[8] In 2010 she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society for her contribution to the understanding of relaxation channels and reorganisational dynamics of highly excited molecules and surfaces through experimental research.[9] She was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry and a Fellow of the Institute of Physics in 2008.[2][10] In 2018 she was elected as a member of the Academia Europaea.[11]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Campbell's group at the University of Edinburgh study the fundamental ionisation mechanisms and excited state dynamics of complex molecules in the gas phase using femtosecond laser spectroscopy. They also study carbon nanomaterials and develop microporous carbon-based materials for gas capture and storage.[12]","title":"Current work"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_official_overseas_trips_made_by_Charles_III

List of official overseas trips made by Charles III

["1 As Duke of Cornwall","2 As Prince of Wales","2.1 1960s","2.2 1970s","2.3 1980s","2.4 1990s","2.5 2000s","2.6 2010s","2.7 2020s","3 As King","4 See also","5 References"]

This article is missing information about some official overseas visits in 2012 and 2013. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (May 2022) Map of countries visited by King Charles III on an official overseas visit As Duke of Cornwall, Prince of Wales and later as King, Charles III has been one of the United Kingdom's most important ambassadors. He travels overseas as a representative of the UK and also undertakes tours of Commonwealth realms. He is often accompanied by his wife, Queen Camilla. As Duke of Cornwall Date Country Areas visited Details 22–28 April 1954  Malta Aboard HMY Britannia on her maiden voyage with Princess Anne 30 April – 1 May 1954  Libya Tobruk Joined the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh on Royal Tour. 3–7 May 1954  Malta As Prince of Wales 1960s Date Country Areas visited Details Host 30 January – 1 August 1966  Australia Victoria Attended two terms at Timbertop Campus of Geelong Grammar School 4–12 May 1966  Territory of Papua (now Papua New Guinea) Port Moresby, Popondetta Visited Dogura Martyrs Memorial School in Popondetta with the Geelong Grammar School seniors 1–3 August 1966  Mexico 3–16 August 1966  Jamaica Kingston Accompanied the Duke of Edinburgh who opened the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games 20 December 1967  Australia Represented the Queen at the memorial service for Prime Minister Harold Holt July 1968  Malta November 1969  Malta Prince Charles visited Malta to attend the bicentenary celebrations of the Royal University of Malta. 1970s Date Country Areas visited Details Host 8–9 February 1970  France Strasbourg As Chairman of the Countryside in 1970 Committee for Wales, accompanied his father the Duke of Edinburgh to attend the Council of Europe's Conservation Conference. 12–30 March 1970  New Zealand Toured the country with the Queen, the Duke of Edinburgh, and Princess Anne. 30 March – 8 April 1970  Australia Toured the country with the Queen, the Duke of Edinburgh, and Princess Anne. 9–14 April 1970  Japan Osaka Attended Expo '70. 2–15 July 1970  Canada Ottawa Carried out a two-day visit to Ottawa, before joining the Queen, the Duke of Edinburgh, and Princess Anne for a countrywide tour. 16–18 July 1970  United States Washington, D.C. Visited the capital together with Princess Anne as guests of President Richard Nixon's daughters and son-in-law. 9–15 October 1970  Dominion of Fiji Represented the Queen at Fiji's independence celebrations. 15–19 October 1970  Gilbert and Ellice Islands 20–22 October 1970  Bermuda To mark the 350th anniversary of the Parliament of Bermuda. 22–25 October 1970  Barbados 11–12 November 1970  France On behalf of the Queen, attended a memorial service for Charles de Gaulle. 6–20 February 1971  Kenya Accompanied by Princess Anne. 25–27 February 1971  West Germany Osnabrück Visited the 1st Battalion, the Royal Regiment of Wales, in his role as colonel-in-chief. 17–18 May 1972  France Accompanied the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh on a state visit. 29–31 October 1972  West Germany West Berlin 25–26 January 1973  West Germany Visited the Royal Regiment of Wales, in his role as colonel-in-chief. 1 June 1973  Saint Kitts To open the Prince of Wales Bastion. 6–11 July 1973  The Bahamas To attend the independence celebrations on behalf of the Queen. 29 January – 6 February 1974  New Zealand Christchurch Joined the Queen, the Duke of Edinburgh, Princess Anne, and Mark Phillips for the 1974 British Commonwealth Games. 4 September 1974  New Zealand Attended the funeral of Norman Kirk. 8–12 October 1974  Fiji Attended the centenary celebrations on behalf of the Queen. 12–30 October 1974  Australia Prince Charles was present for the inauguration of Anglo-Australian Telescope at Siding Spring Observatory. 20–22 February 1975  India New Delhi 22–26 February 1975    Nepal To attend the coronation of King Birendra of Nepal. 20–30 April 1975  Canada Ottawa, Northwest Territories 14–19 September 1975  Papua New Guinea Attended the independence celebrations on behalf of the Queen. 9–11 November 1975  West Germany Visited the Royal Regiment of Wales, in his role as colonel-in-chief. 23–25 July 1976  Canada Montreal To watch the equestrian events of the 1976 Summer Olympics, where Princess Anne was a competitor. 6–16 March 1977  Kenya 17–25 March 1977  Ghana To take part in the celebrations of Achimota School's 50th anniversary. 25–28 March 1977  Ivory Coast Toured the country at the invitation of President Félix Houphouët-Boigny. President Houphouët-Boigny 28–29 April 1977  Monaco To attend a Humanitarian Award banquet organised by the Variety Club International. 9 May 1977  France Bordeaux Viewd an exhibition of British paintings. 5–9 July 1977  Canada Alberta Celebrations of the centenary of signing of treaty by Blackfoot and other Indian leaders, 18–30 October 1977  United States Chicago, Cleveland, St. Louis, Atlanta, Charleston, Houston, Los Angeles, San Francisco 1–11 November 1977  Australia Toured the country in his capacity as patron of the Queen's Australian Silver Jubilee Appeal. 17–18 November 1977  West Germany Visited the 1st Battalion, Welsh Guards, as their colonel. 31 January 1978  West Germany West Berlin Visited the 2nd Parachute Regiment, as their colonel. 10 February 1978  West Germany Visited the Cheshire Regiment, as their colonel. 8–16 March 1978  Brazil 16–22 March 1978  Venezuela 18–19 March 1978  Australia Melbourne Attended the funeral of Sir Robert Menzies. 1–2 July 1978  Norway Attended the 75th birthday celebrations for King Olav V of Norway. 31 August 1978  Kenya Attended the funeral of President Jomo Kenyatta. 23–27 October 1978  Yugoslavia 1978  West Germany Osnabrück, Sennelager Visited Parachute Regiments. 29 November – 1 December 1978  Belgium Brussels Joined the European Commission for discussions and visited NATO headquarters. 3–6 March 1979  British Hong Kong 6–8 March 1979  Singapore 8–28 March 1979  Australia Canberra, Western Australia 1–6 April 1979  Canada In his capacity as president of the International Council of the United World Colleges, Prince Charles visited Pearson College UWC. 29–30 May 1979  West Germany Visited 2nd Parachute Regiment. 28–29 June 1979  France Tours-sur-Marne Attended a fundraising dinner for United World Colleges. 1980s Date Country Areas visited Details Host 18 January 1980   Switzerland Zürich Attended a luncheon to mark the 60th anniversary of the British-Swiss Chamber of Commerce. 30 March – 3 April 1980  Canada Ottawa, British Columbia Attended engagements in his capacity as president of the International Council of the United World Colleges. 15–18 April 1980  Zimbabwe Attended independence celebrations on behalf of the Queen. 29 April – 1 May 1980  Netherlands Attended the accession ceremony of Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands on behalf of the Queen. 21–23 July 1980  France A tour of the French Armed Forces. 24 November – 6 December 1980  India Calcutta Prince Charles met Mother Teresa during a visit to her home in Calcutta in December 1980. 6–13 December 1980    Nepal 31 March – 12 April 1981  New Zealand 12–28 April 1981  Australia Opened the convention organised for the 50th anniversary of the Apex Clubs of Australia. 28–30 April 1981  Venezuela Travelled to the country in his capacity as president of the International Council of the United World Colleges. 30 April – 3 May 1981  United States Williamsburg, Washington, D.C. Received an honorary fellowship from the College of William & Mary and attended a dinner party by President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan. . 17–18 June 1981  United States New York City Flying by Concorde for the first time, 10 October 1981  Egypt Attend the funeral of President Anwar Sadat. 20 June 1982  France Commemoration of the 40th anniversary of the Allied raid on Bruneval Raid. 27–29 October 1982  United States Montezuma In his capacity as president of the International Council of the United World Colleges, Prince Charles opened the Armand Hammer United World College of the American West at Montezuma. 29–30 October 1982  Canada British Columbia Visited the Lester B. Pearson College of the Pacific. 20 March – 17 April 1983  Australia Alice Springs, Canberra, Sydney, Hobart, Bunbury, Adelaide, Renmark, Perth, Melbourne, Yandina, Ballarat Prince Charles landed in Alice Springs and visited Uluru. The Prince met Prime Minister Bob Hawke and his wife, Hazel at the Government House in Canberra. He visited the Sydney Opera House and Sydney's Wentworth Hotel. He attended a state reception in Hobart, Tasmania and drove through Hands Oval sports ground in Bunbury. He also visited Adelaide, Renmark, Perth, Melbourne, Yandina and Ballarat. It was the Prince and Princess of Wales and Prince William's first overseas royal tour as a family. Prime Minister Hawke 17–30 April 1983  New Zealand Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin, Taraungua, Masterton, Gisborne, Waitangi Prince Charles visited the Government House and Eden Park. His Royal Highness was accompanied by Diana, Princess of Wales and their nine-month-old son Prince William. The 1983 New Zealand Royal Visit Honours were appointed by Queen Elizabeth II to mark the visit. 14 June – 1 July 1983  Canada Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Ottawa, Edmonton Prince Charles toured Canada accompanied by his wife, the Princess of Wales. 22–25 February 1984  Brunei Attended the coutnry's independence celebrations on behalf of the Queen. 19–29 March 1984  Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe Botswana Toured the countries as a director of the Commonwealth Development Corporation. 5 June 1984  France Ranville Commemorating the role of the 6th Airborne Division during the Normandy landings. 11–13 July 1984  West Germany Visited the Royal Regiment of Wales and the Gordon Highlanders. 3–4 August 1984  Monaco Monte Carlo Attended the United World Colleges gala. 6–10 August 1984  Papua New Guinea Opened the new Parliament House and undertook other engagements. 23 September 1984  Netherlands Prince Charles was present at a service held to mark the 40th anniversary of the Battle of Arnhem in his capacity as colonel-in-chief of the Parachute Regiment. 28 October – 1 November 1984  Italy Trieste, Duino Prince Charles was present at a service held to mark the 40th anniversary of the Battle of Arnhem in his capacity as colonel-in-chief of the Parachute Regiment. 21–22 February 1985  Norway Visited the 1st Battalion, the Parachute Regiment, in his capacity as colonel-in-chief. 26–27 March 1985  West Germany Hohne Visited the 1st Battalion, the Welsh Guards, in his capacity as colonel. 19 April – 9 May 1985  Italy Sardinia, La Spezia, Milan, Florence, Rome, Vatican City, Catania, Syracuse, Bari, Venice The Prince and Princess of Wales undertook a 17-day tour of Italy and were joined by Prince William and Prince Harry at the end of their tour. 6–7 June 1985  West Germany West Berlin Took the Salute at The Queen's Birthday Parade in Berlin, 6th to 7th June.. 25 October – 8 November 1985  Australia Melbourne, Portland, Mildura, Canberra Visit with The Princess of Wales, to Victoria in connection with the state's 150th anniversary celebrations 8 November 1985  Fiji Accompanied by the Princess of Wales. 9–13 November 1985  United States Washington, D.C., Palm Beach The Prince and Princess of Wales visited Washington, D.C. in which he met President Ronald Reagan at the White House and also visited the Octagon museum which was administered by the American Institute of Architects. The couple stayed at the British Ambassador's residence in Washington, D.C. for the duration of the visit. Prince Charles then flew to Palm Beach, Florida in which he met Governor Bob Graham. He also attended a dinner at the Breakers Hotel and played polo at the International Polo Club. President Reagan 17–23 February 1986  United States Texas, California 14–16 April 1986  Austria Vienna Accompanied by the Princess of Wales. 30 April – 7 May 1986  Canada Vancouver, Victoria, Kelowna, Kamloops, Nanaimo, Prince George The Prince and Princess of Wales visited Canada and attended Expo 86. 8–13 May 1986  Japan Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto The Prince and Princess of Wales watched a sumo tournament in Kokugikan Arena in downtown Tokyo, Japan. They also visited the Kyoto Imperial Palace and Buddhist temples. Charles addressed the National Diet and the couple attended a state banquet hosted by Emperor Hirohito at the Tokyo Imperial Palace. Emperor Hirohito 7–14 August 1986  Spain Majorca The Prince and Princess of Wales and Princes William and Harry visited Majorca as guests of the Spanish royal family. 2–5 September 1986  United States Cambridge, Chicago Attended Harvard University's 350th anniversary celebrations and undertook other engagements. 10–19 November 1986  Oman Qatar Bahrain Saudi Arabia Muscat, Doha, Manama, Riyadh, Jeddah The Prince and Princess of Wales embarked on their first tour of the Middle East together. 24–26 November 1986  Cyprus Visited the 3rd Battalion, the Parachute Regiment, in his capacity as colonel-in-chief. 11–14 February 1987  Portugal Lisbon, Porto The Prince and Princess of Wales visited Portugal to highlight the country's 601-year-old alliance with England (see Treaty of Windsor (1386)) and attended a banquet at the Palace of Ajuda. 14 February 1987  France Toulouse The Prince and Princess of Wales visited Toulouse for the launch of Airbus A320 family. 11–12 March 1987  Belgium Zeebrugge, Brussels Met with survivors of MS Herald of Free Enterprise disaster and visited NATO headquarters. 27 March – 2 April 1987  Swaziland Malawi Kenya Toured the countries in his capacity as a director of the Commonwealth Development Corporation. 23–26 April 1987  Spain Toledo, Madrid, Sevilla, Salamanca The Prince and Princess of Wales met King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía during a visit to Toledo. 26 April – 2 May 1987  Italy Bologna During the visit, Prince Charles received an honorary doctorate from the University of Bologna. 15 May 1987  France Cannes The Prince and Princess of Wales appeared on the red carpet at the 1987 Cannes Film Festival in support of the British film industry. 9 September 1987  France Caen, Bayeux The Prince and Princess of Wales visited Normandy to mark the 900th anniversary of the death of William the Conqueror. 1–7 November 1987  West Germany West Berlin, Bonn, Cologne, Munich, Hamburg, Celle, Hanover The Prince and Princess of Wales went on a 6-day trip to West Germany. 7–8 December 1987  Italy Milan Visited La Scala. 25 January – 3 February 1988  Australia New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Northern Territory Australia 200th anniversary celebrations. 3–5 February 1988  Thailand Bangkok, Chiang Mai The Prince and Princess of Wales visited Thailand as a part of Bhumibol Adulyadej's 60th birthday celebrations. 4–7 March 1988  United States Pittsburgh, Palm Beach 8–9 May 1988  France Roscoff, Brittany 1 August 1988  West Germany Schleswig-Holstein Attended the Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival. 26–27 October 1988  Netherlands A visit in his capacity as patron of the William and Mary Tercentenary Trust. 7–11 November 1988  France Paris, Blois Accompanied by the Princess of Wales. 17–20 February 1989  United States Washington, D.C., Palm Beach 20–22 February 1989  Saint Lucia Took part in the 10th anniversary of independence celebrations. 22–24 February 1989  Venezuela Undertook engagements associated with the United World Colleges. 12–17 March 1989  Kuwait Bahrain United Arab Emirates Kuwait City, Manama, Abu Dhabi, Dubai The Prince and Princess of Wales toured some of the Arab states of the Persian Gulf together. 29 April 1989  Italy Rome 11 May 1989  Turkey Ankara 3–7 November 1989  Indonesia Jakarta, Yogyakarta Before their visit to Hong Kong, the Prince and Princess of Wales were due to visit China. The trip was cancelled and they visited Indonesia instead. 7–9 November 1989  British Hong Kong Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, New Territories 1990s Date Country Areas visited Details Host 12–13 February 1990  Italy Rome, Subiaco Working on a project for BBC Earth. 16–23 February 1990  United States Florida, Charleston, Washington, D.C. Took part in a charity polo match and attended engagements in his role as president of Business in the Community. 15–20 March 1990  Nigeria Abuja, Lagos The Prince and Princess of Wales visited Nigeria, where they attended a banquet by Ibrahim Babangida at the State House. President Babangida 21–23 March 1990  Cameroon Douala, Yaoundé The Prince and Princess of Wales arrived abroad HMY Britannia at Douala, before flying to Yaoundé. The president of Cameroon hosted an official dinner to welcome them in Yaoundé. 26–28 March 1990  Italy Trieste Attended engagements for the United World Colleges. 7–10 May 1990  Hungary Budapest This visit by the Prince and Princess of Wales marked the first tour of a Warsaw Pact country by members of the British royal family. They attended a dinner hosted by President Árpád Göncz and viewed a fashion display at the Museum of Applied Arts in Budapest. President Göncz 10–14 November 1990  Japan Tokyo The Prince and Princess of Wales went to Japan to attend the enthronement of Emperor Akihito. 17–18 December 1990  France Met with President François Mitterrand and sat for a TV interview. 21–23 December 1990  Saudi Arabia Met with British forces deployed for the Gulf War. 29–30 January 1991  Norway Oslo The Prince and Princess of Wales represented the Queen and the Queen Mother, respectively, at the funeral of King Olav V of Norway. 22–27 April 1991  Brazil Brasília, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Aracruz, Accompanied by his wife, His Royal Highness met with business and industry leaders during the tour. 30 April – 1 May 1991  Spain Madrid Attended the EC Environment Conference. 6–10 May 1991  Czechoslovakia Prague, Bratislava, Brno Accompanied by the Princess of Wales. 23–24 May 1991  India Delhi Prince Charles travelled to India to attend the funeral of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. 10 June 1991  Germany Munster The Prince and Princess of Wales attended a Gulf Drumhead Service. 7–8 September 1991   Switzerland Attended events marking the country's 700th anniversary celebrations. 13–15 September 1991  Italy Rome, Urbino, Ischia Met with President Francesco Cossiga, visited the Prince of Wales's Summer School at Villa Lante, and undertook engagemants as patron of the William Walton Foundation. 23–29 October 1991  Canada Greater Sudbury, Toronto, Kingston, Ottawa The Prince and Princess of Wales toured Ontario, while their sons remained in Toronto. The couple visited Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, where they presented the university with a replica of their royal charter and the Prince received an honorary degree. The Princess of Wales and the children left on 27 October. 12 November 1991  Belgium Prince Charles received the European environmental award. 12–13 November 1991  Netherlands The Hague Visited environmental projects. 10–11 December 1991  Germany Leipzig, Berlin Visited environmental projects. 4–5 February 1992   Switzerland Davos Attended the World Economic Forum. 7–10 February 1992  Oman Attended engagements at the British council. 10–15 February 1992  India Delhi, Jaipur, Hyderabad, Bangalore (only by the Prince of Wales), Agra and Calcutta (only by the Princess of Wales) The Prince and Princess of Wales toured India, engaging in charity and business activities. Prince Charles had talks with President Ramaswamy Venkataraman and the couple attended a dinner banquet hosted by Vice President Shankar Dayal Sharma. President Venkataraman 15–19 February 1992    Nepal Met with King Birendra of Nepal. 2–3 March 1992  France Met with President François Mitterrand and delivered a speech at the 75th anniversary of France Grande Bretagne Association. 11 March 1992  Germany Paderborn Visited the 5th Royal Inniskilling Dragoon Guards as colonel-in-chief. 23–24 March 1992  Germany Berlin Visited the Gordon Highlanders as colonel-in-chief. 26–28 March 1992  Italy Rome, Spoleto, Florence, Turin 20–22 May 1992  Spain Seville The Prince and Princess of Wales were present for the UK National Day at the Seville Expo '92. 9 June 1992  Denmark Copenhagen Attended the celebrations marking the 25th wedding anniversary of Queen Margrethe II of Denmark and Prince Henrik. 28–29 September 1992  Italy Rome, Bologna 2–5 November 1992  South Korea Seoul, Gyeongju, Ulsan The Prince and Princess of Wales visited South Korea at the invitation of President Roh Tae-woo, becoming the first members of the British royal family to tour the country. This was their last official joint visit before their separation in December 1992. 5–8 November 1992  British Hong Kong 17–19 November 1992  Belgium France Strasbourg, Brussels Visited European Parliament and the Council of Europe. 3–4 December 1992  France Paris, Versailles 21–23 December 1992  Czechoslovakia Prague, České Budějovice Attended events for the Prague Heritage Fund. 12–14 February 1993  United States Washington, D.C., Williamsburg Attended events marking the College of William & Mary's tercentenary celebrations. 14–18 February 1993  Mexico Mexico City, Guadalajara, Oaxaca 18 February 1993  Jamaica 10 March 1993  Germany Munich 15–16 March 1993  Yugoslavia Visited the former country's territories to meet with the UK forces on UN duties. 17–19 March 1993  Germany Bonn Met with Chancellor Helmut Kohl and received the Ecological Eagle Award. 17–20 May 1993  Poland Gdańsk Invited by Lech Wałęsa. Gdańsk was just one stop on the entire trip. 24 January – 5 February 1994  Australia Sydney, Parkes, Tasmania, Hobart, Strahan, Launceston, Perth, Karratha 5–10 February 1994  New Zealand Auckland, Wellington, Hokitika, Christchurch, Hamilton 16 March 1994  France Paris Visited the British Council, met with President François Mitterrand, and attended a concert. 27–28 April 1994  Hungary Budapest, Kecskemét 16–19 May 1994  Russia Saint Petersburg Prince Charles visited Saint Petersburg in May 1994. 27 May 1994  Germany Berlin Visited the city to take part in the 20th meeting of the Prince of Wales's Business Leaders Forum. 3–5 June 1994  Czech Republic France Prague, Ranville Prince Charles travelled to Prague for a Prague Heritage Fund event and took part in commemorations of the 50th anniversary of Normandy landings. 1–2 September 1994  Italy Viterbo, Venice Visited the Prince of Wales's Institute of Architecture Summer School and viewed an exhibition in Venice. 17–18 September 1994  Netherlands Travelled to the country to take part in commemorations of the 50th anniversary of the Battle of Arnhem. 28 October 1994  Germany Rheindahlen, Mönchengladbach Attended parade of the British Army of the Rhine. 1–4 November 1994  United States Los Angeles Travelled to the US for UK - LA '94. 5–8 November 1994  British Hong Kong 11–15 March 1995  Egypt Cairo, Sinai Peninsula, Luxor 15–18 March 1995  Morocco Rabat, Fez, Casablanca 18 March 1995  Spain Seville Attended the wedding of Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo, and Jaime de Marichalar. 2–3 May 1995  Germany Hamburg Took part in events that commemorated the 50th anniversary of the end of the Second World War. 31 May – 1 June 1995  Republic of Ireland Dublin 4–5 August 1995  Italy Caprarola Visited the Prince of Wales's Institute of Architecture Summer School. 31 August – 1 September 1995  France Paris, Biarritz Viewed British works at Galeries Lafayette and visited the Prince of Wales's Institute of Architecture Summer School. 6 November 1995  Israel Jerusalem Attended the funeral of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. 13–16 November 1995  Germany Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Munich 17 November 1995  Latvia Riga Presented gift of silver bowl to the Church of Saint Saviour for use as baptismal font. 8 February 1996  Croatia Dubrovnik, Split 9 February 1996  Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo 23–27 February 1996  Morocco Marrakesh, Ouarzazate, Ifrane, Rabat 22 March 1996  Italy Opened Urban Renaissance Exhibition in his capacity as president of the Institute of Architecture. 23–29 April 1996  Canada Manitoba, Ontario, New Brunswick 13–16 July 1996  Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan, Seria Visited the Royal Gurkha Rifles. 17–18 July 1996  United States North Carolina, New York City, Rhode Island Visited the Prince of Wales's Institute of Architecture Summer School and carried out engagements for the Mary Rose Trust. 14 August 1996  Croatia Toured Mljet National Park. 1–2 September 1996  Germany Berlin, Potsdam Carried out engagements in connection with the Prince of Wales's Institute of Architecture. 29–30 October 1996  Belgium Brussels 4–12 November 1996  Ukraine Turkmenistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan 21–22 December 1996  Turkey Istanbul Attended the christening of Princess Maria-Olympia of Greece and Denmark. 31 January 1997  Germany Darmstadt Attended the funeral of Margaret, Princess of Hesse and by Rhine. 21–25 February 1997  Kuwait Bahrain Qatar Aboard HMY Britannia. 26–28 February 1997  Bangladesh Dhaka, Sylhet 4–6 March 1997  Saudi Arabia Riyadh 26 March 1997  United States New York City Visited the UN headquarters. 26 March 1997  France Paris 12–13 May 1997  Germany Hesse 21–22 June 1997  Norway Trondheim Attended King Harald V and Queen Sonja of Norway's 60th birthday celebrations. 27–30 June 1997  British Hong Kong Hong Kong Prince Charles represented the Queen at the Hong Kong handover ceremony. 3 July 1997  Philippines Manila Aboard HMY Britannia. 31 October – 5 November 1997  South Africa Lesotho Pretoria, Durban, Cape Town, Johannesburg Prince Harry joined his father from 29 October to 3 November. 31 January 1998  Netherlands Attended Queen Beatrix's birthday celebrations. 3–6 February 1998  Sri Lanka Colombo Took part in celebrations for the 50th anniversary of the country's Independence Day. 6–9 February 1998    Nepal Kathmandu, Patichaur, Besisahar 9–12 February 1998  Bhutan 23–24 March 1998  Canada Vancouver Accompanied by Prince William and Prince Harry. 26 June 1998  France Lens Watched England vs Colombia World Cup match, accompanied by Prince Harry. 27–28 June 1998  Portugal Vasco da Gama Bridge, Alcochete, Lisbon Met with the president of Portugal and attended Expo '98. 2–3 November 1998  Slovenia Bled Island, Triglav National Park, Brdo Castle, Ljubljana Attended a dinner hosted by the president of Slovenia and opened the British Week in Ljubljana. 3–6 November 1998  Romania Bucharest, Sibiu Met with the president and prime minister of Romania. 6–8 November 1998  Bulgaria Sofia, Plovdiv Met with Petar Stoyanov, President of Bulgaria. 8–9 November 1998  Macedonia Skopje, Ohrid Met with the president of Macedonia. 22–24 November 1998  Greece Athens, Crete Met with the president and prime minister of Greece. 8–11 March 1999  Argentina Buenos Aires After President Carlos Menem travelled to the UK and invited the Queen to visit Argentina, she sent the Prince of Wales in her representation. In Buenos Aires, the Prince of Wales toured the city, and paid respects to the fallen during the Falklands War between the two countries. 11–13 March 1999  Uruguay Montevideo 13–16 March 1999  Falkland Islands Stanley 13 September 1999  Kosovo Pristina 17–20 November 1999  United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi, Dubai Met with the royal families of the United Arab Emirates. 20–22 November 1999  Oman Muscat Met with Sultan Qaboos bin Said. 22–23 November 1999  Saudi Arabia Riyadh Met with King Fahd and Crown Prince Abdullah of Saudi Arabia. 2000s Date Country Areas visited Details Host 21–24 February 2000  Trinidad and Tobago Saint Augustine 24–27 February 2000  Guyana Georgetown, Iwokrama Forest 27–29 February 2000  Jamaica Kingston, Kingston Harbour, Trenchtown 16 May 2000  Hungary Budapest 30–31 October 2000  Czech Republic Prague 1–2 November 2000  Slovakia Bratislava 2–3 November 2000   Switzerland Bern, Kandersteg Prince Charles arrived in the Swiss capital of Bern where he was welcomed by Swiss Confederation president Adolf Ogi and the Swiss military band. Prince Charles visited Ogi's native village of Kandersteg where he toured the local church. He also dined at Lohn Estate which was the official government guest house and visited Bern's Old City which is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 16–18 February 2001  Saudi Arabia Riyadh 25 April – 1 May 2001  Canada Ottawa, Saskatchewan, Yukon, Toronto 11 May 2001  Spain Valencia 5 June 2001  Germany Münster, Paderborn 25 August 2001  Norway Oslo 5–6 November 2001  Estonia Tallinn, Tartu 6–8 November 2001  Lithuania Vilnius 8–9 November 2001  Latvia Daugavpils, Riga 1–2 February 2002  Netherlands Amsterdam 4–6 March 2002  Brazil Brasília, Rio de Janeiro, Palmas, Bananal Island 6–8 March 2002  Mexico Veracruz, Xalapa, Puebla, Mexico City 11–12 June 2002  Germany Lübeck, Berlin 12–13 June 2002  Poland Kraków, Tatra Mountains 4–8 November 2002  Italy Florence, Rome, Ischia, Naples 6 February 2003  France Paris 13–14 March 2003  Bulgaria Sofia, Varna Met with Georgi Parvanov, President of Bulgaria and Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Tsar Simeon II), Prime Minister of Bulgaria. 13–16 July 2003  Russia Saint Petersburg, Solovetsky Islands 28 October – 5 November 2003  India Delhi, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Mumbai Prince Charles' tour focused on the environment, heritage restoration, bilateral ties and helping young business people. In Mumbai, he visited the set of the film Mangal Pandey: The Rising. 6–8 November 2003  Oman Muscat 8 February 2004  Iraq Basra Prince Charles visited British troops serving in Basra. 9 February 2004  Iran Tehran, Bam Prince Charles visited the city of Tehran where he held talks with Iranian president, Mohammad Khatami. Prince Charles as a patron of the British Red Cross visited the Iranian city of Bam where he met with survivors of the 2003 Bam earthquake. He also visited the ruins of the Arg-e Bam, a UNESCO World Heritage Site which had been destroyed by the earthquake. 10 February 2004  Saudi Arabia Riyadh 22–24 March 2004  Spain Madrid 26 March 2004   Switzerland Geneva 5 June 2004  France Normandy 11 June 2004  United States Washington, D.C. The Prince represented the Queen at the state funeral of former President Ronald Reagan. 23 July 2004  Bosnia and Herzegovina Mostar September 2004  France Paris September 2004  Netherlands Oosterbeek September 2004  Germany Sennelager October 2004  Italy Turin October 2004  Turkey Istanbul, Mardin October 2004  Jordan Al-Salt, Ajloun, Amman, Petra November 2004  United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi 28 February 2005  Sri Lanka Batticaloa Visited areas affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. 28 February – 6 March 2005  Australia Perth, Alice Springs, Melbourne, Sydney, Canberra 6–10 March 2005  New Zealand Dunedin, Wellington, Auckland 10–11 March 2005  Fiji Viseisei, Nadi 8 April 2005  Vatican City Attended the funeral of Pope John Paul II. 25 April 2005  Turkey ANZAC Cove, Gallipoli Attended ceremonies marking the 90th anniversary of the Gallipoli landings. 27 June 2005  Germany Münster Visited the Royal Dragoon Guards. 2 August 2005  Saudi Arabia Riyadh Attended the funeral of King Fahd. 1–8 November 2005  United States Washington, D.C., New York City Accompanied by the Duchess of Cornwall, in what was their first joint overseas tour together. President Bush October 29 to November 3, 2006, Pakistan Kashmir To visit the families of victims of 2005 Kashmir earthquake of Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf 9 December 2005   Switzerland Klosters Opened a new suspension bridge in the area. 20–24 March 2006  Egypt Cairo Accompanied by the Duchess of Cornwall. 24–26 March 2006  Saudi Arabia Riyadh Accompanied by the Duchess of Cornwall. 26–31 March 2006  India Delhi, Rajasthan, Jodhpur, Jaipur Accompanied by the Duchess of Cornwall. 23 May 2006   Switzerland Geneva Delivered a speech on integrated health to the World Health Assembly. 29 October – 3 November 2006  Pakistan Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Lahore Accompanied by the Duchess of Cornwall. 27–28 January 2007  United States New York City, Philadelphia Accompanied by the Duchess of Cornwall, Prince Charles was presented with 10th Global Environmental Citizen Award from Harvard Medical School Center for Health and the Global Environment. 19–28 February 2007  Kuwait Qatar Bahrain United Arab Emirates Accompanied by the Duchess of Cornwall. 1 March 2007  Bosnia and Herzegovina Banja Luka Accompanied by the Duchess of Cornwall, Prince Charles visited the 1st Battalion Welsh Guards. 22–29 November 2007  Uganda Turkey Accompanied by the Duchess of Cornwall, the couple carried out engagements cocerned with sustainable development, youth opportunity, environmental protection, etc. 4–14 March 2008  Trinidad and Tobago Saint Lucia Montserrat Jamaica Accompanied by the Duchess of Cornwall. 27 October – 5 November 2008  Japan Brunei Indonesia Tokyo, Bandar Seri Begawan, Jakarta The Duchess of Cornwall accompanied Prince Charles during the visit to Japan and Brunei. The visit to Japan marked the 150th anniversary of diplomatic relations between the UK and Japan. At the invitation of the president of Indonesia, Prince Charles delivered the Presidential Lecture in the country's capital. 10–11 November 2008  France Paris, Verdun The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall attended a dinner hosted by President Nicolas Sarkozy and attended the Armistice Day commemorations. 8–11 March 2009  Chile Paris, Verdun Accompanied by the Duchess of Cornwall. 11–15 March 2009  Brazil Brasília, Rio de Janeiro Accompanied by the Duchess of Cornwall. 15–17 March 2009  Ecuador Galápagos Islands Accompanied by the Duchess of Cornwall. 26–29 April 2009  Italy Vatican City Rome, Venice Accompanied by the Duchess of Cornwall, Prince Charles delivered a speech at the Chamber of Deputies. The Prince and the Duchess met with Pope Benedict XVI on 27 April. 29–30 April 2009  Germany Accompanied by the Duchess of Cornwall. 6 June 2009  France Normandy Prince Charles attended events to mark the 65th anniversary of D-Day. 2–12 November 2009  Canada St. John's, Toronto, Victoria, Vancouver, Montreal, Ottawa Accompanied by the Duchess of Cornwall. 2010s This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (September 2022) Date Country Areas visited Details Host 15–23 March 2010  Poland Czech Republic Hungary Accompanied by the Duchess of Cornwall. 25 March 2010  Afghanistan Prince Charles visited British troops deployed in the country. 27 May 2010  Norway Oslo Prince Charles delivered a speech at the Oslo Climate and Forest Conference. 19 July 2010  France Fromelles The Prince and the Duchess attended events commemorating 250 British soldiers from the First World War. October 2010  India Delhi Accompanied by the Duchess of Cornwall, Prince Charles opened the 2010 Commonwealth Games on behalf of the Queen, along with the President of India. 9 February 2011  Belgium Brussels Prince Charles attended the Low Carbon Prosperity Summit. 28 March – 6 April 2011  Portugal Spain Morocco Accompanied by the Duchess of Cornwall. October – November 2011  Kuwait Qatar South Africa Tanzania Prince Charles attended events to mark the 50th anniversary of independence and 20th anniversary of liberation in Kuwait. He was joined by the Duchess of Cornwall in South Africa and Tanzania, and they marked the 50th anniversary of Tanzania's independence. 20–27 March 2012  Norway Sweden Denmark The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall toured the three Scandinavian countries at the request of the UK government. The visit started in Norway (Oslo & Bergen), continued in Sweden (Stockholm) and concluded in Denmark (Copenhagen & Elsinore). 20–23 May 2012  Canada The Prince and the Duchess toured Canada at the request of the Canadian government to mark the Queen's Diamond Jubilee and Victoria Day. 3–12 November 2012  Papua New Guinea Australia New Zealand The Prince and the Duchess toured the countries at the request of the Canadian government to mark the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. 12–13 March 2013  Jordan Amman, Ar-Ramtha, Jerash The Prince and the Duchess toured museums and schools. Charles visited King Hussein Mosque and the couple travelled to the Syrian border and met with Syrian refugees. Abdullah II of Jordan 13–15 March 2013  Qatar Doha Among the places visited by the couple were the Museum of Islamic Art and Katara Cultural Village. 15–16 March 2013  Saudi Arabia Riyadh Charles and Camilla visited the Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia. 17–18 March 2013  Oman Muscat, Nizwa The couple met with the locals while touring the Nizwa Fort. Qaboos bin Said 29–30 April 2013  The Netherlands Amsterdam The Prince and the Duchess attended the inauguration of Willem-Alexander, King of the Netherlands, as well as the preceding celebrations in honour of the departing Queen Beatrix. 28-30 May 2013  Armenia Yerevan, Vagarshapat, Garni Prince Charles headed to Yerevan’s famous Matenadaran museum of ancient Armenian manuscripts on his arrival at the Zvartnots international airport. Charles was also expected to meet with President Serzh Sarkisian and with leader of the Armenian Orthodox Church, Catholicos Karekin II. Charles was expected to attend a series of charitable events dedicated to the preservation of Armenian cultural heritage, including a concert and dinner. 6–14 November 2013  India, Sri Lanka Dehradun, New Delhi, Mumbai, Pune, Kochi, Colombo The Prince and the Duchess undertook a broad range of engagements to promote the strong UK-India partnership in key areas such as conservation, education, growing business links, women's empowerment and training. In Sri Lanka, the Prince of Wales officially represented Queen Elizabeth II at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Colombo. The couple attended the official opening ceremony and a dinner, hosted by The Prince, for Commonwealth Heads of Government. 17–19 February 2014  Saudi Arabia Riyadh As part of a tour of the Gulf, the Prince visited Riyadh and met with Minister of Foreign Affairs Prince Saud al Faisal, Second Deputy Prime Minister Prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz, National Guard Minister Prince Miteb bin Abdullah, Deptuy Foreign Affairs Minister Prince Abdulaziz bin Abdullah, Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities President Prince Sultan bin Salman, Saudi Ambassador to London Prince Mohammed bin Nawaf, Sheikh Khalid Alireza and Prince Alwaleed bin Talal. He also attended the Janadriyah cultural festival where he wore traditional Saudi dress and participated in a sword dance. 19–21 February 2014  Qatar Doha As part of a tour of the Gulf, the Prince visited the Museum of Islamic Art, the National Heritage Library and the Anglican Centre at Christian Complex in Doha. He also met with Foreign Affairs Minister Dr Khaled bin Mohammed Al Attiyah. 21 February 2014  United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi As part of a tour of the Gulf, the Prince called upon Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan in Abu Dhabi. 21 February 2014  Bahrain Manama As part of a tour of the Gulf, the Prince called upon King Hamad at Bustan Palace, Manama. 18–21 May 2014  Canada Halifax, Pictou, Charlottetown, Winnipeg The Prince and the Duchess conducted an official tour of Canada, visiting Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Manitoba. In Halifax, they met with Lieutenant Governor John Grant, attended a Victoria Day Military Family Festival and visited Halifax Public Gardens, Halifax Seaport Farmers' Market and the Canadian Museum of Immigration. In Pictou, they visited Hector Heritage Quay and met with Premier Stephen McNeil. In Charlottetown, the Prince and Duchess attended a Victoria Day celebration at Province House, where they also joined a Youth Parliament debate, and met with Premier Robert Ghiz. They also visited the Confederation Centre of the Arts, the Centre for Applied Science and Technology, the Cornwall United Church and Bonshaw Provincial Park. In Winnipeg, the Prince and Duchess attended a reception for Outstanding Canadians at Government House hosted by Lieutenant Governor Philip Lee, and visited the Pavilion Gallery Museum. The Prince also received Prime Minister Stephen Harper, representatives from the Royal Winnipeg Rifles and the Air Reserve of Canada, and held an investiture at the Manitoba Legislature. 31 May 2014  Romania Bucharest The Prince called upon President Traian Băsescu at Cotroceni Palace and received an Honorary Doctorate at the University of Bucharest. 5–6 May 2014  France Ranville, Bayeux The Prince and the Duchess joined the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh to mark the 70th anniversary of the D-Day landings in Normandy. They attended Royal British Legion services of remembrance in Bayeux Cathedral and at Bayeux Commonwealth War Graves Cemetery, visited HMS Richmond and attended the international commemoration service at Colleville-Montgomery beach and a ceremony of remembrance at Juno Beach Centre, Courseulles-sur-Mer. They also met with President François Hollande, Prime Minister Manuel Valls and Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper. 28 October – 2 November 2014  Colombia Bogotá, Meta, Cartagena The Prince and the Duchess paid an official visit to Colombia and were hosted by President Juan Manuel Santos. They visited the Peace and Reconciliation Centre in Bogota, Chiribiquete National Park, and, in Cartagena, the Gold Museum, National Coastguard and HMS Argyll and the Prince also attended the "Health of the Oceans" conference at the Naval Museum. 2–5 November 2014  Mexico Mexico City, Real del Monte, Campeche, Monterrey The Prince and the Duchess paid an official visit to Mexico and visited the capital and the states of Hidalgo, Campeche and Nuevo León. In Real del Monte, they visited the English Cemetery, attended the traditional Day of the Dead festivities and visited the Pasty Museum to celebrate Real del Monte's Cornish heritage. In Mexico City, they met with President Enrique Peña Nieto and attended the launch of the Year of the United Kingdom in Mexico 2015. In Campeche, the Prince visited Edzná archaeological site and Petenes Mangrove Biosphere Reserve. In Monterrey, the Prince and Duchess visited Fundidora Park, the Science Museum, travelled by canal through the city centre and opened the joint United Kingdom and Canadian consulate. 24 January 2015  Saudi Arabia Riyadh The Prince paid condolences on behalf of the Queen to King Salman following the death of the late King, Abdullah. 7–9 February 2015  Jordan Amman, Al Mafraq As part of his Middle East tour, the Prince visited Jordan and met with King Abdullah II, Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad and Prince El Hassan bin Talal. He met Iraqi Christian faith leaders resident in Amman and visited the Za'atari Refugee Camp at Al Mafraq, accompanied by UK International Development Secretary Justine Greening. 9–10 February 2015  Kuwait Kuwait City As part of his Middle East tour, the Prince visited Kuwait and met with Amir Sabah al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah, Crown Prince Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah and Sheikh Nasser Mohammed Al Ahmed Al Sabah. The Prince visited HMS Dauntless at port in Kuwait City. 10–12 February 2015  Saudi Arabia Riyadh As part of his Middle East tour, the Prince visited Riyadh and met with King Salman, Crown Prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz, Governor of Riyadh Prince Faisal bin Bander, National Guard Minister Prince Miteb bin Abdullah and Prince Al Waleed bin Talal. 12 February 2015  Qatar Doha As part of his Middle East tour, the Prince called upon Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani in Doha. 12 February 2015  United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi As part of his Middle East tour, the Prince called upon Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan in Abu Dhabi. 17–20 March 2015  United States Washington, D.C., Mount Vernon Louisville The Prince and the Duchess visited Washington, D.C., Virginia and Kentucky. They met with President Barack Obama at the White House, Governor of Virginia Terry McAuliffe and Governor of Kentucky Steve Beshear. The Prince visited Mount Vernon, viewed a 1297 version of Magna Carta and the Charters of Freedom at the National Archives, attended a "Plastics and the Oceans" Conference held by the International Sustainability Unit, attended a reception at the State Department to mark the 60th anniversary of the Marshall Scholarships, met with the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and Leader of the Senate Mitch McConnell, and received the International Conservation Caucus Foundation Teddy Roosevelt Award. In Louisville, the Prince visited the African American Heritage Centre and attended a roundtable discussion at the Cathedral of the Assumption on the importance of spirituality in encouraging the development of healthy communities, before giving a speech on "the Principles of Harmony." 23–25 April 2015  Turkey Istanbul, Çanakkale, Gallipoli The Prince visited Turkey, accompanied by Prince Harry, to attend commemorations marking the centenary of the Gallipoli landings. He met with President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and visited HMS Bulwark. The Prince attended the international service at Abide, the Commonwealth and Ireland service at Helles Memorial, the French Service at Morto Bay, the dawn service at ANZAC Cove, the Australian service of thanksgiving at Lone Pine, and the New Zealand service of thanksgiving at Chunuk Bair. 19–20 May 2015  Ireland Galway, Oranmore, Gort, Sligo, Drumcliffe, Cliffoney, Mullaghmore The Prince and the Duchess visited counties Galway and Sligo as part of their visit to Ireland. They met with President Michael Higgins, Taoiseach Enda Kenny, Leader of Fianna Fáil Micheál Martin, President of Sinn Féin Gerry Adams and former Taoiseach John Bruton. The Prince visited the National University of Ireland, Galway, the Marine Institute in Oranmore, the Burren, Lough Cutra Castle and Claddagh National School. The Prince and the Duchess attended an ecumenical service of peace and reconciliation in St. Columba's Church in Drumcliffe, and visited Classiebawn Castle and Mullaghmore, where the Prince's great uncle, Earl Mountbatten of Burma, was assassinated by the IRA. 31 May 2015  Romania Bucharest The Prince met with President Klaus Iohannis at Cotroceni Palace in Bucharest. 17 June 2015  Belgium Hougoumont The Prince attended a service to remember soldiers who died at the Battle of Waterloo with Princess Astrid of Belgium, Prince Pieter-Christiaan of Orange-Nassau, van Vollenhoven, Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Prince Nikolaus von Blucher of Prussia, Charles, Prince Napoléon and Charles Wellesley, 9th Duke of Wellington.The Prince also unveiled the new monument at Hougoumont Farm. He also had a meeting with Princess Astrid of Belgium. 4–10 November 2015  New Zealand Wellington, Dunedin, Nelson, Westport, Hamilton, Auckland, New Plymouth The Prince and the Duchess conducted an official tour of New Zealand during which they met with Governor-General Lieutenant General Sir Jerry Mateparae, Prime Minister John Key, Leader of the Opposition Andrew Little and Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives David Carter. They laid wreaths at the National War Memorial, attended a reception with members of parliament at Government House, Wellington, and attended the All Blacks' Rugby World Cup victory parade on the forecourt of Parliament. In Dunedin, the Prince visited Tawa College and Toitu Otago Settlers' Museum. The Prince and the Duchess visited the market and a winery in Nelson and the Prince visited the New Zealand Defence Force in Westport. They visited Turangawaewae Marae in Hamilton, attended a reception for the Prince's Charities at Government House, Auckland, and attended a garden party at Pukekura Park in New Plymouth. The Prince also visited the Spirit of New Zealand training vessel at Prince's Wharf, Auckland. 10–15 November 2015  Australia Adelaide, Barossa Valley, Sydney, Canberra, Albany, Perth The Prince and the Duchess conducted an official tour of Australia, visiting South Australia, New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory and Western Australia. In Adelaide, they met with Governor-General General Sir Peter Cosgrove, Governor of South Australia Hieu Van Le and Premier Jay Weatherill, and visited the Barossa Valley wine region. In Canberra, they attended the Remembrance Day national ceremony at the Australian War Memorial and visited the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation, the National Museum of Australia and the National Arboretum. The Prince also met with Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull and Leader of the Opposition Bill Shorten. In Sydney, the Prince and the Duchess visited the New South Wales Mounted Police Unit, attended a reception at Government House given by Governor of New South Wales General David Hurley, and attended a dinner at Admiralty House given by the Governor-General. In Western Australia, the Prince and the Duchess visited a winery and the Albany Agricultural Show and attended receptions in Perth given by Governor of Western Australia Kerry Sanderson. The Prince opened the State Buildings in Perth and, with the Duchess, visited Kings Park. 26–28 November 2015  Malta St. Julians, Valletta, Ta' Qali, Vittoriosa, Mellieha, Zejtun, Mdina The Prince and the Duchess visited Malta to attend the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting with the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh. The Prince met with President Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca, Prime Minister Dr Joseph Muscat, President of Sri Lanka Maithripala Sirisena, Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau and Commonwealth Secretary-General Kamalesh Sharma. The Prince attended many meetings and receptions, including for the Prince of Wales's International Sustainability Unit, the Prince's Trust International and the Special Executive Session on Climate Action. 29 November – 1 December 2015  France Paris The Prince visited France to attend the 21st United Nations Conference of the Parties on Climate Change in Paris. 14–16 March 2016  Croatia Zagreb, Osijek During their tour of the Balkans, the Prince and the Duchess visited Zagreb and Osijek. They met with President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović, who hosted a dinner in their honour at the Presidential Palace, and Prime Minister Tihomir Oreškovic. They also met with local community leaders involved in a regional peacebuilding and reconciliation initiative in Osijek. 16–18 March 2016  Serbia Belgrade, Novi Sad, Sremski Karlovci During their tour of the Balkans, the Prince and the Duchess visited Belgrade and Vojvodina. They met with President Tomislav Nikolić and Prime Minister Aleksandar Vucic, who hosted a dinner in their honour. They also met with Crown Prince Alexander and Princess Katherine at the Royal Palace in Belgrade and the Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church, Irinej Gavrilovic. They visited the Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery in Belgrade, Kalmejdan Fortress and St. Sava Cathedral], and attended a reception to mark British women on the Serbian Front Line in World War I and the UK-Serbia bilateral relationship, given by the Speaker of the Serbian Parliament, Maja Gojkovic. They later visited Novi Sad and Sremski Karlovci. 18 March 2016  Montenegro Podgorica, Cetinje During their tour of the Balkans, the Prince and the Duchess visited Podgorica and Cetinje. They met with President Filip Vujanović, Prime Minister Milo Đukanović and Deputy Prime Minister Dusko Markovic. They also visited a cultural heritage festival at Vladin Dom Museum in Cetinje. 18–19 March 2016  Kosovo Prishtina, Prizren During their tour of the Balkans, the Prince and the Duchess visited Prishtina and Prizren. They met with President of the Republic of Kosovo Atifete Jahjaga and attended an act of remembrance at the Missing Persons Memorial in Prishtina. The Prince laid a wreath at the Kosovo Force and United Kingdom Memorials to the Fallen at the Kosovo Force Headquarters in Prishtina. He also visited the Church of Our Lady of Perpetual Succour, St. George's Serbian Orthodox Church and the Sinan Pasha Mosque in Prizren. 25 May 2016  Ireland Donegal, Letterkenny, Churchill At the end of a visit to Northern Ireland, the Prince and the Duchess spent a day in County Donegal in the Republic of Ireland. They visited Donegal Castle, were hosted at a reception at Letterkenny Institute of Technology by Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade Charles Flanagan, and visited Glenveagh National Park. 30 May – 1 June 2016  Romania Bucharest, Viscri The Prince met with President Klaus Iohannis, Prime Minister Dacian Cioloș and Crown Princess Margareta and Prince Radu at Elisabeta Palace. The Prince also launched a training centre in Viscri, Brasov County. 1 July 2016  France Thiepval, Beaumont-Hamel The Prince and the Duchess visited France to attend events marking the centenary of the Battle of the Somme. They attended the UK national commemorative service at the Thiepval Memorial with President François Hollande, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry, the Somme Association service of commemoration at Ulster Memorial Tower, and the Canadian national ceremony of remembrance at the Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial. 15 September 2016  France Longueval The Prince visited France to attend the New Zealand national service of commemoration marking the centenary of the Battle of the Somme at Caterpillar Valley Commonwealth War Graves Cemetery. 30 September 2016  Israel Jerusalem The Prince represented the Queen at the state funeral of Shimon Peres (former President of Israel). 4–6 November 2016  Oman Muscat, Misfat Al Abryeen, Ras Al Shajar During their tour of the Gulf, the Prince and the Duchess visited Muscat and Ad Dakhiliyah. They attended a cultural arrival at the Palace Boulevard, Muscat, where they were received by Sayyid Haitham bin Tariq bin Taimur Al Said. They visited the National Museum of Oman and were hosted to dinner by Sultan Qaboos. The Prince also visited the old village of Misfat Al Abryeen and Ras Al Shajar Nature Reserve. 6–8 November 2016  United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi, Bu Tinah Island, Masdar City, Al Ain, Dubai, Sharjah During their tour of the Gulf, the Prince and the Duchess visited the emirates of Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Sharjah. They visited Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi and attended a cultural celebration at Al Jahili Fort in Al Ain hosted by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan. The Prince also visited Bu Tinah Island and Masdar City. The Prince later visited the site of Expo 2020 and met with Vice President and Prime Minister Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum in Dubai and Ruler of Sharjah Sultan bin Mohammed Al Qasimi in Sharjah. 8–11 November 2016  Bahrain Manama During their tour of the Gulf, the Prince and the Duchess visited Manama and met with King Hamad, Crown Prince Salman and Prime Minister Prince Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa. They the visited the Old Post Office Museum, where they unveiled commemorative stamps marking the 200th anniversary of the bilateral relationship between Bahrain and the United Kingdom, the Old Souk, Krishna Temple, Al-Fateh Grand Mosque and the National Museum. The Prince also visited HMS Middleton and attended a Remembrance Day service at the British Embassy. 29–31 March 2017  Romania Bucharest The Prince visited Bucharest and met with President Klaus Iohannis, Prime Minister Sorin Grindeanu, Crown Princess Margareta and Prince Radu, and Patriarch Daniel of the Romanian Orthodox Church. 31 March – 5 April 2017  Italy Florence, Venice, Naples, Amatrice, Rome The Prince and the Duchess visited Tuscany, Veneto, Campania and Lazio. They visited the British Institute of Florence, attended a service of remembrance at the Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery in Montecchio Precalcino, visited the earthquake site at Amatrice, visited the British School at Rome and attended a plenary discussion on the East Africa famine at the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. The Prince also met with President Sergio Mattarella and Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni. 4 April 2017  Vatican City Vatican City The Prince and the Duchess met with Pope Francis and Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Parolin. They also attended a meeting on climate change and visited the English College. 5–6 April 2017  Austria Vienna The Prince and the Duchess met with President Alexander Van der Bellen, The Prince also met Chancellor Christian Kern, visited the Musikverein and attended a meeting at the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 9 April 2017  France Vimy The Prince represented the Queen at a commemorative service to mark the centenary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge. 10–12 May 2017  Ireland Dublin, Kilkenny, Thomastown, Curragh The Prince and the Duchess visited counties Dublin and Kilkenny. The Prince with President Michael D. Higgins and Taoiseach Enda Kenny, visited Kilkenny Castle, and participated in an act of remembrance at Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin. 29–31 May 2017  Romania Cluj-Napoca, Viscri The Prince received an Honorary Doctorate at Babeș-Bolyai University in Cluj-Napoca and visited Viscri. 29 June – 1 July 2017  Canada Iqaluit, Trenton, Wellington, Ottawa The Prince and the Duchess visited Nunavut and Ontario. They visited the Legislative Assembly in Iqaluit and Canadian Forces Base Trenton, opened the Canadian History Hall at the Canadian History Museum in Ottawa and attended the Canada Day celebrations at Parliament Hill to mark the 150th anniversary of the confederation of Canada. The Prince also met with Governor-General David Johnston and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. 31 July 2017  Belgium Passendale The Prince represented the Queen at the centenary commemorations of the Battle of Passchendaele at Tyne Cot Cemetery, West Flanders. 4–5 October 2017  Malta Valetta, St. Julian's The Prince attended the 75th anniversary commemoration of the awarding of the George Cross to Malta and met with Prime Minister Joseph Muscat. 30 October – 2 November 2017  Singapore Singapore The Prince and the Duchess visited Singapore and met with President Halimah Yacob and Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. 2 November 2017  Brunei Brunei The Prince and the Duchess visited Brunei and met with Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah. 2–8 November 2017  Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Taiping, Kuala Kangsar, Sarawak, George Town On his first visit to Malaysia, the Prince and the Duchess visited Kuala Lumpur, Perak, Sarawak and Penang to celebrate 60 years of British-Malaysian diplomatic relations. They met with Yang di-Pertuan Agong Muhammad V and Sultan of Perak Nazrin Shah, and the Prince visited the Taiping War Cemetery. 8–9 November 2017  India New Delhi The Prince and the Duchess visited Delhi and met with Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The Prince attended an event marking 2017 United Kingdom India Year of Culture and laid a wreath at India Gate. 17–19 November 2017  Antigua and Barbuda St. George, Codrington The Prince visited the islands of Antigua and Barbuda and visited communities affected by Hurricane Irma. He also met with Governor-General Sir Rodney Williams and Prime Minister Gaston Browne. 18 November 2017  British Virgin Islands Beef Island, Road Town The Prince visited Beef Island and Tortola and visited communities affected by Hurricane Irma. He also met with Governor Gus Jaspert and Premier Orlando Smith. 19 November 2017  Dominica Roseau The Prince visited Dominica and visited communities affected by Hurricane Maria. He also met with President Charles Savarin and Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit. 16 December 2017  Romania Bucharest The Prince represented the Queen at the funeral of King Michael. 4–10 April 2018  Australia Brisbane, Gold Coast, Bundaberg, Lady Elliot Island, Cairns, Mossman Gorge, Nhulunbuy, Yirrkala, Darwin On his sixteenth visit to Australia, the Prince and the Duchess visited Queensland and the Northern Territory. The Prince opened the 2018 Commonwealth Games on behalf of the Queen. The Prince met with Governor-General General Sir Peter Cosgrove, Governor of Queensland Paul De Jersey, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull, Leader of the Opposition Bill Shorten, Chief Minister of the Northern Territory Michael Gunner and Governor-General of New Zealand Dame Patsy Reddy. The Prince also visited HMAS Cairns, the Royal Flying Doctor Service Cairns Base and met with indigenous elders and rangers at Mount Nhulun. 7 April 2018  Vanuatu Port Vila The Prince met with President Tallis Obed Moses and was made an honorary high chief. 25 April 2018  France Villers-Bretonneux The Prince attended an Anzac Day service at the Australian National Memorial in Villers-Bretonneux. 7–9 May 2018  France Nice, Èze, Lyon The Prince and the Duchess visited the memorial for the victims of the 2016 terrorist attack in Nice and attended a VE Day commemoration ceremony in Lyon. 9–11 May 2018  Greece Athens, Knossos, Archanes The Prince and the Duchess visited Athens and Crete. The Prince laid a wreath at Memorial of the Unknown Soldier in Syntagma Square, Athens, and met with President Prokopis Pavlopoulos, Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras, Leader of the Opposition Kyriakos Mitsotakis and Archbishop of Athens and All Greece Ieronymos II. The Prince also visited the Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery at Phaleron and HMS Echo. 30–31 May 2018  Romania Bucharest, Viscri The Prince met with President Klaus Iohannis, Prime Minister Viorica Dancila and Margareta, Custodian of the Crown of Romania. 14–15 June 2018  Ireland Cork, Caherdaniel, Tralee, Killarney The Prince and the Duchess visited counties Cork and Kerry. They visited the English Market in Cork, the ancestral home of Daniel O'Connell, Siamsa Tíre and Killarney National Park. The Prince met with Tánaiste Simon Coveney, the President and Vice President of Sinn Féin, Mary Lou McDonald and Michelle O'Neill, and Leader of Fianna Fáil Micheál Martin. 31 October – 2 November 2018  Gambia Banjul, Serekunda The Prince and the Duchess met with President Adama Barrow and visited the Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery in Fajara. 2–6 November 2018  Ghana Accra, Kumasi The Prince and the Duchess visited Accra and the Ashanti region. The Prince met with President Nana Akufo-Addo, Okyenhene Osagyefuo Amoatia Ofori Panin and Asantehene Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II, visited the Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery in Accra and inaugurated the Prince of Wales Park at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi. 6–8 November 2018  Nigeria Abuja, Lagos The Prince and the Duchess visited Abuja and Lagos. The Prince met with President Muhammadu Buhari, People's Democratic Party Leader Atiku Abubakar and traditional rulers, and visited the Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery in Abuja. A planned visit to Jos was cancelled due to violence in the region. 5 December 2018  United States of America Washington, D.C. The Prince represented the Queen at the state funeral of former President George H. W. Bush. 17–24 March 2019  Barbados Bridgetown As part of their Commonwealth tour of the Caribbean, the Prince and the Duchess visited Barbados, during which the Prince laid a wreath at the Cenotaph in Bridgetown, presented a new colour to the Barbados Coast Guard and met Governor-General Dame Sandra Mason and Prime Minister Mia Mottley. 17 March 2019  St. Lucia Vieux Fort As part of his Commonwealth tour of the Caribbean, the Prince visited St. Lucia and met Governor-General Sir Neville Cenac and Prime Minister Allen Chastanet. 20 March 2019  St. Vincent and the Grenadines Kingstown As part of their Commonwealth tour of the Caribbean, the Prince and the Duchess visited St. Vincent and the Grenadines and met Governor-General Sir Frederick Ballantyne and Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves. 21 March 2019  St. Kitts and Nevis Basseterre, Charlestown As part of their Commonwealth tour of the Caribbean, the Prince and the Duchess visited St. Kitts and Nevis and met Governor-General Sir Tapley Seaton and Prime Minister Timothy Harris. 23 March 2019  Grenada St. George's As part of their Commonwealth tour of the Caribbean, the Prince and the Duchess visited Grenada and met Governor-General Dame Cécile La Grenade and Prime Minister Keith Mitchell. 24–27 March 2019  Cuba Havana The Prince and the Duchess were the first members of the British royal family to visit Cuba. During the visit, they laid a wreath at the José Martí Memorial in Havana and met President Miguel Díaz-Canel. 27–28 March 2019  Cayman Islands George Town, Little Cayman As part of their Commonwealth tour of the Caribbean, the Prince and the Duchess visited Grand Cayman and Little Cayman and met Governor Martyn Roper and Premier Alden McLaughlin. 7–10 May 2019  Germany Berlin, Leipzig, Munich, Glonn The Prince and the Duchess visited Berlin, Saxony and Bavaria and met President Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Chancellor Angela Merkel, Minister-President of Saxony Michael Kretschmer and Minister-President of Bavaria Markus Söder. 20–21 May 2019  Ireland Dublin, Enniskerry, Kilbride, Glendalough The Prince and the Duchess visited Dublin and County Wicklow and met President Michael D. Higgins. 6 June 2019  France Bayeux The Prince and the Duchess attended services in Bayeux Cathedral and at the Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery in Bayeux to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the Normandy landings on D-Day. 21 September 2019  The Netherlands Arnhem, Driel, Oosterbeek The Prince attended events with Princess Beatrix to commemorate the 75th anniversary of Operation Market Garden. 13 October 2019  Vatican City Vatican City The Prince attended the canonisation of Cardinal Newman and met Pope Francis. 22–23 October 2019  Japan Tokyo The Prince represented the Queen at the enthronement of Emperor Naruhito at the Imperial Palace in Tokyo. He also met Deputy Prime Minister Taro Aso and visited the Wales rugby team for the 2019 Rugby World Cup. 13–14 November 2019  India New Delhi, Mumbai On his tenth visit to India, the Prince met President Ram Nath Kovind, attended a remembrance service at the Delhi War Cemetery, visited a Sikh gurdwara and attended meetings in Mumbai. 17–23 November 2019  New Zealand Auckland, Waitangi, Paihia, Kerikeri, Tuahiwi, Christchurch, Lincoln On his tenth visit to New Zealand, the Prince and the Duchess toured the North and South islands and met Governor-General Dame Patsy Reddy, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern and Leader of the Opposition Simon Bridges. The Prince also presented a new colour to the Royal New Zealand Air Force on behalf of the Queen, and visited Waitangi Treaty Grounds, the site of Christchurch Cathedral and Christchurch Botanic Gardens. 23–25 November 2019  Solomon Islands Honiara The Prince held an investiture, addressed the Parliament of the Solomon Islands and met Governor-General the Rev David Vunagi and Prime Minister Manasseh Sogavare during his visit. 2020s Date Country Areas visited Details Host 12 January 2020  Oman Muscat The Prince paid condolences on behalf of the Queen to Sultan Haitham bin Tariq following the death of the late Sultan, Qaboos bin Said. 22 January 2020   Switzerland Davos The Prince attended the World Economic Forum in Davos and met environmental activist Greta Thunberg. 22–24 January 2020  Israel Tel Aviv, Jerusalem The Prince attended the World Holocaust Forum, met with President Reuven Rivlin and visited the tomb of his grandmother, Princess Alice of Greece and Denmark. 24 January 2020  Palestine Bethlehem The Prince visited Bethlehem, including the birthplace of Christ, and met with the President of the Palestinian Authority, Mahmoud Abbas. 4 October 2020  Kuwait Kuwait City The Prince paid condolences on behalf of the Queen to Amir Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah following the death of the late Amir, Sabah al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah. 14–15 November 2020  Germany Berlin The Prince and the Duchess met President Frank-Walter Steinmeier, laid a wreath at the Neue Wache and attended the central remembrance ceremony on the National Day of Mourning at the Bundestag. 24–25 March 2021  Greece Athens The Prince and the Duchess visited Athens to attend events marking the 200th anniversary of the independence of Greece, including a parade in Syntagma Square. They visited the National Art Gallery of Greece and met with President Katerina Sakellaropoulou, who hosted a dinner in their honour at the Presidential Mansion. The Prince also met with Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis at the Maximos Mansion, and was awarded the Gold Medal of Athens and met senior business leaders to discuss the "Terra Carta" at Athens City Hall. 30–31 October 2021  Italy Rome The Prince attended the G20 Summit in Rome and attended a dinner hosted by President Sergio Mattarella at the Quirinale Palace. 16–17 November 2021  Jordan Amman, Umm Qais The Prince and the Duchess visited Amman, where they were welcomed by King Abdullah II and Queen Rania of Jordan. They also visited the Al-Maghtas archeological site and collected water from the Jordan River, the site were Jesus is believed to have been baptised by John the Baptist. 18–19 November 2021  Egypt Cairo, Giza, Alexandria The Prince and the Duchess were welcomed to Cairo by President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi and First Lady Entissar Amer. Among the sites and places visited by the couple were the Giza Pyramid Complex, the Great Sphinx of Giza, Al-Azhar Mosque, and the Bibliotheca Alexandrina. 29–30 November 2021  Barbados Bridgetown The Prince attended the ceremonies held to mark Barbados's transition into a parliamentary republic, which removed the Queen as their head of state. In a speech delivered at the ceremony, the Prince of Wales acknowledged "the appalling atrocity of slavery" in the Caribbean, adding "it forever stains our history". 24–25 March 2022  Ireland County Waterford, County Tipperary The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall visited the Republic of Ireland as part of the Platinum Jubilee Tour on behalf of the Queen. In County Waterford, they met with Ukrainians residing in Waterford, and His Royal Highness condemned the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. They also visited the Waterford city centre, met with members of the Ukrainian community, toured a selection of museums and learned about the history of Reginald's Tower. In County Tipperary, the couple toured a farmers market in Cahir, and visited Cahir Castle and the Rock of Cashel. 17–19 May 2022  Canada St. John's, Ottawa, Yellowknife, Dettah In St. John's on 17 May, the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall participated in moment of reflection and prayer at the Heart Garden with Indigenous leaders and community members, in the spirit of reconciliation. On 18 May, the Prince of Wales was invested as an Extraordinary Commander of the Order of Military Merit by the governor general. The couple later participated in a wreath laying ceremony at the National War Memorial, and met with Canadian Ukrainian organisations and community members. Later, the Prince participated in discussions on employment and sustainability with participants of The Prince's Trust Canada. In the evening, the governor general hosted a reception at Rideau Hall for the couple. RoseAnne Archibald, National Chief of the Assembly of First Nations, appealed directly to the Prince and asked for an apology from the Queen in her capacity as monarch and head of the Church of England for the wrongful acts committed in the past by the Crown and the church in relation to Indigenous peoples. She said that the Prince "acknowledged" failures by Canadian governments in handling the relationship between the Crown and indigenous people, which she said "really meant something". On 19 May, the couple arrived in Yellowknife and Dettah. In Dettah, they visited a Dene First Nation community. The Prince held discussions with local chiefs and elders, and met local food producers at the Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre. The Duchess visited Kaw Tay Whee School, and later visited a YWCA transitional housing centre for women and their children. Later, the Prince and the Duchess marked the Jubilee at the Ceremonial Circle with a presentation of various plants and flowers that will be included in the Northwest Territories' Platinum Jubilee Garden. 25 May 2022  Romania Bucharest On 25 May 2022, the Prince of Wales travelled to Bucharest and, along with Margareta, Custodian of the Crown of Romania, visited a centre helping Ukrainian refugees displaced by the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. 21–24 June 2022  Rwanda Kigali The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall travelled to Kigali, where the Prince represented the Queen at Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting. The couple also visited the Kigali Genocide Memorial and the Prince toured a church outside Kigali where victims of the Rwandan genocide were buried. The Prince told the CHOGM that the decision as to whether to keep the Queen as head of state, or become a republic, were purely a matter for each member country to decide, and suggested that changes can be made "calmly and without rancour". His Royal Highness also expressed "his personal sorrow" at the suffering caused by the slave trade in some of the countries and described acknowledging the wrongs of the past as a necessity for the Commonwealth countries to realise their potential. As King Date Country Areas visited Details Host 29–31 March 2023  Germany Berlin, Hamburg Accompanied by the Queen, in Berlin the King attended a state banquet hosted by President Steinmeier. He also became the first British monarch to address the Bundestag. The King met with Ukrainian refugees as well as a joint German/British military unit. In Hamburg, the King lay a wreath at the St. Nicholas Memorial and visited Port of Hamburg to focus on the green energy. President Steinmeier 2–6 June 2023  Romania Bucharest, Valea Zălanului, Viscri The King was received at the Cotroceni Palace by President Iohannis, and also travelled to his residences in Valea Zălanului and Viscri. The Queen did not accompany him on the visit to Romania. President Iohannis 20–22 September 2023  France Paris, Bordeaux Accompanied by the Queen, the King attended a state banquet hosted by President Macron. He also became the first British monarch to address the French Senate. Initially, they were due to visit France before travelling to Germany, but that trip was postponed because of the 2023 French pension reform strikes. President Macron 31 October–3 November 2023  Kenya Nairobi, Mombasa The King and Queen's programme reflected the ways in which Kenya and the United Kingdom were working together, notably to boost mutual prosperity, tackle climate change, promote youth opportunity and employment, advance sustainable development and create a more stable and secure region. President Ruto 30 November–1 December 2023  United Arab Emirates Dubai The King attended COP28. 6 June 2024  France Normandy The King and Queen attended an event organised by the Ministry of Defence and the Royal British Legion at the British Normandy Memorial to mark the 80th anniversary of D-Day. President Macron See also List of state visits received by Charles III List of state visits made by Elizabeth II List of Commonwealth visits made by Elizabeth II List of official overseas trips made by William, Prince of Wales, and Catherine, Princess of Wales List of official overseas trips made by Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, and Meghan, Duchess of Sussex References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj "Court Circular". The Royal Family. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. 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Retrieved 6 June 2024. vteCharles IIIKing of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms (2022–present)Realms Antigua and Barbuda Australia The Bahamas Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica New Zealand Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Solomon Islands Tuvalu United Kingdom Titles andhonours Head of the Commonwealth Defender of the Faith Supreme Governor of the Church of England Head of the Armed Forces Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces Head of the Armed Forces (New Zealand) Lord of Mann Duke of Normandy King's Official Birthday Flags Family Camilla Shand (wife) Diana Spencer (former wife) William, Prince of Wales (elder son) Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (younger son) Elizabeth II (mother) Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (father) Anne, Princess Royal (sister) Prince Andrew, Duke of York (brother) Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh (brother) Mountbatten-Windsor (family) Life as Prince of Wales Investiture Coronet First wedding guest list Second wedding Prince of Wales v Associated Newspapers Ltd black spider memos 2022 State Opening of Parliament 2022 royal tour of Canada Accession andcoronation Proclamation of accession Coronation Medal Concert guest list Coronation quiche Scottish service Reign Household Prime ministers Operation Menai Bridge State and official visits 2023 visits to France; Kenya Trooping the Colour 2023 2024 State Opening of Parliament 2023 2024 Charitiesand campaigns Mutton Renaissance Campaign The Prince's Charities British Asian Trust Business in the Community Children & the Arts In Kind Direct iwill Campaign The Prince's Countryside Fund The King's Foundation The Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health The Prince's School of Traditional Arts King Charles III Charitable Fund Royal Drawing School Turquoise Mountain Foundation Youth Business Scotland The Prince's May Day Network Prince's Trust ResidencesAs Prince of Wales Clarence House (official) Highgrove House (private) Birkhall Llwynywermod As King Buckingham Palace (official) Windsor Castle (official) Holyrood Palace (official, Scotland) Hillsborough Castle (official, Northern Ireland) Sandringham House (private) Balmoral Castle (private) Craigowan Lodge (private) Awards givenand created List of awards received Prince of Wales's Intelligence Community Awards Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership The Sun Military Awards Business ventures Duchy Home Farm Dumfries House Highgrove House Shops Knockroon Nansledan Poundbury Waitrose Duchy Organic DepictionsTelevised addresses Royal address to the nation Royal Christmas Message Documentaries Royal Family (1969) Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role (1994) Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work (2007) Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute (2016) Charles R: The Making of a Monarch (2023) Charles III: The Coronation Year (2023) Filmand television Chorus Girls (1981) Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story (1982) The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana (1982) Spitting Image (1984–1996, 2020–2021) Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After (1992) Willi und die Windzors (1996) Whatever Love Means (2005) The Queen (2006 film) The Queen (2009 TV serial) King Charles III (2017 film) The Windsors (2016–2020 TV series) The Crown (2016–2023) The Prince (2021) Spencer (2021) Plays Her Royal Highness..? (1981) King Charles III (2014) Diana (2019/2021) The Windsors: Endgame (2021) Music Buckingham Blues (1983) Prince Charles (1986) Portraits Jonathan Yeo (2024) Bibliography The Old Man of Lochnagar (1980) A Vision of Britain: A Personal View of Architecture (1989) Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World (2010) Climate Change (2023) Eponyms Prince Charles Island Prince Charles Mountains Prince Charles stream tree frog ← Elizabeth II

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[{"title":"List of state visits received by Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_visits_received_by_Charles_III"},{"title":"List of state visits made by Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_visits_made_by_Elizabeth_II"},{"title":"List of Commonwealth visits made by Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_visits_made_by_Elizabeth_II"},{"title":"List of official overseas trips made by William, Prince of Wales, and Catherine, Princess of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_official_overseas_trips_made_by_William,_Prince_of_Wales,_and_Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"title":"List of official overseas trips made by Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, and Meghan, Duchess of Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_official_overseas_trips_made_by_Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex,_and_Meghan,_Duchess_of_Sussex"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_European_Track_Championships_(under-23_%26_junior)

2011 European Track Championships (under-23 & junior)

["1 Medal summary","1.1 Under 23","1.2 Junior","2 Medal table","3 References","4 External links"]

See also: 2011 European Track Championships 2011 European Track Championships (under-23 & junior)2011 European Track Championships (under-23 & junior) logoVenueAnadia, PortugalDate(s) (2011-07-26 - 2011-07-31)26–31 July 2011VelodromeVelódromo Nacional de SangalhosEvents38← 20102012 → The 2011 European Track Championships were the European Championships for track cycling. The junior and under 23 riders events took place at the Velódromo Nacional de Sangalhos in Anadia, Portugal from 26 to 31 July 2011. Medal summary Under 23 Event Gold Silver Bronze Men's events Men's under-23 sprint Stefan Bötticher Germany Charlie Conord France Callum Skinner Great Britain Men's under-23 1 km time trial Quentin Lafargue France 1:02.142 Joachim Eilers Germany 1:02.573 Eric Engler Germany 1:03.197 Men's under-23 individual pursuit Artur Ershov Russia 4:26.276 Sergey Chernetskiy Russia caught Albert Torres  Spain 4:31.544 Men's under-23 team pursuit Sergey ChernetskiyArtur ErshovMaxim KozyrevKirill Sveshnikov Russia 4:05.120 Mark ChristianSamuel HarrisonJoseph KellyErick Rowsell Great Britain 4:08.445 Olivier BeerSilvan DillierJan KellerCyrille Thièry  Switzerland 4:07.613 Men's under-23 team sprint Erik BalzerStefan BötticherJoachim Eilers Germany 44.477 Philip HindesPeter MitchellCallum Skinner Great Britain 44.930 Aleksey TkachevVadim BerbenyukDenis Shurshin Russia 44.790 Men's under-23 keirin Stefan Bötticher Germany Joachim Eilers Germany Marc Schroder Germany Men's under-23 scratch race Davide Cimolai Italy Luke Rowe Great Britain Viktor Shmalko Russia Men's under-23 points race Elia Viviani Italy 54 pts Nick Stöpler Netherlands 42 pts Jonathan Mould Great Britain 38 pts U23 Men's Madison Silvan DillierCyrille Thièry  Switzerland 5 pts Elia VivianiDavide Cimolai Italy 16 pts (-1 lap) Yoeri HavikNick Stöpler Netherlands 14 pts (-1 lap) U23 Men's Omnium Elia Viviani Italy 25 pts Roy Eefting Netherlands 27 pts Moreno De Pauw Belgium 31 pts Women's events Women's under-23 sprint Victoria Baranova Russia Olivia Montauban France Jessica Varnish Great Britain Women's under-23 500 m time trial Jessica Varnish Great Britain 34.596 Becky James Great Britain 35.017 Victoria Baranova Russia 35.038 Women's under-23 individual pursuit Laura Trott Great Britain 3:34.186 Katarzyna Pawłowska Poland caught Eugenia Bujak Poland 3:45.057 Women's under-23 team pursuit Katie ColcloughDani KingLaura Trott Great Britain 3:22.222 Eugenia BujakKatarzyna PawłowskaMałgorzata Wojtyra Poland caught Alexandra GoncharovaElena LichmanovaLidiya Malakhova Russia 3:33.307 Women's under-23 team sprint Becky JamesJessica Varnish Great Britain 33.912 Elena BrezhnivaEkaterina Gnidenko Russia 34.341 Małgorzata WojtyraNatalia Rutkowska Poland 35.252 Women's under-23 keirin Victoria Baranova Russia Olivia Montauban France Ekaterina Gnidenko Russia Women's under-23 scratch race Laura Trott Great Britain Małgorzata Wojtyra Poland Shannon McCurley Ireland Women's under-23 points race Valentina Scandolara Italy 40 pts Katie Colclough Great Britain 30 pts Katarzyna Pawłowska Poland 29 pts U23 Women's Omnium Małgorzata Wojtyra Poland 15 pts Dani King Great Britain 16 pts Laura van der Kamp Netherlands 31 pts Junior Event Gold Silver Bronze Men's events Junior Men's Sprint John Paul Great Britain Nikita Shurshin Russia Max Niederlag Germany Junior Men's 1 km Time Trial Benjamin Edelin France 1:03.867 José Moreno Sánchez Spain 1:04.993 Benjamin Konig Germany 1:05.008 Junior Men's Individual Pursuit Jonathan Dibben Great Britain 3:19.018 Owain Doull Great Britain 3:24.223 Kévin Lesellier France 3:22.363 Junior Men's Team Pursuit Jonathan DibbenOwain DoullSamuel LoweJoshua Papworth Great Britain 4:11.762 Royan IulevAleksey RyabkinAndrey SazanovEugeny Zateshilov Russia 4:19.240 Thomas BoudatMarc FournierKévin LesellierMaxime Piveteau France 4:12.641 Junior Men's Team Sprint Benjamin EdelinAnthony JacquesJulien Palma France 46.256 Max NiederlagBenjamin KonigPascal Ackermann Germany 46.452 Alexander SharapovNikita ShurshinVictor Nenastin Russia 46.723 Junior Men's Keirin John Paul Great Britain Max Niederlag Germany Julien Palma France Junior Men's Scratch Yoan Verardo France Marc Sarreau France Samuel Lowe Great Britain Junior Men's Points Race Julio Amores Spain 37 pts Théry Schir  Switzerland 34 pts Joshua Papworth Great Britain 33 pts Junior Men's Madison Stefan KüngThéry Schir  Switzerland 13 pts Jan KrausFrantišek Sisr Czech Republic 11 pts Jonas RickaertOtto Vergaerde Belgium 9 pts Junior Men's Omnium Ahmet Örken Turkey 22 pts Jasper De Buyst Belgium 22 pts Owain Doull Great Britain 28 pts Women's events Junior Women's Sprint Anastasia Voynova Russia Victoria Williamson Great Britain Tamara Balabolina Russia Junior Women's 500 m Time Trial Anastasia Voynova Russia 35.245 Victoria Williamson Great Britain 36.185 Elis Ligtlee Netherlands 36.213 Junior Women's Individual Pursuit Alexandra Chekina Russia 2:28.001 Elinor Barker Great Britain 2:30.787 Beatrice Bartelloni Italy 2:32.297 Junior Women's Team Pursuit Beatrice BartelloniMaria Giulia ConfalonieriChiara Vannucci Italy 3:32.887 Alexandra ChekinaGulnaz BadykovaSvetlana Kashirina Russia 3:36.998 Eugénie DuvalEloïse BecValentine Mori France 3:33.679 Junior Women's Team Sprint Anastasia VoynovaTamara Balabolina Russia 35.497 Victoria WilliamsonJessica Crampton Great Britain 35.720 Dominika BorkowskaUrszula Los Poland 36.668 Junior Women's Keirin Anastasia Voynova Russia Stella Tomassini Italy Lisa Gamba Italy Junior Women's Scratch Giulia Donato Italy Gabriela Slamova Czech Republic Roxane Fournier France Junior Women's Points Race Maria Giulia Confalonieri Italy 22 pts Svetlana Kashirina Russia 17 pts Kelly Markus Netherlands 13 pts Junior Women's Omnium Chiara Vannucci Italy 20 pts Alina Bondarenko Russia 20 pts Laudine Genée France 24 pts Medal table RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 GBR9106252 RUS987243 ITA722114 FRA445135 GER354126 ESP2114  SUI21148 POL13489 TUR100110 NED025711 BEL012312 CZE010113 IRL0011Totals (13 entries)383838114 References ^ "UEC U23 European Track Championships 2011". British Cycling. 31 July 2011. ^ "European Track Championships U23/Juniors 2011". Cycling News. 31 July 2011. ^ official results uvp.fpc.pt External links Official website vteUEC European Track ChampionshipsEditionsElite competitions 2010 Pruszków 2011 Apeldoorn 2012 Panevėžys 2013 Apeldoorn 2014 Guadeloupe 2015 Grenchen 2016 Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines 2017 Berlin 2018 Glasgow 2019 Apeldoorn 2020 Plovdiv 2021 Grenchen 2022 Munich 2023 Grenchen 2024 Apeldoorn U-23 and junior competitions ‡as European Track Championships 2001 Brno & Fiorenzuola‡ 2002 Büttgen‡ 2003 Moscow‡ 2004 Valencia‡ 2005 Fiorenzuola‡ 2006 Athens‡ 2007 Cottbus‡ 2008 Pruszków‡ 2009 Minsk‡ 2010 St Petersburg 2011 Anadia 2012 Anadia 2013 Anadia 2014 Anadia 2015 Athens 2016 Montichiari 2017 Sangalhos 2018 Aigle 2019 Ghent 2020 Fiorenzuola d'Arda 2021 Apeldoorn 2022 Anadia 2023 Anadia 2024 Cottbus EventsElite men's Team pursuit Sprint Team sprint Keirin Points race Scratch race Individual pursuit 1 km time trial Omnium Elimination race Madison Elite women's Team pursuit Sprint Team sprint Keirin Points race Scratch race Individual pursuit 500 m time trial Omnium Elimination race Madison Men's under-23 Team pursuit Sprint Team sprint Keirin Points race Scratch race Individual pursuit 1 km time trial Women's under-23 Team pursuit Sprint Team sprint Keirin Points race Scratch race Individual pursuit 500m time trial Countries ... Belarus France Great Britain Netherlands Poland ...

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_son_del_mambo

Al son del mambo

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reviews","4 References","5 External links"]

1950 film by Chano Urueta Al son del mamboDirected byChano UruetaWritten byPedro Galindo, Antonio Guzmán AguileraProduced byPedro GalindoStarringAmalia AguilarAdalberto MartínezRita MontanerCinematographyAgustin JimenezMusic byJorge PerezRelease date October 7, 1950 (1950-10-07) (México) Running time89 minCountryMexicoLanguageSpanish Al son del mambo (English: To the Sound of the Mambo) is a 1950 Mexican musical film. It is directed by Chano Urueta and starring Amalia Aguilar and Adalberto Martínez. Plot Don Chonito Godinez (Adalberto Martínez), the wealthy owner of a business of Mexican enchiladas, flees Mexico to escape to the modern life and tries to find comfort in Havana. Don Chonito is convinced by a restoring called Maria La O (Amparo Arozamena) for days at a resort in the country. There, he coincides with his sister (Esther Luquín), a depressed American woman (Joan Page), a composer (Roberto Romagna) and two detectives (Joaquín García "Borolas" and Mario Garcia "Harapos"), which should give him some very important information. Under the administration of the Cuban singer Rita Montaner, and with songs and dances provided by her daughter Reyna (Amalia Aguilar), the estate which houses the complex, is a kind of cabaret that works all day. So the owners and all his friends (including the "King of Mambo" Damaso Perez Prado with full orchestra), Don Chonito decide to enjoy himself, doing nothing. Cast Amalia Aguilar ... Reyna Adalberto Martínez "Resortes" ... Don Chonito Roberto Romaña ... Roberto Dávila Rita Montaner ... Rita Amparo Arozamena ... María La O Esther Luquin ... Linda Joaquín García "Borolas" Mario García "Harapos" Anabel Gutiérrez Joan Page Nacho Contla Damaso Perez Prado Juan Bruno Tarraza Dolly Sisters Beny Moré Los Tres Diamantes Pedro Galindo Galarza Chucho Martínez Gil Chelo La Rue & ballet Alberto Domínguez Yeyo Reviews The music of the Cuba Damaso Perez Prado could not go unnoticed in the Mexican cinema of the 1950s. Chano Urueta was the director responsible for giving life to this musical revue with a minimal plot, in which Roberto Romagna served as presenter, and the eccentric comedian Adalberto Martínez "Resortes" with the figure of Amalia Aguilar, rose like star in a film rife with musical numbers and attractive presences. The film is a document of great value for the musical rhythms of those days, with numbers of great artists like Rita Montaner and Perez Prado and the singer Pedro Galindo with mariachis, pianist Juan Bruno Tarraza and many others. Besides the music of Perez Prado, one also has the opportunity to see him as an actor, and watch "Resortes", Aguilar, Page, the voluptuous Dolly Sisters, and the young rising star Anabel Gutiérrez, enjoying the rhythm of the mambo. References ^ Las rumberas del Cine Mexicano. Editorial televisa. p. 50. External links Al son del mambo at IMDb Credits vteFilms directed by Chano Urueta El Destino (1928) Profanación (1933) The Scandal (1934) Enemigos (1934) Una Mujer en venta (1934) Clemencia (1935) Sistemas de riego en Ciudad Delicias, Chihuahua y en Ciudad Anáhuac, Nuevo León (1936) Jalisco nunca pierde (1937) Canción del alma (1938) Hombres de mar (1938) María (1938) Mi candidato (1938) El Signo de la muerte (1939) The Night of the Mayas (1939) ¡Que viene mi marido! (1940) Los de abajo (1940) La Liga de las canciones (1941) The Count of Monte Cristo (1942) Ave sin nido (1943) El Misterioso señor Marquina (1943) Guadalajara (1943) No matarás (1943) El Camino de los gatos (1944) Le Corsaire noir (1944) Camino de Sacramento (1945) El Recuerdo de aquella noche (1945) El Superhombre (1946) La Noche y tú (1946) Mujer (1947) De pecado en pecado (1948) The Desire (1948) En los altos de Jalisco (1948) The Flesh Commands (1948) Jalisco Fair (1948) La feria de Jalisco (1948) La Norteña de mis amores (1948) La Santa del barrio (1948) Se la llevó el Remington (1948) Si Adelita se fuera con otro (1948) Dos almas en el mundo (1949) El Abandonado (1949) El Gran campeón (1949) No me quieras tanto... (1949) Rayito de luna (1949) Ventarrón (1949) Yo maté a Juan Charrasqueado (1949) Al son del mambo (1950) El Desalmado (1950) La Gota de sangre (1950) Mi preferida (1950) Del can-can al mambo (1951) La Estatua de carne (1951) Manos de seda (1951) Peregrina (1951) Serenade in Acapulco (1951) El Cuarto cerrado (1952) Mi campeón (1952) Música, mujeres y amor (1952) El Monstruo resucitado (1953) The Magnificent Beast (1953) Quiéreme porque me muero (1953) ¿Por qué ya no me quieres? (1954) La Bruja (1954) La Desconocida (1954) La Perversa (1954) Se solicitan modelos (1954) La Rival (1955) El Seductor (1955) El Túnel 6 (1955) El Vendedor de muñecas (1955) La Ilegítima (1956) Serenata en México (1956) El Jinete sin cabeza (1957) El Ratón (1957) Furias desatadas (1957) La Cabeza de Pancho Villa (1957) La Marca de Satanás (1957) Secuestro diabólico (1957) El Jinete negro (1958) Cuando se quiere se quiere (1959) Del suelo no paso (1959) Los Hermanos Diablo (1959) No soy monedita de oro (1959) Bala perdida (1960) El Torneo de la muerte (1960) Herencia trágica (1960) Las Canciones unidas (1960) Los Tigres del ring (1960) Revolver en guardia (1960) Una Bala es mi testigo (1960) Fatal Vengeance (1960) The Witch's Mirror (1960) El Hombre de la ametralladora (1961) Guantes de oro (1961) Tres Romeos y una Julieta (1961) Camino de la horca (1962) El Asaltacaminos (1962) Le Baron de la terreur (1962) Pilotos de la muerte (1962) La Cabeza viviente (1963) La Muerte en el desfiladero (1963) Los Chacales (1963) Cinco asesinos esperan (1964) El Ciclón de Jalisco (1964) El Robo al tren correo (1964) Lupe Balazos (1964) Demonio azul (1965) Especialista en chamacas (1965) Alma grande (1966) Blue Demon contra el poder satánico (1966) Los Gavilanes negros (1966) Blue Demon contra cerebros infernales (1968) Blue Demon contra las diabólicas (1968) El As de oros (1968) La Puerta y la mujer del carnicero (1968) The Bridge in the Jungle (1971) Tu camino y el mio (1973) Los Leones del ring contra la Cosa Nostra (1974) Los Leones del ring (1974) This article related to a Mexican film of the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a musical film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film"},{"link_name":"Chano Urueta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chano_Urueta"},{"link_name":"Amalia Aguilar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalia_Aguilar"},{"link_name":"Adalberto Martínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalberto_Mart%C3%ADnez"}],"text":"Al son del mambo (English: To the Sound of the Mambo) is a 1950 Mexican musical film. It is directed by Chano Urueta and starring Amalia Aguilar and Adalberto Martínez.","title":"Al son del mambo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adalberto Martínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalberto_Mart%C3%ADnez"},{"link_name":"enchiladas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchilada"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"Amparo Arozamena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amparo_Arozamena"},{"link_name":"Rita Montaner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Montaner"},{"link_name":"Amalia Aguilar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalia_Aguilar"},{"link_name":"Damaso Perez Prado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaso_Perez_Prado"}],"text":"Don Chonito Godinez (Adalberto Martínez), the wealthy owner of a business of Mexican enchiladas, flees Mexico to escape to the modern life and tries to find comfort in Havana. Don Chonito is convinced by a restoring called Maria La O (Amparo Arozamena) for days at a resort in the country. There, he coincides with his sister (Esther Luquín), a depressed American woman (Joan Page), a composer (Roberto Romagna) and two detectives (Joaquín García \"Borolas\" and Mario Garcia \"Harapos\"), which should give him some very important information. Under the administration of the Cuban singer Rita Montaner, and with songs and dances provided by her daughter Reyna (Amalia Aguilar), the estate which houses the complex, is a kind of cabaret that works all day. So the owners and all his friends (including the \"King of Mambo\" Damaso Perez Prado with full orchestra), Don Chonito decide to enjoy himself, doing nothing.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amalia Aguilar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalia_Aguilar"},{"link_name":"Adalberto Martínez \"Resortes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalberto_Mart%C3%ADnez"},{"link_name":"Rita Montaner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Montaner"},{"link_name":"Amparo Arozamena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amparo_Arozamena"},{"link_name":"Damaso Perez Prado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaso_Perez_Prado"},{"link_name":"Beny Moré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beny_Mor%C3%A9"}],"text":"Amalia Aguilar ... Reyna\nAdalberto Martínez \"Resortes\" ... Don Chonito\nRoberto Romaña ... Roberto Dávila\nRita Montaner ... Rita\nAmparo Arozamena ... María La O\nEsther Luquin ... Linda\nJoaquín García \"Borolas\"\nMario García \"Harapos\"\nAnabel Gutiérrez\nJoan Page\nNacho Contla\nDamaso Perez Prado\nJuan Bruno Tarraza\nDolly Sisters\nBeny Moré\nLos Tres Diamantes\nPedro Galindo Galarza\nChucho Martínez Gil\nChelo La Rue & ballet\nAlberto Domínguez\nYeyo","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexican cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_cinema"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Las_rumberas_del_Cien_Mexicano:_La_alegria_de_la_rumba:_Amalia_Aguilar-1"}],"text":"The music of the Cuba Damaso Perez Prado could not go unnoticed in the Mexican cinema of the 1950s. Chano Urueta was the director responsible for giving life to this musical revue with a minimal plot, in which Roberto Romagna served as presenter, and the eccentric comedian Adalberto Martínez \"Resortes\" with the figure of Amalia Aguilar, rose like star in a film rife with musical numbers and attractive presences. The film is a document of great value for the musical rhythms of those days, with numbers of great artists like Rita Montaner and Perez Prado and the singer Pedro Galindo with mariachis, pianist Juan Bruno Tarraza and many others. Besides the music of Perez Prado, one also has the opportunity to see him as an actor, and watch \"Resortes\", Aguilar, Page, the voluptuous Dolly Sisters, and the young rising star Anabel Gutiérrez, enjoying the rhythm of the mambo.[1]","title":"Reviews"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Las rumberas del Cine Mexicano. Editorial televisa. p. 50.","urls":[]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0042188/","external_links_name":"Al son del mambo"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230309/http://www.metroflog.com/mexicanmovie79/20110301/1","external_links_name":"Credits"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_son_del_mambo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_son_del_mambo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Boyle

Christine Boyle

["1 Personal life","2 Activism","3 Election campaign","4 Electoral record","5 References"]

Canadian politician Christine BoyleVancouver City CouncillorIncumbentAssumed office November 5, 2018 Personal detailsNationalityCanadianPolitical partyOneCity (municipal)Other politicalaffiliationsNew Democratic (provincial)Residence(s)Vancouver, British ColumbiaOccupationActivistminister Christine Boyle is a Canadian politician in Vancouver, British Columbia, who was elected to Vancouver City Council in the 2018 municipal election. She is a member of OneCity Vancouver. She is a climate justice activist, United Church minister, and community organizer. Personal life Boyle lives with her partner, writer and activist Seth Klein, and their children in Grandview–Woodlands. Activism Boyle is a founder and director of the Self Care Project, focusing on fostering resilience for activists, and Spirited Social Change. She has been involved in Fossil Free Faith, an organization that encourages faith institutions to divest from fossil fuels. Due to their work, the United Church of Canada divested from fossil fuels in 2015. In 2015, Boyle traveled to the Vatican to participate in events surrounding Laudato Si. She was also a delegate to the COP21 climate talks on behalf of the United Church of Canada. In 2018, Boyle participated in a day of faith-based protests against the Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain pipeline in Burnaby, BC. Election campaign Boyle was motivated to run for office because of her commitment to "tackling the deepening wealth gap , about ensuring that homes are for housing people rather than profits, and about deepening community engagement to build a better city together". She ran alongside Brandon Yan after winning the OneCity Vancouver candidate nomination in June 2018. Boyle won a seat on Vancouver City Council in October 2018 with 45,529 votes, making her the first elected city councillor from OneCity Vancouver and one of eight women on the ten-member council. She was re-elected to a second term on Vancouver City Council on October 15, 2022. On April 4, 2024, Boyle was nominated to run in the seat of Vancouver-Little Mountain for the New Democratic Party of British Columbia in the 2024 provincial election. Electoral record 2022 Vancouver municipal election: Vancouver City Council Party Candidate Votes % Elected ABC Vancouver Sarah Kirby-Yung (X) 72,545 42.30 Y ABC Vancouver Lisa Dominato (X) 70,415 41.05 Y ABC Vancouver Brian Montague 68,618 40.01 Y ABC Vancouver Mike Klassen 65,586 38.24 Y ABC Vancouver Peter Meiszner 63,275 36.90 Y ABC Vancouver Rebecca Bligh (X) 62,765 36.60 Y ABC Vancouver Lenny Zhou 62,393 36.39 Y Green Adriane Carr (X) 41,831 24.39 Y OneCity Christine Boyle (X) 38,465 22.43 Y Green Pete Fry (X) 37,270 21.73 Y 2018 Vancouver municipal election: Vancouver City Council Party Candidate Votes Elected Green Adriane Carr 69,739 Y Green Pete Fry 61,806 Y NPA Melissa De Genova 53,251 Y COPE Jean Swanson 48,865 Y NPA Colleen Hardwick 47,747 Y Green Michael Wiebe 45,593 Y OneCity Christine Boyle 45,455 Y NPA Lisa Dominato 44,689 Y NPA Rebecca Bligh 44,053 Y NPA Sarah Kirby-Yung 43,581 Y References ^ Fumano, Dan (November 6, 2018). "Collegiality reigns as Vancouver's new council starts work". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved November 7, 2018. ^ "Christine Boyle joins CMUC as Minister of Community Life - Canadian Memorial United Church". Canadian Memorial United Church. December 16, 2015. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 22, 2018. ^ "Christine Boyle for City Council - A Vancouver to Live and Belong In". christineboyle.ca. Retrieved October 22, 2018. ^ "East Vancouver social housing and services hub goes to proposal stage". Star Metro Vancouver. Retrieved October 22, 2018. ^ "Their Home Was a Gas Guzzler. Not Anymore". Asparagus Magazine. June 17, 2022. Retrieved August 26, 2023. ^ "The Self Care Project". Self Care Project. Retrieved October 22, 2018. ^ "Spirited Social Change | Change with Heart". Spirited Social Change. Retrieved October 22, 2018. ^ Johnson, Pat. "Keeping the Fossil Free Faith". Vancouver Courier. Retrieved October 22, 2018. ^ Perkins, Martha. "These two young activists are fuelled by faith". Vancouver Courier. Retrieved October 22, 2018. ^ "Meet Our COP21 Delegates". The United Church of Canada. November 20, 2015. Retrieved October 22, 2018. ^ Boothby, Lauren. "Protesting pastors arrested at Kinder Morgan facility in Burnaby". Vancouver Courier. Retrieved October 22, 2018. ^ "Why I'm Running - Christine Boyle for City Council - A Vancouver to Live and Belong In". christineboyle.ca. Retrieved October 22, 2018. ^ "OneCity nominates Christine Boyle and Brandon Yan to run for Vancouver city council". Georgia Straight Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly. June 16, 2018. Retrieved October 22, 2018. ^ "Election results (unofficial)". City of Vancouver. October 20, 2018. Retrieved October 22, 2018. ^ "Vancouver election: New Mayor Kennedy Stewart prepares to lead mixed council". Vancouver Sun. October 22, 2018. Retrieved October 22, 2018. ^ "Christine Boyle on new voices at Vancouver city hall | Watch News Videos Online". Global News. Retrieved October 22, 2018. ^ Kronbauer, Bob (October 21, 2018). "Vancouver just elected 8 women to City Council". Vancouver Is Awesome. Retrieved October 22, 2018. ^ "Official 2022 Vancouver election results". City of Vancouver. Retrieved August 26, 2023. ^ Pandey-Kanaan, Aastha (April 4, 2024). "Christine Boyle elected as BCNDP candidate for Vancouver-Little Mountain riding". CityNews Vancouver. Retrieved April 4, 2024. vteMembers of Vancouver City Council since 20222022 Vancouver municipal election Ken Sim Rebecca Bligh Christine Boyle Adriane Carr Lisa Dominato Pete Fry Sarah Kirby-Yung Mike Klassen Peter Meiszner Brian Montague Lenny Zhou

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[]

[{"reference":"Fumano, Dan (November 6, 2018). \"Collegiality reigns as Vancouver's new council starts work\". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved November 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/vancouvers-new-mayor-and-council-to-be-sworn-in-monday-afternoon","url_text":"\"Collegiality reigns as Vancouver's new council starts work\""}]},{"reference":"\"Christine Boyle joins CMUC as Minister of Community Life - Canadian Memorial United Church\". Canadian Memorial United Church. December 16, 2015. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091242/http://canadianmemorial.org/christine-boyle-joins-cmuc-as-minister-of-community-life/","url_text":"\"Christine Boyle joins CMUC as Minister of Community Life - Canadian Memorial United Church\""},{"url":"http://canadianmemorial.org/christine-boyle-joins-cmuc-as-minister-of-community-life/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Christine Boyle for City Council - A Vancouver to Live and Belong In\". christineboyle.ca. Retrieved October 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://christineboyle.ca/","url_text":"\"Christine Boyle for City Council - A Vancouver to Live and Belong In\""}]},{"reference":"\"East Vancouver social housing and services hub goes to proposal stage\". Star Metro Vancouver. Retrieved October 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/vancouver/2018/05/02/east-vancouver-social-housing-and-services-hub-goes-to-proposal-stage.html","url_text":"\"East Vancouver social housing and services hub goes to proposal stage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Their Home Was a Gas Guzzler. Not Anymore\". Asparagus Magazine. June 17, 2022. Retrieved August 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asparagusmagazine.com/articles/seth-klein-christine-boyle-replaced-gas-appliances-in-vancouver-home-with-heat-pump-and-induction","url_text":"\"Their Home Was a Gas Guzzler. Not Anymore\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Self Care Project\". Self Care Project. Retrieved October 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://theselfcareproject.org/","url_text":"\"The Self Care Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spirited Social Change | Change with Heart\". Spirited Social Change. Retrieved October 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spiritedsocialchange.org/about/","url_text":"\"Spirited Social Change | Change with Heart\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Pat. \"Keeping the Fossil Free Faith\". Vancouver Courier. Retrieved October 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vancourier.com/community/keeping-the-fossil-free-faith-1.2035671","url_text":"\"Keeping the Fossil Free Faith\""}]},{"reference":"Perkins, Martha. \"These two young activists are fuelled by faith\". Vancouver Courier. Retrieved October 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vancourier.com/news/these-two-young-activists-are-fuelled-by-faith-1.16450791","url_text":"\"These two young activists are fuelled by faith\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Our COP21 Delegates\". The United Church of Canada. November 20, 2015. Retrieved October 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.united-church.ca/news/meet-our-cop21-delegates","url_text":"\"Meet Our COP21 Delegates\""}]},{"reference":"Boothby, Lauren. \"Protesting pastors arrested at Kinder Morgan facility in Burnaby\". Vancouver Courier. Retrieved October 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vancourier.com/news/protesting-pastors-arrested-at-kinder-morgan-facility-in-burnaby-1.23275660","url_text":"\"Protesting pastors arrested at Kinder Morgan facility in Burnaby\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why I'm Running - Christine Boyle for City Council - A Vancouver to Live and Belong In\". christineboyle.ca. Retrieved October 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://christineboyle.ca/why-im-running/","url_text":"\"Why I'm Running - Christine Boyle for City Council - A Vancouver to Live and Belong In\""}]},{"reference":"\"OneCity nominates Christine Boyle and Brandon Yan to run for Vancouver city council\". Georgia Straight Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly. June 16, 2018. Retrieved October 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.straight.com/news/1091171/onecity-nominates-christine-boyle-and-brandon-yan-run-vancouver-city-council","url_text":"\"OneCity nominates Christine Boyle and Brandon Yan to run for Vancouver city council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election results (unofficial)\". City of Vancouver. October 20, 2018. Retrieved October 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://vancouver.ca/your-government/election-results-2018.aspx#section54116","url_text":"\"Election results (unofficial)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vancouver election: New Mayor Kennedy Stewart prepares to lead mixed council\". Vancouver Sun. October 22, 2018. Retrieved October 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/vancouver-election-new-mayor-kennedy-stewart-prepares-to-lead-mixed-council","url_text":"\"Vancouver election: New Mayor Kennedy Stewart prepares to lead mixed council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Christine Boyle on new voices at Vancouver city hall | Watch News Videos Online\". Global News. Retrieved October 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/video/4578328/christine-boyle-on-new-voices-at-vancouver-city-hall","url_text":"\"Christine Boyle on new voices at Vancouver city hall | Watch News Videos Online\""}]},{"reference":"Kronbauer, Bob (October 21, 2018). \"Vancouver just elected 8 women to City Council\". Vancouver Is Awesome. Retrieved October 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vancouverisawesome.com/2018/10/21/vancouver-city-council-2018/","url_text":"\"Vancouver just elected 8 women to City Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official 2022 Vancouver election results\". City of Vancouver. Retrieved August 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://vancouver.ca/news-calendar/official-2022-vancouver-election-results.aspx","url_text":"\"Official 2022 Vancouver election results\""}]},{"reference":"Pandey-Kanaan, Aastha (April 4, 2024). \"Christine Boyle elected as BCNDP candidate for Vancouver-Little Mountain riding\". CityNews Vancouver. Retrieved April 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2024/04/04/christine-boyle-elected-vancouver-little-mountain/#:~:text=Vancouver%20city%20councillor%20Christine%20Boyle,Reimer%20in%20the%20nomination%20race.","url_text":"\"Christine Boyle elected as BCNDP candidate for Vancouver-Little Mountain riding\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Nancy-Lorraine

AS Nancy Lorraine

["1 History","2 Home Stadium","3 Players","3.1 Current squad","3.2 Notable former players","4 Club officials","4.1 Managerial history","5 Honours","5.1 Domestic","6 References","7 External links"]

Football clubNancyFull nameAssociation Sportive Nancy LorraineNickname(s)Les Chardons (The Thistles)Founded1967; 57 years ago (1967)GroundStade Marcel PicotCapacity20,087OwnerChien Lee Krishen SudChairmanNicolas HolveckManagerPablo CorreaLeagueChampionnat National2023–24Championnat National, 6th of 18WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Current season Association Sportive Nancy Lorraine (French pronunciation: ), known as AS Nancy Lorraine, and more commonly as Nancy, is a French football club founded in 1967 and based in Nancy, Grand Est. The club plays its home matches at the Stade Marcel Picot located in Tomblaine in the inner suburbs of Nancy, and currently competes in the Championnat National, the third tier of French football. The club was founded in 1910 by Maurice de Vienne under the name of Union sportive Frontière, then was later renamed Association sportive Lorraine in 1928. In 1967, following the collapse of FC Nancy, the club created a professional section and as such changed its name to become Association Sportive Nancy Lorraine. The club currently plays at the Stade Marcel-Picot, a 20,000 seats capacity stadium located in the town of Tomblaine, where its head office is also located. The infrastructures of the training center are located within the forest of Haye business park, in Bois-de-Haye. The club has won 7 titles until this day: the Coupe de France (1978), the Coupe de la Ligue (2006) and five Ligue 2 champion titles (1975, 1990, 1998, 2005 and 2016). The club also has three participations in European competitions to its credit: one participation in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1979 and two participations in the UEFA Europa League in 2007 and 2008. In December 2020, Chien Lee, PMG, Partners Path Capital and Krishen Sud acquired AS Nancy Lorraine and Chien Lee became the chairman of the board, replacing Jacques Rousselot who had been in charge since 1995. ASNL is renowned as a club with a good training center. One of the club's most notable players is Michel Platini, the former president of UEFA. Platini began his career at the club in 1972, playing eight seasons with Nancy. He scored the only goal in the aforementioned Coupe de France final and won two French Player of the Year awards whilst playing with the club. Platini also established himself as a French international while at the club and went on to achieve numerous team and individual accolades after his departure from Nancy. He is considered to be, arguably, the club's greatest player ever and, upon entering the section of the club's official website showing Nancy's greats, a picture of a young Platini is displayed. Other notable players to have played for ASNL include Mustapha Hadji, winner of the African Ballon d'Or in 1998, his brother Youssouf Hadji, with more than 300 matches in the colors of the club, Olivier Rouyer and Tony Vairelles. Other players have emerged or shown great promise at the club, such as Tony Cascarino, Jean-Michel Moutier, Roger Lemerre, Aleksandr Zavarov, Bernard Zénier, Clément Lenglet and Michaël Cuisance. History See also: FC Nancy Prior to the creation of AS Nancy, the city of Nancy was host to football by FC Nancy and US Frontière. FC Nancy was formed in 1901, while US Frontière was founded in 1910. Both clubs were a part of the Ligue de Lorraine. FC Nancy continued to play football through the professional transition. The club achieved very little during its 64 years of existence only winning the second division twice in 1946 and 1958. FC Nancy did reach the final of the Coupe de France in 1953 and 1962, however, on both appearances, the club lost to Lille and Saint-Étienne, respectively. In 1965, with the club enduring financial difficulties during the 1963–64 season, mainly due to the club's being abandoned by the city's municipality and its supporters according to its president, Nancy folded shortly before the new season. Supporters in the Nancy stands The idea of a new professional club in the city was thought of by Claude Cuny in spring 1964 based on amateur Association sportive Lorraine, formerly known as Union sportive Frontière. Cuny had previously worked with FC Nancy, but left the club prior to its destruction. Cuny is considered one of the leaders of French football mainly because of his innovative ideas and strategies. After forming Nancy, he created the first youth academy of French football. Prior to the club beginning its life as a football club, Cuny devised a strategy to immerse the club into the city's public. First, he sent out over 18,000 letters and petitions to draw interest to the team. Once the public gained notice, Cuny organised friendly matches to raise funds for the club. After accruing enough money, Cuny sought to turn the club professional, and, despite several setbacks, on 16 June 1967, Nancy were granted professional status and inserted into Division 2, the second level of French football. The club's first manager was René Pleimelding, a former French international who played for FC Nancy. Nancy, subsequently, recruited several former FC Nancy players such as Antoine Redin, as well as players from the region such as Michel Lanini, Gérard Braun and Roger Formica. Michel Platini spent eight seasons with the club. In Nancy's inaugural season of football, the club finished tenth in the league table and reached the Round of 16 in the Coupe de France. Two seasons later, the club earned promotion to Division 1 and finished in 13th place in its first season in the league. In 1972, Michel Platini arrived at the club, initially with the club's reserve team. His first full season as a player came in the 1974–75 season whilst the club was playing in the second division, having suffered relegation from Division 1 the previous season. The season was a success for both club and player: Nancy achieved its first major honour winning Division 2, while Platini appeared in 32 league matches and scored 17 goals. In the ensuing three seasons in Division 1, Nancy, led by Platini, Jean-Michel Moutier, Carlos Curbelo, Paco Rubio and Philippe Jeannol, finished in the top ten. Platini won the French Player of the Year award in two of those seasons. In 1978, Nancy achieved its highest honour to date after winning the Coupe de France. In the final, the club faced Nice and defeated its southern foes 1–0 with Platini scoring the lone goal. President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing presented Platini with the trophy to cap off the victory. Nancy's Coupe de France triumph saw the club qualify for European competition for the first time in its short history. The club participated in the 1978–79 edition of the European Cup Winners' Cup and were eliminated in the second round after losing 4–3 on aggregate to Swiss club Servette. The club played most of the season without Platini who was injured. Platini left the club after the season, however most of the club's nucleus remained. In the team's first season without Platini, Nancy finished in 11th place. In the next three seasons, Nancy finished in the top ten. After the 1984 season, Moutier and Rubio became the last of the club's influential players to depart and Nancy suffered a free-fall finishing in the next three seasons. The implosion concluded after the 1986–87 season when Nancy finished in 19th place, thus falling back to Division 2. The only ray of sunshine for the club during this declining stint was the testimonial match held for Platini on 23 May 1988 following the players' club and international retirement. That evening, fans were treated to an exhibition that featured Platini, Pelé and Diego Maradona. In the 1988–89 season, Nancy earned promotion back to the first division. However, the club spent the entire decade rotating between Division 1 and Division 2. The club won two second-division titles during this stint and finally earned promotion back to the first division, now called Ligue 1, for the 2005–06 season after winning Ligue 2. In Nancy's first season back in Ligue 1, the club won the Coupe de la Ligue defeating Nice 2–1 in the final. Nancy supporters arrived at the Stade de France courtesy of 11 special trains, while more than 300 buses and thousands of cars from the city also arrived in Paris. The cup victory allowed Nancy to participate in the UEFA Cup with the club eventually making it to the Round of 32 before losing to Shakhtar Donetsk. The first half of the 2007–08 season for Nancy was the club's best ever start to a season in the top division with 35 points after 19 games and sitting in second place. On 4 November 2007, in a match against Bordeaux, the club celebrated its 40th anniversary of existence with a special event involving many of the club's former players, club officials, presidents, and coaches. After a good second half start, Nancy sat in third place on the final match day of the season. However, the club finished one spot short of qualifying for the UEFA Champions League, losing 3–2 to Rennes, while fourth-placed Marseille defeated Strasbourg 4–3 to claim the spot. Nancy still managed to claim the league's best defence, alongside Nice. The 30 goals conceded equalled the club's record achieved in the 1976–77 season. After managing mid-table performances during the following 4 years at the top-flight, the club got relegated in May 2013, finishing only 2 points behind 17th place Ajaccio. Following their relegation, the club nearly got promoted back to the first division, finishing 4th and 3 points shy behind Caen and a spot to the top-flight. Nancy remained a strong candidate for promotion during the entire 2014–15 season, but ultimately finished 5th, 6 points behind 3rd place Angers. Season by season ranking of ASNL and FC Metz AS Nancy is the rival of Metz, a city in Lorraine. The match between the two teams is one of the most dangerous encounters in the French football, often classified at the highest level of risk matches because of clashes between supporters of the two camps. This match is a regional derby for the supremacy of a city. The following year, the club still was a strong candidate for promotion. Finally, on 25 April 2016, after 3 years of absence, the club assured promotion to Ligue 1 with 3 games to spare by beating Sochaux 1–0 on match day 35. On match day 37, they beat Evian 1–0 to clinch the Ligue 2 title, their fifth second division crown after 1975, 1990, 1998 and 2005. The following season, 2016–17, the club finished in 19th place, and were relegated to the Ligue 2 after one season. They remained in that division until 2022, being relegated to the Championnat National for the first time in club history. In June 2023, AS Nancy's shareholding was consolidated between two of the owners, Krishen Sud and Chien Lee, who now own almost 100% of the Club. 40.000 fans of Nancy in Stade de France during the 2006 Coupe de la Ligue final Home Stadium Opened on August 8, 1926, the Stadium originally known as the University Stadium or Essey Bridge Sports Park, was originally intended for the Lorrain University Stadium. Fully devoted to the cause of FC Nancy, Marcel Picot, a hatter installed in the 1930s in the city centre, will become president of the club and leave his name to the compound. The complete renovation of the Marcel Picot stadium, led by the Bernt-Morillon-Thouveny agency on behalf of the Urban Community, took place between 1999 and 2003. It increased the capacity of the stadium to 20,087 seats and covered. Another expansion project is planned, bringing the stadium's capacity to 32,000 seats. Players Current squad As of 1 February 2024 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 3 DF  FRA Gwilhem Tayot 4 DF  MLI Alassane Diaby 5 MF  FRA Maxime Nonnenmacher 6 MF  FRA Teddy Bouriaud 7 MF  FRA Benjamin Gomel 8 FW  FRA Walid Bouabdeli 9 FW  FRA Cheikh Touré 10 FW  GLP Lenny Nangis 11 MF  SEN Mamadou Camara (on loan from Lens) 13 FW  NGA Okardi Inikurogha 15 DF  SEN Prince Mendy 16 GK  FRA Martin Sourzac 17 DF  FRA Maxence Carlier 18 FW  FRA Jonathan Rivas No. Pos. Nation Player 19 MF  FRA Derek Mazou-Sacko (on loan from Troyes) 20 FW  FRA Alexis Lefebvre (on loan from Troyes) 21 DF  FRA Lucas Pellegrini 22 DF  FRA Shaquil Delos 23 MF  FRA Louis Carnot 24 DF  FRA Gaëtan Bussmann 27 FW  FRA Josselin Gromat 28 FW  MTQ Kévin Farade (on loan from Annecy) 29 FW  FRA Lamine Cissé 30 GK  FRA Marco Giagnorio 33 FW  FRA Amine Mokhtari 33 MF  GUI Kerfala Sylla 34 MF  POR Carlos Tavares 34 DF  FRA Bilal Er Rafif Notable former players Below are the notable former players who have represented Nancy in league and international competition since the club's foundation in 1967. To appear in the section below, a player must have played in at least 100 official matches for the club. For a complete list of Nancy players, see Category:AS Nancy Lorraine players Éric Bertrand Frédéric Biancalani Stéphane Capiaux Bernard Caron Albert Cartier Didier Casini Jean-Claude Cloët Carlos Curbelo Gaston Curbelo Paul Fischer Roger Formica Charles Gasperini Franck Gava Bruno Germain Massadio Haïdara Vincent Hognon Philippe Jeannol Cédric Lécluse Éric Martin Sylvain Matrisciano Laurent Moracchini Youssef Moustaid Jean-Michel Moutier Pierre Neubert Benjamin Nicaise Jean Palka Jacky Perdrieau Didier Philippe Michel Platini Sébastien Puygrenier Éric Rabésandratana Jean-Pierre Raczynski Olivier Rambo Olivier Rouyer Paco Rubio Tony Vairelles André Luiz Djamel Bakar Mustapha Hadji Youssef Hadji Monsef Zerka Ryszard Tarasiewicz Tony Cascarino Issiar Dia Pape Diakhaté Oleksandr Zavarov Pablo Correa Rubén Umpiérrez Club officials Chairman: Chien Lee CEO: Gauthier Ganaye General Secretary: Pascal Rivière Manager: Albert Cartier Managerial history Arsène Wenger was Nancy Manager from 1984 to 1987 Dates Name Notes 1967–70 René Pleimelding Nancy's first official coach. 1970–79 Antoine Redin Led the club to the first division and won the Coupe de France 1979–82 Georges Huart 1982–84 Hervé Collot 1984–87 Arsène Wenger 1987–90 Robert Dewilder 1990–91 Aimé Jacquet July 1991 – Oct 91 Marcel Husson Oct 1991 – June 94 Olivier Rouyer July 1994 – June 00 László Bölöni First manager outside France to coach the team. July 2000 – 3 June Francis Smerecki July 2002 – 2 Nov Moussa Bezaz Nov 2002 – 11 June Pablo Correa Led the club back to Ligue 1 and won the Coupe de la Ligue June 2011 – 13 Jan Jean Fernandez Drove the club into relegation standing. Left in the winter as a free agent, unable to lead the team out of a losing spiral. Jan 2013 – 13 Oct Patrick Gabriel Oct 2013 – 17 Aug Pablo Correa Aug 2017 – 18 Jan Vincent Hognon Jan 2018 – 18 Apr Patrick Gabriel Apr 2018 – 18 Oct Didier Tholot Oct 2018 – May 2019 Alain Perrin May 2019 – May 2021 Jean-Louis Garcia May 2021 – Sep 2021 Daniel Stendel Sep 2021 – Jan 2022 Benoît Pedretti Caretaker manager Jan 2022 – Present Albert Cartier Honours Domestic Coupe de France Winners: 1977–78 Coupe de la Ligue Winners: 2005–06 Ligue 2 Champions (5): 1974–75, 1989–90, 1997–98, 2004–05, 2015–16 Coupe Gambardella Runners-up: 1973–74 References ^ "#886 – AS Nancy Lorraine : les Chardons" (in French). Footnickname. 23 October 2022. Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022. ^ ""AS Nancy Lorraine: the three things to remember from the open letter published by Krishen Sud and Chien Lee"". Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023. ^ "Nancy Lorraine is pleased to announce the appointment of Nicolas Holveck as Executive Chairman"". Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023. ^ “AS Nancy acquired by Chinese-American consortium” ^ ""AS Nancy Lorraine : Chien Lee officiellement président du conseil d'administration"". Archived from the original on 14 June 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2021. ^ "Tous les anciens joueurs de l'ASNL". AS Nancy. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2011. ^ "LFP.fr - Ligue de Football Professionnel - Ligue 1 - Classement officiel, général, domicile ,extérieur, attaque, défense". www.lfp.fr. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2016. ^ "LFP.fr - Ligue de Football Professionnel - Ligue 2 - Classement officiel, général, domicile ,extérieur, attaque, défense". www.lfp.fr. Archived from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2016. ^ "LFP.fr - Ligue de Football Professionnel - Rapport Après-Match - Ligue 2 - 2015/2016 - 37ème journée". www.lfp.fr. Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016. ^ ""AS Nancy Lorraine: the three things to remember from the open letter published by Krishen Sud and Chien Lee"". Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023. ^ ""Stade Marcel Picot"". Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2021. ^ ""THE MARCEL-PICOT STADIUM"". Archived from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021. ^ "L'équipe professionnelle". asnl.net. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017. ^ "France – Trainers of First and Second Division Clubs". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2011. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to AS Nancy-Lorraine. Official website vteAssociation Sportive Nancy LorraineOverview Players Managers Stadia Stade Marcel Picot Matches 1978 Coupe de France final 2006 Coupe de la Ligue final Rivalries Derby Lorrain Seasons 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 vteLigue 2 clubs2024–25 clubs Ajaccio Amiens Annecy Bastia Bordeaux Caen Clermont Dunkerque Grenoble Guingamp Laval Lorient Martigues Metz Paris FC Pau Red Star Rodez Former clubs Abbeville Aix-en-Provence Alès Ancenis Angers Angoulême Antibes Arles-Avignon Auxerre Avignon CA Bastia Beauvais Besançon Béziers Blénod Blois Brest Boulogne Bourg-en-Bresse Bourges Calais Cambrai Cannes Cercle Dijon Chambly Charleville Châteauroux Châtellerault Chaumont Cherbourg Cholet Club Français Colmar Concarneau Corbeil-Essonnes Creil Créteil Dijon Douai Épinal Entente BFN Évian Évreux Excelsior Fives Fontainebleau Forbach GSC Marseille Gazélec Ajaccio Gueugnon Haguenau Hazebrouck Hyères Istres La Ciotat La Roche-sur-Yon La Rochelle Le Havre Le Mans Lens Le Puy Foot Le Touquet Libourne-Saint-Seurin Lille Olympique Lillois Limoges Foot Longwy Louhans-Cuiseaux Lucé Lyon Lyon OU Malakoff Mantes Marignane Marseille Melun Melun-Fontainebleau Merlebach Monaco Montceau-les-Mines Montélimar Montluçon Montmorillon Montpellier Mouzon Mulhouse FC Nancy Nantes Nevers Nice Nîmes Niort Nœux-les-Mines Orléans Paris-Charenton Paris-Joinville Paris-Neuilly Paris Saint-Germain Quevilly-Rouen Racing Paris Perpignan Poissy Poitiers Quimper Reims Rennes Racing Roubaix Roubaix-Tourcoing Rouen Saint-Brieuc Saint-Dié Saint-Dizier Saint-Étienne Saint-Quentin Saint-Seurin Sedan Sète Sochaux Stade Français Strasbourg Tavaux Thionville Thonon Toulon Toulouse Toulouse (1937) Tours Troyes Troyes AF Troyes ASTS Valence Valenciennes Vannes Vauban Strasbourg Villefranche Viry-Châtillon Vittel Wasquehal vteChampionnat National2024–25 clubs Aubagne Boulogne Bourg-Péronnas Châteauroux Concarneau Dijon Le Mans Nancy Nîmes Niort Orléans Paris 13 Atletico Quevilly-Rouen Rouen Sochaux Troyes Valenciennes Versailles Formerclubs AC Ajaccio Alès Alfortville Amiens Angers Angoulême Annecy Arles Avranches CA Bastia SC Bastia Bayonne Beaucaire Beauvais Belfort Besançon Béziers Borgo Bourges 18 Brest Calais Cannes Carquefou Cassis Carnoux Charleville Chambly Châtellerault Cherbourg Cholet Clermont Colmar Colomiers Créteil Drancy Dunkerque Entente SSG Épinal Evian TG Évry Fréjus Saint-Raphaël Gap Gazélec Ajaccio GOAL FC Grenoble Gueugnon Guingamp Hyères Istres La Roche-sur-Yon Laval Le Poiré-sur-Vie Le Puy Les Herbiers Libourne St-Seurin Louhans-Cuiseaux Luçon Lusitanos Luzenac Lyon La Duchère Marignane GCB Marseille Consolat Martigues Metz Moulins Mulhouse Noisy-le-Sec Pacy Paris FC Pau Plabennec Stade Poitevin Raon-l'Étape RC France Red Star Reims Rodez Romorantin Roye Saint-Denis Saint-Leu Saint-Priest Sedan Sète Stade Briochin Strasbourg Thouars Toulon Toulouse Tours Trélissac Uzès Valence Vannes Villefranche Villemomble Viry-Châtillon Wasquehal Yzeure Seasons 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 vteChampionnat National 3 — Group I · 2023–24 clubs Belfort Metz (res) Nancy (res) Prix-lès-Mézières Raon-l'Étape Reims (res) Reims Sainte-Anne Sarre-Union RC Strasbourg (res) Strasbourg Koenigshoffen Thaon Thionville FC Métropole Troyenne ESTAC Troyes (res) vte Lorraine topicsDepartmentsMeurthe-et-Moselle (Nancy) Arrondissement of Briey Arrondissement of Lunéville Arrondissement of Nancy Arrondissement of Toul Meuse (Bar-le-Duc) Arrondissement of Bar-le-Duc Arrondissement of Commercy Arrondissement of Verdun Moselle (Metz) Arrondissement of Forbach-Boulay-Moselle Arrondissement of Metz Arrondissement of Sarrebourg-Château-Salins Arrondissement of Sarreguemines Arrondissement of Thionville Vosges (Épinal) Arrondissement of Épinal Arrondissement of Neufchâteau Arrondissement of Saint-Dié Culture Coat of arms Flag Symbol People Languages (Franconian, Lorrain, Alsatian) Demographics Religion Sports FC Metz FC Metz (women) AS Nancy SAS Épinal US Raon-l'Étape SLUC Nancy Basket Metz Handball ASPTT Nancy Gamyo d'Épinal Rallye Alsace-Vosges Lorraine Open History Gallia Belgica (Mediomatrici & Leuci) (22 BC–5th-century) Alemanni/Ripuarian Franks (5th-century–511) Austrasia (511–751) Carolingian Empire (751–843) Middle Francia (843–855) Lotharingia (855–959) Duchy of Lorraine (959–1766) Duchy of Bar (circa 950-1766) Three Bishoprics (1552-1790) Lorraine and Barrois (1766–1790) Bezirk Lothringen (1871–1918) CdZ-Gebiet Lothringen (1940–1945) Lorraine (1945–2016) Grand Est (2016–) Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[asɔsjɑsjɔ̃ spɔʁtiv nɑ̃si lɔʁɛn]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Nancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy,_France"},{"link_name":"Grand Est","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est"},{"link_name":"Stade Marcel Picot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Marcel_Picot"},{"link_name":"Tomblaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomblaine"},{"link_name":"Championnat National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_National"},{"link_name":"French football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_France"},{"link_name":"FC Nancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Nancy"},{"link_name":"Bois-de-Haye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois-de-Haye"},{"link_name":"Coupe de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France"},{"link_name":"Coupe de la Ligue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_la_Ligue"},{"link_name":"Ligue 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup Winners' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"Chien Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chien_Lee"},{"link_name":"AS Nancy Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Nancy"},{"link_name":"Chien Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chien_Lee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jacques Rousselot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Rousselot"},{"link_name":"Michel Platini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Platini"},{"link_name":"UEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA"},{"link_name":"French Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Football"},{"link_name":"French international","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mustapha Hadji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustapha_Hadji"},{"link_name":"Ballon d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballon_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"Youssouf Hadji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssouf_Hadji"},{"link_name":"Olivier Rouyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Rouyer"},{"link_name":"Tony Vairelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Vairelles"},{"link_name":"Tony Cascarino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Cascarino"},{"link_name":"Jean-Michel Moutier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Michel_Moutier"},{"link_name":"Roger Lemerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Lemerre"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Zavarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Zavarov"},{"link_name":"Bernard Zénier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Z%C3%A9nier"},{"link_name":"Clément Lenglet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Lenglet"},{"link_name":"Michaël Cuisance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C3%ABl_Cuisance"}],"text":"Football clubAssociation Sportive Nancy Lorraine (French pronunciation: [asɔsjɑsjɔ̃ spɔʁtiv nɑ̃si lɔʁɛn]), known as AS Nancy Lorraine, and more commonly as Nancy, is a French football club founded in 1967 and based in Nancy, Grand Est. The club plays its home matches at the Stade Marcel Picot located in Tomblaine in the inner suburbs of Nancy, and currently competes in the Championnat National, the third tier of French football.The club was founded in 1910 by Maurice de Vienne under the name of Union sportive Frontière, then was later renamed Association sportive Lorraine in 1928. In 1967, following the collapse of FC Nancy, the club created a professional section and as such changed its name to become Association Sportive Nancy Lorraine. The club currently plays at the Stade Marcel-Picot, a 20,000 seats capacity stadium located in the town of Tomblaine, where its head office is also located. The infrastructures of the training center are located within the forest of Haye business park, in Bois-de-Haye.The club has won 7 titles until this day: the Coupe de France (1978), the Coupe de la Ligue (2006) and five Ligue 2 champion titles (1975, 1990, 1998, 2005 and 2016). The club also has three participations in European competitions to its credit: one participation in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1979 and two participations in the UEFA Europa League in 2007 and 2008.In December 2020, Chien Lee, PMG, Partners Path Capital and Krishen Sud acquired AS Nancy Lorraine and Chien Lee became the chairman of the board,[4][5] replacing Jacques Rousselot who had been in charge since 1995.ASNL is renowned as a club with a good training center. One of the club's most notable players is Michel Platini, the former president of UEFA. Platini began his career at the club in 1972, playing eight seasons with Nancy. He scored the only goal in the aforementioned Coupe de France final and won two French Player of the Year awards whilst playing with the club. Platini also established himself as a French international while at the club and went on to achieve numerous team and individual accolades after his departure from Nancy. He is considered to be, arguably, the club's greatest player ever and, upon entering the section of the club's official website showing Nancy's greats, a picture of a young Platini is displayed.[6] Other notable players to have played for ASNL include Mustapha Hadji, winner of the African Ballon d'Or in 1998, his brother Youssouf Hadji, with more than 300 matches in the colors of the club, Olivier Rouyer and Tony Vairelles. Other players have emerged or shown great promise at the club, such as Tony Cascarino, Jean-Michel Moutier, Roger Lemerre, Aleksandr Zavarov, Bernard Zénier, Clément Lenglet and Michaël Cuisance.","title":"AS Nancy Lorraine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FC Nancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Nancy"},{"link_name":"FC Nancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Nancy"},{"link_name":"Coupe de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France"},{"link_name":"Lille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille_OSC"},{"link_name":"Saint-Étienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Saint-%C3%89tienne"},{"link_name":"1963–64 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%E2%80%9364_French_Division_2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Supporter_asnl.jpg"},{"link_name":"Division 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"René Pleimelding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleimelding"},{"link_name":"Antoine Redin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Redin"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_(region)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michel_Platini_en_1978,_%27Argentina_78%27,_Panini_figurina_n%C2%B090.jpg"},{"link_name":"Michel Platini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Platini"},{"link_name":"inaugural season of football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%E2%80%9368_French_Division_2"},{"link_name":"Coupe de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France"},{"link_name":"its first season in the league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371_French_Division_1"},{"link_name":"Michel Platini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Platini"},{"link_name":"Jean-Michel Moutier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Michel_Moutier"},{"link_name":"Carlos Curbelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Curbelo_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Paco Rubio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Rubio"},{"link_name":"Philippe Jeannol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Jeannol"},{"link_name":"French Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Football"},{"link_name":"Coupe de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France"},{"link_name":"Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGC_Nice"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_French_Republic"},{"link_name":"Valéry Giscard d'Estaing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing"},{"link_name":"European competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA"},{"link_name":"1978–79 edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"European Cup Winners' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"Servette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servette_FC"},{"link_name":"1986–87 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_French_Division_1"},{"link_name":"testimonial match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testimonial_match"},{"link_name":"Pelé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Diego Maradona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Maradona"},{"link_name":"1988–89 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_French_Division_2"},{"link_name":"Ligue 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"2005–06 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"Coupe de la Ligue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_la_Ligue"},{"link_name":"the final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Coupe_de_la_Ligue_Final"},{"link_name":"Stade de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_France"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Shakhtar Donetsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Shakhtar_Donetsk"},{"link_name":"2007–08 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Girondins_de_Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Rennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Rennais_F.C."},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC_Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"Ajaccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Ajaccio"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Caen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Malherbe_Caen"},{"link_name":"2014–15 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"Angers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angers_SCO"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ASNL_FCM_1967-2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Metz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Metz"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ligue 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"Sochaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Sochaux-Montb%C3%A9liard"},{"link_name":"Evian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evian_Thonon_Gaillard_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ligue 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"Championnat National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_National"},{"link_name":"Chien Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chien_Lee"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Finale_OGCN-ASNL.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stade de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_France"},{"link_name":"2006 Coupe de la Ligue final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Coupe_de_la_Ligue_Final"}],"text":"See also: FC NancyPrior to the creation of AS Nancy, the city of Nancy was host to football by FC Nancy and US Frontière. FC Nancy was formed in 1901, while US Frontière was founded in 1910. Both clubs were a part of the Ligue de Lorraine. FC Nancy continued to play football through the professional transition. The club achieved very little during its 64 years of existence only winning the second division twice in 1946 and 1958. FC Nancy did reach the final of the Coupe de France in 1953 and 1962, however, on both appearances, the club lost to Lille and Saint-Étienne, respectively. In 1965, with the club enduring financial difficulties during the 1963–64 season, mainly due to the club's being abandoned by the city's municipality and its supporters according to its president, Nancy folded shortly before the new season.Supporters in the Nancy standsThe idea of a new professional club in the city was thought of by Claude Cuny in spring 1964 based on amateur Association sportive Lorraine, formerly known as Union sportive Frontière. Cuny had previously worked with FC Nancy, but left the club prior to its destruction. Cuny is considered one of the leaders of French football mainly because of his innovative ideas and strategies. After forming Nancy, he created the first youth academy of French football. Prior to the club beginning its life as a football club, Cuny devised a strategy to immerse the club into the city's public. First, he sent out over 18,000 letters and petitions to draw interest to the team. Once the public gained notice, Cuny organised friendly matches to raise funds for the club. After accruing enough money, Cuny sought to turn the club professional, and, despite several setbacks, on 16 June 1967, Nancy were granted professional status and inserted into Division 2, the second level of French football. The club's first manager was René Pleimelding, a former French international who played for FC Nancy. Nancy, subsequently, recruited several former FC Nancy players such as Antoine Redin, as well as players from the region such as Michel Lanini, Gérard Braun and Roger Formica.Michel Platini spent eight seasons with the club.In Nancy's inaugural season of football, the club finished tenth in the league table and reached the Round of 16 in the Coupe de France. Two seasons later, the club earned promotion to Division 1 and finished in 13th place in its first season in the league. In 1972, Michel Platini arrived at the club, initially with the club's reserve team. His first full season as a player came in the 1974–75 season whilst the club was playing in the second division, having suffered relegation from Division 1 the previous season. The season was a success for both club and player: Nancy achieved its first major honour winning Division 2, while Platini appeared in 32 league matches and scored 17 goals. In the ensuing three seasons in Division 1, Nancy, led by Platini, Jean-Michel Moutier, Carlos Curbelo, Paco Rubio and Philippe Jeannol, finished in the top ten. Platini won the French Player of the Year award in two of those seasons. In 1978, Nancy achieved its highest honour to date after winning the Coupe de France. In the final, the club faced Nice and defeated its southern foes 1–0 with Platini scoring the lone goal. President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing presented Platini with the trophy to cap off the victory. Nancy's Coupe de France triumph saw the club qualify for European competition for the first time in its short history. The club participated in the 1978–79 edition of the European Cup Winners' Cup and were eliminated in the second round after losing 4–3 on aggregate to Swiss club Servette. The club played most of the season without Platini who was injured.Platini left the club after the season, however most of the club's nucleus remained. In the team's first season without Platini, Nancy finished in 11th place. In the next three seasons, Nancy finished in the top ten. After the 1984 season, Moutier and Rubio became the last of the club's influential players to depart and Nancy suffered a free-fall finishing in the next three seasons. The implosion concluded after the 1986–87 season when Nancy finished in 19th place, thus falling back to Division 2. The only ray of sunshine for the club during this declining stint was the testimonial match held for Platini on 23 May 1988 following the players' club and international retirement. That evening, fans were treated to an exhibition that featured Platini, Pelé and Diego Maradona.In the 1988–89 season, Nancy earned promotion back to the first division. However, the club spent the entire decade rotating between Division 1 and Division 2. The club won two second-division titles during this stint and finally earned promotion back to the first division, now called Ligue 1, for the 2005–06 season after winning Ligue 2. In Nancy's first season back in Ligue 1, the club won the Coupe de la Ligue defeating Nice 2–1 in the final. Nancy supporters arrived at the Stade de France courtesy of 11 special trains, while more than 300 buses and thousands of cars from the city also arrived in Paris. The cup victory allowed Nancy to participate in the UEFA Cup with the club eventually making it to the Round of 32 before losing to Shakhtar Donetsk. The first half of the 2007–08 season for Nancy was the club's best ever start to a season in the top division with 35 points after 19 games and sitting in second place. On 4 November 2007, in a match against Bordeaux, the club celebrated its 40th anniversary of existence with a special event involving many of the club's former players, club officials, presidents, and coaches. After a good second half start, Nancy sat in third place on the final match day of the season. However, the club finished one spot short of qualifying for the UEFA Champions League, losing 3–2 to Rennes, while fourth-placed Marseille defeated Strasbourg 4–3 to claim the spot. Nancy still managed to claim the league's best defence, alongside Nice. The 30 goals conceded equalled the club's record achieved in the 1976–77 season. After managing mid-table performances during the following 4 years at the top-flight, the club got relegated in May 2013, finishing only 2 points behind 17th place Ajaccio.[7]Following their relegation, the club nearly got promoted back to the first division, finishing 4th and 3 points shy behind Caen and a spot to the top-flight. Nancy remained a strong candidate for promotion during the entire 2014–15 season, but ultimately finished 5th, 6 points behind 3rd place Angers.[8]Season by season ranking of ASNL and FC MetzAS Nancy is the rival of Metz, a city in Lorraine. The match between the two teams is one of the most dangerous encounters in the French football, often classified at the highest level of risk matches because of clashes between supporters of the two camps. This match is a regional derby for the supremacy of a city.[citation needed]The following year, the club still was a strong candidate for promotion. Finally, on 25 April 2016, after 3 years of absence, the club assured promotion to Ligue 1 with 3 games to spare by beating Sochaux 1–0 on match day 35. On match day 37, they beat Evian 1–0 to clinch the Ligue 2 title, their fifth second division crown after 1975, 1990, 1998 and 2005.[9]The following season, 2016–17, the club finished in 19th place, and were relegated to the Ligue 2 after one season. They remained in that division until 2022, being relegated to the Championnat National for the first time in club history.In June 2023, AS Nancy's shareholding was consolidated between two of the owners, Krishen Sud and Chien Lee, who now own almost 100% of the Club.[10]40.000 fans of Nancy in Stade de France during the 2006 Coupe de la Ligue final","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Opened on August 8, 1926, the Stadium originally known as the University Stadium or Essey Bridge Sports Park, was originally intended for the Lorrain University Stadium. Fully devoted to the cause of FC Nancy, Marcel Picot, a hatter installed in the 1930s in the city centre, will become president of the club and leave his name to the compound.\nThe complete renovation of the Marcel Picot stadium, led by the Bernt-Morillon-Thouveny agency on behalf of the Urban Community, took place between 1999 and 2003. It increased the capacity of the stadium to 20,087 seats and covered. Another expansion project is planned, bringing the stadium's capacity to 32,000 seats.[11][12]","title":"Home Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"As of 1 February 2024[13]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"Category:AS Nancy Lorraine players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:AS_Nancy_Lorraine_players"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Éric Bertrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric_Bertrand_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Biancalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Biancalani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Stéphane Capiaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Capiaux"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Albert Cartier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Cartier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Carlos Curbelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Curbelo_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Gaston Curbelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Curbelo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Franck Gava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franck_Gava"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Bruno Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Germain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Massadio Haïdara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massadio_Ha%C3%AFdara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Vincent Hognon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Hognon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Philippe Jeannol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Jeannol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Cédric Lécluse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9dric_L%C3%A9cluse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Youssef Moustaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssef_Moustaid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Jean-Michel Moutier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Michel_Moutier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Nicaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Nicaise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Michel Platini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Platini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Sébastien Puygrenier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Puygrenier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Éric Rabésandratana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric_Rab%C3%A9sandratana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Olivier Rambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Rambo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Olivier Rouyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Rouyer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Paco Rubio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Rubio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Tony Vairelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Vairelles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"André Luiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Luiz_Silva_do_Nascimento"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros"},{"link_name":"Djamel Bakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djamel_Bakar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Mustapha Hadji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustapha_Hadji"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Youssef Hadji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssef_Hadji"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Monsef Zerka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsef_Zerka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Ryszard Tarasiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryszard_Tarasiewicz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Tony Cascarino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Cascarino"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Issiar Dia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issiar_Dia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Pape Diakhaté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Diakhat%C3%A9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Oleksandr Zavarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleksandr_Zavarov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Pablo Correa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Correa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Rubén Umpiérrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Umpi%C3%A9rrez"}],"sub_title":"Notable former players","text":"Below are the notable former players who have represented Nancy in league and international competition since the club's foundation in 1967. To appear in the section below, a player must have played in at least 100 official matches for the club.For a complete list of Nancy players, see Category:AS Nancy Lorraine playersÉric Bertrand\n Frédéric Biancalani\n Stéphane Capiaux\n Bernard Caron\n Albert Cartier\n Didier Casini\n Jean-Claude Cloët\n Carlos Curbelo\n Gaston Curbelo\n Paul Fischer\n Roger Formica\n Charles Gasperini\n Franck Gava\n Bruno Germain\n Massadio Haïdara\n Vincent Hognon\n Philippe Jeannol\n Cédric Lécluse\n Éric Martin\n Sylvain Matrisciano\n Laurent Moracchini\n Youssef Moustaid\n Jean-Michel Moutier\n Pierre Neubert\n Benjamin Nicaise\n Jean Palka\n Jacky Perdrieau\n Didier Philippe\n Michel Platini\n Sébastien Puygrenier\n Éric Rabésandratana\n Jean-Pierre Raczynski\n Olivier Rambo\n Olivier Rouyer\n Paco Rubio\n Tony Vairelles\n André Luiz\n Djamel Bakar\n Mustapha Hadji\n Youssef Hadji\n Monsef Zerka\n Ryszard Tarasiewicz\n Tony Cascarino\n Issiar Dia\n Pape Diakhaté\n Oleksandr Zavarov\n Pablo Correa\n Rubén Umpiérrez","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chien Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chien_Lee"},{"link_name":"Albert Cartier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Cartier"}],"text":"Chairman: Chien Lee\nCEO: Gauthier Ganaye\nGeneral Secretary: Pascal Rivière\nManager: Albert Cartier","title":"Club officials"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arsene_Wenger_JHayes_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Arsène Wenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Wenger"}],"sub_title":"Managerial history","text":"Arsène Wenger was Nancy Manager from 1984 to 1987","title":"Club officials"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coupe de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France"},{"link_name":"1977–78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Coupe_de_France_Final"},{"link_name":"Coupe de la Ligue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_la_Ligue"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Coupe_de_la_Ligue_Final"},{"link_name":"Ligue 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"1974–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_French_Division_2"},{"link_name":"1989–90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_French_Division_2"},{"link_name":"1997–98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_French_Division_2"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"Coupe Gambardella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_Gambardella"}],"sub_title":"Domestic","text":"Coupe de France\nWinners: 1977–78\nCoupe de la Ligue\nWinners: 2005–06\nLigue 2\nChampions (5): 1974–75, 1989–90, 1997–98, 2004–05, 2015–16\nCoupe Gambardella\nRunners-up: 1973–74","title":"Honours"}]

[{"image_text":"Supporters in the Nancy stands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Supporter_asnl.jpg/250px-Supporter_asnl.jpg"},{"image_text":"Michel Platini spent eight seasons with the club.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Michel_Platini_en_1978%2C_%27Argentina_78%27%2C_Panini_figurina_n%C2%B090.jpg/250px-Michel_Platini_en_1978%2C_%27Argentina_78%27%2C_Panini_figurina_n%C2%B090.jpg"},{"image_text":"Season by season ranking of ASNL and FC Metz","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ASNL_FCM_1967-2010.jpg/250px-ASNL_FCM_1967-2010.jpg"},{"image_text":"40.000 fans of Nancy in Stade de France during the 2006 Coupe de la Ligue final","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Finale_OGCN-ASNL.jpg/250px-Finale_OGCN-ASNL.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arsène Wenger was Nancy Manager from 1984 to 1987","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Arsene_Wenger_JHayes_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Arsene_Wenger_JHayes_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"#886 – AS Nancy Lorraine : les Chardons\" (in French). Footnickname. 23 October 2022. Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://footnickname.wordpress.com/2022/10/23/886-as-nancy-lorraine-les-chardons/","url_text":"\"#886 – AS Nancy Lorraine : les Chardons\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221024220026/https://footnickname.wordpress.com/2022/10/23/886-as-nancy-lorraine-les-chardons/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"\"AS Nancy Lorraine: the three things to remember from the open letter published by Krishen Sud and Chien Lee\"\". Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.estrepublicain.fr/sport/2023/08/09/les-trois-choses-a-retenir-de-la-lettre-ouverte-publiee-par-les-actionnaires-de-l-as-nancy-lorraine-krishen-sud-et-chien-lee","url_text":"\"\"AS Nancy Lorraine: the three things to remember from the open letter published by Krishen Sud and Chien Lee\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230811103714/https://www.estrepublicain.fr/sport/2023/08/09/les-trois-choses-a-retenir-de-la-lettre-ouverte-publiee-par-les-actionnaires-de-l-as-nancy-lorraine-krishen-sud-et-chien-lee","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nancy Lorraine is pleased to announce the appointment of Nicolas Holveck as Executive Chairman\"\". Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asnl.net/58/actualites/actualites/fiche/29565","url_text":"\"Nancy Lorraine is pleased to announce the appointment of Nicolas Holveck as Executive Chairman\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231005151626/https://www.asnl.net/58/actualites/actualites/fiche/29565","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"\"AS Nancy Lorraine : Chien Lee officiellement président du conseil d'administration\"\". Archived from the original on 14 June 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://c.estrepublicain.fr/sport/2021/02/05/as-nancy-lorraine-chien-lee-officiellement-president-du-conseil-d-administration","url_text":"\"\"AS Nancy Lorraine : Chien Lee officiellement président du conseil d'administration\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240614091147/https://www.estrepublicain.fr/sport/2021/02/05/as-nancy-lorraine-chien-lee-officiellement-president-du-conseil-d-administration","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tous les anciens joueurs de l'ASNL\". AS Nancy. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asnl.net/145/club_histoire_joueurs","url_text":"\"Tous les anciens joueurs de l'ASNL\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190430193206/http://www.asnl.net/145/club_histoire_joueurs","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"LFP.fr - Ligue de Football Professionnel - Ligue 1 - Classement officiel, général, domicile ,extérieur, attaque, défense\". www.lfp.fr. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lfp.fr/ligue1/classement#sai=81&journee1=1&journee2=38&cat=Gen","url_text":"\"LFP.fr - Ligue de Football Professionnel - Ligue 1 - Classement officiel, général, domicile ,extérieur, attaque, défense\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120211140844/http://www.lfp.fr/ligue1/classement#sai=81&journee1=1&journee2=38&cat=Gen","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"LFP.fr - Ligue de Football Professionnel - Ligue 2 - Classement officiel, général, domicile ,extérieur, attaque, défense\". www.lfp.fr. Archived from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lfp.fr/ligue2/classement#sai=83&journee1=1&journee2=38&cat=Gen","url_text":"\"LFP.fr - Ligue de Football Professionnel - Ligue 2 - Classement officiel, général, domicile ,extérieur, attaque, défense\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120909015202/http://www.lfp.fr/ligue2/classement#sai=83&journee1=1&journee2=38&cat=Gen","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"LFP.fr - Ligue de Football Professionnel - Rapport Après-Match - Ligue 2 - 2015/2016 - 37ème journée\". www.lfp.fr. Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lfp.fr/ligue2/rapport/J37","url_text":"\"LFP.fr - Ligue de Football Professionnel - Rapport Après-Match - Ligue 2 - 2015/2016 - 37ème journée\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160510094349/http://www.lfp.fr/ligue2/rapport/J37","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"\"AS Nancy Lorraine: the three things to remember from the open letter published by Krishen Sud and Chien Lee\"\". Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.estrepublicain.fr/sport/2023/08/09/les-trois-choses-a-retenir-de-la-lettre-ouverte-publiee-par-les-actionnaires-de-l-as-nancy-lorraine-krishen-sud-et-chien-lee","url_text":"\"\"AS Nancy Lorraine: the three things to remember from the open letter published by Krishen Sud and Chien Lee\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230811103714/https://www.estrepublicain.fr/sport/2023/08/09/les-trois-choses-a-retenir-de-la-lettre-ouverte-publiee-par-les-actionnaires-de-l-as-nancy-lorraine-krishen-sud-et-chien-lee","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Stade Marcel Picot\"\". Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pss-archi.eu/immeubles/FR-54526-16264.html?Tomblaine-Stade%2520Marcel%2520Picot","url_text":"\"\"Stade Marcel Picot\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155619/http://www.pss-archi.eu/immeubles/FR-54526-16264.html?Tomblaine-Stade%2520Marcel%2520Picot","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"\"THE MARCEL-PICOT STADIUM\"\". Archived from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asnl.net/73/stade_presentation","url_text":"\"\"THE MARCEL-PICOT STADIUM\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210617081850/https://www.asnl.net/73/stade_presentation","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"L'équipe professionnelle\". asnl.net. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asnl.net/144/effectif/joueurs/index/","url_text":"\"L'équipe professionnelle\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170620114355/http://www.asnl.net/144/effectif/joueurs/index/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"France – Trainers of First and Second Division Clubs\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/players/trainers-fran-clubs.html","url_text":"\"France – Trainers of First and Second Division Clubs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110208111417/http://rsssf.com/players/trainers-fran-clubs.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray-breasted_mountain_toucan

Grey-breasted mountain toucan

["1 Taxonomy and systematics","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Behavior","4.1 Movement","4.2 Feeding","4.3 Breeding","4.4 Vocal and non-vocal sounds","5 Status","6 References"]

Species of bird Grey-breasted mountain toucan A. h. hypoglauca, Colombia A. h. lateralis, Peru Conservation status Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Piciformes Family: Ramphastidae Genus: Andigena Species: A. hypoglauca Binomial name Andigena hypoglauca(Gould, 1833)  Range of grey-breasted mountain toucan Synonyms Pteroglossus hypoglaucus (protonym) The grey-breasted mountain toucan (Andigena hypoglauca) is a Near Threatened species of bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Taxonomy and systematics The grey-breasted mountain toucan was originally described in the genus Pteroglossus. Two subspecies are recognized, the nominate: Image Subspecies Distribution A. h. hypoglauca (Gould, 1833) Central Colombia to eastern Ecuador A. h. lateralis (Chapman, 1923). Eastern Ecuador and central Peru Description The grey-breasted mountain toucan is 41 to 48 cm (16 to 19 in) long and weighs 244 to 370 g (8.6 to 13 oz). Males and females within each subspecies have the same plumage, and the two subspecies have the same bill pattern though the female's bill is shorter. The bill's base is yellow to greenish with a black band near the base. The maxilla's outer 2/3 is red, meeting the yellow diagonally. The mandible's outer half is black. Both subspecies have a black cap, face, and nape; a gray-blue band on the hindneck; a greenish brown back; and gray to gray-blue underparts. Their tail is blackish with chestnut tips on the two or three central pairs of feathers. The nominate subspecies has a bright yellow rump, pale gray-blue flanks, chestnut thighs, and red undertail coverts. Its eye is brown and surrounded by bare blue skin. Subspecies A. h. lateralis has a paler yellow rump than the nominate, pale yellow to gray-white flanks, and a yellow to green eye. showing underside feeding in flight Distribution and habitat The nominate subspecies of grey-breasted mountain toucan is found from central and southern Colombia into eastern Ecuador. A. h. lateralis is found from eastern Ecuador south well into Peru. The species inhabits wet temperate montane forest including cloud, elfin, and secondary forest. In elevation it mostly ranges between 2,200 and 3,650 m (7,200 and 12,000 ft) though it is found as low as 1,500 m (4,900 ft) in Peru and 1,700 m (5,600 ft) in Ecuador. Behavior Movement The grey-breasted mountain toucan is not known to have a pattern of movement. Feeding The grey-breasted mountain toucan forages from near the ground up to the forest's canopy, singly, in pairs, or in small groups that might be extended families. It sometimes joins mixed-species foraging flocks. Its diet is known to include fruit and berries and is assumed to also include some vertebrates. Breeding The grey-breasted mountain toucan's breeding season spans from December to February in Colombia and from June or July to November in Ecuador and Peru. Nothing else is known about its breeding biology. Songs and calls Listen to grey-breasted mountain toucan on xeno-canto Vocal and non-vocal sounds The grey-breasted mountain toucan's song is a "low 'gweeeeeeeat'". Its calls include "wek" notes made singly or in a series, and "kek" notes in alarm or aggression. Songs and calls can include "bill-whacking". Status The IUCN has assessed the grey-breasted mountain toucan as Near Threatened. Its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. The principal threat is deforestation from expanding agriculture, mining, and logging. Though it occurs in some protected areas and is thought to be locally common, "opulation fragmentation and inbreeding are possible problems". References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andigena hypoglauca. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2016). "Andigena hypoglauca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22682055A92929841. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22682055A92929841.en. Retrieved 3 January 2023. ^ Gould, 1833. Pteroglossus hypoglaucus (protonym). Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Part 1, no. 6, p. 70. BHL ^ a b Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Jacamars, puffbirds, barbets, toucans, honeyguides". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved 15 December 2022. ^ Gould, John (1833). "Pteroglossus Hypoglaucus". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. I: 70. Retrieved 3 January 2023. ^ a b c d e f g Short, L.L. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Gray-breasted Mountain-Toucan (Andigena hypoglauca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.gybmot1.01 retrieved 3 January 2023 vteToucans, toucanets, and aracaris (family: Ramphastidae)Genus Species Aulacorhynchus(green toucanets) Wagler's toucanet Emerald toucanet Blue-throated toucanet White-throated toucanet Black-throated toucanet Groove-billed toucanet Chestnut-tipped toucanet Tepui toucanet Crimson-rumped toucanet Yellow-browed toucanet Blue-banded toucanet Pteroglossus(aracaris or araçaris) Green aracari Lettered aracari Red-necked aracari Ivory-billed aracari Brown-mandibled aracari Black-necked aracari Chestnut-eared aracari Many-banded aracari Collared aracari Stripe-billed aracari Pale-mandibled aracari Fiery-billed aracari Curl-crested aracari Saffron toucanet Selenidera(dichromatic toucanets) Yellow-eared toucanet Guianan toucanet Golden-collared toucanet Tawny-tufted toucanet Gould's toucanet Spot-billed toucanet Andigena(mountain toucans) Grey-breasted mountain toucan Plate-billed mountain toucan Hooded mountain toucan Black-billed mountain toucan Ramphastos(true toucans) Red-breasted toucan Channel-billed toucan Citron-throated toucan Choco toucan Keel-billed toucan Toco toucan White-throated toucan Yellow-throated toucan List of toucans Taxon identifiersAndigena hypoglauca Wikidata: Q642262 Wikispecies: Andigena hypoglauca ADW: Andigena_hypoglauca ARKive: andigena-hypoglauca Avibase: B02554D83393F363 BirdLife: 22682055 BOW: gybmot1 CoL: DQC8 eBird: gybmot1 GBIF: 2478858 iNaturalist: 18848 IRMNG: 10208613 ITIS: 554298 IUCN: 22682055 NCBI: 91761 Neotropical: gybmot1 Observation.org: 70863 Open Tree of Life: 815703 Xeno-canto: Andigena-hypoglauca

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It is found in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.[3][1]","title":"Grey-breasted mountain toucan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pteroglossus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteroglossus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"nominate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominate_subspecies"}],"text":"The grey-breasted mountain toucan was originally described in the genus Pteroglossus.[4] Two subspecies are recognized, the nominate:","title":"Taxonomy and systematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"maxilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxilla"},{"link_name":"mandible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible"},{"link_name":"coverts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_feather"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBMT-BOW-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grey-breasted_mountain_toucan_(Andigena_hypoglauca)_Caldas_3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grey-breasted_mountain_toucan_(Andigena_hypoglauca)_feeding_Caldas.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grey-breasted_mountain_toucan_(Andigena_hypoglauca)_in_flight_Caldas.jpg"}],"text":"The grey-breasted mountain toucan is 41 to 48 cm (16 to 19 in) long and weighs 244 to 370 g (8.6 to 13 oz). Males and females within each subspecies have the same plumage, and the two subspecies have the same bill pattern though the female's bill is shorter. The bill's base is yellow to greenish with a black band near the base. The maxilla's outer 2/3 is red, meeting the yellow diagonally. The mandible's outer half is black. Both subspecies have a black cap, face, and nape; a gray-blue band on the hindneck; a greenish brown back; and gray to gray-blue underparts. Their tail is blackish with chestnut tips on the two or three central pairs of feathers. The nominate subspecies has a bright yellow rump, pale gray-blue flanks, chestnut thighs, and red undertail coverts. Its eye is brown and surrounded by bare blue skin. Subspecies A. h. lateralis has a paler yellow rump than the nominate, pale yellow to gray-white flanks, and a yellow to green eye.[5]showing underside\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tfeeding\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tin flight","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"montane forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_forest"},{"link_name":"cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudforest"},{"link_name":"elfin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfin_forest"},{"link_name":"secondary forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_forest"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBMT-BOW-5"}],"text":"The nominate subspecies of grey-breasted mountain toucan is found from central and southern Colombia into eastern Ecuador. A. h. lateralis is found from eastern Ecuador south well into Peru. The species inhabits wet temperate montane forest including cloud, elfin, and secondary forest. In elevation it mostly ranges between 2,200 and 3,650 m (7,200 and 12,000 ft) though it is found as low as 1,500 m (4,900 ft) in Peru and 1,700 m (5,600 ft) in Ecuador.[5]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBMT-BOW-5"}],"sub_title":"Movement","text":"The grey-breasted mountain toucan is not known to have a pattern of movement.[5]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mixed-species foraging flocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-species_foraging_flock"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBMT-BOW-5"}],"sub_title":"Feeding","text":"The grey-breasted mountain toucan forages from near the ground up to the forest's canopy, singly, in pairs, or in small groups that might be extended families. It sometimes joins mixed-species foraging flocks. Its diet is known to include fruit and berries and is assumed to also include some vertebrates.[5]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBMT-BOW-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Birds"},{"link_name":"Listen to grey-breasted mountain toucan on xeno-canto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//xeno-canto.org/species/Andigena-hypoglauca"}],"sub_title":"Breeding","text":"The grey-breasted mountain toucan's breeding season spans from December to February in Colombia and from June or July to November in Ecuador and Peru. Nothing else is known about its breeding biology.[5]Songs and calls\nListen to grey-breasted mountain toucan on xeno-canto","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBMT-BOW-5"}],"sub_title":"Vocal and non-vocal sounds","text":"The grey-breasted mountain toucan's song is a \"low 'gweeeeeeeat'\". Its calls include \"wek\" notes made singly or in a series, and \"kek\" notes in alarm or aggression. Songs and calls can include \"bill-whacking\".[5]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBMT-BOW-5"}],"text":"The IUCN has assessed the grey-breasted mountain toucan as Near Threatened. Its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. The principal threat is deforestation from expanding agriculture, mining, and logging.[1] Though it occurs in some protected areas and is thought to be locally common, \"[p]opulation fragmentation and inbreeding are possible problems\".[5]","title":"Status"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Uglov

Nikita Uglov

["1 References","2 External links"]

Russian sprinter Nikita UglovUglov at the 2011 European Athletics Junior ChampionshipsPersonal informationNationalityRussianBorn (1993-10-11) 11 October 1993 (age 30)SportSportRunningEventSprintsAchievements and titlesPersonal best400 m: 46.01 (Tallinn 2011) Medal record Men's athletics Representing  Russia European Championships Disqualified 2014 Zürich 4 x 400 m relay European U23 Championships 2013 Tampere 4×400 m relay 2013 Tampere 400 m European Junior Championships 2011 Tallinn 400 m 2011 Tallinn 4×400 m relay Summer Youth Olympics 2010 Singapore Medley relay Nikita Uglov (Russian: Никита Углов, born 11 October 1993) is a Russian sprinter. He finished seventh in the 400 metres at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore. He then helped the European mixed-NOC team to win the silver medal in the medley relay. References ^ http://www.russkiymir.ru/russkiymir/en/news/common/news0943.html External links Nikita Uglov at World Athletics Authority control databases: People World Athletics This biographical article relating to Russian athletics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_American_Boy_(Rick_Derringer_album)

All American Boy (Rick Derringer album)

["1 Critical reception","2 Release history","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","5 Charts","6 References","7 External links"]

For other uses, see All American Boy. 1973 studio album by Rick DerringerAll American BoyStudio album by Rick DerringerReleasedOctober 1973Recorded1973StudioCaribou Ranch, Nederland, ColoradoGenreRock, hard rock, blues rockLength40:09LabelBlue SkyProducerBill Szymczyk, Rick DerringerRick Derringer chronology All American Boy(1973) Spring Fever(1975) Audio"Rock and Roll, Hoochie Koo" on YouTube Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicDžuboks(favorable)Tom HullBThe Rolling Stone Album Guide All American Boy is the debut solo studio album by American rock musician Rick Derringer, released in October 1973 by Blue Sky Records. "Joy Ride" and "Time Warp" (not to be confused with The Rocky Horror Picture Show song) are instrumentals. Critical reception Reviewing for AllMusic, critic Cub Koda wrote of the album "this is simply Rick Derringer's most focused and cohesive album, a marvelous blend of rockers, ballads, and atmospheric instrumentals", adding it was "one of the great albums of the '70s that fell between the cracks." Release history In addition to the conventional two channel stereo version the album was also released in a four channel quadraphonic edition on LP record and 8-track tape in 1974. The quad LP release was encoded in the SQ matrix system. The album was reissued in the UK on the Super Audio CD format in 2018 by Dutton Vocalion. This release is a two albums on one disc compilation which also contains Derringer's 1975 album Spring Fever. The Dutton Vocalion disc contains the complete stereo and quad versions of both albums. Track listing All tracks composed by Rick Derringer; except where indicated Side one "Rock and Roll, Hoochie Koo" – 3:43 "Joy Ride" – instrumental – 1:50 "Teenage Queen" – 3:31 "Cheap Tequila" – 2:44 "Uncomplicated" – 3:40 "Hold" (Derringer, Patti Smith) – 3:12 Side two "The Airport Giveth (The Airport Taketh Away)" – 2:49 "Teenage Love Affair" – 3:20 "It's Raining" – 2:05 "Time Warp" – instrumental – 2:53 "Slide On Over Slinky" – 4:21 "Jump, Jump, Jump" – 6:00 Personnel "Rock and Roll Hoochie-Koo" Rick Derringer – guitar, bass, tambourine, lead vocals Bobby Caldwell – drums Carl Hall – backing vocals Lani Groves – backing vocals Tasha Thomas – backing vocals "Joy Ride" Rick Derringer – guitar, bass Bobby Caldwell – drums Joe Lala – congas, cowbell "Teenage Queen" Rick Derringer – electric guitar, 12-string acoustic guitar, lead vocals Joe Walsh – electric guitar Paul Harris – piano Kenny Passarelli – bass Joe Vitale – drums "Cheap Tequila" Rick Derringer – acoustic guitar, pedal steel guitar, bass, tambourine, lead vocals David Bromberg – dobro Paul Harris – piano Bobby Caldwell – drums Carl Hall – backing vocals Lani Groves – backing vocals Tasha Thomas – backing vocals "Uncomplicated" Rick Derringer – lead guitar, lead vocals Joe Walsh – electric guitar Kenny Passarelli – bass Joe Vitale – drums Joe Lala – cowbell "Hold" Rick Derringer – acoustic guitar, bass, lead vocals Edgar Winter – piano Bobby Caldwell – drums Carl Hall – backing vocals Lani Groves – backing vocals Tasha Thomas – backing vocals "The Airport Giveth (The Airport Taketh Away)" Rick Derringer – guitar, bass, organ, tambourine, lead vocals Edgar Winter – piano Bobby Caldwell – drums Carl Hall – backing vocals Lani Groves – backing vocals Tasha Thomas – backing vocals "Teenage Love Affair" Rick Derringer – guitar, bass, lead vocals, backing vocals Bobby Caldwell – drums "It's Raining" Rick Derringer – guitar, bass, lead vocals Jean "Toots" Thielemans – chromatic harmonica Paul Harris – piano Bobby Caldwell – drums Joe Lala – congas "Time Warp" Rick Derringer – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, electric sitar, bass, tambourine, maracas Edgar Winter – organ Bobby Caldwell – drums Joe Lala – congas "Slide on Over Slinky" Rick Derringer – guitar, bass, hair-drum, cowbell, lead vocals Edgar Winter – synthesized clavinet Bobby Caldwell – drums Carl Hall – backing vocals Lani Groves – backing vocals Tasha Thomas – backing vocals "Jump, Jump, Jump" Rick Derringer – guitar, bass, gong, lead vocals Edgar Winter – electric piano, acoustic piano Bobby Caldwell – drums Charts Chart (1974) Peakposition Australian (Kent Music Report) 38 References ^ Coda, Cub. All American Boy at AllMusic ^ "All American Boy - Rick Derringer". Džuboks (in Serbian) (5 (second series)). Gornji Milanovac: Dečje novine: 22. ^ Hull, Tom (April 1975). "The Rekord Report: First Card". Overdose. Retrieved June 26, 2020 – via tomhull.com. ^ The Rolling Stone Album Guide. Random House. 1992. p. 193. ^ "All American Boy - Rick Derringer | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved December 23, 2019. ^ This song first appeared on the album Johnny Winter And from artist Johnny Winter. Rick Derringer played guitar and sang vocals for that album. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 88. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. External links All American Boy at Discogs (list of releases) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrinal_Miri

Mrinal Miri

["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Publications","5 References","6 External links"]

This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Mrinal Miri" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Mrinal MiriNominated MP of the Rajya SabhaIn office29 June 2012 to 21 March 2016Preceded byRam Dayal Munda, INC Personal detailsBorn1 August 1940Assam, IndiaOccupationEducator Mrinal Miri (born 1 August 1940) is an Indian philosopher and educationalist. Early life He was awarded a BA in Philosophy from the University of Cambridge in 1966 and gained his doctorate in 1970. Career From 1970 to 1974 he was a Lecturer in Philosophy at St. Stephen's College under the University of Delhi, before moving to North Eastern Hill University. Mrinal also served as the Director of the Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla, from 1993 to 1999. He was nominated as a member of Rajya Sabha on 21 March 2012. He has been awarded a Padma Bhushan for his contribution in the field of education and literature. He was a member of the National Advisory Council established by the Manmohan Singh UPA I government. He is a member of the council set up for the implementation of RTE act also called as NAC. Personal life He is married to Sujata Miri, a fellow philosopher. Publications The Place of Humanities in Our Universities (ed), Routledge, 2018 (ISBN 978-1-138-10638-3) The Idea of Surplus: Tagore and Contemporary Human Sciences (ed), Routledge, New Delhi, 2016 (ISBN 978-1-138-63991-1) Philosophy and Education, Oxford University Press, 2014 (ISBN 0-19-945276-8) Identity and the Moral life, Oxford University Press, 2002 ISBN 0-19-566064-1 Tribal India: Continuity and Change (Ed), Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla, 1993 Five Essays on Kant (Ed), North Eastern Hill University, 1987 Philosophy of Psychoanalysis, Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla, 1997. References ^ "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015. ^ TNN (26 June 2010). "HRD panel to oversee RTE rollout". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2013. External links Profile at the NAC website Biography of Prof Mtinai Miri vtePadma Bhushan award recipients (2000–2009)2000 V. K. Aatre Anil Agarwal Ram Narain Agarwal Sharan Rani Backliwal Swami Kalyandev Veerendra Heggade Pavaguda V. Indiresan Wahiduddin Khan B. B. Lal Raghunath Anant Mashelkar H. Y. Sharada Prasad Rajinikanth Begum Aizaz Rasul Radha Reddy Raja Reddy Pakkiriswamy Chandra Sekharan Karamshi Jethabhai Somaiya S. Srinivasan Ratan Tata Harbans Singh Wasir 2001 Dev Anand Viswanathan Anand Amitabh Bachchan Rahul Bajaj B. R. Barwale Balasaheb Bharde Boyi Bhimanna Swadesh Chatterjee B. R. Chopra Ashok Desai K. M. George Bhupen Hazarika Lalgudi Jayaraman Yamini Krishnamurthy Shiv K. Kumar Raghunath Mohapatra Arun Netravali Mohan Singh Oberoi Rajendra K. Pachauri Abdul Karim Parekh Amrita Patel Pran Aroon Purie B. V. Raju P. Bhanumathi Sundaram Ramakrishnan Chitranjan Singh Ranawat Palle Rama Rao Raj Reddy Uma Sharma L. Subramaniam Naresh Trehan 2002 Gary Ackerman H. P. S. Ahluwalia Prabha Atre Sushantha Kumar Bhattacharyya Chandu Borde Eugene Chelyshev Pravinchandra Varjivan Gandhi Shobha Gurtu Henning Holck-Larsen Zakir Hussain B. K. S. Iyengar F. C. Kohli V. C. Kulandaiswamy Gury Marchuk Jagat Singh Mehta Ismail Merchant Mario Miranda Frank Pallone Ramanujam Varatharaja Perumal Natesan Rangabashyam Maharaja Krishna Rasgotra Habib Tanvir K. K. Venugopal Nirmal Verma K. J. Yesudas 2003 Teejan Bai Ammannur Madhava Chakyar Prabhu Chawla Herbert Fischer Jamshyd Godrej Coluthur Gopalan K. Parasaran B. Rajam Iyer Shri Krishna Joshi Madurai Narayanan Krishnan Rajinder Kumar Ramesh Kumar Purshotam Lal Sitakant Mahapatra Bagicha Singh Minhas Subhash Mukhopadhyay P. S. Narayanaswamy Arcot Ramachandran Trichur V. Ramachandran Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti T. V. Sankaranarayanan Naseeruddin Shah T. V. R. Shenoy Jagjit Singh Ram Badan Singh Hari Shankar Singhania Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman Narayanan Srinivasan Padma Subrahmanyam Swapna Sundari O. V. Vijayan Herbert Alexandrovich Yefremov 2004 Thoppil Varghese Antony Soumitra Chatterjee Chandrashekhar Shankar Dharmadhikari Gulzar Sardara Singh Johl M. V. Kamath Komal Kothari Yoshirō Mori Gopi Chand Narang Govindarajan Padmanaban Poornima Arvind Pakvasa Vishnu Prabhakar N. Rajam C. H. Hanumantha Rao Thiruvengadam Lakshman Sankar T. N. Seshagopalan Bijoy Nandan Shahi Krishna Srinivas Alarmel Valli 2005 Sardar Anjum André Beteille Chandi Prasad Bhatt Tumkur Ramaiya Satishchandran Mrinal Datta Chaudhuri Yash Chopra Manna Dey Irfan Habib Yusuf Hamied Qurratulain Hyder Tarlochan Singh Kler Anil Kohli Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw Mrinal Miri Hari Mohan Brijmohan Lall Munjal M. T. Vasudevan Nair Azim Premji Balraj Puri Syed Mir Qasim A. Ramachandran G. V. Iyer Ramakrishna V. S. Ramamurthy K. I. Varaprasad Reddy K. Srinath Reddy Girish Chandra Saxena Narasimaiah Seshagiri Mark Tully 2006 Jaiveer Agarwal P. S. Appu Shashi Bhushan Ganga Prasad Birla Grigory Bongard-Levin Lokesh Chandra Chiranjeevi Dinesh Nandini Dalmia Tarun Das Madhav Gadgil A. K. Hangal Devaki Jain Kamleshwar Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan Sabri Khan Ghulam Mustafa Khan Shanno Khurana Gunter Kruger P. Leela K. P. P. Nambiar Nandan Nilekani Sai Paranjpye Deepak Parekh M. V. Pylee Subramaniam Ramadorai N. S. Ramaswamy Pavani Parameswara Rao Ramakanta Rath V. Shanta Hira Lall Sibal Billy Arjan Singh Jasjit Singh Vijaypat Singhania K. G. Subramanyan K. K. Talwar Vijay Shankar Vyas Dušan Zbavitel 2007 Javed Akhtar Gabriel Chiramel Ela Gandhi Saroj Ghose V. Mohini Giri Somnath Hore Jamshed Jiji Irani Gurcharan Singh Kalkat N. Mahalingam Prithipal Singh Maini Tyeb Mehta Rajan and Sajan Mishra Rajan and Sajan Mishra Sunil Mittal Ramankutty Nair Gopaldas Neeraj Indra Nooyi Kavalam Narayana Panicker Bhikhu Parekh Syed Mohammad Sharfuddin Quadri V. S. Ramachandran Tapan Raychaudhuri S. H. Raza Jeffrey Sachs Chandra Prasad Saikia L. Z. Sailo Shiv Kumar Sarin Shriram Sharma Manju Sharma T. N. Srinivasan Osamu Suzuki K. T. Thomas 2008 Mian Bashir Ahmed Kaushik Basu Shayama Chona Jagjit Singh Chopra Rahim Fahimuddin Dagar Chandrashekhar Dasgupta Asis Datta Meghnad Desai Padma Desai Sukh Dev Nirmal Kumar Ganguly B. N. Goswamy Vasant Gowarikar Baba Kalyani K. V. Kamath Inderjit Kaur Barthakur Ravindra Kelekar Asad Ali Khan Dominique Lapierre D. R. Mehta Shiv Nadar Suresh Kumar Neotia T. K. Oommen K. Padmanabhaiah Vikram Pandit V. Ramachandran Sushil Kumar Saxena Amarnath Sehgal Jasdev Singh Shrilal Shukla P. Susheela S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan Yuli Vorontsov Sunita Williams Ji Xianlin 2009 Isher Judge Ahluwalia Inderjit Kaur Barthakur Shamshad Begum Abhinav Bindra Shanta Dhananjayan V. P. Dhananjayan Ramachandra Guha Shekhar Gupta Khalid Hameed Minoru Hara Jayakanthan Thomas Kailath Sarvagya Singh Katiyar G. Krishna R. C. Mehta A. Sreedhara Menon S. K. Misra A. M. Naik Satish Nambiar Kunwar Narayan Nagnath Naikwadi Kirit Parikh Sam Pitroda C. K. Prahalad Gurdip Singh Randhawa Brijendra Kumar Rao Bhakta B. Rath C. S. Seshadri V. Ganapati Sthapati Devendra Triguna Sarojini Varadappan # Posthumous conferral 1954–1959 1960–1969 1970–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–2029 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Catalonia Germany Israel United States Netherlands Other IdRef This Indian academic-related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William_of_Hesse-Kassel

Prince William of Hesse-Kassel

["1 Life and career","2 Marriage and children","3 Ancestry","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Bibliography","5 External links"]

European aristocrat (1787–1867) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (August 2013) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Wilhelm von Hessen-Kassel}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Prince WilliamBorn(1787-12-24)24 December 1787Biebrich, Landgraviate of Hesse-KasselDied5 September 1867(1867-09-05) (aged 79)Copenhagen, Kingdom of DenmarkSpouse Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark ​ ​(m. 1810; died 1864)​IssuePrincess Karoline Marie Luise, Princess Frederick Augustus of Anhalt-DessauLouise, Queen of DenmarkFriedrich Wilhelm, Landgrave of HesseAuguste, Baroness Carl Frederik of Blixen-FineckePrincess Sophie WilhelmineHouseHesse-KasselFatherPrince Frederick of Hesse-KasselMotherPrincess Caroline of Nassau-Usingen Prince William of Hesse-Kassel (24 December 1787 – 5 September 1867) was the first son of Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel and Princess Caroline of Nassau-Usingen. He was titular Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel-(Rumpenheim) and for many years heir presumptive to the throne of Hesse-Kassel. Life and career Prince William was born in Biebrich on Christmas Eve in 1787, the son of Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel and Princess Caroline of Nassau-Usingen. His father was himself a younger son of Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel and Princess Mary of Great Britain. Prince William lived most of his life in Denmark where he had several posts in the Danish military. He was military governor of Copenhagen from 1834 until 1848. He lived for many years in Prince William Mansion, Copenhagen and afterwards in Brockdorff's Palace part of Amalienborg Palace, the official residence for the Danish royal family. As a summer residence the family used Charlottenlund Palace outside of Copenhagen. Besides his Danish residences, he also had part ownership of the family castle, Rumpenheim Castle. The castle served as a meeting place for the Hesse-Kassel-Rumpenheim branch for many years and gathered Danish, Hesse, British and other royal families. Landgrave William took a keen interest in Danish affairs of state and in the succession issues in the 1840-ties. He and his wife Charlotte were among the leading figures in Denmark, especially after his brother-in-law, Christian VIII of Denmark became king in 1839. Landgrave William was known for his ultra-conservatism, but also for his hospitality, honesty, loyalty, and generosity. He died in 1867 in Copenhagen, the year after Hesse-Kassel was annexed to Prussia. He was buried at Rumpenheim Castle. Marriage and children Gathering of royals in the castle of Rumpenheim (Including Landgrave Wilhelm (seated to the right in the picture), his grandson-in-law Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII and his granddaughter Princess Alexandra of Wales, later Queen Alexandra), 1865) On 10 November 1810, William was married in Amalienborg Palace to Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark (1789–1864) daughter of Hereditary Prince Frederick of Denmark and Norway (1753–1805) and Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1758–1794). Children of the marriage: Karoline Friederike Marie of Hesse-Kassel (15 August 1811 – 10 May 1829). Princess Marie Luise Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel (9 May 1814 – 28 July 1895). Married Prince Frederick Augustus of Anhalt-Dessau. Louise of Hesse-Kassel (7 September 1817 – 29 September 1898). Married King Christian IX of Denmark. Friedrich Wilhelm (26 November 1820 – 14 October 1884). Head of House of Hesse-Kassel. Married first Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaievna of Russia, a daughter of Nicholas I of Russia and Charlotte of Prussia, and second Anna of Prussia. Auguste Sophie Friederike of Hesse-Kassel (30 October 1823 – 17 July 1889). Married Carl Frederik Blixen-Finecke, Baron von Blixen-Finecke, Lord of Näsbyholm. Sophie Wilhelmine of Hesse-Kassel (18 January – 20 December 1827). Landgrave Wilhelm is the maternal grandfather of Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom, King Frederick VIII of Denmark, King George I of Greece, Empress Maria Feodorovna of Russia, and Grand Duchess Adelheid of Luxembourg and paternal grandfather of Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse (elected King of Finland on 9 October 1918, but renounced the throne on 14 December 1918). Ancestry Ancestors of Prince William of Hesse-Kassel 8. William VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel 4. Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel 9. Dorothea Wilhelmine of Saxe-Zeitz 2. Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel 10. George II of Great Britain 5. Princess Mary of Great Britain 11. Caroline of Ansbach 1. Prince William of Hesse-Kassel 12. Charles, Prince of Nassau-Usingen 6. Charles William, Prince of Nassau-Usingen 13. Princess Christine Wilhelmine of Saxe-Eisenach 3. Princess Caroline of Nassau-Usingen 14. Christian Karl Reinhard of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg 7. Countess Caroline Felizitas of Leiningen-Dagsburg 15. Katharina Polyxena of Solms-Rödelheim and Assenheim References Citations ^ Lesser 1904, p. 587. Bibliography Bramsen, Bo (1985). Ferdinand og Caroline : en beretning om prinsen, der nødig ville være konge af Danmark (in Danish) (4th ed.). Copenhagen: Nordiske Landes Bogforlag. ISBN 8787439220. Lesser, Johan (1904). "Vilhelm, Landgreve af Hessen-Kassel". In Bricka, Carl Frederik (ed.). Dansk Biografisk Lexikon. Tillige omfattende Norge for Tidsrummet 1537–1814 (in Danish). Vol. XVIII (1st ed.). Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag. pp. 587–588. External links Media related to William of Hesse-Kassel at Wikimedia Commons vtePrinces and Landgraves of Hesse1st generation none 2nd generation William I, Elector of Hesse1 Prince Charles1 Prince Frederick1 3rd generation William II, Elector of Hesse1 Prince Frederik1 Prince Christian1 Prince William1 4th generation Frederick William I, Elector of Hesse1 Frederick William II, Landgrave of Hesse 5th generation Frederick William III, Landgrave of Hesse Alexander Frederick, Landgrave of Hesse Frederick Charles, Landgrave of Hesse 6th generation Philipp, Landgrave of Hesse Prince Wolfgang Prince Christoph 7th generation Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse Prince Heinrich 8th generation Donatus, Landgrave of Hesse 1 Prince and Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel until 1803 Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany People Deutsche Biographie Other RISM

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"Princess Caroline of Nassau-Usingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Caroline_of_Nassau-Usingen"},{"link_name":"Landgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgrave"},{"link_name":"Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse"}],"text":"Prince William of Hesse-Kassel (24 December 1787 – 5 September 1867) was the first son of Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel and Princess Caroline of Nassau-Usingen. He was titular Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel-(Rumpenheim)\nand for many years heir presumptive to the throne of Hesse-Kassel.","title":"Prince William of Hesse-Kassel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biebrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biebrich_(Wiesbaden)"},{"link_name":"Christmas Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve"},{"link_name":"Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"Princess Caroline of Nassau-Usingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Caroline_of_Nassau-Usingen"},{"link_name":"Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"Princess Mary of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Mary_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesser1904587-1"},{"link_name":"Prince William Mansion, Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William_Mansion,_Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Brockdorff's Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockdorff%27s_Palace"},{"link_name":"Amalienborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalienborg"},{"link_name":"Charlottenlund Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottenlund_Palace"},{"link_name":"Rumpenheim Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpenheim_Castle"},{"link_name":"Christian VIII of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_VIII_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"}],"text":"Prince William was born in Biebrich on Christmas Eve in 1787, the son of Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel and Princess Caroline of Nassau-Usingen. His father was himself a younger son of Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel and Princess Mary of Great Britain.[1]Prince William lived most of his life in Denmark where he had several posts in the Danish military. He was military governor of Copenhagen from 1834 until 1848. He lived for many years in Prince William Mansion, Copenhagen and afterwards in Brockdorff's Palace part of Amalienborg Palace, the official residence for the Danish royal family. As a summer residence the family used Charlottenlund Palace outside of Copenhagen.Besides his Danish residences, he also had part ownership of the family castle, Rumpenheim Castle. The castle served as a meeting place for the Hesse-Kassel-Rumpenheim branch for many years and gathered Danish, Hesse, British and other royal families.Landgrave William took a keen interest in Danish affairs of state and in the succession issues in the 1840-ties. He and his wife Charlotte were among the leading figures in Denmark, especially after his brother-in-law, Christian VIII of Denmark became king in 1839.Landgrave William was known for his ultra-conservatism, but also for his hospitality, honesty, loyalty, and generosity.He died in 1867 in Copenhagen, the year after Hesse-Kassel was annexed to Prussia. He was buried at Rumpenheim Castle.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schloss_Rumpenheim_-_Group.jpg"},{"link_name":"Albert Edward, Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"Princess Alexandra of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Amalienborg Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalienborg_Palace"},{"link_name":"Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Louise_Charlotte_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Hereditary Prince Frederick of Denmark and Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_Prince_Frederick_of_Denmark_and_Norway"},{"link_name":"Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Frederica_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin"},{"link_name":"Princess Marie Luise Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Marie_Luise_Charlotte_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"Frederick Augustus of Anhalt-Dessau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_of_Anhalt-Dessau"},{"link_name":"Louise of Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"Christian IX of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_IX_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Frederick_William_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaievna of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Alexandra_Nikolaevna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Nicholas I of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Charlotte of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Fyodorovna_(Charlotte_of_Prussia)"},{"link_name":"Anna of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Anna_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Auguste Sophie Friederike of Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Sophie_Friederike_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"Carl Frederik Blixen-Finecke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Frederik_Blixen-Finecke"},{"link_name":"Blixen-Finecke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blixen_(Adelsgeschlecht)"},{"link_name":"Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Frederick VIII of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_VIII_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"George I of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Empress Maria Feodorovna of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Dagmar_of_Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Adelheid of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Adelheid-Marie_of_Anhalt-Dessau"},{"link_name":"Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Frederick_Charles_of_Hesse"}],"text":"Gathering of royals in the castle of Rumpenheim (Including Landgrave Wilhelm (seated to the right in the picture), his grandson-in-law Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII and his granddaughter Princess Alexandra of Wales, later Queen Alexandra), 1865)On 10 November 1810, William was married in Amalienborg Palace to Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark (1789–1864) daughter of Hereditary Prince Frederick of Denmark and Norway (1753–1805) and Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1758–1794).Children of the marriage:Karoline Friederike Marie of Hesse-Kassel (15 August 1811 – 10 May 1829).\nPrincess Marie Luise Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel (9 May 1814 – 28 July 1895). Married Prince Frederick Augustus of Anhalt-Dessau.\nLouise of Hesse-Kassel (7 September 1817 – 29 September 1898). Married King Christian IX of Denmark.\nFriedrich Wilhelm (26 November 1820 – 14 October 1884). Head of House of Hesse-Kassel. Married first Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaievna of Russia, a daughter of Nicholas I of Russia and Charlotte of Prussia, and second Anna of Prussia.\nAuguste Sophie Friederike of Hesse-Kassel (30 October 1823 – 17 July 1889). Married Carl Frederik Blixen-Finecke, Baron von Blixen-Finecke, Lord of Näsbyholm.\nSophie Wilhelmine of Hesse-Kassel (18 January – 20 December 1827).Landgrave Wilhelm is the maternal grandfather of Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom, King Frederick VIII of Denmark, King George I of Greece, Empress Maria Feodorovna of Russia, and Grand Duchess Adelheid of Luxembourg and paternal grandfather of Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse (elected King of Finland on 9 October 1918, but renounced the throne on 14 December 1918).","title":"Marriage and children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_VIII,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"Dorothea Wilhelmine of Saxe-Zeitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Wilhelmine_of_Saxe-Zeitz"},{"link_name":"Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"George II of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Princess Mary of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Mary_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Caroline of Ansbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_of_Ansbach"},{"link_name":"Charles, Prince of Nassau-Usingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Nassau-Usingen"},{"link_name":"Charles William, Prince of Nassau-Usingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William,_Prince_of_Nassau-Usingen"},{"link_name":"Princess Christine Wilhelmine of Saxe-Eisenach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Christine_Wilhelmine_of_Saxe-Eisenach"},{"link_name":"Princess Caroline of Nassau-Usingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Caroline_of_Nassau-Usingen"},{"link_name":"Christian Karl Reinhard of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Karl_Reinhard_of_Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg"},{"link_name":"Countess Caroline Felizitas of Leiningen-Dagsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_Caroline_Felizitas_of_Leiningen-Dagsburg"}],"text":"Ancestors of Prince William of Hesse-Kassel 8. William VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel 4. Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel 9. Dorothea Wilhelmine of Saxe-Zeitz 2. Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel 10. George II of Great Britain 5. Princess Mary of Great Britain 11. Caroline of Ansbach 1. Prince William of Hesse-Kassel 12. Charles, Prince of Nassau-Usingen 6. Charles William, Prince of Nassau-Usingen 13. Princess Christine Wilhelmine of Saxe-Eisenach 3. Princess Caroline of Nassau-Usingen 14. Christian Karl Reinhard of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg 7. Countess Caroline Felizitas of Leiningen-Dagsburg 15. Katharina Polyxena of Solms-Rödelheim and Assenheim","title":"Ancestry"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacelia_attenuata

Hacelia attenuata

["1 External links"]

Species of starfish Hacelia attenuata Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Asteroidea Order: Valvatida Family: Ophidiasteridae Genus: Hacelia Species: H. attenuata Binomial name Hacelia attenuataGray, 1840 Hacelia attenuata is a species of sea star. The type species of the genus Hacelia, it was described by John Edward Gray in 1840. It is found in the Mediterranean Sea. External links Photos of Hacelia attenuata on Sealife Collection Taxon identifiersHacelia attenuata Wikidata: Q583390 CoL: 3J686 GBIF: 2272519 iNaturalist: 326332 IRMNG: 11340058 ITIS: 990183 NCBI: 232928 Observation.org: 187304 OBIS: 124094 Open Tree of Life: 761409 SeaLifeBase: 81401 WoRMS: 124094 Ophidiaster attenuatus Wikidata: Q3455449 GBIF: 2272520 IRMNG: 11696058 ITIS: 992197 WoRMS: 378709 This article about a starfish is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebatik_Island

Sebatik Island

["1 Attractions","2 See also","3 References"]

Coordinates: 4°10′02″N 117°47′02″E / 4.16722°N 117.78389°E / 4.16722; 117.78389Island in Indonesia and Malaysia "Sebatik" redirects here. For the state constituency, see Sebatik (state constituency). Sebatik IslandNative name: Pulau SebatikAerial view of the entrance to Cowie Bay. In the background Sebatik Island. In the foreground, next to the sea, Tawau Town. Taken from an aeroplane, heading west.Map showing Sebatik Island and the Indonesia–Malaysia border that cuts across it. Nunukan island is in the southwest corner of the map.GeographyLocationCelebes SeaCoordinates4°10′02″N 117°47′02″E / 4.16722°N 117.78389°E / 4.16722; 117.78389ArchipelagoMalay ArchipelagoArea452.2 km2 (174.6 sq mi)AdministrationMalaysiaStateSabahDivisionTawau DivisionIndonesiaProvinceNorth KalimantanRegencyNunukan RegencyDemographicsPopulation25,000 (Malaysian side)47,571 (Indonesian side) 2008 Indonesian stamp featuring Sebatik Island Sebatik Island (Indonesian/Malay: Pulau Sebatik) is an island off the eastern coast of Borneo, split between Indonesia and Malaysia. It is one of the 92 officially listed outlying islands of Indonesia. Sebatik has an area of approximately 452.2 square kilometres (174.6 sq mi). The minimum distance between Sebatik Island and the mainland of Borneo is about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi). Sebatik Island lies between Cowie Bay (also known as Teluk Tawau) to the north and Sibuku Bay (Teluk Sibuku) to the south. The town of Tawau lies in Sabah just to the north. The island is bisected at roughly 4° 10' north by the Indonesia–Malaysia border - the northern part belongs to Sabah, Malaysia (Sebatik Malaysia) while the southern part belongs to North Kalimantan (previously East Kalimantan), Indonesia (Sebatik Indonesia). Sebatik Malaysia has a population estimated to be approximately 25,000; there were 47,571 people in Sebatik Indonesia as at the 2020 Census. The demarcated international border between Malaysia and Indonesia stops at the eastern edge of Sebatik Island, so that the ownership of Unarang Rock and the maritime area located to the east of Sebatik is unclear. This is one of the reasons why the Ambalat region waters and crude oil deposits east of Sebatik Island have been the centre of an active maritime dispute between Indonesia and Malaysia since March 2005. The ambiguity of the border at the eastern edge also caused a dispute over two nearby islands of Sipadan and Ligitan, both south of 4° 10' N but administered by Malaysia. The territorial dispute was resolved by the International Court of Justice in 2002 which awarded the islands to Malaysia. While there are border guards on the island, there is no immigration office, no customs house, no barbed-wire fence and no walls demarcating the border. Instead, the only evidence of a border are the concrete piles buried every kilometre from east to west. Sebatik Island was one of the places in which heavy fighting took place between Indonesian troops and Malaysian troops during the 1963 Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation. The North Borneo Timbers company operated a logging concession on the island until the 1980s and its mostly expatriate employees lived in a self-contained community in Wallace Bay. Sebatik Malaysia is within the administrative division of Tawau. For electoral purposes, Sebatik falls within the parliamentary constituency of Kalabakan and the state assembly district of Sebatik. Sitangkai Indonesia (at its closest points) is approximately 175 kilometres (109 mi) to Sitangkai, Tawi-Tawi, Philippines, the second-closest point between the two countries after the Miangas island in North Sulawesi. Attractions In the village of Sungai Haji Kuning, there exists a house known as the "Two Country House Tour" that is divided by the Malaysian-Indonesian border. Further along the border, within Pancang as well, a public swimming pool known as "North Sebatik Swimming Pool" bisects the international border. See also Islands portal List of divided islands List of islands of Malaysia List of islands of Indonesia Line house References ^ a b "ISLAND DIRECTORY". UN System-wide Earthwatch Web Site. ^ a b Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia), DA Colson - American Journal of International Law, 2003] ^ a b Tawu City Website, article: Universiti Malaysia Sabah will set up a base station at Sebatik Island to facilitate studies on sea mammals in the surrounding waters here. Archived 2 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia), DA Colson - American Journal of International Law, 2003 ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. ^ a b Ambalat: A Spatial Perspective, by I. Made Andi Arsana of The School of Surveying and Spatial Information Systems, The University of New South Wales, 2005. ^ Blog 2005 ^ See distance calculator at www.daftlogic.com ^ This House Built On the Middle of a Border Is Half Malaysian and Half Indonesian!, World of Buzz Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sebatik. vteIslands of Sabah Adal Ampak-Ampak Bai Baik Bait Bakau-Bakau Bakubang Balak Balambangan Balangkasan Balundangan Kecil Balungang Besar Balusuan Bangan-Bangan Banggi Bankawan Bangkuruan Batawan Batik Batik Kulambu Batu Laya-Laya Berhala Bilangan Billean Bingkulan Bisa Bodgaya Bohayan Boheydulang Bonting Bum Bum Bush Buwaning Daisy Danawan Daunan Delconte Dewa Dinawan Di Tg. Batai Di Tg. Pendaras Engot Evans Gaya Gatahan Guhuan Utara Gulisan Gusong Gusungan Hutan Rimba Jambongan Kabili Kahamkamman Kalampunian Kalampunian Besar Kalampunian Damit Kalangaan Kalapuan Kalumpang Kalungan Kalung Kalungan Kanawi Kaniogan Kapalai Kawan Kelautan Keramuk Keremat Kukuban Laila Lakatan Landayang Lankayan Langaan Lambidan Larapan Latoan Leonan Libaran Ligitan Lihak-Lihak Lihiman Limau Limauan Linkabo Lingisan Little Bakkungaan Lungisan Lubukan Mabahok Mabul Maganting Maiga Majinkil Malawali Maliangin Besar Maliangin Kecil Malundangan Mamutik Mandag-Mandag Mandidarah Mangkalai Darat Mangkalai Laut Mantabuan Mantanani Manukan Mataking Mataking Kecil Mata Pahi Mati Menampilek Mengalum Merigi Modom Montokud Musa Nunuyan Darat Nunuyan Laut Nusa Kuya Nusa Tengah Omadal Pababag Pagassan Pakil Palak Pandan-Pandan Pandanan Pandawan Panimbawan Panukaran Papahan Pasir Patanunam Peduk Penampangan Plompong Pom Pom Puno Puno Puru Puru Sabangkat Saddle Saga Sakar Salakan Sand Sandy Sangai Sapi Sarangga Sebangkat Sebatik Sedam Selangan Selingan Sepanggar Si Amil Sibuon Sikarindingan Silawa Silogong Silumpat Silungun Simandalan Simial Sinamgil Sinjataan Sipadan Sipanggau Sipindung Sisipan Straggler Sulug Sulok Sungor Tabawan Tabilian Tabun Tagabua Tagujawan Tambisan Tambulian Tango Tanjung Tanjung Tiga Papan Tatagan-Tatagan Tegaipil Tetagan Torongohok Terumbu Eberett Tetabuan Tibakan Tiga Tigabu Tigowis Tikus Timba Timba Timbang Timbun Mata Timur Tiong Kecil Tree Rock Udar Kecil Udar Besar Usukan Source: List of islands in Sabah (Page 53/61) vteRegencies and cities of North KalimantanCapital: Tanjung SelorRegencies Bulungan Malinau Nunukan Tana Tidung Cities Tarakan See also: List of regencies and cities of Indonesia

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The island is bisected at roughly 4° 10' north by the Indonesia–Malaysia border - the northern part belongs to Sabah, Malaysia (Sebatik Malaysia) while the southern part belongs to North Kalimantan (previously East Kalimantan), Indonesia (Sebatik Indonesia).Sebatik Malaysia has a population estimated to be approximately 25,000; there were 47,571 people in Sebatik Indonesia as at the 2020 Census.[3][5]The demarcated international border between Malaysia and Indonesia stops at the eastern edge of Sebatik Island, so that the ownership of Unarang Rock and the maritime area located to the east of Sebatik is unclear.[6] This is one of the reasons why the Ambalat region waters and crude oil deposits east of Sebatik Island have been the centre of an active maritime dispute between Indonesia and Malaysia since March 2005. The ambiguity of the border at the eastern edge also caused a dispute over two nearby islands of Sipadan and Ligitan, both south of 4° 10' N but administered by Malaysia. The territorial dispute was resolved by the International Court of Justice in 2002 which awarded the islands to Malaysia.[6]While there are border guards on the island, there is no immigration office, no customs house, no barbed-wire fence and no walls demarcating the border. Instead, the only evidence of a border are the concrete piles buried every kilometre from east to west.[7]Sebatik Island was one of the places in which heavy fighting took place between Indonesian troops and Malaysian troops during the 1963 Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation.The North Borneo Timbers company operated a logging concession on the island until the 1980s and its mostly expatriate employees lived in a self-contained community in Wallace Bay. Sebatik Malaysia is within the administrative division of Tawau. For electoral purposes, Sebatik falls within the parliamentary constituency of Kalabakan and the state assembly district of Sebatik.Sitangkai Indonesia (at its closest points) is approximately 175 kilometres (109 mi) to Sitangkai, Tawi-Tawi, Philippines, the second-closest point between the two countries after the Miangas island in North Sulawesi.[8]","title":"Sebatik Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In the village of Sungai Haji Kuning, there exists a house known as the \"Two Country House Tour\" that is divided by the Malaysian-Indonesian border.[9] Further along the border, within Pancang as well, a public swimming pool known as \"North Sebatik Swimming Pool\" bisects the international border.","title":"Attractions"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Gray_(anthropologist)

Andrew Gray (anthropologist)

["1 Life","2 References"]

For other people named Andrew Gray, see Andrew Gray (disambiguation). Andrew Gray (21 July 1955 in Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom – 7 May 1999, near Vanuatu) was a British anthropologist and activist for the rights of indigenous peoples. Life Gray graduated from the University of Edinburgh in 1973 and received a PhD from the University of Oxford in 1983 for his work studying the Arakmbut people of the Peruvian Amazon. He then became director of the International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA), a post he held for six years. After leaving the IWGIA in 1989, he continued to act as a consultant for them and for related organisations such as the World Rainforest Movement, the International Alliance of Indigenous and Tribal Forest Peoples, the Gaia Foundation and Anti-Slavery International. Although he lectured at the University of Copenhagen and the University of Oxford, Gray avoided a conventional academic career and never took up a full-time research post. He continued to publish academic work, most notably The Arakmbut of Amazonian Peru (three vols, 1996–1997). He also spent a large amount of time on fieldwork, visiting and talking to indigenous groups worldwide. At the time of his death, was vice-chair of the IWGIA, and was working in the Pacific. Whilst travelling in the region, the light aircraft he was in came down in the sea off Vanuatu; he survived the crash, but was separated from the group of survivors before they made it to shore, and was presumed dead. References ^ a b c d Riviere, Peter (26 May 1999). "Obituary: Andrew Gray". The Independent. Archived from the original on 16 December 2009. Retrieved 11 May 2018. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Sweden Netherlands Other SNAC IdRef This article about a cultural anthropologist from the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article about a United Kingdom activist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_maiestas

Law of majestas

["1 Description","2 Expansion of the law of treason under Tiberius","3 Punishment","4 References","5 External links"]

Crimes against the state in ancient Rome This article is largely based on an article in the out-of-copyright Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, which was produced in 1911. It should be brought up to date to reflect subsequent history or scholarship (including the references, if any). When you have completed the review, replace this notice with a simple note on this article's talk page. (August 2022) The law of majestas, or lex maiestatis, encompasses several ancient Roman laws (leges maiestatis) throughout the Republican and Imperial periods dealing with crimes against the Roman people, state, or Emperor. Description In Roman law, the offences originally falling under the head of treason were almost exclusively those committed in military service. The very name perduellio, the name of the crime in the older Roman law, is evidence of this. Perduelles were, strictly, public enemies who bore arms against the state; and traitors were regarded as having no more rights than public enemies. The Twelve Tables made it punishable with death to communicate with the enemy or to betray a citizen to the enemy. Other kinds of perduellio were punished by "interdiction of fire and water" (aquae et ignis interdictio), in other words, banishment. The crime was tried before a special tribunal (quaestio) by two officials (duumviri perduellionis), which was perhaps the earliest permanent criminal court existing at Rome. At a later period, the name of perduellio gave place to that of laesa maiestas, deminuta or minuta maiestas, or simply maiestas. The lex Iulia maiestatis, to which the date of 48 B.C. has been conjecturally assigned, continued to be the basis of the Roman law of treason until the latest period of the empire. The original text of the law appears to have still dealt with what were chiefly military offences, such as sending letters or messages to the enemy, giving up a standard or fortress, and desertion. Expansion of the law of treason under Tiberius With the Empire, the law of treason was greatly expanded in scope, mainly in the reign of Tiberius, and led to the rise of a class of professional informers, called delatores. The concept of the emperor as divine had much to do with this. It became a maxim that treason was next to sacrilege in gravity. The law as it existed in the time of Justinian is contained chiefly in the titles of the Digest and Codex Ad legem Iuliam maiestatis. The definition given in the Digest (taken from Ulpian) is this: ''maiestatis crimen illud est quod adversus populum Romanum vel adversus securitatem eius committitur." ("The crime of majestas is that which is committed against the Roman people or against their safety.") Of treasons other than military offences, some of the more noticeable were the raising of an army or levying war without the command of the emperor, the questioning of the emperor's choice of a successor, the murder of (or conspiracy to murder) hostages or certain magistrates of high rank, the occupation of public places, the meeting within the city of persons hostile to the state with weapons or stones, incitement to sedition or administration of unlawful oaths, release of prisoners justly confined, falsification of public documents, and failure of a provincial governor to quit his province at the expiration of his office or to deliver his army to his successor. The intention (voluntas) was punishable as much as an overt act (effectus). "Principes instar deorum esse" ("Emperors are as gods") are the words of Tacitus. This crime was called laesa maiestas divina in later law. It was not treason to repair a statue of the emperor which had decayed from age, to hit such a statue with a stone thrown by chance, to melt down such a statue if unconsecrated, to use mere verbal insults against the emperor, to fail in keeping an oath sworn by the emperor or to decide a case contrary to an imperial constitution. Treason was one of the publica judicia, i.e. one of those crimes in which any citizen was entitled to prosecute. The law deprived the accused in a charge of treason of his ordinary remedy for malicious prosecution, and also took from him the privilege (which those accused of other crimes generally possessed) of immunity from accusation by women or infamous persons, from liability to be put to the torture, and from having his slaves tortured to make them testify against him. Punishment The punishment from the time of Tiberius was death (usually by beheading) and confiscation of property, coupled with complete civil disability. A traitor could not make a will or a gift or emancipate a slave. Even the death of the accused, if guilty of treason of the gravest kind, such as levying war against the state, did not extinguish the charge, but the memory of the deceased became infamous, and his property was forfeited as though he had been convicted in his lifetime. References ^ a b c d e f g  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Craies, William Feilden (1911). "Treason". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 223–228. External links A very good collection of resources maintained by professor Ernest Metzger. The Roman Law Library by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev

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Perduelles were, strictly, public enemies who bore arms against the state; and traitors were regarded as having no more rights than public enemies. The Twelve Tables made it punishable with death to communicate with the enemy or to betray a citizen to the enemy. Other kinds of perduellio were punished by \"interdiction of fire and water\" (aquae et ignis interdictio), in other words, banishment. The crime was tried before a special tribunal (quaestio) by two officials (duumviri perduellionis), which was perhaps the earliest permanent criminal court existing at Rome.[1]At a later period, the name of perduellio gave place to that of laesa maiestas, deminuta or minuta maiestas, or simply maiestas. The lex Iulia maiestatis, to which the date of 48 B.C. has been conjecturally assigned, continued to be the basis of the Roman law of treason until the latest period of the empire. The original text of the law appears to have still dealt with what were chiefly military offences, such as sending letters or messages to the enemy, giving up a standard or fortress, and desertion.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius"},{"link_name":"delatores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delator"},{"link_name":"sacrilege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrilege"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"},{"link_name":"Ulpian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulpian"},{"link_name":"magistrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magistrates"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"},{"link_name":"Tacitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"},{"link_name":"tortured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"}],"text":"With the Empire, the law of treason was greatly expanded in scope, mainly in the reign of Tiberius, and led to the rise of a class of professional informers, called delatores. The concept of the emperor as divine had much to do with this. It became a maxim that treason was next to sacrilege in gravity.[1]The law as it existed in the time of Justinian is contained chiefly in the titles of the Digest and Codex Ad legem Iuliam maiestatis. The definition given in the Digest (taken from Ulpian) is this: ''maiestatis crimen illud est quod adversus populum Romanum vel adversus securitatem eius committitur.\" (\"The crime of majestas is that which is committed against the Roman people or against their safety.\") Of treasons other than military offences, some of the more noticeable were the raising of an army or levying war without the command of the emperor, the questioning of the emperor's choice of a successor, the murder of (or conspiracy to murder) hostages or certain magistrates of high rank, the occupation of public places, the meeting within the city of persons hostile to the state with weapons or stones, incitement to sedition or administration of unlawful oaths, release of prisoners justly confined, falsification of public documents, and failure of a provincial governor to quit his province at the expiration of his office or to deliver his army to his successor.[1]The intention (voluntas) was punishable as much as an overt act (effectus). \"Principes instar deorum esse\" (\"Emperors are as gods\") are the words of Tacitus. This crime was called laesa maiestas divina in later law. It was not treason to repair a statue of the emperor which had decayed from age, to hit such a statue with a stone thrown by chance, to melt down such a statue if unconsecrated, to use mere verbal insults against the emperor, to fail in keeping an oath sworn by the emperor or to decide a case contrary to an imperial constitution.[1]Treason was one of the publica judicia, i.e. one of those crimes in which any citizen was entitled to prosecute. The law deprived the accused in a charge of treason of his ordinary remedy for malicious prosecution, and also took from him the privilege (which those accused of other crimes generally possessed) of immunity from accusation by women or infamous persons, from liability to be put to the torture, and from having his slaves tortured to make them testify against him.[1]","title":"Expansion of the law of treason under Tiberius"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"confiscation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confiscation"},{"link_name":"civil disability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenfranchisement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"}],"text":"The punishment from the time of Tiberius was death (usually by beheading) and confiscation of property, coupled with complete civil disability. A traitor could not make a will or a gift or emancipate a slave. Even the death of the accused, if guilty of treason of the gravest kind, such as levying war against the state, did not extinguish the charge, but the memory of the deceased became infamous, and his property was forfeited as though he had been convicted in his lifetime.[1]","title":"Punishment"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_Factor_(British_game_show)

Fear Factor (British game show)

["1 Format","2 Filming","3 Transmissions","4 References","5 External links"]

British TV series or programme Fear FactorAlso known asCelebrity Fear Factor (2004)GenreGame showPresented byEd SandersCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series3No. of episodes32ProductionRunning time60 minutes (inc. adverts)Production companyEndemol UK ProductionsOriginal releaseNetworkSky OneRelease3 September 2002 (2002-09-03) –22 August 2004 (2004-08-22)RelatedFear Factor Fear Factor is a British game show based on the Dutch game show Now or Neverland and part of the international Fear Factor franchise. It was broadcast on Sky One from 3 September 2002 to 22 August 2004 and was presented by Ed Sanders. Format As the show started, Sanders gives an opening statement, and this is one most commonly used: Imagine a world where your greatest fears become reality. Welcome to Fear Factor. Then, he gives a verbal disclaimer. The wording has changed with certain versions, but also, this is one most commonly used: The stunts you're about to see are designed and supervised by trained professionals. They are extremely dangerous, and they shouldn't/should not be attempted by anyone, anywhere, anytime. This version has two teams of three contestants. They are known as the red team and the green team. They all take part individually in the first stunt, chosen randomly by Ed. In the second stunt, two contestants from each team chosen by their opponents do it, and in the third and final stunt, it can vary. In the first stunt, the four contestants from any team that complete a stunt in the fastest time would bank their teams £3,000. In the second stunt, the contestants who completes a stunt would bank their teams £3,000. And in the third and final stunt, the person from any team, or the team that complete a stunt in the fastest time would bank their teams £5,000 and win the total money. For its third and final series, the programme became Celebrity Fear Factor, with each team now consisting of three celebrities playing for charity. Filming The first series was filmed in Cape Town, South Africa, while the 2nd & 3rd series was filmed in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Transmissions Series Start date End date Episodes 1 3 September 2002 26 November 2002 13 2 18 September 2003 11 December 2003 13 3 18 July 2004 22 August 2004 6 References ^ Deans, Jason (13 March 2002). "Sky One taps into Fear Factor". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 April 2023. ^ Wilkes, Neil (28 April 2004). "Sky One orders new 'Celebrity Fear Factor'". Digital Spy. Retrieved 1 April 2023. External links Fear Factor at UKGameshows.com vteSky One, Sky Comedy and Sky Max original programming1980s debuts The DJ Kat Show Fun Factory The New Price Is Right Sale of the Century 1990s debuts Blockbusters CI5: The New Professionals Diana: Her True Story Dream Team Games World Guilty! Jeopardy! Police Stop! Prickly Heat Space Island One Space Precinct Spellbound Springhill Through the Keyhole Uncovered The Villa The Wanderer 2000s debuts All-Star Cup Angela and Friends Are You Smarter than a 10 Year Old? Baddiel's Syndrome Badger or Bust Big Ron Manager The Bombmaker Brainiac: History Abuse Brainiac: Science Abuse Brainiac's Test Tube Baby Britain's Hardest Cirque de Celebrité Dirty Money Don't Forget the Lyrics! Ed vs. Spencer Entertainment Tonight UK Fear Factor Fight School Football Icon Gamezville Gladiators Grease: The School Musical Guinness World Records Smashed Hairspray: The School Musical Harry Enfield's Brand Spanking New Show Hex Is Harry on the Boat? Kirsty's Home Videos Little Monsters The Match Mile High Noel's Christmas Presents Noel's HQ Nothing but the Truth Oops TV The Pop Years Porno Valley Project Catwalk The Race Road Raja Road Wars Ross Kemp: Behind the Story Ross Kemp in Afghanistan Ross Kemp in Search of Pirates Ross Kemp on Gangs Sell Me the Answer Shock Treatment Skellig The Strangerers Street Wars The Stretch The Sun Military Awards The Take Taste Terry Pratchett's Hogfather Terry Pratchett's The Colour of Magic There's Something About Miriam Time Gentleman, Please! UK Border Force Vroom! Vroom! Wayne Rooney's Street Striker 2010s debuts After Hours Agatha Raisin Ashley Banjo's Secret Street Crew The Angel The Big Spell Bill Bailey's Birdwatching Bonanza Bliss Bounty Hunters Brassic Bring the Noise Bulletproof The Café Carters Get Rich Chickens Chris & Wes: Let's Do This Cop Squad Critical Curfew David Attenborough's Conquest of the Skies 3D Delicious A Discovery of Witches Don't Stop Me Now! Duck Quacks Don't Echo Emergency with Angela Griffin Fat Families Football's Next Star The Five Frayed Gadget Geeks Got to Dance Harrow: A Very British School Hooten & the Lady An Idiot Abroad Inside Gatwick In the Long Run Jamestown King of the Nerds The Kumars A League of Their Own Little Crackers Living the Dream Liza & Huey's Pet Nation Louie Spence's Showbusiness Mad Dogs The Moaning of Life Moominvalley Moonfleet Moone Boy Mount Pleasant Must Be the Music Obese: A Year to Save My Life One Hundred and Eighty Parents Pineapple Dance Studios Prison: First & Last 24 Hours The Reluctant Landlord Rob & Romesh Vs Ross Kemp: Battle for the Amazon Ross Kemp: Extreme World Rovers The Runaway The Russell Howard Hour Safebreakers Showboaters Sick of It Sick Note Sinbad Sing: Ultimate A Cappella The Smoke Spy Stan Lee's Lucky Man Starlings Stella Stop Search Seize Strike Back Temple Terry Pratchett's Going Postal Thorne A Touch of Cloth Treasure Island The Trip Trollied Wall of Fame Wild Things Yonderland You, Me and the Apocalypse 2020s debuts Amadeus Avenue 5 Bloods Breeders COBRA Code 404 Fantasy Football League Funny Woman Intelligence Intergalactic The Lazarus Project The Midwich Cuckoos Never Mind the Buzzcocks The Rising Romantic Getaway Rosie Molloy Gives Up Everything Smothered Then You Run A Town Called Malice Two Weeks to Live Upright Wolfe

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Arnaboldi

Andrea Arnaboldi

["1 Personal information","2 Challenger and Itf Futures","2.1 Singles: 17 (7-10)","2.2 Doubles (8–15)","3 References","4 External links"]

Italian tennis player Andrea ArnaboldiCountry (sports) ItalyResidenceCantu, ItalyBorn (1987-12-27) 27 December 1987 (age 36)Milan, ItalyHeight1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Turned pro2006Retired2023 (in singles)PlaysLeft-handed (one-handed backhand)CoachFabrizio AlbaniPrize money$1,014,753SinglesCareer record4–10Career titles0Highest rankingNo. 153 (12 October 2015)Grand Slam singles resultsAustralian OpenQ3 (2015)French Open2R (2015)Wimbledon1R (2019)US OpenQ3 (2013)DoublesCareer record1–2Career titles0Highest rankingNo. 130 (15 February 2016)Last updated on: 31 December 2023. Andrea Arnaboldi (Italian pronunciation: ; born 27 December 1987) is an Italian former tennis player who competed on the ATP Challenger Tour. He advanced to the main draw of the 2014 French Open, 2015 French Open, and 2019 Wimbledon. Personal information His cousin Federico Arnaboldi is also a tennis player. Arnaboldi announced his retirement in December 2023. Challenger and Itf Futures Singles: 17 (7-10) Legend (singles) ATP Challenger Tour (0-2) ITF Futures Tour (7-8) Titles by surface Hard (0–3) Clay (7-7) Grass (0–0) Carpet (0–0) Result W–L    Date    Tournament Tier Surface Opponent Score Loss 0-1 Mar 2006 Italy F4, Siracusa Futures Clay Fabio Fognini 3–6, 3–6 Loss 0-2 Jun 2007 Italy F18, Bassano del Grappa Futures Clay Benjamin Balleret 2–6, 1–6 Loss 0-3 Mar 2008 Croatia F3, Poreč Futures Clay Grega Žemlja 6–7(4-7), 1–6 Loss 0-4 Jul 2008 Romania F13, Târgu Mureș Futures Clay Gabriel Moraru 6–4, 6-7(5-7), 6-7(5-7) Loss 0-5 Nov 2008 Spain F41, Vilafranca Futures Hard José Checa Calvo 6–4, 4-6, 0-6 Win 1-5 Nov 2008 Spain F43, Maspalomas Futures Clay Íñigo Cervantes Huegun 3–6, 6-3, 7-5 Win 2-5 Feb 2009 Spain F5, Cartagena Futures Clay Javier Genaro-Martinez 6–2, 1-6, 6-2 Win 3-5 May 2009 Italy F11, Parma Futures Clay Morgan Phillips 7–6, 6-3 Loss 3-6 Jul 2010 Italy F15, Bologna Futures Clay Andrea Stoppini 1–6, 6-7 Win 4-6 Oct 2011 Italy F31, Biella Futures Clay Julien Obry 6–4, 6-0 Win 5-6 May 2012 Italy F9, Pozzuoli Futures Clay Luca Vanni 6–1, 6-4 Win 6-6 May 2012 Spain F13, Getxo Futures Clay Thiemo de Bakker 3–6, 7-6, 6-4 Loss 6-7 Jun 2012 Italy F12, Parma Futures Clay Guillermo Hormazábal 2–6, 7-5, 3-6 Loss 6-8 Jun 2013 Italy F10, Cesena Futures Clay Guido Andreozzi 4–6, 4-6 Win 7-8 Jul 2013 Italy F16, Sassuolo Futures Clay Walter Trusendi 7–6(7-0), 4-6, 6-2 Loss 7-9 Aug 2018 Portoroz, Slovenia Challenger Hard Constant Lestienne 2–6, 1-6 Loss 7-10 Dec 2021 Forli, Italy Challenger Hard Pavel Kotov 4–6, 3-6 Doubles (8–15) Legend Grand Slam (0) ATP Masters Series (0) ATP Tour (0) Challengers (2-10) ITF Tour (6–5) Outcome Date Tournament Surface Partner Opponent Score Runner-up 11 July 2004 Hørsholm, Denmark Clay Nicolas Tourte Frederik Nielsen Rasmus Nørby 3–6, 0–6 Winner 21 October 2007 Sfax, Tunisia Hard Walid Jallali Jonathan Eysseric Jérôme Inzerillo 6–4, 6–2 Winner 13 July 2008 Kramsach, Austria Clay Juan Manuel Elizondo Matthew Roberts Mario Tupy 6–4, 5–7, 10-6 Winner 27 July 2008 Târgu Mureș, Romania Clay Vladislav Bondarenko Radu Albot Andrei Ciumac 5–7, 6–0, 10-1 Runner-up 28 September 2008 Bucharest, Romania Clay Máximo González Rubén Ramírez Hidalgo Santiago Ventura Bertomeu 3–6, 7–5, 6-10 Winner 17 October 2010 Reggio Calabria, Italy Clay Gianluca Naso Marius Copil Giuseppe Faraone 6–4, 6–4 Winner 24 October 2010 Dubrovnik, Croatia Clay Morgan Phillips Alessandro Giannessi Bertram Steinberger 6–4, 6–4 Runner-up 24 April 2011 Padua, Italy Clay Walter Trusendi Toni Androić Dino Marcan 4–6, 4–6 Runner-up 19 June 2011 Milan, Italy Clay Leonardo Tavares Adrián Menéndez Maceiras Simone Vagnozzi 6–0, 3–6, 5-10 Runner-up 16 October 2011 Biella, Italy Clay Walter Trusendi Fabio Colangelo Marco Crugnola 2–6, 6–1, 8-10 Runner-up 19 August 2012 Appiano, Italy Clay Alessandro Motti Mirza Bašić Nikola Ćirić 3–6, 7–6, 6-10 Runner-up 23 September 2012 Biella, Italy Clay Matteo Volante Enrico Fioravente Cristian Rodríguez 3–6, 2–6 Runner-up 25 November 2012 Toyota, Japan Carpet Matteo Viola Philipp Oswald Mate Pavić 3–6, 6–3, 2-10 Winner 12 May 2013 Pula, Italy Clay Andrea Basso Leandro Migani Andrés Molteni 6–4, 6–2 Runner-up 7 July 2013 Todi, Italy Clay Gianluca Naso Santiago Giraldo Cristian Rodríguez 6–4, 6–7, 3-10 Runner-up 22 September 2013 Szczecin, Poland Clay Alessandro Giannessi Ken Skupski Neal Skupski 4–6, 6–1, 7-10 Runner-up 10 May 2014 Rome, Italy Clay Flavio Cipolla Radu Albot Artem Sitak 6–4, 2–6, 9-11 Runner-up 22 March 2015 Kazan, Russia Hard Matteo Viola Mikhail Elgin Igor Zelenay 3–6, 3–6 Winner 26 April 2015 Vercelli, Italy Clay Hans Podlipnik Castillo Sergey Betov Andreas Siljeström 6–7, 7–5, 10-3 Runner-up 13 September 2015 Genoa, Italy Clay Alessandro Giannessi Guillermo Durán Horacio Zeballos 5–7, 4–6 Winner 18 October 2015 Rennes, France Hard Antonio Šančić Wesley Koolhof Matwé Middelkoop 6–4, 2–6, 14-12 Runner-up 18 September 2016 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina Clay Maximilian Neuchrist Roman Jebavý Jan Šátral 6–7, 6–4, 7-10 Runner-up 30 October 2016 Suzhou, China Hard Jonathan Eysseric Mikhail Elgin Alexander Kudryavtsev 6–4, 1–6, 7-10 References ^ Luciano Canepari. "Andrea". DiPI Online (in Italian). Retrieved 30 August 2019. ^ Luciano Canepari. "Arnaboldi". DiPI Online (in Italian). Retrieved 30 August 2019. ^ https://aspriatenniscup.com/2022/federico-arnaboldi-in-the-footsteps-of-his-cousin/ ^ "Il mancino ai saluti. Andrea Arnaboldi annuncia il ritiro". Il Giorno (in Italian). 19 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023. External links Andrea Arnaboldi at the Association of Tennis Professionals Andrea Arnaboldi at the International Tennis Federation

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi_meter

Taximeter

["1 History","2 k constant","3 Functioning","4 Accessories and features","5 Work cycle","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

Mechanical or electronic device for calculating passenger fares This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Taximeter" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) North American taximeter Indonesian taximeter Japanese taximeter A taximeter or fare meter is a mechanical or electronic device installed in taxicabs and auto rickshaws that calculates passenger fares based on a combination of distance travelled and waiting time. Its shortened form, "taxi", is also a metonym for the hired cars that use them. History Argentine Taxímeter "Digitax Printer" in "Libre" (Available) mode The modern taximeter was invented by German Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn in 1891, and the Daimler Victoria—the world's first meter-equipped (and gasoline-powered) taxicab—was built by Gottlieb Daimler in 1897. Taximeters were originally mechanical and mounted outside the cab, above the driver's side front wheel. Meters were soon relocated inside the taxi, and in the 1980s electronic meters were introduced, doing away with the once-familiar ticking sound of the meter's timing mechanism. In some locations, taxicabs display a small illuminated sign indicating if they are free (available). In Argentina, this sign is called a "banderita" (little flag), a carryover term from the days of mechanical taximeters, in which a little flag was turned to wind up the mechanism. The flag would be hidden at the start of a trip and moved to the visible position at the end. World Moto developed the world's first portable taximeter for motorcycles and pedicabs, which Fast Company called "the First Real Taxi Meter Innovation in 100 Years". k constant Constant expressed in pulses per kilometre which represents the number of pulses the taximeter must receive in order to correctly indicate a distance traveled of one kilometre. Functioning Taximeters, when they are installed to the taxis, require adjustment of k constant. During the movement, car generates signal which transmitted to the taximeter. Number of signals transmitted per k constant ratio results distance travelled. Within pre-installed tariff values and travel data are multiplied and fare is calculated. Accessories and features Mechanical autorickshaw meter in India Calibrating a taximeter, Seattle circa 1960s Taximeters can include several accessories, or act as components in larger dispatching/control systems. Features include: Ticket/receipt printer. Fraud control and prevention (on the part of the owner or operator), through the impression of control tickets or computer monitoring. Additionally, taximeters are often visually sealed by a municipal weights and scales authority after initial calibration. Radio communication, allowing trip status to be monitored by a dispatcher or supervisor. Dispatching of trip assignments through radio or data systems. Interaction with GPS systems to assist with dispatching and to provide security. Seat sensors that detect the presence of a passenger (to prevent a cab from carrying fares without activating the taximeter). Credit or prepaid card support. Bluetooth support for communication with smartphones or tablets. USB support for setup, diagnostics, and connectivity to the vehicle computer. Work cycle During normal operation, taximeters repeat cyclically through several stages: Free (or For Hire in the UK): The taxicab is empty and available for hire. The luminous sign, if present, is switched on. Occupied (or Hired): The taximeter enters in this stage at the start of the trip and the "Free" sign is switched off. In this stage the running fare and the present tariff are displayed. Additional information that can be displayed in this mode includes extras (e.g. credits for luggage), present time, speed, etc. To Pay (or Stopped in the UK): At the end of the trip, the driver enters this stage to collect payment, make change, and optionally print a receipt. The exterior roof light may also blink to alert potential passengers that the taxi will soon be available. See also Taxicab Ohmer fare register Mobile data terminal Odometer Speedometer Tachometer References ^ "taximeter". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Fourth ed.). 2000. Archived from the original on 12 July 2001. Retrieved 22 April 2015 – via Bartleby. ^ Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et Dictionnaire de Paris (1996), Robert Laffont, page 1166, ISBN 2-221-07862-4 ^ McArdle, Megan (2012-05-01). "Why You Can't Get a Taxi". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2015-10-02. ^ English, Bob (23 November 2012). "Classic Cars: All hail the birth of the taxi in 1897". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 9 December 2022. ^ Zax, David (2011-02-08). "Introducing the First Real Taxi Meter Innovation in 100 Years". Fast Company. Retrieved 2015-10-02. ^ "OIML R21" (PDF). External links Media related to Taximeters at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of taximeter at Wiktionary vteTaxisHistory of taxisTypes Auto rickshaw taxi Air taxi Cycle rickshaw Hackney carriage Hybrid taxi Limousine Motorcycle taxi Pet taxi Personal rapid transit / railed taxi Taxibus Water taxi Yellow cab Mercedes-Benz taxi Elements Chauffeur Taximeter Taxi stand Taxi medallion In media Fictional taxi drivers Films about taxis see also Vehicles for hire Category Authority control databases: National Germany Israel United States

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Its shortened form, \"taxi\", is also a metonym for the hired cars that use them.[1][2]","title":"Taximeter"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tax%C3%ADmetro-Digitax_Printer_1.jpeg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Gustav_Bruhn"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Daimler Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Daimler_cars"},{"link_name":"Gottlieb Daimler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimler"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theglobeandmail/5606867-4"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Fast Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Company"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Argentine Taxímeter \"Digitax Printer\" in \"Libre\" (Available) modeThe modern taximeter was invented by German Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn in 1891,[3] and the Daimler Victoria—the world's first meter-equipped (and gasoline-powered) taxicab—was built by Gottlieb Daimler in 1897.[4]Taximeters were originally mechanical and mounted outside the cab, above the driver's side front wheel. Meters were soon relocated inside the taxi, and in the 1980s electronic meters were introduced, doing away with the once-familiar ticking sound of the meter's timing mechanism.In some locations, taxicabs display a small illuminated sign indicating if they are free (available). In Argentina, this sign is called a \"banderita\" (little flag), a carryover term from the days of mechanical taximeters, in which a little flag was turned to wind up the mechanism. The flag would be hidden at the start of a trip and moved to the visible position at the end.World Moto developed the world's first portable taximeter for motorcycles and pedicabs, which Fast Company called \"the First Real Taxi Meter Innovation in 100 Years\".[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Constant expressed in pulses per kilometre which represents the number of pulses the taximeter must receive in order to correctly indicate a distance traveled of one kilometre.[6]","title":"k constant"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Taximeters, when they are installed to the taxis, require adjustment of k constant. During the movement, car generates signal which transmitted to the taximeter. Number of signals transmitted per k constant ratio results distance travelled. Within pre-installed tariff values and travel data are multiplied and fare is calculated.","title":"Functioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jaipur_03-2016_29_auto-rikshaw_meter.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seattle_-_Inspector_testing_taxi,_circa_1960s_(50323445878).jpg"},{"link_name":"GPS systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System"}],"text":"Mechanical autorickshaw meter in IndiaCalibrating a taximeter, Seattle circa 1960sTaximeters can include several accessories, or act as components in larger dispatching/control systems. Features include:Ticket/receipt printer.\nFraud control and prevention (on the part of the owner or operator), through the impression of control tickets or computer monitoring. Additionally, taximeters are often visually sealed by a municipal weights and scales authority after initial calibration.\nRadio communication, allowing trip status to be monitored by a dispatcher or supervisor.\nDispatching of trip assignments through radio or data systems.\nInteraction with GPS systems to assist with dispatching and to provide security.\nSeat sensors that detect the presence of a passenger (to prevent a cab from carrying fares without activating the taximeter).\nCredit or prepaid card support.\nBluetooth support for communication with smartphones or tablets.\nUSB support for setup, diagnostics, and connectivity to the vehicle computer.","title":"Accessories and features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"taxicab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicab"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"}],"text":"During normal operation, taximeters repeat cyclically through several stages:Free (or For Hire in the UK): The taxicab is empty and available for hire. The luminous sign, if present, is switched on.\nOccupied (or Hired): The taximeter enters in this stage at the start of the trip and the \"Free\" sign is switched off. In this stage the running fare and the present tariff are displayed. Additional information that can be displayed in this mode includes extras (e.g. credits for luggage), present time, speed, etc.\nTo Pay (or Stopped in the UK): At the end of the trip, the driver enters this stage to collect payment, make change, and optionally print a receipt. The exterior roof light may also blink to alert potential passengers that the taxi will soon be available.","title":"Work cycle"}]

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[{"title":"Taxicab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicab"},{"title":"Ohmer fare register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohmer_fare_register"},{"title":"Mobile data terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_data_terminal"},{"title":"Odometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odometer"},{"title":"Speedometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedometer"},{"title":"Tachometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachometer"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridiculously_Resilient_Ridge

Ridiculously Resilient Ridge

["1 Features","2 Associations","3 See also","4 References"]

Extremely persistent anticyclone over the Pacific Ocean The Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, here depicted by cool-season seasonal geopotential height anomalies (November–March) during 2012–2015. Adapted from The "Ridiculously Resilient Ridge", sometimes shortened to "Triple R" or "RRR", is the nickname given to a persistent anticyclone that occurred over the far northeastern Pacific Ocean, contributing to the 2011–2017 California drought. The "Ridiculously Resilient Ridge" nickname was originally coined in December 2013 by Daniel Swain on the Weather West Blog, but has since been used widely in popular media as well as in peer-reviewed scientific literature. Features The Ridiculously Resilient Ridge was characterized by a broad region of anomalously positive geopotential height on monthly to annual timescales. This persistent high pressure system acted to "block" the prevailing mid-latitude westerlies, shifting the storm track northward and suppressing extratropical cyclone (winter storm) activity along the West Coast of the United States. Such a pattern is similar to—but of greater magnitude and longevity than—atmospheric configurations noted during previous California droughts. Associations This anomalous atmospheric feature disrupted the North Pacific storm track during the winters of 2012–13, 2013–14, and 2014–15, resulting in extremely dry and warm conditions in California and along much of the West Coast. The Ridge comprised the western half of a well-defined atmospheric ridge-trough sequence associated with an unusually amplified "North American winter dipole" pattern, which brought persistent anomalous cold and precipitation to the eastern half of North America in addition to record-breaking warmth and drought conditions in California. This ridge of high pressure was also associated with a blob of high water temperatures in the Pacific Ocean, which resulted in substantial warming along the western coast of North America as well as adverse ecological impacts. However, it is generally thought that "The Blob" of warm ocean water was caused by the persistence of the ridge and subsequent reduction in vertical ocean mixing due to storms, rather than the reverse. On the other hand, recent research suggests that unusual oceanic warmth in the western tropical Pacific Ocean may have played a role in triggering and maintaining the Triple R over successive seasons. High amplitude atmospheric ridge patterns similar to the Triple R have occurred more frequently in recent decades and there is evidence that the occurrence of persistent North Pacific geopotential height anomalies and anomalously dry California winters, will increase due to global warming, although uncertainty remains regarding the magnitude of these future changes. See also Weather portal North Pacific High Block (meteorology) References ^ a b Swain, Daniel L. (2015). "A tale of two California droughts: Lessons amidst record warmth and dryness in a region of complex physical and human geography". Geophysical Research Letters. 42 (22): 9999–10, 003. doi:10.1002/2015GL066628. ISSN 1944-8007. ^ "The extraordinary California dry spell continues: 2013 will probably be the driest year on record". Archived from the original on 2014-10-02. Retrieved 2014-09-27. ^ Radio, Southern California Public (2015-10-12). "'Ridiculously Resilient Ridge' retires, making room for rain". Southern California Public Radio. Archived from the original on 2023-11-02. Retrieved 2019-11-12. ^ Graff, Amy; SFGATE (2017-12-04). "High-pressure ridge settles along West Coast: Is it ever going to rain again?". SFGate. Archived from the original on 2019-11-12. Retrieved 2019-11-12. ^ Samenow, Jason (2018-10-02). "A massive, historic high-pressure zone is bringing freakishly nice weather to Alaska". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2019-07-10. Retrieved 2019-11-12. ^ Fountain, Henry (2018-02-13). "A Hot, Dry Winter in California. Could It Be Drought Again?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2019-11-12. Retrieved 2019-11-12. ^ Gokey, Monica; Anchorage, KSKA- (2015-05-20). "'Ridiculously Resilient Ridge' Returns This Winter". Alaska Public Media. Archived from the original on 2019-11-12. Retrieved 2019-11-12. ^ "The RRR 'Ridiculously Resilient Ridge' Returns to California | Weather Extremes". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 2019-11-12. Retrieved 2019-11-12. ^ "'The Blob' Is Back: Here's What It Could Mean for Lower 48". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on 2019-11-13. Retrieved 2019-11-12. ^ a b c "The Extraordinary California Drought of 2013/14: Character, Context, and the Role of Climate Change" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-17. Retrieved 2015-03-15. ^ a b c Diffenbaugh, Noah S.; Singh, Deepti; Horton, Daniel E.; Swain, Daniel L. (2016-04-01). "Trends in atmospheric patterns conducive to seasonal precipitation and temperature extremes in California". Science Advances. 2 (4): e1501344. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501344. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 4820386. PMID 27051876. ^ a b Swain, Daniel L.; Singh, Deepti; Horton, Daniel E.; Mankin, Justin S.; Ballard, Tristan C.; Diffenbaugh, Noah S. (2017). "Remote Linkages to Anomalous Winter Atmospheric Ridging Over the Northeastern Pacific". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 122 (22): 12, 194–12, 209. doi:10.1002/2017JD026575. ISSN 2169-8996. ^ Anderson, Bruce T.; Gianotti, Daniel J. S.; Furtado, Jason C.; Lorenzo, Emanuele Di (2016). "A decadal precession of atmospheric pressures over the North Pacific". Geophysical Research Letters. 43 (8): 3921–3927. doi:10.1002/2016GL068206. ISSN 1944-8007. ^ He, Xiaogang; Wada, Yoshihide; Wanders, Niko; Sheffield, Justin (2017). "Intensification of hydrological drought in California by human water management". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (4): 1777–1785. doi:10.1002/2016GL071665. hdl:1874/353391. ISSN 1944-8007. ^ Lipman, Don (2015). "Boston's 2015 Snow Blitz: How Did It Compare?". Weatherwise. 68 (5): 30–36. doi:10.1080/00431672.2015.1067109. S2CID 193635159. ^ a b Bond, Nicholas A.; Cronin, Meghan F.; Freeland, Howard; Mantua, Nathan (2015). "Causes and impacts of the 2014 warm anomaly in the NE Pacific". Geophysical Research Letters. 42 (9): 3414–3420. doi:10.1002/2015GL063306. ISSN 1944-8007. ^ Peterson, William T.; Fisher, Jennifer L.; Strub, P. Ted; Du, Xiuning; Risien, Craig; Peterson, Jay; Shaw, C. Tracy (2017). "The pelagic ecosystem in the Northern California Current off Oregon during the 2014–2016 warm anomalies within the context of the past 20 years". Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 122 (9): 7267–7290. doi:10.1002/2017JC012952. ISSN 2169-9291. PMC 7668311. PMID 33204583. ^ Zhu, Zhi; Qu, Pingping; Fu, Feixue; Tennenbaum, Nancy; Tatters, Avery O.; Hutchins, David A. (2017-07-01). "Understanding the blob bloom: Warming increases toxicity and abundance of the harmful bloom diatom Pseudo-nitzschia in California coastal waters". Harmful Algae. 67: 36–43. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2017.06.004. ISSN 1568-9883. PMID 28755719. ^ Teng, Haiyan; Branstator, Grant (2017). "Causes of Extreme Ridges That Induce California Droughts". Journal of Climate. 30 (4): 1477–1492. doi:10.1175/jcli-d-16-0524.1. ^ Berg, Neil; Hall, Alex (2015). "Increased Interannual Precipitation Extremes over California under Climate Change". Journal of Climate. 28 (16): 6324–6334. doi:10.1175/jcli-d-14-00624.1. ^ Seager, Richard; Hoerling, Martin; Schubert, Siegfried; Wang, Hailan; Lyon, Bradfield; Kumar, Arun; Nakamura, Jennifer; Henderson, Naomi (2015). "Causes of the 2011–14 California Drought". Journal of Climate. 28 (18): 6997–7024. doi:10.1175/jcli-d-14-00860.1. S2CID 37382483. ^ "'Ridiculously Resilient Ridge,' Climate Change and the Future of California's Water". Water Education Foundation. Archived from the original on 2019-11-12. Retrieved 2019-11-12. vteCyclones and anticyclones of the world (Centers of action)Concepts Anticyclonic storm Storm High-pressure area Low-pressure area Rapid intensification Central dense overcast Annular tropical cyclone Bar (tropical cyclone) Superstorm Hypercane Tropical cyclones and climate change AnticycloneNorthern Hemisphere North Polar High Siberian High Azores High North American High North Pacific High Ridiculously Resilient Ridge Subtropical ridge Southern Hemisphere South Polar High South Atlantic High South Pacific High Kalahari High Australian High Subtropical ridge CycloneSynoptic scaleSurface-basedPolar North Polar low South Polar low vteExtratropical cyclonesConcepts Anticyclonic storm Storm Cyclone Post-tropical cyclone Low-pressure area Weather bomb Sting jet List Rainband Northern HemisphereNorth AmericaContinentalLee Cyclone Alberta clipper Colorado low Great basin low Bighorn Low Other Panhandle hook November gale Oceanic Aleutian Low Hatteras low Nor'easter Gulf low Pacific Northwest windstorm EuropevteEuropean windstorms14th-18th century Grote Mandrenke Burchardi flood Great Storm of 1703 Christmas Flood of 1717 19th century Great Storm of 1824 Night of the Big Wind Moray Firth fishing disaster Tay Bridge disaster Eyemouth disaster 20th century Iberia 1941 North Sea flood of 1953 Debbie 1961 Great Sheffield Gale of 1962 1968 Scotland storm Quimburga 1972 Gale of January 1976 December 1981 windstorm Charley 1986 Great storm of 1987 Burns' Day storm 1990 1992 New Year's Day Storm Braer Storm 1993 Lili 1996 Christmas Eve storm 1997 Boxing Day Storm of 1998 Anatol 1999 Lothar 1999 Martin 1999 21st century Oratia 2000 Jeanett 2002 Gudrun 2005 Per 2007 Kyrill 2007 Emma 2008 Klaus 2009 Xynthia 2010 Berit 2011 Friedhelm/Bawbag 2011 Joachim 2011 Dagmar 2011 Andrea 2012 St Jude 2013 Xaver 2013 Dirk 2013 Anne 2014 Christina 2014 Tini 2014 Niklas 2015 Egon 2017 Thomas (Doris) 2017 Zeus 2017 Xavier 2017 Ophelia 2017 Herwart 2017 Eleanor (Burglind) 2018 Friederike (David) 2018 Adrian 2018 Ciara 2020 Dennis 2020 Aurore 2021 Malik 2022 Eunice 2022 Larisa 2023 Babet 2023 Ciarán 2023 See also List of European windstorms List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe Other Black Sea storms Icelandic Low Genoa low Asia Asiatic Low Western Disturbance Continental North Asian storms East Asian-northwest Pacific storms Other areas Arctic Kona storm Southern HemisphereAustralia Australian east coast low Black nor'easter Other areas Southern Ocean cyclone Sudestada Subtropical Kona storm Australian east coast Low Lake Huron cyclone Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone Thermal Tropical (Outline)Northern Hemisphere Atlantic hurricane Cape Verde hurricane Pacific hurricane Typhoon North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone Black Sea tropical-like cyclone Southern Hemisphere South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone Australian region tropical cyclone South Pacific tropical cyclone South Atlantic tropical cyclone Upper level Cold-core low Cut-off low Polar vortex Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex MesoscaleMesoscale ocean eddies Catalina eddy Haida Eddies Mesoscale convective system Wake Low Mesohigh Mesoscale convective vortex Line echo wave pattern WhirlwindMajor Mesocyclone Supercell Low-topped supercell Wall cloud Funnel cloud Tornado Multiple-vortex tornado Satellite tornado Anticyclonic tornado Landspout Waterspout Minor Gustnado Dust devil Steam devil Fire whirl Tropical cyclones portal Tornadoes portal

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triple_R_NDJFMAM_2012_2015_printable.pdf"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"anticyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticyclone"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"2011–2017 California drought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%932017_California_drought"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, here depicted by cool-season seasonal geopotential height anomalies (November–March) during 2012–2015. Adapted from [1]The \"Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\", sometimes shortened to \"Triple R\" or \"RRR\", is the nickname given to a persistent anticyclone that occurred over the far northeastern Pacific Ocean, contributing to the 2011–2017 California drought. The \"Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\" nickname was originally coined in December 2013 by Daniel Swain on the Weather West Blog,[2] but has since been used widely in popular media[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] as well as in peer-reviewed scientific literature.[10][1][11][12][13][14]","title":"Ridiculously Resilient Ridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geopotential height","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopotential_height"},{"link_name":"block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_(meteorology)"},{"link_name":"westerlies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerlies"},{"link_name":"extratropical cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"}],"text":"The Ridiculously Resilient Ridge was characterized by a broad region of anomalously positive geopotential height on monthly to annual timescales. This persistent high pressure system acted to \"block\" the prevailing mid-latitude westerlies, shifting the storm track northward and suppressing extratropical cyclone (winter storm) activity along the West Coast of the United States. Such a pattern is similar to—but of greater magnitude and longevity than—atmospheric configurations noted during previous California droughts.[11]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"storm track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_track"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"blob of high water temperatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blob_(Pacific_Ocean)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-16"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"The Blob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blob_(Pacific_Ocean)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"This anomalous atmospheric feature disrupted the North Pacific storm track during the winters of 2012–13, 2013–14, and 2014–15, resulting in extremely dry and warm conditions in California and along much of the West Coast.[10] The Ridge comprised the western half of a well-defined atmospheric ridge-trough sequence associated with an unusually amplified \"North American winter dipole\" pattern, which brought persistent anomalous cold[15] and precipitation to the eastern half of North America in addition to record-breaking warmth and drought conditions in California.This ridge of high pressure was also associated with a blob of high water temperatures in the Pacific Ocean,[16] which resulted in substantial warming along the western coast of North America as well as adverse ecological impacts.[17][18] However, it is generally thought that \"The Blob\" of warm ocean water was caused by the persistence of the ridge and subsequent reduction in vertical ocean mixing due to storms,[16] rather than the reverse. On the other hand, recent research suggests that unusual oceanic warmth in the western tropical Pacific Ocean may have played a role in triggering and maintaining the Triple R over successive seasons.[19][12] High amplitude atmospheric ridge patterns similar to the Triple R have occurred more frequently in recent decades[11] and there is evidence that the occurrence of persistent North Pacific geopotential height anomalies[10] and anomalously dry California winters,[20] will increase due to global warming, although uncertainty remains regarding the magnitude of these future changes.[21][22]","title":"Associations"}]

[{"image_text":"The Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, here depicted by cool-season seasonal geopotential height anomalies (November–March) during 2012–2015. Adapted from [1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Triple_R_NDJFMAM_2012_2015_printable.pdf/page1-220px-Triple_R_NDJFMAM_2012_2015_printable.pdf.jpg"}]

[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg"},{"title":"Weather portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Weather"},{"title":"North Pacific High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pacific_High"},{"title":"Block (meteorology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_(meteorology)"}]

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Journal of Climate. 30 (4): 1477–1492. doi:10.1175/jcli-d-16-0524.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2Fjcli-d-16-0524.1","url_text":"\"Causes of Extreme Ridges That Induce California Droughts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2Fjcli-d-16-0524.1","url_text":"10.1175/jcli-d-16-0524.1"}]},{"reference":"Berg, Neil; Hall, Alex (2015). \"Increased Interannual Precipitation Extremes over California under Climate Change\". Journal of Climate. 28 (16): 6324–6334. doi:10.1175/jcli-d-14-00624.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2Fjcli-d-14-00624.1","url_text":"\"Increased Interannual Precipitation Extremes over California under Climate Change\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2Fjcli-d-14-00624.1","url_text":"10.1175/jcli-d-14-00624.1"}]},{"reference":"Seager, Richard; Hoerling, Martin; Schubert, Siegfried; Wang, Hailan; Lyon, Bradfield; Kumar, Arun; Nakamura, Jennifer; Henderson, Naomi (2015). \"Causes of the 2011–14 California Drought\". Journal of Climate. 28 (18): 6997–7024. doi:10.1175/jcli-d-14-00860.1. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren_Meguro

Ren Meguro

["1 Career","1.1 Modelling","2 Filmography","2.1 TV dramas","2.2 Films","2.3 Stage","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"]

Japanese singer and actor (born 1997) This article may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help improve it by rewriting it in a balanced fashion that contextualizes different points of view. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ren Meguro目黒蓮Meguro in January 2024Born (1997-02-16) February 16, 1997 (age 27)Tokyo, JapanOther namesMeMe, Meguro, RenOccupationsSingerActorModelYears active2010–presentAgentJohnny's & Associates (2010–2023, 2023–present under Starto Ent.）Height186 cm (6 ft 1 in) / 64 kgWebsiteSnow Man Family Club Ren Meguro (目黒蓮, Meguro Ren, born February 16, 1997, in Tokyo) is a Japanese singer and actor who is a member of the idol group Snow Man under Smile Up (Starto), formerly known as Johnny & Associates. Career Ren Meguro joined Starto in October 2010. In November 2016, he was chosen to be a member of Uchuu Six, a newly formed pre-debut unit under Junior, a branch of Starto that manages trainees and their activities. On January 17, 2019, Meguro was added as a new member to Snow Man, an existing Junior unit, in addition to Koji Mukai and Raul. Snow Man made their official debut on January 22, 2020. Subsequently, corresponding to his debut in Snow Man, Meguro withdrew from Uchuu Six. On Aug 11, 2021, Meguro co-starred with labelmate Shunsuke Michieda in the television live action adaptation of "My Love Mix-Up!" in his first leading role outside of Snow Man related projects. On February 21, 2022, Meguro was announced to star as one of the four lead roles in Phases of the Moon, the film adaptation of the 157th Naoki Prize winning novel, "Tsuki no Michikake" (月の満ち欠け) by Shogo Sato, on the film's official Twitter. In April of the same year, he was announced to co-star in the live action film adaptation of As Long as We Both Shall Live with Mio Imada to be released the following year. On July 14, 2023, he played his first lead role in a TV drama in Trillion Game. On October 23, 2023, Meguro opened instagram "sn_meguro.ren_official" right after Trillion Game promoted worldwide on Netflix. This section may be written from a fan's point of view, rather than a neutral point of view. Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality, and to make it neutral in tone. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) On November 25, 2023, Meguro won the Best Emerging Actor Award at the prestigious 15th TAMA Film Awards Ceremony, recognizing his work in My Happy Marriage (2023) and Phases of the Moon (2022). This accomplishment not only signifies a personal triumph for Meguro but also stands as a historic win for Starto (formerly Johnny & Associates) talents, marking the first time one of their artists has secured this coveted accolade. Modelling Taking advantage of his height and modeling talent, Ren Meguro also works as a model. He has been a regular model for 'FINEBOYS' Magazine since November 2018 until now. On May 7, 2020, it was announced that he would appear for 'FINEBOYS' June issue for first time as solo cover. When the magazine was released May 29, 2020, web server crashed for 10 seconds because access activity was too high. In addition, it was determined that the FINEBOYS's 2020 June and July issue which Ren Meguro appeared on the cover would be republished, server web once again crashed for 5 seconds after it was announced. There are rumors that he is an idol who will make magazines vanishes (in the market) when he appears on the cover. Filmography TV dramas Year Title Role Notes Ref 2015 Oniichan, Gacha Boy E/ Natsko's Onii-chan 2019 We Apply an Easy Job Wakadai Akita "Wanchan" Lead role 2021 Kyojo 2 Rikito Soma Mini series My Love Mix-Up! Kousuke Ida Lead role 2022 Silent Sou Sakura 2022–23 Maiagare! Hiroaki Kashiwagi Asadora 2023 Trillion Game Haru Tennōji Lead role 2024 Umi no Hajimari Natsu Tsukioka Lead role Films Year Title Role Distributor Notes Ref 2020 Takizawa Kabuki ZERO 2020: The Movie Himself Shochiku Lead role 2022 Mr. Osomatsu Choromatsu Matsuno Toho Lead role Phases of the Moon Akihiko Misumi Shochiku 2023 As Long as We Both Shall Live Kiyoka Kudo Toho Lead role 2025 Trillion Game: The Movie Haru Tennōji Toho Lead role Stage No Title Place Time Ref Note 1 Johnny's Dome Theatre 〜SUMMARY〜 TOKYO DOME CITY HALL September 8–9, 2012 Takizawa Kabuki 2 Takizawa Enbujo 2013 Shinbashi Enbujo April 7 - May 12, 2013 3 Takizawa Kabuki 2016 Shinbashi Enbujo April 10 - May 15, 2016 4 Takizawa Kabuki 2017 Shinbashi Enbujo April 7 - May 14, 2017 Replaces Ryuichi Tanimura, who was injured during the performance. 5 Takizawa Kabuki 2018 Shinbashi Enbujo April 9 - May 13, 2018 He didn't appeared from April 5 to 8 due to conflicting dates schedule with "Squad". Misonoza June 4–30, 2018 6 Takizawa Kabuki ZERO Minamiza February 3–25, 2019 Appears as a Snow Man in the Shinbashi Enbujo show. Awards Year No Date Award Category Work(s) Result Ref 2022 1 01/03/2022 31st TV LIFE Annual Drama Awards Best Lead Actor My Love Mix-Up! (Kieta Hatsukoi) Won 2 21/12/2022 77th Mainichi Film Awards Best New Actor Phases of the Moon Nominated 2023 3 23/01/2023 46th Japan Academy Film Prize Best Supporting Actor Phases of the Moon Nominated Newcomer of the Year Won 4 01/02/2023 96th Kinema Junpo Awards Best New Actor Mr. Osomatsu & Phases of the Moon Won 5 08/02/2023 TV Station Drama Awards 2022 Best Supporting Actor Silent Won 6 14/02/2023 32nd TV LIFE Annual Drama Awards Best Supporting Actor Silent Won 7 22/02/2023 114th The Television Drama Academy Awards Best Supporting Actor Silent Won 8 01/04/2023 31st Hashida Awards Best New Comer Silent & Maiagare Won 9 05/10/2023 15th TAMA Film Awards Best New Actor Phases of the Moon & As Long As We Both Shall Live Won 10 13/10/2023 Nikkan Sport Summer Drama 2023 GP Best Lead Actor Trillion Game 2nd place 11 24/10/2023 Tokyo Drama Awards 2023 Best Supporting Actor Silent Won 2024 12 04/02/2024 45th Yokohama Film Festival Best New Comer Phases of the Moon & As Long As We Both Shall Live Won 13 08/02/2024 66th Blue Ribbon Awards Best Newcomer As Long As We Both Shall Live Nominated 14 08/02/2024 48th Elan d'or Awards Newcomer of the Year Phases of the Moon & Silent & As Long As We Both Shall & Trillion Game Won References ^ "Snow Man Profile". Johnny's Net. Retrieved 5 April 2022. ^ "目黒蓮のプロフィール・画像・写真". KADOKAWA. Retrieved 19 August 2021. ^ "道枝駿佑、目黒蓮が美形長身タッグ、10月期テレ朝ドラマ「消えた初恋」でダブル主演 高校の同級生役". Sponichi Annex. Retrieved 19 August 2021. ^ "Meguro Ren's Data Card Calendar 2022". Raubabydino. Retrieved 7 March 2022. ^ "目黒蓮（めぐろれん）". The TV. Retrieved 5 April 2022. ^ "滝沢秀明氏、新会社「ジャニーズアイランド」社長に就任 Snow Man改編を発表". Oricon Music. 18 January 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2022. ^ "生まれ変わっても、 あなたに逢いたい――". Twitter. Retrieved 5 April 2022. ^ Dempsey, Liam. "My Happy Marriage Light Novels Get Live-Action Film Adaptation". Crunchyroll. Retrieved 8 June 2022. ^ |url=https://www.tokyohive.com/article/2023/11/ren-meguro-of-snow-man-makes-history-as-first-smile-up-artist-to-win-best-emerging-actor-award ^ "目黒蓮（インタビュー）「その色気どこから出してるの？Snow Man目黒蓮の生態を本人に直撃インタビュー」『ViVi』". ViVi. 21 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021. ^ "SixTONES 松村北斗、Snow Man 目黒蓮……モデルとしての活躍が期待できるジャニーズJr". Real Sound. 21 October 2019. 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JUMP Kis-My-Ft2 Busaiku timelesz A.B.C-Z West. SixTones Snow Man Naniwa Danshi Travis Japan Ae! Group 4U Agent contract Tokio Arashi King & Prince Actors/Sololists Takuya Kimura Koichi Domoto Hiroki Uchi Yuma Nakayama Jun Hasegawa Keito Okamoto Kento Nakajima Fumito Kawai Shota Hayashi Ryuta Muro Sho Takada Takuto Teranishi Yoshitaka Hara Daichi Imae Kota Matsumoto Kensho Tomioka Yuki Nozawa Kōji Uchiumi Atsuhiro Satō Trainees Junior HiHi Jets Bishonen 7 MEN Samurai Shonen Ninja SpeciaL Go!Go!Kids Lil Kansai Boys be AmBitious Collaboration Group KAMIGATA BOYZ Related Johnny & Associates Starto Entertainment Official website Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Snow Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Man"},{"link_name":"Johnny & Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_%26_Associates"}],"text":"Ren Meguro (目黒蓮, Meguro Ren, born February 16, 1997, in Tokyo) is a Japanese singer and actor who is a member of the idol group Snow Man under Smile Up (Starto), formerly known as Johnny & Associates.","title":"Ren Meguro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Shunsuke Michieda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunsuke_Michieda"},{"link_name":"My Love Mix-Up!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Love_Mix-Up!"},{"link_name":"Naoki Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoki_Prize"},{"link_name":"Shogo Sato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogo_Sato"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"As Long as We Both Shall Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Happy_Marriage"},{"link_name":"Mio Imada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mio_Imada"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Trillion Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trillion_Game"},{"link_name":"Trillion Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trillion_Game"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"promotion?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTPROMOTION"}],"text":"Ren Meguro joined Starto in October 2010. In November 2016, he was chosen to be a member of Uchuu Six, a newly formed pre-debut unit under Junior, a branch of Starto that manages trainees and their activities.[5]On January 17, 2019, Meguro was added as a new member to Snow Man, an existing Junior unit, in addition to Koji Mukai and Raul.[6] Snow Man made their official debut on January 22, 2020. Subsequently, corresponding to his debut in Snow Man, Meguro withdrew from Uchuu Six.On Aug 11, 2021, Meguro co-starred with labelmate Shunsuke Michieda in the television live action adaptation of \"My Love Mix-Up!\" in his first leading role outside of Snow Man related projects.On February 21, 2022, Meguro was announced to star as one of the four lead roles in Phases of the Moon, the film adaptation of the 157th Naoki Prize winning novel, \"Tsuki no Michikake\" (月の満ち欠け) by Shogo Sato, on the film's official Twitter.[7] In April of the same year, he was announced to co-star in the live action film adaptation of As Long as We Both Shall Live with Mio Imada to be released the following year.[8] On July 14, 2023, he played his first lead role in a TV drama in Trillion Game.On October 23, 2023, Meguro opened instagram \"sn_meguro.ren_official\" right after Trillion Game promoted worldwide on Netflix.On November 25, 2023, Meguro won the Best Emerging Actor Award at the prestigious 15th TAMA Film Awards Ceremony,[9] recognizing his work in My Happy Marriage (2023) and Phases of the Moon (2022). This accomplishment not only signifies a personal triumph for Meguro but also stands as a historic win for Starto (formerly Johnny & Associates) talents, marking the first time one of their artists has secured this coveted accolade.[promotion?]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"promotion?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTPROMOTION"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"promotion?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTPROMOTION"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"promotion?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTPROMOTION"}],"sub_title":"Modelling","text":"Taking advantage of his height and modeling talent, Ren Meguro also works as a model.[10] He has been a regular model for 'FINEBOYS' Magazine since November 2018 until now.[11][promotion?]On May 7, 2020, it was announced that he would appear for 'FINEBOYS' June issue for first time as solo cover. When the magazine was released May 29, 2020, web server crashed for 10 seconds because access activity was too high.[12][13][promotion?]In addition, it was determined that the FINEBOYS's 2020 June and July issue which Ren Meguro appeared on the cover would be republished,[14] server web once again crashed for 5 seconds after it was announced.[15] There are rumors that he is an idol who will make magazines vanishes (in the market) when he appears on the cover.[16][promotion?]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"TV dramas","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Stage","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"}]

[]

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Retrieved October 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mdpr.jp/cinema/detail/3984133","url_text":"\"Snow Man目黒蓮が最優秀新進男優賞「第15回TAMA映画賞」受賞作品・受賞者発表\""}]},{"reference":"\"第26回日刊スポーツ・ドラマグランプリ」夏ドラマ選考\". Nikkan Sport. Retrieved October 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nikkansports.com/m/entertainment/photonews/photonews_nsInc_202310130000056-0.html","url_text":"\"第26回日刊スポーツ・ドラマグランプリ」夏ドラマ選考\""}]},{"reference":"\"バカリズム「ブラッシュアップライフ」が「東京ドラマアウォード2023」作品賞グランプリに、脚本賞も\". Natalie. Retrieved October 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://natalie.mu/owarai/news/546293","url_text":"\"バカリズム「ブラッシュアップライフ」が「東京ドラマアウォード2023」作品賞グランプリに、脚本賞も\""}]},{"reference":"\"第45回ヨコハマ映画祭2023年 日本映画個人賞\". Yokohama Eigasai. Retrieved December 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://yokohama-eigasai.o.oo7.jp/45-2023/45_2023_shou.html","url_text":"\"第45回ヨコハマ映画祭2023年 日本映画個人賞\""}]},{"reference":"\"「エゴイスト」「月」が作品賞など最多5部門に選出 「第66回ブルーリボン賞」各部門候補決まる\". Chunichi Sports. Retrieved January 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chunichi.co.jp/article/831779","url_text":"\"「エゴイスト」「月」が作品賞など最多5部門に選出 「第66回ブルーリボン賞」各部門候補決まる\""}]},{"reference":"\"エランドール賞:新人賞に磯村勇斗、今田美桜、眞栄田郷敦、小芝風花、目黒蓮、堀田真由 プロデューサー賞に「VIVANT」\". Mantan-web. 8 February 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mantan-web.jp/article/20240208dog00m200055000c.html","url_text":"\"エランドール賞:新人賞に磯村勇斗、今田美桜、眞栄田郷敦、小芝風花、目黒蓮、堀田真由 プロデューサー賞に「VIVANT」\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Ring

Klaus Ring

["1 Career","2 References"]

German microbiologist This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Klaus Ring" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Klaus RingProf. Dr. Klaus Ring in front of the Presidential Gallery of the Polytechnische Gesellschaft e. V. (Photo: Stefan Krutsch / Stiftung Polytechnische Gesellschaft Frankfuzt am Main).Born(1934-02-25)25 February 1934NationalityGermanAlma materUniversity of GöttingenGoethe University FrankfurtUniversity of KielScientific careerInstitutionsGoethe University Frankfurt Klaus Ring (born 25 February 1934) is a German microbiologist who served as president of the Goethe University Frankfurt from 1986 to 1994. Career Ring studied microbiology and biochemistry at the universities of Göttingen, Frankfurt and Kiel and received his doctorate in Kiel in 1962. In 1968 he earned the habilitation and in 1971 he was appointed professor of microbiological chemistry at Frankfurt. Ring's scientific focus during this time was the structure and function of biological membranes. He was as visiting professor at the University of Hull (1974) and the University of Utrecht (1978–1979). From 1980 to 1986 he was vice dean for preclinical studies and research, a board member of the university hospital and a member of the university senate. In 1986 he was elected president of the Goethe University. From 1988 to 1994 he was also vice president of the Rectors' Conference. From 1991 to 1994 Ring was a member of the presidium of the Comité de Liaison (the later European Rectors' Conference) in Brussels. In 1994 Ring became managing director of Stiftung Lesen. From 2004 to 2014 he was honorary president of the Frankfurt Polytechnic Society. In this capacity he founded the Polytechnic Society Foundation in 2005. References ^ Riebsamen, Hans. "Klaus Ring: Manager des Geistes". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. ^ Klaus Ring ^ Klaus Ring vteRectors and Presidents of the Goethe University FrankfurtRectors(1914–1971) Richard von Wachsmuth Ludwig Pohle Hans von Arnim Albrecht Bethe Heinrich Titze Rudolf Kautzsch Arthur Moritz Schoenflies Max Neisser Otto zur Strassen Kurt Burchard Matthias Gelzer Gustav Embden Wilhelm Gerloff Fritz Drevermann Josef Heimberger Georg Küntzel Bernhard Fischer-Wasels Erwin Madelung Wilhelm Gerloff Ernst Krieck Walter Platzhoff Georg Hohmann Walter Hallstein Franz Böhm Boris Rajewsky Max Horkheimer Oscar Gans Fritz Neumark Helmut Coing Rudolf Geißendörfer Helmut Viebrock Willy Hartner Karl Hax Fritz Neumark Walter Artelt Alfred Rammelmeyer Wolfgang Franz Walter Rüegg Erhard Denninger Presidents(since 1971) Erhard Kantzenbach Hans-Jürgen Krupp Hartwig Kelm Klaus Ring Joachim Weidmann (acting) Werner Meißner Rudolf Steinberg Werner Müller-Esterl Birgitta Wolff Enrico Schleiff Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goethe University Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt"}],"text":"Klaus Ring (born 25 February 1934) is a German microbiologist who served as president of the Goethe University Frankfurt from 1986 to 1994.","title":"Klaus Ring"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"habilitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Ring studied microbiology and biochemistry at the universities of Göttingen, Frankfurt and Kiel and received his doctorate in Kiel in 1962. In 1968 he earned the habilitation and in 1971 he was appointed professor of microbiological chemistry at Frankfurt. Ring's scientific focus during this time was the structure and function of biological membranes. He was as visiting professor at the University of Hull (1974) and the University of Utrecht (1978–1979).From 1980 to 1986 he was vice dean for preclinical studies and research, a board member of the university hospital and a member of the university senate. In 1986 he was elected president of the Goethe University. From 1988 to 1994 he was also vice president of the Rectors' Conference. From 1991 to 1994 Ring was a member of the presidium of the Comité de Liaison (the later European Rectors' Conference) in Brussels.In 1994 Ring became managing director of Stiftung Lesen. From 2004 to 2014 he was honorary president of the Frankfurt Polytechnic Society. In this capacity he founded the Polytechnic Society Foundation in 2005.[1][2][3]","title":"Career"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timna_Brauer

Timna Brauer

["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Selected discography","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]

Austrian-Israeli singer-songwriter Timna Brauer in 2013 Timna Brauer (Hebrew: תמנה בראואר; born 1 May 961 in Vienna, Austria) is an Austrian-Israeli singer-songwriter who represented Austria at the Eurovision Song Contest 1986. Career She represented Austria at the Eurovision Song Contest 1986, singing "Die Zeit ist einsam" (English: Time is Lonely). Brauer participated in the third season of the Austrian television dance competition Dancing Stars in 2007, coming in tenth place. Personal life Timna Brauer and Elias Meiri, Vienna, 2008 Brauer is the daughter of Arik Brauer and his Israeli-born wife Naomi Dahabani. She collaborates with the Israeli pianist Elias Meiri. They are the parents of daughter Jasmin and son Jonathan. Selected discography 1987: Orient (Timna Brauer & Elias Meiri Ensemble) 1992: Mozart "Anders" (Timna Brauer & Elias Meiri Ensemble) 1996: Tefila-Prayer / Jewish Spirituals (Timna Brauer) 1997: Chansons et violons (Timna Brauer & Elias Meiri) 1999: Die Brauers (The Brauer family - 3 generations) 2001: Songs from Evita (Timna Brauer) 2001: Voices for Peace (Timna Brauer & various choirs) 2005: Kinderlieder aus Europa: CD + Informational booklet (Timna Brauer & Elias Meiri Ensemble + Children) 2006: Der kleine Mozart: Listen and Play CD for Children (Timna Brauer & Elias Meiri Ensemble) Bibliography Timna Brauer & Birgit Antoni, Wir singen in vielen Sprachen. Annette Betz, Vienna, 2005. ISBN 3-219-11211-0 Timna Brauer & Elias Meiri, World Music Israel. Theodore Presser, King of Prussia, no date. ISBN B00008H6H4 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Timna Brauer & Elias Meiri Ensemble. Official website of Timna Brauer and Elias Meiri (German/English) Interview with Timna Brauer at religion.at Preceded byGary Lux Austria in the Eurovision Song Contest 1986 Succeeded byGary Lux vteAustria in the Eurovision Song ContestParticipation 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1971 1972 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2007 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Artists Anita Liane Augustin Nadine Beiler Blue Danube Timna Brauer Marty Brem Vincent Bueno Carmela Corren Thomas Forstner Petra Frey Global.Kryner Karel Gott Ferry Graf Peter Horten Stella Jones Udo Jürgens Kaleen Natália Kelly Lumix Gary Lux The Makemakes Jimmy Makulis Pia Maria Bob Martin Marianne Mendt Mess The Milestones George Nussbaumer Manuel Ortega Paenda Eric Papilaya Alf Poier The Rounder Girls Salena Cesár Sampson Schmetterlinge Eleonore Schwarz Christina Simon Simone Bobbie Singer Bettina Soriat Springtime Teya Tie Break Trackshittaz Nathan Trent Waterloo and Robinson Tony Wegas Westend Wilfried Harry Winter Conchita Wurst Zoë Songs "Alive" "All to You" "Amen" "Boom Boom Boomerang" "Du bist" "Du bist Musik" "Du hast mich so fasziniert" "Einfach weg" "Falter im Wind" "Für den Frieden der Welt" "Die ganze Welt braucht Liebe" "Get a Life – Get Alive" "Halo" "Heute in Jerusalem" "Hurricane" "I Am Yours" "Der K. und K. Kalypso aus Wien" "Keine Mauern mehr" "Kinder dieser Welt" "Limits" "Lisa Mona Lisa" "Loin d'ici" "Maria Magdalena" "Merci, Chérie" "Mrs. Caroline Robinson" "Musik" "My Little World" "Nobody but You" "Nur ein Lied" "Nur in der Wiener Luft" "Nur noch Gefühl" "One Step" "Reflection" "Rise Like a Phoenix" "Running on Air" "Sag ihr, ich lass sie grüßen" "Say a Word" "The Secret Is Love" "Sehnsucht" "Shine" "Sonntag" "Tausend Fenster" "Venedig im Regen" "Vielleicht geschieht ein Wunder" "Warum es hunderttausend Sterne gibt" "Warum nur, warum?" "Weil der Mensch zählt" "Weil's dr guat got" "Die Welt dreht sich verkehrt" "Wenn du da bist" "We Will Rave" "Who the Hell Is Edgar?" "Wohin, kleines Pony" "Woki mit deim Popo" "Y así" "Die Zeit ist einsam" "Zusammen geh'n" Note: Entries scored out signify where Austria did not compete vteEurovision Song Contest 1986CountriesFinal Austria Belgium Cyprus Denmark France Finland Germany Iceland Ireland Israel Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Yugoslavia Withdrawn Greece ArtistsFinal Timna Brauer Cadillac Cocktail Chic Dora Doris Dragović Elpida Frizzle Sizzle Moti Giladi and Sarai Tzuriel Lise Haavik Lasse Holm and Monica Törnell ICY Sandra Kim Klips ve Onlar Kari Kuivalainen Sherisse Laurence Luv Bug Ingrid Peters Ryder Daniela Simmons Ketil Stokkan Withdrawn Polina SongsFinal "Alles heeft ritme" "L'Amour de ma vie" "Du er fuld af løgn" "E' de' det här du kallar kärlek?" "Européennes" "Gleðibankinn" "Halley" "J'aime la vie" "Não sejas mau para mim" "Never the End" "Pas pour moi" "Romeo" "Runner in the Night" "Tora zo" "Über die Brücke geh'n" "Valentino" "Yavo Yom" "You Can Count On Me" "Die Zeit ist einsam" "Željo moja" Withdrawn "Wagon-lit" Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Oregon_Legislative_Assembly

26th Oregon Legislative Assembly

["1 References"]

Oregon legislature, 1911 The 26th Oregon Legislative Assembly had its regular session in 1911. References Wikisource has original text related to this article: Governor West's address to 26th Oregon Legislative Assembly ^ "HP Records Manager WebDrawer - 1911 Session Legislators and Staff Guide State Government". records.sos.state.or.us. Retrieved 2020-12-05. vteOregon Legislative Assemblies by year convened    1 (1860) 2 (1862) 3 (1864) 4 (1866) 5 (1868) 6 (1870) 7 (1872) 8 (1874) 9 (1876) 10 (1878) 11 (1880) 12 (1882) 13 (1885) 14 (1887) 15 (1889) 16 (1891) 17 (1893) 18 (1895) 19 (1897) 20 (1899) 21 (1901) 22 (1903) 23 (1905) 24 (1907) 25 (1909) 26 (1911) 27 (1913) 28 (1915) 29 (1917) 30 (1919) 31 (1921) 32 (1923) 33 (1925) 34 (1927) 35 (1929) 36 (1931) 37 (1933) 38 (1935) 39 (1937) 40 (1939) 41 (1941) 42 (1943) 43 (1945) 44 (1947) 45 (1949) 46 (1951) 47 (1953) 48 (1955) 49 (1957) 50 (1959) 51 (1961) 52 (1963) 53 (1965) 54 (1967) 55 (1969) 56 (1971) 57 (1973) 58 (1975) 59 (1977) 60 (1979) 61 (1981) 62 (1983) 63 (1985) 64 (1987) 65 (1989) 66 (1991) 67 (1993) 68 (1995) 69 (1997) 70 (1999) 71 (2001) 72 (2003) 73 (2005) 74 (2007) 75 (2009) 76 (2011) 77 (2013) 78 (2015) 79 (2017) 80 (2019) 81 (2021) 82 (2023) This Oregon-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Nord_Alto_Adige_%E2%80%93_S%C3%BCdtirol

Lega Alto Adige Südtirol

["1 History","1.1 Foundation and early years","1.2 Enlarging the party's tent","1.3 Provincial government","2 Ideology","3 Popular support","4 Leadership","5 References"]

Political party in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Lega Alto Adige Südtirol SecretaryMaurizio Bosatra(commissioner)Founded1991IdeologyRegionalismLibertarianismPopulismNational affiliationLega Nord (1991–2020)Lega per Salvini Premier (2020–present)Provincial Council1 / 35Chamber of Deputies (South Tyrol seats)0 / 4 Senate (South Tyrol seats)0 / 4 Politics of Trentino-Alto Adige/SüdtirolPolitical partiesElections Lega Alto Adige Südtirol (English: Upper Adige South Tyrol League, LAAST), whose official name is Lega Alto Adige Südtirol per Salvini Premier (English: Upper Adige South Tyrol League for Salvini Premier), is a regionalist political party active in South Tyrol. The party was a "national" section of Lega Nord (LN) from 1991 to 2000 and has been the regional section of Lega per Salvini Premier (LSP) in South Tyrol since 2020. Like Team K and the Greens, the LAAST is an inter-ethnic party. History Foundation and early years The party was established in Bolzano in 1991 and obtained 3.6% of the vote in the 1992 general election. The party's first and founding national secretary was Umberto Montefiori, who was elected to the Provincial Council in the 1993 regional election, when the party obtained 3.0% of the vote. Montefiori, a retired official of the Carabinieri and close ally of Irene Pivetti, disagreed with Lega Nord's separatist turn after the 1996 general election and, along with Pivetti, left the party shortly after. Montefiori would serve as president of the Provincial Council from 1996 to 1998. In 1997 the party, deprived of its most recognisable leader and only provincial councillor, was trying to join forces with "Alliance 98", formed by Christian Waldner after his ejection from Die Freiheitlichen (dF) in 1994, when Waldner was shot dead by Peter Paul Reiner, a former political ally who had remained a leading member of dF. The event brought down the only chance that LNAAST had at the time to flourish again. In the 1998 provincial election the party thus obtained a mere 0.9% of the vote. The result of 2003 was even worse: 0.5% of the vote. This was enough for LN's federal leadership to find ways in order to enlarge the party toward the 2008 provincial election. Enlarging the party's tent In the 2008 provincial election, the LNAAST fielded a heterogenous list with both Italian- and German-speaking candidates. In the run-up to the election the party was joined by Roland Atz, former Vice President of the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Region and leading member of the South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP), Elena Artioli, another SVP splinter and one of the few multilingual members of that party before it restricted its membership to German- and Ladin-speakers, and Paolo Bassani, a centrist politician who had been previously member of the Italian Liberal Party, Forza Italia and finally the Italian Republican Party. This strategy, designed by minister and LN's coordinator of national sections Roberto Calderoli, prompted Kurt Pancheri to resign from national secretary and the party altogether. In the election the LNAAST won the 2.1% of the vote and Artioli was elected to the Provincial Council. In January 2013 Artioli was elected national secretary of the party, ending five years of transitional leadership provided by the federal party. In May she announced that the party would run in the 2013 provincial election as part of the Team Autonomies / Team Artioli (Team A), a broader autonomist and inter-ethnic electoral list largely inspired to the Austrian Team Stronach. Later, in September, the Team A was integrated into the "Forza Alto Adige–Lega Nord–Team Autonomies" list, along with The People of Freedom. In the October election the list took 2.5% of the vote and Artioli was the only candidate elected. In January 2014, at the very beginning of the Council term, Artioli voted in favour of SVP's Arno Kompatscher in a vote of confidence, consequently left the party and finally joined the Democratic Party, becoming the local coordinator of Liberal PD in Bolzano. In the run-up of the 2014 European Parliament election the LN formed a pact with dF, according to which the dF's symbol and candidates were included in the party's slates. In the 2015 municipal election in Bolzano, for mayor, the LNAAST supported Carlo Vettori, who had joined the party just two years before and styled himself as a strong supporter of the party's "inter-ethnic" identity. Vettori gained 11.0% of the vote and was excluded from the run-off for less than 2 pp. In Laives LNAAST's Christian Bianchi was elected mayor with the support of the SVP and the Five Star Movement (M5S). The new course and, especially, Artioli's exit brought Pancheri back into the party's fold. Bolzano returned to vote in 2016: the LNAAST, that tried to forge an alliance with the SVP and finally supported a joint centre-right candidate, was reduced to 9.0%. Vettori switched to Forza Italia in 2021. In the 2018 general election the party won 9.6%, as part of a general surge of the federal party. Provincial government In the 2018 provincial election the party won 11.1%, its best result ever in the province. After the election, it joined forces with the SVP as junior partner in the provincial government. Giuliano Vettorato and Massimo Bessone were appointed vice president and minister, respectively. The party increased its tally to 17.5% in the 2019 European Parliament election. Following the formation of Lega per Salvini Premier and the 2019 federal congress of the LN, after which the latter became practically inactive, in February 2020 the LNAAST was re-established as Lega Alto Adige Südtirol (LAAST) in order to become the regional section of the new party. The founding members of the new LAAST were Vettorato, Filippo Maturi and Sergio Armanini. In the 2023 provincial election the party was reduced to 3.0% of the vote, due to the low turnout by Italian-speakers and the competition from Brothers of Italy (FdI). The party's only elected councillor was Laives mayor Christian Bianchi, who was later appointed minister in Kompatscher's third government, which comprised the SVP, FdI and dF. Ideology LNAAST/LAAST has presented itself as a party "inspired by the principles of Christianity" and the culture of Mitteleuropa, representing South Tyroleans, regardless their language or ethnicity, including multilingual people. In fact, according to its program, the main goals of the party is to enhance the collaboration and the interaction of the three language groups (Italian, German and Ladin) and to legally recognize the reality of multilingual people (i.e. citizens who identify with two linguistic identities). The party, which classifies itself as "neither right-wing nor left-wing", professes also a libertarian credo and one of its slogans is "less Province, more private", while emphasizing family, education and health-care issues. Popular support The party is a tiny one compared to other "national sections" of Lega Nord / Lega. Its results in the Province of Bolzano are shown in the tables below. 1992 general 1993 provincial 1994 general 1996 general 1998 provincial 1999 European 2001 general 2003 provincial 2004 European 2006 general 2008 general 2008 provincial 2009 European 3.6 3.0 2.4 4.3 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.9 2.0 2.1 4.8 2013 general 2013 provincial 2014 European 2018 general 2018 provincial 2019 European 2022 general 2023 provincial 0.9 2.5 6.0 9.6 11.1 17.5 5.3 3.0 ^ Joint list with Forza Alto Adige. ^ Joint list with Die Freiheitlichen. Leadership Secretary: Umberto Montefiori (1991–1996), Rolando Fontan (commissioner 1996–2000), Kurt Pancheri (2000–2001), Sergio Divina (commissioner, 2001–2007), Maurizio Fugatti (commissioner, 2007-2010), Maurizio Bosatra (commissioner, 2010–2012), Matteo Bragantini (commissioner, 2012–2013), Elena Artioli (2013–2014), Maurizio Fugatti (commissioner, 2014–2017), Massimo Bessone (commissioner, 2017–2019), Maurizio Bosatra (commissioner, 2019–2020), Giuliano Vettorato (commissioner, 2020–2023), Maurizio Bosatra (commissioner, 2023–present) President: unknown (1991–1999) Sergio Tamajo (1999–2008), Andrea Gallo (2013–2014) References ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2018). "South Tyrol/Italy". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 2020-12-30. Retrieved 2018-10-02. ^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it. Retrieved 2 March 2018. ^ a b c d "Giù la maschera!". 10 December 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2018. ^ "La campagna acquisti | SALTO". ^ "Morto Umberto Montefiori, fu il primo leghista in Provincia - Cronaca". 10 December 2019. ^ "Pivetti Fondera' un Suo Movmento". La Repubblica. 6 October 1996. Retrieved 2 March 2018. ^ https://assets-eu-01.kc-usercontent.com/61233281-10ab-0155-b35b-4a79363b5ead/c66fbd46-e8f6-43fd-b3de-b8e46a0a3b32/xi_legislatura_1993_1998.pdf ^ "L' omicida e' l' ideologo degli Schuetzen" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 22 February 1997. ^ a b "Lega Nord senza Benussi Alla guida Artioli e Atz | Alto Adige". Archived from the original on 2008-09-19. Retrieved 2008-09-11. ^ "Di lista in lista I navigatori della politica - Alto Adige". Retrieved 2 March 2018. ^ Redazione - Sab, 09/08/2008 - 02:08. "La "Südtiroler" annusa laria" (in Italian). Il Giornale. Retrieved 2018-03-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ http://espresso.repubblica.it/dettaglio-local/%C2%ABNoi-ci-siamo-ma-l-Svp-ora-si-smarchi%C2%BB/2036877 ^ http://espresso.repubblica.it/dettaglio-local/La-Lega-targata-S%C3%BCdtirol/2043254/6 ^ "Referendum consultivo provinciale 2016 - Provincia autonoma di Bolzano – Alto Adige". elezioni.provincia.bz.it. Retrieved 2 March 2018. ^ "Elena Artioli eletta segretario provinciale della Lega Nord". Archived from the original on 2013-11-11. Retrieved 2 March 2018. ^ "Provinciali, nasce il "Team Artioli"". Archived from the original on 2013-11-11. Retrieved 2 March 2018. ^ "Patto con la Biancofiore: la Artioli si candida capolista con Forza Italia". Archived from the original on 2013-11-11. Retrieved 2 March 2018. ^ "Biancofiore candida l'Artioli capolista". Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2018. ^ "Referendum consultivo provinciale 2016 - Provincia autonoma di Bolzano – Alto Adige". elezioni.provincia.bz.it. Retrieved 2 March 2018. ^ "Elezioni provinciali 2013 – Provincia autonoma di Bolzano". Archived from the original on 2013-10-30. Retrieved 2014-11-18. ^ "È bufera sulla Artioli "Lo ha fatto per un posto"". Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2 March 2018. ^ "Elena Artioli lascia la Lega Fugatti torna commissario". Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2 March 2018. ^ "Elena Artioli migra al Pd e diventa coordinatrice liberal: oggi l'ok da Renzi". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2 March 2018. ^ "Artioli coordinatrice Liberal PD Bolzano - Notizie - Ansa.it". 5 July 2014. ^ Europee: la Lega con un nuovo simbolo e la scritta Autonomie | L'Indipendenza Archived 2014-04-07 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Freiheitlichen altoatesini con Lega Nord - Trentino-Alto Adige/Suedtirol". Retrieved 2 March 2018. ^ ""La sicurezza è una cosa seria. Io lo so"". Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2018. ^ "Comune di Bolzano/Bozen - Trentino-Alto Adige - Ballottaggio - Elezioni Comunali - 10 maggio 2015". Retrieved 2 March 2018. ^ "In Alto Adige la prima alleanza in un Comune tra M5S e centrodestra". 9 June 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2018. ^ ""Accordo Lega-Cinque stelle" la voce che scuote la politica" (in Italian). Ilgiornale.it. 2015-06-20. Retrieved 2018-03-02. ^ "La Lega sceglie Vettori: serve più sicurezza". Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2018. ^ "Salvini: "Pronti a governare con la Svp"". Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2018. ^ "Comune di Bolzano/Bozen - Trentino-Alto Adige - Ballottaggio - Elezioni Comunali - Risultati - 8 maggio 2016". Retrieved 2 March 2018. ^ "Carlo Vettori: Dalla Lega a Forza Italia". 7 May 2021. ^ "Vettori va con Forza Italia | SALTO". ^ "Giunta provinciale Bolzano: Ecco la lista degli assessori e delle deleghe - TGR Trento". ^ "Kompatscher-bis, ecco la giunta con SVP e Lega - Attualità | l'Adige.it". 17 January 2019. ^ "Costituita ufficialmente la Lega Salvini premier Alto Adige Südtirol". 10 February 2020. ^ "Lega Salvini Premier, ai vertici Maturi, Vettorato e Armanini - Bolzano". 11 February 2020. ^ "Kompatscher, 'autonomia è la base di una giunta di successo' - Notizie - Ansa.it". 31 January 2024. ^ "Kompatscher, 'guardare la giunta senza occhiali ideologici' - Notizie - Ansa.it". 30 January 2024. ^ "La nuova Giunta provinciale si presenta - Notizie - Ansa.it". February 2024. ^ "Kompatscher presenta la nuova giunta: «Autonomia, siamo un modello in Europa» - Cronaca". February 2024. ^ "Lega Nord Südtirol - Alto Adige". Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2008-10-17. ^ "Lega Nord Südtirol - Alto Adige". Archived from the original on 2009-09-04. Retrieved 2008-10-17. vteLega NordFederal Secretary Umberto Bossi (1989–2012) Roberto Maroni (2012–2013) Matteo Salvini (2013–2020) Igor Iezzi (commissioner, 2020–present) Federal President Marilena Marin (1989–1991) Franco Rocchetta (1991–1994) Stefano Stefani (1995–2002) Luciano Gasperini (2002–2005) Angelo Alessandri (2005-2012) Umberto Bossi (2012–present) Federal Deputy Secretary Francesco Formenti (1992–1995) Francesco Speroni (1998–1999) Gianpaolo Dozzo (1998–1999) Mario Borghezio (1998–1999) Federico Caner (vicar, 2012–2013) Giacomo Stucchi (2012–2013) Elena Maccanti (2012–2013) Matteo Salvini (2013) Flavio Tosi (2013) Riccardo Molinari (2014–2016) Edoardo Rixi (2014–2016) Giancarlo Giorgetti (2016–2020) Lorenzo Fontana (2016–2020) Andrea Crippa (2019–2020) Federal Administrative Secretary Alessandro Patelli (1991–1993) Maurizio Balocchi (1993–2010) Francesco Belsito (2010–2012) Stefano Stefani (2012–2014) Giulio Centemero (2014–2020) Leader in the Chamber of Deputies Marco Formentini (1992–1993) Roberto Maroni (1993–1994) Pierluigi Petrini (1994–1995) Vito Gnutti (1995–1996) Domenico Comino (1996–1999) Giancarlo Pagliarini (1999–2001) Alessandro Cè (2001–2005) Andrea Gibelli (2005–2006) Roberto Maroni (2006–2008) Roberto Cota (2008–2010) Marco Reguzzoni (2010–2012) Gianpaolo Dozzo (2012–2013) Giancarlo Giorgetti (2013–2014) Massimiliano Fedriga (2014–2018) Giancarlo Giorgetti (2018) Riccardo Molinari (2018–present) Leader in the Senate Francesco Speroni (1992–1994) Francesco Tabladini (1994–1996) Francesco Speroni (1996–1999) Luciano Gasperini (1998–1999) Roberto Castelli (1999–2001) Francesco Moro (2001–2004) Ettore Pirovano (2004–2006) Roberto Castelli (2006–2008) Federico Bricolo (2008–2013) Massimo Bitonci (2013–2014) Gian Marco Centinaio (2014–2018) Massimiliano Romeo (2018–present) National sections Lega Lombarda Liga Veneta Lega Piemonte Lega Emilia Lega Friuli-Venezia Giulia Lega Liguria Lega Trentino Lega Toscana Lega Romagna Lega Marche Lega Umbria Lega Alto Adige Südtirol Lega Vallée d'Aoste vte Political parties in South TyrolParties with seats in the Provincial Council: South Tyrolean People's Party (13) Team K (4) South Tyrolean Freedom (4) Greens (3) Brothers of Italy (2) JWA List (2) Die Freiheitlichen (1) Democratic Party (1) For South Tyrol with Widmann (1) Lega Alto Adige Südtirol (1) La Civica (1) Vita (1) Free Group (1) Politics of South Tyrol List of political parties in South Tyrol

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regionalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)"},{"link_name":"political party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"South Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Lega Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Nord"},{"link_name":"Lega per Salvini Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"Team K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_K"},{"link_name":"Greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greens_(South_Tyrol)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Lega Alto Adige Südtirol (English: Upper Adige South Tyrol League, LAAST), whose official name is Lega Alto Adige Südtirol per Salvini Premier (English: Upper Adige South Tyrol League for Salvini Premier), is a regionalist political party active in South Tyrol. The party was a \"national\" section of Lega Nord (LN) from 1991 to 2000 and has been the regional section of Lega per Salvini Premier (LSP) in South Tyrol since 2020.Like Team K and the Greens, the LAAST is an inter-ethnic party.[2]","title":"Lega Alto Adige Südtirol"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bolzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolzano"},{"link_name":"1992 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Italian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Umberto Montefiori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Montefiori&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1993 regional election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol_regional_election"},{"link_name":"Carabinieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabinieri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salto-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Irene Pivetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Pivetti"},{"link_name":"Lega Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Nord"},{"link_name":"1996 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Italian_general_election"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Christian Waldner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Waldner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Die Freiheitlichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Freiheitlichen"},{"link_name":"Peter Paul Reiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Paul_Reiner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salto-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salto-3"},{"link_name":"1998 provincial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol_regional_election#South_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol_provincial_elections#South_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"2008 provincial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol_provincial_elections#South_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salto-3"}],"sub_title":"Foundation and early years","text":"The party was established in Bolzano in 1991 and obtained 3.6% of the vote in the 1992 general election. The party's first and founding national secretary was Umberto Montefiori, who was elected to the Provincial Council in the 1993 regional election, when the party obtained 3.0% of the vote. Montefiori, a retired official of the Carabinieri[3][4][5] and close ally of Irene Pivetti, disagreed with Lega Nord's separatist turn after the 1996 general election and, along with Pivetti, left the party shortly after.[6] Montefiori would serve as president of the Provincial Council from 1996 to 1998.[7]In 1997 the party, deprived of its most recognisable leader and only provincial councillor, was trying to join forces with \"Alliance 98\", formed by Christian Waldner after his ejection from Die Freiheitlichen (dF) in 1994, when Waldner was shot dead by Peter Paul Reiner, a former political ally who had remained a leading member of dF.[8][3] The event brought down the only chance that LNAAST had at the time to flourish again.[3] In the 1998 provincial election the party thus obtained a mere 0.9% of the vote. The result of 2003 was even worse: 0.5% of the vote. This was enough for LN's federal leadership to find ways in order to enlarge the party toward the 2008 provincial election.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roland Atz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roland_Atz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol"},{"link_name":"South Tyrolean People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tyrolean_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"Elena Artioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elena_Artioli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paolo Bassani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paolo_Bassani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Italian Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party"},{"link_name":"Forza Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_Italia"},{"link_name":"Italian Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Roberto Calderoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Calderoli"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Kurt Pancheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Pancheri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"2013 provincial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol_provincial_elections#South_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Team Autonomies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Autonomies"},{"link_name":"Team Stronach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Stronach"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Forza Alto Adige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)"},{"link_name":"The People of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Arno Kompatscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno_Kompatscher"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Liberal PD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_PD"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"2014 European Parliament election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Bolzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolzano"},{"link_name":"Carlo Vettori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Vettori&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Laives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laives"},{"link_name":"Christian Bianchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Bianchi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Five Star Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Star_Movement"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Forza Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"2018 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Italian_general_election_in_Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol"}],"sub_title":"Enlarging the party's tent","text":"In the 2008 provincial election, the LNAAST fielded a heterogenous list with both Italian- and German-speaking candidates. In the run-up to the election the party was joined by Roland Atz, former Vice President of the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Region and leading member of the South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP), Elena Artioli, another SVP splinter and one of the few multilingual members of that party before it restricted its membership to German- and Ladin-speakers, and Paolo Bassani, a centrist politician who had been previously member of the Italian Liberal Party, Forza Italia and finally the Italian Republican Party.[9][10] This strategy, designed by minister and LN's coordinator of national sections Roberto Calderoli,[11][12] prompted Kurt Pancheri to resign from national secretary and the party altogether.[9][13] In the election the LNAAST won the 2.1% of the vote and Artioli was elected to the Provincial Council.[14]In January 2013 Artioli was elected national secretary of the party, ending five years of transitional leadership provided by the federal party.[15] In May she announced that the party would run in the 2013 provincial election as part of the Team Autonomies / Team Artioli (Team A), a broader autonomist and inter-ethnic electoral list largely inspired to the Austrian Team Stronach.[16] Later, in September, the Team A was integrated into the \"Forza Alto Adige–Lega Nord–Team Autonomies\" list, along with The People of Freedom.[17][18] In the October election the list took 2.5% of the vote[19] and Artioli was the only candidate elected.[20] In January 2014, at the very beginning of the Council term, Artioli voted in favour of SVP's Arno Kompatscher in a vote of confidence,[21] consequently left the party[22] and finally joined the Democratic Party, becoming the local coordinator of Liberal PD in Bolzano.[23][24]In the run-up of the 2014 European Parliament election the LN formed a pact with dF, according to which the dF's symbol and candidates were included in the party's slates.[25][26] In the 2015 municipal election in Bolzano, for mayor, the LNAAST supported Carlo Vettori, who had joined the party just two years before and styled himself as a strong supporter of the party's \"inter-ethnic\" identity.[27] Vettori gained 11.0% of the vote and was excluded from the run-off for less than 2 pp.[28] In Laives LNAAST's Christian Bianchi was elected mayor with the support of the SVP and the Five Star Movement (M5S).[29][30] The new course and, especially, Artioli's exit brought Pancheri back into the party's fold.[31] Bolzano returned to vote in 2016: the LNAAST, that tried to forge an alliance with the SVP[32] and finally supported a joint centre-right candidate, was reduced to 9.0%.[33] Vettori switched to Forza Italia in 2021.[34][35]In the 2018 general election the party won 9.6%, as part of a general surge of the federal party.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2018 provincial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol_provincial_elections#South_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Giuliano Vettorato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giuliano_Vettorato&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Massimo Bessone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Bessone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"2019 European Parliament election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol"},{"link_name":"Lega per Salvini Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"Filippo Maturi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filippo_Maturi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sergio Armanini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sergio_Armanini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"2023 provincial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol_provincial_elections#South_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Brothers of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Provincial government","text":"In the 2018 provincial election the party won 11.1%, its best result ever in the province. After the election, it joined forces with the SVP as junior partner in the provincial government. Giuliano Vettorato and Massimo Bessone were appointed vice president and minister, respectively.[36][37]The party increased its tally to 17.5% in the 2019 European Parliament election.Following the formation of Lega per Salvini Premier and the 2019 federal congress of the LN, after which the latter became practically inactive, in February 2020 the LNAAST was re-established as Lega Alto Adige Südtirol (LAAST) in order to become the regional section of the new party. The founding members of the new LAAST were Vettorato, Filippo Maturi and Sergio Armanini.[38][39]In the 2023 provincial election the party was reduced to 3.0% of the vote, due to the low turnout by Italian-speakers and the competition from Brothers of Italy (FdI). The party's only elected councillor was Laives mayor Christian Bianchi, who was later appointed minister in Kompatscher's third government, which comprised the SVP, FdI and dF.[40][41][42][43]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Mitteleuropa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitteleuropa"},{"link_name":"libertarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"LNAAST/LAAST has presented itself as a party \"inspired by the principles of Christianity\" and the culture of Mitteleuropa, representing South Tyroleans, regardless their language or ethnicity, including multilingual people. In fact, according to its program, the main goals of the party is to enhance the collaboration and the interaction of the three language groups (Italian, German and Ladin) and to legally recognize the reality of multilingual people (i.e. citizens who identify with two linguistic identities). The party, which classifies itself as \"neither right-wing nor left-wing\", professes also a libertarian credo and one of its slogans is \"less Province, more private\", while emphasizing family, education and health-care issues.[44][45]","title":"Ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_46-0"},{"link_name":"Forza Alto Adige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn2_47-0"},{"link_name":"Die Freiheitlichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Freiheitlichen"}],"text":"The party is a tiny one compared to other \"national sections\" of Lega Nord / Lega. Its results in the Province of Bolzano are shown in the tables below.^ Joint list with Forza Alto Adige.\n\n^ Joint list with Die Freiheitlichen.","title":"Popular support"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Umberto Montefiori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Montefiori&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rolando Fontan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolando_Fontan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kurt Pancheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Pancheri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sergio Divina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sergio_Divina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maurizio Fugatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Fugatti"},{"link_name":"Maurizio Bosatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurizio_Bosatra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Matteo Bragantini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matteo_Bragantini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elena Artioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elena_Artioli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maurizio Fugatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Fugatti"},{"link_name":"Massimo Bessone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Bessone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maurizio Bosatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurizio_Bosatra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giuliano Vettorato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giuliano_Vettorato&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maurizio Bosatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurizio_Bosatra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sergio Tamajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sergio_Tamajo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andrea Gallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Gallo_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Secretary: Umberto Montefiori (1991–1996), Rolando Fontan (commissioner 1996–2000), Kurt Pancheri (2000–2001), Sergio Divina (commissioner, 2001–2007), Maurizio Fugatti (commissioner, 2007-2010), Maurizio Bosatra (commissioner, 2010–2012), Matteo Bragantini (commissioner, 2012–2013), Elena Artioli (2013–2014), Maurizio Fugatti (commissioner, 2014–2017), Massimo Bessone (commissioner, 2017–2019), Maurizio Bosatra (commissioner, 2019–2020), Giuliano Vettorato (commissioner, 2020–2023), Maurizio Bosatra (commissioner, 2023–present)\nPresident: unknown (1991–1999) Sergio Tamajo (1999–2008), Andrea Gallo (2013–2014)","title":"Leadership"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigtails_(album)

Pigtails (album)

["1 Track listing","2 References"]

The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Pigtails" album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1976 studio album by Franciscus HenriPigtailsOriginal coverStudio album by Franciscus HenriReleased1976RecordedCrest Records Studios, MelbourneGenreChildren'sLength33:00LabelCrestFranciscus Henri chronology Gabriel's Mother's Highway(1972) Pigtails(1976) Lord of the Dance(1976) 1990 re-release Pigtails is the third studio album by Dutch-Australian children's music performer, Franciscus Henri. It was originally issued in 1976 by Crest Records. The album was reissued twice between 1990 and 2010. Track listing All songs are traditional, unless otherwise shown No.TitleLength1."Entertaining"1:302."Sing"2:523."Old Witch" (J Kane, M Walmsley)2:014."I Love"2:065."Randolph the Rat"1:576."Shimmer Swimmer" (G Scotford, J Leask)1:207."What’s it Like?" (Scotford, Leask)1:218."Playing the Piano" (Edward MacKay)2:119."Pigtails" (Henri)2:2410."Hi-Lilly Hi-Lo" (Bronislau Kaper, Helen Deutsch)2:3611."What Can You Do?"1:5212."Snail" (Don Spencer)3:0813."Roll a Bowl" (Scotford, Leask)2:0714."Pony Man" (Gordon Lightfoot)4:4315."Ding Dong the Witch Is Dead" (Harold Arlen, Edgar Harburg)2:0016.Untitled0:28 Crest Records, catalogue no. CRTMB003 References ^ "Pigtails / Franciscus Henri". Music Australia. National Library of Australia. 14 March 1995. Retrieved 17 May 2012. This children's music album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenferrie_Oval

Glenferrie Oval

["1 History","2 The ground","3 Present day","4 Record crowd","5 Notes and references","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 37°49′14″S 145°1′58″E / 37.82056°S 145.03278°E / -37.82056; 145.03278Australian rules football stadium in Hawthorn, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Glenferrie OvalGlenferrie Oval in 2009Former namesHawthorn Football GroundAusdoc OvalLocation34 Linda Crescent, Hawthorn, VictoriaCoordinates37°49′14″S 145°1′58″E / 37.82056°S 145.03278°E / -37.82056; 145.03278OwnerCity of BoroondaraOperatorCity of BoroondaraCapacity10,000Field size160 m × 105 m (525 ft × 344 ft)SurfaceGrassOpened1903TenantsHawthorn Football ClubAdministration & Training (1906–2006) VFL/AFL (1906–1973) Glenferrie Oval is an Australian rules football stadium located in Hawthorn, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is the historic home of, and is synonymous with, the Hawthorn Football Club, who played there from 1903 and as a VFL/AFL club from 1925–1973, and retained the ground as an administrative and training base until 2006. Hawthorn moved to a redeveloped Waverley Park early in 2006 in preparation for the 2006 AFL season. History Prior to adopting Glenferrie Oval as the club's traditional home, the Hawthorn Football Club had a nomadic history, playing home games at whatever the most suitable obtainable ground was for that season. Their first home ground was the Hawthorn C.G. (West Hawthorn Reserve), which was abandoned after just 1 season due to conditions imposed by the Hawthorn Cricket Club, with the Hawks playing at John Wren's Richmond Racecourse in 1903 (which was off Bridge Road between Stawell Street and Westbank Terrace – where Tudor Street with 5 no through streets branches of are now located), before moving to the Richmond Cricket Ground in 1904. The Hawks' merger with Boroondara in 1905 had them move to Boroondara's ground, which at the time was the East Melbourne Cricket Ground. Hawthorn dropped their colours of blue and red (similar to Melbourne's guernsey at the time) and adopted Boroondara's colours, which was a black guernsey with red sash but retained the name Hawthorn FC. When the Hawthorn council opened Glenferrie Oval, then known as the Hawthorn City Sports Ground in October 1905, they endeavored to get a senior club to represent the district to be the main tenant during the next football season. The Hawthorn FC, competing in the Metropolitan Junior Football Association (now known as the VAFA), and Hawthorn Rovers (a popular club in the Eastern Suburbs Association) merged to form the Hawthorn City Football Club and made Glenferrie their home ground (the word City was later dropped and the club was just known as the Hawthorn Football Club when it entered the VFA in 1914) . Between 1906 and 1973, the Hawks played their home games at Glenferrie Oval, which was located in the heart of the affluent suburb of Hawthorn. The state of Glenferrie Oval and its location, close by the Glenferrie train station on the Melbourne East route, was a central reason why the club was firstly accepted into the VFA in 1914, and then the VFL in 1925. The club's onfield results had not reached any great heights in those early days but both the VFA and VFL had recognised the importance for representation in the suburbs east of the Yarra River. Glenferrie Oval was pivotal in these advancements of the Hawthorn Football Club as it was considered the most suitable at the time. In 1914, when Hawthorn entered the VFA, the council was required to build a new dressing shed to meet the standards of the VFA competition. These dressing sheds were erected in the north-west corner of the ground, where the Tuck Stand now resides, and were later moved to the Rathmines Road Reserve in Hawthorn where it still exists today. In 1922 the ground was widened by 30 yards and lengthened westward by 50 yards - taking in the previous outer reserve ground - to the dimensions that remain today. The 1922 ground improvements also resulted in Glenferrie Oval's first main stand, which was a wooden structure to be known as the Kennon-Owen Stand, and had been purchased from the East Melbourne Cricket Ground in late 1921 when that ground was closed due to expansion of the Jolimont railyards. The Kennon-Owen Stand was replaced by the Dr A S Ferguson Stand, a new brick stand opened in 1966 which was 185 feet long and could seat 1450, with 400 undercover. It was later to be home of the Past Players Association and the original Museum. The northern part of the Ferguson stand was demolished to make way for the Victorian Weightlifting Building that remain today. Glenferrie Oval's grandstand, designed in an art-deco style, was built in 1937 and later named the Michael Tuck stand after the club great, and housed the new changerooms and administration of the club. It is now heritage protected as one of the most significant buildings of the era. In 1963 the large scoreboard was erected at the eastern end of the ground. After the club won the 1961 premiership it was decided to buy some houses on the other side of Linda Crescent to build the Social Club which opened in 1962. The ground was relatively small by VFL standards, but the intimate nature of the ground (with the grandstands and train line surrounding the ground) made for a terrific atmosphere. The Hawks had played 584 matches at Glenferrie Oval during their time there. The last game that Hawthorn played at Glenferrie Oval was in August 1973 when Hawthorn won against South Melbourne by 37 points, in front of a crowd of 9842 people. Hawthorn Football Club retained the ground as an administrative and training base until 2006. Hawthorn moved their administrative and training facilities to a redeveloped Waverley Park early in 2006 in preparation for the 2006 AFL season. The ground The location of the ground has always been expansion prohibitive, wedged between the Belgrave/Lilydale railway line and nearby side streets. The small size and narrow wings of the ground led to it being known as the "sardine can" amongst fans. The ground includes: the heritage registered art deco Michael Tuck Stand (1938), named after Hawthorn legend Michael Tuck. the Victorian Weightlifting Stadium the social club (1963), sold by the Hawthorn Football Club in 2008 and subsequently demolished. the Ferguson Stand (1960s), demolished in 2023. Present day The ground is open to the general public, and is used for a variety of recreation and leisure activities. In March 2010 the playing field was resurfaced with couch grass for public use. The Hawthorn Football Club continue to host Supporters' Days at the ground if they win the AFL Premiership, for instance drawing crowds of several thousand people in 2014. The City of Boroondara is currently in the process of revitalising the precinct. The Ferguson Stand was demolished in 2023, with the Boroondara City Council planning on creating a new public open space where the Ferguson Stand once stood, as well as planning to refurbish the Michael Tuck Stand. Record crowd 36,786 - 17/4/1965. Hawthorn v Carlton (VFL) Notes and references ^ Atkinson, Cody; Lawson, Sean (15 June 2022). "From the SCG to Kardinia Park — do ground sizes contribute to the end result in AFL games?". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 19 February 2024. ^ "Glenferrie Oval". Retrieved 22 April 2022. ^ "Glenferrie Oval". Retrieved 22 April 2022. ^ "History". Retrieved 22 April 2022. ^ "History". Retrieved 22 April 2022. ^ "History". Retrieved 22 April 2022. ^ "History". Retrieved 22 April 2022. ^ "History". Retrieved 22 April 2022. ^ "History". Retrieved 22 April 2022. ^ "History". Retrieved 22 April 2022. ^ "Glenferrie Oval". Retrieved 12 November 2021. ^ "History". Retrieved 22 April 2022. ^ a b Connolly, Paul. "The Last Stand" The Age The (Melbourne) Magazine #19, May 2006 ^ "Glenferrie Oval Grandstand, Victorian Heritage Register (VHR) Number H0890, Heritage Overlay HO83". Victorian Heritage Database. Heritage Victoria. ^ "Residents buy Hawthorn social club for $2.5m - National - theage.com.au". www.theage.com.au. 23 May 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2018. ^ McIver, Damian (28 September 2014). "Hawthorn fans celebrate AFL premiership win at Glenferrie Oval". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 16 July 2023. ^ "Glenferrie Oval precinct revitalisation". City of Boroondara. Retrieved 16 July 2023. External links Glenferrie Oval at Austadiums "Around the Grounds" - Web Documentary - Glenferrie Oval Hawthorn Football Club website Australian Football League website VFL/AFL Attendance Records Team Scoring Records vteAustralian Football League groundsMain grounds: Adelaide Oval Engie Stadium The Gabba GMHBA Stadium Marvel Stadium Melbourne Cricket Ground Optus Stadium People First Stadium Sydney Cricket Ground Secondary grounds: Blundstone Arena Cazalys Stadium Mars Stadium Manuka Oval Norwood Oval TIO Stadium TIO Traeger Park Summit Sport and Recreation Park University of Tasmania Stadium Former grounds: Albury Oval Arden Street Oval Blacktown ISP Oval Brisbane Exhibition Ground Canberra Stadium Brunswick Street Oval Coburg Oval Corio Oval East Melbourne Cricket Ground Euroa Oval Football Park Glenferrie Oval Jiangwan Stadium (China) Junction Oval Lake Oval Moorabbin Oval Motordrome North Hobart Oval Princes Park Punt Road Oval Riverway Stadium Stadium Australia Subiaco Oval Toorak Park Victoria Park WACA Ground Waverley Park Wellington Regional Stadium (NZ) Whitten Oval Windy Hill Yarraville Oval Future grounds: Macquarie Point Stadium Training grounds: AAMI Park Alberton Oval Arden Street Oval Austworld Centre Oval Brighton Homes Arena Football Park GMHBA Stadium Ikon Park Mineral Resources Park Mission Whitten Oval NEC Hangar Olympic Park Oval Punt Road Oval RSEA Park Sydney Cricket Ground Tom Wills Oval Victor George Kailis Oval Waverley Park

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian rules football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium"},{"link_name":"Hawthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorn,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Victoria, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hawthorn Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"VFL/AFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFL/AFL"},{"link_name":"Waverley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waverley_Park"},{"link_name":"2006 AFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_AFL_season"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Australian rules football stadium in Hawthorn, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaGlenferrie Oval is an Australian rules football stadium located in Hawthorn, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[2]It is the historic home of, and is synonymous with, the Hawthorn Football Club, who played there from 1903 and as a VFL/AFL club from 1925–1973, and retained the ground as an administrative and training base until 2006. Hawthorn moved to a redeveloped Waverley Park early in 2006 in preparation for the 2006 AFL season.[3][4]","title":"Glenferrie Oval"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Michael Tuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tuck"},{"link_name":"South Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Swans"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Hawthorn Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Waverley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waverley_Park"},{"link_name":"2006 AFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_AFL_season"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Prior to adopting Glenferrie Oval as the club's traditional home, the Hawthorn Football Club had a nomadic history, playing home games at whatever the most suitable obtainable ground was for that season. Their first home ground was the Hawthorn C.G. (West Hawthorn Reserve), which was abandoned after just 1 season due to conditions imposed by the Hawthorn Cricket Club, with the Hawks playing at John Wren's Richmond Racecourse in 1903 (which was off Bridge Road between Stawell Street and Westbank Terrace – where Tudor Street with 5 no through streets branches of are now located), before moving to the Richmond Cricket Ground in 1904.[5]The Hawks' merger with Boroondara in 1905 had them move to Boroondara's ground, which at the time was the East Melbourne Cricket Ground. Hawthorn dropped their colours of blue and red (similar to Melbourne's guernsey at the time) and adopted Boroondara's colours, which was a black guernsey with red sash but retained the name Hawthorn FC. When the Hawthorn council opened Glenferrie Oval, then known as the Hawthorn City Sports Ground in October 1905, they endeavored to get a senior club to represent the district to be the main tenant during the next football season. The Hawthorn FC, competing in the Metropolitan Junior Football Association (now known as the VAFA), and Hawthorn Rovers (a popular club in the Eastern Suburbs Association) merged to form the Hawthorn City Football Club and made Glenferrie their home ground (the word City was later dropped and the club was just known as the Hawthorn Football Club when it entered the VFA in 1914) .[6]Between 1906 and 1973, the Hawks played their home games at Glenferrie Oval, which was located in the heart of the affluent suburb of Hawthorn. The state of Glenferrie Oval and its location, close by the Glenferrie train station on the Melbourne East route, was a central reason why the club was firstly accepted into the VFA in 1914, and then the VFL in 1925. The club's onfield results had not reached any great heights in those early days but both the VFA and VFL had recognised the importance for representation in the suburbs east of the Yarra River. Glenferrie Oval was pivotal in these advancements of the Hawthorn Football Club as it was considered the most suitable at the time.[7]In 1914, when Hawthorn entered the VFA, the council was required to build a new dressing shed to meet the standards of the VFA competition. These dressing sheds were erected in the north-west corner of the ground, where the Tuck Stand now resides, and were later moved to the Rathmines Road Reserve in Hawthorn where it still exists today. In 1922 the ground was widened by 30 yards and lengthened westward by 50 yards - taking in the previous outer reserve ground - to the dimensions that remain today.[8]The 1922 ground improvements also resulted in Glenferrie Oval's first main stand, which was a wooden structure to be known as the Kennon-Owen Stand, and had been purchased from the East Melbourne Cricket Ground in late 1921 when that ground was closed due to expansion of the Jolimont railyards. The Kennon-Owen Stand was replaced by the Dr A S Ferguson Stand, a new brick stand opened in 1966 which was 185 feet long and could seat 1450, with 400 undercover. It was later to be home of the Past Players Association and the original Museum. The northern part of the Ferguson stand was demolished to make way for the Victorian Weightlifting Building that remain today.[9]Glenferrie Oval's grandstand, designed in an art-deco style, was built in 1937 and later named the Michael Tuck stand after the club great, and housed the new changerooms and administration of the club. It is now heritage protected as one of the most significant buildings of the era. In 1963 the large scoreboard was erected at the eastern end of the ground. After the club won the 1961 premiership it was decided to buy some houses on the other side of Linda Crescent to build the Social Club which opened in 1962. The ground was relatively small by VFL standards, but the intimate nature of the ground (with the grandstands and train line surrounding the ground) made for a terrific atmosphere. The Hawks had played 584 matches at Glenferrie Oval during their time there. The last game that Hawthorn played at Glenferrie Oval was in August 1973 when Hawthorn won against South Melbourne by 37 points, in front of a crowd of 9842 people.[10]Hawthorn Football Club retained the ground as an administrative and training base until 2006. Hawthorn moved their administrative and training facilities to a redeveloped Waverley Park early in 2006 in preparation for the 2006 AFL season.[11][12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilydale_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Lilydale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilydale_railway_line"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-last-13"},{"link_name":"heritage registered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Michael Tuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tuck"},{"link_name":"Victorian Weightlifting Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victorian_Weightlifting_Stadium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-last-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The location of the ground has always been expansion prohibitive, wedged between the Belgrave/Lilydale railway line and nearby side streets. The small size and narrow wings of the ground led to it being known as the \"sardine can\" amongst fans.[13]The ground includes:the heritage registered art deco Michael Tuck Stand[14] (1938), named after Hawthorn legend Michael Tuck.\nthe Victorian Weightlifting Stadium[13]\nthe social club (1963), sold by the Hawthorn Football Club in 2008 and subsequently demolished.[15]\nthe Ferguson Stand (1960s), demolished in 2023.","title":"The ground"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AFL Premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_Premiership"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"City of Boroondara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Boroondara"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The ground is open to the general public, and is used for a variety of recreation and leisure activities. In March 2010 the playing field was resurfaced with couch grass for public use. The Hawthorn Football Club continue to host Supporters' Days at the ground if they win the AFL Premiership, for instance drawing crowds of several thousand people in 2014.[16]The City of Boroondara is currently in the process of revitalising the precinct. The Ferguson Stand was demolished in 2023, with the Boroondara City Council planning on creating a new public open space where the Ferguson Stand once stood, as well as planning to refurbish the Michael Tuck Stand.[17]","title":"Present day"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"36,786 - 17/4/1965. Hawthorn v Carlton (VFL)","title":"Record crowd"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"From the SCG to Kardinia Park — do ground sizes contribute to the end result in AFL games?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.abc.net.au/news/2022-06-16/cody-and-sean-afl-analysis-how-much-do-ground-sizes-matter/101154950"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Glenferrie Oval\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.austadiums.com/stadiums/glenferrie-oval"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Glenferrie Oval\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.austadiums.com/stadiums/glenferrie-oval"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hawthornfc.com.au/club/history/club-chronology"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hawthornfc.com.au/club/history/club-chronology"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hawthornfc.com.au/club/history/club-chronology"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hawthornfc.com.au/club/history/club-chronology"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hawthornfc.com.au/club/history/club-chronology"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hawthornfc.com.au/club/history/club-chronology"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hawthornfc.com.au/club/history/club-chronology"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Glenferrie Oval\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.austadiums.com/stadiums/glenferrie-oval"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hawthornfc.com.au/club/history/club-chronology"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-last_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-last_13-1"},{"link_name":"The Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Glenferrie Oval Grandstand, Victorian Heritage Register (VHR) Number H0890, Heritage Overlay HO83\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/vhd/heritagevic#detail_places;1550"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Residents buy Hawthorn social club for $2.5m - National - theage.com.au\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theage.com.au/news/national/residents-buy-hawthorn-social-club-for-25m/2007/05/22/1179601410945.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Hawthorn fans celebrate AFL premiership win at Glenferrie Oval\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-28/hawks-fans-celebrate-premiership-win-at-glenferrie-oval/5774504"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Glenferrie Oval precinct revitalisation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//engage.boroondara.vic.gov.au/glenferrie-oval-precinct-revitalisation"}],"text":"^ Atkinson, Cody; Lawson, Sean (15 June 2022). \"From the SCG to Kardinia Park — do ground sizes contribute to the end result in AFL games?\". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 19 February 2024.\n\n^ \"Glenferrie Oval\". Retrieved 22 April 2022.\n\n^ \"Glenferrie Oval\". Retrieved 22 April 2022.\n\n^ \"History\". Retrieved 22 April 2022.\n\n^ \"History\". Retrieved 22 April 2022.\n\n^ \"History\". Retrieved 22 April 2022.\n\n^ \"History\". Retrieved 22 April 2022.\n\n^ \"History\". Retrieved 22 April 2022.\n\n^ \"History\". Retrieved 22 April 2022.\n\n^ \"History\". Retrieved 22 April 2022.\n\n^ \"Glenferrie Oval\". Retrieved 12 November 2021.\n\n^ \"History\". Retrieved 22 April 2022.\n\n^ a b Connolly, Paul. \"The Last Stand\" The Age The (Melbourne) Magazine #19, May 2006\n\n^ \"Glenferrie Oval Grandstand, Victorian Heritage Register (VHR) Number H0890, Heritage Overlay HO83\". Victorian Heritage Database. Heritage Victoria.\n\n^ \"Residents buy Hawthorn social club for $2.5m - National - theage.com.au\". www.theage.com.au. 23 May 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2018.\n\n^ McIver, Damian (28 September 2014). \"Hawthorn fans celebrate AFL premiership win at Glenferrie Oval\". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 16 July 2023.\n\n^ \"Glenferrie Oval precinct revitalisation\". City of Boroondara. Retrieved 16 July 2023.","title":"Notes and references"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuation_of_Dunkirk

Dunkirk evacuation

["1 Background","2 Prelude","2.1 Battle of Dunkirk","3 Evacuation","3.1 26–27 May","3.2 28 May – 4 June","4 Navy","4.1 Evacuation routes","4.2 Ships","4.3 Little ships","5 Aftermath","5.1 Analysis","5.2 Casualties","6 Dunkirk Jack","7 Portrayals","7.1 Films","7.2 Television","7.3 Books","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 Bibliography","12 Further reading","13 External links"]

Evacuation of Allied forces in early 1940 Operation DynamoPart of the Battle of France in the Second World WarBritish troops lined up on the beach awaiting evacuationDate26 May to 4 June 1940LocationFrance, Dunkirk, and the English Channel51°02′N 2°22′E / 51.033°N 2.367°E / 51.033; 2.367Result Allied retreatEvacuation of 338,226 soldiersBelligerents United Kingdom India Belgium Canada France French West Africa Netherlands Poland GermanyCommanders and leaders Lord Gort Bertram Ramsay Harold Alexander William Tennant Robert Peverell Hichens J.M. Charles Abrial Gerd von Rundstedt Hermann Göring vteWestern Front ofWorld War IIPhoney War River Forth Saar The Heligoland Bight Wikinger Luxembourg Schuster Line The Netherlands Maastricht Mill The Hague Rotterdam Zeeland The Grebbeberg Afsluitdijk Rotterdam Blitz Belgium Fort Eben-Emael Hannut David Gembloux La Lys Ypres–Comines Canal France Sedan Montcornet Saumur Arras Boulogne Calais Dunkirk Dynamo Abbeville Lille Paula 1st Alps Haddock Force Britain Kanalkampf Adlertag The Hardest Day Battle of Britain Day Sea Lion 1941–1943 Cerberus Donnerkeil Baedeker Blitz Commando Raids St Nazaire Raid Dieppe Raid 1944–1945 Baby Blitz Overlord Chastity Dragoon Siegfried Line Netherlands Market Garden Hürtgen Forest Aachen Queen Scheldt Bulge Nordwind 2nd Alps Colmar Pocket Atlantic Pockets Germany Blackcock Veritable Grenade Blockbuster Lumberjack Remagen Cologne Gisela Undertone Plunder Varsity Paderborn Ruhr TF Baum Frankfurt Würzburg Kassel Heilbronn Nuremberg Hamburg Strategic campaigns The Blitz Defence of the Reich Strategic Bombing Campaign Raids on the Atlantic Wall Battle of AtlanticvteBattle of France France Royal Marine Ardennes Sedan Montcornet Maginot Line Weygand Plan Arras Boulogne Calais Dunkirk Dynamo Wormhoudt Abbeville Lille Paula Fall Rot Alps Haddock Force Cycle Lagarde Saumur Aerial Fall Braun Netherlands Maastricht Mill The Hague Rotterdam Zeeland The Grebbeberg Afsluitdijk Rotterdam Blitz Belgium Fort Eben-Emael K-W Line Dyle Plan David Hannut Gembloux Lys Ypres–Comines Canal Luxembourg Schuster Line The Dunkirk evacuation, codenamed Operation Dynamo and also known as the Miracle of Dunkirk, or just Dunkirk, was the evacuation of more than 338,000 Allied soldiers during the Second World War from the beaches and harbour of Dunkirk, in the north of France, between 26 May and 4 June 1940. The operation commenced after large numbers of Belgian, British, and French troops were cut off and surrounded by German troops during the six-week Battle of France. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, France and the British Empire declared war on Germany and imposed an economic blockade. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was sent to help defend France. After the Phoney War of October 1939 to April 1940, Germany invaded Belgium, the Netherlands, and France on 10 May 1940. Three panzer corps attacked through the Ardennes and drove northwest to the English Channel. By 21 May, German forces had trapped the BEF, the remains of the Belgian forces, and three French field armies along the northern coast of France. BEF commander General Viscount Gort immediately saw evacuation across the Channel as the best course of action, and began planning a withdrawal to Dunkirk, the closest good port. Late on 23 May, the halt order was issued by Generaloberst Gerd von Rundstedt, commander of Army Group A. Adolf Hitler approved this order the next day, and had the German High Command send confirmation to the front. Attacking the trapped BEF, French, and Belgian armies was left to the Luftwaffe until the order was rescinded on 26 May. This gave Allied forces time to construct defensive works and pull back large numbers of troops to fight the Battle of Dunkirk. From 28 to 31 May, in the siege of Lille, the remaining 40,000 men of the French First Army fought a delaying action against seven German divisions, including three armoured divisions. On the first day, only 7,669 Allied soldiers were evacuated, but by the end of the eighth day, 338,226 had been rescued by a hastily assembled fleet of over 800 vessels. Many troops were able to embark from the harbour's protective mole onto 39 British Royal Navy destroyers, four Royal Canadian Navy destroyers, at least three French Navy destroyers, and a variety of civilian merchant ships. Others had to wade out from the beaches, waiting for hours in shoulder-deep water. Some were ferried to the larger ships by what became known as the Little Ships of Dunkirk, a flotilla of hundreds of merchant marine boats, fishing boats, pleasure craft, yachts, and lifeboats called into service from Britain. The BEF lost 68,000 soldiers during the French campaign and had to abandon nearly all of its tanks, vehicles, and equipment. In his "We shall fight on the beaches" speech on 4 June to the House of Commons, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called the event "a colossal military disaster", saying "the whole root and core and brain of the British Army" had been stranded at Dunkirk and seemed about to perish or be captured. He hailed their rescue as a "miracle of deliverance". Churchill also reminded the country that "we must be very careful not to assign to this deliverance the attributes of a victory. Wars are not won by evacuations." Background Further information: Battle of France In September 1939, after Germany invaded Poland, the United Kingdom sent the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) to aid in the defence of France, landing at Cherbourg, Nantes, and Saint-Nazaire. By May 1940 the force consisted of ten divisions in three corps under the command of General John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort. Working with the BEF were the Belgian Army and the French First, Seventh, and Ninth Armies. Situation on 21 May 1940; German forces occupy the area shaded in pink During the 1930s, the French had constructed the Maginot Line, a series of fortifications along their border with Germany. This line had been designed to deter a German invasion across the Franco-German border and funnel an attack into Belgium, which could then be met by the best divisions of the French Army. Thus, any future war would take place outside of French territory, avoiding a repeat of the First World War. The area immediately to the north of the Maginot Line was covered by the heavily wooded Ardennes region, which French General Philippe Pétain declared to be "impenetrable" as long as "special provisions" were taken. He believed that any enemy force emerging from the forest would be vulnerable to a pincer attack and destroyed. The French commander-in-chief, Maurice Gamelin, also believed the area to be of a limited threat, noting that it "never favoured large operations". With this in mind, the area was left lightly defended. The initial plan for the German invasion of France called for an encirclement attack through the Netherlands and Belgium, avoiding the Maginot Line. Erich von Manstein, then Chief of Staff of the German Army Group A, prepared the outline of a different plan and submitted it to the Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH; German High Command) via his superior, Generaloberst Gerd von Rundstedt. Manstein's plan suggested that panzer divisions should attack through the Ardennes, then establish bridgeheads on the Meuse River and rapidly drive to the English Channel. The Germans would thus cut off the Allied armies in Belgium. This part of the plan later became known as the Sichelschnitt ("sickle cut"). Adolf Hitler approved a modified version of Manstein's ideas, today known as the Manstein Plan, after meeting with him on 17 February. On 10 May, Germany invaded Belgium and the Netherlands. Army Group B, under Generaloberst Fedor von Bock, attacked into Belgium, while the three panzer corps of Army Group A under Rundstedt swung around to the south and drove for the Channel. The BEF advanced from the Belgian border to positions along the River Dyle within Belgium, where they fought elements of Army Group B starting on 10 May. They were ordered to begin a fighting withdrawal to the Scheldt River on 14 May when the Belgian and French positions on their flanks failed to hold. During a visit to Paris on 17 May, Prime Minister Winston Churchill was astonished to learn from Gamelin that the French had committed all their troops to the ongoing engagements and had no strategic reserves. On 19 May, Gort met with French General Gaston Billotte, commander of the French First Army and overall coordinator of the Allied forces. Billotte revealed that the French had no troops between the Germans and the sea. Gort immediately saw that evacuation across the Channel was the best course of action, and began planning a withdrawal to Dunkirk, the closest location with good port facilities. Surrounded by marshes, Dunkirk boasted old fortifications and the longest sand beach in Europe, where large groups could assemble. On 20 May, on Churchill's suggestion, the Admiralty began arranging for all available small vessels to be made ready to proceed to France. After continued engagements and a failed Allied attempt on 21 May at Arras to cut through the German spearhead, the BEF was trapped, along with the remains of the Belgian forces and the three French armies, in an area along the coast of northern France and Belgium. Prelude Lord Gort (gesturing, at centre) was commander of the British Expeditionary Force. Without informing the French, the British began planning on 20 May for Operation Dynamo, the evacuation of the BEF. This planning was headed by Vice Admiral Bertram Ramsay at the naval headquarters below Dover Castle, from which he briefed Churchill as it was under way. Ships began gathering at Dover for the evacuation. On 20 May, the BEF sent Brigadier Gerald Whitfield to Dunkirk to start evacuating unnecessary personnel. Overwhelmed by what he later described as "a somewhat alarming movement towards Dunkirk by both officers and men", due to a shortage of food and water, he had to send many along without thoroughly checking their credentials. Even officers ordered to stay behind to aid the evacuation disappeared onto the boats. On 22 May, Churchill ordered the BEF to attack southward in coordination with the French First Army under General Georges Blanchard to reconnect with the remainder of the French forces. This proposed action was dubbed the Weygand Plan after General Maxime Weygand, appointed Supreme Commander after Gamelin's dismissal on 18 May. On 25 May, Gort had to abandon any hope of achieving this objective and withdrew on his own initiative, along with Blanchard's forces, behind the Lys Canal, part of a canal system that reached the sea at Gravelines. Sluice gates had already been opened all along the canal to flood the system and create a barrier (the Canal Line) against the German advance. Battle of Dunkirk Main article: Battle of Dunkirk Soldiers were strafed and bombed by German aircraft while awaiting transport. By 24 May, the Germans had captured the port of Boulogne and surrounded Calais. The engineers of the 2nd Panzer Division under Generalmajor Rudolf Veiel built five bridges over the Canal Line and only one British battalion barred the way to Dunkirk. On 23 May, at the suggestion of Fourth Army commander Generalfeldmarschall Günther von Kluge, Rundstedt had ordered the panzer units to halt, concerned about the vulnerability of his flanks and the question of supply to his forward troops. He was also concerned that the marshy ground around Dunkirk would prove unsuitable for tanks and he wished to conserve them for later operations (in some units, tank losses were 30–50 per cent). Hitler was also apprehensive, and on a visit to Army Group A headquarters on 24 May, he endorsed the order. Air Marshal Hermann Göring urged Hitler to let the Luftwaffe (aided by Army Group B) finish off the British, to the consternation of General Franz Halder, who noted in his diary that the Luftwaffe was dependent upon the weather and aircrews were worn out after two weeks of battle. Rundstedt issued another order, which was sent uncoded. It was picked up by the Royal Air Force (RAF) Y service intelligence network at 12:42: "By order of the Fuhrer ... attack north-west of Arras is to be limited to the general line Lens–Bethune–Aire–St Omer–Gravelines. The Canal will not be crossed." Later that day, Hitler issued Directive 13, which called for the Luftwaffe to defeat the trapped Allied forces and stop their escape. At 15:30 on 26 May, Hitler ordered the panzer groups to continue their advance, but most units took another 16 hours to attack. Some accounts quote Hitler as saying he deliberately allowed the British to escape. The delay gave the Allies time to prepare defences vital for the evacuation and prevented the Germans from stopping the Allied retreat from Lille. The halt order has been the subject of much discussion by historians. Guderian considered the failure to order a timely assault on Dunkirk to be one of the major German mistakes on the Western Front. Rundstedt called it "one of the great turning points of the war", and Manstein described it as "one of Hitler's most critical mistakes". B. H. Liddell Hart interviewed many of the generals after the war and put together a picture of Hitler's strategic thinking on the matter. Hitler believed that once Britain's troops left continental Europe, they would never return. Evacuation 26–27 May Troops evacuated from Dunkirk arrive at Dover, 31 May 1940 The retreat was undertaken amid chaotic conditions, with abandoned vehicles blocking the roads and a flood of refugees heading in the opposite direction. Due to wartime censorship and the desire to keep up British morale, the full extent of the unfolding disaster at Dunkirk was not initially publicised. A special service attended by King George VI was held in Westminster Abbey on 26 May, which was declared a national day of prayer. The Archbishop of Canterbury led prayers "for our soldiers in dire peril in France". Similar prayers were offered in synagogues and churches throughout the UK that day, confirming to the public their suspicion of the desperate plight of the troops. Just before 19:00 on 26 May, Churchill ordered Dynamo to begin, by which time 28,000 men had already departed. Initial plans called for the recovery of 45,000 men from the BEF within two days, at which time German troops were expected to block further evacuation. Only 25,000 men escaped during this period, including 7,669 on the first day. On 27 May, the first full day of the evacuation, one cruiser, eight destroyers, and 26 other craft were active. Admiralty officers combed nearby boatyards for small craft that could ferry personnel from the beaches out to larger craft in the harbour, as well as larger vessels that could load from the docks. An emergency call was put out for additional help, and by 31 May nearly four hundred small craft were voluntarily and enthusiastically taking part in the effort. The same day, the Luftwaffe heavily bombed Dunkirk, both the town and the dock installations. As the water supply was knocked out, the resulting fires could not be extinguished. An estimated one thousand civilians were killed, one-third of the remaining population of the town. RAF squadrons were ordered to provide air supremacy for the Royal Navy during evacuation. Their efforts shifted to covering Dunkirk and the English Channel, protecting the evacuation fleet. The Luftwaffe was met by 16 squadrons of the RAF, who claimed 38 kills on 27 May while losing 14 aircraft. Many more RAF fighters sustained damage and were subsequently written off. On the German side, Kampfgeschwader 2 (KG 2) and KG 3 suffered the heaviest casualties. German losses amounted to 23 Dornier Do 17s. KG 1 and KG 4 bombed the beach and harbour and KG 54 sank the 8,000-ton steamer Aden. Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers sank the troopship Cote d' Azur. The Luftwaffe engaged with 300 bombers which were protected by 550 fighter sorties and attacked Dunkirk in twelve raids. They dropped 15,000 high explosive and 30,000 incendiary bombs, destroying the oil tanks and wrecking the harbour. No. 11 Group RAF flew 22 patrols with 287 aircraft this day, in formations of up to 20 aircraft. Altogether, over 3,500 sorties were flown in support of Operation Dynamo. The RAF continued to inflict a heavy toll on the German bombers throughout the week. Soldiers being bombed and strafed while awaiting transport were for the most part unaware of the efforts of the RAF to protect them, as most of the dogfights took place far from the beaches. As a result, many British soldiers bitterly accused the airmen of doing nothing to help, reportedly leading to some army troops accosting and insulting RAF personnel once they returned to England. On 25 and 26 May, the Luftwaffe focused their attention on Allied pockets holding out at Calais, Lille, and Amiens, and did not attack Dunkirk. Calais, held by the BEF, surrendered on 26 May. Remnants of the French First Army, surrounded at Lille, fought off seven German divisions, several of them armoured, until 31 May, when the remaining 35,000 soldiers were forced to surrender after running out of food and ammunition. The Germans accorded the honours of war to the defenders of Lille in recognition of their bravery. 28 May – 4 June Situation on 4 June 1940; the remaining French rearguard held a sliver of land around Dunkirk East mole (2009) The Belgian Army surrendered on 28 May, leaving a large gap to the east of Dunkirk. Several British divisions were rushed in to cover that side. The Luftwaffe flew fewer sorties over Dunkirk on 28 May, switching their attention to the Belgian ports of Ostend and Nieuwpoort. The weather over Dunkirk was not conducive to dive or low-level bombing. The RAF flew 11 patrols and 321 sorties, claiming 23 destroyed for the loss of 13 aircraft. On 28 May, 17,804 soldiers arrived at British ports. On 29 May, 47,310 British troops were rescued as the Luftwaffe's Ju 87s exacted a heavy toll on shipping. The British destroyer HMS Grenade was sunk and the French destroyer Mistral was crippled, while her sister ships, each laden with 500 men, were damaged by near misses. British destroyers Jaguar and Verity were badly damaged but escaped the harbour. Two trawlers disintegrated in the attack. Later, the passenger steamer SS Fenella sank with 600 men aboard at the pier but the men were able to get off. The paddle steamer HMS Crested Eagle suffered a direct hit, caught fire, and sank with severe casualties. The raiders also destroyed the two rail-owned ships, the SS Lorina and the SS Normannia. Of the five major German attacks, just two were contested by RAF fighters; the British lost 16 fighters in nine patrols. German losses amounted to 11 Ju 87s destroyed or damaged. On 30 May, Churchill received word that all British divisions were now behind the defensive lines, along with more than half of the French First Army. By this time, the perimeter ran along a series of canals about 7 miles (11 km) from the coast, in marshy country not suitable for tanks. With the docks in the harbour rendered unusable by German air attacks, senior naval officer Captain (later Admiral) William Tennant initially ordered men to be evacuated from the beaches. When this proved too slow, he re-routed the evacuees to two long stone and concrete breakwaters, called the east and west moles, as well as the beaches. The moles were not designed to dock ships, but despite this, the majority of troops rescued from Dunkirk were taken off this way. Almost 200,000 troops embarked on ships from the east mole (which stretched nearly a mile out to sea) over the next week. James Campbell Clouston, pier master on the east mole, organised and regulated the flow of men along the mole into the waiting ships. Once more, low clouds kept Luftwaffe activity to a minimum. Nine RAF patrols were mounted, with no German formation encountered. The following day, the Luftwaffe sank one transport and damaged 12 others for 17 losses; the British claimed 38 kills, which is disputed. The RAF and Fleet Air Arm lost 28 aircraft. The next day, an additional 53,823 men were embarked, including the first French soldiers. Lord Gort and 68,014 men were evacuated on 31 May, leaving Major-General Harold Alexander in command of the rearguard. A further 64,429 Allied soldiers departed on 1 June, before the increasing air attacks prevented further daylight evacuation. The British rearguard of 4,000 men left on the night of 2–3 June. An additional 75,000 French troops were retrieved over the nights of 2–4 June, before the operation finally ended. The remainder of the rearguard, 40,000 French troops, surrendered on 4 June. Of the total 338,226 soldiers, several hundred were unarmed Indian mule handlers on detachment from the Royal Indian Army Service Corps, forming four of the six units of Force K-6 transport. Cypriot muleteers were also present. Three units were successfully evacuated and one captured. Also present at Dunkirk were a small number of French Senegalese soldiers and Moroccans. Navy Evacuation routes Map of the three evacuation routes Evacuated troops enjoying tea and other refreshments before boarding a train at Dover Station, 26–29 May 1940 Three routes were allocated to the evacuating vessels. The shortest was Route Z, a distance of 39 nautical miles (72 km), but it entailed hugging the French coast and thus ships using it were subject to bombardment from on-shore batteries, particularly in daylight hours. Route X, although the safest from shore batteries, travelled through a particularly heavily mined portion of the Channel. Ships on this route travelled 55 nautical miles (102 km) north out of Dunkirk, proceeded through the Ruytingen Pass, and headed towards the North Goodwin Lightship before heading south around the Goodwin Sands to Dover. The route was safest from surface attacks, but the nearby minefields and sandbanks meant it could not be used at night. The longest of the three was Route Y, a distance of 87 nautical miles (161 km); using this route increased the sailing time to four hours, double the time required for Route Z. This route followed the French coast as far as Bray-Dunes, then turned north-east until reaching the Kwinte Buoy. Here, after making an approximately 135-degree turn, the ships sailed west to the North Goodwin Lightship and headed south around the Goodwin Sands to Dover. Ships on Route Y were the most likely to be attacked by German surface vessels, submarines, and the Luftwaffe. You knew this was the chance to get home and you kept praying, please God, let us go, get us out, get us out of this mess back to England. To see that ship that came in to pick me and my brother up, it was a most fantastic sight. We saw dog fights up in the air, hoping nothing would happen to us and we saw one or two terrible sights. Then somebody said, there's Dover, that was when we saw the White Cliffs, the atmosphere was terrific. From hell to heaven was how the feeling was, you felt like a miracle had happened.— Harry Garrett, British Army, speaking to Kent Online Ships See also: List of ships at Dunkirk Troops evacuated from Dunkirk on a destroyer about to berth at Dover, 31 May 1940 The Royal Navy provided the anti-aircraft cruiser HMS Calcutta, 39 destroyers, and many other craft. The Merchant Navy supplied passenger ferries, hospital ships, and other vessels. Britain's Belgian, Dutch, Canadian, Polish, and French allies provided vessels as well. Admiral Ramsay arranged for around a thousand copies to be made of the required charts, had buoys laid around the Goodwin Sands and down to Dunkirk, and organised the flow of shipping. Larger ships such as destroyers were able to carry about 900 men per trip. The soldiers mostly travelled on the upper decks for fear of being trapped below if the ship sank. After the loss on 29 May of 19 British and French navy ships plus three of the larger requisitioned vessels, the Admiralty withdrew their eight best destroyers for the future defence of the country. British ships Type of vessel Total engaged Sunk Damaged Cruisers 1 0 1 Destroyers 39 6 19 Sloops, corvettes and gunboats 9 1 1 Minesweepers 36 5 7 Trawlers and drifters 113 17 2 Special service vessels 3 1 0 Ocean boarding vessels 3 1 1 Torpedo boats and anti-submarine boats 13 0 0 Former Dutch schuyts with naval crews 40 4 Unknown Yachts with naval crews 26 3 Unknown Personnel ships 45 8 8 Hospital carriers 8 1 5 Naval motor boats 12 6 Unknown Tugboats 34 3 Unknown Other small craft 311 170 Unknown Total British ships 693 226 ^ Does not include ships' lifeboats and some unrecorded small privately owned craft. Allied ships Type of vessel Total engaged Sunk Damaged Warships (all types) 49 8 Unknown Other vessels 119 9 Unknown Total Allied ships 168 17 Unknown Grand total 861 243 Unknown Little ships Main article: Little Ships of Dunkirk See also: Royal National Lifeboat Institution A wide variety of small vessels from all over the south of England were pressed into service to aid in the Dunkirk evacuation. They included speedboats, Thames vessels, car ferries, pleasure craft, and many other types of small craft. The most useful proved to be the motor lifeboats, which had a reasonably good capacity and speed. Some boats were requisitioned without the owner's knowledge or consent. Agents of the Ministry of Shipping, accompanied by a naval officer, scoured the Thames for likely vessels, had them checked for seaworthiness, and took them downriver to Sheerness, where naval crews were to be placed aboard. Due to shortages of personnel, many small craft crossed the Channel with civilian crews. The first of the "little ships" arrived at Dunkirk on 28 May. The wide sand beaches meant that large vessels could not get anywhere near the shore, and even small craft had to stop about 100 yards (91 m) from the waterline and wait for the soldiers to wade out. In many cases, personnel would abandon their boat upon reaching a larger ship, and subsequent evacuees had to wait for boats to drift ashore with the tide before they could make use of them. In most areas on the beaches, soldiers queued up with their units and patiently awaited their turn to leave. But at times, panicky soldiers had to be warned off at gunpoint when they attempted to rush to the boats out of turn. In addition to ferrying out on boats, soldiers at De Panne and Bray-Dunes constructed improvised jetties by driving rows of abandoned vehicles onto the beach at low tide, anchoring them with sandbags, and connecting them with wooden walkways. Aftermath Analysis Troops landed from Dunkirk27 May – 4 June 1940 Date Beaches Harbour Total 27 May — 7,669 7,669 28 May 5,930 11,874 17,804 29 May 13,752 33,558 47,310 30 May 29,512 24,311 53,823 31 May 22,942 45,072 68,014 1 June 17,348 47,081 64,429 2 June 6,695 19,561 26,256 3 June 1,870 24,876 26,746 4 June 622 25,553 26,175 Totals 98,671 239,555 338,226 See also: Battle of Abbeville, Operation Cycle, and Operation Aerial Before the operation was completed, the prognosis had been gloomy, with Churchill warning the House of Commons on 28 May to expect "hard and heavy tidings". Subsequently, Churchill referred to the outcome as a miracle, and the British press presented the evacuation as a "disaster turned to triumph" so successfully that Churchill had to remind the country in a speech to the House of Commons on 4 June that "we must be very careful not to assign to this deliverance the attributes of a victory. Wars are not won by evacuations." Andrew Roberts comments that the confusion over the Dunkirk evacuation is illustrated by two of the best books on it being called Strange Defeat and Strange Victory. The 51st (Highland) Infantry Division was cut off south of the Somme, by the German "race to the sea", in addition to the 1st Armoured Division and a host of logistical and labour troops. Some of the latter had been formed into the improvised Beauman Division. At the end of May, further elements of two divisions began deploying to France with the hope of establishing a Second BEF. The majority of the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division was forced to surrender on 12 June. However, almost 192,000 Allied personnel, including 144,000 British, were evacuated through various French ports from 15 to 25 June under the codename Operation Aerial. Remaining British forces under the French Tenth Army as Norman Force retreated towards Cherbourg. The Germans marched into Paris on 14 June and France surrendered eight days later. The more than 100,000 French troops evacuated from Dunkirk were quickly and efficiently shuttled to camps in various parts of south-western England, where they were temporarily lodged before being repatriated. British ships ferried French troops to Brest, Cherbourg, and other ports in Normandy and Brittany, although only about half of the repatriated troops were redeployed against the Germans before the surrender of France. For many French soldiers, the Dunkirk evacuation represented only a few weeks' delay before being killed or captured by the German army after their return to France. Of the French soldiers evacuated from France in June 1940, about 3,000 joined Charles de Gaulle's Free French army in Britain. In France, the unilateral British decision to evacuate through Dunkirk rather than counter-attack to the south, and the perceived preference of the Royal Navy for evacuating British forces at the expense of the French, led to some bitter resentment. According to Churchill, French Admiral François Darlan originally ordered that the British forces should receive preference, but on 31 May, he intervened at a meeting in Paris to order that the evacuation should proceed on equal terms and that the British would form the rearguard. In fact, the 35,000 men who finally surrendered after covering the final evacuations were mostly French soldiers of the 2nd Light Mechanized and the 68th Infantry Divisions. Their resistance allowed the evacuation effort to be extended to 4 June, on which date another 26,175 Frenchmen were transported to England. The evacuation was presented to the German public as an overwhelming and decisive German victory. On 5 June 1940, Hitler stated, "Dunkirk has fallen! 40,000 French and English troops are all that remains of the formerly great armies. Immeasurable quantities of materiel have been captured. The greatest battle in the history of the world has come to an end." Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (the German armed forces high command) announced the event as "the greatest annihilation battle of all time". Casualties Bourrasque slowly sinking Isle of Man Steam Packet Company vessel Mona's Queen shortly after striking a mine on the approach to Dunkirk, 29 May 1940 During the entire campaign, from 10 May until the armistice with France on 22 June, the BEF suffered 68,000 casualties. This included 3,500 killed and 13,053 wounded. Most heavy equipment had to be abandoned during the various evacuations, resulting in the loss of 2,472 pieces of artillery, 20,000 motorcycles, nearly 65,000 other vehicles, 416,000 long tons (423,000 t) of stores, more than 75,000 long tons (76,000 t) of ammunition, and 162,000 long tons (165,000 t) of fuel. Almost all of the 445 British tanks despatched to France were abandoned. Six British and three French destroyers were sunk, along with nine other major vessels. In addition, 19 destroyers were damaged. Over 200 British and Allied sea craft were sunk, with a similar number damaged. The Royal Navy's most significant losses in the operation were six destroyers: Grafton, sunk by U-62 on 29 May Grenade, sunk by air attack at Dunkirk on 29 May Wakeful, sunk by a torpedo from the E-boat S-30 on 29 May Basilisk, Havant, and Keith, sunk by air attack off the beaches on 1 June The French Navy lost three destroyers: Bourrasque, mined off Nieuport on 30 May Siroco, sunk by the E-boats S-23 and S-26 on 31 May Le Foudroyant, sunk by air attack off the beaches on 1 June The RAF lost 145 aircraft, of which at least 42 were Spitfires, while the Luftwaffe lost 156 aircraft in operations during the nine days of Operation Dynamo, including 35 destroyed by Royal Navy ships (plus 21 damaged) during the six days from 27 May to 1 June. For every seven soldiers who escaped through Dunkirk, one man became a prisoner of war. The majority of these prisoners were sent on forced marches into Germany. Prisoners reported brutal treatment by their guards, including beatings, starvation, and murder. Another complaint was that German guards kicked over buckets of water that had been left at the roadside by French civilians, for the marching prisoners to drink. Many of the prisoners were marched to the city of Trier, with the march taking as long as 20 days. Others were marched to the river Scheldt and were sent by barge to the Ruhr. The prisoners were then sent by rail to prisoner of war camps in Germany. The majority (those below the rank of corporal) then worked in German industry and agriculture for the remainder of the war. Those of the BEF who died in the fighting of 1940, or as a prisoner of war following capture during this campaign, and have no known grave are commemorated on the Dunkirk Memorial. Dunkirk Jack Dunkirk Jack The St George's Cross defaced with the arms of Dunkirk is the warranted house flag of the Association of Dunkirk Little Ships. It is known as the Dunkirk Jack. The flag may be flown from the jack staff only by civilian vessels that took part in the Dunkirk rescue operation. Portrayals Films Dunkirk (1958) Weekend at Dunkirk (1964) Atonement (2007) Dunkirk (2017) Darkest Hour (2017) Television Dunkirk (2004) Books The Snow Goose: A Story of Dunkirk, a novella by Paul Gallico See also 1940 Dunkirk Veterans' Association Dunkirk Medal Notes ^ Original German: "Dünkirchen ist gefallen! 40 000 Franzosen und Engländer sind als letzter Rest einstiger großer Armeen gefangen. Unübersehbares Material wurde erbeutet. Damit ist die größte Schlacht der Weltgeschichte beendet." 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Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-04005-4. Shephard, Ben (March 2003). A War of Nerves: Soldiers and Psychiatrists in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01119-9. Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-62420-0. Smith, Peter C (2011). The Junkers Ju 87 Stuka: A Complete History. London: Crecy. ISBN 978-0-85979-156-4. Staff. "World War II: Dunkirk Evacuation". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 5 September 2019. Staff. "The Royal Indian Army Service Corps". Dunkirk 1940: The Before, The Reality, The Aftermath. Dunkirk 1940.org. Retrieved 18 August 2017. Stewart, Geoffrey (2008). Dunkirk and the Fall of France. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-18-44-15803-4. Sweeting, Adam (21 May 2010). "Dunkirk: the soldiers left behind". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 11 January 2016. "The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships". The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships. 2010. Archived from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019. Thompson, Julian (2011) . Dunkirk: Retreat to Victory. New York: Arcade. ISBN 978-1-61145-314-0. War Diary of Army Group A, pp. Volume 40, section 24 Thompson, H. L. (1953). New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force. Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45. Vol. I. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch. OCLC 270919916. Further reading Brooke, Alan (2001) . Danchev, Alex; Todman, Daniel (eds.). War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23301-8. Franks, Norman (1983). The Air Battle of Dunkirk. London: William Kimber. ISBN 0-7183-0349-0. Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh (2006). Dunkirk: Fight to the Last Man. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-91082-1. Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1994). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-44317-2. Wilmot, Chester (1986). The Struggle for Europe. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0-88184-257-5. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: We shall fight on the beaches Wikisource has original text related to this article: Churchill's speech of 4 June 1940. Spitfires Join the Fighting – aerial battle over Dunkirk Archived 28 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine Official website of Dunkirk memorial and museum BBC Archive – Dunkirk Evacuation Dunkirk, Operation Dynamo – Battle of Britain 1940 Nazis invade France Video analysis on WW2History.com BBC Archives – J. B. Priestley's 'Postscript' – radio broadcast from 5 June 1940 Portals: France United KingdomDunkirk evacuation at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from Commons

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Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Commando_raids_on_the_Atlantic_Wall"},{"link_name":"Battle of Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"Battle of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"Royal Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Royal_Marine"},{"link_name":"Ardennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France#Central_front"},{"link_name":"Sedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan_(1940)"},{"link_name":"Montcornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Montcornet"},{"link_name":"Maginot Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maginot_Line#German_invasion_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Weygand Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France#Weygand_Plan"},{"link_name":"Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1940)"},{"link_name":"Boulogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Boulogne"},{"link_name":"Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1940)"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkirk"},{"link_name":"Dynamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Wormhoudt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhoudt_massacre"},{"link_name":"Abbeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Abbeville"},{"link_name":"Lille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Lille_(1940)"},{"link_name":"Paula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Paula"},{"link_name":"Fall Rot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_Rot"},{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France"},{"link_name":"Haddock Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddock_Force"},{"link_name":"Cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cycle"},{"link_name":"Lagarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lagarde"},{"link_name":"Saumur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saumur_(1940)"},{"link_name":"Aerial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Aerial"},{"link_name":"Fall Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_Braun#1940"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maastricht"},{"link_name":"Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mill"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"Zeeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zeeland"},{"link_name":"The Grebbeberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Grebbeberg"},{"link_name":"Afsluitdijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Afsluitdijk"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_bombing_of_Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)"},{"link_name":"Fort Eben-Emael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Eben-Emael"},{"link_name":"K-W Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-W_Line"},{"link_name":"Dyle Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_war_planning_1920%E2%80%931940"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_David"},{"link_name":"Hannut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hannut"},{"link_name":"Gembloux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1940)"},{"link_name":"Lys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1940)"},{"link_name":"Ypres–Comines Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ypres%E2%80%93Comines_Canal"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Schuster Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuster_Line"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic"},{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Army"},{"link_name":"German troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Battle of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"invaded Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"economic blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1939-45)"},{"link_name":"British Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Phoney War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoney_War"},{"link_name":"invaded Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"panzer corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_corps"},{"link_name":"Ardennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennes"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"field armies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_army"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(British_Army)"},{"link_name":"Viscount Gort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vereker,_6th_Viscount_Gort"},{"link_name":"the halt order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkirk#Halt_order"},{"link_name":"Generaloberst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generaloberst"},{"link_name":"Gerd von Rundstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt"},{"link_name":"Army Group A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_A"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"German High Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkirk"},{"link_name":"siege of Lille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Lille_(1940)"},{"link_name":"divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"},{"link_name":"armoured divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_division"},{"link_name":"mole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntyre2017-3"},{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"Little Ships of Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Ships_of_Dunkirk"},{"link_name":"flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flotilla"},{"link_name":"merchant marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_marine"},{"link_name":"fishing boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_boat"},{"link_name":"pleasure craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasure_craft"},{"link_name":"yachts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht"},{"link_name":"lifeboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(rescue)"},{"link_name":"We shall fight on the beaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_shall_fight_on_the_beaches"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill2003212-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESafire2004146-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1949115-9"}],"text":"Evacuation of Allied forces in early 1940Operation DynamoPart of the Battle of France in the Second World WarBritish troops lined up on the beach awaiting evacuationDate26 May to 4 June 1940LocationFrance, Dunkirk, and the English Channel51°02′N 2°22′E / 51.033°N 2.367°E / 51.033; 2.367Result\nAllied retreatEvacuation of 338,226 soldiersBelligerents\n United Kingdom\n\n India[1]\n Belgium[2]\n Canada[3] France\n\n French West Africa[4]\n Netherlands[5] Poland[2]\n GermanyCommanders and leaders\n\n Lord Gort\n Bertram Ramsay\n Harold Alexander\n William Tennant\n Robert Peverell Hichens\n J.M. Charles Abrial[6]\n\n\n Gerd von Rundstedt\n Hermann Göring\nvteWestern Front ofWorld War IIPhoney War\nRiver Forth\nSaar\nThe Heligoland Bight\nWikinger\nLuxembourg\n\nSchuster Line\nThe Netherlands\n\nMaastricht\nMill\nThe Hague\nRotterdam\nZeeland\nThe Grebbeberg\nAfsluitdijk\nRotterdam Blitz\nBelgium\n\nFort Eben-Emael\nHannut\nDavid\nGembloux\nLa Lys\nYpres–Comines Canal\nFrance\n\nSedan\nMontcornet\nSaumur\nArras\nBoulogne\nCalais\nDunkirk\nDynamo\nAbbeville\nLille\nPaula\n1st Alps\nHaddock Force\nBritain\n\nKanalkampf\nAdlertag\nThe Hardest Day\nBattle of Britain Day\nSea Lion\n1941–1943\n\nCerberus\nDonnerkeil\nBaedeker Blitz\nCommando Raids\nSt Nazaire Raid\nDieppe Raid\n1944–1945\n\nBaby Blitz\nOverlord\nChastity\nDragoon\nSiegfried Line\nNetherlands\nMarket Garden\nHürtgen Forest\nAachen\nQueen\nScheldt\nBulge\nNordwind\n2nd Alps\nColmar Pocket\nAtlantic Pockets\nGermany\n\nBlackcock\nVeritable\nGrenade\nBlockbuster\nLumberjack\nRemagen\nCologne\nGisela\nUndertone\nPlunder\nVarsity\nPaderborn\nRuhr\nTF Baum\nFrankfurt\nWürzburg\nKassel\nHeilbronn\nNuremberg\nHamburg\nStrategic campaigns\n\nThe Blitz\nDefence of the Reich\nStrategic Bombing Campaign\nRaids on the Atlantic Wall\nBattle of AtlanticvteBattle of France\nFrance\nRoyal Marine\nArdennes\nSedan\nMontcornet\nMaginot Line\nWeygand Plan\nArras\nBoulogne\nCalais\nDunkirk\nDynamo\nWormhoudt\nAbbeville\nLille\nPaula\nFall Rot\nAlps\nHaddock Force\nCycle\nLagarde\nSaumur\nAerial\nFall Braun\nNetherlands\nMaastricht\nMill\nThe Hague\nRotterdam\nZeeland\nThe Grebbeberg\nAfsluitdijk\nRotterdam Blitz\nBelgium\nFort Eben-Emael\nK-W Line\nDyle Plan\nDavid\nHannut\nGembloux\nLys\nYpres–Comines Canal\nLuxembourg\nSchuster LineThe Dunkirk evacuation, codenamed Operation Dynamo and also known as the Miracle of Dunkirk, or just Dunkirk, was the evacuation of more than 338,000 Allied soldiers during the Second World War from the beaches and harbour of Dunkirk, in the north of France, between 26 May and 4 June 1940. The operation commenced after large numbers of Belgian, British, and French troops were cut off and surrounded by German troops during the six-week Battle of France.After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, France and the British Empire declared war on Germany and imposed an economic blockade. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was sent to help defend France. After the Phoney War of October 1939 to April 1940, Germany invaded Belgium, the Netherlands, and France on 10 May 1940. Three panzer corps attacked through the Ardennes and drove northwest to the English Channel. By 21 May, German forces had trapped the BEF, the remains of the Belgian forces, and three French field armies along the northern coast of France. BEF commander General Viscount Gort immediately saw evacuation across the Channel as the best course of action, and began planning a withdrawal to Dunkirk, the closest good port.Late on 23 May, the halt order was issued by Generaloberst Gerd von Rundstedt, commander of Army Group A. Adolf Hitler approved this order the next day, and had the German High Command send confirmation to the front. Attacking the trapped BEF, French, and Belgian armies was left to the Luftwaffe until the order was rescinded on 26 May. This gave Allied forces time to construct defensive works and pull back large numbers of troops to fight the Battle of Dunkirk. From 28 to 31 May, in the siege of Lille, the remaining 40,000 men of the French First Army fought a delaying action against seven German divisions, including three armoured divisions.On the first day, only 7,669 Allied soldiers were evacuated, but by the end of the eighth day, 338,226 had been rescued by a hastily assembled fleet of over 800 vessels. Many troops were able to embark from the harbour's protective mole onto 39 British Royal Navy destroyers, four Royal Canadian Navy destroyers,[3] at least three French Navy destroyers, and a variety of civilian merchant ships. Others had to wade out from the beaches, waiting for hours in shoulder-deep water. Some were ferried to the larger ships by what became known as the Little Ships of Dunkirk, a flotilla of hundreds of merchant marine boats, fishing boats, pleasure craft, yachts, and lifeboats called into service from Britain. The BEF lost 68,000 soldiers during the French campaign and had to abandon nearly all of its tanks, vehicles, and equipment. In his \"We shall fight on the beaches\" speech on 4 June to the House of Commons, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called the event \"a colossal military disaster\", saying \"the whole root and core and brain of the British Army\" had been stranded at Dunkirk and seemed about to perish or be captured.[7] He hailed their rescue as a \"miracle of deliverance\".[8] Churchill also reminded the country that \"we must be very careful not to assign to this deliverance the attributes of a victory. Wars are not won by evacuations.\"[9]","title":"Dunkirk evacuation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"invaded Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"British Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Cherbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg"},{"link_name":"Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantes"},{"link_name":"Saint-Nazaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Nazaire"},{"link_name":"divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"},{"link_name":"corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps"},{"link_name":"John Vereker, 6th Viscount 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France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelvin2010140-17"},{"link_name":"Erich von Manstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein"},{"link_name":"Army Group A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_A"},{"link_name":"Oberkommando des Heeres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberkommando_des_Heeres"},{"link_name":"Generaloberst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generaloberst"},{"link_name":"Gerd von Rundstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay201098%E2%80%93102-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForczyk201011%E2%80%9314-19"},{"link_name":"bridgeheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehead"},{"link_name":"Meuse River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse_River"},{"link_name":"Allied armies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForczyk201011%E2%80%9314-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelvin2010145-20"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Manstein Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manstein_Plan"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelvin2010132-21"},{"link_name":"invaded Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960713-22"},{"link_name":"Army Group B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_B"},{"link_name":"Fedor von Bock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedor_von_Bock"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson201137-23"},{"link_name":"River Dyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Dyle"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson201126-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1949Map,_p._33-25"},{"link_name":"Scheldt River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheldt_River"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin199074%E2%80%9375-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill194947-27"},{"link_name":"Gaston Billotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Billotte"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson201164%E2%80%9365-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990123-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill194958%E2%80%9359-30"},{"link_name":"Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1940)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson201198-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960728-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2011Map,_p._61-33"}],"text":"Further information: Battle of FranceIn September 1939, after Germany invaded Poland, the United Kingdom sent the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) to aid in the defence of France, landing at Cherbourg, Nantes, and Saint-Nazaire. By May 1940 the force consisted of ten divisions in three corps under the command of General John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort.[10][11] Working with the BEF were the Belgian Army and the French First, Seventh, and Ninth Armies.[12]Situation on 21 May 1940; German forces occupy the area shaded in pinkDuring the 1930s, the French had constructed the Maginot Line, a series of fortifications along their border with Germany. This line had been designed to deter a German invasion across the Franco-German border and funnel an attack into Belgium, which could then be met by the best divisions of the French Army. Thus, any future war would take place outside of French territory, avoiding a repeat of the First World War.[13][14] The area immediately to the north of the Maginot Line was covered by the heavily wooded Ardennes region,[15] which French General Philippe Pétain declared to be \"impenetrable\" as long as \"special provisions\" were taken. He believed that any enemy force emerging from the forest would be vulnerable to a pincer attack and destroyed. The French commander-in-chief, Maurice Gamelin, also believed the area to be of a limited threat, noting that it \"never favoured large operations\".[16] With this in mind, the area was left lightly defended.[13]The initial plan for the German invasion of France called for an encirclement attack through the Netherlands and Belgium, avoiding the Maginot Line.[17] Erich von Manstein, then Chief of Staff of the German Army Group A, prepared the outline of a different plan and submitted it to the Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH; German High Command) via his superior, Generaloberst Gerd von Rundstedt.[18][19] Manstein's plan suggested that panzer divisions should attack through the Ardennes, then establish bridgeheads on the Meuse River and rapidly drive to the English Channel. The Germans would thus cut off the Allied armies in Belgium. This part of the plan later became known as the Sichelschnitt (\"sickle cut\").[19][20] Adolf Hitler approved a modified version of Manstein's ideas, today known as the Manstein Plan, after meeting with him on 17 February.[21]On 10 May, Germany invaded Belgium and the Netherlands.[22] Army Group B, under Generaloberst Fedor von Bock, attacked into Belgium, while the three panzer corps of Army Group A under Rundstedt swung around to the south and drove for the Channel.[23] The BEF advanced from the Belgian border to positions along the River Dyle within Belgium, where they fought elements of Army Group B starting on 10 May.[24][25] They were ordered to begin a fighting withdrawal to the Scheldt River on 14 May when the Belgian and French positions on their flanks failed to hold.[26] During a visit to Paris on 17 May, Prime Minister Winston Churchill was astonished to learn from Gamelin that the French had committed all their troops to the ongoing engagements and had no strategic reserves.[27] On 19 May, Gort met with French General Gaston Billotte, commander of the French First Army and overall coordinator of the Allied forces. Billotte revealed that the French had no troops between the Germans and the sea. Gort immediately saw that evacuation across the Channel was the best course of action, and began planning a withdrawal to Dunkirk, the closest location with good port facilities.[28] Surrounded by marshes, Dunkirk boasted old fortifications and the longest sand beach in Europe, where large groups could assemble.[29] On 20 May, on Churchill's suggestion, the Admiralty began arranging for all available small vessels to be made ready to proceed to France.[30] After continued engagements and a failed Allied attempt on 21 May at Arras to cut through the German spearhead,[31] the BEF was trapped, along with the remains of the Belgian forces and the three French armies, in an area along the coast of northern France and Belgium.[32][33]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gort_and_Blount_at_Arras_WWII_IWM_O_177.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lord Gort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Gort"},{"link_name":"British Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990123-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill194958%E2%80%9359-30"},{"link_name":"Vice Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Admiral"},{"link_name":"Bertram Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_Ramsay"},{"link_name":"Dover Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Castle"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELord198343%E2%80%9344-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1949100-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990124-36"},{"link_name":"Georges Blanchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Maurice_Jean_Blanchard"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill194965-37"},{"link_name":"Maxime Weygand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime_Weygand"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill194957-38"},{"link_name":"Gravelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravelines"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill194984-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill194978%E2%80%9379-40"}],"text":"Lord Gort (gesturing, at centre) was commander of the British Expeditionary Force.Without informing the French, the British began planning on 20 May for Operation Dynamo, the evacuation of the BEF.[29][30] This planning was headed by Vice Admiral Bertram Ramsay at the naval headquarters below Dover Castle, from which he briefed Churchill as it was under way.[34] Ships began gathering at Dover for the evacuation.[35] On 20 May, the BEF sent Brigadier Gerald Whitfield to Dunkirk to start evacuating unnecessary personnel. Overwhelmed by what he later described as \"a somewhat alarming movement towards Dunkirk by both officers and men\", due to a shortage of food and water, he had to send many along without thoroughly checking their credentials. Even officers ordered to stay behind to aid the evacuation disappeared onto the boats.[36]On 22 May, Churchill ordered the BEF to attack southward in coordination with the French First Army under General Georges Blanchard to reconnect with the remainder of the French forces.[37] This proposed action was dubbed the Weygand Plan after General Maxime Weygand, appointed Supreme Commander after Gamelin's dismissal on 18 May.[38] On 25 May, Gort had to abandon any hope of achieving this objective and withdrew on his own initiative, along with Blanchard's forces, behind the Lys Canal, part of a canal system that reached the sea at Gravelines.[39] Sluice gates had already been opened all along the canal to flood the system and create a barrier (the Canal Line) against the German advance.[40]","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dunkirksoldier1.JPG"},{"link_name":"strafed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafe"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960Footnote,_p._736-41"},{"link_name":"Boulogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulogne"},{"link_name":"Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960728-32"},{"link_name":"Generalmajor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalmajor"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Veiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Veiel"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay2010152-42"},{"link_name":"Fourth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Generalfeldmarschall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall"},{"link_name":"Günther von Kluge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_von_Kluge"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoakesPridham1988167-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmy_Group_A_War_Diary-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOKW_Jodl_Diary-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELord198328%E2%80%9335-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1978230%E2%80%9331-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990120-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1978230%E2%80%9331-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELord198328%E2%80%9335-46"},{"link_name":"Hermann Göring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay2010150-49"},{"link_name":"Franz Halder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Halder"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoakesPridham1988167%E2%80%9368-50"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Y service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_service"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello1991175-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinsley199431-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1978232-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1978235-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKilzer200063-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoakesPridham1988168-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill194976-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay2010149-58"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuderian2001Footnote,_p._117-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960731-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay2010153-61"},{"link_name":"B. H. Liddell Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart1948-62"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"sub_title":"Battle of Dunkirk","text":"Soldiers were strafed and bombed by German aircraft while awaiting transport.[41]By 24 May, the Germans had captured the port of Boulogne and surrounded Calais.[32] The engineers of the 2nd Panzer Division under Generalmajor Rudolf Veiel built five bridges over the Canal Line and only one British battalion barred the way to Dunkirk.[42] On 23 May, at the suggestion of Fourth Army commander Generalfeldmarschall Günther von Kluge, Rundstedt had ordered the panzer units to halt, concerned about the vulnerability of his flanks and the question of supply to his forward troops.[43][44][45][46] He was also concerned that the marshy ground around Dunkirk would prove unsuitable for tanks and he wished to conserve them for later operations (in some units, tank losses were 30–50 per cent).[47][48] Hitler was also apprehensive, and on a visit to Army Group A headquarters on 24 May, he endorsed the order.[47][46]Air Marshal Hermann Göring urged Hitler to let the Luftwaffe (aided by Army Group B[49]) finish off the British, to the consternation of General Franz Halder, who noted in his diary that the Luftwaffe was dependent upon the weather and aircrews were worn out after two weeks of battle.[50] Rundstedt issued another order, which was sent uncoded. It was picked up by the Royal Air Force (RAF) Y service intelligence network at 12:42: \"By order of the Fuhrer ... attack north-west of Arras is to be limited to the general line Lens–Bethune–Aire–St Omer–Gravelines. The Canal will not be crossed.\"[51][52] Later that day, Hitler issued Directive 13, which called for the Luftwaffe to defeat the trapped Allied forces and stop their escape.[53] At 15:30 on 26 May, Hitler ordered the panzer groups to continue their advance, but most units took another 16 hours to attack.[54] Some accounts quote Hitler as saying he deliberately allowed the British to escape.[55] The delay gave the Allies time to prepare defences vital for the evacuation and prevented the Germans from stopping the Allied retreat from Lille.[56]The halt order has been the subject of much discussion by historians.[57][58] Guderian considered the failure to order a timely assault on Dunkirk to be one of the major German mistakes on the Western Front.[59] Rundstedt called it \"one of the great turning points of the war\",[60] and Manstein described it as \"one of Hitler's most critical mistakes\".[61] B. H. Liddell Hart interviewed many of the generals after the war and put together a picture of Hitler's strategic thinking on the matter. Hitler believed that once Britain's troops left continental Europe, they would never return.[62][page needed]","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Evacuation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wounded_British_soldiers_evacuated_from_Dunkirk_make_their_way_up_the_gangplank_from_a_destroyer_at_Dover,_31_May_1940._H1623.jpg"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990145-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson201159,_75-64"},{"link_name":"King George VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_VI"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller199783-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990122-66"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmo_Gordon_Lang"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelb199082-67"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990123-29"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart199978-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2011306-69"},{"link_name":"cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser"},{"link_name":"destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1949106-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1949100%E2%80%9301-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990149-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990150-73"},{"link_name":"air supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_supremacy"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson195362-74"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990149-72"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2011228-75"},{"link_name":"Kampfgeschwader 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_2"},{"link_name":"KG 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KG_3"},{"link_name":"Dornier Do 17s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Do_17"},{"link_name":"KG 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KG_1"},{"link_name":"KG 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KG_4"},{"link_name":"KG 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KG_54"},{"link_name":"Junkers Ju 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87"},{"link_name":"high explosive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_explosive"},{"link_name":"incendiary bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendiary_device"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1974116%E2%80%93117-76"},{"link_name":"No. 11 Group RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._11_Group_RAF"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1974117-77"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2011228-75"},{"link_name":"strafed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafe"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960Footnote,_p._736-41"},{"link_name":"Lille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990150-73"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990119-78"},{"link_name":"surrounded at Lille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Lille_(1940)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill194997-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990144-80"},{"link_name":"honours of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honours_of_war"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFermer2013208-81"}],"sub_title":"26–27 May","text":"Troops evacuated from Dunkirk arrive at Dover, 31 May 1940The retreat was undertaken amid chaotic conditions, with abandoned vehicles blocking the roads and a flood of refugees heading in the opposite direction.[63][64] Due to wartime censorship and the desire to keep up British morale, the full extent of the unfolding disaster at Dunkirk was not initially publicised. A special service attended by King George VI was held in Westminster Abbey on 26 May, which was declared a national day of prayer.[65][66] The Archbishop of Canterbury led prayers \"for our soldiers in dire peril in France\". Similar prayers were offered in synagogues and churches throughout the UK that day, confirming to the public their suspicion of the desperate plight of the troops.[67] Just before 19:00 on 26 May, Churchill ordered Dynamo to begin, by which time 28,000 men had already departed.[29] Initial plans called for the recovery of 45,000 men from the BEF within two days, at which time German troops were expected to block further evacuation. Only 25,000 men escaped during this period, including 7,669 on the first day.[68][69]On 27 May, the first full day of the evacuation, one cruiser, eight destroyers, and 26 other craft were active.[70] Admiralty officers combed nearby boatyards for small craft that could ferry personnel from the beaches out to larger craft in the harbour, as well as larger vessels that could load from the docks. An emergency call was put out for additional help, and by 31 May nearly four hundred small craft were voluntarily and enthusiastically taking part in the effort.[71]The same day, the Luftwaffe heavily bombed Dunkirk, both the town and the dock installations. As the water supply was knocked out, the resulting fires could not be extinguished.[72] An estimated one thousand civilians were killed, one-third of the remaining population of the town.[73] RAF squadrons were ordered to provide air supremacy for the Royal Navy during evacuation. Their efforts shifted to covering Dunkirk and the English Channel, protecting the evacuation fleet.[74] The Luftwaffe was met by 16 squadrons of the RAF, who claimed 38 kills on 27 May while losing 14 aircraft.[72][75] Many more RAF fighters sustained damage and were subsequently written off. On the German side, Kampfgeschwader 2 (KG 2) and KG 3 suffered the heaviest casualties. German losses amounted to 23 Dornier Do 17s. KG 1 and KG 4 bombed the beach and harbour and KG 54 sank the 8,000-ton steamer Aden. Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers sank the troopship Cote d' Azur. The Luftwaffe engaged with 300 bombers which were protected by 550 fighter sorties and attacked Dunkirk in twelve raids. They dropped 15,000 high explosive and 30,000 incendiary bombs, destroying the oil tanks and wrecking the harbour.[76] No. 11 Group RAF flew 22 patrols with 287 aircraft this day, in formations of up to 20 aircraft.[77]Altogether, over 3,500 sorties were flown in support of Operation Dynamo.[75] The RAF continued to inflict a heavy toll on the German bombers throughout the week. Soldiers being bombed and strafed while awaiting transport were for the most part unaware of the efforts of the RAF to protect them, as most of the dogfights took place far from the beaches. As a result, many British soldiers bitterly accused the airmen of doing nothing to help, reportedly leading to some army troops accosting and insulting RAF personnel once they returned to England.[41]On 25 and 26 May, the Luftwaffe focused their attention on Allied pockets holding out at Calais, Lille, and Amiens, and did not attack Dunkirk.[73] Calais, held by the BEF, surrendered on 26 May.[78] Remnants of the French First Army, surrounded at Lille, fought off seven German divisions, several of them armoured, until 31 May, when the remaining 35,000 soldiers were forced to surrender after running out of food and ammunition.[79][80] The Germans accorded the honours of war to the defenders of Lille in recognition of their bravery.[81]","title":"Evacuation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:21May-4June1940-Fall_Gelb.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_Mole_Dunkirk.jpg"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960729-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill194996-83"},{"link_name":"Ostend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostend"},{"link_name":"Nieuwpoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuwpoort,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1974117-77"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2011306-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2011306-69"},{"link_name":"HMS Grenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Grenade_(H86)"},{"link_name":"Mistral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_destroyer_Mistral"},{"link_name":"Jaguar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Jaguar_(F34)"},{"link_name":"Verity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Verity_(D63)"},{"link_name":"SS Fenella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Fenella_(1936)"},{"link_name":"HMS Crested Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Crested_Eagle"},{"link_name":"SS Lorina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Lorina_(1918)"},{"link_name":"SS Normannia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Normannia_(1911)"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2011138-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1974118-85"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill194997-79"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2011226-86"},{"link_name":"William Tennant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tennant_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"moles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson201184,_94-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990150%E2%80%9351-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson201188,_97-89"},{"link_name":"James Campbell Clouston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Campbell_Clouston"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELord1983243-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1974119-91"},{"link_name":"Fleet Air Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1974119-91"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1949115-9"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayMillett200080-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan198981-93"},{"link_name":"Harold Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1949109-94"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2011306-69"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart199979-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960737-96"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2011306-69"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart199980-97"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960737-96"},{"link_name":"mule handlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriero"},{"link_name":"Royal Indian Army Service Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunkirk_1940.org-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBajwa2013-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGojkovic2017-100"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShephard2003169-4"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson201032-101"}],"sub_title":"28 May – 4 June","text":"Situation on 4 June 1940; the remaining French rearguard held a sliver of land around DunkirkEast mole (2009)The Belgian Army surrendered on 28 May,[82] leaving a large gap to the east of Dunkirk. Several British divisions were rushed in to cover that side.[83] The Luftwaffe flew fewer sorties over Dunkirk on 28 May, switching their attention to the Belgian ports of Ostend and Nieuwpoort. The weather over Dunkirk was not conducive to dive or low-level bombing. The RAF flew 11 patrols and 321 sorties, claiming 23 destroyed for the loss of 13 aircraft.[77] On 28 May, 17,804 soldiers arrived at British ports.[69]On 29 May, 47,310 British troops were rescued[69] as the Luftwaffe's Ju 87s exacted a heavy toll on shipping. The British destroyer HMS Grenade was sunk and the French destroyer Mistral was crippled, while her sister ships, each laden with 500 men, were damaged by near misses. British destroyers Jaguar and Verity were badly damaged but escaped the harbour. Two trawlers disintegrated in the attack. Later, the passenger steamer SS Fenella sank with 600 men aboard at the pier but the men were able to get off. The paddle steamer HMS Crested Eagle suffered a direct hit, caught fire, and sank with severe casualties. The raiders also destroyed the two rail-owned ships, the SS Lorina and the SS Normannia.[84] Of the five major German attacks, just two were contested by RAF fighters; the British lost 16 fighters in nine patrols. German losses amounted to 11 Ju 87s destroyed or damaged.[85]On 30 May, Churchill received word that all British divisions were now behind the defensive lines, along with more than half of the French First Army.[79] By this time, the perimeter ran along a series of canals about 7 miles (11 km) from the coast, in marshy country not suitable for tanks.[86] With the docks in the harbour rendered unusable by German air attacks, senior naval officer Captain (later Admiral) William Tennant initially ordered men to be evacuated from the beaches. When this proved too slow, he re-routed the evacuees to two long stone and concrete breakwaters, called the east and west moles, as well as the beaches. The moles were not designed to dock ships, but despite this, the majority of troops rescued from Dunkirk were taken off this way.[87] Almost 200,000 troops embarked on ships from the east mole (which stretched nearly a mile out to sea) over the next week.[88][89] James Campbell Clouston, pier master on the east mole, organised and regulated the flow of men along the mole into the waiting ships.[90] Once more, low clouds kept Luftwaffe activity to a minimum. Nine RAF patrols were mounted, with no German formation encountered.[91] The following day, the Luftwaffe sank one transport and damaged 12 others for 17 losses; the British claimed 38 kills, which is disputed. The RAF and Fleet Air Arm lost 28 aircraft.[91]The next day, an additional 53,823 men were embarked,[9] including the first French soldiers.[92] Lord Gort and 68,014 men were evacuated on 31 May,[93] leaving Major-General Harold Alexander in command of the rearguard.[94] A further 64,429 Allied soldiers departed on 1 June,[69] before the increasing air attacks prevented further daylight evacuation.[95] The British rearguard of 4,000 men left on the night of 2–3 June.[96] An additional 75,000 French troops were retrieved over the nights of 2–4 June,[69][97] before the operation finally ended. The remainder of the rearguard, 40,000 French troops, surrendered on 4 June.[96]Of the total 338,226 soldiers, several hundred were unarmed Indian mule handlers on detachment from the Royal Indian Army Service Corps, forming four of the six units of Force K-6 transport. Cypriot muleteers were also present. Three units were successfully evacuated and one captured.[98][99][100] Also present at Dunkirk were a small number of French Senegalese soldiers and Moroccans.[4][101]","title":"Evacuation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Navy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dunkirk_Evacuation_shipping_routes.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dunkirk_26-29_May_1940_H1631.jpg"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2011Map,_p._223-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990166-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner194920-104"},{"link_name":"Goodwin Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwin_Sands"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2011Map,_p._223-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990166-103"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2011224-105"},{"link_name":"Bray-Dunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bray-Dunes"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDildy201050-106"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2011Map,_p._223-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990166-103"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2011222-107"},{"link_name":"White Cliffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Cliffs_of_Dover"},{"link_name":"Kent Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KM_Group"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChessum2014-108"}],"sub_title":"Evacuation routes","text":"Map of the three evacuation routesEvacuated troops enjoying tea and other refreshments before boarding a train at Dover Station, 26–29 May 1940Three routes were allocated to the evacuating vessels. The shortest was Route Z, a distance of 39 nautical miles (72 km), but it entailed hugging the French coast and thus ships using it were subject to bombardment from on-shore batteries, particularly in daylight hours.[102][103] Route X, although the safest from shore batteries, travelled through a particularly heavily mined portion of the Channel. Ships on this route travelled 55 nautical miles (102 km) north out of Dunkirk, proceeded through the Ruytingen Pass,[104] and headed towards the North Goodwin Lightship before heading south around the Goodwin Sands to Dover.[102][103] The route was safest from surface attacks, but the nearby minefields and sandbanks meant it could not be used at night.[105] The longest of the three was Route Y, a distance of 87 nautical miles (161 km); using this route increased the sailing time to four hours, double the time required for Route Z. This route followed the French coast as far as Bray-Dunes, then turned north-east until reaching the Kwinte Buoy.[106] Here, after making an approximately 135-degree turn, the ships sailed west to the North Goodwin Lightship and headed south around the Goodwin Sands to Dover.[102][103] Ships on Route Y were the most likely to be attacked by German surface vessels, submarines, and the Luftwaffe.[107]You knew this was the chance to get home and you kept praying, please God, let us go, get us out, get us out of this mess back to England. To see that ship that came in to pick me and my brother up, it was a most fantastic sight. We saw dog fights up in the air, hoping nothing would happen to us and we saw one or two terrible sights. Then somebody said, there's Dover, that was when we saw the White Cliffs, the atmosphere was terrific. From hell to heaven was how the feeling was, you felt like a miracle had happened.— Harry Garrett, British Army, speaking to Kent Online[108]","title":"Navy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of ships at Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ships_at_Dunkirk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Troops_evacuated_from_Dunkirk_on_a_destroyer_about_to_berth_at_Dover,_31_May_1940._H1637.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"HMS Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Calcutta_(D82)"},{"link_name":"Merchant Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Navy_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntyre2017-3"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEORP_''B%C5%82yskawica''_Society-109"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2011224-105"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2011229-110"},{"link_name":"French navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_navy"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990174-111"}],"sub_title":"Ships","text":"See also: List of ships at DunkirkTroops evacuated from Dunkirk on a destroyer about to berth at Dover, 31 May 1940The Royal Navy provided the anti-aircraft cruiser HMS Calcutta, 39 destroyers, and many other craft. The Merchant Navy supplied passenger ferries, hospital ships, and other vessels. Britain's Belgian, Dutch, Canadian,[3] Polish,[109] and French allies provided vessels as well. Admiral Ramsay arranged for around a thousand copies to be made of the required charts, had buoys laid around the Goodwin Sands and down to Dunkirk, and organised the flow of shipping.[105] Larger ships such as destroyers were able to carry about 900 men per trip. The soldiers mostly travelled on the upper decks for fear of being trapped below if the ship sank.[110] After the loss on 29 May of 19 British and French navy ships plus three of the larger requisitioned vessels, the Admiralty withdrew their eight best destroyers for the future defence of the country.[111]","title":"Navy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal National Lifeboat Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Lifeboat_Institution"},{"link_name":"Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames"},{"link_name":"pleasure craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasure_craft"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2011234-114"},{"link_name":"lifeboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(rescue)"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2011234-114"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Shipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Shipping"},{"link_name":"Sheerness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheerness"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990198-115"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2011229-110"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2011225-116"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990199-117"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990167%E2%80%9368-118"},{"link_name":"De Panne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Panne"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990214%E2%80%9315-119"}],"sub_title":"Little ships","text":"See also: Royal National Lifeboat InstitutionA wide variety of small vessels from all over the south of England were pressed into service to aid in the Dunkirk evacuation. They included speedboats, Thames vessels, car ferries, pleasure craft, and many other types of small craft.[113] The most useful proved to be the motor lifeboats, which had a reasonably good capacity and speed.[113] Some boats were requisitioned without the owner's knowledge or consent. Agents of the Ministry of Shipping, accompanied by a naval officer, scoured the Thames for likely vessels, had them checked for seaworthiness, and took them downriver to Sheerness, where naval crews were to be placed aboard. Due to shortages of personnel, many small craft crossed the Channel with civilian crews.[114]The first of the \"little ships\" arrived at Dunkirk on 28 May.[110] The wide sand beaches meant that large vessels could not get anywhere near the shore, and even small craft had to stop about 100 yards (91 m) from the waterline and wait for the soldiers to wade out.[115] In many cases, personnel would abandon their boat upon reaching a larger ship, and subsequent evacuees had to wait for boats to drift ashore with the tide before they could make use of them.[116] In most areas on the beaches, soldiers queued up with their units and patiently awaited their turn to leave. But at times, panicky soldiers had to be warned off at gunpoint when they attempted to rush to the boats out of turn.[117] In addition to ferrying out on boats, soldiers at De Panne and Bray-Dunes constructed improvised jetties by driving rows of abandoned vehicles onto the beach at low tide, anchoring them with sandbags, and connecting them with wooden walkways.[118]","title":"Navy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Abbeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Abbeville"},{"link_name":"Operation Cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cycle"},{"link_name":"Operation Aerial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Aerial"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill194999-120"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1949115-9"},{"link_name":"Andrew Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200937-121"},{"link_name":"51st (Highland) Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_(Highland)_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"Beauman Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauman_Division"},{"link_name":"Operation Aerial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Aerial"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis2004296%E2%80%93305-122"},{"link_name":"Norman Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Force"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis2004300%E2%80%93302-123"},{"link_name":"marched into Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990232%E2%80%9334-124"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELooseley2005-125"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_France"},{"link_name":"Cherbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg-Octeville"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMordal1968496-126"},{"link_name":"Charles de Gaulle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle"},{"link_name":"Free French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_French"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeauBarlow200389-127"},{"link_name":"François Darlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1949111-128"},{"link_name":"2nd Light Mechanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Light_Mechanized_Division_(France)"},{"link_name":"68th Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68th_Infantry_Division_(France)"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990219-129"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2008115-130"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2011306-69"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitler1940-132"},{"link_name":"Oberkommando der Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOKW1940-133"}],"sub_title":"Analysis","text":"See also: Battle of Abbeville, Operation Cycle, and Operation AerialBefore the operation was completed, the prognosis had been gloomy, with Churchill warning the House of Commons on 28 May to expect \"hard and heavy tidings\".[119] Subsequently, Churchill referred to the outcome as a miracle, and the British press presented the evacuation as a \"disaster turned to triumph\" so successfully that Churchill had to remind the country in a speech to the House of Commons on 4 June that \"we must be very careful not to assign to this deliverance the attributes of a victory. Wars are not won by evacuations.\"[9] Andrew Roberts comments that the confusion over the Dunkirk evacuation is illustrated by two of the best books on it being called Strange Defeat and Strange Victory.[120]The 51st (Highland) Infantry Division was cut off south of the Somme, by the German \"race to the sea\", in addition to the 1st Armoured Division and a host of logistical and labour troops. Some of the latter had been formed into the improvised Beauman Division. At the end of May, further elements of two divisions began deploying to France with the hope of establishing a Second BEF. The majority of the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division was forced to surrender on 12 June. However, almost 192,000 Allied personnel, including 144,000 British, were evacuated through various French ports from 15 to 25 June under the codename Operation Aerial.[121] Remaining British forces under the French Tenth Army as Norman Force retreated towards Cherbourg.[122] The Germans marched into Paris on 14 June and France surrendered eight days later.[123]The more than 100,000 French troops evacuated from Dunkirk were quickly and efficiently shuttled to camps in various parts of south-western England, where they were temporarily lodged before being repatriated.[124] British ships ferried French troops to Brest, Cherbourg, and other ports in Normandy and Brittany, although only about half of the repatriated troops were redeployed against the Germans before the surrender of France. For many French soldiers, the Dunkirk evacuation represented only a few weeks' delay before being killed or captured by the German army after their return to France.[125] Of the French soldiers evacuated from France in June 1940, about 3,000 joined Charles de Gaulle's Free French army in Britain.[126]In France, the unilateral British decision to evacuate through Dunkirk rather than counter-attack to the south, and the perceived preference of the Royal Navy for evacuating British forces at the expense of the French, led to some bitter resentment. According to Churchill, French Admiral François Darlan originally ordered that the British forces should receive preference, but on 31 May, he intervened at a meeting in Paris to order that the evacuation should proceed on equal terms and that the British would form the rearguard.[127] In fact, the 35,000 men who finally surrendered after covering the final evacuations were mostly French soldiers of the 2nd Light Mechanized and the 68th Infantry Divisions.[128][129] Their resistance allowed the evacuation effort to be extended to 4 June, on which date another 26,175 Frenchmen were transported to England.[69]The evacuation was presented to the German public as an overwhelming and decisive German victory. On 5 June 1940, Hitler stated, \"Dunkirk has fallen! 40,000 French and English troops are all that remains of the formerly great armies. Immeasurable quantities of materiel have been captured. The greatest battle in the history of the world has come to an end.\"[a][130] Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (the German armed forces high command) announced the event as \"the greatest annihilation battle of all time\".[131]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dunkirk_1940_HU2280.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bourrasque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_destroyer_Bourrasque"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dunkirk_1940_HU1145.jpg"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man Steam Packet Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Steam_Packet_Company"},{"link_name":"Mona's Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Mona%27s_Queen_(1934)"},{"link_name":"armistice with France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Armistice_at_Compi%C3%A8gne"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemay2010151-134"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2002156-135"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlaxland1973346-136"},{"link_name":"long tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongden200911-137"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2011300-138"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayMillett200081-139"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2001267-140"},{"link_name":"Grafton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Grafton_(H89)"},{"link_name":"U-62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-62_(1939)"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish199398-141"},{"link_name":"Grenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Grenade_(H86)"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish199399-142"},{"link_name":"Wakeful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Wakeful_(H88)"},{"link_name":"torpedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"},{"link_name":"E-boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-boat"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990170%E2%80%9371-143"},{"link_name":"Basilisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Basilisk_(H11)"},{"link_name":"Havant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Havant_(H32)"},{"link_name":"Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Keith"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990204%E2%80%9305-144"},{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"Bourrasque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_destroyer_Bourrasque"},{"link_name":"Nieuport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuwpoort,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Siroco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_destroyer_Siroco_(1925)"},{"link_name":"E-boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-boat"},{"link_name":"Le Foudroyant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_destroyer_Foudroyant_(1929)"},{"link_name":"Spitfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin1990206-145"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey1947Appendix_III-146"},{"link_name":"prisoner of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongden2009361-147"},{"link_name":"Trier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trier"},{"link_name":"Scheldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheldt"},{"link_name":"Ruhr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongden2009383%E2%80%93404-148"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongden2005260-149"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk_Memorial"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunkirk_Memorial-150"}],"sub_title":"Casualties","text":"Bourrasque slowly sinkingIsle of Man Steam Packet Company vessel Mona's Queen shortly after striking a mine on the approach to Dunkirk, 29 May 1940During the entire campaign, from 10 May until the armistice with France on 22 June, the BEF suffered 68,000 casualties.[132] This included 3,500 killed and 13,053 wounded.[133][134] Most heavy equipment had to be abandoned during the various evacuations, resulting in the loss of 2,472 pieces of artillery, 20,000 motorcycles, nearly 65,000 other vehicles, 416,000 long tons (423,000 t) of stores, more than 75,000 long tons (76,000 t) of ammunition, and 162,000 long tons (165,000 t) of fuel.[135] Almost all of the 445 British tanks despatched to France were abandoned.[136]Six British and three French destroyers were sunk, along with nine other major vessels. In addition, 19 destroyers were damaged.[137] Over 200 British and Allied sea craft were sunk, with a similar number damaged.[138] The Royal Navy's most significant losses in the operation were six destroyers:Grafton, sunk by U-62 on 29 May[139]\nGrenade, sunk by air attack at Dunkirk on 29 May[140]\nWakeful, sunk by a torpedo from the E-boat S-30 on 29 May[141]\nBasilisk, Havant, and Keith, sunk by air attack off the beaches on 1 June[142]The French Navy lost three destroyers:Bourrasque, mined off Nieuport on 30 May\nSiroco, sunk by the E-boats S-23 and S-26 on 31 May\nLe Foudroyant, sunk by air attack off the beaches on 1 JuneThe RAF lost 145 aircraft, of which at least 42 were Spitfires, while the Luftwaffe lost 156 aircraft in operations during the nine days of Operation Dynamo,[143] including 35 destroyed by Royal Navy ships (plus 21 damaged) during the six days from 27 May to 1 June.[144]For every seven soldiers who escaped through Dunkirk, one man became a prisoner of war. The majority of these prisoners were sent on forced marches into Germany. Prisoners reported brutal treatment by their guards, including beatings, starvation, and murder. Another complaint was that German guards kicked over buckets of water that had been left at the roadside by French civilians, for the marching prisoners to drink.[145]Many of the prisoners were marched to the city of Trier, with the march taking as long as 20 days. Others were marched to the river Scheldt and were sent by barge to the Ruhr. The prisoners were then sent by rail to prisoner of war camps in Germany.[146] The majority (those below the rank of corporal) then worked in German industry and agriculture for the remainder of the war.[147]Those of the BEF who died in the fighting of 1940, or as a prisoner of war following capture during this campaign, and have no known grave are commemorated on the Dunkirk Memorial.[148]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dunkirk_Jack.svg"},{"link_name":"St George's Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Cross"},{"link_name":"defaced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defacement_(flag)"},{"link_name":"house flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_flag"},{"link_name":"Association of Dunkirk Little Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Ships_of_Dunkirk"},{"link_name":"Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_flag#Jacks"},{"link_name":"jack staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackstaff"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunkirk_Little_Ships_Association2010-151"}],"text":"Dunkirk JackThe St George's Cross defaced with the arms of Dunkirk is the warranted house flag of the Association of Dunkirk Little Ships. It is known as the Dunkirk Jack. The flag may be flown from the jack staff only by civilian vessels that took part in the Dunkirk rescue operation.[149]","title":"Dunkirk Jack"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Portrayals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk_(1958_film)"},{"link_name":"Weekend at Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekend_at_Dunkirk"},{"link_name":"Atonement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonement_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk_(2017_film)"},{"link_name":"Darkest Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkest_Hour_(film)"}],"sub_title":"Films","text":"Dunkirk (1958)\nWeekend at Dunkirk (1964)\nAtonement (2007)\nDunkirk (2017)\nDarkest Hour (2017)","title":"Portrayals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk_(TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Dunkirk (2004)","title":"Portrayals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Snow Goose: A Story of Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Snow_Goose:_A_Story_of_Dunkirk"},{"link_name":"Paul Gallico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gallico"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"The Snow Goose: A Story of Dunkirk, a novella by Paul Gallico","title":"Portrayals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-131"}],"text":"^ Original German: \"Dünkirchen ist gefallen! 40 000 Franzosen und Engländer sind als letzter Rest einstiger großer Armeen gefangen. Unübersehbares Material wurde erbeutet. Damit ist die größte Schlacht der Weltgeschichte beendet.\"","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pillar of Fire: Dunkirk 1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/pillaroffiredunk0000atki"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-283-99697-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-283-99697-8"},{"link_name":"\"Force K6: Indian troops in France\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/force-k6-indian-troops-in-france/story-Sqq8GVn7QELe6YFORD4tiL.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7183-0203-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7183-0203-0"},{"link_name":"\"Błyskawica: A Brief History of the Ship\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.blyskawica-cowes.org.uk/History"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7509-9379-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-9379-1"},{"link_name":"\"Harry Garrett, 96, tells of the moment the White Cliffs of Dover came into sight after the war\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kentonline.co.uk/dover/news/war-veteran-speaks-of-white-cliffs-18329/"},{"link_name":"Churchill, Winston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"396145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/396145"},{"link_name":"Churchill, Winston S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill_(1940%E2%80%932010)"},{"link_name":"Never Give In!: The Best of Winston Churchill's Speeches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/nevergiveinbesto00chur"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-40130-056-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-40130-056-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8128-2468-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8128-2468-7"},{"link_name":"Ten Days That Saved the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/tendaysthatsaved0000cost"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-593-01919-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-01919-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84603-457-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-457-2"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2082800/DUNKIRK%20MEMORIAL"},{"link_name":"Ellis, Major L. F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Butler, J. R. M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler"},{"link_name":"The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-NWE-Flanders/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84574-056-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-056-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-905617-64-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905617-64-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-78159-354-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78159-354-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84603-221-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-221-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-154253-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-154253-4"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1471-0757","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-0757"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk: The Incredible Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/dunkirkincredibl0000gelb"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7181-3203-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7181-3203-3"},{"link_name":"\"Cypriots among the forgotten troops of Dunkirk\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200121173653/http://www.cyprusbeat.com/cypriots-forgotten-troops-dunkirk/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cyprusbeat.com/cypriots-forgotten-troops-dunkirk/"},{"link_name":"\"Größte Vernichtungschlacht aller Zeiten\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//zefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/dfg-viewer/?set%5Bmets%5D=http%3A%2F%2Fzefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de%2Foai%2F%3Ftx_zefysoai_pi1%255Bidentifier%255D%3D29c0837c-4460-4b48-a88a-f0a4777ed780"},{"link_name":"Guderian, Heinz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Guderian"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-306-81101-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81101-2"},{"link_name":"Hart, B. H. Liddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-688-06012-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-06012-1"},{"link_name":"Hinsley, F. H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Hinsley"},{"link_name":"HMSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMSO"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-11-630961-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-630961-X"},{"link_name":"Hitler, Adolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"\"Tagesbefehl des Fuehrers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//zefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/dfg-viewer/?set%5Bmets%5D=http%3A%2F%2Fzefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de%2Foai%2F%3Ftx_zefysoai_pi1%255Bidentifier%255D%3D097952cb-caef-452b-9140-7dfaa0472ba7"},{"link_name":"Holmes, Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(military_historian)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-866209-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-866209-2"},{"link_name":"Jackson, Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_T._Jackson"},{"link_name":"The Fall of France: The Nazi Invasion of 1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/falloffrancenazi00jack"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-192-80550-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-192-80550-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7110-0510-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-0510-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-811-73395-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-811-73395-3"},{"link_name":"Keegan, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keegan"},{"link_name":"The Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/secondworldwar00keeg"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-670-82359-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-82359-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-89141-710-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89141-710-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-935149-26-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935149-26-2"},{"link_name":"Liddell Hart, B. H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-306-80912-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80912-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84529-977-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84529-977-4"},{"link_name":"Longden, Sean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Longden"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84437-060-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84437-060-3"},{"link_name":"Le Paradis apres l'Enfer: the French Soldiers Evacuated from Dunkirk in 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Mungo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mungo_Melvin"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-297-84561-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84561-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-511038-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511038-2"},{"link_name":"Mordal, Jacques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Mordal"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2192012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2192012"},{"link_name":"A War to Be Won","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/wartobewonfighti00murr_0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-674-00163-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00163-X"},{"link_name":"Sixty Million Frenchmen Can't Be Wrong: Why We Love France But Not the French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sixtymillionfren00nade_0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4022-0045-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4022-0045-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-85989-602-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-602-3"},{"link_name":"\"The Evacuation of the Allied Armies from Dunkirk and Neighbouring Beaches\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/LondonGazette/38017.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84884-210-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-210-6"},{"link_name":"Roberts, Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-141-02926-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-02926-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-230-10690-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10690-1"},{"link_name":"Safire, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Safire"},{"link_name":"Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lendmeyourearsgr00safi"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-393-04005-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04005-4"},{"link_name":"Shephard, Ben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Shephard_(historian)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-674-01119-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01119-9"},{"link_name":"Shirer, William L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Shirer"},{"link_name":"The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Third_Reich"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-671-62420-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-62420-0"},{"link_name":"Smith, Peter C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_C._Smith"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-85979-156-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85979-156-4"},{"link_name":"\"World War II: Dunkirk Evacuation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/event/Dunkirk-evacuation"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"},{"link_name":"\"The Royal Indian Army Service Corps\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dunkirk1940.org/index.php?&p=1_412"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-18-44-15803-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-18-44-15803-4"},{"link_name":"\"Dunkirk: the soldiers left behind\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/7750005/Dunkirk-the-soldiers-left-behind.html"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"\"The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190911100450/http://adls.org.uk/t1/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.adls.org.uk/t1/"},{"link_name":"Thompson, Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Thompson_(Royal_Marines_officer)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-61145-314-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61145-314-0"},{"link_name":"New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-1RAF.html"},{"link_name":"Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_History_of_New_Zealand_in_the_Second_World_War_1939%E2%80%9345"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"270919916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/270919916"}],"text":"Atkin, Ronald (1990). Pillar of Fire: Dunkirk 1940. London: Sidgwick & Jackson. ISBN 0-283-99697-8.\nBajwa, Mandeep Singh (19 May 2013). \"Force K6: Indian troops in France\". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 18 August 2017.\nBlaxland, Gregory (1973). Destination Dunkirk: The story of Gort's Army. London: William Kimber. ISBN 978-0-7183-0203-0.\n\"Błyskawica: A Brief History of the Ship\". www.blyskawica-cowes.org.uk. Friends of the ORP Błyskawica Society. Retrieved 24 October 2019.\nBowman, Ghee (2020). The Indian Contingent: The Forgotten Muslim Soldiers of Dunkirk. Cheltenham: History Press. ISBN 978-0-7509-9379-1.\nChessum, Victoria (9 June 2014). \"Harry Garrett, 96, tells of the moment the White Cliffs of Dover came into sight after the war\". Kent Online. Retrieved 2 December 2016.\nChurchill, Winston (1949). Their Finest Hour. The Second World War. Vol. II. Boston; Toronto: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 396145.\nChurchill, Winston (2003). \"Wars are not won by evacuations, 4 June 1940, House of Commons\". In Churchill, Winston S. (ed.). Never Give In!: The Best of Winston Churchill's Speeches. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 1-40130-056-1.\nCooper, Matthew (1978). The German Army 1933–1945, Its Political and Military Failure. Mazal Holocaust Collection. Briarcliff Manor, NY: Stein and Day. ISBN 0-8128-2468-7.\nCostello, John (1991). Ten Days That Saved the West. London; New York: Bantam. ISBN 978-0-593-01919-1.\nDildy, Douglas C. (2010). Dunkirk 1940: Operation Dynamo. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84603-457-2.\nDunkirk Memorial, Commonwealth War Graves Commission, retrieved 5 September 2019\nEllis, Major L. F. (2004) [1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84574-056-6.\nEnglish, John (1993). Amazon to Ivanhoe: British Standard Destroyers of the 1930s. Kendal, England: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-64-9.\nFermer, Douglas (2013). Three German Invasions of France: The Summer Campaigns of 1870, 1914, and 1940. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-78159-354-7.\nForczyk, Robert (2010). Manstein: Leadership – Strategy – Conflict. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84603-221-9.\nFrench, David (2002) [2000]. Raising Churchill's Army: The British Army and the War against Germany 1919–1945. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-154253-4.\nGardner, W. J. R. (1949). \"The Evacuation from Dunkirk: 'Operation Dynamo' 26 May – 4 June 1940\". Whitehall Histories. Naval Staff Histories. London: Routledge. ISSN 1471-0757.\nGelb, Norman (1990). Dunkirk: The Incredible Escape. London: Michael Joseph. ISBN 0-7181-3203-3.\nGojkovic, Maria (6 August 2017). \"Cypriots among the forgotten troops of Dunkirk\". Cyprus Beat. Archived from the original on 21 January 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2018.\n\"Größte Vernichtungschlacht aller Zeiten\". Fehrbelliner Zeitung (in German). 5 June 1940. Retrieved 8 August 2016.\nGuderian, Heinz (2001) [1952]. \"Hitler's momentous order to stop\". Panzer Leader. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81101-2.\nHart, B. H. Liddell (1948). The German Generals Talk. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-06012-1.\nHinsley, F. H. (1994) [1993]. British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations. History of the Second World War (abr.) (2nd rev. ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 0-11-630961-X.\nHitler, Adolf (5 June 1940). \"Tagesbefehl des Fuehrers\". Teltower Kreisblatt (in German). Retrieved 8 August 2016.\nHolmes, Richard, ed. (2001). \"Dunkirk evacuation\". The Oxford Companion to Military History. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-866209-2.\nJackson, Julian (2003). The Fall of France: The Nazi Invasion of 1940. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-192-80550-8.\nJackson, Robert (1974). Air War Over France, 1939–1940. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0510-9.\nJodl, Alfred, OKW Diary (section 25), vol. 40\nKaufmann, J. E.; Kaufmann, H. W. (2007). Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II. Stackpole Military History Series. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole. ISBN 978-0-811-73395-3.\nKeegan, John (1989). The Second World War. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-82359-7.\nKilzer, Louis C. (2000). Hitler's Traitor: Martin Bormann and the Defeat of the Reich. Presidio Press. ISBN 978-0-89141-710-1.\nLemay, Benoît (2010). Erich von Manstein: Hitler's Master Strategist. Heyward, Pierce (trans.). Havertown, PA; Newbury, Berkshire: Casemate. ISBN 978-1-935149-26-2.\nLiddell Hart, B. H. (1999) [1970]. History of the Second World War. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80912-5.\nLongden, Sean (2009). Dunkirk: The Men They Left Behind. London: Constable and Robinson. ISBN 978-1-84529-977-4.\nLongden, Sean (2005). Hitler's British Slaves: Allied POWs in Germany 1939–1945. Gloucestershire: Arris. ISBN 978-1-84437-060-3.\nLooseley, Rhiannon (2005). Le Paradis apres l'Enfer: the French Soldiers Evacuated from Dunkirk in 1940 (MA dissertation History). University of Reading. 102786495. Archived from the original (online) on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2017.\nLord, Walter (1983). The Miracle of Dunkirk. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 1-85326-685-X.\nMcIntyre, Catherine (3 August 2017). \"How Dunkirk's Canadian hero 'fell through the cracks' of history\". Macleans. Retrieved 15 August 2017.\nMelvin, Mungo (2010). Manstein: Hitler's Greatest General. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-84561-4.\nMiller, Nathan (1997). War at Sea: A Naval History of World War II. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511038-2.\nMordal, Jacques (1968). Dunkerque (in French). Paris: Editions France Empire. OCLC 2192012.\nMurray, Williamson; Millett, Allan R. (2000). A War to Be Won. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. ISBN 0-674-00163-X.\nNadeau, Jean-Benoît; Barlow, Julie (2003). Sixty Million Frenchmen Can't Be Wrong: Why We Love France But Not the French. Sourcebooks: Naperville, Illinois. ISBN 978-1-4022-0045-8.\nNoakes, J.; Pridham, G., eds. (1988). Foreign Policy, War and Racial Extermination. Nazism 1919–1945. Vol. 3. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. ISBN 978-0-85989-602-3.\nRamsey, B. H. (17 July 1947). \"The Evacuation of the Allied Armies from Dunkirk and Neighbouring Beaches\" (PDF). London Gazette. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office: 3295–3318.\nRichardson, Matthew (2010). Tigers at Dunkirk: The Leicestershire Regiment and the Fall of France. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-84884-210-6.\nRoberts, Andrew (2009). Masters and Commanders: The Military Geniuses who Led the West to Victory in World War II. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-141-02926-9.\nRoth, Ariel Ilan (2010). Leadership in International Relations: The Balance of Power and the Origins of World War II. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-10690-1.\nSafire, William (2004). Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-04005-4.\nShephard, Ben (March 2003). A War of Nerves: Soldiers and Psychiatrists in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01119-9.\nShirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-62420-0.\nSmith, Peter C (2011). The Junkers Ju 87 Stuka: A Complete History. London: Crecy. ISBN 978-0-85979-156-4.\nStaff. \"World War II: Dunkirk Evacuation\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 5 September 2019.\nStaff. \"The Royal Indian Army Service Corps\". Dunkirk 1940: The Before, The Reality, The Aftermath. Dunkirk 1940.org. Retrieved 18 August 2017.\nStewart, Geoffrey (2008). Dunkirk and the Fall of France. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-18-44-15803-4.\nSweeting, Adam (21 May 2010). \"Dunkirk: the soldiers left behind\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 11 January 2016.\n\"The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships\". The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships. 2010. Archived from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.\nThompson, Julian (2011) [2008]. Dunkirk: Retreat to Victory. New York: Arcade. ISBN 978-1-61145-314-0.\nWar Diary of Army Group A, pp. Volume 40, section 24\nThompson, H. L. (1953). New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force. Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45. Vol. I. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch. OCLC 270919916.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooke, Alan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Brooke,_1st_Viscount_Alanbrooke"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-520-23301-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23301-8"},{"link_name":"Franks, Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Franks"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7183-0349-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7183-0349-0"},{"link_name":"Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Sebag-Montefiore"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-670-91082-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-91082-1"},{"link_name":"Weinberg, Gerhard L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg"},{"link_name":"A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba00wein"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-44317-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-44317-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88184-257-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88184-257-5"}],"text":"Brooke, Alan (2001) [1957]. Danchev, Alex; Todman, Daniel (eds.). War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23301-8.\nFranks, Norman (1983). The Air Battle of Dunkirk. London: William Kimber. ISBN 0-7183-0349-0.\nSebag-Montefiore, Hugh (2006). Dunkirk: Fight to the Last Man. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-91082-1.\nWeinberg, Gerhard L. (1994). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-44317-2.\nWilmot, Chester (1986). The Struggle for Europe. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0-88184-257-5.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Situation on 21 May 1940; German forces occupy the area shaded in pink","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/16May-21May_Battle_of_Belgium.PNG/220px-16May-21May_Battle_of_Belgium.PNG"},{"image_text":"Lord Gort (gesturing, at centre) was commander of the British Expeditionary Force.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Gort_and_Blount_at_Arras_WWII_IWM_O_177.jpg/220px-Gort_and_Blount_at_Arras_WWII_IWM_O_177.jpg"},{"image_text":"Soldiers were strafed and bombed by German aircraft while awaiting transport.[41]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/86/Dunkirksoldier1.JPG/220px-Dunkirksoldier1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Troops evacuated from Dunkirk arrive at Dover, 31 May 1940","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wounded_British_soldiers_evacuated_from_Dunkirk_make_their_way_up_the_gangplank_from_a_destroyer_at_Dover%2C_31_May_1940._H1623.jpg/220px-Wounded_British_soldiers_evacuated_from_Dunkirk_make_their_way_up_the_gangplank_from_a_destroyer_at_Dover%2C_31_May_1940._H1623.jpg"},{"image_text":"Situation on 4 June 1940; the remaining French rearguard held a sliver of land around Dunkirk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/21May-4June1940-Fall_Gelb.jpg/220px-21May-4June1940-Fall_Gelb.jpg"},{"image_text":"East mole (2009)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/East_Mole_Dunkirk.jpg/220px-East_Mole_Dunkirk.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of the three evacuation routes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Dunkirk_Evacuation_shipping_routes.png/310px-Dunkirk_Evacuation_shipping_routes.png"},{"image_text":"Evacuated troops enjoying tea and other refreshments before boarding a train at Dover Station, 26–29 May 1940","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Dunkirk_26-29_May_1940_H1631.jpg/310px-Dunkirk_26-29_May_1940_H1631.jpg"},{"image_text":"Troops evacuated from Dunkirk on a destroyer about to berth at Dover, 31 May 1940","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Troops_evacuated_from_Dunkirk_on_a_destroyer_about_to_berth_at_Dover%2C_31_May_1940._H1637.jpg/220px-Troops_evacuated_from_Dunkirk_on_a_destroyer_about_to_berth_at_Dover%2C_31_May_1940._H1637.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bourrasque slowly sinking","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Dunkirk_1940_HU2280.jpg/220px-Dunkirk_1940_HU2280.jpg"},{"image_text":"Isle of Man Steam Packet Company vessel Mona's Queen shortly after striking a mine on the approach to Dunkirk, 29 May 1940","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Dunkirk_1940_HU1145.jpg/220px-Dunkirk_1940_HU1145.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dunkirk Jack","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Dunkirk_Jack.svg/170px-Dunkirk_Jack.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"1940 Dunkirk Veterans' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Dunkirk_Veterans%27_Association"},{"title":"Dunkirk Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk_Medal"}]

[{"reference":"Atkin, Ronald (1990). Pillar of Fire: Dunkirk 1940. London: Sidgwick & Jackson. ISBN 0-283-99697-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/pillaroffiredunk0000atki","url_text":"Pillar of Fire: Dunkirk 1940"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-283-99697-8","url_text":"0-283-99697-8"}]},{"reference":"Bajwa, Mandeep Singh (19 May 2013). \"Force K6: Indian troops in France\". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 18 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/force-k6-indian-troops-in-france/story-Sqq8GVn7QELe6YFORD4tiL.html","url_text":"\"Force K6: Indian troops in France\""}]},{"reference":"Blaxland, Gregory (1973). Destination Dunkirk: The story of Gort's Army. London: William Kimber. ISBN 978-0-7183-0203-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7183-0203-0","url_text":"978-0-7183-0203-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Błyskawica: A Brief History of the Ship\". www.blyskawica-cowes.org.uk. Friends of the ORP Błyskawica Society. Retrieved 24 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blyskawica-cowes.org.uk/History","url_text":"\"Błyskawica: A Brief History of the Ship\""}]},{"reference":"Bowman, Ghee (2020). The Indian Contingent: The Forgotten Muslim Soldiers of Dunkirk. Cheltenham: History Press. ISBN 978-0-7509-9379-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-9379-1","url_text":"978-0-7509-9379-1"}]},{"reference":"Chessum, Victoria (9 June 2014). \"Harry Garrett, 96, tells of the moment the White Cliffs of Dover came into sight after the war\". Kent Online. Retrieved 2 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kentonline.co.uk/dover/news/war-veteran-speaks-of-white-cliffs-18329/","url_text":"\"Harry Garrett, 96, tells of the moment the White Cliffs of Dover came into sight after the war\""}]},{"reference":"Churchill, Winston (1949). Their Finest Hour. The Second World War. Vol. II. Boston; Toronto: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 396145.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill","url_text":"Churchill, Winston"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/396145","url_text":"396145"}]},{"reference":"Churchill, Winston (2003). \"Wars are not won by evacuations, 4 June 1940, House of Commons\". In Churchill, Winston S. (ed.). Never Give In!: The Best of Winston Churchill's Speeches. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 1-40130-056-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill_(1940%E2%80%932010)","url_text":"Churchill, Winston S."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nevergiveinbesto00chur","url_text":"Never Give In!: The Best of Winston Churchill's Speeches"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-40130-056-1","url_text":"1-40130-056-1"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Matthew (1978). The German Army 1933–1945, Its Political and Military Failure. Mazal Holocaust Collection. Briarcliff Manor, NY: Stein and Day. ISBN 0-8128-2468-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8128-2468-7","url_text":"0-8128-2468-7"}]},{"reference":"Costello, John (1991). Ten Days That Saved the West. London; New York: Bantam. ISBN 978-0-593-01919-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tendaysthatsaved0000cost","url_text":"Ten Days That Saved the West"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-01919-1","url_text":"978-0-593-01919-1"}]},{"reference":"Dildy, Douglas C. (2010). Dunkirk 1940: Operation Dynamo. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84603-457-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-457-2","url_text":"978-1-84603-457-2"}]},{"reference":"Dunkirk Memorial, Commonwealth War Graves Commission, retrieved 5 September 2019","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2082800/DUNKIRK%20MEMORIAL","url_text":"Dunkirk Memorial"}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Major L. F. (2004) [1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84574-056-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Ellis","url_text":"Ellis, Major L. F."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler","url_text":"Butler, J. R. M."},{"url":"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-NWE-Flanders/","url_text":"The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-056-6","url_text":"978-1-84574-056-6"}]},{"reference":"English, John (1993). Amazon to Ivanhoe: British Standard Destroyers of the 1930s. Kendal, England: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-64-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905617-64-9","url_text":"0-905617-64-9"}]},{"reference":"Fermer, Douglas (2013). Three German Invasions of France: The Summer Campaigns of 1870, 1914, and 1940. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-78159-354-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78159-354-7","url_text":"978-1-78159-354-7"}]},{"reference":"Forczyk, Robert (2010). Manstein: Leadership – Strategy – Conflict. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84603-221-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-221-9","url_text":"978-1-84603-221-9"}]},{"reference":"French, David (2002) [2000]. Raising Churchill's Army: The British Army and the War against Germany 1919–1945. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-154253-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-154253-4","url_text":"978-0-19-154253-4"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, W. J. R. (1949). \"The Evacuation from Dunkirk: 'Operation Dynamo' 26 May – 4 June 1940\". Whitehall Histories. Naval Staff Histories. London: Routledge. ISSN 1471-0757.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-0757","url_text":"1471-0757"}]},{"reference":"Gelb, Norman (1990). Dunkirk: The Incredible Escape. London: Michael Joseph. ISBN 0-7181-3203-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dunkirkincredibl0000gelb","url_text":"Dunkirk: The Incredible Escape"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7181-3203-3","url_text":"0-7181-3203-3"}]},{"reference":"Gojkovic, Maria (6 August 2017). \"Cypriots among the forgotten troops of Dunkirk\". Cyprus Beat. Archived from the original on 21 January 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200121173653/http://www.cyprusbeat.com/cypriots-forgotten-troops-dunkirk/","url_text":"\"Cypriots among the forgotten troops of Dunkirk\""},{"url":"http://www.cyprusbeat.com/cypriots-forgotten-troops-dunkirk/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Größte Vernichtungschlacht aller Zeiten\". Fehrbelliner Zeitung (in German). 5 June 1940. Retrieved 8 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://zefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/dfg-viewer/?set%5Bmets%5D=http%3A%2F%2Fzefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de%2Foai%2F%3Ftx_zefysoai_pi1%255Bidentifier%255D%3D29c0837c-4460-4b48-a88a-f0a4777ed780","url_text":"\"Größte Vernichtungschlacht aller Zeiten\""}]},{"reference":"Guderian, Heinz (2001) [1952]. \"Hitler's momentous order to stop\". Panzer Leader. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81101-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Guderian","url_text":"Guderian, Heinz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81101-2","url_text":"978-0-306-81101-2"}]},{"reference":"Hart, B. H. Liddell (1948). The German Generals Talk. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-06012-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart","url_text":"Hart, B. H. Liddell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-06012-1","url_text":"978-0-688-06012-1"}]},{"reference":"Hinsley, F. H. (1994) [1993]. British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations. History of the Second World War (abr.) (2nd rev. ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 0-11-630961-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Hinsley","url_text":"Hinsley, F. H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMSO","url_text":"HMSO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-630961-X","url_text":"0-11-630961-X"}]},{"reference":"Hitler, Adolf (5 June 1940). \"Tagesbefehl des Fuehrers\". Teltower Kreisblatt (in German). Retrieved 8 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler","url_text":"Hitler, Adolf"},{"url":"http://zefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/dfg-viewer/?set%5Bmets%5D=http%3A%2F%2Fzefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de%2Foai%2F%3Ftx_zefysoai_pi1%255Bidentifier%255D%3D097952cb-caef-452b-9140-7dfaa0472ba7","url_text":"\"Tagesbefehl des Fuehrers\""}]},{"reference":"Holmes, Richard, ed. (2001). \"Dunkirk evacuation\". The Oxford Companion to Military History. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-866209-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(military_historian)","url_text":"Holmes, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-866209-2","url_text":"0-19-866209-2"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Julian (2003). The Fall of France: The Nazi Invasion of 1940. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-192-80550-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_T._Jackson","url_text":"Jackson, Julian"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/falloffrancenazi00jack","url_text":"The Fall of France: The Nazi Invasion of 1940"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-192-80550-8","url_text":"978-0-192-80550-8"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Robert (1974). Air War Over France, 1939–1940. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0510-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-0510-9","url_text":"0-7110-0510-9"}]},{"reference":"Jodl, Alfred, OKW Diary (section 25), vol. 40","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kaufmann, J. E.; Kaufmann, H. W. (2007). Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II. Stackpole Military History Series. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole. ISBN 978-0-811-73395-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-811-73395-3","url_text":"978-0-811-73395-3"}]},{"reference":"Keegan, John (1989). The Second World War. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-82359-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keegan","url_text":"Keegan, John"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/secondworldwar00keeg","url_text":"The Second World War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-82359-7","url_text":"0-670-82359-7"}]},{"reference":"Kilzer, Louis C. (2000). Hitler's Traitor: Martin Bormann and the Defeat of the Reich. Presidio Press. ISBN 978-0-89141-710-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89141-710-1","url_text":"978-0-89141-710-1"}]},{"reference":"Lemay, Benoît (2010). Erich von Manstein: Hitler's Master Strategist. Heyward, Pierce (trans.). Havertown, PA; Newbury, Berkshire: Casemate. ISBN 978-1-935149-26-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935149-26-2","url_text":"978-1-935149-26-2"}]},{"reference":"Liddell Hart, B. H. (1999) [1970]. History of the Second World War. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80912-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart","url_text":"Liddell Hart, B. H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80912-5","url_text":"0-306-80912-5"}]},{"reference":"Longden, Sean (2009). Dunkirk: The Men They Left Behind. London: Constable and Robinson. ISBN 978-1-84529-977-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84529-977-4","url_text":"978-1-84529-977-4"}]},{"reference":"Longden, Sean (2005). Hitler's British Slaves: Allied POWs in Germany 1939–1945. Gloucestershire: Arris. ISBN 978-1-84437-060-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Longden","url_text":"Longden, Sean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84437-060-3","url_text":"978-1-84437-060-3"}]},{"reference":"Looseley, Rhiannon (2005). Le Paradis apres l'Enfer: the French Soldiers Evacuated from Dunkirk in 1940 (MA dissertation History). University of Reading. 102786495. Archived from the original (online) on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160331174445/http://www.francobritishcouncil.org.uk/publications.php/51/le-paradis-apres-lenfer-the-french-soldiers-evacuated-from-dunkirk-in-1940","url_text":"Le Paradis apres l'Enfer: the French Soldiers Evacuated from Dunkirk in 1940"},{"url":"http://www.francobritishcouncil.org.uk/publications.php/51/le-paradis-apres-lenfer-the-french-soldiers-evacuated-from-dunkirk-in-1940","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lord, Walter (1983). The Miracle of Dunkirk. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 1-85326-685-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lord","url_text":"Lord, Walter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85326-685-X","url_text":"1-85326-685-X"}]},{"reference":"McIntyre, Catherine (3 August 2017). \"How Dunkirk's Canadian hero 'fell through the cracks' of history\". Macleans. Retrieved 15 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macleans.ca/culture/dunkirk-the-canadian-heritage-minute-that-wasnt/","url_text":"\"How Dunkirk's Canadian hero 'fell through the cracks' of history\""}]},{"reference":"Melvin, Mungo (2010). Manstein: Hitler's Greatest General. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-84561-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mungo_Melvin","url_text":"Melvin, Mungo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84561-4","url_text":"978-0-297-84561-4"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Nathan (1997). War at Sea: A Naval History of World War II. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511038-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511038-2","url_text":"0-19-511038-2"}]},{"reference":"Mordal, Jacques (1968). Dunkerque (in French). Paris: Editions France Empire. OCLC 2192012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Mordal","url_text":"Mordal, Jacques"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2192012","url_text":"2192012"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan R. (2000). A War to Be Won. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. ISBN 0-674-00163-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wartobewonfighti00murr_0","url_text":"A War to Be Won"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00163-X","url_text":"0-674-00163-X"}]},{"reference":"Nadeau, Jean-Benoît; Barlow, Julie (2003). Sixty Million Frenchmen Can't Be Wrong: Why We Love France But Not the French. Sourcebooks: Naperville, Illinois. ISBN 978-1-4022-0045-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sixtymillionfren00nade_0","url_text":"Sixty Million Frenchmen Can't Be Wrong: Why We Love France But Not the French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4022-0045-8","url_text":"978-1-4022-0045-8"}]},{"reference":"Noakes, J.; Pridham, G., eds. (1988). Foreign Policy, War and Racial Extermination. Nazism 1919–1945. Vol. 3. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. ISBN 978-0-85989-602-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-602-3","url_text":"978-0-85989-602-3"}]},{"reference":"Ramsey, B. H. (17 July 1947). \"The Evacuation of the Allied Armies from Dunkirk and Neighbouring Beaches\" (PDF). London Gazette. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office: 3295–3318.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/LondonGazette/38017.pdf","url_text":"\"The Evacuation of the Allied Armies from Dunkirk and Neighbouring Beaches\""}]},{"reference":"Richardson, Matthew (2010). Tigers at Dunkirk: The Leicestershire Regiment and the Fall of France. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-84884-210-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-210-6","url_text":"978-1-84884-210-6"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Andrew (2009). Masters and Commanders: The Military Geniuses who Led the West to Victory in World War II. London: Penguin. 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ISBN 978-0-671-62420-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Shirer","url_text":"Shirer, William L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Third_Reich","url_text":"The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-62420-0","url_text":"978-0-671-62420-0"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Peter C (2011). The Junkers Ju 87 Stuka: A Complete History. London: Crecy. ISBN 978-0-85979-156-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_C._Smith","url_text":"Smith, Peter C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85979-156-4","url_text":"978-0-85979-156-4"}]},{"reference":"Staff. \"World War II: Dunkirk Evacuation\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 5 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/event/Dunkirk-evacuation","url_text":"\"World War II: Dunkirk Evacuation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Staff. \"The Royal Indian Army Service Corps\". Dunkirk 1940: The Before, The Reality, The Aftermath. Dunkirk 1940.org. Retrieved 18 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://dunkirk1940.org/index.php?&p=1_412","url_text":"\"The Royal Indian Army Service Corps\""}]},{"reference":"Stewart, Geoffrey (2008). Dunkirk and the Fall of France. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-18-44-15803-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-18-44-15803-4","url_text":"978-18-44-15803-4"}]},{"reference":"Sweeting, Adam (21 May 2010). \"Dunkirk: the soldiers left behind\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 11 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/7750005/Dunkirk-the-soldiers-left-behind.html","url_text":"\"Dunkirk: the soldiers left behind\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships\". The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships. 2010. Archived from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190911100450/http://adls.org.uk/t1/","url_text":"\"The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships\""},{"url":"http://www.adls.org.uk/t1/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Julian (2011) [2008]. Dunkirk: Retreat to Victory. New York: Arcade. ISBN 978-1-61145-314-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Thompson_(Royal_Marines_officer)","url_text":"Thompson, Julian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61145-314-0","url_text":"978-1-61145-314-0"}]},{"reference":"War Diary of Army Group A, pp. Volume 40, section 24","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thompson, H. L. (1953). New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force. Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45. Vol. I. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch. OCLC 270919916.","urls":[{"url":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-1RAF.html","url_text":"New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_History_of_New_Zealand_in_the_Second_World_War_1939%E2%80%9345","url_text":"Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/270919916","url_text":"270919916"}]},{"reference":"Brooke, Alan (2001) [1957]. Danchev, Alex; Todman, Daniel (eds.). War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23301-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Brooke,_1st_Viscount_Alanbrooke","url_text":"Brooke, Alan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23301-8","url_text":"0-520-23301-8"}]},{"reference":"Franks, Norman (1983). The Air Battle of Dunkirk. London: William Kimber. ISBN 0-7183-0349-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Franks","url_text":"Franks, Norman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7183-0349-0","url_text":"0-7183-0349-0"}]},{"reference":"Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh (2006). Dunkirk: Fight to the Last Man. New York: Viking. 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ISBN 0-88184-257-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88184-257-5","url_text":"0-88184-257-5"}]}]

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war\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/396145","external_links_name":"396145"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/nevergiveinbesto00chur","external_links_name":"Never Give In!: The Best of Winston Churchill's Speeches"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/tendaysthatsaved0000cost","external_links_name":"Ten Days That Saved the West"},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2082800/DUNKIRK%20MEMORIAL","external_links_name":"Dunkirk Memorial"},{"Link":"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-NWE-Flanders/","external_links_name":"The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-0757","external_links_name":"1471-0757"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/dunkirkincredibl0000gelb","external_links_name":"Dunkirk: The Incredible Escape"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200121173653/http://www.cyprusbeat.com/cypriots-forgotten-troops-dunkirk/","external_links_name":"\"Cypriots among the forgotten troops of Dunkirk\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyprusbeat.com/cypriots-forgotten-troops-dunkirk/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://zefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/dfg-viewer/?set%5Bmets%5D=http%3A%2F%2Fzefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de%2Foai%2F%3Ftx_zefysoai_pi1%255Bidentifier%255D%3D29c0837c-4460-4b48-a88a-f0a4777ed780","external_links_name":"\"Größte Vernichtungschlacht aller Zeiten\""},{"Link":"http://zefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/dfg-viewer/?set%5Bmets%5D=http%3A%2F%2Fzefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de%2Foai%2F%3Ftx_zefysoai_pi1%255Bidentifier%255D%3D097952cb-caef-452b-9140-7dfaa0472ba7","external_links_name":"\"Tagesbefehl des Fuehrers\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/falloffrancenazi00jack","external_links_name":"The Fall of France: The Nazi Invasion of 1940"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/secondworldwar00keeg","external_links_name":"The Second World War"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160331174445/http://www.francobritishcouncil.org.uk/publications.php/51/le-paradis-apres-lenfer-the-french-soldiers-evacuated-from-dunkirk-in-1940","external_links_name":"Le Paradis apres l'Enfer: the French Soldiers Evacuated from Dunkirk in 1940"},{"Link":"http://www.francobritishcouncil.org.uk/publications.php/51/le-paradis-apres-lenfer-the-french-soldiers-evacuated-from-dunkirk-in-1940","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.macleans.ca/culture/dunkirk-the-canadian-heritage-minute-that-wasnt/","external_links_name":"\"How Dunkirk's Canadian hero 'fell through the cracks' of history\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2192012","external_links_name":"2192012"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/wartobewonfighti00murr_0","external_links_name":"A War to Be Won"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sixtymillionfren00nade_0","external_links_name":"Sixty Million Frenchmen Can't Be Wrong: Why We Love France But Not the French"},{"Link":"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/LondonGazette/38017.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Evacuation of the Allied Armies from Dunkirk and Neighbouring Beaches\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lendmeyourearsgr00safi","external_links_name":"Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/event/Dunkirk-evacuation","external_links_name":"\"World War II: Dunkirk Evacuation\""},{"Link":"http://dunkirk1940.org/index.php?&p=1_412","external_links_name":"\"The Royal Indian Army Service Corps\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/7750005/Dunkirk-the-soldiers-left-behind.html","external_links_name":"\"Dunkirk: the soldiers left behind\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190911100450/http://adls.org.uk/t1/","external_links_name":"\"The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships\""},{"Link":"http://www.adls.org.uk/t1/","external_links_name":"the 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemorative_coins_of_Bermuda

Commemorative coins of Bermuda

["1 Pre-Decimalization","2 Decimalized","2.1 1970's","2.2 1980's","2.3 1990's","2.4 2000's","3 See also","4 References"]

Bermuda has issued commemorative coins at various times. Most of these coins have been for the purpose of collecting, although Bermuda has also issued commemorative coins for regular circulation. All coins here were minted by the Royal Mint unless otherwise noted. This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (September 2011) Pre-Decimalization Year Denomination Composition Commemorative subject Description Mintage 1959 One Crown5/- .925 Ag 350th Colony Founding Anniversary Released for circulation Weight: 28.28 grams Diameter: 38 mm 100,000 1964 One Crown5/- .500 Ag Possibly as the last pound sterling issue. Released for circulation Weight: 22.62 grams Diameter: 36 mm 470,000 Decimalized 1970's Year Denomination Composition Commemorative subject Description Mintage 1972 $100 .900 Au Silver Wedding 1975 $100 .900 Au Royal Visit Minted by the Franklin Mint Diameter: 25.5 mm 27,000 1977 $25 .925 Ag Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II Weight: 54.75 grams 1980's Year Denomination Composition Commemorative subject Description Mintage 1981 $250 .917 Au Charles and Diana Wedding 1981 $1 .999 Ag Charles and Diana Wedding Weight: 38.61 mm Diameter: 28.28 grams 30,000 1981 $1 CuNi Charles and Diana Wedding 1984 25¢ .925 Ag,Cu-Ni 375th Anniversary of Bermuda Settlement 11 different reverse designs, released as a set 1986 $1 .925 Ag World Wildlife Fund Coin Collection Part of a multinational series. 25,000 1987 $25 .999 Pd Wreck of the Sea Venture Weight: 31.1035 grams 1988 $25 .999 Pd Wreck of the San Antonio Weight: 31.1035 grams 1989 $100 .999 Au Hogge Money Weight: 31.21 grams 500 1989 $50 .999 Au Hogge Money Weight: 15.61 grams 500 1989 $25 .999 Au Hogge Money Weight: 7.81 grams 500 1989 $10 .999 Au Hogge Money Weight: 3.13 grams 500 1990's Year Denomination Composition Commemorative subject Description Mintage 1990 $2 .925 Ag Bermuda Cicada 1990 $2 .925 Ag Bermuda Tree Frog 1992 $1 .925 Ag 1992 Olympics 1992 $2 .925 Ag Bluebird 1993 $2 .925 Ag Longtail Sea Bird 1993 $2 .925 Ag Humpback Whale 1994 $2 .925 Ag 1994 Royal Visit Released in conjunction with five other visited nations. 10,000 1994 $10 .999 Au Longsnout Seahorse Weight: 3.13 grams Diameter: 16.5 mm 2,500 1996 $1 Cu-Ni Bermuda Triangle Triangular design 1996 $3 .925 Ag Bermuda Triangle Triangular design Weight: 20 grams Diameter: 35 mm 5,000 1996 $9 .999 Ag Bermuda Triangle Triangular design Weight: 155.52 grams Diameter: 65 mm 1996 $30 .999 Au Bermuda Triangle Triangular design Weight: 15.55 grams Diameter: 27 mm 1996 $60 .999 Au Bermuda Triangle Triangular design Weight: 31.489 grams Diameter: 35 mm 1996 $180 .999 Au Bermuda Triangle Triangular design 1997 $2 .925 Ag Royal Golden Anniversary Released in conjunction with 23 other nations. 22 carat gold cameo Weight: 28.28 grams Diameter: 38.61 mm 30,000 2000's Year Denomination Composition Commemorative subject Description Mintage 2000 $2 .925 Ag Millennium 24 carat gold plate Weight: 28.28 grams Diameter: 38.61 mm 2000 $1 .925 Ag Queen Mother Centenary Released in conjunction with other commonwealth nations. 2003 $15 .999 Au 100th Anniversary Biological Station For Research Weight: 15.98 grams Diameter: 28.4 mm 2005 $5 .925 Ag Bermuda Quincentennial Pentagonal shape Weight: 14.5 grams Diameter: 30.89 mm 2,500 2006 $3 .925 Ag Shipwreck Series: Constellation Triangular shape Weight: 33.63 grams Diameter: 35 mm 15,000 2006 $3 .925 Ag Shipwreck Series: Hunter Galley Triangular shape Weight: 33.63 grams Diameter: 35 mm 15,000 2006 $3 .925 Ag Shipwreck Series: Mary Celestia Triangular shape Weight: 33.63 grams Diameter: 35 mm 15,000 2006 $3 .925 Ag Shipwreck Series: North Carolina Triangular shape Weight: 33.63 grams Diameter: 35 mm 15,000 2006 $3 .925 Ag Shipwreck Series: Pollock Shields Triangular shape Weight: 33.63 grams Diameter: 35 mm 15,000 2006 $30 .999 Au Shipwreck Series: Sea Venture Triangular shape Weight: 31.489 grams Diameter: 35 mm 2006 $3 .925 Ag Shipwreck Series: Sea Venture Triangular shape Weight: 33.63 grams Diameter: 35 mm 15,000 2007 $3 .925 Ag Shipwreck Series: Colonel William G. Ball Triangular shape Weight: 33.63 grams Diameter: 35 mm 15,000 2007 $3 .925 Ag Shipwreck Series: Cristobal Colon Triangular shape Weight: 33.63 grams Diameter: 35 mm 15,000 2007 $3 .925 Ag Shipwreck Series: Kate Triangular shape Weight: 33.63 grams Diameter: 35 mm 15,000 2007 $3 .925 Ag Shipwreck Series: San Pedro Triangular shape Weight: 33.63 grams Diameter: 35 mm 15,000 2007 $3 .925 Ag Shipwreck Series: San Lucia Triangular shape Weight: 33.63 grams Diameter: 35 mm 15,000 2007 $3 .925 Ag Shipwreck Series: Manilla Wreck Triangular shape Weight: 33.63 grams Diameter: 35 mm 15,000 2009 $4 .925 Ag 400th Anniversary Four-sided, square design 2,000 See also Money portalNorth America portalNumismatics portal Bermuda Monetary Authority References ^ Beginning and End of the Crown ^ "Coin Catalog". Bermuda Monetary Authority. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2011. ^ "Coin Catalog". Bermuda Monetary Authority. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2011.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award_for_Outstanding_Solo_Performance

Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Solo Performance

["1 Winners and nominees","1.1 1980s","1.2 1990s","1.3 2000s","1.4 2010s","1.5 2020s","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"]

Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Solo PerformanceAwarded forOutstanding Solo PerformanceLocationNew York CityCountryUnited StatesPresented byDrama DeskFirst awarded1984Currently held byPatrick Page for All the Devils Are Here: How Shakespeare Invented the Villain (2024)Websitedramadesk.org (defunct) The Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Solo Performance is an annual award presented by Drama Desk in recognition of achievements in the theatre across collective Broadway, off-Broadway and off-off-Broadway productions in New York City. The category was first presented at the 1984 ceremony, when it was known as the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding One Person Show, suspended for 1988 and 1989, returning in 1990 as the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding One Person Show/Solo Performance. The current name was first introduced in 1994, but then shifted across the three names until locking on the current name in 1999. Winners and nominees 1980s Year Performer Production 1984 Ian McKellen Acting Shakespeare Phillip Baker Hall Secret Honor Kaye Ballard Hey, Ma...Kaye Ballard Edward Duke Jeeves Takes Charge Estelle Parsons Orgasmo Adulto Escapes from the Zoo Billie Whitelaw Rockaby 1985 Whoopi Goldberg Whoopi Goldberg Avner Eisenberg Avner the Eccentric Spalding Gray Swimming to Cambodia Alec McCowen Kipling Ekkehard Schall An Evening with Ekkehard Schall Lori Wilner Hannah Senesh 1986 Eric Bogosian Drinking in America Elisabeth Welch Time to Start Living 1987 Barbara Cook A Concert for the Theatre 1988, 1989 — 1990s Year Performer Production 1990 Robert Morse Tru Eric Bogosian Sex, Drugs, Rock & Roll Kathryn Grody A Mom's Life Mandy Patinkin Mandy Patinkin in Concert: "Dress Casual" 1991 Eileen Atkins A Room of One's Own Jeffrey Essmann Artificial Reality Spalding Gray Monster in a Box Tracey Ullman The Big Love 1992 Patrick Stewart A Christmas Carol Stan Freeman At Wit's End Kevin Kling Home and Away Josh Kornbluth Red Diaper Baby 1993 Anna Deavere Smith Fires in the Mirror John Leguizamo Spic-O-Rama Lynn Redgrave Shakespeare for My Father Ron Vawler Roy Cohn/Jack Smith 1994 Anna Deavere Smith Twilight: Los Angeles, 1992 Eric Bogosian Pounding Nails in the Floor with my Forehead Sherry Glaser Family Secrets Spalding Gray Gray's Anatomy Claudia Shear Blown Sideways Through Life 1995 Celeste Lecesne Word of Mouth Dan Butler The Only Thing Worse You Could Have Told Me Danny Hoch Some People Avi Hoffman Too Jewish? Lisa Kron 101 Humiliating Stories 1996 Mary Louise Wilson Full Gallop Andrea Martin Nude Nude Totally Nude Karen Trott Springhill Singing Disaster 1997 Fiona Shaw The Waste Land Eve Ensler The Vagina Monologues Eddie Izzard Eddie Izzard Roger Guenveur Smith A Huey P. Newton Story Julia Sweeney Julia Sweeney's God Said "Ha!" 1998 John Leguizamo Freak Lewis Black Black Humor Danny Hoch Jails, Hospitals & Hip-Hop 1999 David Hare Via Dolorosa Will Bond Bob Aviva Jane Carlin Jodie's Body Alexander H. Cohen Star Billing Lisa Kron 2.5 Minute Ride Laurence Luckinbill Clarence Darrow Tonight! 2000s Year Performer Production 2000 Dame Edna Everage Dame Edna: The Royal Tour Olympia Dukakis Rose Spalding Gray Morning, Noon and Night Mark Linn-Baker Chesapeake Mark Setlock Fully Committed Marc Wolf Another American: Asking and Telling 2001 Pamela Gien The Syringa Tree Eric Bogosian Wake Up and Smell the Coffee Bette Bourne Resident Alien Brian d'Arcy James The Good Thief Sarah Jones Surface Transit Ruben Santiago-Hudson Lackawanna Blues 2002 Elaine Stritch Elaine Stritch at Liberty Dave Gorman Are You Dave Gorman? Charles Nelson Reilly Save It for the Stage: The Life of Reilly Reno Rebel Without a Pause T. Ryder Smith Underneath the Lintel 2003 Tovah Feldshuh Golda's Balcony Barbara Cook Mostly Sondheim Frank Gorshin Say Goodnight, Gracie Ricky Jay Ricky Jay: On the Stem Priscilla Lopez Class Mother '68 Charlayne Woodard In Real Life 2004 Jefferson Mays I Am My Own Wife Barbara Cook Barbara Cook's Broadway! Ben Gazzara Nobody Don't Like Yogi Sarah Jones Bridge and Tunnel Martin Moran The Tricky Part Will Power Flow 2005 Billy Crystal 700 Sundays Dame Edna Everage Dame Edna: Back with a Vengeance Dave Gorman Dave Gorman's Googlewhack Adventure Jackie Mason Jackie Mason: Freshly Squeezed Tim Miller Us James Urbaniak Thom Pain (based on nothing) 2006 Antony Sher Primo Judy Gold 25 Questions for a Jewish Mother Marga Gomez Los Big Names Jon Peterson George M. Cohan Tonight! Janis Stevens Vivien Michael Winther Songs from an Unmade Bed 2007 Vanessa Redgrave The Year of Magical Thinking Iris Bahr Dai (enough) Ed Harris Wrecks Capathia Jenkins (mis)Understanding Mammy: The Hattie McDaniel Story Anna Manahan Sisters Nilaja Sun No Child... 2008 Laurence Fishburne Thurgood Kris Anderson Dixie's Tupperware Party Stephen Lang Beyond Glory April Yvette Thompson Liberty City 2009 Lorenzo Pisoni Humor Abuse Mike Birbiglia Sleepwalk with Me Frank Blocker Southern Gothic Novel Michael Laurence Krapp, 39 Matt Sax Clay Campbell Scott The Atheist 2010s Year Performer Production 2010 Jim Brochu Zero Hour Theodore Bikel Sholom Aleichem: Laughter Through Tears Colman Domingo A Boy and His Soul Carrie Fisher Wishful Drinking Judith Ivey The Lady with All the Answers Anna Deavere Smith Let Me Down Easy 2011 John Leguizamo Ghetto Klown Daniel Beaty Through the Night Mike Birbiglia Mike Birbiglia's My Girlfriend's Boyfriend Juliette Jeffers Batman and Robin in the Boogie Down Colin Quinn Colin Quinn: Long Story Short Joanna Tope The Promise 2012 Cillian Murphy Misterman Baba Brinkman The Rap Guide to Evolution Suli Holum Chimera Jeff Key The Eyes of Babylon Denis O'Hare An Iliad Stephen Spinella An Iliad 2013 Michael Urie Buyer & Cellar Joel de la Fuente Hold These Truths Kathryn Hunter Kafka's Monkey Bette Midler I'll Eat You Last: A Chat with Sue Mengers Julian Sands A Celebration of Harold Pinter Holland Taylor Ann 2014 John Douglas Thompson Satchmo at the Waldorf David Barlow This is My Office Jim Brochu Character Man Hannah Cabell Grounded Debra Jo Rupp Becoming Dr. Ruth Ruben Santiago-Hudson August Wilson's How I Learned What I Learned 2015 Benjamin Scheuer The Lion Christina Bianco Application Pending Jonny Donahoe Every Brilliant Thing Tom Dugan Wiesenthal Mona Golabek The Pianist of Willesden Lane Joely Richardson The Belle of Amherst 2016 Jesse Tyler Ferguson Fully Committed Simon Callow Tuesdays at Tesco's Kathleen Chalfant Rose Celeste Lecesne The Absolute Brightness of Leonard Pelkey Daphne Rubin-Vega Empanada Loca 2017 Ed Dixon Georgie: My Adventures with George Rose Nancy Anderson The Pen (Inner Voices) Marin Ireland On the Exhale Sarah Jones Sell/Buy/Date Brian Quijada Where Did We Sit on the Bus? Anna Deavere Smith Notes from the Field 2018 Billy Crudup Harry Clarke David Greenspan Strange Interlude Jon Levin A Hunger Artist Lesli Margherita Who's Holiday! Sophie Melville Iphigenia in Splott 2019 Mike Birbiglia The New One Carey Mulligan Girls & Boys Liza Jessie Peterson The Peculiar Patriot Erin Treadway Spaceman Phoebe Waller-Bridge Fleabag 2020s Year Performer Production 2020 Laura Linney My Name Is Lucy Barton David Cale We're Only Alive for a Short Amount of Time Kate del Castillo the way she spoke Jacqueline Novak Get on Your Knees Deirdre O'Connell Dana H. 2021 No awards: New York theatres shuttered, March 2020 to September 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City 2022 Kristina Wong Kristina Wong, Sweatshop Overlord Alex Edelman Just for Us Arturo Luís Soria Ni Mi Madre 2023 Jodie Comer Prima Facie David Greenspan Four Saints in Three Acts Jessica Hendy Walking With Bubbles Anthony Rapp Without You Tracy Thorne Jack Was Kind 2024 Patrick Page All the Devils Are Here: How Shakespeare Invented the Villain Michael Cruz Kayne Sorry for Your Loss Madeleine MacMahon Breathless Wade McCollum Make Me Gorgeous! Robert Montano SMALL Notes ^ a b Nominated as James Lecesne. References ^ Evans, Greg (2021-05-05). "Broadway To Reopen Sept. 14, Says Gov. Andrew Cuomo; Broadway League "Cautiously Optimistic"". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 2023-06-02. Retrieved 2023-12-03. ^ "Stereophonic Leads 2024 Drama Desk Awards with 7 Wins Including Outstanding Play - Playbill.com". 2024-06-10. Retrieved 2024-06-13. External links vteDrama Desk Award for Outstanding Solo Performance1984–2000 Ian McKellen (1984) Whoopi Goldberg (1985) Eric Bogosian (1986) Barbara Cook (1987) No Award (1988) No Award (1989) Robert Morse (1990) Eileen Atkins (1991) Patrick Stewart (1992) Anna Deavere Smith (1993) Anna Deavere Smith (1994) Celeste Lecesne (1995) Mary Louise Wilson (1996) Fiona Shaw (1997) John Leguizamo (1998) David Hare (1999) Dame Edna Everage (2000) 2001–2020 Pamela Gien (2001) Elaine Stritch (2002) Tovah Feldshuh (2003) Jefferson Mays (2004) Billy Crystal (2005) Antony Sher (2006) Vanessa Redgrave (2007) Laurence Fishburne (2008) Lorenzo Pisoni (2009) Jim Brochu (2010) John Leguizamo (2011) Cillian Murphy (2012) Michael Urie (2013) John Douglas Thompson (2014) Benjamin Scheuer (2015) Jesse Tyler Ferguson (2016) Ed Dixon (2017) Billy Crudup (2018) Mike Birbiglia (2019) Laura Linney (2020) 2021–present No Award (2021) Kristina Wong (2022) Jodie Comer (2023) Patrick Page (2024) vteDrama Desk AwardsPlay Play Revival of a Play Lead Performance in a Play Featured Performance in a Play Director of a Play Music in a Play Musical Musical Revival of a Musical Lead Performance in a Musical Featured Performance in a Musical Director of a Musical Book Music Lyrics Orchestrations Production Choreography Costume Design of a Musical Costume Design of a Play Lighting Design for a Musical Lighting Design for a Play Scenic Design of a Musical Scenic Design of a Play Sound Design in a Musical Sound Design in a Play Wig and Hair Design Puppetry Other (competitive) Solo Performance Unique Theatrical Experience Revue Projection Design Special (non-competitive) Special Award Ensemble Retired Actor in a Play Actress in a Play Featured Actor in a Play Featured Actress in a Play Actor in a Musical Actress in a Musical Featured Actor in a Musical Featured Actress in a Musical Director Revival Costume Design Lighting Design Set Design Sound Design

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[]

[{"reference":"Evans, Greg (2021-05-05). \"Broadway To Reopen Sept. 14, Says Gov. Andrew Cuomo; Broadway League \"Cautiously Optimistic\"\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 2023-06-02. Retrieved 2023-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/05/broadway-reopen-september-14-andrew-cuomo-tickets-on-sale-tomorrow-1234750270/","url_text":"\"Broadway To Reopen Sept. 14, Says Gov. Andrew Cuomo; Broadway League \"Cautiously Optimistic\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230602084344/https://deadline.com/2021/05/broadway-reopen-september-14-andrew-cuomo-tickets-on-sale-tomorrow-1234750270/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stereophonic Leads 2024 Drama Desk Awards with 7 Wins Including Outstanding Play - Playbill.com\". 2024-06-10. Retrieved 2024-06-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://playbill.com/article/stereophonic-leads-2024-drama-desk-awards-with-7-wins-including-outstanding-play","url_text":"\"Stereophonic Leads 2024 Drama Desk Awards with 7 Wins Including Outstanding Play - Playbill.com\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A1estary_(Prague-East_District)

Všestary (Prague-East District)

["1 Administrative parts","2 Demographics","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 49°57′31″N 14°41′7″E / 49.95861°N 14.68528°E / 49.95861; 14.68528Municipality in Central Bohemian, Czech RepublicVšestaryMunicipalityA street in Všestary FlagCoat of armsVšestaryLocation in the Czech RepublicCoordinates: 49°57′31″N 14°41′7″E / 49.95861°N 14.68528°E / 49.95861; 14.68528Country Czech RepublicRegionCentral BohemianDistrictPrague-EastFirst mentioned1371Area • Total4.44 km2 (1.71 sq mi)Elevation393 m (1,289 ft)Population (2023-01-01) • Total984 • Density220/km2 (570/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code251 63Websitewww.obec-vsestary.cz Všestary (Czech pronunciation: ) is a municipality and village in Prague-East District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,000 inhabitants. Všestary lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) southeast of Prague. Administrative parts The village of Menčice is an administrative part of Všestary. Demographics Historical populationYearPop.±%1869449—    1880477+6.2%1890478+0.2%1900505+5.6%1910547+8.3%1921511−6.6%1930556+8.8%1950562+1.1%1961547−2.7%1970509−6.9%1980461−9.4%1991384−16.7%2001444+15.6%2011785+76.8%20211,012+28.9%Source: Censuses References ^ "Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2023". Czech Statistical Office. 2023-05-23. ^ "Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Praha-východ" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2015-12-21. pp. 13–14. ^ "Population Census 2021: Population by sex". Public Database. Czech Statistical Office. 2021-03-27. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Všestary (Prague-East District). Official website vteTowns, market towns and villages of Prague-East District Babice Bašť Borek Bořanovice Brandýs nad Labem-Stará Boleslav Brázdim Březí Čelákovice Černé Voděrady Čestlice Dobročovice Dobřejovice Doubek Dřevčice Dřísy Herink Hlavenec Horoušany Hovorčovice Hrusice Husinec Jenštejn Jevany Jirny Kaliště Kamenice Káraný Klecany Klíčany Klokočná Konětopy Konojedy Kostelec nad Černými lesy Kostelec u Křížků Kostelní Hlavno Kozojedy Křenek Křenice Křížkový Újezdec Kunice Květnice Lázně Toušeň Lhota Líbeznice Louňovice Máslovice Měšice Mirošovice Mnichovice Mochov Modletice Mratín Mukařov Nehvizdy Nová Ves Nový Vestec Nučice Nupaky Odolena Voda Oleška Ondřejov Oplany Panenské Břežany Pětihosty Petříkov Podolanka Polerady Popovičky Předboj Přezletice Prusice Radějovice Radonice Říčany Sedlec Senohraby Šestajovice Sibřina Škvorec Sluhy Sluštice Štíhlice Strančice Stříbrná Skalice Struhařov Sudovo Hlavno Sulice Svémyslice Světice Svojetice Tehov Tehovec Úvaly Veleň Veliká Ves Velké Popovice Větrušice Vlkančice Vodochody Všestary Vyšehořovice Výžerky Vyžlovka Zápy Záryby Zdiby Zeleneč Zlatá Zlonín Zvánovice Authority control databases: National Czech Republic This Prague-East District location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Erismann

Friedrich Erismann

["1 Biography","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]

Friedrich ErismannBorn(1842-11-14)14 November 1842Gontenschwil, SwitzerlandDied13 November 1915(1915-11-13) (aged 72)EducationUniversity of ZurichRelativesNadezhda Suslova (spouse, 1867–1883, divorced)Medical careerProfessionophthalmologist, hygienist Friedrich Huldreich Erismann, or Fyodor Fyodorovich Erismann (14 November 1842 – 13 November 1915) was a Swiss ophthalmologist and hygienist. Biography Erismann was born in Gontenschwil, Switzerland. In 1867, Erismann earned his medical doctorate at the University of Zurich, subsequently furthering his studies in ophthalmology in Heidelberg, Vienna and Berlin. In 1867 he married Nadezhda Suslova, and two years later relocated to Saint Petersburg as an ophthalmologist. His interests soon turned to issues such as public health and conditions of the poor. In the early 1870s he studied hygiene and physiology in Munich, where his instructors were Max von Pettenkofer (1818–1901) and Carl von Voit (1831–1908). Following participation in Russo-Turkish War, he moved to Moscow, where from 1881 he served as a lecturer at the University of Moscow. In 1884 he was appointed professor of hygiene and director at the institute of hygiene. At the University of Moscow, one of his students was playwright Anton Chekhov. In 1870 he invented the new construction of school desk which was used in Russian schools till the beginning of 1960s. Erismann was a pioneer of scientific hygiene in Russia, and sought to improve water quality and food standards in St. Petersburg and Moscow. In 1896 Erismann was dismissed from his position at Moscow for political reasons, as he expressed support of student revolutionaries and denounced the living conditions of the Russian people. Afterwards, he returned to Switzerland and became involved with political and health issues in Zürich. He published in German and Russian. Among his numerous writings was Gesundheitslehre für Gebildete aller Stände (Health education for the educated of all classes), a book that was published in several editions. References ^ "Университет Цюриха" (in Russian). Первый русский гид по университетам Швейцарии. Retrieved 4 April 2015. ^ Pagel: Biographisches Lexikon (biography) Further reading Famous Figures in Russian Medicine (translated biography) Swissworld.org St. Petersburg doctors N.A. Semashko. 'Friedrich Erismann, The Dawn of Russian Hygiene and Public Health.' Bulletin of the History of Medicine. June 1916, Vol. XX, No. 1, pp. 1-9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Friedrich Erismann. F. F Ėrisman WorldCat Identities (list of publications). Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Poland People Deutsche Biographie Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland IdRef

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirpal_Singh_Dhaliwal

Nirpal Singh Dhaliwal

["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References"]

British writer and journalist Nirpal Singh Dhaliwal (born 1974) is a British writer and journalist, mostly writing for The Telegraph and The Sun. Early life Dhaliwal was born in Greenford, London and his parents were first-generation Punjabi immigrants. Dhaliwal was born a Sikh. He was state-school educated before going on to the University of Nottingham to read English and American literature. Career Dhaliwal works as a freelance journalist, based in London, having resided for a while in New Delhi. He writes for The Times, The Guardian, Daily Mail, and the Evening Standard and extensively for the Indian and international press. Dhaliwal's first novel Tourism was published in 2006 and received mixed reviews. Described as 'brilliant' in The Daily Telegraph, Julie Burchill thought it was 'touched with genius'. Personal life In 2000, while working as a radio journalist for the BBC, Dhaliwal was sent to interview Liz Jones, then editor of Marie Claire. They married in 2002 and divorced in 2007. He wrote about the relationship in The Telegraph in July 2021: "Our marriage was doomed from our wedding day: an occasion I felt swindled into, having never proposed. She arranged it without my knowledge." In her Daily Mail column, Jones admitted to stealing his sperm by retrieving the contents of a used condom in an attempt to become pregnant. References ^ Victoria Summersley and Johann Hari "Liz and Nirpal: The last argument", The Independent, 26 May 2007 ^ Leith, William (8 April 2006). "'Her succulence killed me'" – via www.telegraph.co.uk. ^ Singh, Nirpal Dhaliwal (6 April 2006). Tourism. Vintage. ASIN 0099493047. ^ Dhaliwal, Nirpal (31 July 2021). "The toxic truth about my age-gap relationship – and why older women escape moral scrutiny". The Telegraph. Retrieved 14 February 2022. ^ "I sold my soul... now I'm selling my eggs, says Liz Jones". Evening Standard. 10 April 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2022. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Netherlands This article about a novelist from the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a British journalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midkiff_Rock

Haines Mountains

["1 Location","2 Discovery and name","3 Features","3.1 Alexander Peak","3.2 Buennagel Peak","3.3 Rucker Spur","3.4 Mount Ronne","3.5 Leach Nunatak","3.6 Keyser Nunatak","3.7 Mount Van der Veer","3.8 Kalafut Nunatak","4 Nearby features","4.1 Court Ridge","4.2 Mount West","4.3 Midkiff Rock","4.4 Murphy Rocks","5 Notes","6 References","7 Sources"]

Coordinates: 77°34′S 146°20′W / 77.567°S 146.333°W / -77.567; -146.333 (Haines Mountains)Mountain range in Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica Haines Mountains Highest pointElevation675 m (2,215 ft) GeographyRange coordinates77°34′S 146°20′W / 77.567°S 146.333°W / -77.567; -146.333 (Haines Mountains)Parent rangeFord Ranges The Haines Mountains (77°34′S 146°20′W / 77.567°S 146.333°W / -77.567; -146.333 (Haines Mountains)) are a range of ice-capped mountains trending northwest–southeast for about 25 nautical miles (46 km; 29 mi) and forming the southwest wall of Hammond Glacier, in the Ford Ranges of Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. Location Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Haines Mountains east of center of the map The Haines Mountains run southeast from Court Ridge, which extends into the Sulzberger Ice Shelf along the side of the Hammond Glacier to the head of the glacier. They are parallel to the Hershey Ridge, which lies to the west. Features, from north to south, include Alexander Peak, Buennagel Peak, Rucker Spur, Mount Ronne, Leach Nunatak, Keyser Nunatak, Reynolds Glacier, Mount Van der Veer and Kalafut Nunatak. Nearby features, on the east side of Hammond Glacier, include Mount West, Midkiff Rock and Murphy Rocks. Discovery and name The Haines Mountains were discovered by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition (ByrdAE) in 1934, and named for William C. Haines, the meteorologist of the Byrd expeditions of 1928–30 and 1933–35. Features Alexander Peak 77°28′S 146°48′W / 77.467°S 146.800°W / -77.467; -146.800. A peak in the north end of the Haines Mountains. Probably first seen on aerial flights from Little America base by the ByrdAE (1928-30). Named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for C.D. Alexander, a member of the ByrdAE (1933-35). Buennagel Peak 77°30′S 146°46′W / 77.500°S 146.767°W / -77.500; -146.767. A rock peak 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) east of Alexander Peak in the north part of Haines Mountains. Mapped by the United States Antarctic Service (USAS) (1939–41) and by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy air photos (1959-65). Named by US-ACAN for Lawrence A. Buennagel, geomagnetist/seismologist at Byrd Station, 1968. Rucker Spur 77°31′S 146°30′W / 77.517°S 146.500°W / -77.517; -146.500. A rock spur between Alexander Peak and Mount Ronne, on the east side of the Haines Mountains. Mapped by the USAS (1939-41). Named by US-ACAN for Joseph T. Rucker, photographer with the ByrdAE (1928-30). Mount Ronne 77°34′S 146°10′W / 77.567°S 146.167°W / -77.567; -146.167. A prominent, flattish mountain which projects from the middle of the east side of the Haines Mountains. The mountain was probably first observed on aerial flights by the ByrdAE (1928-30). Named by US-ACAN for Martin Ronne who was sailmaker, ski instructor, dog-driver and ice pilot with the ByrdAE (1928-30), and who had been a shipboard member of the From on Amundsen's expedition (1910-12). Leach Nunatak 77°36′S 146°25′W / 77.600°S 146.417°W / -77.600; -146.417. A nunatak 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) west-southwest of Mount Ronne. Mapped by USAS (1939-41) and by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos (1959-65). Named by US-ACAN for Edwin B. Leach, aviation electronics technician, United States Navy, Williams Field Division Chief responsible for maintenance of electronic equipment on all aircraft during Operation Deep Freeze 1967. Keyser Nunatak 77°36′S 145°55′W / 77.600°S 145.917°W / -77.600; -145.917. A large nunatak 605 metres (1,985 ft) high at the north side of the terminus of Reynolds Glacier. Mapped by USAS (1939–41) and by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos (1959-65). Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant (j-g.) Teddy H. Keyser, United States Navy, navigator in LC-130F Hercules aircraft during Operation Deep Freeze 1968. Mount Van der Veer 77°41′S 145°54′W / 77.683°S 145.900°W / -77.683; -145.900. A mountain about 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) southeast of Mount Ronne. Mapped by the USAS (1939-41). Named by US-ACAN for Willard Van der Veer, photographer with the ByrdAE (1928-30). Kalafut Nunatak 77°46′S 145°36′W / 77.767°S 145.600°W / -77.767; -145.600. A nunatak which marks the southeast end of the Haines Mountains. Mapped by USAS (1939–41) and by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos (1959-65). Named by US-ACAN for John Kalafut, USARP glaciologist at Byrd Station in the 1966-67 and 1968-69 seasons. Nearby features Court Ridge 77°20′S 146°52′W / 77.333°S 146.867°W / -77.333; -146.867. Low, ice-drowned ridge extending to Sulzberger Ice Shelf from the northwest extremity of the Haines Mountains. Discovered by members of the ByrdAE on the Northeast Flight of December 15-16, 1934. Named for Arnold Court, meteorologist at the West Base of the USAS (1939-41). Mount West 77°25′S 145°30′W / 77.417°S 145.500°W / -77.417; -145.500. A somewhat isolated mountain 9 nautical miles (17 km; 10 mi) southeast of Mount Woodward, surmounting the ice-covered ridge between Hammond Glacier and Swope Glacier. Mapped by the USAS, 1939–41. The name was applied by Paul Siple, commander of the West Base of the USAS, for James E. West, the first Chief Scout Executive of the Boy Scouts of America. Siple's first visit to Antarctica was as a member of the ByrdAE (1928-30), having been selected as an Eagle Scout for that venture. Midkiff Rock 77°28′S 145°06′W / 77.467°S 145.100°W / -77.467; -145.100. A rock outcrop on the broad ice-covered ridge between Hammond and Swope Glaciers, 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) east-southeast of Mount West. Mapped by USAS (1939-41) and by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos (1959-65). Named by US-ACAN for Frank T. Midkiff, Jr., aviation machinist's mate, United States Navy, helicopter flight crewman during Operation Deep Freeze 1968. Murphy Rocks 77°35′S 144°55′W / 77.583°S 144.917°W / -77.583; -144.917. Rock outcrops 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) southeast of Mount West on the broad ice-covered ridge between the Hammond and Boyd Glaciers. Mapped by USAS (1939-41) and by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos (1959-65). Named by US-ACAN for Dion M. Murphy, aviation machinist's mate, United States Navy, a helicopter flight crewman during Operation Deep Freeze 1968. Notes ^ Alberts 1995 gives the coordinates of Mount Van der Veer as 76°41'S,145°54'W. Based on the map and the description, this appears to be a typo that places the mountain a full degree north, and the correct coordinates are 77°41'S,145°54'W. References ^ a b Alberts 1995, p. 305. ^ a b Boyd Glacier USGS. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 11. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 102. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 635. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 628. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 424. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 390. ^ a b Alberts 1995, p. 775. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 381. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 157. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 804. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 489. ^ Alberts 1995, pp. 512–513. Sources Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995), Geographic Names of the Antarctic (PDF) (2 ed.), United States Board on Geographic Names, retrieved 3 December 2023  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Board on Geographic Names. Boyd Glacier, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 25 March 2024  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.

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They are parallel to the Hershey Ridge, which lies to the west.\nFeatures, from north to south, include Alexander Peak, Buennagel Peak, Rucker Spur, Mount Ronne, Leach Nunatak, Keyser Nunatak, Reynolds Glacier, Mount Van der Veer and Kalafut Nunatak.\nNearby features, on the east side of Hammond Glacier, include Mount West, Midkiff Rock and Murphy Rocks.[2]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Byrd Antarctic Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd_Antarctic_Expedition"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995305-1"}],"text":"The Haines Mountains were discovered by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition (ByrdAE) in 1934, and named for William C. Haines, the meteorologist of the Byrd expeditions of 1928–30 and 1933–35.[1]","title":"Discovery and name"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°28′S 146°48′W / 77.467°S 146.800°W / -77.467; -146.800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haines_Mountains&params=77_28_S_146_48_W_"},{"link_name":"Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Antarctic_Names"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts199511-3"}],"sub_title":"Alexander Peak","text":"77°28′S 146°48′W / 77.467°S 146.800°W / -77.467; -146.800. \nA peak in the north end of the Haines Mountains. \nProbably first seen on aerial flights from Little America base by the ByrdAE (1928-30). \nNamed by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for C.D. Alexander, a member of the ByrdAE (1933-35).[3]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°30′S 146°46′W / 77.500°S 146.767°W / -77.500; -146.767","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haines_Mountains&params=77_30_S_146_46_W_"},{"link_name":"United States Antarctic Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Antarctic_Service"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995102-4"}],"sub_title":"Buennagel Peak","text":"77°30′S 146°46′W / 77.500°S 146.767°W / -77.500; -146.767. \nA rock peak 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) east of Alexander Peak in the north part of Haines Mountains. \nMapped by the United States Antarctic Service (USAS) (1939–41) and by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy air photos (1959-65). \nNamed by US-ACAN for Lawrence A. Buennagel, geomagnetist/seismologist at Byrd Station, 1968.[4]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°31′S 146°30′W / 77.517°S 146.500°W / -77.517; -146.500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haines_Mountains&params=77_31_S_146_30_W_"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995635-5"}],"sub_title":"Rucker Spur","text":"77°31′S 146°30′W / 77.517°S 146.500°W / -77.517; -146.500. \nA rock spur between Alexander Peak and Mount Ronne, on the east side of the Haines Mountains. \nMapped by the USAS (1939-41). \nNamed by US-ACAN for Joseph T. Rucker, photographer with the ByrdAE (1928-30).[5]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°34′S 146°10′W / 77.567°S 146.167°W / -77.567; -146.167","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haines_Mountains&params=77_34_S_146_10_W_"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995628-6"}],"sub_title":"Mount Ronne","text":"77°34′S 146°10′W / 77.567°S 146.167°W / -77.567; -146.167. \nA prominent, flattish mountain which projects from the middle of the east side of the Haines Mountains. \nThe mountain was probably first observed on aerial flights by the ByrdAE (1928-30). Named by US-ACAN for\nMartin Ronne who was sailmaker, ski instructor, dog-driver and ice pilot with the ByrdAE (1928-30), and who had been a shipboard member of the From on Amundsen's expedition (1910-12).[6]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°36′S 146°25′W / 77.600°S 146.417°W / -77.600; -146.417","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haines_Mountains&params=77_36_S_146_25_W_"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995424-7"}],"sub_title":"Leach Nunatak","text":"77°36′S 146°25′W / 77.600°S 146.417°W / -77.600; -146.417. \nA nunatak 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) west-southwest of Mount Ronne. \nMapped by USAS (1939-41) and by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos (1959-65).\nNamed by US-ACAN for Edwin B. Leach, aviation electronics technician, United States Navy, Williams Field Division Chief responsible for maintenance of electronic equipment on all aircraft during Operation Deep Freeze 1967.[7]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°36′S 145°55′W / 77.600°S 145.917°W / -77.600; -145.917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haines_Mountains&params=77_36_S_145_55_W_"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995390-8"}],"sub_title":"Keyser Nunatak","text":"77°36′S 145°55′W / 77.600°S 145.917°W / -77.600; -145.917. \nA large nunatak 605 metres (1,985 ft) high at the north side of the terminus of Reynolds Glacier. \nMapped by USAS (1939–41) and by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos (1959-65). \nNamed by US-ACAN for Lieutenant (j-g.) Teddy H. Keyser, United States Navy, navigator in LC-130F Hercules aircraft during Operation Deep Freeze 1968.[8]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°41′S 145°54′W / 77.683°S 145.900°W / -77.683; -145.900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haines_Mountains&params=77_41_S_145_54_W_"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995775-9"}],"sub_title":"Mount Van der Veer","text":"77°41′S 145°54′W / 77.683°S 145.900°W / -77.683; -145.900.[a]\nA mountain about 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) southeast of Mount Ronne. \nMapped by the USAS (1939-41).\nNamed by US-ACAN for Willard Van der Veer, photographer with the ByrdAE (1928-30).[9]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°46′S 145°36′W / 77.767°S 145.600°W / -77.767; -145.600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haines_Mountains&params=77_46_S_145_36_W_"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995381-11"}],"sub_title":"Kalafut Nunatak","text":"77°46′S 145°36′W / 77.767°S 145.600°W / -77.767; -145.600. \nA nunatak which marks the southeast end of the Haines Mountains. \nMapped by USAS (1939–41) and by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos (1959-65).\nNamed by US-ACAN for John Kalafut, USARP glaciologist at Byrd Station in the 1966-67 and 1968-69 seasons.[10]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Nearby features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°20′S 146°52′W / 77.333°S 146.867°W / -77.333; -146.867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haines_Mountains&params=77_20_S_146_52_W_"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995157-12"}],"sub_title":"Court Ridge","text":"77°20′S 146°52′W / 77.333°S 146.867°W / -77.333; -146.867. \nLow, ice-drowned ridge extending to Sulzberger Ice Shelf from the northwest extremity of the Haines Mountains. \nDiscovered by members of the ByrdAE on the Northeast Flight of December 15-16, 1934. \nNamed for Arnold Court, meteorologist at the West Base of the USAS (1939-41).[11]","title":"Nearby features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°25′S 145°30′W / 77.417°S 145.500°W / -77.417; -145.500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haines_Mountains&params=77_25_S_145_30_W_"},{"link_name":"Swope Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swope_Glacier"},{"link_name":"James E. West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._West_(Scouting)"},{"link_name":"Boy Scouts of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995804-13"}],"sub_title":"Mount West","text":"77°25′S 145°30′W / 77.417°S 145.500°W / -77.417; -145.500. \nA somewhat isolated mountain 9 nautical miles (17 km; 10 mi) southeast of Mount Woodward, surmounting the ice-covered ridge between Hammond Glacier and Swope Glacier.\nMapped by the USAS, 1939–41. \nThe name was applied by Paul Siple, commander of the West Base of the USAS, for James E. West, the first Chief Scout Executive of the Boy Scouts of America. \nSiple's first visit to Antarctica was as a member of the ByrdAE (1928-30), having been selected as an Eagle Scout for that venture.[12]","title":"Nearby features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°28′S 145°06′W / 77.467°S 145.100°W / -77.467; -145.100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haines_Mountains&params=77_28_S_145_06_W_"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995489-14"}],"sub_title":"Midkiff Rock","text":"77°28′S 145°06′W / 77.467°S 145.100°W / -77.467; -145.100. \nA rock outcrop on the broad ice-covered ridge between Hammond and Swope Glaciers, 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) east-southeast of Mount West. \nMapped by USAS (1939-41) and by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos (1959-65). \nNamed by US-ACAN for Frank T. Midkiff, Jr., aviation machinist's mate, United States Navy, helicopter flight crewman during Operation Deep Freeze 1968.[13]","title":"Nearby features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°35′S 144°55′W / 77.583°S 144.917°W / -77.583; -144.917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haines_Mountains&params=77_35_S_144_55_W_"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995512%E2%80%93513-15"}],"sub_title":"Murphy Rocks","text":"77°35′S 144°55′W / 77.583°S 144.917°W / -77.583; -144.917. \nRock outcrops 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) southeast of Mount West on the broad ice-covered ridge between the Hammond and Boyd Glaciers. \nMapped by USAS (1939-41) and by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos (1959-65). \nNamed by US-ACAN for Dion M. Murphy, aviation machinist's mate, United States Navy, a helicopter flight crewman during Operation Deep Freeze 1968.[14]","title":"Nearby features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995775-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd_Glacier_USGS-2"}],"text":"^ Alberts 1995 gives the coordinates of Mount Van der Veer as 76°41'S,145°54'W. Based on the map and the description, this appears to be a typo that places the mountain a full degree north, and the correct coordinates are 77°41'S,145°54'W.[9][2]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geographic Names of the Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubs.usgs.gov/fedgov/70039167/report.pdf"},{"link_name":"public domain material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Board on Geographic Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names"},{"link_name":"Boyd Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C77141s1_Ant.Map_Boyd_Glacier.jpg"},{"link_name":"public domain material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"}],"text":"Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995), Geographic Names of the Antarctic (PDF) (2 ed.), United States Board on Geographic Names, retrieved 3 December 2023  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Board on Geographic Names.\nBoyd Glacier, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 25 March 2024This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.","title":"Sources"}]

[{"image_text":"Haines Mountains east of center of the map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/C77141s1_Ant.Map_Boyd_Glacier.jpg/220px-C77141s1_Ant.Map_Boyd_Glacier.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995), Geographic Names of the Antarctic (PDF) (2 ed.), United States Board on Geographic Names, retrieved 3 December 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fedgov/70039167/report.pdf","url_text":"Geographic Names of the Antarctic"}]},{"reference":"Boyd Glacier, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 25 March 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C77141s1_Ant.Map_Boyd_Glacier.jpg","url_text":"Boyd Glacier"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_of_Chester_Hospital

Countess of Chester Hospital

["1 History","1.1 Lucy Letby case","2 Services","3 Performance","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 53°12′31″N 2°53′55″W / 53.20861°N 2.89861°W / 53.20861; -2.89861 Hospital in EnglandCountess of Chester HospitalCountess of Chester Hospital NHS Foundation TrustPedestrian entrance to Countess of Chester Hospital, Liverpool Road, ChesterLocation in CheshireGeographyLocationChester, Cheshire, England, United KingdomCoordinates53°12′31″N 2°53′55″W / 53.20861°N 2.89861°W / 53.20861; -2.89861OrganisationCare systemPublic NHSTypeDistrict GeneralAffiliated universityUniversity of Liverpool School of MedicineUniversity of ChesterSwansea University School of MedicineServicesEmergency departmentYes Accident & EmergencyBeds625HistoryOpened1829 Cheshire Lunatic Asylum1968 West Cheshire Hospital1984 Countess of Chester HospitalLinksWebsitewww.coch.nhs.ukListsHospitals in England The Countess of Chester Hospital is the main NHS hospital for the English city of Chester and the surrounding area. It currently has 625 beds, general medical departments and a 24-hour accident and emergency unit. It is managed by the Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, one of the first Foundation Trusts in the UK, formed in 2004. Cardiac rehabilitation services at the hospital are provided by Cheshire and Wirral Partnership NHS Foundation Trust. History Cheshire Lunatic Asylum, engraving by Dean after Musgrove The hospital has its origins in the "Cheshire Lunatic Asylum" which opened on part of the site in 1829. The name of the facility changed to "County Mental Hospital" in 1921, to the "Upton Mental Hospital" on joining the National Health Service in 1948, and then to the "Deva Hospital" in 1950. By 1948, Chester Royal Infirmary specialized in surgery and out-patients and the City Hospital, Hoole, in chronic illnesses, chest, maternity, paediatric, and general medical cases. Pre-war plans for the expansion of the Infirmary were eventually revived. In 1963 a large out-patient and casualty department was opened at the infirmary; this was accompanied with the completion of the Chester inner ring road in 1967. However, after the creation of the West Cheshire HMC (hospital management committee), a fresh decision was taken to focus all the hospital services for the district at a purpose-built site on Liverpool Road, adjacent to the county mental hospital facilities. In 1968, the new site was renamed the "West Cheshire Hospital". The maternity unit at the City Hospital was transferred to a new building at the south end of the site in 1971. With the opening of a new general wing and A&E department in 1983, several surgical departments from the Royal Infirmary were relocated to the new buildings. On 30 May 1984, West Cheshire Hospital was officially renamed the Countess of Chester Hospital by Charles and Diana, then the Prince and Princess of Wales and also Earl and Countess of Chester. In 1993, the Royal Infirmary site was closed after its remaining departments were transferred to the Countess. The City Hospital, which had become a 120-bed geriatric unit, was closed in 1994 after its services were taken over by the Countess in 1991. In January 2006, the CARE building, sometimes known as Outpatients Four, opened and started providing new facilities the Cardiac Catheter Laboratory, Department of Clinical Audiology, Renal & Urology Department and ENT Department. In 2007, the Countess of Chester became the first hospital in the UK to completely ban smoking for both workers and patients. In April 2014 a new two-storey wing was opened containing a state of the art 21 bed Intensive Care Unit on the first floor, replacing the old HDU and ITU wards. On the ground floor is an expanded endoscopy unit and the bariatric outpatients department. Lucy Letby case Main article: Lucy Letby In August 2023, Lucy Letby, a neonatal nurse who had worked at the hospital several years earlier, was found guilty on seven charges of murder and seven charges of attempted murder following a lengthy trial over the collapses and deaths of babies who were being cared for on the hospital’s neonatal ward during 2015 and 2016. The jury concluded that Letby carried out the attacks by injecting babies with air or insulin, overfeeding them and physically assaulting them with medical equipment. The trust came under scrutiny following Letby's conviction as it was revealed management had protected Letby when consultants at the neonatal unit expressed their suspicions asked them to remove her from frontline duties. She was not removed from frontline duties until the summer of 2016, and remained on clerical duties until her initial arrest in July 2018. Hospital management did not report their suspicions to the police until May 2017, despite claiming that they were already having their suspicions about her conduct some 18 months earlier. Supporters of Letby’s alleged innocence have also criticised hospital management online for “scapegoating” Letby. The ward was downgraded following the final suspicious collapses and deaths over the summer of 2016, resulting in the highest dependency babies no longer being treated there. Services Part of the old mental health hospital building, now called the 1829 Building, serves as headquarters for West Cheshire Clinical Commissioning Group, Cheshire and Wirral Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, and various other NHS support organisations. The Bowmere mental health hospital is on the same site, as is Ancora House, a purpose-built Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services unit. In April 2019, it announced that it would no longer provide elective treatment for Welsh patients because the Welsh government were not prepared to pay the full costs. The Welsh government have not increased the tariff for NHS procedures in line with NHS England, so the trust is paid about 8% less for patients from Wales. Rising waiting lists mean the trust can increase the work it does for English patients, which is more remunerative. Performance Four-hour target in the emergency department quarterly figures from NHS England Data Before becoming a foundation trust in 2004, the trust received top 3-star rating in the former national performance charts. In 2016, the CQC rated the hospital as requiring improvement. The Trust lost the contract for sexual health services when Cheshire West and Chester Council awarded it to East Cheshire NHS Trust in December 2014. From 2015 to 2016 the trust cancelled urgent operations 37 times – the highest number of any NHS trust in England. See also Cheshire portal List of hospitals in England List of NHS trusts Listed buildings in Upton-by-Chester Chapel at the Countess of Chester Hospital References ^ "First foundation trusts announced". BBC News. 31 March 2004. ^ "Services – Countess Of Chester Hospital - NHS". nhs.uk. NHS. 28 September 2009. Retrieved 1 November 2022. ^ a b c d "A History of the County of Chester: Volume 5 part 2: The City of Chester: Culture, Buildings, Institutions". Victoria County History. Retrieved 30 July 2018. ^ "Help hospital recreate historic day". Chester Chronicle. 19 June 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2018. ^ "Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Foundation Trust". Renal Association. Retrieved 30 July 2018. ^ "Hospital "stubs out" bad example". BBC News. 24 January 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2018. ^ "Hospital wing will create terrific critical care unit in Chester". 1 October 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2018. ^ Moritz, Judith; O'Donoghue, Daniel; Hirst, Lauren; Monica Rimmer, Monica (21 August 2023). "Serial killer nurse Lucy Letby given whole-life sentence". BBC News. ^ Dunhill, Lawrence (18 August 2023). "Revealed: How trust execs resisted concerns over Letby". Health Service Journal. Archived from the original on 19 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023. ^ "Bowmere Hospital". CWP NHS Foundation Trust. Retrieved 3 October 2017. ^ "Ancora House". CWP NHS Foundation Trust. Retrieved 3 October 2017. ^ "Countess of Chester Hospital says no to Wales' patients". BBC. 4 April 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2019. ^ "Hospitals could ban Welsh patients over funding row". The Times. 14 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019. ^ "Statistics » A&E Attendances and Emergency Admissions". www.england.nhs.uk. Retrieved 27 October 2022. ^ "Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Trust NHS performance ratings (2003/2004): Trust detail report". Healthcare Commission. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. ^ "The Countess of Chester Hospital". Care Quality Commission. Retrieved 20 February 2018. ^ "Chester doctors go to war with council over sexual health". Chester Chronicle. 3 December 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2015. ^ "Rise in urgent operations being cancelled". Health Service Journal. 11 May 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Countess of Chester Hospital. Exploring Deva Asylum, Aka Countess Of Chester Hospital Authority control databases ISNI

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service"},{"link_name":"Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester"},{"link_name":"accident and emergency unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_department"},{"link_name":"Foundation Trusts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_Trust"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cardiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart"},{"link_name":"Cheshire and Wirral Partnership NHS Foundation Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_and_Wirral_Partnership_NHS_Foundation_Trust"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Hospital in EnglandThe Countess of Chester Hospital is the main NHS hospital for the English city of Chester and the surrounding area. It currently has 625 beds, general medical departments and a 24-hour accident and emergency unit. It is managed by the Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, one of the first Foundation Trusts in the UK, formed in 2004.[1] Cardiac rehabilitation services at the hospital are provided by Cheshire and Wirral Partnership NHS Foundation Trust.[2]","title":"Countess of Chester Hospital"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheshire_Lunatic_Asylum,_Cheshire._Line_engraving_by_Dean_af_Wellcome_L0011786.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hos-3"},{"link_name":"National Health Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hos-3"},{"link_name":"Chester Royal Infirmary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Royal_Infirmary"},{"link_name":"ring road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_road"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hos-3"},{"link_name":"A&E department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_department"},{"link_name":"Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III"},{"link_name":"Diana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Princess of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Earl and Countess of Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Chester"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hos-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"smoking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Cheshire Lunatic Asylum, engraving by Dean after MusgroveThe hospital has its origins in the \"Cheshire Lunatic Asylum\" which opened on part of the site in 1829.[3] The name of the facility changed to \"County Mental Hospital\" in 1921, to the \"Upton Mental Hospital\" on joining the National Health Service in 1948, and then to the \"Deva Hospital\" in 1950.[3]By 1948, Chester Royal Infirmary specialized in surgery and out-patients and the City Hospital, Hoole, in chronic illnesses, chest, maternity, paediatric, and general medical cases. Pre-war plans for the expansion of the Infirmary were eventually revived. In 1963 a large out-patient and casualty department was opened at the infirmary; this was accompanied with the completion of the Chester inner ring road in 1967. However, after the creation of the West Cheshire HMC (hospital management committee), a fresh decision was taken to focus all the hospital services for the district at a purpose-built site on Liverpool Road, adjacent to the county mental hospital facilities.[3]In 1968, the new site was renamed the \"West Cheshire Hospital\". The maternity unit at the City Hospital was transferred to a new building at the south end of the site in 1971. With the opening of a new general wing and A&E department in 1983, several surgical departments from the Royal Infirmary were relocated to the new buildings. On 30 May 1984, West Cheshire Hospital was officially renamed the Countess of Chester Hospital by Charles and Diana, then the Prince and Princess of Wales and also Earl and Countess of Chester.[4] In 1993, the Royal Infirmary site was closed after its remaining departments were transferred to the Countess. The City Hospital, which had become a 120-bed geriatric unit, was closed in 1994 after its services were taken over by the Countess in 1991.[3]In January 2006, the CARE building, sometimes known as Outpatients Four, opened and started providing new facilities the Cardiac Catheter Laboratory, Department of Clinical Audiology, Renal & Urology Department and ENT Department.[5]In 2007, the Countess of Chester became the first hospital in the UK to completely ban smoking for both workers and patients.[6] In April 2014 a new two-storey wing was opened containing a state of the art 21 bed Intensive Care Unit on the first floor, replacing the old HDU and ITU wards. On the ground floor is an expanded endoscopy unit and the bariatric outpatients department.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neonatal nurse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_nursing"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"insulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_(medication)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HSJ2-9"}],"sub_title":"Lucy Letby case","text":"In August 2023, Lucy Letby, a neonatal nurse who had worked at the hospital several years earlier, was found guilty on seven charges of murder and seven charges of attempted murder following a lengthy trial over the collapses and deaths of babies who were being cared for on the hospital’s neonatal ward during 2015 and 2016.[8] The jury concluded that Letby carried out the attacks by injecting babies with air or insulin, overfeeding them and physically assaulting them with medical equipment.The trust came under scrutiny following Letby's conviction as it was revealed management had protected Letby when consultants at the neonatal unit expressed their suspicions asked them to remove her from frontline duties. She was not removed from frontline duties until the summer of 2016, and remained on clerical duties until her initial arrest in July 2018. Hospital management did not report their suspicions to the police until May 2017, despite claiming that they were already having their suspicions about her conduct some 18 months earlier.Supporters of Letby’s alleged innocence have also criticised hospital management online for “scapegoating” Letby.The ward was downgraded following the final suspicious collapses and deaths over the summer of 2016, resulting in the highest dependency babies no longer being treated there.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Cheshire Clinical Commissioning Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_commissioning_group"},{"link_name":"Cheshire and Wirral Partnership NHS Foundation Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_and_Wirral_Partnership_NHS_Foundation_Trust"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowmere-10"},{"link_name":"Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_and_Adolescent_Mental_Health_Services"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ancora-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"NHS England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_England"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Part of the old mental health hospital building, now called the 1829 Building, serves as headquarters for West Cheshire Clinical Commissioning Group, Cheshire and Wirral Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, and various other NHS support organisations. The Bowmere mental health hospital is on the same site,[10] as is Ancora House, a purpose-built Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services unit.[11]In April 2019, it announced that it would no longer provide elective treatment for Welsh patients because the Welsh government were not prepared to pay the full costs.[12] The Welsh government have not increased the tariff for NHS procedures in line with NHS England, so the trust is paid about 8% less for patients from Wales. Rising waiting lists mean the trust can increase the work it does for English patients, which is more remunerative.[13]","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Countess_Of_Chester_Hospital_NHS_Foundation_Trust_A%26E_performance_2005-18.png"},{"link_name":"NHS England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_England"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"CQC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Care_Quality_Commission"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Cheshire West and Chester Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester_Council"},{"link_name":"East Cheshire NHS Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Cheshire_NHS_Trust"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Four-hour target in the emergency department quarterly figures from NHS England Data[14]Before becoming a foundation trust in 2004, the trust received top 3-star rating in the former national performance charts.[15] In 2016, the CQC rated the hospital as requiring improvement.[16]The Trust lost the contract for sexual health services when Cheshire West and Chester Council awarded it to East Cheshire NHS Trust in December 2014.[17]From 2015 to 2016 the trust cancelled urgent operations 37 times – the highest number of any NHS trust in England.[18]","title":"Performance"}]

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Retrieved 19 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hsj.co.uk/countess-of-chester-hospital-nhs-foundation-trust/revealed-how-trust-execs-resisted-concerns-over-letby/7035170.article","url_text":"\"Revealed: How trust execs resisted concerns over Letby\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230819123650/https://www.hsj.co.uk/countess-of-chester-hospital-nhs-foundation-trust/revealed-how-trust-execs-resisted-concerns-over-letby/7035170.article","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bowmere Hospital\". CWP NHS Foundation Trust. Retrieved 3 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwp.nhs.uk/services-and-locations/locations/bowmere-hospital/","url_text":"\"Bowmere Hospital\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ancora House\". CWP NHS Foundation Trust. Retrieved 3 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwp.nhs.uk/ancorahouse/","url_text":"\"Ancora House\""}]},{"reference":"\"Countess of Chester Hospital says no to Wales' patients\". BBC. 4 April 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arachova

Battle of Arachova

["1 Background","2 Battle","3 Aftermath","4 Notes","5 References"]

Coordinates: 38°29′00″N 22°35′00″E / 38.4833°N 22.5833°E / 38.4833; 22.5833Battle in 1826 between Ottoman Empire and Greek rebels Battle of ArachovaPart of the Greek War of IndependenceThe Battle of Arachova by Peter von HessDate18–24 November 1826 (N.S.)LocationArachova, Sanjak of Eğriboz, Ottoman Empire (now Boeotia, Greece)Result Greek victoryBelligerents First Hellenic Republic Ottoman EmpireCommanders and leaders Georgios Karaiskakis Nikitas Stamatelopoulos Mustafa Bey † Kehaya † Abdullah AghaStrength 950 2,000Casualties and losses 4 killed 9 injured 1,700 killed 50 captured vteGreek War of IndependenceOutbreak (1821) Wallachian uprising Kalamata Navarino Patras Alamana 1st Acropolis Gravia Valtetsi Doliana Lalas Vasilika Drăgășani Sculeni Vasilika Trench Tripolitsa Samothrace 1822–1824 Acrocorinth Chios Naousa Chios (naval) Peta Expedition of Dramali Dervenakia Agionori Battle of Nauplia 1st Messolonghi Karpenisi 2nd Messolonghi Kasos Psara Samos Gerontas Greek civil wars of 1824–1825 Egyptian intervention (1825–1826) Kremmydi Andros Sphacteria Maniaki Mills of Lerna Alexandria 3rd Messolonghi Mani 2nd Acropolis Arachova Kamatero Phaleron Great powers intervention (1827–1829) Volos Itea Navarino Morea expedition Chios expedition Martino Koronisia Petra The Battle of Arachova (Greek: Μάχη της Αράχωβας), took place between 18 and 24 November 1826 (N.S.). It was fought between an Ottoman Empire force under the command of Mustafa Bey and Greek rebels under Georgios Karaiskakis. After receiving intelligence of the Ottoman army's maneuvers, Karaiskakis prepared a surprise attack in vicinity of the village of Arachova, in central Greece. On 18 November, Mustafa Bey's 2,000 Ottoman troops were blockaded in Arachova. An 800-man force that attempted to relieve the defenders three days later failed. On 22 November Mustafa Bey was mortally wounded and Ottoman morale plunged, as cold weather and heavy rainfall plagued the hunger-stricken defenders. At midday on 24 November the Ottomans made a disastrous attempt at breaking out. Most were killed in the fighting or perished from the cold. The Greek victory at Arachova gained the rebels valuable time before the Great Powers came to their assistance a year later. Background In February 1821, Filiki Eteria launched the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire. By 1826, the First Hellenic Republic had been severely weakened by infighting and Ibrahim's invasion of Mani. Ibrahim's well-trained Egyptian army pillaged much of Morea, turning the tide of the war in the favor of the Ottomans. Following the decisive Ottoman victory at the Third Siege of Missolonghi on 10 April 1826, fighting was restricted to the Siege of the Acropolis. The Ottomans seemed to have gained the upper hand in Central Greece, with many Greek rebels accepting Grand Vizier Mehmed Reshid Pasha's amnesty in order to take a break from the hardships of the war. Defeatism affected a number of Moreote Christian notables (kodjabashis) who began advocating for peace in return for a limited autonomy such as the one granted by the Ottomans to Wallachia after the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War of 1806. In October 1826, Greek general Georgios Karaiskakis took a number of fighters who managed to break out from Missolonghi, heading south-east towards Morea. On 27 October he arrived at Domvrena, besieging the 300-man Ottoman garrison who had taken refuge in tower houses. On 14 November, Karaiskakis broke off the siege after receiving news that Mustafa Bey's 2,000-man army (including 300 cavalrymen) had begun its descent from Livadeia towards Amfissa, in order to relieve the latter's garrison and protecting the Ottoman gunpowder dump at Atalanti; putting the Greek forces in the area in grave danger. On the early morning of 16 November, Karaiskakis reached the Hosios Loukas monastery, spending the rest of the day there. Shortly before the dawn of 17 November, Greek troops set camp at Distomo. On the same day Mustafa Bey dispersed Greek pickets at Atalanti, later camping at the Agia Ierousalim monastery outside Davleia. There he questioned the monastery's hegumenos about Karaiskakis' whereabouts and whether he knew of his intention to relieve Amfissa. The hegumenos lied, claiming that Karaiskakis had yet to leave Domvrena and that he was oblivious to the Ottoman maneuvers. Mustafa Bey believed him, nevertheless ordering his soldiers to keep an eye on the monks and promising to execute them should one of them try to betray his presence at the monastery. As Mustafa Bey and his lieutenant (kehaya) were discussing their future plans while dining, a monk who was fluent in Turkish overheard their conversation. The monks convened in secret, deciding to dispatch one of their number to Distomo and inform Karaiskakis of the route the Turks were to take. A young monk named Panfoutios Charitos managed to evade the Turkish sentries, inform Karaiskakis, and, again evading the Turkish guards, return to his bed before the Turks recounted the number of the monks present in the next morning. Karaiskakis immediately ordered his officers Georgios Hatzipetros, Alexios Grivas and Georgios Vagias to occupy the church of Agios Georgios in Arachova and the surrounding houses. They were to strike the Turks with a force of 500 men once their enemies emerged from the passes of Mount Parnassus. Small bands were stationed between Arachova and Distomo in order to signal the outbreak of hostilities, at which point the main force would come to their aid. Christodoulos Hatzipetros and his unit of 400 men covered a passage south of Arachova. Karaiskakis' secretary then sent messages to all known guerrilla bands in the surrounding areas, informing them of the impending battle. Battle A depiction of the Arachova battlefield. At 10:00 on 18 November, Greek lookouts signaled that the Turks were approaching Arachova from the north–east. An advanced column of Turks arrived at the village and was waiting for the rest of the army when Albanian soldiers in Ottoman service noticed that several houses had freshly carved loopholes. Taking cover behind huge rocks standing inside the village they initiated a firefight with the Greeks. This came as a surprise to the majority of the villagers who had remained oblivious of the situation until the last minute; they now fled in panic in fear of future reprisals. The Turks continued to funnel fresh troops into the village, steadily approaching the Greek positions which were the source of continuous volleys of shots. In the meantime Christodoulos Hatzipetros' troops redeployed to the Kumula hill overlooking the village from the south. Karaiskakis' troops appeared on the outskirts of Arachova around midday, and rebels from the surrounding areas gathered west of the village, thus completely encircling the Turks. Mustafa Bey reacted by sending a detachment of 500 infantrymen to hold Karaiskakis' advance. The rest of the Turkish army occupied a hill overlooking the village, while the detachment barricaded themselves inside the nearby houses. Upon descending the Mavra Litharia hillock the Greeks under Karaiskakis were engaged by the Turkish detachment that had stayed behind in the village. A quarter of an hour later the Turks had successfully repelled the attack from the hillock, moreover the Greek right flank broke ranks and fled. The situation was reversed when a unit of Souliotes under Georgios Tzavelas mounted a second offensive, killing a Turkish officer and rallying deserters to return to the battlefield. Morale in the Turkish right flank plunged, those who managed to escape were intercepted west of the village and annihilated. Yet the Ottoman center and left flank held fast and Karaiskakis sought other ways to break the stalemate. 300 Greeks under Giotis Danglis passed west of the Zervospilies hill, taking a hill which overlooked the one the main Turkish force had occupied. This came as a complete surprise to Mustafa Bey, who led a Turkish counter attack, sword in hand. Being favored by the terrain, the Greeks crushed three waves of attackers within half an hour. In the meantime Karaiskakis overcame the resistance that faced him, joining his comrades in arms at the Agios Georgios church. The Turkish camp was surrounded and besieged just as night fell and hostilities were suspended. On 19 November, the two sides exchanged fire, causing only minor damage to each other's barricades. The rest of the day was uneventful. In the early hours of 20 November, the Greeks received 450 men in reinforcements, most of them were sent on guard duty to the roads leading to Arachova. On 21 November, 800 soldiers under Abdullah Agha appeared outside Davleia where they broke into two forces. The smaller marched down to the Agia Ierousalim monastery while the larger headed towards Zemeno. Zemeno was to be the point where Abdullah Agha would strike the Greek rear, enabling Mustafa Bey to break out of the encirclement. The first formation was to act as a distraction. Mustafa Bey's troops hurriedly attacked Zemeno before Abdullah Agha's arrival and were pushed back. In the meantime, Abdullah Agha's vanguard was ambushed at a narrow passage leading to Zemeno. 30 Turks were killed and many were wounded before a disorganized retreat was conducted; the rebels captured 80 animals packed with supplies. The situation in the Turkish camp was desperate, as cold weather and heavy rainfall plagued the hunger-stricken defenders. His soldiers pressured Mustafa Bey into negotiations. Karaiskakis demanded that the Turks hand over all their weapons and money, give the kehaya's and Mustafa Bey's brother as hostages, and abandon Livadeia and Amfissa, promising safe passage in return. The terms were rejected, by a messenger who exclaimed "War!" three times. In the morning of 22 November, Karaiskakis ordered salvos to be fired on the Turkish camp from all sides. Mustafa Bey, who had emerged from his tent to encourage his troops, was mortally wounded in the forehead. On the following day the kehaya assumed command, as a snowstorm swept through the area. Once Mustafa Bey's condition became known to his officers, the Albanian officers threatened to lay down arms unless the terms of the Greeks were satisfied. On the midday of 24 November, 700 Ottomans charged at a small picket guarding the road towards the Agia Ierousalim monastery. At the same time, Abdullah Aga ordered the retreat of his forces. Although the initial breakout was successful, the Greeks regrouped, splitting the Turks in half. The 500 Turks who still held the camp were surrounded and slain, as were most of those who broke out. The soldiers who encountered the kehaya ignored his pleas for mercy as they did not speak Turkish, killing him. Aftermath Tower of severed heads erected by the Greeks following their victory. Out of the initial force of 2,000 only 300 Turks survived the onslaught, escaping with the help of a Greek turncoat named Zeligiannaios; most of them perished in the snowstorm. The Greeks took 50 prisoners, most of whom also died from the effects of hypothermia. Greek losses amounted to 12 killed and 20 injured. The Greeks also captured all the pack animals that were still alive, 23 flags and large amounts of weaponry and ammunition. Karaiskakis ordered the construction of a pyramid of 300 severed heads, in accordance with Ottoman tradition. A stone was placed in front of the pyramid bearing the inscription "Tropaion of Greek victory over the barbarians", while the heads of Mustafa Bey and the kehaya were placed on its sides. The severed ears of the slain Ottomans were cured and shipped to the Greek capital of Nafplio, mimicking another Ottoman practice of celebrating significant victories. The victory was widely celebrated in liberated areas of Greece and became the subject of a folk song that was recorded in Karaiskakis' journals. With this victory at Arachova Karaiskakis kept the revolution alive in eastern Greece. He then sought to disrupt Mehmed Reshid Pasha's supply lines between Thessaly and Attica. On 5 December 1826, his troops destroyed a large Turkish supply convoy at Tourkochori in the vicinity of Atalanti. In the meantime, the Ottomans continued to transfer troops towards south central Greece, aiming at breaking the Greek siege of Amfissa the reinforcing the Ottoman force blockading Acropolis. The victory at Arachova won Greece valuable time before the persistence of the Greek revolutionaries and the war crimes of their adversaries, led the Great Powers to sign the 1827 Treaty of London which resulted in their intervention into the war on Greek side; decisively turning the tide of the war against the Ottomans. Notes Citations ^ A. S. Agapitos (1877). "Οι Ένδοξοι Έλληνες του 1821, ή Οι Πρωταγωνισταί της Ελλάδος " (in Greek). Τυπογραφείον Α. Σ. Αγαπητού, Εν Πάτραις . pp. 208–216. ^ Chrysanthopoulos 2003, p. 336. ^ Rotzokos 2003, pp. 164–170. ^ a b Charitos 2001, pp. 17–18. ^ Kasomoulis 1941, pp. 316–317. ^ Fotiadis 1995, pp. 557–559. ^ Charitos 2001, pp. 19–20. ^ Fotiadis 1995, pp. 567–570. ^ Charitos 2001, pp. 20–24. ^ Fotiadis 1995, pp. 573–575. ^ Charitos 2001, pp. 26–28. ^ Charitos 2001, pp. 28–30. ^ Charitos 2001, pp. 31–33. ^ Charitos 2001, pp. 33–37. ^ Fotiadis 1995, pp. 582–584. ^ Charitos 2001, pp. 40–43. ^ Jaques 2007, p. 61. ^ Fotiadis 1995, pp. 588–589. ^ Kokkinos 1974a, pp. 542–543. ^ Fotiadis 1995, pp. 595–596, 588. ^ Fotiadis 1995, pp. 601–602. ^ Fotiadis 1995, pp. 606–608. ^ Fotiadis 1995, pp. 592–593. ^ Kokkinos 1974b, pp. 139–141. References Charitos, Georgios (2001) . Η Μάχη της Αράχωβας υπό τον Στρατάρχη Γ.Καραϊσκάκη και οι συντελεσταί της (in Greek). Athens: Municipality of Arachova. Retrieved 18 March 2020. Chrysanthopoulos, Fotakos (2003). Βίοι Πελοποννήσιων Ανδρών (in Greek). Athens: Eleutheri Skepsis. ISBN 9789608352018. Fotiadis, Dimitrios (1995) . Καραϊσκάκης (in Greek). Athens: S. I. Zacharopoulos. ISBN 960208197X. Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century. Vol. I. Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313335372. Retrieved 18 March 2020. Kasomoulis, Nikolaos (1941). Ενθυμήματα Στρατιωτικά Της Επαναστάσεως Των Ελλήνων 1821-1833 (in Greek). Vol. II. Athens: Chorigia Pagkeiou Epitropis. Kokkinos, Dionysios (1974a). Η Ελληνική Επανάστασις (in Greek). Vol. V. Athens: Melissa. Kokkinos, Dionysios (1974b). Η Ελληνική Επανάστασις (in Greek). Vol. VI. Athens: Melissa. Rotzokos, Nikolaos (2003). "Οι Εμφύλιοι Πόλεμοι (The Civil Wars)". In Panagiotopoulos, Vassilis (ed.). Ιστορία του Νέου Ελληνισμού (in Greek). Vol. III. Athens: Ellinika Grammata. ISBN 9604065408. vteGreek War of Independence (1821–1829)BackgroundOttoman GreecePeople Armatoles Proestoi Klephts Dionysius the Philosopher Daskalogiannis Panagiotis Benakis Nikolaos Galatis Konstantinos Kolokotronis Lambros Katsonis Cosmas of Aetolia Ali Pasha Maniots Phanariots Rum Millet Souliotes Gregory V of Constantinople Events Orlov Revolt Souliote War (1789–1793) Souliote War (1803) Greek EnlightenmentPeople John Caradja Athanasios Christopoulos Theoklitos Farmakidis Rigas Feraios Anthimos Gazis Theophilos Kairis Adamantios Korais Eugenios Voulgaris Organizations Ellinoglosso Xenodocheio Filiki Eteria Nikolaos Skoufas Athanasios Tsakalov Emmanuil Xanthos Panagiotis Anagnostopoulos Philomuse Society Society of the Phoenix Publications Adelphiki Didaskalia Asma Polemistirion Hellenic Nomarchy Pamphlet of Rigas Feraios Salpisma Polemistirion Thourios or Patriotic hymn European intervention andGreek involvement inthe Napoleonic Wars Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca Greek Plan of Catherine the Great Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars Fall of the Republic of Venice Republican French rule in the Ionian Islands Septinsular Republic Greek Legion Imperial French rule in the Ionian Islands Albanian Regiment Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814 1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry United States of the Ionian Islands Ideas Greek nationalism Eastern Orthodox Christianity Liberalism Constitutionalism Monarchism EventsSieges Patras Salona Navarino Livadeia 1st Acropolis Tripolitsa Arta Acrocorinth Nauplia 1st Messolonghi 2nd Messolonghi 3rd Messolonghi 2nd Acropolis Battles Kalamata Wallachian uprising Alamana Gravia Valtetsi Doliana Lalas Vasilika Drăgășani Sculeni Vasilika Trench Peta Dervenakia Karpenisi Greek civil wars Sphacteria Maniaki Morea Lerna Mills Mani Distomo Arachova Kamatero Phaleron Chios expedition Martino Koronisia Petra Massacres Constantinople Thessaloniki Navarino Tripolitsa Naousa Samothrace Chios Psara Kasos Cyprus Naval conflicts Eresos Chios Nauplia Samos Andros Sphacteria Gerontas Souda Alexandria Volos Itea Navarino Ships Agamemnon Aris Hellas Karteria Greek regional councils and statutes Messenian Senate Directorate of Achaea Peloponnesian Senate Senate of Western Continental Greece Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece Provisional Regime of Crete Military-Political System of Samos Greek national assemblies First (Epidaurus) (Executive of 1822) Second (Astros) Third (Troezen) Fourth (Argos) Fifth (Nafplion) International Conferences,treaties and protocols Congress of Laibach Congress of Verona Protocol of St. Petersburg (1826) Treaty of London Conference of Poros London Protocol of 1828 London Protocol of 1829 Treaty of Adrianople London Protocol of 1830 London Conference Treaty of Constantinople Related Greek expedition to Syria (1825) Russo-Turkish War (1828–29) PersonalitiesGreece Chian Committee Odysseas Androutsos Fotos Bomporis Kostas Botsaris Markos Botsaris Notis Botsaris Tousias Botsaris Laskarina Bouboulina Constantin Denis Bourbaki Stefanos Chalis Sotiris Charalampis Giannis Chondrogiannis Dimitrios Christidis Panagiotis Danglis Hatzimichalis Dalianis Dimitrios Deligeorgis Dimitrakis Deligiannis Kanellos Deligiannis Athanasios Diakos Dionysis Diakos Konstantinos Dimidis Ioannis Dimoulitsas Adam Doukas Georgios Drakos Yiannis Dyovouniotis Georgios Filippopoulos Asimakis Fotilas Panagiotakis Fotilas Angelis Gatsos Antonios Georgantas Germanos III of Old Patras Georgios Gevidis Konstantinos Gofas Vasileios Goudas Ioannis Gouras Dimitrios Gouvelis Konstantinos Gouvelis Angelis Govios Dimitrios Indares Isaiah of Salona Antonios Kalamogdartis George Kalaras Dimitrios Kallergis Athanasios Kampetis Athanasios Kanakaris Konstantinos Kanaris Stefanos Kanellos Ioannis Kapodistrias Viaros Kapodistrias Stamatios Kapsas Georgakis Kapsokalyvas Anastasios Karatasos Panagiotis Karatzas Georgios Karaiskakis Aristeidis Karnalis Nikolaos Kasomoulis Ioannis Kolettis Apostolis Kolokotronis Ioannis Kolokotronis Panos Kolokotronis Theodoros Kolokotronis Michail Komninos Afentoulief Alexandros Kontostavlos Panos Koronaios Georgios Kountouriotis Lazaros Kountouriotis Michalis Kourmoulis Ioannis Krestenitis Lykourgos Krestenitis Stamatis Krestenitis Antonios Kriezis Nikolaos Kriezotis Kyprianos of Cyprus Konstantinos Lagoumitzis Georgios Lassanis Georgios Lechouritis Leonardos Leonardopoulos Georgios Liologlou Lykourgos Logothetis Andreas Londos Yiannis Makriyiannis Ioannis Mamouris Anastasios Manakis Manto Mavrogenous Alexandros Mavrokordatos Antonios Mavromichalis Demetrios Mavromichalis Georgios Mavromichalis Konstantinos Mavromichalis Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis Petrobey Mavromichalis Dimitrios Meletopoulos Andreas Metaxas Konstantinos Metaxas Hatzigiannis Mexis Andreas Miaoulis Antonios Miaoulis Panagiotis Michanidis Spyros Milios Nikolaos Mykonios Zachos Milios Alexander Negris Konstantinos Negris Theodoros Negris Diamantis Nikolaou Konstantinos Nikolopoulos Ioannis Notaras Antonis Oikonomou Ioannis Orlandos Andronikos Paikos Georgios Panou Dimitrios Panourgias Nakos Panourgias Grigorios Papaflessas Anagnostis Papageorgiou Dimitrios Papanikolis Emmanouel Pappas Christoforos Perraivos Nikolaos Petimezas Vasileios Petimezas Dionysios Petrakis Andreas Pipinos Kyriakos Pittakis Anastasios Polyzoidis Konstantinos Rados Ioannis Rangos Panagiotis Rodios Dionysios Romas Georgios Sachtouris Georgios Sekeris Theofanis Siatisteus Georgios Sisinis Ioannis Skandalidis Zisis Sotiriou Nikitas Stamatelopoulos Georgios Stavros Joseph Stephanini Ioannis Stratos Sotirios Theocharopoulos Zafeirakis Theodosiou Emmanouil Tombazis Iakovos Tombazis Ioannis Trikoupis Anastasios Tsamados Melchisedek Tsouderos Kitsos Tzavellas Theodoros Tzinis Loukas Vagias Thanasoulas Valtinos Dimitrios Varis Meletis Vasileiou Domna Visvizi Alexakis Vlachopoulos Konstantinos Vlachopoulos Pieros Voidis Liolios Xirolivaditis Demetrios Ypsilantis Christoforos Zachariadis Andreas Zaimis Germanos Zapheiropoulos Evangelos Zappas Marigo Zarafopoula Nikolaos Zervas Philhellenes António Figueira d'Almeida Joseph Balestra Samuel Barff Paul Marie Bonaparte Karl Rudolf Brommy Lord Byron François-René de Chateaubriand Richard Church Giuseppe Chiappe Lord Cochrane Giacinto Collegno Charles Fabvier Adam Friedel Vincenzo Gallina Thomas Gordon Constantin Guys Emmanuel Han Frank Abney Hastings Carl von Heideck Samuel Gridley Howe George Jarvis Karl Krazeisen Henrik Nikolai Krøyer Ludwig I of Bavaria Ernst Michael Mangel Sophie de Marbois-Lebrun, Duchess of Plaisance Vasos Mavrovouniotis Johann Jakob Meyer Ellinika Chronika Jonathan Miller Julius Michael Millingen August Myhrberg Karl von Normann-Ehrenfels Hadži-Prodan Maurice Persat Theobald Piscatory Maxime Raybaud Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély Giuseppe Rosaroll Annibale Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo, Count of Santarosa Friedrich Thiersch Auguste Hilarion Touret Edward John Trelawny German Legion  Serbs David Urquhart Olivier Voutier James Jakob Williams Moldavia and Wallachia(Danubian Principalities)Sacred Band Athanasios Agrafiotis Anastasios Christopoulos Diamandi Djuvara Stefanos Kanellos Alexandros Kantakouzinos Georgios Kantakouzinos Rallou Karatza Stamatios Kleanthis Georgios Lassanis Constantine Levidis Dimitrie Macedonski Anastasios Manakis Giorgakis Olympios Yiannis Pharmakis Michael Soutzos Roxani Soutzos Athanasios Tsakalov Tudor Vladimirescu Konstantinos Xenokratis Alexander Ypsilantis Demetrios Ypsilantis Nikolaos Ypsilantis Christoforos Zachariadis Ottoman Empire, Algeria, and Egypt Sultan Mahmud II Hurshid Pasha Nasuhzade Ali Pasha Ismael Gibraltar Omer Vrioni Kara Mehmet Mahmud Dramali Pasha Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha Reşid Mehmed Pasha Yussuf Pasha Ibrahim Pasha Soliman Pasha al-Faransawi Britain, France and Russia George Canning Stratford Canning Edward Codrington Henri de Rigny Lodewijk van Heiden Alexander I of Russia Nicholas I of Russia Financial aid London Philhellenic Committee Ludwig I of Bavaria Jean-Gabriel Eynard Lazaros Kountouriotis Ioannis Papafis Georgios Stavros Ioannis Varvakis Rothschild & Co Morea expeditionMilitary Nicolas Joseph Maison Antoine Simon Durrieu Antoine Virgile Schneider Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély Camille Alphonse Trézel Scientific Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent Léon-Jean-Joseph Dubois Pierre Peytier Stamatis Voulgaris Guillaume-Abel Blouet Gabriel Bibron Prosper Baccuet Eugène Emmanuel Amaury Duval Pierre-Narcisse Guérin Charles Lenormant Edgar Quinet Historians/Memoirists Dimitrios Ainian Fotis Chrysanthopoulos Ioannis Filimon George Finlay Ambrosios Frantzis Lambros Koutsonikas Konstantinos Metaxas Panoutsos Notaras Panagiotis Papatsonis Anastasios Polyzoidis Georgios Tertsetis Spyridon Trikoupis Art Eugène Delacroix Louis Dupré Peter von Hess Victor Hugo François Pouqueville Alexander Pushkin Karl Krazeisen Andreas Kalvos Dionysios Solomos Theodoros Vryzakis Hellas The Reception of Lord Byron at Missolonghi Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi Le siège de Corinthe The Massacre at Chios The Free Besieged Hymn to Liberty The Archipelago on Fire Loukis Laras The Apotheosis of Athanasios Diakos Remembrance 25 March (Independence Day) Hymn to Liberty Eleftheria i thanatos Pedion tou Areos Propylaea (Munich) Garden of Heroes (Missolonghi) Royal Phalanx Evzones (Presidential Guard) vteBattles involving the Ottoman Empire by eraRise(1299–1453)Land battles Kulaca Hisar Bapheus Dimbos Nicaea Pelekanon Demotika Gallipoli Ihtiman Adrianople Sırp Sındığı Samokov Maritsa Philadelphia Dubravnica Savra Pločnik Bileća Kosovo Kırkdilim Karanovasa Rovine Ohrid Nicopolis Ankara Çamurlu Thessalonica Golubac Novo Brdo Hermannstadt 1st Niš Zlatitsa Kunovica Torvioll Varna 1st Mokra Otonetë 1st Oranik 2nd Kosovo Polog Constantinople Naval battles Gallipoli Classical Age(1453–1550)Land battles Leskovac Krusevac 2nd Oranik 1st Belgrade Albulena Târgoviște 2nd Mokra Ohrid Vaikal Meçad Otlukbeli Vaslui Valea Albă Shkodra Breadfield Una Adana Cătlăbuga Vrpile Krbava Dubica Çaldıran Turnadag Algiers Koçhisar Mercidabık Han Yunus Ridanieh Jajce Tlemcen 1st Mohács Peñón of Algiers Leobersdorf Gorjani Baghdad Algiers Pest Esztergom Karagak Sokhoista Naval battles Zonchio Modon Balearic Diu 1st Jeddah Formentera Tunis Preveza Girolata Alborán Ponza Strait of Hormuz Gulf of Oman Djerba Transformation(1550–1700)Land battles Tlemcen Temesvár Palast Fez Tadla Tlemcen Mostaganem Krupa Szigeth Fez Gvozdansko Çıldır Torches Alcácer Quibir 1st Brest Bihać Sisak Banat Călugăreni Giurgiu 2nd Brest Keresztes Nagykanizsa Sufiyan Tashiskari Cecora 1st Khotyn Candia Köbölkút Jurjeve Stijene 1st Zrínyiújvár 2nd Zrínyiújvár Novi Zrin Jijel Saint Gotthard Ładyżyn Krasnobród Niemirów Komarno 2nd Khotyn Lwów Trembowla 2nd Vienna Párkány Buda Vác Eperjes Kassa Vrtijeljka 2nd Mohács Crimea Negroponte Batočina 2nd Niš Zernest Egri Palanka Slankamen Hodów Ustechko Moulouya Lugos Ulaş Azov Zenta Naval battles Cyprus Lepanto Tunis Cape Corvo Cape Celidonia Focchies 1st Dardanelles 2nd Dardanelles 3rd Dardanelles 4th Dardanelles Algiers Algiers Algiers Mytilene Oinousses Andros Samothrace Old Regime(1700–1789)Land battles Chelif Oran Pruth Petrovaradin 2nd Belgrade Kurijan Samarra Kirkuk Yeghevārd Ganja Banja Luka Grocka Perekop 1st Ochakov Stavunchany 1st Kars Khresili Aspindza Larga Kagul Kozludzha Kinburn 2nd Ochakov Mehadia Karánsebes Naval battles Imbros Matapan Çeşme Patras 1st Kerch Strait 2nd Ochakov Fidonisi Modernization(1789–1908)Land battles Focșani Rymnik Giurgiu Izmail Măcin Shubra Khit Pyramids 1st Acre Mount Tabor Abukir Heliopolis Derna Arpachai Batin Slobozia Al-Safra Jeddah Čegar Alamana Gravia Erzurum Valtetsi Doliana Lalas Drăgășani Sculeni Vasilika Peta Dervenakia Karpenisi Arachova Kamatero Phaleron Petra 2nd Kars Varna Akhaltsikhe Kulevicha Algiers 2nd Acre Hims Konya Nezib Akhaltsikhe Başgedikler Kurekdere Oltenița Eupatoria Chernaya 3rd Kars Al-Hasa Kızıl Tepe Shipka Pass Plevna Aladzha 4th Kars Philippopolis Taşkesen Novšiće Ulcinj Mouzaki Al Wajbah Velestino Domokos Naval battles Andros 2nd Kerch Strait Tendra Kaliakra 5th Dardanelles 6th Dardanelles Athos Algiers Nauplia Samos Gerontas Navarino Sinop For 20th-century battles before 1914 see List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century For the battles during World War I see List of Ottoman battles in World War I Ottoman victories are in italics. 38°29′00″N 22°35′00″E / 38.4833°N 22.5833°E / 38.4833; 22.5833

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(naval)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_the_Ottoman_flagship_off_Chios"},{"link_name":"Peta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Peta"},{"link_name":"Expedition of Dramali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_of_Dramali"},{"link_name":"Dervenakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dervenakia"},{"link_name":"Agionori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Agionori&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nauplia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nauplia_(1822)"},{"link_name":"1st Messolonghi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_siege_of_Missolonghi"},{"link_name":"Karpenisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Karpenisi"},{"link_name":"2nd Messolonghi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_siege_of_Missolonghi"},{"link_name":"Kasos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasos_Massacre"},{"link_name":"Psara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_Psara"},{"link_name":"Samos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Samos_(1824)"},{"link_name":"Gerontas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gerontas"},{"link_name":"Greek civil wars of 1824–1825","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_civil_wars_of_1824%E2%80%931825"},{"link_name":"Kremmydi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kremmydi"},{"link_name":"Andros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Andros_(1825)"},{"link_name":"Sphacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sphacteria_(1825)"},{"link_name":"Maniaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maniaki"},{"link_name":"Mills of Lerna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lerna_Mills"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_raid_on_Alexandria_(1825)"},{"link_name":"3rd Messolonghi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_siege_of_Missolonghi"},{"link_name":"Mani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Egyptian_invasion_of_Mani"},{"link_name":"2nd Acropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_the_Acropolis_(1826%E2%80%931827)"},{"link_name":"Arachova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Kamatero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kamatero"},{"link_name":"Phaleron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Phaleron"},{"link_name":"Volos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Volos_(1827)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Itea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Itea"},{"link_name":"Navarino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Navarino"},{"link_name":"Morea expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morea_expedition"},{"link_name":"Chios expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chios_expedition"},{"link_name":"Martino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Martino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Koronisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Koronisia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Petra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Petra"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"N.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Georgios Karaiskakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Karaiskakis"},{"link_name":"Arachova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachova"},{"link_name":"Great Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_of_the_Great_Powers_(1814%E2%80%931919)#Greek_independence:_1821%E2%80%931833"},{"link_name":"assistance a year later","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1827)"}],"text":"Battle in 1826 between Ottoman Empire and Greek rebelsvteGreek War of IndependenceOutbreak (1821)\nWallachian uprising\nKalamata\nNavarino\nPatras\nAlamana\n1st Acropolis\nGravia\nValtetsi\nDoliana\nLalas\nVasilika\nDrăgășani\nSculeni\nVasilika\nTrench\nTripolitsa\nSamothrace\n\n1822–1824\n\nAcrocorinth\nChios\nNaousa\nChios (naval)\nPeta\nExpedition of Dramali\nDervenakia\nAgionori\nBattle of Nauplia\n1st Messolonghi\nKarpenisi\n2nd Messolonghi\nKasos\nPsara\nSamos\nGerontas\n\nGreek civil wars of 1824–1825\n\n\nEgyptian intervention (1825–1826)\n\nKremmydi\nAndros\nSphacteria\nManiaki\nMills of Lerna\nAlexandria\n3rd Messolonghi\nMani\n2nd Acropolis\nArachova\nKamatero\nPhaleron\n\nGreat powers intervention (1827–1829)\n\nVolos\nItea\nNavarino\nMorea expedition\nChios expedition\nMartino\nKoronisia\nPetraThe Battle of Arachova (Greek: Μάχη της Αράχωβας), took place between 18 and 24 November 1826 (N.S.). It was fought between an Ottoman Empire force under the command of Mustafa Bey and Greek rebels under Georgios Karaiskakis. After receiving intelligence of the Ottoman army's maneuvers, Karaiskakis prepared a surprise attack in vicinity of the village of Arachova, in central Greece. On 18 November, Mustafa Bey's 2,000 Ottoman troops were blockaded in Arachova. An 800-man force that attempted to relieve the defenders three days later failed.On 22 November Mustafa Bey was mortally wounded and Ottoman morale plunged, as cold weather and heavy rainfall plagued the hunger-stricken defenders. At midday on 24 November the Ottomans made a disastrous attempt at breaking out. Most were killed in the fighting or perished from the cold. The Greek victory at Arachova gained the rebels valuable time before the Great Powers came to their assistance a year later.","title":"Battle of Arachova"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Filiki Eteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filiki_Eteria"},{"link_name":"Greek War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrysanthopoulos2003336-2"},{"link_name":"First Hellenic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic"},{"link_name":"infighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_civil_wars_of_1824%E2%80%931825"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim's invasion of Mani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Egyptian_invasion_of_Mani"},{"link_name":"Morea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotzokos2003164%E2%80%93170-3"},{"link_name":"Third Siege of Missolonghi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Siege_of_Missolonghi"},{"link_name":"Siege of the Acropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_the_Acropolis_(1826%E2%80%9327)"},{"link_name":"Mehmed Reshid Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C5%9Fid_Mehmed_Pasha"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitos200117%E2%80%9318-4"},{"link_name":"kodjabashis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodjabashis"},{"link_name":"Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasomoulis1941316%E2%80%93317-5"},{"link_name":"Georgios Karaiskakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Karaiskakis"},{"link_name":"Domvrena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domvrena"},{"link_name":"tower houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_houses_in_the_Balkans"},{"link_name":"Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitos200117%E2%80%9318-4"},{"link_name":"Livadeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livadeia"},{"link_name":"Amfissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfissa"},{"link_name":"Atalanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atalanti"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotiadis1995557%E2%80%93559-6"},{"link_name":"Hosios Loukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosios_Loukas"},{"link_name":"Distomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distomo"},{"link_name":"Davleia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davleia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitos200119%E2%80%9320-7"},{"link_name":"hegumenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igumen"},{"link_name":"kehaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehaya"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotiadis1995567%E2%80%93570-8"},{"link_name":"Georgios Vagias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Vagias"},{"link_name":"Mount Parnassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Parnassus"},{"link_name":"Christodoulos Hatzipetros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christodoulos_Hatzipetros"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitos200120%E2%80%9324-9"}],"text":"In February 1821, Filiki Eteria launched the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire.[2] By 1826, the First Hellenic Republic had been severely weakened by infighting and Ibrahim's invasion of Mani.\nIbrahim's well-trained Egyptian army pillaged much of Morea, turning the tide of the war in the favor of the Ottomans.[3] Following the decisive Ottoman victory at the Third Siege of Missolonghi on 10 April 1826, fighting was restricted to the Siege of the Acropolis. The Ottomans seemed to have gained the upper hand in Central Greece, with many Greek rebels accepting Grand Vizier Mehmed Reshid Pasha's amnesty in order to take a break from the hardships of the war.[4] Defeatism affected a number of Moreote Christian notables (kodjabashis) who began advocating for peace in return for a limited autonomy such as the one granted by the Ottomans to Wallachia after the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War of 1806.[5]In October 1826, Greek general Georgios Karaiskakis took a number of fighters who managed to break out from Missolonghi, heading south-east towards Morea. On 27 October he arrived at Domvrena, besieging the 300-man Ottoman garrison who had taken refuge in tower houses. On 14 November, Karaiskakis broke off the siege after receiving news that Mustafa Bey's 2,000-man army (including 300 cavalrymen)[4] had begun its descent from Livadeia towards Amfissa, in order to relieve the latter's garrison and protecting the Ottoman gunpowder dump at Atalanti;[6] putting the Greek forces in the area in grave danger. On the early morning of 16 November, Karaiskakis reached the Hosios Loukas monastery, spending the rest of the day there. Shortly before the dawn of 17 November, Greek troops set camp at Distomo. On the same day Mustafa Bey dispersed Greek pickets at Atalanti, later camping at the Agia Ierousalim monastery outside Davleia.[7]There he questioned the monastery's hegumenos about Karaiskakis' whereabouts and whether he knew of his intention to relieve Amfissa. The hegumenos lied, claiming that Karaiskakis had yet to leave Domvrena and that he was oblivious to the Ottoman maneuvers. Mustafa Bey believed him, nevertheless ordering his soldiers to keep an eye on the monks and promising to execute them should one of them try to betray his presence at the monastery. As Mustafa Bey and his lieutenant (kehaya) were discussing their future plans while dining, a monk who was fluent in Turkish overheard their conversation. The monks convened in secret, deciding to dispatch one of their number to Distomo and inform Karaiskakis of the route the Turks were to take. A young monk named Panfoutios Charitos managed to evade the Turkish sentries, inform Karaiskakis, and, again evading the Turkish guards, return to his bed before the Turks recounted the number of the monks present in the next morning.[8]Karaiskakis immediately ordered his officers Georgios Hatzipetros, Alexios Grivas and Georgios Vagias to occupy the church of Agios Georgios in Arachova and the surrounding houses. They were to strike the Turks with a force of 500 men once their enemies emerged from the passes of Mount Parnassus. Small bands were stationed between Arachova and Distomo in order to signal the outbreak of hostilities, at which point the main force would come to their aid. Christodoulos Hatzipetros and his unit of 400 men covered a passage south of Arachova. Karaiskakis' secretary then sent messages to all known guerrilla bands in the surrounding areas, informing them of the impending battle.[9]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zografos-Makriyannis_16_Polemos_ton_Ellinon_is_Rachova.jpg"},{"link_name":"loopholes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowslit"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotiadis1995573%E2%80%93575-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitos200126%E2%80%9328-11"},{"link_name":"Souliotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souliotes"},{"link_name":"Giotis Danglis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagiotis_Danglis_(chieftain)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitos200128%E2%80%9330-12"},{"link_name":"Agha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_(title)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitos200131%E2%80%9333-13"},{"link_name":"Livadeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livadeia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitos200133%E2%80%9337-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotiadis1995582%E2%80%93584-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitos200140%E2%80%9343-16"}],"text":"A depiction of the Arachova battlefield.At 10:00 on 18 November, Greek lookouts signaled that the Turks were approaching Arachova from the north–east. An advanced column of Turks arrived at the village and was waiting for the rest of the army when Albanian soldiers in Ottoman service noticed that several houses had freshly carved loopholes. Taking cover behind huge rocks standing inside the village they initiated a firefight with the Greeks. This came as a surprise to the majority of the villagers who had remained oblivious of the situation until the last minute; they now fled in panic in fear of future reprisals.[10] The Turks continued to funnel fresh troops into the village, steadily approaching the Greek positions which were the source of continuous volleys of shots. In the meantime Christodoulos Hatzipetros' troops redeployed to the Kumula hill overlooking the village from the south. Karaiskakis' troops appeared on the outskirts of Arachova around midday, and rebels from the surrounding areas gathered west of the village, thus completely encircling the Turks. Mustafa Bey reacted by sending a detachment of 500 infantrymen to hold Karaiskakis' advance. The rest of the Turkish army occupied a hill overlooking the village, while the detachment barricaded themselves inside the nearby houses.[11]Upon descending the Mavra Litharia hillock the Greeks under Karaiskakis were engaged by the Turkish detachment that had stayed behind in the village. A quarter of an hour later the Turks had successfully repelled the attack from the hillock, moreover the Greek right flank broke ranks and fled. The situation was reversed when a unit of Souliotes under Georgios Tzavelas mounted a second offensive, killing a Turkish officer and rallying deserters to return to the battlefield. Morale in the Turkish right flank plunged, those who managed to escape were intercepted west of the village and annihilated. Yet the Ottoman center and left flank held fast and Karaiskakis sought other ways to break the stalemate. 300 Greeks under Giotis Danglis passed west of the Zervospilies hill, taking a hill which overlooked the one the main Turkish force had occupied. This came as a complete surprise to Mustafa Bey, who led a Turkish counter attack, sword in hand. Being favored by the terrain, the Greeks crushed three waves of attackers within half an hour. In the meantime Karaiskakis overcame the resistance that faced him, joining his comrades in arms at the Agios Georgios church. The Turkish camp was surrounded and besieged just as night fell and hostilities were suspended.[12]On 19 November, the two sides exchanged fire, causing only minor damage to each other's barricades. The rest of the day was uneventful. In the early hours of 20 November, the Greeks received 450 men in reinforcements, most of them were sent on guard duty to the roads leading to Arachova. On 21 November, 800 soldiers under Abdullah Agha appeared outside Davleia where they broke into two forces. The smaller marched down to the Agia Ierousalim monastery while the larger headed towards Zemeno. Zemeno was to be the point where Abdullah Agha would strike the Greek rear, enabling Mustafa Bey to break out of the encirclement. The first formation was to act as a distraction.[13]Mustafa Bey's troops hurriedly attacked Zemeno before Abdullah Agha's arrival and were pushed back. In the meantime, Abdullah Agha's vanguard was ambushed at a narrow passage leading to Zemeno. 30 Turks were killed and many were wounded before a disorganized retreat was conducted; the rebels captured 80 animals packed with supplies. The situation in the Turkish camp was desperate, as cold weather and heavy rainfall plagued the hunger-stricken defenders. His soldiers pressured Mustafa Bey into negotiations. Karaiskakis demanded that the Turks hand over all their weapons and money, give the kehaya's and Mustafa Bey's brother as hostages, and abandon Livadeia and Amfissa, promising safe passage in return. The terms were rejected, by a messenger who exclaimed \"War!\" three times. In the morning of 22 November, Karaiskakis ordered salvos to be fired on the Turkish camp from all sides.[14]Mustafa Bey, who had emerged from his tent to encourage his troops, was mortally wounded in the forehead. On the following day the kehaya assumed command, as a snowstorm swept through the area. Once Mustafa Bey's condition became known to his officers, the Albanian officers threatened to lay down arms unless the terms of the Greeks were satisfied.[15] On the midday of 24 November, 700 Ottomans charged at a small picket guarding the road towards the Agia Ierousalim monastery. At the same time, Abdullah Aga ordered the retreat of his forces. Although the initial breakout was successful, the Greeks regrouped, splitting the Turks in half. The 500 Turks who still held the camp were surrounded and slain, as were most of those who broke out. The soldiers who encountered the kehaya ignored his pleas for mercy as they did not speak Turkish, killing him.[16]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karaiskakis_tower_of_heads.jpg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaques200761-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotiadis1995588%E2%80%93589-18"},{"link_name":"hypothermia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothermia"},{"link_name":"Tropaion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropaion"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKokkinos1974a542%E2%80%93543-19"},{"link_name":"cured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)"},{"link_name":"Nafplio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafplio"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotiadis1995595%E2%80%93596,_588-20"},{"link_name":"Thessaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly"},{"link_name":"Attica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attica"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotiadis1995601%E2%80%93602-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotiadis1995606%E2%80%93608-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotiadis1995592%E2%80%93593-23"},{"link_name":"Great Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_of_the_Great_Powers_(1814%E2%80%931919)#Greek_independence:_1821%E2%80%931833"},{"link_name":"Treaty of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1827)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKokkinos1974b139%E2%80%93141-24"}],"text":"Tower of severed heads erected by the Greeks following their victory.Out of the initial force of 2,000 only 300 Turks survived the onslaught,[17] escaping with the help of a Greek turncoat named Zeligiannaios; most of them perished in the snowstorm.[18] The Greeks took 50 prisoners, most of whom also died from the effects of hypothermia. Greek losses amounted to 12 killed and 20 injured. The Greeks also captured all the pack animals that were still alive, 23 flags and large amounts of weaponry and ammunition. Karaiskakis ordered the construction of a pyramid of 300 severed heads, in accordance with Ottoman tradition. A stone was placed in front of the pyramid bearing the inscription \"Tropaion of Greek victory over the barbarians\", while the heads of Mustafa Bey and the kehaya were placed on its sides.[19] The severed ears of the slain Ottomans were cured and shipped to the Greek capital of Nafplio, mimicking another Ottoman practice of celebrating significant victories. The victory was widely celebrated in liberated areas of Greece and became the subject of a folk song that was recorded in Karaiskakis' journals.[20]With this victory at Arachova Karaiskakis kept the revolution alive in eastern Greece. He then sought to disrupt Mehmed Reshid Pasha's supply lines between Thessaly and Attica. On 5 December 1826, his troops destroyed a large Turkish supply convoy at Tourkochori in the vicinity of Atalanti.[21] In the meantime, the Ottomans continued to transfer troops towards south central Greece, aiming at breaking the Greek siege of Amfissa the reinforcing the Ottoman force blockading Acropolis.[22] The victory at Arachova won Greece valuable time[23] before the persistence of the Greek revolutionaries and the war crimes of their adversaries, led the Great Powers to sign the 1827 Treaty of London which resulted in their intervention into the war on Greek side; decisively turning the tide of the war against the Ottomans.[24]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Agapitos_1-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrysanthopoulos2003336_2-0"},{"link_name":"Chrysanthopoulos 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChrysanthopoulos2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotzokos2003164%E2%80%93170_3-0"},{"link_name":"Rotzokos 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRotzokos2003"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharitos200117%E2%80%9318_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharitos200117%E2%80%9318_4-1"},{"link_name":"Charitos 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCharitos2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasomoulis1941316%E2%80%93317_5-0"},{"link_name":"Kasomoulis 1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKasomoulis1941"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotiadis1995557%E2%80%93559_6-0"},{"link_name":"Fotiadis 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFotiadis1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharitos200119%E2%80%9320_7-0"},{"link_name":"Charitos 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCharitos2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotiadis1995567%E2%80%93570_8-0"},{"link_name":"Fotiadis 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFotiadis1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharitos200120%E2%80%9324_9-0"},{"link_name":"Charitos 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCharitos2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotiadis1995573%E2%80%93575_10-0"},{"link_name":"Fotiadis 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFotiadis1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharitos200126%E2%80%9328_11-0"},{"link_name":"Charitos 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCharitos2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharitos200128%E2%80%9330_12-0"},{"link_name":"Charitos 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCharitos2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharitos200131%E2%80%9333_13-0"},{"link_name":"Charitos 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCharitos2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharitos200133%E2%80%9337_14-0"},{"link_name":"Charitos 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCharitos2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotiadis1995582%E2%80%93584_15-0"},{"link_name":"Fotiadis 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFotiadis1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharitos200140%E2%80%9343_16-0"},{"link_name":"Charitos 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCharitos2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaques200761_17-0"},{"link_name":"Jaques 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJaques2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotiadis1995588%E2%80%93589_18-0"},{"link_name":"Fotiadis 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFotiadis1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKokkinos1974a542%E2%80%93543_19-0"},{"link_name":"Kokkinos 1974a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKokkinos1974a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotiadis1995595%E2%80%93596,_588_20-0"},{"link_name":"Fotiadis 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFotiadis1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotiadis1995601%E2%80%93602_21-0"},{"link_name":"Fotiadis 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFotiadis1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotiadis1995606%E2%80%93608_22-0"},{"link_name":"Fotiadis 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFotiadis1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotiadis1995592%E2%80%93593_23-0"},{"link_name":"Fotiadis 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFotiadis1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKokkinos1974b139%E2%80%93141_24-0"},{"link_name":"Kokkinos 1974b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKokkinos1974b"}],"text":"Citations^ A. S. Agapitos (1877). \"Οι Ένδοξοι Έλληνες του 1821, ή Οι Πρωταγωνισταί της Ελλάδος [The Glorious Greeks of 1821, or the main Personalities of Greece]\" (in Greek). Τυπογραφείον Α. Σ. Αγαπητού, Εν Πάτραις [A.S. Agapitos' printing house, in Patras]. pp. 208–216.\n\n^ Chrysanthopoulos 2003, p. 336.\n\n^ Rotzokos 2003, pp. 164–170.\n\n^ a b Charitos 2001, pp. 17–18.\n\n^ Kasomoulis 1941, pp. 316–317.\n\n^ Fotiadis 1995, pp. 557–559.\n\n^ Charitos 2001, pp. 19–20.\n\n^ Fotiadis 1995, pp. 567–570.\n\n^ Charitos 2001, pp. 20–24.\n\n^ Fotiadis 1995, pp. 573–575.\n\n^ Charitos 2001, pp. 26–28.\n\n^ Charitos 2001, pp. 28–30.\n\n^ Charitos 2001, pp. 31–33.\n\n^ Charitos 2001, pp. 33–37.\n\n^ Fotiadis 1995, pp. 582–584.\n\n^ Charitos 2001, pp. 40–43.\n\n^ Jaques 2007, p. 61.\n\n^ Fotiadis 1995, pp. 588–589.\n\n^ Kokkinos 1974a, pp. 542–543.\n\n^ Fotiadis 1995, pp. 595–596, 588.\n\n^ Fotiadis 1995, pp. 601–602.\n\n^ Fotiadis 1995, pp. 606–608.\n\n^ Fotiadis 1995, pp. 592–593.\n\n^ Kokkinos 1974b, pp. 139–141.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"A depiction of the Arachova battlefield.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Zografos-Makriyannis_16_Polemos_ton_Ellinon_is_Rachova.jpg/250px-Zografos-Makriyannis_16_Polemos_ton_Ellinon_is_Rachova.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tower of severed heads erected by the Greeks following their victory.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Karaiskakis_tower_of_heads.jpg/250px-Karaiskakis_tower_of_heads.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Charitos, Georgios (2001) [1994]. Η Μάχη της Αράχωβας υπό τον Στρατάρχη Γ.Καραϊσκάκη και οι συντελεσταί της [The Battle of Arachova under Commander G. Karaiskakis and its participants] (in Greek). Athens: Municipality of Arachova. Retrieved 18 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://ebooks.liblivadia.gr/liblivadia/handle/10813/27521","url_text":"Η Μάχη της Αράχωβας υπό τον Στρατάρχη Γ.Καραϊσκάκη και οι συντελεσταί της"}]},{"reference":"Chrysanthopoulos, Fotakos (2003). Βίοι Πελοποννήσιων Ανδρών [Lives of Peloponnesean Men] (in Greek). Athens: Eleutheri Skepsis. ISBN 9789608352018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789608352018","url_text":"9789608352018"}]},{"reference":"Fotiadis, Dimitrios (1995) [1956]. Καραϊσκάκης [Karaiskakis] (in Greek). Athens: S. I. Zacharopoulos. ISBN 960208197X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/960208197X","url_text":"960208197X"}]},{"reference":"Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century. Vol. I. Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313335372. Retrieved 18 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3amnMPTPP5MC&pg=PA","url_text":"Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313335372","url_text":"978-0313335372"}]},{"reference":"Kasomoulis, Nikolaos (1941). Ενθυμήματα Στρατιωτικά Της Επαναστάσεως Των Ελλήνων 1821-1833 [Military Recollections of the Greek Revolution 1821-1833] (in Greek). Vol. II. Athens: Chorigia Pagkeiou Epitropis.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Kasomoulis","url_text":"Kasomoulis, Nikolaos"}]},{"reference":"Kokkinos, Dionysios (1974a). Η Ελληνική Επανάστασις [The Greek Revolution] (in Greek). Vol. V. Athens: Melissa.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysios_Kokkinos","url_text":"Kokkinos, Dionysios"}]},{"reference":"Kokkinos, Dionysios (1974b). Η Ελληνική Επανάστασις [The Greek Revolution] (in Greek). Vol. VI. Athens: Melissa.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rotzokos, Nikolaos (2003). \"Οι Εμφύλιοι Πόλεμοι (The Civil Wars)\". In Panagiotopoulos, Vassilis (ed.). Ιστορία του Νέου Ελληνισμού [History of Modern Hellenism] (in Greek). Vol. III. Athens: Ellinika Grammata. ISBN 9604065408.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9604065408","url_text":"9604065408"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Bicycles

Pope Manufacturing Company

["1 Early years","2 Bicycles","2.1 Imports and the first Columbias","2.2 Redesigning the ordinaries","2.3 Safety bicycles","2.4 Hartford Cycle Company","2.5 Steel tubing","2.6 Hartford Rubber Works","3 Motorcycles","4 Mopeds (late 20th century)","5 Automobiles","6 Bankruptcy and reorganizations","7 Gallery","8 See also","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]

American manufacturing company Pope Manufacturing CompanyCompany typeBicycle and Automobile ManufacturingFounded1876; 148 years ago (1876)FounderAlbert Augustus PopeFateDefunct in 1918 (1918)HeadquartersHartford, Connecticut, U.S.Area servedUnited StatesProductsBicyclesMotorcyclesAutomobilesAutomotive parts Pope Manufacturing Company was founded by Albert Augustus Pope around 1876 in Boston, Massachusetts, US and incorporated in Hartford, Connecticut in 1877. Manufacturing of bicycles began in 1878 in Hartford at the Weed Sewing Machine Company factory. Pope manufactured bicycles, motorcycles, and automobiles. From 1905 to 1913, Pope gradually consolidated manufacturing to the Westfield Mass plant. The main offices remained in Hartford. It ceased automobile production in 1915 and ceased motorcycle production in 1918. The company subsequently underwent a variety of changes in form, name and product lines through the intervening years. To this day, bicycles continue to be sold under the Columbia brand. Early years Illustration of Pope Manufacturing Company from Frank Leslie's Pope Manufacturing Company was listed in the 1876 Boston City Directory, located at 54 High Street. In March 1877, the company drafted incorporation documents in Connecticut, naming Albert Pope, Charles Pope, and Edward Pope as shareholders. At the time of incorporation, Albert Pope held 595 shares, his father Charles held 400 shares, and his cousin Edward held five shares. The incorporation documents stated the company's intended business activities, " make, manufacture and sell and licence to others to make, manufacture and sell air pistols and guns, darning machines, amateur lathes, cigarette rollers and other patented articles and to own, sell and deal in patents and patent rights for the manufacture thereof." Pope Manufacturing Company was already selling air pistols and cigarette rolling machines. Though Pope Manufacturing had filed for incorporation in Connecticut, it continued to base its offices and many of its operations in Boston. Albert and Edward Pope operated a factory at 87 Summer Street in Boston as early as 1874 for the production of hand-held cigarette rolling machines. Bicycles Imports and the first Columbias 1885 Advertisement for the Columbia brand Columbia ordinary, circa 1886 "Cliff". Albert Pope started advertising imported English bicycles for sale in March 1878. His initial investment in the Pope Manufacturing Company was $3,000 (USD), or worth about $125,000 in the early 21st century. He invested about $4,000 in 1878 to import about fifty English bicycles. In May 1878, he met with George Fairfield, president of Weed Sewing Machine Company. Albert Pope was inquiring about manufacturing his own brand of bicycles, proposing a contract with Weed to build fifty bicycles at its plant in Hartford, Connecticut, on behalf of Pope Manufacturing. Pope had ridden an imported Excelsior Duplex model penny farthing to the meeting, which Fairfield inspected. At that time, sewing machines were selling poorly, so Fairfield accepted the contract. In September 1878, Weed Sewing Machine Company built the last of the fifty bikes under the first contract. Albert Pope chose the brand name Columbia for the first high-wheelers "produced" by Pope Manufacturing. These first machines, copied from the Excelsior Duplex model, were made from seventy-seven parts that were made in-house, and only the rubber tires purchased from a supplier. Pope Manufacturing sold all its bicycles from the first production run. In 1879, production and sales were around 1,000, the last year of the Excelsior Duplex copies. George Herbert Day worked as a clerk at Weed Sewing Machine Company when the company started producing high-wheelers for Pope Manufacturing. In early 1879, Day was promoted to corporate secretary. One historian characterized Day as "Albert Pope's right-hand man in Hartford between 1878 and 1899." Albert's cousin Edward started work as the Pope Manufacturing bookkeeper in 1880. George Bidwell, an independent salesman from Buffalo, New York, purchased an imported Excelsior Duplex high-wheeler from Pope. Learning in a correspondence from Pope that he would be producing his own bicycle, Bidwell started taking orders for the Columbias. Bidwell sold seventy-five of the machines, holding down payments for each. Pope could only deliver about twenty-five. Shortly later, Pope hired Bidwell as Superintendent of Agencies, a job sending Bidwell on the road to teach sale agents the art of promotion. Bidwell taught agents how to promote the sport through riding halls and schools. Redesigning the ordinaries In 1880, George Fairfield introduced design changes and proposed two ordinary Columbia models. Each weighed about forty-one pounds and featured an improved seat-spring and an improved head-adjustment. The Standard Columbia with a forty-eight inch wheel was introduced in 1880 priced at $87.50. The Special Columbia offered "a closed Stanley-style head," a "built-in" ball-bearing assembly, and full nickel-plating for $132.50. In 1881, Pope gained controlling interest of Weed, catalyzing a fifteen-fold increase in Weed's stock price. George Day was promoted to president of Weed. After the introduction of the high wheeler, Pope bought Pierre Lallement's original patent for the bicycle, and aggressively bought all other bicycle patents he could find, amassing a fortune by restricting the types of bicycles other American manufacturers could make and charging them royalties. He used the latest technologies in his bicycles—inventions such as ball bearings in all moving parts, and hollow steel tubes for the frame, and he spent a great deal of money promoting bicycle clubs, journals, and races. Safety bicycles Columbia Model 40 Mens Safety Bicycle, 1895 Columbia Model 41 Ladies Safety Bicycle, 1895 An 1895 ad for Columbia Bicycle Ordinaries (high-wheelers or penny farthings) were driven by cranks and pedals attached directly to an oversized front wheel. The rider was seated over the wheel, just aft of the wheel hub. Many mishaps included the projection of the rider head-first over the handle bars: an event occurring with enough frequency to earn the name, header. Several manufacturers created safety models, which denoted a low-mount bicycle. Motive force came from cranks applied to a sprocket and chain creating an indirect drive to one of the wheels. The first commercially viable model was John Kemp Starley's Rover, drawing interest starting in 1885. The early Rover featured a complicated indirect steering system, but Starley replaced it with a direct steering system consisting of a single curved bar attached to the head. In 1886, after seeing some Rovers and touring a Rover-factory, Alfred Pope claimed that the safety bicycle was nothing more than a fad, and made no plans at that time to produce his own version. George Bidwell, by this time an independent agent again, recommended the safety after trying the mount in 1886. He urged Pope to design its own safety bicycle while predicting "the old high wheel was doomed." However, Pope did offer a safety ordinary model in 1886. This design retained the high-mount and oversized front wheel, but incorporated a chain drive to the front wheel, allowing the seating position and cranks to be positioned further back. Despite the new Columbia offering, Bidwell claimed that he never ordered another high-wheeler after trying the Rover. By 1888, Pope had reversed course and produced its own safety, the Veloce. It weighed 51 pounds (23 kg), or 15 pounds (6.8 kg) heavier than its ordinary. In 1889, ordinaries only accounted for twenty percent of sales, dropping to ten percent of sales the next year. Once Pope offered the Veloce for sale, the company sold only 3,000 ordinaries through 1891. Pope Manufacturing was an innovator in the use of stamping for the production of metal parts. Until 1896, the company was the leading US producer of bicycles. Hartford Cycle Company At a time when Pope charged $125 for a Columbia, Overman Wheel Company was marketing a bicycle for wage workers, who might earn $1 per day. Instead of reducing cost and price on the Columbias, Pope decided to produce a separate line to compete with Overman. Around 1890, Pope started another manufacturer, Hartford Cycle Company in order to create a new line with a mid-price niche. He installed his cousin George to run the plant. He transferred David J. Post from Weed to serve as secretary for Hartford. MIT-graduate Harry Melville Pope, Albert's nephew, was Hartford's superintendent. Pope Manufacturing subsumed Hartford Cycle Company in 1895. Steel tubing Ordinaries had used a heavy pipe, but the safeties used twenty-seven feet of tubing: solid round bar would weigh down the machine. Safeties required thin, high-strength steel tubing. Almost all the Pope manufacturing facilities were located in Hartford in an area previously known for gun-making. Like bicycles, rifle barrels required thin, high-strength tubes, so the skills and processes of rifle manufacturing were related to the manufacturing of steel tubing for safety bicycles. Importing tubes cost an American manufacturer a forty-five percent import tariff, thus creating a financial incentive for domestic production. The sudden popularity of safety bicycles in the United States created a shortage of tubing supply for manufacturers, both in Europe and the United States. Albert Pope had invested in Shelby Steel Tubing, even while building two steel tubing factories in Hartford, owned by Pope Manufacturing. One was an experimental facility, and the other for commercial production. Two Pope employees, Henry Souther and Harold Hayden Eames, collaborated on a new process for producing bicycle tubing. Souther had been experimenting with stress tolerances of different metals, and concluded that steel with five-percent nickel alloy would be ideal for bicycle tubing. At the time, this metal was only available in sheet form. Eames devised a process for converting metal sheets into billets, which could be cold-drawn through dies with methods and equipment already in use at the Pope tube works. The new tubing was stronger and more resistant to dents than the carbon-steel that was commonly used. Hartford Rubber Works Pope Manufacturing acquired the Hartford Rubber Works in 1892 as part of a vertical integration strategy. Founded by John Gray in 1885, Hartford Rubber Works imported raw material from Sumatra and produced solid tires. Later the factory produced cushion and pneumatic tires. Motorcycles Further information: Pope Model L 1914 Pope motorcycle Pope began manufacturing motorized bicycles in 1902 and continued with motorcycles until 1918. Mopeds (late 20th century) 1978 Columbia moped Columbia mopeds were the first mopeds ever assembled in the United States, even though the motor and some parts were outsourced. The tubular frames, seats, fenders, wheels, hubs, brakes, front fork assembly, headlight, and wiring harnesses were made in the United States. The majority of Columbia mopeds were powered with a 47cc Sachs 505/1A, though some were powered by a Solo motor. Even though the Sachs 505/1A motor is designed for rear coaster-brakes, Columbia chose to use a Magura hand lever and cable for the rear brake. There are two models that are the most abundant frame types for Columbia, both of which went by the same name of Columbia Commuter. The pressed steel frame was Sachs-powered only, while the tube frame model had either the Sachs or the Solo motor. The top-tank Columbia Medallion, also known as the Western Flyer, is a unique design for Columbia mopeds. Essentially, the frame of the bike is identical to the tube frame Commuter, but it has a plastic gas tank that reaches from the seat to the steering column. The "Western Flyer" name came on all frame types, and is not specific to any model. These bikes were sold under the name "Western Flyer" instead of Columbia. In the late 1980s, Columbia sold the rights and design of their mopeds to a company, KKM Enterprises, Inc. that produced identical mopeds under the name Mopet into the mid-1990s. This company produced the tubular frames, long seats, fenders, wheels, hubs, brakes, front fork assembly, headlight, and wiring harnesses in the United States. Models: Columbia "Commuter" Columbia "Imperial" Columbia "Medallion 2271" Columbia "Medallion 2281" Columbia "Model 57062" Columbia "Model 2251" Columbia "Model 2241" Columbia "Motrek" Columbia "Western Flyer" (not to be confused with the Western Auto company's "Western Flyer" Automobiles 1907 Pope Toledo In 1897, Pope Manufacturing began production of an electric automobile. By 1899, the company had produced over 500 vehicles. Hiram Percy Maxim was head engineer of the Motor Vehicle Department. The Electric Vehicle division was spun off that year as the independent company Columbia Automobile Company but it was acquired by the Electric Vehicle Company by the end of year. Pope tried to re-enter the automobile manufacturing market in 1901 by acquiring a number of small firms, but the process was expensive and competition in the industry was heating up. Between the years 1903 and 1915, the company operated a number of automobile companies including Pope-Hartford (1903–1914), Pope-Robinson, Pope-Toledo (1903–1909), Pope-Tribune (1904–1907) and Pope-Waverley. Between 1906 and 1907, Pope's Toledo manufacturing plant was subject to the automotive industry's first labor strike, which ended in success for the striking Pope workers. Pope declared bankruptcy in 1907 and died in August 1909. Bankruptcy and reorganizations In 1914, the main offices of Pope were moved to Westfield, Massachusetts. However, in 1915, the Pope Manufacturing Company filed for bankruptcy. In 1916 Pope was reorganized and renamed The Westfield Manufacturing Company, with catalogs stating they were the “successors to The Pope Manufacturing Company.” In 1933, Westfield Manufacturing became a subsidiary of The Torrington Company of Torrington, Connecticut. In December 1960 an independent corporation was formed and in 1961 was renamed Columbia Manufacturing Company. In 1967, Columbia Manufacturing Company merged with MTD, but ended up filing for bankruptcy in 1987. The following year saw Columbia purchased by some of the local management and reorganized as Columbia Manufacturing, Inc., and no longer part of MTD. Bicycle production continued in a limited capacity, but was negligible compared to the business of importing and selling foreign bicycles. As of the 2010s, Columbia-branded bicycles are marketed by Columbia Bicycles, a subsidiary of Ballard Pacific. Gallery 1882 advertisement from Lippincott's Magazine 1883 advertisement for the Boston market 1886 advertisement for Columbia Bicycles 1895 advertisement for Columbia Bicycles 1912 catalog for Columbia Bicycles 1912 advertisement for Columbia Bicycles 1914 advertisement for Pope-Hartford automobiles Pope Manufacturing Company Columbia bikes See also Columbia Automobile Company Pope-Robinson Pope-Toledo Pope-Tribune Pope-Waverley References ^ a b Epperson, Bruce (2010). Peddling Bicycles to America: the rise of an industry. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company. p. 22. ^ Goddard, Stephen B. (2000). Col. Pope & his American Dream Machines. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company. p. 63. ^ Epperson (2010), pp. 22–23. ^ Epperson (2010), p. 21. ^ Epperson (2010), pp. 29–31. ^ Epperson (2010), p. 31. ^ Epperson (2010), pp. 31–33. ^ Goddard (2000), p. 71. ^ a b Epperson (2010), p. 65. ^ Epperson (2010), pp. 32–33. ^ Goddard (2000), p. 70. ^ a b Herlihy, David V. (2004). Bicycle, The History. Yale University Press. pp. 184–192. ISBN 0-300-10418-9. ^ Herlihy (2004), pp. 235–241. ^ Epperson (2010), p. 84. ^ Epperson (2010), pp. 84–85. ^ a b Goddard (2000), pp. 87–88. ^ a b Goddard (2000), pp. 237–240. ^ Epperson (2010), pp. 109–111. ^ Epperson (2010), pp.112–116. ^ Goddard (2000), p. 209. ^ "Pope Motor Bikes & Motorcycles". MrColumbia. Archived from the original on 2012-02-11. Retrieved 2012-01-16. ^ "Columbia - MopedWiki". MopedArmy. Retrieved 2013-05-24. ^ a b c David Corrigan. "The Columbia Cars Are Born". Hog River Journal - Exploring CT History. Retrieved 2012-01-16. ^ "American Automobiles - Manufacturers". Farber and Associates, LLC - 2011. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011. ^ Philip S. Foner (1965). History of the Labor Movement in the United States Vol, 4. p. 386. ^ Daniel Vaughan (Aug 2005). "1911 Pope-Hartford Model W news, pictures, and information". Conceptcarz.com. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help) Records Preceded byFlat twin Fastest production motorcycle 1914–1916 Succeeded byCyclone V-twin Further reading Bruce Epperson. Failed Colossus: Strategic Error at the Pope Manufacturing Company, 1878–1900." Technology and Culture, Vol. 41, No. 2 (Apr., 2000), pp. 300–320. David A. Hounshell. From the American system to mass production, 1800–1932. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1984 "Pope Manufacturing Company." Moses King, ed. King's handbook of New York city: an outline history and description of the American metropolis. 1892 Rae, John Bell (1959). American Automobile Manufacturers: The First Forty Years. Philadelphia: Chilton Company – via Hathi Trust. "Bicycle-Making: Where and How Bicycles are Made." Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly v.12 no.5, November 1881. "The Progress of a great industry." Outing (Advertising Supplement), v.19, no.6, 1892 "Pope Bicycle building burned; only the walls remain of the handsome Boston headquarters of the Columbia Wheel." New York Times, March 13, 1896 External links Media related to Pope Manufacturing Company at Wikimedia Commons Portals: business and economics transportation United States Connecticut vteAmerican bicycle manufacturersCurrent American Star Bike Friday Bilenky Bohemian Brooklyn Calfee Cannondale Catrike Centurion Co-Motion Columbia Cortina Cruzbike Cycle Force Dahon Diamondback Dynacraft DYNO Electra Ellsworth Handcrafted Felt Fuji Fyxation Gendron GT Haro Huffy Hutch BMX Ibis Independent Fabrication International Surrey Italvega Jamis K2 Sports Kent Kestrel Kona Litespeed Magna Marin Masi Milwaukee Mongoose Moots Next Niner Nishiki Novara Pacific Pope Priority Pure Quality Quintana Roo R+E Rans Razor Redline Richard Sachs Ritchey Design Rivendell Rhoades Car Roadmaster Salsa Santa Cruz Santana Schwinn SE Seven Shinola Detroit Solé SOMA Specialized Surly TerraCycle Terrible One Tommaso Torker Trek Turner Suspension Univega Van Dessel Villy Volagi Waterford Wilderness Trail Worksman Yamaguchi Yeti Yuba Zigo Defunct American AMF Chicago Clark-Kent E. C. Stearns Eagle Fat City Gary Fisher Gormully & Jeffery Indiana Iron Horse JMC Klein Kogswell LeMond Lotus Melon Merlin Monarch Murray Overman Pocket Rambler Ross Serotta Shelby Stelber Sterling Stover Western Wheel Works Wright Components Bell BTI Bontrager Burley Coker Fox Fyxation Giro Hayes L.H. Thomson Lezyne RockShox SureStop Speedplay SRAM Zipp Category Authority control databases International VIAF National United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert Augustus Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Augustus_Pope"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"bicycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle"},{"link_name":"motorcycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle"},{"link_name":"automobiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile"},{"link_name":"Columbia brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Manufacturing_Inc."}],"text":"Pope Manufacturing Company was founded by Albert Augustus Pope around 1876 in Boston, Massachusetts, US and incorporated in Hartford, Connecticut in 1877. Manufacturing of bicycles began in 1878 in Hartford at the Weed Sewing Machine Company factory. Pope manufactured bicycles, motorcycles, and automobiles. From 1905 to 1913, Pope gradually consolidated manufacturing to the Westfield Mass plant. The main offices remained in Hartford. It ceased automobile production in 1915 and ceased motorcycle production in 1918. The company subsequently underwent a variety of changes in form, name and product lines through the intervening years. To this day, bicycles continue to be sold under the Columbia brand.","title":"Pope Manufacturing Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1881_Pope_ManufacturingCo_HartfordCT_FrankLesliesPopularMonthly_v12_no5.png"},{"link_name":"incorporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporation_(business)"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epperson22-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epperson22-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Illustration of Pope Manufacturing Company from Frank Leslie'sPope Manufacturing Company was listed in the 1876 Boston City Directory, located at 54 High Street. In March 1877, the company drafted incorporation documents in Connecticut, naming Albert Pope, Charles Pope, and Edward Pope as shareholders. At the time of incorporation, Albert Pope held 595 shares, his father Charles held 400 shares, and his cousin Edward held five shares.[1] The incorporation documents stated the company's intended business activities, \"[to] make, manufacture and sell and licence to others to make, manufacture and sell air pistols and guns, darning machines, amateur lathes, cigarette rollers and other patented articles and to own, sell and deal in patents and patent rights for the manufacture thereof.\"[1] Pope Manufacturing Company was already selling air pistols and cigarette rolling machines.[2]Though Pope Manufacturing had filed for incorporation in Connecticut, it continued to base its offices and many of its operations in Boston.[3] Albert and Edward Pope operated a factory at 87 Summer Street in Boston as early as 1874 for the production of hand-held cigarette rolling machines.[4]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bicycles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1885_PopeManufacturingCo_Boston_ad.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Columbia_High-wheeled_Bicycle,_circa_1886.jpg"},{"link_name":"\"Cliff\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.flickr.com/people/28567825@N03"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford"},{"link_name":"penny farthing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_farthing"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"high-wheelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_farthing"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Epperson_2010,_p._65-9"}],"sub_title":"Imports and the first Columbias","text":"1885 Advertisement for the Columbia brandColumbia ordinary, circa 1886 \"Cliff\".Albert Pope started advertising imported English bicycles for sale in March 1878. His initial investment in the Pope Manufacturing Company was $3,000 (USD), or worth about $125,000 in the early 21st century. He invested about $4,000 in 1878 to import about fifty English bicycles. In May 1878, he met with George Fairfield, president of Weed Sewing Machine Company. Albert Pope was inquiring about manufacturing his own brand of bicycles, proposing a contract with Weed to build fifty bicycles at its plant in Hartford, Connecticut, on behalf of Pope Manufacturing. Pope had ridden an imported Excelsior Duplex model penny farthing to the meeting, which Fairfield inspected. At that time, sewing machines were selling poorly, so Fairfield accepted the contract.[5]In September 1878, Weed Sewing Machine Company built the last of the fifty bikes under the first contract. Albert Pope chose the brand name Columbia for the first high-wheelers \"produced\" by Pope Manufacturing. These first machines, copied from the Excelsior Duplex model, were made from seventy-seven parts that were made in-house, and only the rubber tires purchased from a supplier. Pope Manufacturing sold all its bicycles from the first production run. In 1879, production and sales were around 1,000, the last year of the Excelsior Duplex copies.[6]George Herbert Day worked as a clerk at Weed Sewing Machine Company when the company started producing high-wheelers for Pope Manufacturing. In early 1879, Day was promoted to corporate secretary. One historian characterized Day as \"Albert Pope's right-hand man in Hartford between 1878 and 1899.\"[7] Albert's cousin Edward started work as the Pope Manufacturing bookkeeper in 1880.[8]George Bidwell, an independent salesman from Buffalo, New York, purchased an imported Excelsior Duplex high-wheeler from Pope. Learning in a correspondence from Pope that he would be producing his own bicycle, Bidwell started taking orders for the Columbias. Bidwell sold seventy-five of the machines, holding down payments for each. Pope could only deliver about twenty-five. Shortly later, Pope hired Bidwell as Superintendent of Agencies, a job sending Bidwell on the road to teach sale agents the art of promotion. Bidwell taught agents how to promote the sport through riding halls and schools.[9]","title":"Bicycles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ordinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_farthing"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Pierre Lallement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Lallement"},{"link_name":"patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"royalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalties"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herlihy-12"},{"link_name":"ball bearings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_bearings"},{"link_name":"steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel"},{"link_name":"frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_frame"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herlihy-12"}],"sub_title":"Redesigning the ordinaries","text":"In 1880, George Fairfield introduced design changes and proposed two ordinary Columbia models. Each weighed about forty-one pounds and featured an improved seat-spring and an improved head-adjustment. The Standard Columbia with a forty-eight inch wheel was introduced in 1880 priced at $87.50. The Special Columbia offered \"a closed Stanley-style head,\" a \"built-in\" ball-bearing assembly, and full nickel-plating for $132.50.[10]In 1881, Pope gained controlling interest of Weed, catalyzing a fifteen-fold increase in Weed's stock price. George Day was promoted to president of Weed.[11]After the introduction of the high wheeler, Pope bought Pierre Lallement's original patent for the bicycle, and aggressively bought all other bicycle patents he could find, amassing a fortune by restricting the types of bicycles other American manufacturers could make and charging them royalties.[12] He used the latest technologies in his bicycles—inventions such as ball bearings in all moving parts, and hollow steel tubes for the frame, and he spent a great deal of money promoting bicycle clubs, journals, and races.[12]","title":"Bicycles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Columbia_Model_40_Mens_Safety_Bicycle,_1895.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Columbia_Model_41_Ladies_Safety_Bicycle,_1895.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1890s_ad_Pope_Manufacturing_Co_3041142.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Kemp Starley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kemp_Starley"},{"link_name":"Rover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rover_(bicycle)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Safety bicycles","text":"Columbia Model 40 Mens Safety Bicycle, 1895Columbia Model 41 Ladies Safety Bicycle, 1895An 1895 ad for Columbia BicycleOrdinaries (high-wheelers or penny farthings) were driven by cranks and pedals attached directly to an oversized front wheel. The rider was seated over the wheel, just aft of the wheel hub. Many mishaps included the projection of the rider head-first over the handle bars: an event occurring with enough frequency to earn the name, header. Several manufacturers created safety models, which denoted a low-mount bicycle. Motive force came from cranks applied to a sprocket and chain creating an indirect drive to one of the wheels. The first commercially viable model was John Kemp Starley's Rover, drawing interest starting in 1885. The early Rover featured a complicated indirect steering system, but Starley replaced it with a direct steering system consisting of a single curved bar attached to the head. In 1886, after seeing some Rovers and touring a Rover-factory, Alfred Pope claimed that the safety bicycle was nothing more than a fad, and made no plans at that time to produce his own version. George Bidwell, by this time an independent agent again, recommended the safety after trying the mount in 1886.[13] He urged Pope to design its own safety bicycle while predicting \"the old high wheel was doomed.\"[14]However, Pope did offer a safety ordinary model in 1886. This design retained the high-mount and oversized front wheel, but incorporated a chain drive to the front wheel, allowing the seating position and cranks to be positioned further back. Despite the new Columbia offering, Bidwell claimed that he never ordered another high-wheeler after trying the Rover. By 1888, Pope had reversed course and produced its own safety, the Veloce. It weighed 51 pounds (23 kg), or 15 pounds (6.8 kg) heavier than its ordinary. In 1889, ordinaries only accounted for twenty percent of sales, dropping to ten percent of sales the next year. Once Pope offered the Veloce for sale, the company sold only 3,000 ordinaries through 1891.[15]Pope Manufacturing was an innovator in the use of stamping for the production of metal parts. Until 1896, the company was the leading US producer of bicycles.","title":"Bicycles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Overman Wheel Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overman_Wheel_Company"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goddard87-16"},{"link_name":"Hartford Cycle Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartford_Cycle_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Harry Melville Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Melville_Pope"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goddard87-16"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Epperson_2010,_p._65-9"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goddard237-17"}],"sub_title":"Hartford Cycle Company","text":"At a time when Pope charged $125 for a Columbia, Overman Wheel Company was marketing a bicycle for wage workers, who might earn $1 per day. Instead of reducing cost and price on the Columbias, Pope decided to produce a separate line to compete with Overman.[16] Around 1890, Pope started another manufacturer, Hartford Cycle Company in order to create a new line with a mid-price niche. He installed his cousin George to run the plant. He transferred David J. Post from Weed to serve as secretary for Hartford. MIT-graduate Harry Melville Pope, Albert's nephew, was Hartford's superintendent.[16][9] Pope Manufacturing subsumed Hartford Cycle Company in 1895.[17]","title":"Bicycles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Steel tubing","text":"Ordinaries had used a heavy pipe, but the safeties used twenty-seven feet of tubing: solid round bar would weigh down the machine. Safeties required thin, high-strength steel tubing. Almost all the Pope manufacturing facilities were located in Hartford in an area previously known for gun-making. Like bicycles, rifle barrels required thin, high-strength tubes, so the skills and processes of rifle manufacturing were related to the manufacturing of steel tubing for safety bicycles. Importing tubes cost an American manufacturer a forty-five percent import tariff, thus creating a financial incentive for domestic production. The sudden popularity of safety bicycles in the United States created a shortage of tubing supply for manufacturers, both in Europe and the United States. Albert Pope had invested in Shelby Steel Tubing, even while building two steel tubing factories in Hartford, owned by Pope Manufacturing. One was an experimental facility, and the other for commercial production.[18]Two Pope employees, Henry Souther and Harold Hayden Eames, collaborated on a new process for producing bicycle tubing. Souther had been experimenting with stress tolerances of different metals, and concluded that steel with five-percent nickel alloy would be ideal for bicycle tubing. At the time, this metal was only available in sheet form. Eames devised a process for converting metal sheets into billets, which could be cold-drawn through dies with methods and equipment already in use at the Pope tube works. The new tubing was stronger and more resistant to dents than the carbon-steel that was commonly used.[19]","title":"Bicycles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vertical integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_integration"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goddard237-17"}],"sub_title":"Hartford Rubber Works","text":"Pope Manufacturing acquired the Hartford Rubber Works in 1892 as part of a vertical integration strategy. Founded by John Gray in 1885, Hartford Rubber Works imported raw material from Sumatra and produced solid tires. Later the factory produced cushion and pneumatic tires.[20][17]","title":"Bicycles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Model L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Model_L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pope_1914.jpg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Further information: Pope Model L1914 Pope motorcyclePope began manufacturing motorized bicycles in 1902 and continued with motorcycles until 1918.[21]","title":"Motorcycles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1978_Columbia_Sachs_Moped.jpg"},{"link_name":"mopeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moped"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF_Sachs"},{"link_name":"Western Auto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Auto"},{"link_name":"Western Flyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Flyer_(bicycle)"}],"text":"1978 Columbia mopedColumbia mopeds were the first mopeds ever assembled in the United States, even though the motor and some parts were outsourced. The tubular frames, seats, fenders, wheels, hubs, brakes, front fork assembly, headlight, and wiring harnesses were made in the United States.[22]The majority of Columbia mopeds were powered with a 47cc Sachs 505/1A, though some were powered by a Solo motor. Even though the Sachs 505/1A motor is designed for rear coaster-brakes, Columbia chose to use a Magura hand lever and cable for the rear brake.There are two models that are the most abundant frame types for Columbia, both of which went by the same name of Columbia Commuter. The pressed steel frame was Sachs-powered only, while the tube frame model had either the Sachs or the Solo motor.\nThe top-tank Columbia Medallion, also known as the Western Flyer, is a unique design for Columbia mopeds. Essentially, the frame of the bike is identical to the tube frame Commuter, but it has a plastic gas tank that reaches from the seat to the steering column.\nThe \"Western Flyer\" name came on all frame types, and is not specific to any model. These bikes were sold under the name \"Western Flyer\" instead of Columbia.In the late 1980s, Columbia sold the rights and design of their mopeds to a company, KKM Enterprises, Inc. that produced identical mopeds under the name Mopet into the mid-1990s. This company produced the tubular frames, long seats, fenders, wheels, hubs, brakes, front fork assembly, headlight, and wiring harnesses in the United States.Models:Columbia \"Commuter\"\nColumbia \"Imperial\"\nColumbia \"Medallion 2271\"\nColumbia \"Medallion 2281\"\nColumbia \"Model 57062\"\nColumbia \"Model 2251\"\nColumbia \"Model 2241\"\nColumbia \"Motrek\"\nColumbia \"Western Flyer\" (not to be confused with the Western Auto company's \"Western Flyer\"","title":"Mopeds (late 20th century)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pope_C60_V.jpg"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corrigan-23"},{"link_name":"Hiram Percy Maxim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Percy_Maxim"},{"link_name":"Columbia Automobile Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Automobile_Company"},{"link_name":"Electric Vehicle Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Vehicle_Company"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corrigan-23"},{"link_name":"Pope-Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope-Hartford"},{"link_name":"Pope-Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope-Robinson"},{"link_name":"Pope-Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope-Toledo"},{"link_name":"Pope-Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope-Tribune"},{"link_name":"Pope-Waverley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope-Waverley"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pope-vehicles-24"},{"link_name":"labor strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_strike"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corrigan-23"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-26"}],"text":"1907 Pope ToledoIn 1897, Pope Manufacturing began production of an electric automobile.[23] By 1899, the company had produced over 500 vehicles. Hiram Percy Maxim was head engineer of the Motor Vehicle Department. The Electric Vehicle division was spun off that year as the independent company Columbia Automobile Company but it was acquired by the Electric Vehicle Company by the end of year.[23]Pope tried to re-enter the automobile manufacturing market in 1901 by acquiring a number of small firms, but the process was expensive and competition in the industry was heating up.Between the years 1903 and 1915, the company operated a number of automobile companies including Pope-Hartford (1903–1914), Pope-Robinson, Pope-Toledo (1903–1909), Pope-Tribune (1904–1907) and Pope-Waverley.[24]Between 1906 and 1907, Pope's Toledo manufacturing plant was subject to the automotive industry's first labor strike, which ended in success for the striking Pope workers.[25]Pope declared bankruptcy in 1907[23] and died in August 1909.[26]","title":"Automobiles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Torrington Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrington_Company"},{"link_name":"Torrington, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrington,_Connecticut"}],"text":"In 1914, the main offices of Pope were moved to Westfield, Massachusetts. However, in 1915, the Pope Manufacturing Company filed for bankruptcy. In 1916 Pope was reorganized and renamed The Westfield Manufacturing Company, with catalogs stating they were the “successors to The Pope Manufacturing Company.” In 1933, Westfield Manufacturing became a subsidiary of The Torrington Company of Torrington, Connecticut. In December 1960 an independent corporation was formed and in 1961 was renamed Columbia Manufacturing Company. In 1967, Columbia Manufacturing Company merged with MTD, but ended up filing for bankruptcy in 1987. The following year saw Columbia purchased by some of the local management and reorganized as Columbia Manufacturing, Inc., and no longer part of MTD. Bicycle production continued in a limited capacity, but was negligible compared to the business of importing and selling foreign bicycles. As of the 2010s, Columbia-branded bicycles are marketed by Columbia Bicycles, a subsidiary of Ballard Pacific.","title":"Bankruptcy and reorganizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1882_PopeManufacturingCo_Boston_ad_LippincottsMagazine.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1883_PopeManufacturingCo_Boston_ad.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Columbia_Bicycles_1886_Advertisement.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Columbia_bicycles._Pope_Manufacturing_Co_Hartford,_Conn._1895.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Columbia_Bicycle_Catalog_for_1912.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1912_PopeManufacturingCo_HartfordCT_SIL-038-10-01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pope-hartford_ad_14.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pope_Manufacturing_Company_Columbia_bikes.png"}],"text":"1882 advertisement from Lippincott's Magazine\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1883 advertisement for the Boston market\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1886 advertisement for Columbia Bicycles\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1895 advertisement for Columbia Bicycles\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1912 catalog for Columbia Bicycles\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1912 advertisement for Columbia Bicycles\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1914 advertisement for Pope-Hartford automobiles\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPope Manufacturing Company Columbia bikes","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Leslie%27s_Popular_Monthly"}],"text":"Bruce Epperson. Failed Colossus: Strategic Error at the Pope Manufacturing Company, 1878–1900.\" Technology and Culture, Vol. 41, No. 2 (Apr., 2000), pp. 300–320.\nDavid A. Hounshell. From the American system to mass production, 1800–1932. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1984\n\"Pope Manufacturing Company.\" Moses King, ed. King's handbook of New York city: an outline history and description of the American metropolis. 1892\nRae, John Bell (1959). American Automobile Manufacturers: The First Forty Years. Philadelphia: Chilton Company – via Hathi Trust.\n\"Bicycle-Making: Where and How Bicycles are Made.\" Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly v.12 no.5, November 1881.\n\"The Progress of a great industry.\" Outing (Advertising Supplement), v.19, no.6, 1892\n\"Pope Bicycle building burned; only the walls remain of the handsome Boston headquarters of the Columbia Wheel.\" New York Times, March 13, 1896","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Illustration of Pope Manufacturing Company from Frank Leslie's","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/1881_Pope_ManufacturingCo_HartfordCT_FrankLesliesPopularMonthly_v12_no5.png/220px-1881_Pope_ManufacturingCo_HartfordCT_FrankLesliesPopularMonthly_v12_no5.png"},{"image_text":"1885 Advertisement for the Columbia brand","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1885_PopeManufacturingCo_Boston_ad.png/220px-1885_PopeManufacturingCo_Boston_ad.png"},{"image_text":"Columbia ordinary, circa 1886 \"Cliff\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Columbia_High-wheeled_Bicycle%2C_circa_1886.jpg/220px-Columbia_High-wheeled_Bicycle%2C_circa_1886.jpg"},{"image_text":"Columbia Model 40 Mens Safety Bicycle, 1895","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Columbia_Model_40_Mens_Safety_Bicycle%2C_1895.JPG/220px-Columbia_Model_40_Mens_Safety_Bicycle%2C_1895.JPG"},{"image_text":"Columbia Model 41 Ladies Safety Bicycle, 1895","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Columbia_Model_41_Ladies_Safety_Bicycle%2C_1895.JPG/220px-Columbia_Model_41_Ladies_Safety_Bicycle%2C_1895.JPG"},{"image_text":"An 1895 ad for Columbia Bicycle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/1890s_ad_Pope_Manufacturing_Co_3041142.jpg/220px-1890s_ad_Pope_Manufacturing_Co_3041142.jpg"},{"image_text":"1914 Pope motorcycle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pope_1914.jpg/220px-Pope_1914.jpg"},{"image_text":"1978 Columbia moped","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/1978_Columbia_Sachs_Moped.jpg/220px-1978_Columbia_Sachs_Moped.jpg"},{"image_text":"1907 Pope Toledo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pope_C60_V.jpg/220px-Pope_C60_V.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Columbia Automobile Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Automobile_Company"},{"title":"Pope-Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope-Robinson"},{"title":"Pope-Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope-Toledo"},{"title":"Pope-Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope-Tribune"},{"title":"Pope-Waverley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope-Waverley"}]

[{"reference":"Epperson, Bruce (2010). Peddling Bicycles to America: the rise of an industry. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company. p. 22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Goddard, Stephen B. (2000). Col. Pope & his American Dream Machines. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company. p. 63.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Herlihy, David V. (2004). Bicycle, The History. Yale University Press. pp. 184–192. ISBN 0-300-10418-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_V._Herlihy","url_text":"Herlihy, David V."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bicyclehistory0000herl/page/184","url_text":"Bicycle, The History"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bicyclehistory0000herl/page/184","url_text":"184–192"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10418-9","url_text":"0-300-10418-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Pope Motor Bikes & Motorcycles\". MrColumbia. Archived from the original on 2012-02-11. Retrieved 2012-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120211082840/http://www.vintagecolumbiabikes.com/id84.html","url_text":"\"Pope Motor Bikes & Motorcycles\""},{"url":"http://www.vintagecolumbiabikes.com/id84.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Columbia - MopedWiki\". MopedArmy. Retrieved 2013-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mopedarmy.com/wiki/Moppet","url_text":"\"Columbia - MopedWiki\""}]},{"reference":"David Corrigan. \"The Columbia Cars Are Born\". Hog River Journal - Exploring CT History. Retrieved 2012-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kcstudio.com/colha98.html","url_text":"\"The Columbia Cars Are Born\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Automobiles - Manufacturers\". Farber and Associates, LLC - 2011. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110903140149/http://www.american-automobiles.com/P-Manufacturers.html","url_text":"\"American Automobiles - Manufacturers\""},{"url":"http://www.american-automobiles.com/P-Manufacturers.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Philip S. Foner (1965). History of the Labor Movement in the United States Vol, 4. p. 386.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_S._Foner","url_text":"Philip S. Foner"},{"url":"http://archive.org/details/history-of-the-labor-movement-in-the-united-states-volume-4","url_text":"History of the Labor Movement in the United States Vol, 4"}]},{"reference":"Daniel Vaughan (Aug 2005). \"1911 Pope-Hartford Model W news, pictures, and information\". Conceptcarz.com.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rae, John Bell (1959). American Automobile Manufacturers: The First Forty Years. Philadelphia: Chilton Company – via Hathi Trust.","urls":[]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/people/28567825@N03","external_links_name":"\"Cliff\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bicyclehistory0000herl/page/184","external_links_name":"Bicycle, The History"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bicyclehistory0000herl/page/184","external_links_name":"184–192"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120211082840/http://www.vintagecolumbiabikes.com/id84.html","external_links_name":"\"Pope Motor Bikes & Motorcycles\""},{"Link":"http://www.vintagecolumbiabikes.com/id84.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mopedarmy.com/wiki/Moppet","external_links_name":"\"Columbia - MopedWiki\""},{"Link":"http://www.kcstudio.com/colha98.html","external_links_name":"\"The Columbia Cars Are Born\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110903140149/http://www.american-automobiles.com/P-Manufacturers.html","external_links_name":"\"American Automobiles - Manufacturers\""},{"Link":"http://www.american-automobiles.com/P-Manufacturers.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://archive.org/details/history-of-the-labor-movement-in-the-united-states-volume-4","external_links_name":"History of the Labor Movement in the United States Vol, 4"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/145565059","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93014453","external_links_name":"United States"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_28

The Amazing Race 28

["1 Production","1.1 Development and filming","2 Cast","3 Results","4 Race summary","4.1 Leg 1 (United States → Mexico)","4.2 Leg 2 (Mexico → Colombia)","4.3 Leg 3 (Colombia)","4.4 Leg 4 (Colombia → Switzerland → France)","4.5 Leg 5 (France)","4.6 Leg 6 (France → Armenia)","4.7 Leg 7 (Armenia → Georgia)","4.8 Leg 8 (Georgia → United Arab Emirates)","4.9 Leg 9 (United Arab Emirates → Indonesia)","4.10 Leg 10 (Indonesia)","4.11 Leg 11 (Indonesia → China)","4.12 Leg 12 (China → United States)","5 Reception","5.1 Critical response","5.2 Ratings","6 References","7 External links"]

Season of television series Season of television series The Amazing Race 28Season 28Region 1 DVD coverPresented byPhil KeoghanNo. of teams11WinnerDana Borriello & Matt SteffaninaNo. of legs12Distance traveled27,000 mi (43,000 km) No. of episodes12ReleaseOriginal networkCBSOriginal releaseFebruary 12 (2016-02-12) –May 13, 2016 (2016-05-13)Additional informationFilming datesNovember 15 (2015-11-15) –December 6, 2015 (2015-12-06)Season chronology← PreviousSeason 27 Next →Season 29 List of episodes The Amazing Race 28 is the twenty-eighth season of the American reality competition show The Amazing Race. Hosted by Phil Keoghan, it featured eleven teams of two, each with a pre-existing relationship and including at least one notable social media personality, competing in a race around the world in order to win US$1,000,000. This season visited four continents and ten countries and traveled over 27,000 miles (43,000 km). Starting from several cities in the United States, racers traveled through Mexico, Colombia, Switzerland, France, Armenia, Georgia, the United Arab Emirates, Indonesia, and China before finishing in Santa Barbara wine country. A new twist introduced in this season includes having teams start from their homes instead of a centralized location. The season premiered on CBS on February 12, 2016, and the season finale aired on May 13, 2016. Engaged choreographers Dana Borriello and Matt Steffanina were the winners of this season, while mother and son pair Sheri and Cole LaBrant finished in second place, and best friends Tyler Oakley and Korey Kuhl finished in third place. Production Development and filming The 28th season of The Amazing Race started filming on November 15, 2015, where Phil greeted teams at their first destination, the Monumento a la Revolución in Mexico City. Filming of The Amazing Race 28 began on November 15, 2015, with host Phil Keoghan broadcasting each team's arrival at the first clue location, the Monumento a la Revolución in Mexico City, via social media. Unlike previous seasons, the season began in the teams' hometowns rather than at a traditional starting line. In total, this season spanned 18 cities and 10 countries over 27,000 miles (43,000 km) and included first-time visits to Armenia, Colombia, and Georgia. Racers were reported near Cartagena, Colombia on November 19, 2015. Filming of the show was also reported within and near Tbilisi, Georgia at the Narikala fortress, Rustaveli Theatre, the Bridge of Peace, and the Jvari Monastery in Mtskheta on November 27, 2015. Filming concluded on December 6, 2015, after 21 days. Phil Keoghan stated that the use of social media stars was considered a "social experiment" attempting to bridge the gap between long-time fans of the show and younger viewers who may not have been born when the show debuted in 2001. Keoghan stated that bringing in contestants whom younger viewers may be more familiar with, particularly when promoted over social media, generated interest in earlier seasons of the show. Executive producer Bertram van Munster stated that the use of social media stars was also something suggested by CBS, due to the fact that CBS wanted to see the show to gain more involvement with social media. Cast From left to right: Brittany Oldehoff, Jessica VerSteeg, Joslyn Davis, Zach King, Brodie Smith, Burnie Burns, Ashley Jenkins, Tyler Oakley, and Korey Kuhl The cast was announced on November 15, 2015, prior to the start of filming, and consisted of Internet celebrities and their relatives and friends. Most of the cast had achieved prior fame through social media platforms, such as YouTube, Vine, and Instagram. Contestants Age Relationship Hometown Status Marty Cobb 51 Mother & Daughter McKinney, Texas Eliminated 1st(in Cartagena, Colombia) Hagan Parkman 22 Darius Benson 22 Brothers Tuscaloosa, Alabama Eliminated 2nd(in Cartagena, Colombia) Cameron Benson 19 Memphis, Tennessee Brittany Oldehoff 26 Instagram Models Fort Lauderdale, Florida Eliminated 3rd(in Chamonix, France) Jessica Versteeg 28 San Francisco, California Erin White Robinson 31 Best Friends Los Angeles, California Eliminated 4th(in Chamonix, France) Joslyn Davis 33 Scott Fowler 58 Father & Daughter Kingsport, Tennessee Eliminated 5th(in Tbilisi, Georgia) Blair Fowler 22 San Diego, California Zach King 25 Newlyweds Los Angeles, California Eliminated 6th(in Denpasar, Indonesia) Rachel King 25 Brodie Smith 28 Pro Ultimate Players Dallas, Texas Eliminated 7th(in Denpasar, Indonesia) Kurt Gibson 30 Burnie Burns 42 Dating Gamers Austin, Texas Eliminated 8th(in Shenzhen, China) Ashley Jenkins 33 Tyler Oakley 26 Best Friends Jackson, Michigan Third place Korey Kuhl 30 Sheri LaBrant 45 Mother & Son Enterprise, Alabama Runners-up Cole LaBrant 19 Dana Borriello 29 Engaged Choreographers Los Angeles, California Winners Matt Steffanina 30 Future appearances Tyler & Korey returned to compete on The Amazing Race: Reality Showdown. On May 25, 2016, Tyler & Korey and Erin & Joslyn appeared on an Amazing Race-themed primetime special episode of The Price is Right. On August 7, 2018, Tyler & Korey competed together on a social media-themed episode of Fear Factor. Results The following teams are listed with their placements in each leg. Placements are listed in finishing order. A red placement with a dagger (†) indicates that the team was eliminated. An underlined blue placement with a double-dagger (‡) indicates that the team was the last to arrive at a Pit Stop in a non-elimination leg, and had to perform a Speed Bump task in the following leg. An italicized and underlined placement indicates that the team was the last to arrive at a Pit Stop, but there was no rest period at the Pit Stop and all teams were instructed to continue racing. There was no required Speed Bump task in the next leg. A purple ε indicates that the team used an Express Pass on that leg to bypass one of their tasks. A brown ⊃ indicates that the team used the U-Turn and a brown ⊂ indicates the team on the receiving end of the U-Turn. Team placement (by leg) Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Dana & Matt 1st 4th 4th 3rd 3rd 4th 4th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st Sheri & Cole 9th 8th 6th 7th 7th 7th 5th 6th‡ 3rd 4th 3rd 2nd Tyler & Korey 2nd 1st 2nd 2nd 1st 6th 6th 3rd 1st 1st⊃ 1st 3rd Burnie & Ashley 6th 3rd 3rd 4th 6th 2nd 2nd 2nd 2nd 2nd 4th† Brodie & Kurt 5th 2nd 1st 1st 2nd 1st 3rd 1stε 5th 5th†⊂ Zach & Rachel 3rd 6th 9th 5th 5th 3rd 1st 4th 6th† Scott & Blair 11th‡ 9th 8th 8th 4th 5th 7th† Erin & Joslyn 10th 5th 7th 6th 8th† Brittany & Jessica 7th 7th 5th 9th† Darius & Cameron 4th 10th 10th† Marty & Hagan 8th 11th† Notes ^ This team arrived last at the Pit Stop, but they were instructed to continue racing. ^ a b Tyler & Korey chose to use the U-Turn on Brodie & Kurt. ^ Brodie & Kurt used their Express Pass to bypass the Roadblock on this leg. Race summary The route of The Amazing Race 28. Destinations Air travel    Rail travel    Water travel    Bus travel Helicopter travel    Bicycle travel    Gondola travel Route Markers Detour    Roadblock    U-Turn    Speed Bump    Pit Stop Leg 1 (United States → Mexico) One side of the Detour in Mexico City had teams search through Mariachi performers in Plaza Garibaldi. Episode 1: "I Should've Been a Boy Scout" (February 12, 2016) Prize: US$2,000 each (awarded to Dana & Matt) Locations Assorted Cities (Teams' Homes) (Start) Los Angeles, California or Dallas, Texas or Atlanta, Georgia → Mexico City, Mexico Mexico City (Monumento a la Revolución) Mexico City (Plaza Garibaldi & Escuela de Mariachi Ollin Yoliztli Garibaldi or Humboldt Parking Garage) San Juan Teotihuacán (Parque Temático Tlalocan – Cuevas de Teotihuacan) Mexico City (Museo Soumaya) Episode summary Instead of a traditional starting line, teams received a video message from Phil Keoghan at their homes informing them that the season had already begun. Teams had to travel to their nearest airport and fly to Mexico City, Mexico. Once there, teams had to travel to the Monumento a la Revolución in order to find their first clue. This season's first Detour was a choice between Mariachi Madness or Great Bulls of Fire. In Mariachi Madness, teams had to search among 350 Mariachi performers at Plaza Garibaldi for one who was faking their performance of "Cielito Lindo" and then take the performer to a judge in order to receive their next clue. In Great Bulls of Fire, teams had to properly assemble the frame for a torito, a papier-mâché bull, as part of a fireworks display and then light it up in order to receive their next clue. After the Detour, teams were instructed to go to the Cuevas de Teotihuacan at the Parque Temático Tlalocan and pick one of three departure times for the next morning. In this season's first Roadblock, one team member had to search through the caves for an archeological site and dig up thirteen pieces of a Teotihuacano mask. The site contained pieces for two masks, so team members had to figure out which pieces they needed to find so they could properly assemble one mask and receive their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: the Museo Soumaya in Mexico City. Additional note This was a non-elimination leg. Leg 2 (Mexico → Colombia) In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to search for an emerald inside the mud bath atop El Totumo Volcano. Episode 2: "You Look Like Gollum" (February 19, 2016) Prize: A trip for two to Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands (awarded to Tyler & Korey) Eliminated: Marty & Hagan Locations Mexico City (Museo Soumaya) Mexico City → Cartagena, Colombia Santa Catalina (El Totumo) Manzanillo del Mar (Terraza Melló Farándula Jugos Naturales) Manzanillo del Mar (Playa del Ora) Cartagena (Plaza Bolívar) Episode summary At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to Cartagena, Colombia. Once there, teams had to travel to El Totumo in Santa Catalina in order to find their next clue. In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to climb into the mud bath atop El Totumo Volcano and find one of several satchels which contained an emerald. They had to wash the emerald before giving it to a judge, who directed them to swim to their next clue in a nearby lagoon. After the Roadblock, teams had to go to Manzanillo del Mar and look for a juice stand named Terraza Melló Farándula Jugos Naturales. Once there, they had to find locals playing dominoes, who gave them their next clue. For their Speed Bump, Scott & Blair had to help local fishermen haul a large dragnet out of the water and then collect all of the fish captured before they could continue racing. This leg's Detour was a choice between Pop-Up or Parrilla. In Pop-Up, teams had to properly assemble a shelter using the provided materials and following a pre-assembled example. Once it was built to the judge's approval, they had to guide a car into the shelter, after which they could receive their next clue. In Parrilla, teams had to properly cook three fish dishes on a parrilla grill. Once their dishes were approved, they had to serve them to nearby locals in order to receive their next clue. After the Detour, teams had to check in at the Pit Stop: Plaza Bolívar in Cartagena. Leg 3 (Colombia) The third leg's Roadblock in Colombia focused on exploring the streets of Cartagena's historical district. Episode 3: "Bros Being Jocks" (February 26, 2016) Prize: A trip for two to Mykonos, Greece (awarded to Brodie & Kurt) Eliminated: Darius & Cameron Locations Cartagena (Plaza Bolívar) Cartagena (Plaza San Diego) Cartagena (Castillo San Felipe de Barajas) Cartagena (Avenida El Lago or Restaurante y Cancha de Tejo Ciracari) Cartagena (Calle San Juan de Dios – Museo Naval del Caribe) Cartagena (Baluarte de Santiago) Episode summary At the start of this leg, teams had to travel on foot to the Plaza San Diego. There, teams had to search by a group of pollera dancers for their next clue, which directed them to Castillo San Felipe de Barajas. There, teams had to search the catacombs for their next clue. This leg's Detour was a choice between Tickets or Tejo. In Tickets, teams had to work as bus conductors on a Cartagena transit bus and attract enough passengers so as to earn at least COL$20,000 (roughly $6.00), which they could trade for their next clue. In Tejo, teams had to play tejo, by hitting three gunpowder-loaded targets with a stone disc, in order to receive their next clue. After the Detour, teams had to travel to Calle San Juan de Dios and find a local mochila vendor outside the Museo Naval del Caribe, who had their next clue. In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to pick a mochila, a traditional Colombian knapsack, and search for other vendors between Plaza Santa Teresa and Plaza Santo Domingo to find two bags tagged with the same designer out of hundreds on display, which they could trade for their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: Baluarte de Santiago. Leg 4 (Colombia → Switzerland → France) While in Geneva, the Roadblock focused on finding ten flags of the United Nations founding members at the Palace of Nations. Episode 4: "Get It Trending" (March 4, 2016) Prize: US$3,000 each (awarded to Brodie & Kurt) Eliminated: Brittany & Jessica Locations Cartagena (Baluarte de Santiago) Cartagena → Geneva, Switzerland Geneva (Jet d'Eau) Geneva (Chocolats Rohr) Geneva (Victorinox Flagship Store or Promenade de la Treille) Geneva (Broken Chair) Geneva (Palace of Nations) Geneva → Chamonix, France Chamonix (Place du Triangle de l'Amitié) Episode summary At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to Geneva, Switzerland. Once there, teams had to travel to the Jet d'Eau in order to retrieve their next clue. Teams were instructed to go to Chocolats Rohr and pick a number, which determined the order of their departure the next morning. This leg's Detour was a choice between Work Bench or Bench Work. In Work Bench, teams had to correctly assemble a Victorinox Swiss Army knife in order to receive their next clue. In Bench Work, teams had to travel to the Promenade de la Treille, where they had to determine how many people could sit on the world's longest wooden bench. Teammates had to measure it by sitting next to each other, alternating down the entire length of the bench. If their answer was within a correct range, teams received their next clue; but if they were incorrect, they had to measure again. After the Detour, teams found their next clue at the Broken Chair statue. In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to identify ten flags from a group of 193, representing ten of the founding members of the United Nations. Teams had to find the ten flags in a book which contained all of the flags, and then present the correct flags to a judge in order to receive their next clue. Flag Nation Belarus Costa Rica Ethiopia India Liberia Netherlands Norway South Africa Turkey Uruguay After the Roadblock, teams had to travel by train to Chamonix, France, and search for the Pit Stop at the Place du Triangle de l'Amitié. Leg 5 (France) The Mont Blanc massif and the Argentière Glacier served as backdrop for this leg's tasks. Episode 5: "We're Only Doing Freaky Stuff Today" (March 11, 2016) Prize: A trip for two to Boracay, Philippines (awarded to Tyler & Korey) Eliminated: Erin & Joslyn Locations Chamonix (Place du Triangle de l'Amitié) Chamonix (Streets of Chamonix) Chamonix (Les Grands Montets Gondola Station & Mont Blanc Massif – Les Grands Montets Summit) Chamonix (Planpraz Gondola Station) Chamonix (Aiguilles Rouges – Planpraz) Chamonix (Place Balmat – Michel-Gabriel Paccard Statue) Episode summary At the start of this leg, teams had to search the nearby streets to find a vehicle with a specific license plate. After finding their car, teams directed their driver to drive to the Les Grands Montets gondola station, where teams had to ascend to the summit of Les Grands Montets, and once atop the mountain, one team member had to traverse a suspension line and retrieve their next clue from the other side. This leg's Detour was a choice between Dynamite or Campsite. In Dynamite, teams had to collect two dynamite sticks commonly used for avalanche prevention. They then had to traverse down a mountain via ferrata and deliver their dynamite to the mountaineer, who gave them their next clue. In Campsite, teams had to pitch a tent so as to match an example and build a protective snow wall beside the tent in order to receive their next clue. After the Detour, teams had to travel to the Planpraz Gondola Station in order to find their next clue. In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to travel via gondola to Planpraz. They then had to perform a tandem paragliding ride 7,000 feet (2,100 m) from the side of the Aiguilles Rouges. Once in the air, they had to spot a yeti waving a French flag. After landing, racers were asked which country's flag they saw, and if they answered correctly, they received their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: the statue of Michel-Gabriel Paccard. Leg 6 (France → Armenia) While at Armenia, teams visited the Yerevan Cascade. Episode 6: "Let the Good Times Roll" (April 1, 2016) Prize: One Express Pass (awarded to Brodie & Kurt) Locations Chamonix (Place Balmat – Michel-Gabriel Paccard Statue) Geneva, Switzerland → Yerevan, Armenia Yerevan (Yerevan Opera Theater) Yerevan (Yerevan Cascade) Yerevan (Megerian Carpet Factory or Parvana Restaurant) Yerevan (Republic Square) → Hatsavan (Roadside) Garni (Temple of Garni) Episode summary At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to Yerevan, Armenia. Once there, teams had to travel to the Yerevan Opera Theater, where they had to search for their next clue inside the theater while being treated to a performance of Aram Khachaturian's "Sabre Dance". Teams were then directed to travel on foot to the Yerevan Cascade, where they had to climb 500 steps in order to retrieve their next clue. This leg's Detour was a choice between Thread or Bread. In Thread, teams traveled to the Megerian Carpet Factory, where they had to complete a row of 200 stitches on an Armenian carpet while following a pattern in order to receive their next clue. In Bread, teams traveled to the Parvana Restaurant, where they had to roll out dough and bake fifteen traditional pieces of bread called lavash using a tonir, an Armenian underground oven, in order to receive their next clue. After the Detour, teams had to travel to Republic Square and choose a bus that took them to Hatsavan, overlooking Mount Ararat, where they found their next clue. In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to choose a Lada VAZ-2101 taxi from the roadside along with a driver. They then had to direct the taxi onto a ramp and properly perform an oil change in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: the Temple of Garni. Additional notes There was no elimination at the end of this leg; all teams were instead instructed to continue racing. Armenian musician Gevorg Dabaghyan appeared as the Pit Stop greeter in this leg. Leg 7 (Armenia → Georgia) Teams finished this leg at the Rike Park overlooking the famous Peace Bridge of Tbilisi along the banks of the Mtkvari River. Episode 7: "Welcome to Bloody Fingers 101" (April 8, 2016) Prize: A trip for two to Turks and Caicos (awarded to Zach & Rachel) Eliminated: Scott & Blair Locations Yerevan → Tbilisi, Georgia Tbilisi (Freedom Square – St. George Statue) Tbilisi (Narikala Fortress → Rike Park) Mtskheta (Jvari Monastery) Chardakhi (Iago's Wine) or Mtskheta (Arsekidzis 15) Tbilisi (Rustaveli National Theater) Tbilisi (Rike Park) Episode summary At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to travel by overnight train to Tbilisi, Georgia. Once there, they had to travel to Freedom Square and find the St. George Statue in order to receive their next clue. Teams then traveled to the Narikala Fortress, where they had to ride a gondola down to the banks of the Mtkvari River. They then had to go to the Jvari Monastery, where they found their next clue. This leg's Detour was a choice between Clean or String. In Clean, teams had to travel to Iago's Wine and wash out a traditional kvevri clay pot buried in the ground to the satisfaction of the winery owner in order to receive their next clue. In String, teams had to travel to Arsekidzis 15 and thread five strings of twenty hazelnuts to make a traditional churchkhela (a sausage-shaped candy). Teams then had to dip them into a pot to glaze them and hang them up to dry. Once all five strings were approved, teams could receive their next clue. After the Detour, teams had to travel to the Rustaveli National Theater in Tbilisi in order to find their next clue. In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to join the Georgian National Ballet and perform a fast-paced routine on stage to the satisfaction of the choreographer in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: Rike Park, overlooking the Bridge of Peace. Leg 8 (Georgia → United Arab Emirates) The Detour in Dubai had teams compete against racing camels. Episode 8: "I Have a Wedgie and a Half" (April 15, 2016) Prize: A trip for two to Helsinki, Finland (awarded to Brodie & Kurt) Locations Tbilisi (Rike Park) Tbilisi → Dubai, United Arab Emirates Margham (Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve – Bedouin Camp) Al Lisaili (Dubai Camel Race Track) or Murqquab (Al Maha Desert) Palm Jumeirah (Atlantis, The Palm – Aquaventure) Palm Jumeirah (Atlantis, The Palm – Poseidon's Revenge) Dubai (Deira Old Souq Station) Episode summary At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. Once there, teams had to drive themselves to a Bedouin camp in the Margham desert, where teams were given their next clue along with a Travelocity Roaming Gnome. This leg's Detour was a choice between Races or Oasis. In Races, teams traveled to the Dubai Camel Race Track. There, they used bicycles to compete against racing camels, who could reach speeds up to 40 mph (64 km/h), on a 1.2-mile (1.9 km) course. If teams finished ahead of the camels, they could receive their next clue. In Oasis, teams had to lead four camels across a marked path through the desert to a Bedouin camp, where they were offered traditional regag bread and camel milk along with their next clue. After the Detour, teams had to drive to Atlantis, The Palm, and search Aquaventure for their next clue. This was the same water park that teams visited in season 15. In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to put on a diving helmet and walk through an aquarium containing sharks, rays, and other sea creatures in order to retrieve a canister containing a puzzle. Once they were out of the aquarium, they had to solve the puzzle in order to receive their next clue. Brodie & Kurt used their Express Pass to bypass this Roadblock. After the Roadblock, teams had to slide down the Poseidon's Revenge water slide in order to receive their next clue. Teams then had to drive back to Dubai and travel by abra to the Pit Stop: the Deira Old Souq Station. Additional note This was a non-elimination leg. Leg 9 (United Arab Emirates → Indonesia) After arriving in Indonesia, teams visited Tanah Lot, a Balinese temple, to deliver religious offerings and pythons. Episode 9: "Salt That Sand!" (April 22, 2016) Prize: US$5,000 each (awarded to Tyler & Korey) Eliminated: Zach & Rachel Locations Dubai (Deira Old Souq Station) Dubai → Denpasar, Indonesia Beraban (Tanah Lot – Enjung Galuh Temple & Snake Temple) Kusamba (Banjar Belatung Kusamba Beach) Pesinggahan (Bat Temple) Denpasar (Mertasari Beach) Denpasar (Semawang Beach – Pinisi ) Episode summary At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to Denpasar, Indonesia, on the island of Bali. Once there, teams had to travel to Tanah Lot and pick one of three departure times the next morning, when each team member had to deliver a religious offering known as a gebogan on their heads to the Enjung Galuh Temple. Once there, they had to trade their gebogans for two live pythons, which they had to carry around their necks and deliver to the Snake Temple in order to receive their next clue directing them to Banjar Belatung Kusamba Beach. In this leg's first Roadblock, one team member had to collect seawater in two baskets on a bamboo pole and shake out the water onto a bed of volcanic sand so that it could evaporate. After filling the plot of sand, they then had to scrape enough crystallized salt from the brine troughs to fill a basket. Finally, they had to properly fill four plastic bags with salt in order to receive their next clue. For their Speed Bump, Sheri & Cole had to go to the Bat Temple and prepare and sell ten bowls of a traditional Indonesian meatball dish known as bakso for Rp10,000 each. Each team member then had to finish a bowl of bakso before they could continue racing and perform the leg's first Roadblock. After the first Roadblock, teams had to travel to Mertasari Beach in order to find their next clue. In this leg's second Roadblock, the team member who did not perform the previous Roadblock had to properly assemble a 30-foot (9.1 m) traditional kite and fly it along the beach with a team of kite enthusiasts in order to receive their next clue. After the second Roadblock, teams had to travel to Semawang Beach and then paddle an outrigger canoe to a traditional pinisi sailing ship, which was the Pit Stop. Leg 10 (Indonesia) One of the Detour tasks in Nusa Lembongan required teams to harvest seaweed. Episode 10: "Monkey Dance!" (April 29, 2016) Prize: A trip for two on an Alaskan cruise (awarded to Tyler & Korey) Eliminated: Brodie & Kurt Locations Denpasar (Semawang Beach – Pinisi ) Nusa Penida (Gamat Bay) Nusa Lembongan (Hai Tide Beach Resort – Mushroom Beach) Nusa Lembongan (Pura Puseh) Nusa Lembongan (Lembongan–Ceningan Bridge or Seaweed Farm) Nusa Lembongan (Warung Sunrise) Nusa Lembongan (Hai Tide Beach Resort – Pande Curly Paddleboard Shop) Nusa Ceningan (Blue Lagoon) Denpasar (Bajra Sandhi Monument) Episode summary At the start of this leg, teams took a boat to Gamat Bay on the island of Nusa Penida. There, they had to search for their clue inside one of three clue boxes near the corals on the ocean floor. After retrieving their clue, teams took a high-speed boat to Mushroom Beach at Hai Tide Beach Resort, and then traveled to Pura Puseh. Before entering the stairway, teams had to wear sarongs on their waist and follow a dancer dressed as a monkey, who then gave them their next clue. This leg's Detour was a choice between Haul or Harvest. In Haul, teams had to carry a total of fifty coconuts and four live chickens across a congested suspension bridge and load the coconuts into a delivery truck and the chickens into baskets in order to receive their next clue. In Harvest, teams had to propel a canoe through a marked course, where they had to collect enough seaweed to completely cover a tarp on the beach, in order to receive their next clue. After the Detour, teams had to travel to the Warung Sunrise in order to find their next clue, which directed them to the Pande Curly Paddleboard Shop. In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to ride a jet ski to the Blue Lagoon, where they climbed a ladder to the top of a four-story high cliff. They then participated in a Pilates session with Bondi Rescue lifeguard Anthony "Harries" Carroll before jumping 40 feet (12 m) into the sea in order to get their next clue. After the Roadblock, teams took a boat back to Bali and then traveled by taxi to the Pit Stop: the Bajra Sandhi Monument in Denpasar. Additional note This leg featured a Double U-Turn. Tyler & Korey chose to use the U-Turn on Brodie & Kurt, while Burnie & Ashley chose to use the U-Turn on Tyler & Korey. However, Tyler & Korey had already passed the U-Turn by this point and were therefore unaffected. Burnie & Ashley knew this, but chose to use the U-Turn so as to prevent other teams from being able to use it. Leg 11 (Indonesia → China) The Shenzhen Library Terrace, which overlooks the Civic Center in Shenzhen, China, served as the Pit Stop for this penultimate leg. Episode 11: "That's Money, Honey" (May 6, 2016) Eliminated: Burnie & Ashley Locations Denpasar (Pura Dalem Semawa) Denpasar → Shenzhen, China Shenzhen (Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport – Departure Hall) Shenzhen (Shenzhen International Airport → Hourui Station) Shenzhen (Hourui Station → Window of the World) Shenzhen (Window of the World – Eiffel Tower) Shenzhen (Window of the World → Grand Theater Station) Shenzhen (Lychee Park – Moon Bridge) Shenzhen (Dafen Oil Painting Village) Shenzhen (Shenzhen Library Terrace) Episode summary At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to Shenzhen, China. After arriving at Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport, teams had to search the departure hall in order to find their next clue, which directed them to travel by bus and train to the Eiffel Tower, which teams had to figure out that was a replica at the Window of the World. In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to search the grounds of the Window of the World, a park containing replicas of world landmarks, for six specific landmarks that were the answers to riddles given in the clue. At each monument, they had to retrieve a photo sticker and paste it on their provided passport. Once they had all six stickers, they had to show the passport to a park official in order to receive their next clue. After the Roadblock, teams had to travel by subway to Lychee Park and search for the Moon Bridge in order to find their next clue. This season's final Detour was a choice between Commuter Cycle or Master of Arts. In Commuter Cycle, teams had to ride self-balancing unicycles down a busy street while holding a briefcase and a coffee cup in order to receive the combination to the briefcase, which contained their next clue. In Master of Arts, teams had to search for a plaza filled with painters at the Dafen Oil Painting Village for one who held a marked paintbrush. The painter led them to a shop where they found disassembled pieces of art. After bringing the pieces of art to another shop, they then had to properly install the artwork on a wall in order to receive their next clue. After the Detour, teams received a photo of a building, which they had to figure out was the Shenzhen Civic Center. From there, they had to search the grounds for the Pit Stop: the terrace of the Shenzhen Library. Leg 12 (China → United States) The final Roadblock paid tribute to California's wine industry in Santa Barbara. Episode 12: "The Only First That Matters" (May 13, 2016) Prize: US$1,000,000 Winners: Dana & Matt Runners-up: Sheri & Cole Third place: Tyler & Korey Locations Shenzhen (Shenzhen Library Terrace) Guangzhou → Los Angeles, California Los Angeles (Angelus Plaza) Los Angeles (Angelus Plaza) → Santa Barbara Santa Barbara (Santa Barbara Harbor – Theresa Ann) Santa Barbara (Rattlesnake Canyon – Gibraltar Rock) Santa Ynez (Grassini Family Vineyards) Episode summary At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to Los Angeles, California. Once there, teams had to travel to Angelus Plaza in order to find their next clue. In this leg's first Roadblock, one team member had to jump from the roof of the Angelus Plaza and grab their next clue, which was hanging in mid-air 170 feet (52 m) above the ground. If they failed, racers had to rappel back down and try again, but with each failed attempt, the clue was moved closer to them. After the first Roadblock, teams traveled by helicopter to Santa Barbara. Once there, teams had to travel to Santa Barbara Harbor and use a marked dinghy in order to find the Theresa Ann, where a fisherman on board gave them their next clue sending them to Gibraltar Rock. Once there, teams were instructed to take part in synchronized mountaineering. One team member traversed horizontally across a suspended line to grab one half of the clue, which caused their partner to simultaneously descend down the face of the cliff to pick up the other half. Once they were reunited, team members had to join the two halves together in order to read their next clue, which directed them to Grassini Family Vineyards in Santa Ynez. In this season's final Roadblock, the team member who did not perform the previous Roadblock had to arrange wine barrel lids, which featured hashtags that had been printed on teams' clues in previous legs, and then spell the name of each corresponding city in chronological order. Once the hashtags and the cities were correct, teams could receive their final clue, which instructed them to search the grounds of Grassini Family Vineyards for the finish line. Hashtag City #MuseoSoumaya Mexico City #WalledCity Cartagena #JetStream Geneva #MontBlanc Chamonix #12thCapital Yerevan #PeaceBridge Tbilisi #WaterSlide Dubai #GatewayToBali Denpasar #ParametricDesign Shenzhen Reception Critical response While the casting twist for this season was criticized by long-term fans before the premiere, reviews for The Amazing Race 28 were more mixed. Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that this season was one of multiple recent seasons that "sullied" The Amazing Race. Ken Tucker of Yahoo! called this season "dreadful". Luke Gelineau of TV Equals called this season "an agonizing series of frustrating legs filled with stupid decisions and vapid contestants." Phil Naegely of FanSided wrote that this season "was filled with many memorable moments" and "had drama in each and every leg." Jenni Powell of Tubefilter wrote that this season "was for the most part a very fun ride" and "a very good season." Ratings U.S. Nielsen ratings No. Title Air date Rating/share(18–49) Viewers(millions) DVR(18–49) DVR viewers(millions) Total(18–49) Total viewers(millions) Ref 1 "I Should’ve Been a Boy Scout" February 12, 2016 (2016-02-12) 1.3/5 6.09 — — — — 2 "You Look Like Gollum" February 19, 2016 (2016-02-19) 1.1/4 5.82 — — — — 3 "Bros Being Jocks" February 26, 2016 (2016-02-26) 1.1/4 5.69 0.7 — 1.8 — 4 "Get It Trending" March 4, 2016 (2016-03-04) 1.1/4 5.79 — — — — 5 "We’re Only Doing Freaky Stuff Today" March 11, 2016 (2016-03-11) 1.0/4 5.45 0.6 — 1.6 — 6 "Let The Good Times Roll" April 1, 2016 (2016-04-01) 1.1/5 5.83 — — — — 7 "Welcome To Bloody Fingers 101" April 8, 2016 (2016-04-08) 1.1/5 5.51 — — — — 8 "I Have a Wedgie and a Half" April 15, 2016 (2016-04-15) 1.0/4 5.47 — — — — 9 "Salt That Sand!" April 22, 2016 (2016-04-22) 1.0/4 5.43 — — — — 10 "Monkey Dance!" April 29, 2016 (2016-04-29) 0.9/4 5.44 0.6 — 1.5 — 11 "That's Money, Honey" May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06) 0.9/4 5.19 0.6 — 1.5 — 12 "The Only First That Matters" May 13, 2016 (2016-05-13) 1.1/4 5.93 — — — — Canadian ratings Canadian broadcaster CTV also aired The Amazing Race on Fridays. Episodes aired at 8:00 p.m. Eastern and Central (9:00 p.m. Pacific, Mountain and Atlantic). Canadian DVR ratings are included in Numeris's count. No. Air date Episode Viewers(millions) Rank(Week) Ref 1 February 12, 2016 (2016-02-12) "I Should’ve Been a Boy Scout" 1.62 13 2 February 19, 2016 (2016-02-19) "You Look Like Gollum" 1.61 13 3 February 26, 2016 (2016-02-26) "Bros Being Jocks" 1.45 18 4 March 4, 2016 (2016-03-04) "Get It Trending" 1.56 13 5 March 11, 2016 (2016-03-11) "We’re Only Doing Freaky Stuff Today" 1.44 11 6 April 1, 2016 (2016-04-01) "Let The Good Times Roll" 1.48 15 7 April 8, 2016 (2016-04-08) "Welcome To Bloody Fingers 101" 1.33 19 8 April 15, 2016 (2016-04-15) "I Have a Wedgie and a Half" 1.64 9 9 April 22, 2016 (2016-04-22) "Salt That Sand!" 1.45 17 10 April 29, 2016 (2016-04-29) "Monkey Dance!" 1.39 17 11 May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06) "That's Money, Honey" 1.45 15 12 May 13, 2016 (2016-05-13) "The Only First That Matters" 1.60 9 References ^ "The Amazing Race Live Event". Facebook. November 15, 2015. Retrieved November 15, 2015. ^ Hughes, William (November 11, 2015). "The Amazing Race is casting social media stars for this season's race". The A.V. Club. Retrieved November 11, 2015. ^ "Phil Keoghan's Facebook". Facebook. November 15, 2015. Retrieved November 15, 2015. ^ The Amazing Race (January 21, 2016). "Teams Will Explore Uncharted Territories On Season 28 Of The Amazing Race". CBS. Retrieved January 21, 2016. ^ "El reality "The Amazing Race" desde Cartagena". El Universal (in Spanish). November 20, 2015. Retrieved January 3, 2016. ^ "THE AMAZING RACE-ცნობილი რეალითი შოუ საქართველოშია" (in Georgian). Rustavi 2. November 29, 2015. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 2, 2015. ^ Akhalaia, Ana (November 30, 2015). "The Amazing Race Films in Tbilisi for Season 28". Georgia Today. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2015. ^ Hamedy, Saba (February 26, 2016). "Watch Tyler Oakley, Korey Kuhl play Tejo in new clip from 'The Amazing Race'". Mashable. Retrieved September 15, 2021. ^ Johnson, Eric (March 19, 2016). "Behind the Scenes of 'The Amazing Race' and Its Social-Media-Star Season". Re/code. Retrieved March 27, 2016. ^ Wells, Georgia (November 12, 2015). "YouTube, Vine and Instagram Stars Invade 'The Amazing Race'". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 19, 2016. ^ Moraski, Lauren (November 11, 2015). "Meet the new "The Amazing Race" cast". CBS News. Retrieved December 6, 2015. ^ Ross, Dalton (April 5, 2019). "Meet the Amazing Race season 31 reality all-star teams". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 5, 2019. ^ "Big Brother, The Amazing Race, And Survivor Stars To Play The Price Is Right". CBS. April 25, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2020. ^ Fear Factor (August 8, 2018). "Congrats to @tyleroakley + @koreykuhl! You proved that fear is not a factor for you. 🙌 #FearFactor" (Tweet). Retrieved December 20, 2019 – via Twitter. ^ "We were hoping for the express pass more than anything!! but there was a prize of $2k each". Twitter. Retrieved February 13, 2016. ^ "Meet And Greet: Phil Interviews Greeter in Armenia (Leg 6)" on YouTube ^ "What the? Bondi Rescue star makes a surprise pilates cameo in mega US show The Amazing Race". News.com.au. April 23, 2016. Retrieved November 23, 2019. ^ Bindley, David (February 10, 2016). "Why The Amazing Race 28's social media casting stunt is a #fail". reality blurred. Retrieved March 21, 2021. ^ Fienberg, Daniel (June 24, 2016). "Critic's Picks: 10 TV Series to Finally Stop Watching". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 21, 2021. ^ Ken Tucker (May 4, 2017). "Has 'The Amazing Race' Lost Its Way For Good?". Yahoo!. Retrieved March 21, 2021. ^ Gelineau, Luke (May 13, 2016). "The Amazing Race "The Only First That Matters" Review (Season 28 Episode 12)". TV Equals. Retrieved March 25, 2021. ^ Naegely, Phil (May 13, 2016). "Who won The Amazing Race Season 28?". FanSided. Retrieved March 21, 2021. ^ Powell, Jenni (May 14, 2016). "'The Amazing Race' Season 28 Episode 12 Recap: "The Only First That Matters"". Tubefilter. Retrieved March 21, 2021. ^ Porter, Rick (February 16, 2016). "Friday final ratings: 'The Amazing Race' and 'Sleepy Hollow' adjust up". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 18, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2016. ^ Porter, Rick (February 22, 2016). "Friday final ratings: 'Shark Tank' and '20/20′ adjust up, 'Sleepy Hollow' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 24, 2016. Retrieved February 22, 2016. ^ Porter, Rick (February 29, 2016). "Friday final ratings: 'The Originals' adjusts up". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 1, 2016. Retrieved February 29, 2016. ^ Porter, Rick (March 14, 2016). "Broadcast Live +7 ratings: 'Big Bang Theory' has biggest week 23 gain, 'Jane the Virgin' and 3 others double". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved March 14, 2016. ^ Porter, Rick (March 7, 2016). "Friday final ratings: 'Grimm' adjusts up". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved March 7, 2016. ^ Porter, Rick (March 14, 2016). "Friday final ratings: 'Blue Bloods' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved March 14, 2016. ^ Porter, Rick (March 28, 2016). "Broadcast Live +7 ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' and 'Quantico' lead week 25". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 31, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2016. ^ Porter, Rick (April 4, 2016). "Friday final ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries' and 'Sleepy Hollow' adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2016. ^ Porter, Rick (April 11, 2016). "Friday final ratings: 'Grimm,' 'Vampire Diaries' and 'Originals' adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2016. ^ Porter, Rick (April 18, 2016). "Friday final ratings: 'The Amazing Race' adjusts up". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 19, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2016. ^ Porter, Rick (April 25, 2016). "Friday final ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries' and '20/20' adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 26, 2016. Retrieved April 25, 2016. ^ Porter, Rick (May 2, 2016). "Friday final ratings: 'Shark Tank' adjusts up, 'Grimm' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016. ^ Porter, Rick (May 17, 2016). "Broadcast Live +7 ratings: 'Big Bang Theory,' 'Empire' and 'Blacklist' lead for April 25 – May 1". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 18, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2016. ^ Porter, Rick (May 9, 2016). "Friday final ratings: 'Blue Bloods' finale, all others hold". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2016. ^ Porter, Rick (May 23, 2016). "Broadcast Live +7 ratings: 'Big Bang Theory' tops total gains, 'Vampire Diaries' and 9 others double in 18–49". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2016. ^ Porter, Rick (May 16, 2016). "Friday final ratings: 'The Amazing Race' finale and 'Grimm' adjust up, '20/20' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 17, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2016. ^ "Top Programs – Total Canada (English) February 8 – February 14, 2016" (PDF). numeris.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 1, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2016. ^ "Top Programs – Total Canada (English) February 15 – February 21, 2016" (PDF). numeris.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 10, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2016. ^ "Top Programs – Total Canada (English) February 22 – February 28, 2016" (PDF). numeris.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2016. ^ "Top Programs – Total Canada (English) February 29 – March 6, 2016" (PDF). numeris.ca. Retrieved March 15, 2016. ^ "Top Programs – Total Canada (English) March 7 – March 13, 2016" (PDF). numeris.ca. Retrieved March 22, 2016. ^ "Top Top Programs – Total Canada (English) March 28 – April 3, 2016" (PDF). numeris.ca. April 12, 2016. Retrieved April 19, 2016. ^ "Top Top Programs – Total Canada (English) April 4 – April 10, 2016" (PDF). numeris.ca. April 19, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016. ^ "Top Top Programs – Total Canada (English) April 11 – April 17, 2016" (PDF). numeris.ca. April 26, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 14, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016. ^ "Top Top Programs – Total Canada (English) April 18 – April 24, 2016" (PDF). numeris.ca. May 3, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016. ^ "Top Top Programs – Total Canada (English) April 18 – May 1, 2016" (PDF). numeris.ca. May 10, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 17, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016. ^ "Top Top Programs – Total Canada (English) May 2 – May 8, 2016" (PDF). numeris.ca. May 10, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016. ^ "Top Top Programs – Total Canada (English) May 9 – May 15, 2016" (PDF). numeris.ca. May 25, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016. External links Official website vteThe Amazing RaceOriginal U.S. versionSeasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8: Family Edition 9 10 11: All-Stars 12 13 14 15 16 17 18: Unfinished Business 19 20 21 22 23 24: All-Stars 25 26 27 28 29 30 31: Reality Showdown 32 33 34 35 36 37 Contestants Episodes seasons 1-20 Versions outside the U.S. Asia 1 2 3 4 5 Asia contestants Australia 1 2 3: Australia v New Zealand 4 5 6 7: Celebrity Edition 8: Celebrity Edition Australia contestants A Corrida Milionária Canada 1 2 3 4 5 6: Heroes Edition 7 8 9 10 Canada contestants China Rush 1 2 3 China Rush contestants China 1 2 3 4 China contestants French version HaMerotz LaMillion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8: All Stars 9 HaMerotz LaMillion contestants Latin American version 1 2 3 4: Edição Brasil 5 6: Ecuador Latin American version contestants Norge 1 2 Norge contestants Philippines 1 2 Philippines contestants Suomi 1 2 Velyki Perehony Vietnam 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vietnam contestants Related Shanghai Rush The Ridonculous Race Race the World

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reality competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_competition"},{"link_name":"The Amazing Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Phil Keoghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Keoghan"},{"link_name":"social media personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_personality"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara wine country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County,_California#Wine_country"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Tyler Oakley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Oakley"}],"text":"Season of television seriesThe Amazing Race 28 is the twenty-eighth season of the American reality competition show The Amazing Race. Hosted by Phil Keoghan, it featured eleven teams of two, each with a pre-existing relationship and including at least one notable social media personality, competing in a race around the world in order to win US$1,000,000. This season visited four continents and ten countries and traveled over 27,000 miles (43,000 km). Starting from several cities in the United States, racers traveled through Mexico, Colombia, Switzerland, France, Armenia, Georgia, the United Arab Emirates, Indonesia, and China before finishing in Santa Barbara wine country. A new twist introduced in this season includes having teams start from their homes instead of a centralized location. The season premiered on CBS on February 12, 2016, and the season finale aired on May 13, 2016.Engaged choreographers Dana Borriello and Matt Steffanina were the winners of this season, while mother and son pair Sheri and Cole LaBrant finished in second place, and best friends Tyler Oakley and Korey Kuhl finished in third place.","title":"The Amazing Race 28"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_fuente.jpg"},{"link_name":"Monumento a la Revolución","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumento_a_la_Revoluci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Phil Keoghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Keoghan"},{"link_name":"Monumento a la Revolución","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumento_a_la_Revoluci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-live-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-start-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cartagena, Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Narikala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narikala"},{"link_name":"Rustaveli Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustaveli_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Bridge of Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_of_Peace"},{"link_name":"Jvari Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jvari_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Mtskheta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtskheta"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Phil Keoghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Keoghan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bertram van Munster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_van_Munster"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Development and filming","text":"The 28th season of The Amazing Race started filming on November 15, 2015, where Phil greeted teams at their first destination, the Monumento a la Revolución in Mexico City.Filming of The Amazing Race 28 began on November 15, 2015, with host Phil Keoghan broadcasting each team's arrival at the first clue location, the Monumento a la Revolución in Mexico City, via social media.[1] Unlike previous seasons, the season began in the teams' hometowns rather than at a traditional starting line.[2][3]In total, this season spanned 18 cities and 10 countries over 27,000 miles (43,000 km) and included first-time visits to Armenia, Colombia, and Georgia.[4] Racers were reported near Cartagena, Colombia on November 19, 2015.[5] Filming of the show was also reported within and near Tbilisi, Georgia at the Narikala fortress, Rustaveli Theatre, the Bridge of Peace, and the Jvari Monastery in Mtskheta on November 27, 2015.[6][7] Filming concluded on December 6, 2015, after 21 days.[8]Phil Keoghan stated that the use of social media stars was considered a \"social experiment\" attempting to bridge the gap between long-time fans of the show and younger viewers who may not have been born when the show debuted in 2001. Keoghan stated that bringing in contestants whom younger viewers may be more familiar with, particularly when promoted over social media, generated interest in earlier seasons of the show.[9] Executive producer Bertram van Munster stated that the use of social media stars was also something suggested by CBS, due to the fact that CBS wanted to see the show to gain more involvement with social media.[10]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ASE_2016_Brittany_Oldehoff_(27828211798)_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ASE_2016_Jessica_VerSteeg_(27828211798)_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joslyn_Davis_2019_by_Glenn_Francis.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zach_King_(7485332562)_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brodie_Smith_Head_Shot.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burnie_Burns%27_2014_VidCon_Keynote_-_cropped.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ashley_Jenkins_at_PAX_Prime_2014_(15139095806)_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tyler_Oakley_by_Gage_Skidmore_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Korey_Kuhl_(14351890110).jpg"},{"link_name":"Joslyn Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joslyn_Davis"},{"link_name":"Zach King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_King"},{"link_name":"Brodie Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodie_Smith_(ultimate)"},{"link_name":"Burnie Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnie_Burns"},{"link_name":"Ashley Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"Tyler Oakley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Oakley"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Vine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine_(service)"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-11"},{"link_name":"The Amazing Race: Reality Showdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_31"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The Price is Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Price_Is_Right_(American_game_show)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Fear Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_Factor"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"From left to right: Brittany Oldehoff, Jessica VerSteeg, Joslyn Davis, Zach King, Brodie Smith, Burnie Burns, Ashley Jenkins, Tyler Oakley, and Korey KuhlThe cast was announced on November 15, 2015, prior to the start of filming, and consisted of Internet celebrities and their relatives and friends. Most of the cast had achieved prior fame through social media platforms, such as YouTube, Vine, and Instagram.[11]Future appearancesTyler & Korey returned to compete on The Amazing Race: Reality Showdown.[12]On May 25, 2016, Tyler & Korey and Erin & Joslyn appeared on an Amazing Race-themed primetime special episode of The Price is Right.[13] On August 7, 2018, Tyler & Korey competed together on a social media-themed episode of Fear Factor.[14]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cont_15-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UT1_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UT1_16-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"}],"text":"The following teams are listed with their placements in each leg. Placements are listed in finishing order.A red placement with a dagger (†) indicates that the team was eliminated.\nAn underlined blue placement with a double-dagger (‡) indicates that the team was the last to arrive at a Pit Stop in a non-elimination leg, and had to perform a Speed Bump task in the following leg.\nAn italicized and underlined placement indicates that the team was the last to arrive at a Pit Stop, but there was no rest period at the Pit Stop and all teams were instructed to continue racing. There was no required Speed Bump task in the next leg.\nA purple ε indicates that the team used an Express Pass on that leg to bypass one of their tasks.\nA brown ⊃ indicates that the team used the U-Turn and a brown ⊂ indicates the team on the receiving end of the U-Turn.Notes^ This team arrived last at the Pit Stop, but they were instructed to continue racing.\n\n^ a b Tyler & Korey chose to use the U-Turn on Brodie & Kurt.\n\n^ Brodie & Kurt used their Express Pass to bypass the Roadblock on this leg.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Amazing_Race_28_map.png"}],"text":"The route of The Amazing Race 28.","title":"Race summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mariachien_en_Plaza_Garibaldi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Mariachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariachi"},{"link_name":"Plaza Garibaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Garibaldi"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legenda_lotnisko.svg"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Dallas, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Atlanta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Mexico City, Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City,_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Monumento a la Revolución","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumento_a_la_Revoluci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Plaza Garibaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Garibaldi"},{"link_name":"Escuela de Mariachi Ollin Yoliztli Garibaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Garibaldi#School_of_Mariachi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detour_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"San Juan Teotihuacán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotihuac%C3%A1n_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Teotihuacan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotihuacan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Museo Soumaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Soumaya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAR-pitstop-icon.png"},{"link_name":"Phil Keoghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Keoghan"},{"link_name":"Mexico City, Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City,_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Monumento a la Revolución","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumento_a_la_Revoluci%C3%B3n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detour_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Mariachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariachi"},{"link_name":"Plaza Garibaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Garibaldi"},{"link_name":"Cielito Lindo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cielito_Lindo"},{"link_name":"torito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_handcrafted_fireworks#Manufacture"},{"link_name":"papier-mâché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"fireworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks"},{"link_name":"Teotihuacan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotihuacan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Museo Soumaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Soumaya"}],"sub_title":"Leg 1 (United States → Mexico)","text":"One side of the Detour in Mexico City had teams search through Mariachi performers in Plaza Garibaldi.Episode 1: \"I Should've Been a Boy Scout\" (February 12, 2016)\nPrize: US$2,000 each[15] (awarded to Dana & Matt)LocationsAssorted Cities (Teams' Homes) (Start)\n Los Angeles, California or Dallas, Texas or Atlanta, Georgia → Mexico City, Mexico\nMexico City (Monumento a la Revolución)\nMexico City (Plaza Garibaldi & Escuela de Mariachi Ollin Yoliztli Garibaldi or Humboldt Parking Garage) \nSan Juan Teotihuacán (Parque Temático Tlalocan – Cuevas de Teotihuacan) \nMexico City (Museo Soumaya)Episode summaryInstead of a traditional starting line, teams received a video message from Phil Keoghan at their homes informing them that the season had already begun. Teams had to travel to their nearest airport and fly to Mexico City, Mexico. Once there, teams had to travel to the Monumento a la Revolución in order to find their first clue.\n This season's first Detour was a choice between Mariachi Madness or Great Bulls of Fire. In Mariachi Madness, teams had to search among 350 Mariachi performers at Plaza Garibaldi for one who was faking their performance of \"Cielito Lindo\" and then take the performer to a judge in order to receive their next clue. In Great Bulls of Fire, teams had to properly assemble the frame for a torito, a papier-mâché bull, as part of a fireworks display and then light it up in order to receive their next clue.\nAfter the Detour, teams were instructed to go to the Cuevas de Teotihuacan at the Parque Temático Tlalocan and pick one of three departure times for the next morning.\n In this season's first Roadblock, one team member had to search through the caves for an archeological site and dig up thirteen pieces of a Teotihuacano mask. The site contained pieces for two masks, so team members had to figure out which pieces they needed to find so they could properly assemble one mask and receive their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: the Museo Soumaya in Mexico City.Additional noteThis was a non-elimination leg.","title":"Race summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volc%C3%A1n_del_Totumo.jpg"},{"link_name":"El Totumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Totumo"},{"link_name":"Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Museo Soumaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Soumaya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAR-pitstop-icon.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legenda_lotnisko.svg"},{"link_name":"Cartagena, Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Santa Catalina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Catalina,_Bol%C3%ADvar"},{"link_name":"El Totumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Totumo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Speed_Bump_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detour_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAR-pitstop-icon.png"},{"link_name":"Cartagena, Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia"},{"link_name":"El Totumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Totumo"},{"link_name":"Santa Catalina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Catalina,_Bol%C3%ADvar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"mud bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud_bath"},{"link_name":"emerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Emeralds"},{"link_name":"dominoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Speed_Bump_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"dragnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine_fishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detour_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"parrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asado"}],"sub_title":"Leg 2 (Mexico → Colombia)","text":"In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to search for an emerald inside the mud bath atop El Totumo Volcano.Episode 2: \"You Look Like Gollum\" (February 19, 2016)\nPrize: A trip for two to Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands (awarded to Tyler & Korey)\nEliminated: Marty & HaganLocationsMexico City (Museo Soumaya) \n Mexico City → Cartagena, Colombia\nSanta Catalina (El Totumo) \nManzanillo del Mar (Terraza Melló Farándula Jugos Naturales)\nManzanillo del Mar (Playa del Ora) \nCartagena (Plaza Bolívar)Episode summaryAt the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to Cartagena, Colombia. Once there, teams had to travel to El Totumo in Santa Catalina in order to find their next clue.\n In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to climb into the mud bath atop El Totumo Volcano and find one of several satchels which contained an emerald. They had to wash the emerald before giving it to a judge, who directed them to swim to their next clue in a nearby lagoon.\nAfter the Roadblock, teams had to go to Manzanillo del Mar and look for a juice stand named Terraza Melló Farándula Jugos Naturales. Once there, they had to find locals playing dominoes, who gave them their next clue.\n For their Speed Bump, Scott & Blair had to help local fishermen haul a large dragnet out of the water and then collect all of the fish captured before they could continue racing.\n This leg's Detour was a choice between Pop-Up or Parrilla. In Pop-Up, teams had to properly assemble a shelter using the provided materials and following a pre-assembled example. Once it was built to the judge's approval, they had to guide a car into the shelter, after which they could receive their next clue. In Parrilla, teams had to properly cook three fish dishes on a parrilla grill. Once their dishes were approved, they had to serve them to nearby locals in order to receive their next clue.\nAfter the Detour, teams had to check in at the Pit Stop: Plaza Bolívar in Cartagena.","title":"Race summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Streetsofcartagena.jpg"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Cartagena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Mykonos, Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykonos,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Cartagena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAR-pitstop-icon.png"},{"link_name":"Castillo San Felipe de Barajas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castillo_San_Felipe_de_Barajas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detour_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAR-pitstop-icon.png"},{"link_name":"pollera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollera"},{"link_name":"Castillo San Felipe de Barajas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castillo_San_Felipe_de_Barajas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detour_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"COL$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_peso"},{"link_name":"tejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejo_(sport)"},{"link_name":"gunpowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder"},{"link_name":"mochila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhuaca_mochila"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"}],"sub_title":"Leg 3 (Colombia)","text":"The third leg's Roadblock in Colombia focused on exploring the streets of Cartagena's historical district.Episode 3: \"Bros Being Jocks\" (February 26, 2016)\nPrize: A trip for two to Mykonos, Greece (awarded to Brodie & Kurt)\nEliminated: Darius & CameronLocationsCartagena (Plaza Bolívar) \nCartagena (Plaza San Diego)\nCartagena (Castillo San Felipe de Barajas)\nCartagena (Avenida El Lago or Restaurante y Cancha de Tejo Ciracari) \nCartagena (Calle San Juan de Dios – Museo Naval del Caribe) \nCartagena (Baluarte de Santiago)Episode summaryAt the start of this leg, teams had to travel on foot to the Plaza San Diego. There, teams had to search by a group of pollera dancers for their next clue, which directed them to Castillo San Felipe de Barajas. There, teams had to search the catacombs for their next clue.\n This leg's Detour was a choice between Tickets or Tejo. In Tickets, teams had to work as bus conductors on a Cartagena transit bus and attract enough passengers so as to earn at least COL$20,000 (roughly $6.00), which they could trade for their next clue. In Tejo, teams had to play tejo, by hitting three gunpowder-loaded targets with a stone disc, in order to receive their next clue.\nAfter the Detour, teams had to travel to Calle San Juan de Dios and find a local mochila vendor outside the Museo Naval del Caribe, who had their next clue.\n In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to pick a mochila, a traditional Colombian knapsack, and search for other vendors between Plaza Santa Teresa and Plaza Santo Domingo to find two bags tagged with the same designer out of hundreds on display, which they could trade for their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: Baluarte de Santiago.","title":"Race summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palais_des_Nations_unies,_%C3%A0_Gen%C3%A8ve.jpg"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"founding members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Palace of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Nations,_Geneva"},{"link_name":"Cartagena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAR-pitstop-icon.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legenda_lotnisko.svg"},{"link_name":"Geneva, Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Jet d'Eau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_d%27Eau"},{"link_name":"Victorinox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorinox"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detour_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Broken Chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Chair"},{"link_name":"Palace of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Nations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legenda_kolej.svg"},{"link_name":"Chamonix, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamonix,_France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAR-pitstop-icon.png"},{"link_name":"Geneva, Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Jet d'Eau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_d%27Eau"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detour_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Victorinox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorinox"},{"link_name":"Swiss Army knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Army_knife"},{"link_name":"Broken Chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Chair"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"members of the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Chamonix, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamonix,_France"}],"sub_title":"Leg 4 (Colombia → Switzerland → France)","text":"While in Geneva, the Roadblock focused on finding ten flags of the United Nations founding members at the Palace of Nations.Episode 4: \"Get It Trending\" (March 4, 2016)\nPrize: US$3,000 each (awarded to Brodie & Kurt)\nEliminated: Brittany & JessicaLocationsCartagena (Baluarte de Santiago) \n Cartagena → Geneva, Switzerland\nGeneva (Jet d'Eau)\nGeneva (Chocolats Rohr)\nGeneva (Victorinox Flagship Store or Promenade de la Treille) \nGeneva (Broken Chair)\nGeneva (Palace of Nations) \n Geneva → Chamonix, France\nChamonix (Place du Triangle de l'Amitié)Episode summaryAt the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to Geneva, Switzerland. Once there, teams had to travel to the Jet d'Eau in order to retrieve their next clue. Teams were instructed to go to Chocolats Rohr and pick a number, which determined the order of their departure the next morning.\n This leg's Detour was a choice between Work Bench or Bench Work. In Work Bench, teams had to correctly assemble a Victorinox Swiss Army knife in order to receive their next clue. In Bench Work, teams had to travel to the Promenade de la Treille, where they had to determine how many people could sit on the world's longest wooden bench. Teammates had to measure it by sitting next to each other, alternating down the entire length of the bench. If their answer was within a correct range, teams received their next clue; but if they were incorrect, they had to measure again.\nAfter the Detour, teams found their next clue at the Broken Chair statue.\n In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to identify ten flags from a group of 193, representing ten of the founding members of the United Nations. Teams had to find the ten flags in a book which contained all of the flags, and then present the correct flags to a judge in order to receive their next clue.Flag\n\nNation\n\n\n\n\nBelarus\n\n\n\n\nCosta Rica\n\n\n\n\nEthiopia\n\n\n\n\nIndia\n\n\n\n\nLiberia\n\n\n\n\nNetherlands\n\n\n\n\nNorway\n\n\n\n\nSouth Africa\n\n\n\n\nTurkey\n\n\n\n\nUruguayAfter the Roadblock, teams had to travel by train to Chamonix, France, and search for the Pit Stop at the Place du Triangle de l'Amitié.","title":"Race summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aiguille_d%27Argenti%C3%A8re_and_Glacier_d%27Argenti%C3%A8re.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mont Blanc massif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc_massif"},{"link_name":"Argentière Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argenti%C3%A8re_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Boracay, Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boracay,_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Chamonix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamonix"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAR-pitstop-icon.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maki-aerialway-15.svg"},{"link_name":"Les Grands Montets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiguille_des_Grands_Montets"},{"link_name":"Mont Blanc Massif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc_Massif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detour_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maki-aerialway-15.svg"},{"link_name":"Aiguilles Rouges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiguilles_Rouges"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Michel-Gabriel Paccard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel-Gabriel_Paccard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAR-pitstop-icon.png"},{"link_name":"Les Grands Montets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiguille_des_Grands_Montets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detour_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"dynamite sticks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamite"},{"link_name":"avalanche prevention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_control"},{"link_name":"via ferrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_ferrata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"paragliding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paragliding"},{"link_name":"Aiguilles Rouges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiguilles_Rouges"},{"link_name":"yeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeti"},{"link_name":"French flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_flag"},{"link_name":"Michel-Gabriel Paccard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel-Gabriel_Paccard"}],"sub_title":"Leg 5 (France)","text":"The Mont Blanc massif and the Argentière Glacier served as backdrop for this leg's tasks.Episode 5: \"We're Only Doing Freaky Stuff Today\" (March 11, 2016)\nPrize: A trip for two to Boracay, Philippines (awarded to Tyler & Korey)\nEliminated: Erin & JoslynLocationsChamonix (Place du Triangle de l'Amitié) \nChamonix (Streets of Chamonix)\n Chamonix (Les Grands Montets Gondola Station & Mont Blanc Massif – Les Grands Montets Summit) \nChamonix (Planpraz Gondola Station)\n Chamonix (Aiguilles Rouges – Planpraz) \nChamonix (Place Balmat – Michel-Gabriel Paccard Statue)Episode summaryAt the start of this leg, teams had to search the nearby streets to find a vehicle with a specific license plate. After finding their car, teams directed their driver to drive to the Les Grands Montets gondola station, where teams had to ascend to the summit of Les Grands Montets, and once atop the mountain, one team member had to traverse a suspension line and retrieve their next clue from the other side.\n This leg's Detour was a choice between Dynamite or Campsite. In Dynamite, teams had to collect two dynamite sticks commonly used for avalanche prevention. They then had to traverse down a mountain via ferrata and deliver their dynamite to the mountaineer, who gave them their next clue. In Campsite, teams had to pitch a tent so as to match an example and build a protective snow wall beside the tent in order to receive their next clue.\nAfter the Detour, teams had to travel to the Planpraz Gondola Station in order to find their next clue.\n In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to travel via gondola to Planpraz. They then had to perform a tandem paragliding ride 7,000 feet (2,100 m) from the side of the Aiguilles Rouges. Once in the air, they had to spot a yeti waving a French flag. After landing, racers were asked which country's flag they saw, and if they answered correctly, they received their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: the statue of Michel-Gabriel Paccard.","title":"Race summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yerevan-Cascade-02-2019-gje.jpg"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Yerevan Cascade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan_Cascade"},{"link_name":"Express Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_Race#Express_Pass"},{"link_name":"Chamonix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamonix"},{"link_name":"Michel-Gabriel Paccard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel-Gabriel_Paccard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAR-pitstop-icon.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legenda_lotnisko.svg"},{"link_name":"Geneva, Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Yerevan, Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan,_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Yerevan Opera Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan_Opera_Theater"},{"link_name":"Yerevan Cascade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan_Cascade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detour_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bus-logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Republic Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Square,_Yerevan"},{"link_name":"Hatsavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatsavan,_Kotayk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Garni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garni"},{"link_name":"Temple of Garni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Garni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAR-pitstop-icon.png"},{"link_name":"Yerevan, Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan,_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Yerevan Opera Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan_Opera_Theater"},{"link_name":"Aram Khachaturian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram_Khachaturian"},{"link_name":"Sabre Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabre_Dance"},{"link_name":"Yerevan Cascade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan_Cascade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detour_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Armenian carpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_carpet"},{"link_name":"lavash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavash"},{"link_name":"tonir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandoor#Armenian_tonir"},{"link_name":"Republic Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Square,_Yerevan"},{"link_name":"Hatsavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatsavan,_Kotayk"},{"link_name":"Mount Ararat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ararat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Lada VAZ-2101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAZ-2101"},{"link_name":"oil change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_change"},{"link_name":"Temple of Garni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Garni"},{"link_name":"Gevorg Dabaghyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gevorg_Dabaghyan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Leg 6 (France → Armenia)","text":"While at Armenia, teams visited the Yerevan Cascade.Episode 6: \"Let the Good Times Roll\" (April 1, 2016)\nPrize: One Express Pass (awarded to Brodie & Kurt)LocationsChamonix (Place Balmat – Michel-Gabriel Paccard Statue) \n Geneva, Switzerland → Yerevan, Armenia\nYerevan (Yerevan Opera Theater)\nYerevan (Yerevan Cascade)\nYerevan (Megerian Carpet Factory or Parvana Restaurant) \n Yerevan (Republic Square) → Hatsavan (Roadside) \nGarni (Temple of Garni)Episode summaryAt the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to Yerevan, Armenia. Once there, teams had to travel to the Yerevan Opera Theater, where they had to search for their next clue inside the theater while being treated to a performance of Aram Khachaturian's \"Sabre Dance\". Teams were then directed to travel on foot to the Yerevan Cascade, where they had to climb 500 steps in order to retrieve their next clue.\n This leg's Detour was a choice between Thread or Bread. In Thread, teams traveled to the Megerian Carpet Factory, where they had to complete a row of 200 stitches on an Armenian carpet while following a pattern in order to receive their next clue. In Bread, teams traveled to the Parvana Restaurant, where they had to roll out dough and bake fifteen traditional pieces of bread called lavash using a tonir, an Armenian underground oven, in order to receive their next clue.\nAfter the Detour, teams had to travel to Republic Square and choose a bus that took them to Hatsavan, overlooking Mount Ararat, where they found their next clue.\n In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to choose a Lada VAZ-2101 taxi from the roadside along with a driver. They then had to direct the taxi onto a ramp and properly perform an oil change in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: the Temple of Garni.Additional notesThere was no elimination at the end of this leg; all teams were instead instructed to continue racing.\nArmenian musician Gevorg Dabaghyan appeared as the Pit Stop greeter in this leg.[16]","title":"Race summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_closer_view_of_the_steel_pedestrian_%27Peace_Bridge%27.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"Mtkvari River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtkvari_River"},{"link_name":"Turks and Caicos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legenda_kolej.svg"},{"link_name":"Yerevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Freedom Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Square,_Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"St. George Statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Monument_(Tbilisi)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maki-aerialway-15.svg"},{"link_name":"Narikala Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narikala_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Mtskheta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtskheta"},{"link_name":"Jvari Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jvari_Monastery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detour_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Rustaveli National Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustaveli_Theatre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAR-pitstop-icon.png"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Freedom Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Square,_Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"St. George Statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Monument_(Tbilisi)"},{"link_name":"Narikala Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narikala_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Mtkvari River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtkvari_River"},{"link_name":"Jvari Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jvari_Monastery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detour_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"kvevri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvevri"},{"link_name":"churchkhela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchkhela"},{"link_name":"Rustaveli National Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustaveli_Theatre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Georgian National Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_National_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Bridge of Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_of_Peace"}],"sub_title":"Leg 7 (Armenia → Georgia)","text":"Teams finished this leg at the Rike Park overlooking the famous Peace Bridge of Tbilisi along the banks of the Mtkvari River.Episode 7: \"Welcome to Bloody Fingers 101\" (April 8, 2016)\nPrize: A trip for two to Turks and Caicos (awarded to Zach & Rachel)\nEliminated: Scott & BlairLocationsYerevan → Tbilisi, Georgia\nTbilisi (Freedom Square – St. George Statue)\n Tbilisi (Narikala Fortress → Rike Park)\nMtskheta (Jvari Monastery)\nChardakhi (Iago's Wine) or Mtskheta (Arsekidzis 15) \nTbilisi (Rustaveli National Theater) \nTbilisi (Rike Park)Episode summaryAt the start of this leg, teams were instructed to travel by overnight train to Tbilisi, Georgia. Once there, they had to travel to Freedom Square and find the St. George Statue in order to receive their next clue. Teams then traveled to the Narikala Fortress, where they had to ride a gondola down to the banks of the Mtkvari River. They then had to go to the Jvari Monastery, where they found their next clue.\n This leg's Detour was a choice between Clean or String. In Clean, teams had to travel to Iago's Wine and wash out a traditional kvevri clay pot buried in the ground to the satisfaction of the winery owner in order to receive their next clue. In String, teams had to travel to Arsekidzis 15 and thread five strings of twenty hazelnuts to make a traditional churchkhela (a sausage-shaped candy). Teams then had to dip them into a pot to glaze them and hang them up to dry. Once all five strings were approved, teams could receive their next clue.\nAfter the Detour, teams had to travel to the Rustaveli National Theater in Tbilisi in order to find their next clue.\n In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to join the Georgian National Ballet and perform a fast-paced routine on stage to the satisfaction of the choreographer in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: Rike Park, overlooking the Bridge of Peace.","title":"Race summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dubai_camel_race.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"racing camels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_racing"},{"link_name":"Helsinki, Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki,_Finland"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAR-pitstop-icon.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legenda_lotnisko.svg"},{"link_name":"Dubai, United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai,_United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Margham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margham"},{"link_name":"Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Desert_Conservation_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Bedouin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin"},{"link_name":"Al Lisaili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Lisaili"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detour_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Palm Jumeirah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Jumeirah"},{"link_name":"Atlantis, The Palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis,_The_Palm"},{"link_name":"Aquaventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaventure"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BSicon_BOOT.svg"},{"link_name":"Deira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deira,_Dubai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAR-pitstop-icon.png"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Bedouin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin"},{"link_name":"Margham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margham"},{"link_name":"Travelocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelocity"},{"link_name":"Roaming Gnome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Is_My_Gnome%3F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detour_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"racing camels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_racing"},{"link_name":"camel milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_milk"},{"link_name":"Atlantis, The Palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis,_The_Palm"},{"link_name":"Aquaventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaventure"},{"link_name":"season 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_15#Leg_6_(United_Arab_Emirates)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark"},{"link_name":"rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manta_ray"},{"link_name":"water slide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_slide"},{"link_name":"abra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abra_(boat)"},{"link_name":"Deira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deira,_Dubai"}],"sub_title":"Leg 8 (Georgia → United Arab Emirates)","text":"The Detour in Dubai had teams compete against racing camels.Episode 8: \"I Have a Wedgie and a Half\" (April 15, 2016)\nPrize: A trip for two to Helsinki, Finland (awarded to Brodie & Kurt)LocationsTbilisi (Rike Park) \n Tbilisi → Dubai, United Arab Emirates\nMargham (Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve – Bedouin Camp)\nAl Lisaili (Dubai Camel Race Track) or Murqquab (Al Maha Desert) \nPalm Jumeirah (Atlantis, The Palm – Aquaventure) \nPalm Jumeirah (Atlantis, The Palm – Poseidon's Revenge)\n Dubai (Deira Old Souq Station)Episode summaryAt the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. Once there, teams had to drive themselves to a Bedouin camp in the Margham desert, where teams were given their next clue along with a Travelocity Roaming Gnome.\n This leg's Detour was a choice between Races or Oasis. In Races, teams traveled to the Dubai Camel Race Track. There, they used bicycles to compete against racing camels, who could reach speeds up to 40 mph (64 km/h), on a 1.2-mile (1.9 km) course. If teams finished ahead of the camels, they could receive their next clue. In Oasis, teams had to lead four camels across a marked path through the desert to a Bedouin camp, where they were offered traditional regag bread and camel milk along with their next clue.\nAfter the Detour, teams had to drive to Atlantis, The Palm, and search Aquaventure for their next clue. This was the same water park that teams visited in season 15.\n In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to put on a diving helmet and walk through an aquarium containing sharks, rays, and other sea creatures in order to retrieve a canister containing a puzzle. Once they were out of the aquarium, they had to solve the puzzle in order to receive their next clue. Brodie & Kurt used their Express Pass to bypass this Roadblock.\nAfter the Roadblock, teams had to slide down the Poseidon's Revenge water slide in order to receive their next clue. Teams then had to drive back to Dubai and travel by abra to the Pit Stop: the Deira Old Souq Station.Additional noteThis was a non-elimination leg.","title":"Race summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tanah-Lot_Bali_Indonesia_Pura-Tanah-Lot-01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Tanah Lot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah_Lot"},{"link_name":"Balinese temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_temple"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"Deira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deira,_Dubai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAR-pitstop-icon.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legenda_lotnisko.svg"},{"link_name":"Denpasar, Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denpasar,_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Beraban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabanan_Regency"},{"link_name":"Tanah Lot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah_Lot"},{"link_name":"Snake Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah_Lot_Temple"},{"link_name":"Kusamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klungkung_Regency"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Bat Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pura_Goa_Lawah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Speed_Bump_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BSicon_BOOT.svg"},{"link_name":"Pinisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinisi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAR-pitstop-icon.png"},{"link_name":"Denpasar, Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denpasar,_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali"},{"link_name":"Tanah Lot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah_Lot"},{"link_name":"pythons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(genus)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"crystallized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallized"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Speed_Bump_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Bat Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pura_Goa_Lawah"},{"link_name":"bakso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakso"},{"link_name":"Rp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"outrigger canoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrigger_canoe"},{"link_name":"pinisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinisi"}],"sub_title":"Leg 9 (United Arab Emirates → Indonesia)","text":"After arriving in Indonesia, teams visited Tanah Lot, a Balinese temple, to deliver religious offerings and pythons.Episode 9: \"Salt That Sand!\" (April 22, 2016)\nPrize: US$5,000 each (awarded to Tyler & Korey)\nEliminated: Zach & RachelLocationsDubai (Deira Old Souq Station) \n Dubai → Denpasar, Indonesia\nBeraban (Tanah Lot – Enjung Galuh Temple & Snake Temple)\nKusamba (Banjar Belatung Kusamba Beach) \nPesinggahan (Bat Temple) \nDenpasar (Mertasari Beach) \n Denpasar (Semawang Beach – Pinisi )Episode summaryAt the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to Denpasar, Indonesia, on the island of Bali. Once there, teams had to travel to Tanah Lot and pick one of three departure times the next morning, when each team member had to deliver a religious offering known as a gebogan on their heads to the Enjung Galuh Temple. Once there, they had to trade their gebogans for two live pythons, which they had to carry around their necks and deliver to the Snake Temple in order to receive their next clue directing them to Banjar Belatung Kusamba Beach.\n In this leg's first Roadblock, one team member had to collect seawater in two baskets on a bamboo pole and shake out the water onto a bed of volcanic sand so that it could evaporate. After filling the plot of sand, they then had to scrape enough crystallized salt from the brine troughs to fill a basket. Finally, they had to properly fill four plastic bags with salt in order to receive their next clue.\n For their Speed Bump, Sheri & Cole had to go to the Bat Temple and prepare and sell ten bowls of a traditional Indonesian meatball dish known as bakso for Rp10,000 each. Each team member then had to finish a bowl of bakso before they could continue racing and perform the leg's first Roadblock.\nAfter the first Roadblock, teams had to travel to Mertasari Beach in order to find their next clue.\n In this leg's second Roadblock, the team member who did not perform the previous Roadblock had to properly assemble a 30-foot (9.1 m) traditional kite and fly it along the beach with a team of kite enthusiasts in order to receive their next clue.\nAfter the second Roadblock, teams had to travel to Semawang Beach and then paddle an outrigger canoe to a traditional pinisi sailing ship, which was the Pit Stop.","title":"Race summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lembongan_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Nusa Lembongan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusa_Lembongan"},{"link_name":"seaweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaweed"},{"link_name":"Alaskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Denpasar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denpasar"},{"link_name":"Pinisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinisi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAR-pitstop-icon.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BSicon_BOOT.svg"},{"link_name":"Nusa Penida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusa_Penida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BSicon_BOOT.svg"},{"link_name":"Nusa Lembongan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusa_Lembongan"},{"link_name":"Ceningan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusa_Ceningan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detour_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U-Turn_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BSicon_BOOT.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BSicon_BOOT.svg"},{"link_name":"Bajra Sandhi Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajra_Sandhi_Monument"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAR-pitstop-icon.png"},{"link_name":"Nusa Penida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusa_Penida"},{"link_name":"sarongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detour_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"seaweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaweed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Pilates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilates"},{"link_name":"Bondi Rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondi_Rescue"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Bajra Sandhi Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajra_Sandhi_Monument"},{"link_name":"Denpasar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denpasar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U-Turn_icon.svg"}],"sub_title":"Leg 10 (Indonesia)","text":"One of the Detour tasks in Nusa Lembongan required teams to harvest seaweed.Episode 10: \"Monkey Dance!\" (April 29, 2016)\nPrize: A trip for two on an Alaskan cruise (awarded to Tyler & Korey)\nEliminated: Brodie & KurtLocationsDenpasar (Semawang Beach – Pinisi ) \n Nusa Penida (Gamat Bay)\n Nusa Lembongan (Hai Tide Beach Resort – Mushroom Beach)\nNusa Lembongan (Pura Puseh)\nNusa Lembongan (Lembongan–Ceningan Bridge or Seaweed Farm) \nNusa Lembongan (Warung Sunrise) \nNusa Lembongan (Hai Tide Beach Resort – Pande Curly Paddleboard Shop)\n Nusa Ceningan (Blue Lagoon) \n Denpasar (Bajra Sandhi Monument)Episode summaryAt the start of this leg, teams took a boat to Gamat Bay on the island of Nusa Penida. There, they had to search for their clue inside one of three clue boxes near the corals on the ocean floor. After retrieving their clue, teams took a high-speed boat to Mushroom Beach at Hai Tide Beach Resort, and then traveled to Pura Puseh. Before entering the stairway, teams had to wear sarongs on their waist and follow a dancer dressed as a monkey, who then gave them their next clue.\n This leg's Detour was a choice between Haul or Harvest. In Haul, teams had to carry a total of fifty coconuts and four live chickens across a congested suspension bridge and load the coconuts into a delivery truck and the chickens into baskets in order to receive their next clue. In Harvest, teams had to propel a canoe through a marked course, where they had to collect enough seaweed to completely cover a tarp on the beach, in order to receive their next clue.\nAfter the Detour, teams had to travel to the Warung Sunrise in order to find their next clue, which directed them to the Pande Curly Paddleboard Shop.\n In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to ride a jet ski to the Blue Lagoon, where they climbed a ladder to the top of a four-story high cliff. They then participated in a Pilates session with Bondi Rescue lifeguard Anthony \"Harries\" Carroll before jumping 40 feet (12 m) into the sea in order to get their next clue.[17]\nAfter the Roadblock, teams took a boat back to Bali and then traveled by taxi to the Pit Stop: the Bajra Sandhi Monument in Denpasar.Additional noteThis leg featured a Double U-Turn. Tyler & Korey chose to use the U-Turn on Brodie & Kurt, while Burnie & Ashley chose to use the U-Turn on Tyler & Korey. However, Tyler & Korey had already passed the U-Turn by this point and were therefore unaffected. Burnie & Ashley knew this, but chose to use the U-Turn so as to prevent other teams from being able to use it.","title":"Race summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shenzhen_Library_Overview.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Library"},{"link_name":"Civic Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Center_(Shenzhen)"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen, China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen,_China"},{"link_name":"Denpasar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denpasar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAR-pitstop-icon.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legenda_lotnisko.svg"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen, China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen,_China"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Bao%27an_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Departure Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Bao%27an_International_Airport#Current_terminal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bus-logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Hourui Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourui_Station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legenda_kolej.svg"},{"link_name":"Window of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"Eiffel Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower_replicas_and_derivatives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legenda_kolej.svg"},{"link_name":"Grand Theater Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theater_station_(Shenzhen_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Dafen Oil Painting Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafen_Village"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detour_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Library"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAR-pitstop-icon.png"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen, China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen,_China"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Bao%27an_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Eiffel Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower"},{"link_name":"replica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower_replicas_and_derivatives"},{"link_name":"Window of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_of_the_World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detour_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"self-balancing unicycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-balancing_unicycle"},{"link_name":"Dafen Oil Painting Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafen_Village"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen Civic Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Civic_Center"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Library"}],"sub_title":"Leg 11 (Indonesia → China)","text":"The Shenzhen Library Terrace, which overlooks the Civic Center in Shenzhen, China, served as the Pit Stop for this penultimate leg.Episode 11: \"That's Money, Honey\" (May 6, 2016)\nEliminated: Burnie & AshleyLocationsDenpasar (Pura Dalem Semawa) \n Denpasar → Shenzhen, China\nShenzhen (Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport – Departure Hall)\n Shenzhen (Shenzhen International Airport → Hourui Station)\n Shenzhen (Hourui Station → Window of the World)\nShenzhen (Window of the World – Eiffel Tower) \n Shenzhen (Window of the World → Grand Theater Station)\nShenzhen (Lychee Park – Moon Bridge)\nShenzhen (Dafen Oil Painting Village) \nShenzhen (Shenzhen Library Terrace)Episode summaryAt the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to Shenzhen, China. After arriving at Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport, teams had to search the departure hall in order to find their next clue, which directed them to travel by bus and train to the Eiffel Tower, which teams had to figure out that was a replica at the Window of the World.\n In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to search the grounds of the Window of the World, a park containing replicas of world landmarks, for six specific landmarks that were the answers to riddles given in the clue. At each monument, they had to retrieve a photo sticker and paste it on their provided passport. Once they had all six stickers, they had to show the passport to a park official in order to receive their next clue.\nAfter the Roadblock, teams had to travel by subway to Lychee Park and search for the Moon Bridge in order to find their next clue.\n This season's final Detour was a choice between Commuter Cycle or Master of Arts. In Commuter Cycle, teams had to ride self-balancing unicycles down a busy street while holding a briefcase and a coffee cup in order to receive the combination to the briefcase, which contained their next clue. In Master of Arts, teams had to search for a plaza filled with painters at the Dafen Oil Painting Village for one who held a marked paintbrush. The painter led them to a shop where they found disassembled pieces of art. After bringing the pieces of art to another shop, they then had to properly install the artwork on a wall in order to receive their next clue.\nAfter the Detour, teams received a photo of a building, which they had to figure out was the Shenzhen Civic Center. From there, they had to search the grounds for the Pit Stop: the terrace of the Shenzhen Library.","title":"Race summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winery_et_vignoble_pr%C3%A8s_de_Santa_Barbara.jpg"},{"link_name":"California's wine industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_wine"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Library"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAR-pitstop-icon.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legenda_lotnisko.svg"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maki-heliport-15.svg"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California"},{"link_name":"Rattlesnake Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattlesnake_Canyon_(Santa_Barbara)"},{"link_name":"Santa Ynez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ynez,_California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAR-pitstop-icon.png"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California"},{"link_name":"synchronized mountaineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrolean_traverse"},{"link_name":"Santa Ynez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ynez,_California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadblock_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"wine barrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_barrel"},{"link_name":"hashtags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashtag"},{"link_name":"MuseoSoumaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Soumaya"},{"link_name":"WalledCity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia"},{"link_name":"JetStream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_d%27Eau"},{"link_name":"MontBlanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc"},{"link_name":"12thCapital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_capitals_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"PeaceBridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_of_Peace"},{"link_name":"WaterSlide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis,_The_Palm"},{"link_name":"GatewayToBali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denpasar"},{"link_name":"ParametricDesign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Bao%27an_International_Airport"}],"sub_title":"Leg 12 (China → United States)","text":"The final Roadblock paid tribute to California's wine industry in Santa Barbara.Episode 12: \"The Only First That Matters\" (May 13, 2016)\nPrize: US$1,000,000\nWinners: Dana & Matt\nRunners-up: Sheri & Cole\nThird place: Tyler & KoreyLocationsShenzhen (Shenzhen Library Terrace) \n Guangzhou → Los Angeles, California\nLos Angeles (Angelus Plaza) \n Los Angeles (Angelus Plaza) → Santa Barbara\nSanta Barbara (Santa Barbara Harbor – Theresa Ann)\nSanta Barbara (Rattlesnake Canyon – Gibraltar Rock)\nSanta Ynez (Grassini Family Vineyards)Episode summaryAt the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to Los Angeles, California. Once there, teams had to travel to Angelus Plaza in order to find their next clue.\n In this leg's first Roadblock, one team member had to jump from the roof of the Angelus Plaza and grab their next clue, which was hanging in mid-air 170 feet (52 m) above the ground. If they failed, racers had to rappel back down and try again, but with each failed attempt, the clue was moved closer to them.\nAfter the first Roadblock, teams traveled by helicopter to Santa Barbara. Once there, teams had to travel to Santa Barbara Harbor and use a marked dinghy in order to find the Theresa Ann, where a fisherman on board gave them their next clue sending them to Gibraltar Rock. Once there, teams were instructed to take part in synchronized mountaineering. One team member traversed horizontally across a suspended line to grab one half of the clue, which caused their partner to simultaneously descend down the face of the cliff to pick up the other half. Once they were reunited, team members had to join the two halves together in order to read their next clue, which directed them to Grassini Family Vineyards in Santa Ynez.\n In this season's final Roadblock, the team member who did not perform the previous Roadblock had to arrange wine barrel lids, which featured hashtags that had been printed on teams' clues in previous legs, and then spell the name of each corresponding city in chronological order. Once the hashtags and the cities were correct, teams could receive their final clue, which instructed them to search the grounds of Grassini Family Vineyards for the finish line.Hashtag\n\nCity\n\n\n#MuseoSoumaya\n\nMexico City\n\n\n#WalledCity\n\nCartagena\n\n\n#JetStream\n\nGeneva\n\n\n#MontBlanc\n\nChamonix\n\n\n#12thCapital\n\nYerevan\n\n\n#PeaceBridge\n\nTbilisi\n\n\n#WaterSlide\n\nDubai\n\n\n#GatewayToBali\n\nDenpasar\n\n\n#ParametricDesign\n\nShenzhen","title":"Race summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Ken Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Tucker"},{"link_name":"Yahoo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"FanSided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FanSided"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Tubefilter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubefilter"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"While the casting twist for this season was criticized by long-term fans before the premiere,[18] reviews for The Amazing Race 28 were more mixed. Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that this season was one of multiple recent seasons that \"sullied\" The Amazing Race.[19] Ken Tucker of Yahoo! called this season \"dreadful\".[20] Luke Gelineau of TV Equals called this season \"an agonizing series of frustrating legs filled with stupid decisions and vapid contestants.\"[21] Phil Naegely of FanSided wrote that this season \"was filled with many memorable moments\" and \"had drama in each and every leg.\"[22] Jenni Powell of Tubefilter wrote that this season \"was for the most part a very fun ride\" and \"a very good season.\"[23]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTV_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"DVR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder"},{"link_name":"Numeris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeris"}],"sub_title":"Ratings","text":"U.S. Nielsen ratingsCanadian ratingsCanadian broadcaster CTV also aired The Amazing Race on Fridays. Episodes aired at 8:00 p.m. Eastern and Central (9:00 p.m. Pacific, Mountain and Atlantic).Canadian DVR ratings are included in Numeris's count.","title":"Reception"}]

[{"image_text":"The 28th season of The Amazing Race started filming on November 15, 2015, where Phil greeted teams at their first destination, the Monumento a la Revolución in Mexico City.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/La_fuente.jpg/220px-La_fuente.jpg"},{"image_text":"The route of The Amazing Race 28.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_Amazing_Race_28_map.png/220px-The_Amazing_Race_28_map.png"},{"image_text":"One side of the Detour in Mexico City had teams search through Mariachi performers in Plaza Garibaldi.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mariachien_en_Plaza_Garibaldi.jpg/220px-Mariachien_en_Plaza_Garibaldi.jpg"},{"image_text":"In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to search for an emerald inside the mud bath atop El Totumo Volcano.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Volc%C3%A1n_del_Totumo.jpg/220px-Volc%C3%A1n_del_Totumo.jpg"},{"image_text":"The third leg's Roadblock in Colombia focused on exploring the streets of Cartagena's historical district.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Streetsofcartagena.jpg/220px-Streetsofcartagena.jpg"},{"image_text":"While in Geneva, the Roadblock focused on finding ten flags of the United Nations founding members at the Palace of Nations.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Palais_des_Nations_unies%2C_%C3%A0_Gen%C3%A8ve.jpg/220px-Palais_des_Nations_unies%2C_%C3%A0_Gen%C3%A8ve.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Mont Blanc massif and the Argentière Glacier served as backdrop for this leg's tasks.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Aiguille_d%27Argenti%C3%A8re_and_Glacier_d%27Argenti%C3%A8re.jpg/220px-Aiguille_d%27Argenti%C3%A8re_and_Glacier_d%27Argenti%C3%A8re.jpg"},{"image_text":"While at Armenia, teams visited the Yerevan Cascade.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yerevan-Cascade-02-2019-gje.jpg/220px-Yerevan-Cascade-02-2019-gje.jpg"},{"image_text":"Teams finished this leg at the Rike Park overlooking the famous Peace Bridge of Tbilisi along the banks of the Mtkvari River.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/A_closer_view_of_the_steel_pedestrian_%27Peace_Bridge%27.jpg/220px-A_closer_view_of_the_steel_pedestrian_%27Peace_Bridge%27.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Detour in Dubai had teams compete against racing camels.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dubai_camel_race.jpg/220px-Dubai_camel_race.jpg"},{"image_text":"After arriving in Indonesia, teams visited Tanah Lot, a Balinese temple, to deliver religious offerings and pythons.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Tanah-Lot_Bali_Indonesia_Pura-Tanah-Lot-01.jpg/220px-Tanah-Lot_Bali_Indonesia_Pura-Tanah-Lot-01.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of the Detour tasks in Nusa Lembongan required teams to harvest seaweed.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lembongan_2.JPG/220px-Lembongan_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Shenzhen Library Terrace, which overlooks the Civic Center in Shenzhen, China, served as the Pit Stop for this penultimate leg.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Shenzhen_Library_Overview.jpg/220px-Shenzhen_Library_Overview.jpg"},{"image_text":"The final Roadblock paid tribute to California's wine industry in Santa Barbara.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Winery_et_vignoble_pr%C3%A8s_de_Santa_Barbara.jpg/220px-Winery_et_vignoble_pr%C3%A8s_de_Santa_Barbara.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"The Amazing Race Live Event\". Facebook. November 15, 2015. Retrieved November 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/PhilKeoghanOfficial/videos/1072732452759112/","url_text":"\"The Amazing Race Live Event\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, William (November 11, 2015). \"The Amazing Race is casting social media stars for this season's race\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved November 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/article/amazing-race-casting-social-media-stars-seasons-ra-228281","url_text":"\"The Amazing Race is casting social media stars for this season's race\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"}]},{"reference":"\"Phil Keoghan's Facebook\". Facebook. November 15, 2015. Retrieved November 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/PhilKeoghanOfficial/videos/vb.182810645084635/1072699659429058/?type=2&theater","url_text":"\"Phil Keoghan's Facebook\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"The Amazing Race (January 21, 2016). \"Teams Will Explore Uncharted Territories On Season 28 Of The Amazing Race\". CBS. Retrieved January 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbs.com/shows/amazing_race/news/1005018/which-three-new-locations-will-the-season-28-amazing-racers-explore-/","url_text":"\"Teams Will Explore Uncharted Territories On Season 28 Of The Amazing Race\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS","url_text":"CBS"}]},{"reference":"\"El reality \"The Amazing Race\" desde Cartagena\". El Universal (in Spanish). November 20, 2015. Retrieved January 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eluniversal.com.co/farandula/el-reality-amazing-race-desde-cartagena-211792","url_text":"\"El reality \"The Amazing Race\" desde Cartagena\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Universal_(Cartagena)","url_text":"El Universal"}]},{"reference":"\"THE AMAZING RACE-ცნობილი რეალითი შოუ საქართველოშია\" (in Georgian). Rustavi 2. November 29, 2015. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208041635/http://rustavi2.com/ka/news/32962","url_text":"\"THE AMAZING RACE-ცნობილი რეალითი შოუ საქართველოშია\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustavi_2","url_text":"Rustavi 2"},{"url":"http://rustavi2.com/ka/news/32962","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Akhalaia, Ana (November 30, 2015). \"The Amazing Race Films in Tbilisi for Season 28\". Georgia Today. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304015321/http://georgiatoday.ge/news/2147/The-Amazing-Race-Films-in-Tbilisi-for-Season-28","url_text":"\"The Amazing Race Films in Tbilisi for Season 28\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Today","url_text":"Georgia Today"},{"url":"http://georgiatoday.ge/news/2147/The-Amazing-Race-Films-in-Tbilisi-for-Season-28","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hamedy, Saba (February 26, 2016). \"Watch Tyler Oakley, Korey Kuhl play Tejo in new clip from 'The Amazing Race'\". Mashable. Retrieved September 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mashable.com/article/tyler-oakley-korey-kuhl-amazing-race","url_text":"\"Watch Tyler Oakley, Korey Kuhl play Tejo in new clip from 'The Amazing Race'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable","url_text":"Mashable"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Eric (March 19, 2016). \"Behind the Scenes of 'The Amazing Race' and Its Social-Media-Star Season\". Re/code. Retrieved March 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://recode.net/2016/03/19/behind-the-scenes-of-the-amazing-race-and-its-social-media-star-season/","url_text":"\"Behind the Scenes of 'The Amazing Race' and Its Social-Media-Star Season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re/code","url_text":"Re/code"}]},{"reference":"Wells, Georgia (November 12, 2015). \"YouTube, Vine and Instagram Stars Invade 'The Amazing Race'\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/11/12/youtube-vine-and-instagram-stars-invade-the-amazing-race/","url_text":"\"YouTube, Vine and Instagram Stars Invade 'The Amazing Race'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Moraski, Lauren (November 11, 2015). \"Meet the new \"The Amazing Race\" cast\". CBS News. Retrieved December 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/media/the-amazing-race-meet-season-28-cast/","url_text":"\"Meet the new \"The Amazing Race\" cast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News","url_text":"CBS News"}]},{"reference":"Ross, Dalton (April 5, 2019). \"Meet the Amazing Race season 31 reality all-star teams\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/tv/amazing-race-cast-season-31-big-brother-survivor/","url_text":"\"Meet the Amazing Race season 31 reality all-star teams\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Big Brother, The Amazing Race, And Survivor Stars To Play The Price Is Right\". CBS. April 25, 2016. 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You proved that fear is not a factor for you. 🙌 #FearFactor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"We were hoping for the express pass more than anything!! but there was a prize of $2k each\". Twitter. Retrieved February 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/MattSteffanina/status/698585223332646913","url_text":"\"We were hoping for the express pass more than anything!! but there was a prize of $2k each\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"What the? Bondi Rescue star makes a surprise pilates cameo in mega US show The Amazing Race\". News.com.au. April 23, 2016. 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You proved that fear is not a factor for you. 🙌 #FearFactor\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/MattSteffanina/status/698585223332646913","external_links_name":"\"We were hoping for the express pass more than anything!! but there was a prize of $2k each\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aSm3RM1OIg","external_links_name":"\"Meet And Greet: Phil Interviews Greeter in Armenia (Leg 6)\""},{"Link":"https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/reality-tv/what-the-bondi-rescue-star-makes-a-surprise-pilates-cameo-in-mega-us-show-the-amazing-race/news-story/ec1ade5a890a26fa70b05eaa76a0cae5","external_links_name":"\"What the? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Pau_Grand_Prix

1954 Pau Grand Prix

["1 Classification","1.1 Race","2 References"]

1954 Pau Grand Prix Non-championship race in the 1954 Formula One season Race detailsDate 19 April 1954Official name XV Pau Grand PrixLocation Pau, FranceCourse Temporary Street CircuitCourse length 2.760 km (1.720 miles)Distance 109 laps, 300.840 km (186.933 miles)Pole positionDriver Giuseppe Farina Scuderia FerrariTime 1:36.3Fastest lapDriver Jean Behra Equipe GordiniTime 1:35.2PodiumFirst Jean Behra Equipe GordiniSecond Maurice Trintignant FerrariThird Roberto Mieres MaseratiMotor car race The 1954 Pau Grand Prix was a non-championship Formula One motor race held on 19 April 1954 at the Pau circuit, in Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France. The Grand Prix was won by Jean Behra, driving with Equipe Gordini. Maurice Trintignant finished second and Roberto Mieres third. Classification Race Pos No Driver Vehicle Laps Time/Retired Grid 1 2 Jean Behra Gordini T16 109 3hrs 00min 02sec 6 2 14 Maurice Trintignant Ferrari 625 109 + 2.0 s 2 3 20 Roberto Mieres Maserati A6GCM 106 + 3 laps 5 4 4 Élie Bayol Gordini T16 105 + 4 laps 9 5 10 Giuseppe Farina Ferrari 625 105 + 4 laps 1 6 16 Louis Rosier Ferrari 625 104 + 5 laps 12 7 8 André Pilette Gordini T16 104 + 5 laps 11 Ret 18 Onofre Marimón Maserati 250F 51 de Dion tube 4 Ret 12 José Froilán González Ferrari 625 24 Crankshaft 3 Ret 6 Eugène Martin Gordini T16 23 Accident 10 Ret 24 Robert Manzon Ferrari 500 16 Gearbox 8 Ret 22 Harry Schell Maserati A6GCM 6 Rear axle 7 DNA 6 Jacques Pollet Gordini T16 Did not attend Fastest Lap: Jean Behra (Equipe Gordini) – 1:35.2 Sources: References ^ "F2 Register - Index". Previous race:1954 Syracuse Grand Prix Formula One non-championship races1954 season Next race:1954 Lavant Cup Previous race:1953 Pau Grand Prix Pau Grand Prix Next race:1955 Pau Grand Prix

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_peasant_banana_production_in_the_Americas

History of peasant banana production in the Americas

["1 NAFTA","2 Fair trade","3 References"]

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The article's lead section may need to be rewritten. Please help improve the lead and read the lead layout guide. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) While the production of bananas for export is largely in the hands of large commercial companies, such as Chiquita or Dole, the Caribbean, and particularly the Windward Islands, are notable for the production of bananas by small holders for export. Peasant banana producers focus their attention on the popular Cavendish banana, as these are the fruit of choice on markets in Europe. In the Caribbean, and especially in Dominica where this sort of cultivation is widespread, holdings are in the 1-2 acre range. In many cases the farmer earns additional money from other crops, from engaging in labor outside the farm, and from a share of the earnings of relatives living overseas. This style of cultivation often was popular in the islands as bananas required little labor input and brought welcome extra income. Vulnerability to hurricanes in particular represented a problem. NAFTA After the signing of the NAFTA agreements in the 1990s, however, the tide turned against peasant producers. Their costs of production were relatively high and the ending of favorable tariff and other supports, especially in the European Economic Community, made it difficult for peasant producers to compete with the bananas grown on large plantations by the well capitalized firms like Chiquita and Dole. Not only did the large companies have access to cheap labor in the areas they worked, but they were better able to afford modern agronomic advances such as fertilization. The "dollar banana" produced by these concerns made the profit margins for peasant bananas unsustainable. Fair trade Caribbean countries have sought to redress this problem by providing government supported agronomic services and helping to organize producers' cooperatives. They have also been supporters of the Fair Trade movement which seeks to balance the inequities in the world trade in commodities. References ^ Peter Clegg, "The Development of the Windward Islands Banana Export Trade: Commercial Opportunity and Colonial Necessity," Society for Caribbean Studies Annual Conference Papers 1 (2000). ^ Jay Mandel, "The Crisis in and Future of the Windward Island Banana Industry", 1999 http://www.unctad.org/infocomm/anglais/banana/doc/crisis.pdf Archived 2007-07-14 at the Wayback Machine

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Hill_Training_Center

Fair Hill Training Center

["1 Location","2 Major successes","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 39°42′40″N 75°51′51″W / 39.71111°N 75.86417°W / 39.71111; -75.86417Barbaro walking to the track at Fair Hill a week after winning the Kentucky Derby. Fair Hill Training Center is a racehorse training center based in Fair Hill, Maryland. It was owned by William du Pont, Jr. of the well-known Du Pont family, who bought the land in 1926. Dupont invested a substantial amount of money to make the property a leading breeding and training farm for his Thoroughbred racehorses. The State of Maryland purchased Fair Hill in 1974, converting the then 5,700-acre (23 km2) property into an equine training complex and a natural resource center. There are 17 privately owned barns, with more than 450 stalls. Each barn has its own set of turn out paddocks and porta pens. Barns here at Fair Hill were individually named after some of the du Pont thoroughbred champions such as Parlo, Chevation and Fairy Chant. There are two race tracks: a mile dirt track and a 7/8-mile track with an artificial surface (Tapeta). The campus also includes 3,000 acres (12 km2) of grasslands and woods which can be used by trainers who wish to take their horses out on trails. Location Fair Hill is close to many racetracks, including Delaware Park (Delaware), Laurel Park and Pimlico Race Course (Maryland), Parx Racing and Penn National Race Course (Pennsylvania), Monmouth Park Racetrack and the Meadowlands Racetrack (New Jersey), Aqueduct Racetrack and Belmont Park (New York), and Charles Town Races (West Virginia). Major successes Fair Hill's grade one successes include the Kentucky Derby (Barbaro, Animal Kingdom), the Breeders' Cup Turf (Better Talk Now), Breeders' Cup Distaff (Round Pond), the Arlington Million (Kicken Kris), the Barbaro Stakes at Delaware Park (Xchanger) and (Chelokee), and the Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes (Film Maker). References Fair Hill Training Center (official site) Fair Hill Natural Resources Management Area, State of Maryland, Department of Natural Resources website Fair Hill Training Center Photography by Jim Coarse Fair Hill AlexBrownRacing External links Tapeta track surface homepage 39°42′40″N 75°51′51″W / 39.71111°N 75.86417°W / 39.71111; -75.86417

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It was owned by William du Pont, Jr. of the well-known Du Pont family, who bought the land in 1926. Dupont invested a substantial amount of money to make the property a leading breeding and training farm for his Thoroughbred racehorses. The State of Maryland purchased Fair Hill in 1974, converting the then 5,700-acre (23 km2) property into an equine training complex and a natural resource center. There are 17 privately owned barns, with more than 450 stalls. Each barn has its own set of turn out paddocks and porta pens. Barns here at Fair Hill were individually named after some of the du Pont thoroughbred champions such as Parlo, Chevation and Fairy Chant.There are two race tracks: a mile dirt track and a 7/8-mile track with an artificial surface (Tapeta). The campus also includes 3,000 acres (12 km2) of grasslands and woods which can be used by trainers who wish to take their horses out on trails.","title":"Fair Hill Training Center"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delaware Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Park_(race_track)"},{"link_name":"Laurel Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_Park_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Pimlico Race Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimlico_Race_Course"},{"link_name":"Parx Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parx_Racing"},{"link_name":"Penn National Race Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_National_Race_Course"},{"link_name":"Monmouth Park Racetrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_Park_Racetrack"},{"link_name":"Meadowlands Racetrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadowlands_Racetrack"},{"link_name":"Aqueduct Racetrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_Racetrack"},{"link_name":"Belmont Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_Park"},{"link_name":"Charles Town Races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Casino_at_Charles_Town_Races"}],"text":"Fair Hill is close to many racetracks, including Delaware Park (Delaware), Laurel Park and Pimlico Race Course (Maryland), Parx Racing and Penn National Race Course (Pennsylvania), Monmouth Park Racetrack and the Meadowlands Racetrack (New Jersey), Aqueduct Racetrack and Belmont Park (New York), and Charles Town Races (West Virginia).","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kentucky Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Derby"},{"link_name":"Barbaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbaro_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Breeders' Cup Turf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Turf"},{"link_name":"Better Talk Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Talk_Now"},{"link_name":"Breeders' Cup Distaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Distaff"},{"link_name":"Round Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Pond_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Arlington Million","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_Million"},{"link_name":"Kicken Kris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kicken_Kris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barbaro Stakes at Delaware Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbaro_Stakes_at_Delaware_Park"},{"link_name":"Xchanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xchanger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chelokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelokee"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Challenge_Cup_Stakes"}],"text":"Fair Hill's grade one successes include the Kentucky Derby (Barbaro, Animal Kingdom), the Breeders' Cup Turf (Better Talk Now), Breeders' Cup Distaff (Round Pond), the Arlington Million (Kicken Kris), the Barbaro Stakes at Delaware Park (Xchanger) and (Chelokee), and the Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes (Film Maker).","title":"Major successes"}]

[{"image_text":"Barbaro walking to the track at Fair Hill a week after winning the Kentucky Derby.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Barbaro-005.jpg/250px-Barbaro-005.jpg"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMM_Records_%26_Video

RMM Records & Video

["1 Empire and legacy","2 Founder and key staff","3 Familiar recordings","4 Artists","5 Labels","6 See also","7 References"]

American Latin music record label RMM RecordsParent companyUniversal Music GroupFounded1987 (1987)FounderRalph MercadoDefunct2001 (2001)Distributor(s)Sony Discos, Universal Music EnterprisesGenreSalsa, merengue, tropical, Latin jazzCountry of originU.S.LocationNew York City RMM Records, also known as RMM Records & Video Corp, was an independent Latin music record label established in 1987 and based in New York City. The label was most active during the late 1980s and early 1990s and produced primarily salsa, Latin jazz, and merengue music. At its peak, RMM Records employed 55 staff members and had distribution deals in 42 cities around the world, occupying 9,000 square feet in two floors at its Soho headquarters. The label was established by Fania Records promoter Ralph Mercado, who had established RMM Management in 1972 as an artist management and booking agency, providing bookings for Latin artists Tito Puente, Celia Cruz, and Ray Barretto. Artists who recorded for the label included Tito Puente, Celia Cruz, Tito Nieves, Oscar D'Leon, Eddie Palmieri, Cheo Feliciano, Ismael Miranda, José Alberto "El Canario", Tony Vega, Johnny Rivera, Ray Sepúlveda, Domingo Quiñones, Miles Peña, Orquesta Guayacan, Conjunto Clasico, Manny Manuel, the New York Band, Marc Anthony & La India. Record producers included Sergio George, Isidro Infante, and Humberto Ramirez. Empire and legacy RMM filed for bankruptcy in November 2000, selling its assets to Universal Music Group. According to the NY Times, unpaid royalties, as well as a lawsuit settlement of $7.7 million to Glenn Monroig totaling over $11 million, plus interest, contributed to the end of RMM Records. On June 25, 2001, as part of the Chapter 11 bankruptcy sale, Universal Music Group (UMG) announced the acquisition of RMM’s assets. Founder and key staff Ralph Mercado Jr. (September 29, 1941 – March 10, 2009) was born in Brooklyn to a Puerto Rican mother and Dominican father. He entered the music business as a teenager, organizing parties and dances as president of a neighborhood social club. In the 1960s, he promoted R & B and soul artists like James Brown and paired them with Latin artists like Mongo Santamaria. In the 1980s-1990s, Mercado was a promoter of Latin Jazz, Latin rock, Merengue and Salsa. He established a network of businesses that promoted concerts, managed artists, and led to the foundation of the record label Ritmo Mundo Musical (RMM). Following the bankruptcy of RMM in 2000, Ralph Mercado returned to artist promotion. Debra A. Mercado, starting in the early 1990s, was RMM's National Director of Publicity, as well as overseeing international promotions generated by RMM International. She also was in charge of public relations for four other enterprises: RMM (Management), Ralph Mercado Presents, Caribbean Waves Music (ASCAP), and Crossing Borders Music Inc. (BMI). Damaris L Mercado, started her production career with her father while in her teens. She moved up the ranks from Production Assistant on concerts and music video projects traveling to different cities and countries and landing in Miami. There she worked out of the RMM Records office based in the Sony Discos headquarters as Manager of Production & Manufacturing eventually making her way back to New York City during the transition to Universal Music and culminating her position as Director of Global Production & Manufacturing. George Nenadich, who has been with Sirius XM Radio on the Caliente channel for the last 11 years as host of the very popular classic salsa program "Salsa Nation" on Caliente, every Saturday morning at 10:00am EST, as well as Rumbon (a 24Hour classic salsa channel launched by George Nenadich with the program La Jungla de Rumbon every Friday night at 7pm EST), became part of RMM Records in November 1988 as Promotions Director. One of the first employees of the label along with Martha Cancel (who was there prior and managed the everyday operations of the label at that time, including promotions). Familiar recordings Combinación Perfecta 1993 Tropical Tribute to The Beatles 1996 Recordando a Selena 1996 En Vivo 1994 (recorded at Miami Arena, July 1993) European Explosion 1996 (recorded at Cannes, February 1995) Artists Tony Vega Van Lester Ray Sepúlveda Jesús Enríquez Guianko (also known as Yanko) Louie Ramirez Ray De La Paz 3-2 Get Funky Tito Puente Humberto Ramírez Cheo Feliciano Miles Peña Vanessa Isidro Infante & La Elite José Alberto "El Canario" Tito Nieves Celia Cruz Giovanny Hidalgo Orquesta de la Luz (Co-Distributed by BMG Victor Japan) Pete "El Conde" Rodríguez Guayacán Orquesta Michael Stuart Ismael Miranda Antonio Cartagena Corinne Kevin Ceballo Johnny Rivera Oscar D'León Luis Perico Ortíz Marc Anthony Manny Manuel Frankie Morales La India Domingo Quiñones Los Hermanos Moreno Ray Perdomo Grupo Caneo Eddie Palmieri The New York Band Johnny Almendra & Los Jovenes del Barrio Robert Avellanet Lisandro Mesa Descarga Boricua Limi-T 21 Matecaña Orquesta Fernando Echavarría y La familia André Sin Limite Willy Rivera Charlie Sepulveda Rubén Sierra Yorman Yari Moré Jerry Galante Issac Delgado Dave Valentin Chamy Solano Grupo Raíces Puerto Rico All Stars Aramis Camilo Marcos Caminero Monchy Ravel Cuco Valoy Mickey Perfecto Jandy Feliz Tres Equis Aníbal Bravo Vivanativa La Misma Gente Paymasi César Flores July Mateo "Rasputín" Los Nietos y Sergio Hernández Aleo Wichy Camacho Angelito Villalona Grupo Heavy Alberto Barros Henry Rosario Michel Camilo Deddie Romero Jerry Medina Raul Paz Hilton Ruiz Fausto Rey Antonio Cabán Vale "El Topo" K'stalia y Los Salchichas He'Pepo Cali Alemán Aleo Checo Acosta Alto Voltaje Andrés Mercedes Azucarado Lucecita Benítez Celinés Cherito Chrissy Conexión Salsera El Combo Show Bobby Cruz Paquito D’Rivera DJ Karlos Freddie Gerardo Pancho Gómez Grupo ABC Grupo Mandarina José Octavio La Artillería La Orquesta Joven Latino Man Los Bravos Jesse Márquez Luisito Martí Johan Minaya Glen Monroig Nettai Tropical Jazz Big Band José Nogueras Nora Orchestra 7 Mickey Perfecto Millie Puente Sandy Reyes Roc & Kato Kike Santana Super Cuban All Stars José Manuel Taveras Juan Pablo Torres Charlie Valens Wellington Yolanda Duke Familia RMM TropiJazz All-Stars Sergio George Labels SOHO Latino Sonero Discos RMM International TropiJazz Merengazo RMM Rocks See also List of record labels Ralph Mercado References ^ "United States Bankruptcy Court Southern District Of New York" (PDF). United States Courts. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-14. Retrieved 2014-11-07. ^ "For Sale...RMM Records". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-04-12. ^ "Universal Music Group". cvK6ffb8uyx. p. 1. Retrieved 9 April 2012. ^ Billboard. cvK6ffb8uyx. 2001-09-01. pp. 42. Retrieved 9 April 2012. Universal Music Group sold rmm catalogue. ^ "Debra A. Mercado". cvK6ffb8uyx. Archived from the original on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2012. Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Other MusicBrainz label

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_music_(genre)"},{"link_name":"merengue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merengue_music"},{"link_name":"Fania Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fania_Records"},{"link_name":"Ralph Mercado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Mercado"},{"link_name":"Tito Puente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Puente"},{"link_name":"Celia Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celia_Cruz"},{"link_name":"Ray Barretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Barretto"},{"link_name":"Tito Nieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Nieves"},{"link_name":"Oscar D'Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_D%27Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Eddie Palmieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Palmieri"},{"link_name":"Cheo Feliciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheo_Feliciano"},{"link_name":"Ismael Miranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael_Miranda"},{"link_name":"José Alberto \"El Canario\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alberto_%22El_Canario%22"},{"link_name":"Tony Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Vega"},{"link_name":"Johnny Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Ray Sepúlveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Sep%C3%BAlveda"},{"link_name":"Domingo Quiñones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Qui%C3%B1ones"},{"link_name":"Miles Peña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Pe%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Manny Manuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manny_Manuel"},{"link_name":"Marc Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Anthony"},{"link_name":"La India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_India"},{"link_name":"Sergio George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_George"},{"link_name":"Isidro Infante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isidro_Infante&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Humberto Ramirez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humberto_Ramirez&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"RMM Records, also known as RMM Records & Video Corp, was an independent Latin music record label established in 1987 and based in New York City. The label was most active during the late 1980s and early 1990s and produced primarily salsa, Latin jazz, and merengue music. At its peak, RMM Records employed 55 staff members and had distribution deals in 42 cities around the world, occupying 9,000 square feet in two floors at its Soho headquarters. The label was established by Fania Records promoter Ralph Mercado, who had established RMM Management in 1972 as an artist management and booking agency, providing bookings for Latin artists Tito Puente, Celia Cruz, and Ray Barretto.Artists who recorded for the label included Tito Puente, Celia Cruz, Tito Nieves, Oscar D'Leon, Eddie Palmieri, Cheo Feliciano, Ismael Miranda, José Alberto \"El Canario\", Tony Vega, Johnny Rivera, Ray Sepúlveda, Domingo Quiñones, Miles Peña, Orquesta Guayacan, Conjunto Clasico, Manny Manuel, the New York Band, Marc Anthony & La India. Record producers included Sergio George, Isidro Infante, and Humberto Ramirez.","title":"RMM Records & Video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universal Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"NY Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NY_Times"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Glenn Monroig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Monroig"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"RMM filed for bankruptcy in November 2000, selling its assets to Universal Music Group.[1] According to the NY Times,[2] unpaid royalties, as well as a lawsuit settlement of $7.7 million to Glenn Monroig totaling over $11 million, plus interest, contributed to the end of RMM Records. On June 25, 2001, as part of the Chapter 11 bankruptcy sale, Universal Music Group (UMG) announced the acquisition of RMM’s assets.[3]","title":"Empire and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ralph Mercado Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Mercado"},{"link_name":"James Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown"},{"link_name":"Mongo Santamaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongo_Santamaria"},{"link_name":"Latin Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Jazz"},{"link_name":"Latin rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_rock"},{"link_name":"Merengue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merengue_music"},{"link_name":"Salsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_music"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Ralph Mercado Jr. (September 29, 1941 – March 10, 2009) was born in Brooklyn to a Puerto Rican mother and Dominican father. He entered the music business as a teenager, organizing parties and dances as president of a neighborhood social club. In the 1960s, he promoted R & B and soul artists like James Brown and paired them with Latin artists like Mongo Santamaria. In the 1980s-1990s, Mercado was a promoter of Latin Jazz, Latin rock, Merengue and Salsa. He established a network of businesses that promoted concerts, managed artists, and led to the foundation of the record label Ritmo Mundo Musical (RMM). Following the bankruptcy of RMM in 2000, Ralph Mercado returned to artist promotion.[4]\nDebra A. Mercado, starting in the early 1990s, was RMM's National Director of Publicity, as well as overseeing international promotions generated by RMM International.[5] She also was in charge of public relations for four other enterprises: RMM (Management), Ralph Mercado Presents, Caribbean Waves Music (ASCAP), and Crossing Borders Music Inc. (BMI).\nDamaris L Mercado, started her production career with her father while in her teens. She moved up the ranks from Production Assistant on concerts and music video projects traveling to different cities and countries and landing in Miami. There she worked out of the RMM Records office based in the Sony Discos headquarters as Manager of Production & Manufacturing eventually making her way back to New York City during the transition to Universal Music and culminating her position as Director of Global Production & Manufacturing.\nGeorge Nenadich, who has been with Sirius XM Radio on the Caliente channel for the last 11 years as host of the very popular classic salsa program \"Salsa Nation\" on Caliente, every Saturday morning at 10:00am EST, as well as Rumbon (a 24Hour classic salsa channel launched by George Nenadich with the program La Jungla de Rumbon every Friday night at 7pm EST), became part of RMM Records in November 1988 as Promotions Director. One of the first employees of the label along with Martha Cancel (who was there prior and managed the everyday operations of the label at that time, including promotions).","title":"Founder and key staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Combinación Perfecta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combinaci%C3%B3n_Perfecta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tropical Tribute to The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Tribute_to_The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Recordando a Selena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recordando_a_Selena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"En Vivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=En_Vivo_(Familia_RMM_album)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"European Explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Explosion&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Combinación Perfecta 1993\nTropical Tribute to The Beatles 1996\nRecordando a Selena 1996\nEn Vivo 1994 (recorded at Miami Arena, July 1993)\nEuropean Explosion 1996 (recorded at Cannes, February 1995)","title":"Familiar recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tony Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Vega"},{"link_name":"Ray Sepúlveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Sep%C3%BAlveda"},{"link_name":"Guianko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guianko"},{"link_name":"Louie Ramirez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louie_Ramirez"},{"link_name":"Tito Puente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Puente"},{"link_name":"Cheo Feliciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheo_Feliciano"},{"link_name":"Miles Peña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Pe%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"José Alberto \"El Canario\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alberto_%22El_Canario%22"},{"link_name":"Tito Nieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Nieves"},{"link_name":"Celia Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celia_Cruz"},{"link_name":"Orquesta de la Luz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orquesta_de_la_Luz"},{"link_name":"Pete \"El Conde\" Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_%22El_Conde%22_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"Michael Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stuart"},{"link_name":"Ismael Miranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael_Miranda"},{"link_name":"Kevin Ceballo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Ceballo"},{"link_name":"Johnny Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Oscar D'León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_D%27Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Marc Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Anthony"},{"link_name":"Manny Manuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manny_Manuel"},{"link_name":"La India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_India"},{"link_name":"Domingo Quiñones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Qui%C3%B1ones"},{"link_name":"Eddie Palmieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Palmieri"},{"link_name":"Johnny Almendra & Los Jovenes del Barrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Jovenes_del_Barrio"},{"link_name":"Robert Avellanet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Avellanet"},{"link_name":"Limi-T 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limi-T_21"},{"link_name":"Rubén Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Sierra"},{"link_name":"Issac Delgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issac_Delgado"},{"link_name":"Dave Valentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Valentin"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico All Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_All_Stars"},{"link_name":"Cuco Valoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuco_Valoy"},{"link_name":"Jandy Feliz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jandy_Feliz"},{"link_name":"La Misma Gente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Misma_Gente_(Colombian_band)"},{"link_name":"Michel Camilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Camilo"},{"link_name":"Raul Paz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raul_Paz"},{"link_name":"Hilton Ruiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Ruiz"},{"link_name":"Fausto Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fausto_Rey"},{"link_name":"Checo Acosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checo_Acosta"},{"link_name":"Lucecita Benítez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucecita_Ben%C3%ADtez"},{"link_name":"Chrissy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrissy"},{"link_name":"Bobby Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Cruz"},{"link_name":"Paquito D’Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquito_D%E2%80%99Rivera"},{"link_name":"Luisito Martí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisito_Mart%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Glen Monroig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Monroig"},{"link_name":"Nettai Tropical Jazz Big Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettai_Tropical_Jazz_Big_Band"},{"link_name":"José Nogueras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Nogueras"},{"link_name":"Juan Pablo Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Torres_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Sergio George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_George"}],"text":"Tony Vega\nVan Lester\nRay Sepúlveda\nJesús Enríquez\nGuianko (also known as Yanko)\nLouie Ramirez\nRay De La Paz\n3-2 Get Funky\nTito Puente\nHumberto Ramírez\nCheo Feliciano\nMiles Peña\nVanessa\nIsidro Infante & La Elite\nJosé Alberto \"El Canario\"\nTito Nieves\nCelia Cruz\nGiovanny Hidalgo\nOrquesta de la Luz (Co-Distributed by BMG Victor Japan)\nPete \"El Conde\" Rodríguez\nGuayacán Orquesta\nMichael Stuart\nIsmael Miranda\nAntonio Cartagena\nCorinne\nKevin Ceballo\nJohnny Rivera\nOscar D'León\nLuis Perico Ortíz\nMarc Anthony\nManny Manuel\nFrankie Morales\nLa India\nDomingo Quiñones\nLos Hermanos Moreno\nRay Perdomo\nGrupo Caneo\nEddie Palmieri\nThe New York Band\nJohnny Almendra & Los Jovenes del Barrio\nRobert Avellanet\nLisandro Mesa\nDescarga Boricua\nLimi-T 21\nMatecaña Orquesta\nFernando Echavarría y La familia André\nSin Limite\nWilly Rivera\nCharlie Sepulveda\nRubén Sierra\nYorman\nYari Moré\nJerry Galante\nIssac Delgado\nDave Valentin\nChamy Solano\nGrupo Raíces\nPuerto Rico All Stars\nAramis Camilo\nMarcos Caminero\nMonchy\nRavel\nCuco Valoy\nMickey Perfecto\nJandy Feliz\nTres Equis\nAníbal Bravo\nVivanativa\nLa Misma Gente\nPaymasi\nCésar Flores\nJuly Mateo \"Rasputín\"\nLos Nietos y Sergio Hernández\nAleo\nWichy Camacho\nAngelito Villalona\nGrupo Heavy\nAlberto Barros\nHenry Rosario\nMichel Camilo\nDeddie Romero\nJerry Medina\nRaul Paz\nHilton Ruiz\nFausto Rey\nAntonio Cabán Vale \"El Topo\"\nK'stalia y Los Salchichas\nHe'Pepo\nCali Alemán\nAleo\nCheco Acosta\nAlto Voltaje\nAndrés Mercedes\nAzucarado\nLucecita Benítez\nCelinés\nCherito\nChrissy\nConexión Salsera\nEl Combo Show\nBobby Cruz\nPaquito D’Rivera\nDJ Karlos\nFreddie Gerardo\nPancho Gómez\nGrupo ABC\nGrupo Mandarina\nJosé Octavio\nLa Artillería\nLa Orquesta Joven\nLatino Man\nLos Bravos\nJesse Márquez\nLuisito Martí\nJohan Minaya\nGlen Monroig\nNettai Tropical Jazz Big Band\nJosé Nogueras\nNora\nOrchestra 7\nMickey Perfecto\nMillie Puente\nSandy Reyes\nRoc & Kato\nKike Santana\nSuper Cuban All Stars\nJosé Manuel Taveras\nJuan Pablo Torres\nCharlie Valens\nWellington\nYolanda Duke\nFamilia RMM\nTropiJazz All-Stars\nSergio George","title":"Artists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SOHO Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Marc_Anthony.aspx"},{"link_name":"Sonero Discos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonero_Discos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RMM International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RMM_International&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"TropiJazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TropiJazz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Merengazo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merengazo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RMM Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RMM_Rocks&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"SOHO Latino\nSonero Discos\nRMM International\nTropiJazz\nMerengazo\nRMM Rocks","title":"Labels"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_record_labels"},{"title":"Ralph Mercado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Mercado"}]

[{"reference":"\"United States Bankruptcy Court Southern District Of New York\" (PDF). United States Courts. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-14. Retrieved 2014-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120314140841/http://www.nysb.uscourts.gov/opinions/ajg/147779_18_opinion.pdf","url_text":"\"United States Bankruptcy Court Southern District Of New York\""},{"url":"http://www.nysb.uscourts.gov/opinions/ajg/147779_18_opinion.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"For Sale...RMM Records\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/07/arts/for-sale-latin-music-legacy-facing-bankruptcy-record-pioneer-draws-gratitude.html","url_text":"\"For Sale...RMM Records\""}]},{"reference":"\"Universal Music Group\". cvK6ffb8uyx. p. 1. Retrieved 9 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.universalmusic.com/corporate/news35075","url_text":"\"Universal Music Group\""}]},{"reference":"Billboard. cvK6ffb8uyx. 2001-09-01. pp. 42. Retrieved 9 April 2012. Universal Music Group sold rmm catalogue.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8xEEAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8xEEAAAAMBAJ/page/n41","url_text":"42"}]},{"reference":"\"Debra A. Mercado\". cvK6ffb8uyx. Archived from the original on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120624235902/http://www.salsacentro.com/musicdance/reviews/women/debramercado.htm","url_text":"\"Debra A. Mercado\""},{"url":"http://www.salsacentro.com/musicdance/reviews/women/debramercado.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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