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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junnosuke_Taguchi

Junnosuke Taguchi

["1 History","2 Appearances","2.1 Dramas","2.2 Movies","2.3 Stage plays","2.4 TV programs","2.5 Radio","2.6 Commercials","3 Discography","3.1 Solo Artist Discography","3.2 Solo songs as a KAT-TUN member","4 Awards and recognitions","5 References","6 External links"]

Japanese singer Junnosuke Taguchi田口 淳之介Also known asJunnoBorn (1985-11-29) November 29, 1985 (age 38)Sagamihara, Kanagawa, JapanGenresJ-popOccupation(s) Singer-songwriter actor model Instrument(s)VocalsYears active1999–presentLabelsJ-One Records (2006–2016) Immortal (2016–2017) Universal J (Present)Websitejunnosuke-t.com www.universal-music.co.jp/taguchi-junnosuke/Musical artist Junnosuke Taguchi (田口 淳之介, Taguchi Junnosuke, born November 29, 1985) in Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan), is a singer-songwriter, actor, and model. He is a former member of the Japanese idol group KAT-TUN. He joined the talent agency Johnny & Associates in 1999 and officially debuted as part of KAT-TUN in 2006. Apart from activities as a member of KAT-TUN, he has acted in the film Mohōhan, alongside SMAP's leader Masahiro Nakai, and appeared in several dramas, most notably hit drama Legal High. After leaving KAT-TUN and Johnny & Associates began a career as a solo artist (first single release in November 2016) and also began doing some modeling. In 2017 announced signed an exclusive two-year contract with Universal Music Group Single will be released April 2017 and will be his solo artist major label debut. History Taguchi officially joined Johnny & Associates in May 1999. He was selected to join KAT-TUN when it formed in 2001, and subsequently debuted with the group in 2006. In 2001, he made his first appearance in a drama, in Omae no Yukichi ga Naiteiru. In 2005, he had his first drama lead role when he replaced agency mate Hiroki Uchi, who was temporarily suspended from activities, in Ganbatte Ikimasshoi. Announced in 2015 that he would leave KAT-TUN and his management company. Final performance with KAT-TUN was in March 2016. In September 2016, Taguchi opened his official website to announce launch of his solo career. His first single, "Hero", was released in November 2016. Started runway model work in March 2017 as well with his appearance in the Kobe Collection Fashion Show S/S 2017. Currently he is a print model for pnck.jp clothing and also announced print model work for Hombre Nino clothing in the 2017 season. In April 2017, he had his major label solo debut single with Universal Music Group with "Connect". In June of the same year, he released his first photo book, titled Junnosuke Taguchi's Photo Collection in the Moon (田口 淳之介写真集 On the Moon, Taguchi Junnosuke Shashinshu On the Moon). On May 22, 2019, Taguchi was arrested along with his girlfriend, actress Rena Komine, for marijuana possession. Appearances For activities as a member of KAT-TUN, see KAT-TUN § Other activities. Dramas Omae no Yukichi ga Naiteiru (2001) as Haruki Hijikata Shounen wa Tori ni Natta (2001) Ganbatte Ikimasshoi (2005) as Saburō Nakata Happy! (2006) as Keiichirō Ōtori Happy!2 (2006) as Keiichirō Ōtori Hanayome to Papa (2007) as Seiji Miura Yūkan Club (2007) as Granmanie Bidō Kochira Katsushikaku Kameari Kōenmae Hashutsujo (2009) as Kakunoshin Araki Inu o Kau to Iu Koto ~Sky to Wagaya no 180-nichi~ (2011) as Katsuhiko Hotta Legal High (2012) as Ranmaru Kaga Osozaki no Himawari ~Boku no Jinsei, Renewal~ (2012) as Kaoru Aoyama Legal High SP (2013) as Ranmaru Kaga Nanatsu no Kaigi (2013) as Hiromitsu Saeki Legal High Season 2 (2013) – Ranmaru Kaga Kyouwa Kaisha Yasumimasu (2014) as So Oojiro Movies Mohōhan: Copycat Killer (2002) as Shinichi Tsukata Stage plays No Words, No Time ~Sora ni Ochita Namida~ (2013) Forrest Gump (2014) as Forrest TV programs Kyōkun no Susume (2014–present) Regular guest Radio Tokyo-FM Tag-Tune Driving Host KAT-TUN no Gatsūn Co-host Commercials Lotte Sou Crunky (2002) Plus X (2003) Rohto Mogitate Kajitsu (2005, 2007, 2008) Rohto C Cube (2005) Sesera (2006) SKY Perfect JSAT Corporation SKY PerfecTV! (2006) SKY PerfecTV Premium Service (2006) NTT DoCoMo New 9 Series (2006) FOMA903i (2006) GungHo Online Entertainment Puzzle & Dragons Z (2013) Discography For songs as a member of KAT-TUN, see KAT-TUN discography. Solo Artist Discography Date Details Title Peak Oricon Position November 2, 2016 Single-3 versions Hero 1-Oricon Indie Chart-November 14, 2016 2019 Cosmos City Solo songs as a KAT-TUN member Year Title Details 2007 Samurai Love Attack Featured in album Cartoon KAT-TUN II You 2008 Natsu no Basho (夏の場所) Featured in single Don't U Ever Stop 2009 Wind Featured in album Break the Records: By You & For You 2010 Love Music Featured in album No More Pain 2010 Girls (NTT presented by Junnosuke Taguchi) Featured in single Change Ur World 2012 Finale Featured in album Chain 2013 Flash Featured in single Face to Face 2014 Whenever I Kiss You Featured in album Come Here Awards and recognitions 2007: 11th Nikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix: Runner-up for Best Supporting Role for Yūkan Club 2008: 5th TVNavi Magazine Awards: Best Newcomer for Hanayome to Papa References ^ "Johnny's net". Johnny&Associates. Retrieved February 8, 2014. ^ "Junnosuke Taguchi Official Website News". Junnosuke Taguchi Official Website. Retrieved February 13, 2017. ^ 田口淳之介 (in Japanese). Tower Records Japan. August 1, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2014. ^ "Taguchi Junnosuke to make major debut from Universal Music Japan". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. February 14, 2017. Retrieved February 18, 2021. ^ "Taguchi Junnosuke to release first solo photo book". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. May 24, 2017. Retrieved May 28, 2021. ^ 田口淳之介&小嶺麗奈容疑者、湾岸署に移送 顔上げ前を見据える. Oricon (in Japanese). May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 22, 2019. ^ "Former Kat-tun idol Junnosuke Taguchi, facing marijuana charge, falls to knees and apologizes after release on bail". June 7, 2019. ^ "Announcer Aoki makes first drama appearance". Tokyograph. October 2, 2006. Retrieved February 8, 2014. ^ "Ishihara to play OL in Fuji TV comedy". Tokyograph. February 2, 2007. Retrieved February 8, 2014. ^ 東山紀之、次女誕生に立ち会えて感激！「すでに親孝行な子」 (in Japanese). Cinematoday. June 5, 2013. Retrieved February 8, 2014. ^ 岡田将生、10月スタート『リーガルハイ』新レギュラー 堺雅人のライバルに (in Japanese). Oricon. August 2, 2013. Retrieved February 8, 2014. ^ "きょうは会社休みます。". ^ "東山紀之、田口淳之介をKAT-TUNリーダーに推挙" (in Japanese). Cinematoday. January 1, 2013. Retrieved February 8, 2014. ^ 「映画との違い楽しんで」 世界初演、舞台「フォレスト・ガンプ」主役の「ＫＡＴ－ＴＵＮ」田口淳之介 (in Japanese). Sankei Digital. May 3, 2014. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2014. ^ 第11回ドラマグランプリ 助演男優賞 (in Japanese). Nikkan Sports. Retrieved February 8, 2014. ^ ""Karei Naru Ichizoku" named Drama of the Year". Tokyograph. March 1, 2008. Retrieved February 8, 2014. External links Junnosuke Taguchi at IMDb Junnosuke Taguchi profile on Johnny's net KAT-TUN J-One Records Official Website(in Japanese) Junnosuke Taguchi Official Website Junnosuke Taguchi Universal Music Japan Universal J Official Website Archived June 3, 2019, at the Wayback Machine vteKAT-TUN Kazuya Kamenashi Tatsuya Ueda Yuichi Nakamaru Former members Jin Akanishi Koki Tanaka Junnosuke Taguchi Studio albums Best of KAT-TUN Cartoon KAT-TUN II You KAT-TUN III: Queen of Pirates Break the Records: By You & For You No More Pain Chain Come Here Mini albums Kusabi Singles "Real Face" "Signal" "Bokura no Machi de" "Yorokobi no Uta" "Keep the Faith" "Lips" "Don't U Ever Stop" "White X'mas" "One Drop" "Rescue" "Love Yourself (Kimi ga Kirai na Kimi ga Suki)" "Going!" "Change Ur World" "Ultimate Wheels" "White" "Run for You" "Birth" "To the Limit" "Fumetsu no Scrum" "Expose" "Face to Face" "In Fact" "Dead or Alive" "Kiss Kiss Kiss" "Tragedy" Full discography Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sagamihara, Kanagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagamihara,_Kanagawa"},{"link_name":"Japanese idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_idol"},{"link_name":"KAT-TUN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAT-TUN"},{"link_name":"Johnny & Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_%26_Associates"},{"link_name":"SMAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMAP"},{"link_name":"Masahiro Nakai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masahiro_Nakai"},{"link_name":"Universal Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Musical artistJunnosuke Taguchi (田口 淳之介, Taguchi Junnosuke, born November 29, 1985)[1] in Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan), is a singer-songwriter, actor, and model. He is a former member of the Japanese idol group KAT-TUN.He joined the talent agency Johnny & Associates in 1999 and officially debuted as part of KAT-TUN in 2006. Apart from activities as a member of KAT-TUN, he has acted in the film Mohōhan, alongside SMAP's leader Masahiro Nakai, and appeared in several dramas, most notably hit drama Legal High.After leaving KAT-TUN and Johnny & Associates began a career as a solo artist (first single release in November 2016) and also began doing some modeling.In 2017 announced signed an exclusive two-year contract with Universal Music Group[2] Single will be released April 2017 and will be his solo artist major label debut.","title":"Junnosuke Taguchi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hiroki Uchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroki_Uchi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Taguchi officially joined Johnny & Associates in May 1999. He was selected to join KAT-TUN when it formed in 2001, and subsequently debuted with the group in 2006.[3]In 2001, he made his first appearance in a drama, in Omae no Yukichi ga Naiteiru. In 2005, he had his first drama lead role when he replaced agency mate Hiroki Uchi, who was temporarily suspended from activities, in Ganbatte Ikimasshoi.Announced in 2015 that he would leave KAT-TUN and his management company. Final performance with KAT-TUN was in March 2016. In September 2016, Taguchi opened his official website to announce launch of his solo career. His first single, \"Hero\", was released in November 2016.Started runway model work in March 2017 as well with his appearance in the Kobe Collection Fashion Show S/S 2017. Currently he is a print model for pnck.jp clothing and also announced print model work for Hombre Nino clothing in the 2017 season.In April 2017, he had his major label solo debut single with Universal Music Group with \"Connect\".[4] In June of the same year, he released his first photo book, titled Junnosuke Taguchi's Photo Collection in the Moon (田口 淳之介写真集 On the Moon, Taguchi Junnosuke Shashinshu On the Moon).[5]On May 22, 2019, Taguchi was arrested along with his girlfriend, actress Rena Komine, for marijuana possession.[6][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KAT-TUN § Other activities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAT-TUN#Other_activities"}],"text":"For activities as a member of KAT-TUN, see KAT-TUN § Other activities.","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shounen wa Tori ni Natta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shounen_wa_Tori_ni_Natta"},{"link_name":"Ganbatte Ikimasshoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganbatte_Ikimasshoi_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Yūkan Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABkan_Club"},{"link_name":"Inu o Kau to Iu Koto ~Sky to Wagaya no 180-nichi~","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inu_o_Kau_to_Iu_Koto"},{"link_name":"Legal High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_High_(Japanese_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Legal High SP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_High_(Japanese_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Legal High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_High_(Japanese_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Dramas","text":"Omae no Yukichi ga Naiteiru (2001) as Haruki Hijikata\nShounen wa Tori ni Natta (2001)\nGanbatte Ikimasshoi (2005) as Saburō Nakata\nHappy! (2006) as Keiichirō Ōtori\nHappy!2 (2006) as Keiichirō Ōtori[8]\nHanayome to Papa (2007) as Seiji Miura[9]\nYūkan Club (2007) as Granmanie Bidō\nKochira Katsushikaku Kameari Kōenmae Hashutsujo (2009) as Kakunoshin Araki\nInu o Kau to Iu Koto ~Sky to Wagaya no 180-nichi~ (2011) as Katsuhiko Hotta\nLegal High (2012) as Ranmaru Kaga\nOsozaki no Himawari ~Boku no Jinsei, Renewal~ (2012) as Kaoru Aoyama\nLegal High SP (2013) as Ranmaru Kaga\nNanatsu no Kaigi (2013) as Hiromitsu Saeki[10]\nLegal High Season 2 (2013) – Ranmaru Kaga[11]\nKyouwa Kaisha Yasumimasu (2014) as So Oojiro[12]","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Movies","text":"Mohōhan: Copycat Killer (2002) as Shinichi Tsukata","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Stage plays","text":"No Words, No Time ~Sora ni Ochita Namida~ (2013)[13]\nForrest Gump (2014) as Forrest[14]","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"TV programs","text":"Kyōkun no Susume (2014–present) Regular guest","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Radio","text":"Tokyo-FM Tag-Tune Driving Host\nKAT-TUN no Gatsūn Co-host","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotte_(conglomerate)"},{"link_name":"Rohto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohto_Pharmaceutical_Co."},{"link_name":"SKY Perfect JSAT Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKY_PerfecTV!"},{"link_name":"NTT DoCoMo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTT_DoCoMo"},{"link_name":"GungHo Online Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GungHo_Online_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Puzzle & Dragons Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzle_%26_Dragons"}],"sub_title":"Commercials","text":"Lotte\nSou\nCrunky (2002)\nPlus X (2003)\nRohto\nMogitate Kajitsu (2005, 2007, 2008)\nRohto C Cube (2005)\nSesera (2006)\nSKY Perfect JSAT Corporation\nSKY PerfecTV! (2006)\nSKY PerfecTV Premium Service (2006)\nNTT DoCoMo\nNew 9 Series (2006)\nFOMA903i (2006)\nGungHo Online Entertainment\nPuzzle & Dragons Z (2013)","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KAT-TUN discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAT-TUN_discography"}],"text":"For songs as a member of KAT-TUN, see KAT-TUN discography.","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Solo Artist Discography","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Solo songs as a KAT-TUN member","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yūkan Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABkan_Club"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"2007: 11th Nikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix: Runner-up for Best Supporting Role for Yūkan Club[15]\n2008: 5th TVNavi Magazine Awards: Best Newcomer for Hanayome to Papa[16]","title":"Awards and recognitions"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomisaku_Kawasaki

Tomisaku Kawasaki

["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life and death","4 Awards","5 Selected publications","6 References"]

Japanese pediatrician (1925–2020) Tomisaku KawasakiKawasaki in 2005Born1 February 1925Tokyo, JapanDied5 June 2020(2020-06-05) (aged 95)Tokyo, JapanNationalityJapaneseEducationChiba University (MD)OccupationPediatricianYears active1948–2019Known forDescribing Kawasaki diseaseChildren3Medical careerInstitutionsJapan Red Cross Medical Center, HirooSub-specialtiesPediatrics Tomisaku Kawasaki (川崎 富作, Kawasaki Tomisaku, February 1, 1925 – June 5, 2020) was a Japanese pediatrician who first described the condition now known as Kawasaki disease in the 1960s. Alongside rheumatic heart disease, Kawasaki disease is considered to be the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children worldwide. Early life and education Tomisaku Kawasaki was born on 1 February 1925 in the Asakusa district of Tokyo, as the youngest of seven children. He was "very interested in plants and fruit, and surprised to learn how the 20th-century pear had suddenly appeared", but eventually abandoned plans to study botany because his mother favored him to be a physician. He studied medicine at Chiba University, graduating in 1948. Career Kawasaki conducted his medical internship year in Chiba and decided to specialize in pediatrics, due to his fondness for children. Medical residency in post-war Japan was unpaid and as his family suffered financial problems, his advisor recommended him take up a paid position at the Japan Red Cross Medical Center in Hiroo, Tokyo. He would later practice as a pediatrician there for over 40 years. After 10 years of researching milk allergy and unusual host-parasite cases, he saw a 4-year-old boy presenting with a myriad of clinical signs he later termed "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome" (MCLS) in 1961. In 1962, he saw a second patient with the same constellation of symptoms. After he had collected a series of seven cases, he presented them at a meeting of the Japanese Pediatric Association. Reviewers rejected his submission for publication because they did not believe it was a new disease entity. Opposition from several academics over the alleged discovery of the new disease lasted several years. Only after he had collected a total of 50 cases, his 44-page paper was published in the Japanese Journal of Allergy in 1967. The paper included comprehensive hand-drawn diagrams of each patient's rashes and has been described as "one of the most beautiful examples of descriptive clinical writing". Other colleagues across the country soon reported similar cases. It was not until 1970, that the Ministry of Health and Welfare eventually established a research committee on MCLS headed by Dr. Fumio Kosaki. This committee conducted a nationwide study on the disease, confirming it was a new disease which specifically targeted arteries across the body. In 1973, a pathologist discovered the connection to cardiac disease when he found a child with Kawasaki disease had coronary artery thrombosis at an autopsy. Kawasaki headed the Kawasaki Disease Research Committee which published its findings in the journal, Pediatrics finally in 1974; He has been called "part Sherlock Holmes and part Charles Dickens for his sense of mystery and his vivid descriptions". It was the first time MCLS was published in English and brought international attention to the disease. Kawasaki retired in 1990, and established the Japan Kawasaki Disease Research Center, which he led as director until 2019 and honorary chairman until 2020. Only in 1992, Kawasaki disease was officially added to Nelson's Textbook of Pediatrics, a leading textbook in the specialty, cementing international recognition of the disease. In 2007, Kawasaki estimated over 200,000 cases of Kawasaki disease had been diagnosed in Japan since the research committee's findings in 1970. Kawasaki himself never referred to the disease by its eponymous name but conceded that the original name was too long. Personal life and death Kawasaki was married to fellow pediatrician Reiko Kawasaki who died in 2019. He died on 5 June 2020 of natural causes at the age of 95 years old. He was survived by his two daughters and a son. Obituaries paying tribute to Kawasaki were published in medical journals worldwide in the aftermath of his death. Awards Bering Kitasato Award, 1986 Takeda Medical Award, 1987 Health Culture Award, 1987 Japan Medical Association Medical Award, 1988 Asahi Prize, 1989 Japan Academy Prize, 1991 Tokyo Cultural Award, 1996 Japan Pediatric Society Prize, 2006 At some time prior to 2007, he had a personal audience with the Emperor and Empress of Japan at the Imperial Palace. Honored by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Selected publications Kawasaki T. (1967) Acute febrile mucocutaneous syndrome with lymphoid involvement with specific desquamation of the fingers and toes in children. Arerugi. 16 (3):178-222 (in Japanese). Kawasaki, T.; Kosaki, F.; Okawa, S.; Shigematsu, I.; Yanagawa, H. (1974). "A new infantile acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS) prevailing in Japan". Pediatrics. 54 (3): 271–276. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 4153258. Kato, Shunichi; Kimura, Mikio; Tsuji, Kimiyoshi; Kusakawa, Sanji; Asai, Toshio; Juji, Takeo; Kawasaki, Tomisaku (1 February 1978). "HLA Antigens in Kawasaki Disease". Pediatrics. 61 (2): 252–255. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 634680. Shigematsu, I; Shibata, S; Tamashiro, H; Kawasaki, T; Kusakawa, S (September 1979). "Kawasaki disease continues to increase in Japan". Pediatrics. 64 (3): 386. PMID 481984. Yanagawa, Hiroshi; Kawasaki, Tomisaku; Shigematsu, Itsuzo (1 July 1987). "Nationwide Survey on Kawasaki Disease in Japan". Pediatrics. 80 (1): 58–62. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 3601519. Fujita, Yasuyuki; Nakamura, Yosikazu; Sakata, Kiyomi; Hara, Norihisa; Kobayashi, Masayo; Nagai, Masaki; Yanagawa, Hiroshi; Kawasaki, Tomisaku (1 October 1989). "Kawasaki Disease in Families". Pediatrics. 84 (4): 666–669. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 2780128. Burns, Jane C.; Shike, Hiroko; Gordon, John B.; Malhotra, Alka; Schoenwetter, Melissa; Kawasaki, Tomisaku (July 1996). "Sequelae of Kawasaki disease in adolescents and young adults". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 28 (1): 253–257. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(96)00099-X. PMID 8752822. References ^ doctor/3259 at Who Named It? ^ "Puzzling Peril for the Young". TIME Magazine. U.S. Edition. Vol. 116, no. 8. August 25, 1980. Archived from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved 2009-01-24. ^ a b Singh, Surjit; Jindal, Ankur Kumar (2017). "Fifty Years of Kawasaki Disease - A Tribute to Dr Tomisaku Kawasaki". Indian Pediatrics. 54 (12): 1037–1039. doi:10.1007/s13312-017-1208-x. ISSN 0974-7559. PMID 29317559. S2CID 3741415. Retrieved 20 June 2020. ^ a b c Matt Schudel, Matt Schudel closeMatt Schudel (2020-06-14). "Obituary. Tomisaku Kawasaki, doctor who identified inflammatory disease in children, dies at 95". washington post. Retrieved 2020-06-16. ^ a b c d e f Kenrick, Vivienne (2007-05-26). "Profile: Tomisaku Kawasaki". Japan Times. Retrieved 2020-06-16. ^ Clinicians' Battles, Doctors whose names are found in the disease, (2000), edit. Itakura E. Medical Sense, Tokyo, in Japanese, quote|It was in January 1961 that I encountered a child patient, aged 4 years and 3 months, who was to become the first known case of Kawasaki disease. Fifty years have elapsed since then. At the time, I had no choice but to discharge the patient as ”diagnosis unknown.” Fortunately, the child suffered no sequelae, and is currently enjoying a full and active life as an adult. Since then the incidence of Kawasaki disease has continued to grow. Why? Why can't we stop this disease? The reason, unfortunately, is that its cause is not known. At the time I first described the disease, I felt that we were on the threshold of discovering its cause, since its symptoms were extremely clear-cut. Despite the efforts of numerous researchers, however, we are still searching. It is my strong hope that young researchers will be able to identify the root cause of this disease." ^ a b Philip Seo (2019-06-17). "Thinking Big, Thinking Small". The Rheumatologist. Retrieved 2020-06-16. ^ Kawasaki T (March 1967). "". Arerugi (in Japanese). 16 (3): 178–222. PMID 6062087. ^ a b "Doctor who discovered Kawasaki disease dead at 95". www.heart.org. Retrieved 2020-06-20. ^ a b Genzlinger, Neil (2020-06-17). "Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki, Who Pinpointed a Mysterious Disease, Dies at 95". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-06-19. ^ a b c d Kenrick, Vivienne (2007-05-26). "Profile: Tomisaku Kawasaki". Japan Times. Retrieved 2020-06-16. ^ Kawasaki T, Kosaki F, Okawa S, Shigematsu I, Yanagawa H (September 1974). "A new infantile acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS) prevailing in Japan". Pediatrics. 54 (3): 271–6. PMID 4153258. ^ "Profile: The man who discovered 'Kawasaki disease'". Mainichi Daily News. 2017-05-24. Retrieved 2020-06-19. ^ Green, Andrew (July 2020). "Tomisaku Kawasaki". The Lancet. 396 (10244): 90. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31492-6. ^ Kato, Hirohisa (2020-07-22). "Tribute to Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki ― Discoverer of Kawasaki Disease and a Great Pediatrician ―". Circulation Journal. 84 (8): 1209–1211. doi:10.1253/circj.cj-66-0180. ISSN 1346-9843. PMID 32611935. ^ a b c d e Laud, Dr Rose (19 May 2019). "Tomisaku Kawasaki • LITFL • Medical Eponym Library". Life in the Fast Lane • LITFL • Medical Blog. Retrieved 20 June 2020. ^ "Pediatrician who discovered Kawasaki disease dies at 95". Japan Times. 2020-06-10. Retrieved 2020-06-16. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Japan Czech Republic Academics CiNii

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Only after he had collected a total of 50 cases, his 44-page paper was published in the Japanese Journal of Allergy in 1967.[3][8] The paper included comprehensive hand-drawn diagrams of each patient's rashes and has been described as \"one of the most beautiful examples of descriptive clinical writing\".[9] Other colleagues across the country soon reported similar cases.[10]It was not until 1970, that the Ministry of Health and Welfare eventually established a research committee on MCLS headed by Dr. Fumio Kosaki.[11] This committee conducted a nationwide study on the disease, confirming it was a new disease which specifically targeted arteries across the body.[11] In 1973, a pathologist discovered the connection to cardiac disease when he found a child with Kawasaki disease had coronary artery thrombosis at an autopsy.[7] Kawasaki headed the Kawasaki Disease Research Committee which published its findings in the journal, Pediatrics finally in 1974;[12] He has been called \"part Sherlock Holmes and part Charles Dickens for his sense of mystery and his vivid descriptions\".[10] It was the first time MCLS was published in English and brought international attention to the disease.[11]Kawasaki retired in 1990, and established the Japan Kawasaki Disease Research Center, which he led as director until 2019 and honorary chairman until 2020.[4][9] Only in 1992, Kawasaki disease was officially added to Nelson's Textbook of Pediatrics, a leading textbook in the specialty, cementing international recognition of the disease.[5]In 2007, Kawasaki estimated over 200,000 cases of Kawasaki disease had been diagnosed in Japan since the research committee's findings in 1970.[5] Kawasaki himself never referred to the disease by its eponymous name but conceded that the original name was too long.[13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wp-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Kawasaki was married to fellow pediatrician Reiko Kawasaki who died in 2019. He died on 5 June 2020 of natural causes at the age of 95 years old.[4] He was survived by his two daughters and a son. Obituaries paying tribute to Kawasaki were published in medical journals worldwide in the aftermath of his death.[14][15]","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bering Kitasato Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitasato_Shibasabur%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liftl-16"},{"link_name":"Takeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeda_Pharmaceutical_Company"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liftl-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liftl-16"},{"link_name":"Japan Medical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Medical_Association"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liftl-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liftl-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prize-17"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jt07-5"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Empress of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Imperial Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jt073-11"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Metropolitan Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government"}],"text":"Bering Kitasato Award, 1986 [16]\nTakeda Medical Award, 1987 [16]\nHealth Culture Award, 1987 [16]\nJapan Medical Association Medical Award, 1988 [16]\nAsahi Prize, 1989 [16]\nJapan Academy Prize, 1991[17]\nTokyo Cultural Award, 1996\nJapan Pediatric Society Prize, 2006 [5]\nAt some time prior to 2007, he had a personal audience with the Emperor and Empress of Japan at the Imperial Palace.[11]\nHonored by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acute febrile mucocutaneous syndrome with lymphoid involvement with specific desquamation of the fingers and toes in children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/arerugi/16/3/16_KJ00001633240/_pdf/-char/en"},{"link_name":"\"A new infantile acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS) prevailing in Japan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4153258"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0031-4005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-4005"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4153258","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4153258"},{"link_name":"\"HLA Antigens in Kawasaki Disease\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/61/2/252.short"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0031-4005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-4005"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"634680","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/634680"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"481984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/481984"},{"link_name":"\"Nationwide Survey on Kawasaki Disease in Japan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/80/1/58"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0031-4005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-4005"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3601519","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3601519"},{"link_name":"\"Kawasaki Disease in Families\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/84/4/666.short"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0031-4005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-4005"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2780128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2780128"},{"link_name":"\"Sequelae of Kawasaki disease in adolescents and young adults\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0735-1097%2896%2900099-X"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0735-1097(96)00099-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0735-1097%2896%2900099-X"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8752822","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8752822"}],"text":"Kawasaki T. (1967) Acute febrile mucocutaneous syndrome with lymphoid involvement with specific desquamation of the fingers and toes in children. Arerugi. 16 (3):178-222 (in Japanese).\nKawasaki, T.; Kosaki, F.; Okawa, S.; Shigematsu, I.; Yanagawa, H. (1974). \"A new infantile acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS) prevailing in Japan\". Pediatrics. 54 (3): 271–276. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 4153258.\nKato, Shunichi; Kimura, Mikio; Tsuji, Kimiyoshi; Kusakawa, Sanji; Asai, Toshio; Juji, Takeo; Kawasaki, Tomisaku (1 February 1978). \"HLA Antigens in Kawasaki Disease\". Pediatrics. 61 (2): 252–255. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 634680.\nShigematsu, I; Shibata, S; Tamashiro, H; Kawasaki, T; Kusakawa, S (September 1979). \"Kawasaki disease continues to increase in Japan\". Pediatrics. 64 (3): 386. PMID 481984.\nYanagawa, Hiroshi; Kawasaki, Tomisaku; Shigematsu, Itsuzo (1 July 1987). \"Nationwide Survey on Kawasaki Disease in Japan\". Pediatrics. 80 (1): 58–62. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 3601519.\nFujita, Yasuyuki; Nakamura, Yosikazu; Sakata, Kiyomi; Hara, Norihisa; Kobayashi, Masayo; Nagai, Masaki; Yanagawa, Hiroshi; Kawasaki, Tomisaku (1 October 1989). \"Kawasaki Disease in Families\". Pediatrics. 84 (4): 666–669. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 2780128.\nBurns, Jane C.; Shike, Hiroko; Gordon, John B.; Malhotra, Alka; Schoenwetter, Melissa; Kawasaki, Tomisaku (July 1996). \"Sequelae of Kawasaki disease in adolescents and young adults\". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 28 (1): 253–257. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(96)00099-X. PMID 8752822.","title":"Selected publications"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Kawasaki, T.; Kosaki, F.; Okawa, S.; Shigematsu, I.; Yanagawa, H. (1974). \"A new infantile acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS) prevailing in Japan\". Pediatrics. 54 (3): 271–276. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 4153258.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4153258","url_text":"\"A new infantile acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS) prevailing in Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-4005","url_text":"0031-4005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4153258","url_text":"4153258"}]},{"reference":"Kato, Shunichi; Kimura, Mikio; Tsuji, Kimiyoshi; Kusakawa, Sanji; Asai, Toshio; Juji, Takeo; Kawasaki, Tomisaku (1 February 1978). \"HLA Antigens in Kawasaki Disease\". Pediatrics. 61 (2): 252–255. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 634680.","urls":[{"url":"https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/61/2/252.short","url_text":"\"HLA Antigens in Kawasaki Disease\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-4005","url_text":"0031-4005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/634680","url_text":"634680"}]},{"reference":"Shigematsu, I; Shibata, S; Tamashiro, H; Kawasaki, T; Kusakawa, S (September 1979). \"Kawasaki disease continues to increase in Japan\". Pediatrics. 64 (3): 386. PMID 481984.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/481984","url_text":"481984"}]},{"reference":"Yanagawa, Hiroshi; Kawasaki, Tomisaku; Shigematsu, Itsuzo (1 July 1987). \"Nationwide Survey on Kawasaki Disease in Japan\". Pediatrics. 80 (1): 58–62. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 3601519.","urls":[{"url":"https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/80/1/58","url_text":"\"Nationwide Survey on Kawasaki Disease in Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-4005","url_text":"0031-4005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3601519","url_text":"3601519"}]},{"reference":"Fujita, Yasuyuki; Nakamura, Yosikazu; Sakata, Kiyomi; Hara, Norihisa; Kobayashi, Masayo; Nagai, Masaki; Yanagawa, Hiroshi; Kawasaki, Tomisaku (1 October 1989). \"Kawasaki Disease in Families\". Pediatrics. 84 (4): 666–669. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 2780128.","urls":[{"url":"https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/84/4/666.short","url_text":"\"Kawasaki Disease in Families\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-4005","url_text":"0031-4005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2780128","url_text":"2780128"}]},{"reference":"Burns, Jane C.; Shike, Hiroko; Gordon, John B.; Malhotra, Alka; Schoenwetter, Melissa; Kawasaki, Tomisaku (July 1996). \"Sequelae of Kawasaki disease in adolescents and young adults\". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 28 (1): 253–257. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(96)00099-X. PMID 8752822.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0735-1097%2896%2900099-X","url_text":"\"Sequelae of Kawasaki disease in adolescents and young adults\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0735-1097%2896%2900099-X","url_text":"10.1016/0735-1097(96)00099-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8752822","url_text":"8752822"}]},{"reference":"\"Puzzling Peril for the Young\". TIME Magazine. U.S. Edition. Vol. 116, no. 8. August 25, 1980. Archived from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved 2009-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100618051748/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,949010,00.html","url_text":"\"Puzzling Peril for the Young\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"TIME Magazine"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,949010,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Surjit; Jindal, Ankur Kumar (2017). \"Fifty Years of Kawasaki Disease - A Tribute to Dr Tomisaku Kawasaki\". Indian Pediatrics. 54 (12): 1037–1039. doi:10.1007/s13312-017-1208-x. ISSN 0974-7559. PMID 29317559. S2CID 3741415. Retrieved 20 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29317559/","url_text":"\"Fifty Years of Kawasaki Disease - A Tribute to Dr Tomisaku Kawasaki\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13312-017-1208-x","url_text":"10.1007/s13312-017-1208-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0974-7559","url_text":"0974-7559"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29317559","url_text":"29317559"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3741415","url_text":"3741415"}]},{"reference":"Matt Schudel, Matt Schudel closeMatt Schudel (2020-06-14). \"Obituary. Tomisaku Kawasaki, doctor who identified inflammatory disease in children, dies at 95\". washington post. Retrieved 2020-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/tomisaku-kawasaki-doctor-who-identified-inflammatory-disease-in-children-dies-at-95/2020/06/13/35510b8e-ada0-11ea-9063-e69bd6520940_story.html","url_text":"\"Obituary. Tomisaku Kawasaki, doctor who identified inflammatory disease in children, dies at 95\""}]},{"reference":"Kenrick, Vivienne (2007-05-26). \"Profile: Tomisaku Kawasaki\". Japan Times. Retrieved 2020-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2007/05/26/people/tomisaku-kawasaki/","url_text":"\"Profile: Tomisaku Kawasaki\""}]},{"reference":"Philip Seo (2019-06-17). \"Thinking Big, Thinking Small\". The Rheumatologist. Retrieved 2020-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the-rheumatologist.org/article/thinking-big-thinking-small/","url_text":"\"Thinking Big, Thinking Small\""}]},{"reference":"Kawasaki T (March 1967). \"[Acute febrile mucocutaneous syndrome with lymphoid involvement with specific desquamation of the fingers and toes in children]\". Arerugi (in Japanese). 16 (3): 178–222. PMID 6062087.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6062087","url_text":"6062087"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor who discovered Kawasaki disease dead at 95\". www.heart.org. Retrieved 2020-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heart.org/en/news/2020/06/11/doctor-who-discovered-kawasaki-disease-dead-at-95","url_text":"\"Doctor who discovered Kawasaki disease dead at 95\""}]},{"reference":"Genzlinger, Neil (2020-06-17). \"Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki, Who Pinpointed a Mysterious Disease, Dies at 95\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/17/health/dr-tomisaku-kawasaki-who-pinpointed-a-mysterious-disease-dies-at-95.html","url_text":"\"Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki, Who Pinpointed a Mysterious Disease, Dies at 95\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Kenrick, Vivienne (2007-05-26). \"Profile: Tomisaku Kawasaki\". Japan Times. Retrieved 2020-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2007/05/26/people/tomisaku-kawasaki/","url_text":"\"Profile: Tomisaku Kawasaki\""}]},{"reference":"Kawasaki T, Kosaki F, Okawa S, Shigematsu I, Yanagawa H (September 1974). \"A new infantile acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS) prevailing in Japan\". Pediatrics. 54 (3): 271–6. PMID 4153258.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4153258","url_text":"4153258"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile: The man who discovered 'Kawasaki disease'\". Mainichi Daily News. 2017-05-24. Retrieved 2020-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20170524/p2a/00m/0na/021000c","url_text":"\"Profile: The man who discovered 'Kawasaki disease'\""}]},{"reference":"Green, Andrew (July 2020). \"Tomisaku Kawasaki\". The Lancet. 396 (10244): 90. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31492-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2820%2931492-6","url_text":"\"Tomisaku Kawasaki\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2820%2931492-6","url_text":"10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31492-6"}]},{"reference":"Kato, Hirohisa (2020-07-22). \"Tribute to Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki ― Discoverer of Kawasaki Disease and a Great Pediatrician ―\". Circulation Journal. 84 (8): 1209–1211. doi:10.1253/circj.cj-66-0180. ISSN 1346-9843. PMID 32611935.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1253%2Fcircj.cj-66-0180","url_text":"\"Tribute to Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki ― Discoverer of Kawasaki Disease and a Great Pediatrician ―\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1253%2Fcircj.cj-66-0180","url_text":"10.1253/circj.cj-66-0180"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1346-9843","url_text":"1346-9843"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32611935","url_text":"32611935"}]},{"reference":"Laud, Dr Rose (19 May 2019). \"Tomisaku Kawasaki • LITFL • Medical Eponym Library\". Life in the Fast Lane • LITFL • Medical Blog. Retrieved 20 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://litfl.com/tomisaku-kawasaki/","url_text":"\"Tomisaku Kawasaki • LITFL • Medical Eponym Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pediatrician who discovered Kawasaki disease dies at 95\". Japan Times. 2020-06-10. Retrieved 2020-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/06/10/national/tomisaku-kawasaki-pediatrician-discovered-kawasaki-disease-dies/","url_text":"\"Pediatrician who discovered Kawasaki disease dies at 95\""}]}]

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Tomisaku Kawasaki, doctor who identified inflammatory disease in children, dies at 95\""},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2007/05/26/people/tomisaku-kawasaki/","external_links_name":"\"Profile: Tomisaku Kawasaki\""},{"Link":"https://www.the-rheumatologist.org/article/thinking-big-thinking-small/","external_links_name":"\"Thinking Big, Thinking Small\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6062087","external_links_name":"6062087"},{"Link":"https://www.heart.org/en/news/2020/06/11/doctor-who-discovered-kawasaki-disease-dead-at-95","external_links_name":"\"Doctor who discovered Kawasaki disease dead at 95\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/17/health/dr-tomisaku-kawasaki-who-pinpointed-a-mysterious-disease-dies-at-95.html","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki, Who Pinpointed a Mysterious Disease, Dies at 95\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2007/05/26/people/tomisaku-kawasaki/","external_links_name":"\"Profile: Tomisaku Kawasaki\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4153258","external_links_name":"4153258"},{"Link":"https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20170524/p2a/00m/0na/021000c","external_links_name":"\"Profile: The man who discovered 'Kawasaki disease'\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2820%2931492-6","external_links_name":"\"Tomisaku Kawasaki\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2820%2931492-6","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31492-6"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1253%2Fcircj.cj-66-0180","external_links_name":"\"Tribute to Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki ― Discoverer of Kawasaki Disease and a Great Pediatrician ―\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1253%2Fcircj.cj-66-0180","external_links_name":"10.1253/circj.cj-66-0180"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1346-9843","external_links_name":"1346-9843"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32611935","external_links_name":"32611935"},{"Link":"https://litfl.com/tomisaku-kawasaki/","external_links_name":"\"Tomisaku Kawasaki • LITFL • Medical Eponym Library\""},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/06/10/national/tomisaku-kawasaki-pediatrician-discovered-kawasaki-disease-dies/","external_links_name":"\"Pediatrician who discovered Kawasaki disease dies at 95\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000381204111","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/260723492","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00029685","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0274947&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00721793?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marc_Bory

Jean-Marc Bory

["1 Partial filmography","2 References","3 External links"]

Swiss actor Jean-Marc BoryBorn(1934-03-17)17 March 1934Noville, SwitzerlandDied31 March 2001(2001-03-31) (aged 67)Belle-Ile-en-Mer, FranceOccupationActorYears active1955–1996 Jean-Marc Bory (17 March 1934 – 31 March 2001) was a Swiss actor. He appeared in 60 films and television shows between 1955 and 1996. Partial filmography Black Dossier (1955) - Juge Jacques Arnaud The Lovers (1958) - Bernard Dubois-Lambert Wolves of the Deep (1959) - Tenente Les loups dans la bergerie (1960) - Roger Austerlitz (1960) - Soult Il carro armato dell'8 settembre (1960) - Carlo Bollini Adorable Liar (1962) - Martin Where the Truth Lies (1962) - François Rauchelle Love on a Pillow (1962) - Pierre Leroy Ro.Go.Pa.G. (1963) - Husband (segment "Il nuovo mondo") Sweet and Sour (1963) - L'homme au micro A Sentimental Attempt (1963) - Dino Portuguese Vacation (1963) - Jean-Marc Triple Cross (1966) - Resistance Leader (uncredited) The Stranger (1967) - (uncredited) I visionari (1968) Una prostituta al servizio del pubblico e in regola con le leggi dello stato (1971) - François Coly Comptes à rebours (1971) - Ferrier Le Voyage (1972) - Pierre Au rendez-vous de la mort joyeuse (1973) - Marc Madame Baptiste (1974, TV Movie) - Le père Creezy (1974) - Savarin Jamais plus toujours (1976) - Mathieu Le Juge Fayard dit Le Shériff (1977) - Lucien Degueldre dit Monsieur Paul The Blue Ferns (1977) - Stanislas L'amour des femmes (1981) - Bruno Chaste and Pure (1981) - Dr. Natal L'amour braque (1985) - Simon Venin Derborence (1985) - Nendaz Le meilleur de la vie (1985) - Le père de Véronique Bernadette (1988) - Le curé Peyramale / Father Peyramale Marie de Nazareth (1995) - Pilate References ^ "IMDB.com: Jean-Marc Bory". imdb. Retrieved 15 May 2010. External links Jean-Marc Bory at IMDb Françoise Dubor (2005). "Jean-Marc Bory". In Andreas Kotte (ed.). Theaterlexikon der Schweiz / Dictionnaire du théâtre en Suisse / Dizionario Teatrale Svizzero / Lexicon da teater svizzer (in French). Vol. 1. Zürich: Chronos. p. 246. ISBN 978-3-0340-0715-3. LCCN 2007423414. OCLC 62309181. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic People Deutsche Biographie Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland SNAC IdRef Theaterlexikon This article about a Swiss actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Weinberg_(judge)

Mark Weinberg (judge)

["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Retirement","4 References"]

Australian judge The HonourableMark WeinbergAO FAAL KCJudge of the Court of Appeal, Supreme Court of VictoriaIn office22 July 2008 (2008-07-22) – 9 May 2018 (2018-05-09)Judge of the Federal Court of AustraliaIn office15 July 1998 (1998-07-15) – 19 July 2008 (2008-07-19)2d Commonwealth Director of Public ProsecutionsIn office1988 (1988) – December 1991 (1991-12)Preceded byIan TembySucceeded byMichael Rozenes Personal detailsBornMark Samuel Weinberg (1948-05-13) 13 May 1948 (age 76)Trelleborg, SwedenNationalityAustralianAlma materMonash UniversityUniversity of OxfordOccupationAcademic, barrister, jurist Mark Samuel Weinberg AO FAAL KC (born 13 May 1948) is a former judge of the Court of Appeal of the Supreme Court of Victoria from July 2008 to May 2018. He is a former judge of the Federal Court of Australia who served from July 1998 to July 2008. Early life Weinberg was born in Trelleborg, Sweden, into a Jewish family of Holocaust survivors. He lived in the United States until the age of 10, when he and his family moved to Melbourne, Australia. He attended Melbourne High School and later graduated with a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws (First Class Honours) from Monash University. He was awarded the Supreme Court Prize in 1970, the year he graduated. In 1972 he received the Vinerian Scholarship for the top graduate of the Bachelor of Civil Law from the University of Oxford. In 1975 he was called to the Victorian Bar. Career From 1984 to 1985, Weinberg was dean of the Faculty of Law at the University of Melbourne, having previously served as acting dean and deputy dean. In 1986, Weinberg was appointed Queen's Counsel. From 1988 until 1991, he was Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions. After being appointed to the Federal Court in 1998, Weinberg also held appointments as deputy president of the Federal Police Disciplinary Tribunal, non-resident judge of the Supreme Court of Fiji, additional judge of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory and chief justice of the Supreme Court of Norfolk Island. He resigned from the Federal Court and his other appointments in 2008 in order to take up office as a judge of the Court of Appeal of the Supreme Court of Victoria. In 2017, Weinberg was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia for distinguished service to the judiciary and to the law, particularly through reforms to criminal law and procedure, to legal education in Victoria and to the administration of justice in Fiji and Norfolk Island. Retirement On 9 May 2018, Weinberg retired from the Court of Appeal of the Supreme Court of Victoria after 10 years of service. He continued to hear cases as a reserve Judge. In 2018, he presided over the jury trial of Dimitrious Gargasoulas, the perpetrator of the January 2017 Melbourne car attack which killed six people and injured 27. In February 2019, he sentenced Gargasoulas to life in prison with a non-parole period of 46 years. In 2019, he was part of the three-member bench of the Court of Appeal which heard the appeal of Cardinal George Pell against convictions for sexual offences. The appeal was dismissed by majority, with Weinberg dissenting. In his dissenting reasons, Weinberg concluded that there was a "significant possibility" that Pell may not have committed the offences, and that there was "a significant body of cogent evidence casting serious doubt upon the complainant's account, both as to credibility and reliability". Subsequently, Pell successfully appealed to the High Court against the majority judgment, and the convictions were quashed. Following the release of the Brereton Report, in December 2020, Weinberg was appointed by Home Affairs Minister Peter Dutton as the Special Investigator to investigate alleged war crimes by Australian soldiers in Afghanistan. References ^ "Justice Mark Weinberg AO". ^ a b "The Hon Justice Mark Samuel Weinberg". Who's Who in Australia. Australian Associated Press. 2017. ^ "Former Judges of the Federal Court of Australia". Federal Court of Australia. Australian Government. Retrieved 4 April 2012. ^ "Judges: Current Supreme Court judges". Supreme Court of Victoria. Australia: Government of Victoria. Archived from the original on 1 March 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2016. ^ Masters, Nick McKenzie, Chris (19 November 2021). "Mark Weinberg's war crimes probe faces high hurdles. Can it prevail?". The Age. Retrieved 22 August 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Justice Mark Weinberg AO". Monash University. Retrieved 27 October 2019. ^ "The Hon Mark Samuel Weinberg". Federal Court of Australia. Australian Government. Retrieved 4 April 2012. ^ "Law Oration 2016". Victoria Law Foundation. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016. ^ "Officer (AO) in the General Division of the Order of Australia" (PDF). Australia Day 2017 Honours List. Governor-General of Australia. 26 January 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2017. ^ a b "The Court farewells Justice Weinberg". Supreme Court of Victoria. 9 May 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ "Bourke Street killer James Gargasoulas jailed for life over massacre". The Guardian. AAP. 22 February 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019. ^ "Pell v The Queen VSCA 186". Austlii. Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal. 21 August 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ "George Pell Victorian Court of Appeal judgment summary transcript". ABC News. 21 August 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2020. ^ "Judgment Summary: Pell v The Queen HCA 12" (PDF). High Court of Australia. 7 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020. ^ Greene, Andrew (16 December 2020). "Former federal court judge named as special investigator for Afghanistan war crime allegations". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 23 January 2021. Legal offices Preceded byIan Temby Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions 1988–1991 Succeeded byMichael Rozenes

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He is a former judge of the Federal Court of Australia who served from July 1998 to July 2008.[3][4]","title":"Mark Weinberg (judge)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Holocaust survivors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_survivors"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Melbourne High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_High_School"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"Monash University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash_University"},{"link_name":"Vinerian Scholarship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinerian_Scholarship"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Civil Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Civil_Law"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Victorian Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Bar"}],"text":"Weinberg was born in Trelleborg, Sweden, into a Jewish family of Holocaust survivors.[5] He lived in the United States until the age of 10, when he and his family moved to Melbourne, Australia. He attended Melbourne High School and later graduated with a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws (First Class Honours) from Monash University. He was awarded the Supreme Court Prize in 1970, the year he graduated. In 1972 he received the Vinerian Scholarship for the top graduate of the Bachelor of Civil Law from the University of Oxford.[6] In 1975 he was called to the Victorian Bar.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whoswho-2"},{"link_name":"Queen's Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Fiji"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Norfolk Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Norfolk_Island"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Officer of the Order of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AO-9"}],"text":"From 1984 to 1985, Weinberg was dean of the Faculty of Law at the University of Melbourne, having previously served as acting dean and deputy dean.[2]In 1986, Weinberg was appointed Queen's Counsel. From 1988 until 1991, he was Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions.[7]After being appointed to the Federal Court in 1998, Weinberg also held appointments as deputy president of the Federal Police Disciplinary Tribunal, non-resident judge of the Supreme Court of Fiji, additional judge of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory and chief justice of the Supreme Court of Norfolk Island.[8] He resigned from the Federal Court and his other appointments in 2008 in order to take up office as a judge of the Court of Appeal of the Supreme Court of Victoria.In 2017, Weinberg was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia for distinguished service to the judiciary and to the law, particularly through reforms to criminal law and procedure, to legal education in Victoria and to the administration of justice in Fiji and Norfolk Island.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farewell-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farewell-10"},{"link_name":"January 2017 Melbourne car attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2017_Melbourne_car_attack"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"George Pell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pell"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Brereton Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brereton_Report"},{"link_name":"Peter Dutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Dutton"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC_Afghanistan-15"}],"text":"On 9 May 2018, Weinberg retired from the Court of Appeal of the Supreme Court of Victoria after 10 years of service.[10] He continued to hear cases as a reserve Judge.[10]In 2018, he presided over the jury trial of Dimitrious Gargasoulas, the perpetrator of the January 2017 Melbourne car attack which killed six people and injured 27. In February 2019, he sentenced Gargasoulas to life in prison with a non-parole period of 46 years.[11]In 2019, he was part of the three-member bench of the Court of Appeal which heard the appeal of Cardinal George Pell against convictions for sexual offences. The appeal was dismissed by majority, with Weinberg dissenting. In his dissenting reasons, Weinberg concluded that there was a \"significant possibility\" that Pell may not have committed the offences, and that there was \"a significant body of cogent evidence casting serious doubt upon the complainant's account, both as to credibility and reliability\".[12] Subsequently, Pell successfully appealed to the High Court against the majority judgment, and the convictions were quashed.[13][14]Following the release of the Brereton Report, in December 2020, Weinberg was appointed by Home Affairs Minister Peter Dutton as the Special Investigator to investigate alleged war crimes by Australian soldiers in Afghanistan.[15]","title":"Retirement"}]

[]

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Retrieved 30 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150301031707/http://www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au/home/about+the+court/our+judiciary/judges/","url_text":"\"Judges: Current Supreme Court judges\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria","url_text":"Supreme Court of Victoria"},{"url":"http://www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au/home/about+the+court/our+judiciary/judges/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Masters, Nick McKenzie, Chris (19 November 2021). \"Mark Weinberg's war crimes probe faces high hurdles. Can it prevail?\". The Age. Retrieved 22 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/national/mark-weinberg-s-war-crimes-probe-faces-high-hurdles-can-it-prevail-20211118-p59a8x.html","url_text":"\"Mark Weinberg's war crimes probe faces high hurdles. Can it prevail?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Justice Mark Weinberg AO\". Monash University. Retrieved 27 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.monash.edu/alumni/news/events/graduation/speaker-profiles/october-2017/justice-mark-weinberg-ao","url_text":"\"Justice Mark Weinberg AO\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Hon Mark Samuel Weinberg\". Federal Court of Australia. Australian Government. Retrieved 4 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fedcourt.gov.au/aboutct/weinberg.html","url_text":"\"The Hon Mark Samuel Weinberg\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia","url_text":"Federal Court of Australia"}]},{"reference":"\"Law Oration 2016\". Victoria Law Foundation. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.victorialawfoundation.org.au/events/law-oration-2016","url_text":"\"Law Oration 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Officer (AO) in the General Division of the Order of Australia\" (PDF). Australia Day 2017 Honours List. Governor-General of Australia. 26 January 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180319175054/http://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/honours/ad/ad2017/slkh83xzcb/AO%20Final%20Media%20Notes.pdf","url_text":"\"Officer (AO) in the General Division of the Order of Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia","url_text":"Governor-General of Australia"},{"url":"http://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/honours/ad/ad2017/slkh83xzcb/AO%20Final%20Media%20Notes.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Court farewells Justice Weinberg\". Supreme Court of Victoria. 9 May 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au/news/the-court-farewells-justice-weinberg","url_text":"\"The Court farewells Justice Weinberg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bourke Street killer James Gargasoulas jailed for life over massacre\". The Guardian. AAP. 22 February 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/feb/22/james-gargasoulas-jailed-for-life-over-bourke-street-massacre","url_text":"\"Bourke Street killer James Gargasoulas jailed for life over massacre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pell v The Queen [2019] VSCA 186\". Austlii. Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal. 21 August 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/vic/VSCA/2019/186.html","url_text":"\"Pell v The Queen [2019] VSCA 186\""}]},{"reference":"\"George Pell Victorian Court of Appeal judgment summary transcript\". ABC News. 21 August 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-21/george-pell-appeal-judgment-summary-transcript/11434304","url_text":"\"George Pell Victorian Court of Appeal judgment summary transcript\""}]},{"reference":"\"Judgment Summary: Pell v The Queen [2020] HCA 12\" (PDF). High Court of Australia. 7 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hcourt.gov.au/assets/publications/judgment-summaries/2020/hca-12-2020-04-07.pdf","url_text":"\"Judgment Summary: Pell v The Queen [2020] HCA 12\""}]},{"reference":"Greene, Andrew (16 December 2020). \"Former federal court judge named as special investigator for Afghanistan war crime allegations\". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-12-16/afghanistan-war-crime-allegation-investigators-appointed/12991386","url_text":"\"Former federal court judge named as special investigator for Afghanistan war crime allegations\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DSi_Browser

Nintendo DSi system software

["1 Technology","1.1 User interface","1.2 Multimedia features","1.3 Internet features","1.4 DSiWare and backward compatibility","2 History of updates","3 References"]

Operation system for Nintendo's Nintendo DSi handheld game console Operating system Nintendo DSi system softwareScreenshot of the Nintendo DSi's Home Menu. The top display shows photos taken using Nintendo DSi Camera, the bottom display shows apps and games on the system as selectable icons.DeveloperNintendoNintendo SDDOS familyNintendo proprietaryWorking stateDiscontinuedSource modelClosed sourceInitial release1.1 / November 1, 2008; 15 years ago (2008-11-01)Latest release1.4.5 / December 11, 2012; 11 years ago (2012-12-11)Available in Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Traditional) Dutch English (United Kingdom) English (United States) French (Canada) French (France) German Italian Japanese Korean Portuguese (Brazil) Portuguese (Portugal) Russian Spanish (Latin America) Spanish (Spain) Update methodDirect downloadNintendo Game CardPlatformsNintendo DSi (XL)Preceded byNintendo DS firmwareSucceeded byNintendo 3DS system softwareSupport statusUnsupported The Nintendo DSi system software is a discontinued set of updatable firmware versions, and a software frontend on the Nintendo DSi (including its XL variant) video game console. Updates, which are downloaded via the system's Internet connection, allow Nintendo to add and remove features and software. All updates also include all changes from previous updates. Technology User interface The user interface of the Nintendo DSi has been redesigned from the Nintendo DS and Nintendo DS Lite. The DSi's user interface is a single row of icons which can be navigated by sliding the stylus across them. When you take a picture using L/R, it is then displayed on the home menu's top screen. From the home menu, the user can take a picture at any time by pressing the shoulder buttons. While the system is on, the power button acts as a soft reset button that returns the user to the home menu. The Nintendo DSi provides some built-in applications. Initially, users are able to access five programs from the main menu: DSi Camera, DSi Sound, DSi Shop, PictoChat, and Download Play. The DSi's menu is akin to the Channel interface of the Nintendo Wii in that new programs can be downloaded and added to the interface. The DSi Camera application allows for taking images and applying various filters. The DSi Sound application is thematically similar to DSi Camera, serving as a sound recorder and editor (along with a low bitrate AAC music player). Features include themed equalizers and modulators that modify a user's voice to sound similar to a robot or parakeet (Toy Story 3 is the only DSi enhanced game to use the DSi's audio modulator engine). The DSi Shop would serve as the DS counterpart of the Wii Shop Channel. Multimedia features Unlike Nintendo's previous handheld consoles such as the Nintendo DS and Nintendo DS Lite, the Nintendo DSi has built in music playback support. The DSi Sound program is split into two modes: voice recording and music playback. Both offer plenty of entertainment value because of the tools and gimmicks Nintendo has included. The recording mode lets users record at most 18 clips of maximum 10 seconds length. Once they have recorded a clip, they can play around with it in various ways. For example, users can make the clip play backwards or forwards, isolate small sections using A-B repeat, and modify the speed and tone by dragging a pointer around on a 2D graph. They can also apply 12 effects to the clip, which can be used to transform the sound. The music playback mode also has many play options. Once a song has been loaded up, users can change the speed and tone just like with the recording mode. They can also overlay the recordings that has been made in the recording mode to songs at any point. In addition, Nintendo has provided a set of sound effects which can be selected quickly by using the stylus, then inserted freely using shoulder buttons. Unlike the built-in DSi Camera application, which would not read any files that were not generated by the DSi itself, the DSi Sound application does not have this restriction when it comes to files and directory structure. When files are stored in a multi-level directory structure into the root directory of the SD card, the DSi parsed through them instantly and displayed all the internal directories for quick access. During playback, users have access to features such as forwarding, rewinding, and volume controls. Nintendo presumably envisioned DSi Sound as being a substitute for a real music player. However, there is an important drawback of the DSi Sound application, that is, it does not support the popular MP3 format. Instead, the player only supports the AAC format with .mp4, .m4a, or .3GP filename extensions. Furthermore, compared with Sony's PlayStation Portable it is more difficult to interface the DSi with a PC, as there is no USB port on the system. In order to transfer music and podcasts over, users will need to remove the SD Card and plug it directly into their PC. Internet features One of the major updates the Nintendo DSi brings to the Nintendo DS line is full network connectivity. Unlike the original Nintendo DS and Nintendo DS Lite which only featured minimal network connectivity, download content and firmware updates are at the core of the DSi experience, similar to the Wii and Sony's PlayStation Portable consoles. For example, when users first power up the system and click on the DSi Shop icon from the main menu, they are immediately prompted to run a firmware update. The Nintendo DSi supports WEP, WPA (AES/TKIP), and WPA2 (AES/TKIP) wireless encryption; only software with built-in support can use the latter two encryption types, as they were not supported by the DS and DS Lite. With the DSi Shop application users can purchase various DSiWare titles. The cute music and blocky interface are somewhat similar to the counterpart on the Wii. Users can permanently login with their Club Nintendo account to track purchase rewards, and the main shopping interface also lets users add DSi Points and read the DSi shop manual. As with the firmware updates, the DSi shopping experience is quite similar to that of the Wii, although a big problem with the DSi Shopping is the slow speed. Furthermore, like the previous Nintendo DS and DS Lite, the Nintendo DSi includes a web browser, which is a version of the Opera browser. It has support for the HTML5 canvas object and CSS opacity. However, there are limitations for these features. In addition to slow download speeds, the browser has difficulty rendering pages. For example, many pages would not load completely, and it is not compatible with movie files, music files or Adobe Flash on multimedia content sites like YouTube. Nintendo Life rated the browser 7/10 points, calling it "well worth having" despite its limitations, and improved from the Nintendo DS incarnation. DSiWare and backward compatibility See also: List of DSiWare games and applications On the Nintendo DSi, there are a collection of games and applications specifically designed for the Nintendo DSi handheld game console and available for download via the DSi Shop, known as DSiWare. Since these games and applications are specifically targeted for the Nintendo DSi, they are not compatible with the original Nintendo DS or Nintendo DS Lite consoles. The Nintendo DSi is Nintendo's first region-locked handheld; it prevents using certain software released for another region, unlike original Nintendo DS models. But as a member of the Nintendo DS line, the Nintendo DSi is backward compatible with most original Nintendo DS games, and cartridge software compatible with previous models including original DS games, Internet browsing, and photo sharing are not region-locked. Later, its successor, the Nintendo 3DS consoles also adopted this approach, and as a result all Nintendo DSi and 3DS-specific games are locked to a certain region, while original DS games are still region-free. In addition to DSiWare, which are DSi-exclusive (although later they can also run on a 3DS), there are also "DSi-enhanced" games containing DSi-exclusive features, but can still be played with earlier Nintendo DS models. While most original DS games can run on the DSi, the DSi is not backward compatible with Game Boy Advance (GBA) games or original DS games that require a GBA slot, since the DSi itself lacks of such a slot, unlike the DS and DS Lite. Because of this absence, the DSi is also not backward compatible with accessories requiring the GBA slot, such as the Nintendo DS Rumble Pak. Homebrew flash cartridges designed for previous DS models are incompatible with the DSi, but new cards capable of running DS software (or even DSiWare) on a DSi were available. While users cannot transfer purchased DSiWare on Nintendo DSi consoles between units, most DSiWare can be transferred to a Nintendo 3DS, although not saved data. Like the Nintendo DSi, the Nintendo 3DS is backward compatible with most Nintendo DS and Nintendo DSi software. History of updates This is a list of major system updates of the Nintendo DSi. Nintendo DSi system update releases System version System version (China/Korea) Regions Release dates Note 1.4.5 1.4.6 December 11, 2012 - December 13, 2012 Final version. Ninth update on Japanese consoles, sixth update on USA/Europe/Australia consoles, fifth update Chinese/Korean consoles. Behind the scenes changes to block additional Nintendo DS flash cartridges. 1.4.4 1.4.5 March 22, 2012 Eighth update for Japanese consoles, fifth update for USA/Europe/Australia consoles, fourth update Chinese/Korean consoles. Behind the scenes changes to block Nintendo DSi cartridge exploits. 1.4.3 1.4.4 June 29, 2011 Seventh update for Japanese consoles, fourth update for USA/Europe/Australia consoles, third update Chinese/Korean consoles. Behind the scenes changes to block additional Nintendo DS flash cartridges. 1.4.2 1.4.3 May 10, 2011 Sixth update for Japanese consoles, third update for USA/Europe/Australia consoles, second update Chinese/Korean consoles. Behind the scenes changes to block game save based DSiWare exploits. Behind the scenes changes to block additional Nintendo DS flash cartridges. 1.4.1 1.4.2 September 7, 2010 Fifth update for Japanese consoles, second update for USA/Europe/Australia consoles, first update Chinese/Korean consoles. Behind the scenes changes to block additional Nintendo DS flash cartridges. 1.4 1.4.1 July 30, 2009 - August 3, 2009 Fourth update for Japanese consoles, first update for USA/Europe/Australia consoles, initial pre-installed version on Chinese/Korean consoles. Added Facebook integration to the Nintendo DSi Camera application. (USA/Japan/Europe/Australia only) Increases the speed of showing photos in the Nintendo DSi Camera application. Updates the Nintendo DSi Browser application. Behind the scenes changes to block Nintendo DS flash cartridges. 1.3 March 26, 2009 - April 5, 2009 Third update for Japanese consoles, initial pre-installed version on USA, Europe, and Australia consoles. Adds "Search for Software" feature to the Nintendo DSi Shop. Matches the L/R button sound effects to the music volume in Nintendo DSi Sound. 1.2 December 18, 2008 - April 3, 2009 Second update for Japanese consoles. Changes made for distribution of paid DSiWare. 1.1 First update for Japanese consoles. The Nintendo DSi Shop is now available. 1.0 November 1, 2008 Initial pre-installed version on Japanese consoles. References ^ System Menu and Feature Updates ^ "DSi Specs Revealed". IGN. 2008-10-02. Archived from the original on 2023-03-24. ^ "DSi Music Playtest". IGN. 2008-11-03. Archived from the original on 2022-08-19. ^ Nintendo 2009, p. 94. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNintendo2009 (help) ^ "Wireless Home Router Support". Nintendo of America. Nintendo. Retrieved 2009-07-03. ^ 青山; 畑山; 藤原 (2008). "社長が訊く「ニンテンドーWi-Fiネットワークアダプタ". Iwata Asks (Interview: Transcript) (in Japanese). Interviewed by Satoru Iwata. Kyoto, Japan: Nintendo. Archived from the original on 2009-05-01. Retrieved 2009-09-24. Though the new browser and those programs designed exclusively for the DSi will use a high level of security, existing DS software will use existing encryption. ^ "DSi Versus The Internet". IGN. 2008-11-01. Archived from the original on 2023-06-10. ^ Adam (2009-04-06). "Review: Nintendo DSi Browser (DSiWare)". Nintendo Life. Retrieved 2023-02-21. ^ a b Craig Harris (2009-09-22). "Yes, DSi Carts are Region Locked". IGN. Fox Interactive Media. Archived from the original on 2010-12-12. Retrieved 2011-11-04. ^ a b Tom Bramwell (2008-10-06). "Nintendo DSi software region-locked". Eurogamer. Eurogamer Network. Archived from the original on 2009-01-26. Retrieved 2009-02-25. ^ Craig Harris (2008-10-17). "DSi: Bye Bye GBA Slot". IGN. Fox Interactive Media. pp. 1–2, 4. Archived from the original on 2009-03-01. Retrieved 2009-02-22. ^ Joe Martin (2009-03-17). "Nintendo DSi Review". Bit-tech. Dennis Publishing. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2009-03-20. Retrieved 2009-03-20. ^ Christopher Dring (2008-12-04). "Hackers crack the DS". Market for Home Computing and Video Games. Intent Media. Archived from the original on 2009-05-30. Retrieved 2009-02-25. ^ "What Is Transferred During the Data Transfer Process?". Nintendo of America. Nintendo. Retrieved 2011-08-23. ^ "What DSiWare Games Cannot be Transferred to the Nintendo 3DS?". Nintendo of America. Nintendo. Archived from the original on 2013-02-09. Retrieved 2011-08-23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Nintendo Support: System Menu and Feature Updates". en-americas-support.nintendo.com. Retrieved 2022-05-10. ^ a b c d e "ニンテンドーDS：DSサポート情報：Ｑ＆Ａ". www.nintendo.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-05-10. ^ a b "iQue DSi". iQue DSi Q&A (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 2019-11-11. Retrieved 2022-05-10. ^ a b "NINTENDO DS". Nintendo DS Q&A (in Korean). Archived from the original on 2020-02-22. ^ a b c d e f "GBATEK DSi SD/MMC Firmware Version Data File". www.problemkaputt.de. Retrieved 2022-05-10. ^ "DSi System Update 1.4.2". HackMii. Retrieved 2023-12-21. ^ "Facebook photo application released for DSi". VG247. 2009-07-30. Retrieved 2022-05-10. vteNintendo DSHardwareConsole Nintendo DS Nintendo DS Lite Nintendo DSi Sales Accessories Rumble Pak Wi-Fi USB Connector Online Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection Nintendo Zone Nintendo Fan Network System software Nintendo DSi system software Flipnote Studio Nintendo DS Browser PictoChat GamesList A–C D–I J–P Q–Z Best-selling Touch! Generations Wi-Fi Connection DSiWare Game Boy Advance Homebrew R4 cartridge ←Game Boy Advance Nintendo 3DS→ vteSystem software of video game consolesMicrosoft Xbox Nintendo Nintendo DSi Wii Nintendo 3DS Wii U Nintendo Switch Sony PlayStation Portable PlayStation 3 PlayStation Vita PlayStation 4 PlayStation 5

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"firmware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware"},{"link_name":"frontend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_and_back_ends"},{"link_name":"Nintendo DSi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DSi"},{"link_name":"XL variant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DSi#Larger_model"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"}],"text":"Operating systemThe Nintendo DSi system software is a discontinued set of updatable firmware versions, and a software frontend on the Nintendo DSi (including its XL variant) video game console. Updates, which are downloaded via the system's Internet connection, allow Nintendo to add and remove features and software. All updates also include all changes from previous updates.","title":"Nintendo DSi system software"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nintendo DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS"},{"link_name":"Nintendo DS Lite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS_Lite"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Wii"},{"link_name":"Toy Story 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story_3:_The_Video_Game"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"User interface","text":"The user interface of the Nintendo DSi has been redesigned from the Nintendo DS and Nintendo DS Lite. The DSi's user interface is a single row of icons which can be navigated by sliding the stylus across them. When you take a picture using L/R, it is then displayed on the home menu's top screen. From the home menu, the user can take a picture at any time by pressing the shoulder buttons. While the system is on, the power button acts as a soft reset button that returns the user to the home menu.The Nintendo DSi provides some built-in applications. Initially, users are able to access five programs from the main menu: DSi Camera, DSi Sound, DSi Shop, PictoChat, and Download Play. The DSi's menu is akin to the Channel interface of the Nintendo Wii in that new programs can be downloaded and added to the interface. The DSi Camera application allows for taking images and applying various filters. The DSi Sound application is thematically similar to DSi Camera, serving as a sound recorder and editor (along with a low bitrate AAC music player). Features include themed equalizers and modulators that modify a user's voice to sound similar to a robot or parakeet (Toy Story 3 is the only DSi enhanced game to use the DSi's audio modulator engine). The DSi Shop would serve as the DS counterpart of the Wii Shop Channel.[2]","title":"Technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"handheld consoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_console"},{"link_name":"MP3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3"},{"link_name":"AAC format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAC_format"},{"link_name":".mp4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14"},{"link_name":".m4a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Lossless"},{"link_name":".3GP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GP_and_3G2"},{"link_name":"filename extensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filename_extension"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"USB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Multimedia features","text":"Unlike Nintendo's previous handheld consoles such as the Nintendo DS and Nintendo DS Lite, the Nintendo DSi has built in music playback support. The DSi Sound program is split into two modes: voice recording and music playback. Both offer plenty of entertainment value because of the tools and gimmicks Nintendo has included. The recording mode lets users record at most 18 clips of maximum 10 seconds length. Once they have recorded a clip, they can play around with it in various ways. For example, users can make the clip play backwards or forwards, isolate small sections using A-B repeat, and modify the speed and tone by dragging a pointer around on a 2D graph. They can also apply 12 effects to the clip, which can be used to transform the sound. The music playback mode also has many play options. Once a song has been loaded up, users can change the speed and tone just like with the recording mode. They can also overlay the recordings that has been made in the recording mode to songs at any point. In addition, Nintendo has provided a set of sound effects which can be selected quickly by using the stylus, then inserted freely using shoulder buttons.Unlike the built-in DSi Camera application, which would not read any files that were not generated by the DSi itself, the DSi Sound application does not have this restriction when it comes to files and directory structure. When files are stored in a multi-level directory structure into the root directory of the SD card, the DSi parsed through them instantly and displayed all the internal directories for quick access. During playback, users have access to features such as forwarding, rewinding, and volume controls. Nintendo presumably envisioned DSi Sound as being a substitute for a real music player. However, there is an important drawback of the DSi Sound application, that is, it does not support the popular MP3 format. Instead, the player only supports the AAC format with .mp4, .m4a, or .3GP filename extensions. Furthermore, compared with Sony's PlayStation Portable it is more difficult to interface the DSi with a PC, as there is no USB port on the system. In order to transfer music and podcasts over, users will need to remove the SD Card and plug it directly into their PC.[3]","title":"Technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nintendo DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS"},{"link_name":"Nintendo DS Lite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS_Lite"},{"link_name":"Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"WEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_Equivalent_Privacy"},{"link_name":"WPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Access"},{"link_name":"AES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard"},{"link_name":"TKIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_Key_Integrity_Protocol"},{"link_name":"WPA2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPA2"},{"link_name":"wireless encryption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN_security"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENintendo200994-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nintendo_b-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wifi.nintendo-6"},{"link_name":"DSiWare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DSiWare_games_and_applications"},{"link_name":"Club Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Nintendo"},{"link_name":"web browser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser"},{"link_name":"Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)"},{"link_name":"HTML5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5"},{"link_name":"CSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS"},{"link_name":"Adobe Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Internet features","text":"One of the major updates the Nintendo DSi brings to the Nintendo DS line is full network connectivity. Unlike the original Nintendo DS and Nintendo DS Lite which only featured minimal network connectivity, download content and firmware updates are at the core of the DSi experience, similar to the Wii and Sony's PlayStation Portable consoles. For example, when users first power up the system and click on the DSi Shop icon from the main menu, they are immediately prompted to run a firmware update. The Nintendo DSi supports WEP, WPA (AES/TKIP), and WPA2 (AES/TKIP) wireless encryption;[4] only software with built-in support can use the latter two encryption types, as they were not supported by the DS and DS Lite.[5][6]With the DSi Shop application users can purchase various DSiWare titles. The cute music and blocky interface are somewhat similar to the counterpart on the Wii. Users can permanently login with their Club Nintendo account to track purchase rewards, and the main shopping interface also lets users add DSi Points and read the DSi shop manual. As with the firmware updates, the DSi shopping experience is quite similar to that of the Wii, although a big problem with the DSi Shopping is the slow speed.Furthermore, like the previous Nintendo DS and DS Lite, the Nintendo DSi includes a web browser, which is a version of the Opera browser. It has support for the HTML5 canvas object and CSS opacity. However, there are limitations for these features. In addition to slow download speeds, the browser has difficulty rendering pages. For example, many pages would not load completely, and it is not compatible with movie files, music files or Adobe Flash on multimedia content sites like YouTube.[7] Nintendo Life rated the browser 7/10 points, calling it \"well worth having\" despite its limitations, and improved from the Nintendo DS incarnation.[8]","title":"Technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of DSiWare games and applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DSiWare_games_and_applications"},{"link_name":"Nintendo DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS"},{"link_name":"Nintendo DS Lite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS_Lite"},{"link_name":"region-locked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_lockout"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_enhanced-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tom2008a-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_enhanced-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tom2008a-10"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 3DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_3DS"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance"},{"link_name":"accessories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS_accessories"},{"link_name":"Rumble Pak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumble_Pak"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris2008-11"},{"link_name":"Homebrew flash cartridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_cartridge"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bitT2-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chistopher2008-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ware_licenses-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"DSiWare and backward compatibility","text":"See also: List of DSiWare games and applicationsOn the Nintendo DSi, there are a collection of games and applications specifically designed for the Nintendo DSi handheld game console and available for download via the DSi Shop, known as DSiWare. Since these games and applications are specifically targeted for the Nintendo DSi, they are not compatible with the original Nintendo DS or Nintendo DS Lite consoles. The Nintendo DSi is Nintendo's first region-locked handheld; it prevents using certain software released for another region,[9][10] unlike original Nintendo DS models. But as a member of the Nintendo DS line, the Nintendo DSi is backward compatible with most original Nintendo DS games, and cartridge software compatible with previous models including original DS games, Internet browsing, and photo sharing are not region-locked.[9][10] Later, its successor, the Nintendo 3DS consoles also adopted this approach, and as a result all Nintendo DSi and 3DS-specific games are locked to a certain region, while original DS games are still region-free. In addition to DSiWare, which are DSi-exclusive (although later they can also run on a 3DS), there are also \"DSi-enhanced\" games containing DSi-exclusive features, but can still be played with earlier Nintendo DS models. While most original DS games can run on the DSi, the DSi is not backward compatible with Game Boy Advance (GBA) games or original DS games that require a GBA slot, since the DSi itself lacks of such a slot, unlike the DS and DS Lite. Because of this absence, the DSi is also not backward compatible with accessories requiring the GBA slot, such as the Nintendo DS Rumble Pak.[11] Homebrew flash cartridges designed for previous DS models are incompatible with the DSi,[12] but new cards capable of running DS software (or even DSiWare) on a DSi were available.[13] While users cannot transfer purchased DSiWare on Nintendo DSi consoles between units, most DSiWare can be transferred to a Nintendo 3DS, although not saved data.[14][15] Like the Nintendo DSi, the Nintendo 3DS is backward compatible with most Nintendo DS and Nintendo DSi software.","title":"Technology"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This is a list of major system updates of the Nintendo DSi.","title":"History of updates"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"DSi Specs Revealed\". IGN. 2008-10-02. Archived from the original on 2023-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/10/02/dsi-specs-revealed","url_text":"\"DSi Specs Revealed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230324034250/https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/10/02/dsi-specs-revealed","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DSi Music Playtest\". IGN. 2008-11-03. Archived from the original on 2022-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/03/dsi-music-playtest","url_text":"\"DSi Music Playtest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220819193011/https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/03/dsi-music-playtest","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Wireless Home Router Support\". Nintendo of America. Nintendo. Retrieved 2009-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nintendo.com/consumer/wfc/en_na/ds/wrWEPkeyHelp.jsp","url_text":"\"Wireless Home Router Support\""}]},{"reference":"青山; 畑山; 藤原 (2008). \"社長が訊く「ニンテンドーWi-Fiネットワークアダプタ\". Iwata Asks (Interview: Transcript) (in Japanese). Interviewed by Satoru Iwata. Kyoto, Japan: Nintendo. Archived from the original on 2009-05-01. Retrieved 2009-09-24. Though the new browser and those programs designed exclusively for the DSi will use a high level of security, existing DS software will use existing encryption.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090501204118/http://wifi.nintendo.co.jp/wap/interview/index.html","url_text":"\"社長が訊く「ニンテンドーWi-Fiネットワークアダプタ\""},{"url":"http://wifi.nintendo.co.jp/wap/interview/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DSi Versus The Internet\". IGN. 2008-11-01. Archived from the original on 2023-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/01/dsi-versus-the-internet","url_text":"\"DSi Versus The Internet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230610212604/https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/01/dsi-versus-the-internet","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Adam (2009-04-06). \"Review: Nintendo DSi Browser (DSiWare)\". Nintendo Life. Retrieved 2023-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/2009/04/nintendo_dsi_browser_dsiware","url_text":"\"Review: Nintendo DSi Browser (DSiWare)\""}]},{"reference":"Craig Harris (2009-09-22). \"Yes, DSi Carts are Region Locked\". IGN. Fox Interactive Media. Archived from the original on 2010-12-12. Retrieved 2011-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://ds.ign.com/articles/102/1027349p1.html","url_text":"\"Yes, DSi Carts are Region Locked\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101212124255/http://ds.ign.com/articles/102/1027349p1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tom Bramwell (2008-10-06). \"Nintendo DSi software region-locked\". Eurogamer. Eurogamer Network. Archived from the original on 2009-01-26. Retrieved 2009-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/nintendo-dsi-software-region-locked","url_text":"\"Nintendo DSi software region-locked\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090126204037/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/nintendo-dsi-software-region-locked","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Craig Harris (2008-10-17). \"DSi: Bye Bye GBA Slot\". IGN. Fox Interactive Media. pp. 1–2, 4. Archived from the original on 2009-03-01. Retrieved 2009-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://ds.ign.com/articles/921/921239p1.html","url_text":"\"DSi: Bye Bye GBA Slot\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090301072339/http://ds.ign.com/articles/921/921239p1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Joe Martin (2009-03-17). \"Nintendo DSi Review\". Bit-tech. Dennis Publishing. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2009-03-20. Retrieved 2009-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bit-tech.net/gaming/dsi/2009/03/17/nintendo-dsi-review/2","url_text":"\"Nintendo DSi Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090320033239/http://www.bit-tech.net/gaming/dsi/2009/03/17/nintendo-dsi-review/2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Christopher Dring (2008-12-04). \"Hackers crack the DS\". Market for Home Computing and Video Games. Intent Media. Archived from the original on 2009-05-30. Retrieved 2009-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mcvuk.com/news/32587/Hackers-crack-the-DS","url_text":"\"Hackers crack the DS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090530013950/http://www.mcvuk.com/news/32587/Hackers-crack-the-DS","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"What Is Transferred During the Data Transfer Process?\". Nintendo of America. Nintendo. Retrieved 2011-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nintendo.com/consumer/systems/3ds/en_na/gi_index.jsp?menu=transfer&submenu=ctr-gi-apps-transfer-what-data","url_text":"\"What Is Transferred During the Data Transfer Process?\""}]},{"reference":"\"What DSiWare Games Cannot be Transferred to the Nintendo 3DS?\". Nintendo of America. Nintendo. Archived from the original on 2013-02-09. Retrieved 2011-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nintendo.com/consumer/systems/3ds/en_na/gi_index.jsp?menu=applications%20and%20features&submenu=ctr-gi-apps-dsiware-wont-transfer","url_text":"\"What DSiWare Games Cannot be Transferred to the Nintendo 3DS?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130209001731/http://www.nintendo.com/consumer/systems/3ds/en_na/gi_index.jsp?menu=applications%20and%20features&submenu=ctr-gi-apps-dsiware-wont-transfer","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nintendo Support: System Menu and Feature Updates\". en-americas-support.nintendo.com. Retrieved 2022-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://en-americas-support.nintendo.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/4514/~/system-menu-and-feature-updates","url_text":"\"Nintendo Support: System Menu and Feature Updates\""}]},{"reference":"\"ニンテンドーDS：DSサポート情報：Ｑ＆Ａ\". www.nintendo.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ds/support/qa/index.html#c01q08","url_text":"\"ニンテンドーDS：DSサポート情報：Ｑ＆Ａ\""}]},{"reference":"\"iQue DSi\". iQue DSi Q&A (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 2019-11-11. Retrieved 2022-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ique.com/service/qa/index.html#Qa8","url_text":"\"iQue DSi\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191111233306/https://www.ique.com/service/qa/index.html#Qa8","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NINTENDO DS\". Nintendo DS Q&A (in Korean). Archived from the original on 2020-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200222094227/http://www.nintendo.co.kr/DS/customer/qna02_sub08.php","url_text":"\"NINTENDO DS\""},{"url":"http://www.nintendo.co.kr/DS/customer/qna02_sub08.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GBATEK DSi SD/MMC Firmware Version Data File\". www.problemkaputt.de. Retrieved 2022-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.problemkaputt.de/gbatek-dsi-sd-mmc-firmware-version-data-file.htm","url_text":"\"GBATEK DSi SD/MMC Firmware Version Data File\""}]},{"reference":"\"DSi System Update 1.4.2\". HackMii. Retrieved 2023-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://hackmii.com/2011/05/dsi-system-update-1-4-2/","url_text":"\"DSi System Update 1.4.2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facebook photo application released for DSi\". VG247. 2009-07-30. Retrieved 2022-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vg247.com/facebook-photo-application-released-for-dsi","url_text":"\"Facebook photo application released for DSi\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plot_of_Fear

Plot of Fear

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

1976 Italian filmPlot of FearDirected byPaolo CavaraWritten byPaolo CavaraBernardino ZapponiEnrico OldoiniStarringMichele PlacidoCorinne CléryEli WallachTom SkerrittCinematographyFranco Di GiacomoMusic byDaniele PatucchiRelease date 1976 (1976) Running time98 minutesCountryItalyLanguageEnglish Plot of Fear (Italian: ...e tanta paura/ Too Much Fear), also known as Bloody Peanuts, is a 1976 Italian giallo film co-written and directed by Paolo Cavara. The film also includes a well-known animated erotic insert directed by Gibba in which, as said by Marco Giusti, 'the great Gibba broke out in all kinds of sado-masochistic excesses'. Plot Inspector Lomenzo investigates a series of murders committed against wealthy people. The inspector's sole lead is that the murderer is in the habit of leaving illustrations of the Struwwelpeter at the crime scene. Cast Corinne Cléry as Jeanne Tom Skerritt as Chief Inspector Michele Placido as Inspector Gaspare Lomenzo Eli Wallach as Pietro Riccio John Steiner as Hoffmann Jacques Herlin as Pandolfi Greta Vaillant as Laura Falconieri Quinto Parmeggiani as Angelo Scanavini See also List of Italian films of 1976 References ^ La Revue du cinéma. Ligue française de l'enseignement et de l'éducation permanente. 1980. ^ Marco Giusti (1999). Dizionario dei film italiani stracult. Sperling & Kupfer. ISBN 88-200-2919-7. External links Plot of Fear at IMDb This article related to an Italian film of the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a crime thriller film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"List of Italian films of 1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_films_of_1976"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Confederate_States_Congress

2nd Confederate States Congress

["1 Sessions","2 Leadership","2.1 Senate","2.2 House","3 Officers","3.1 Senate","3.2 House","4 Members","4.1 Senate","4.2 House of Representatives","4.3 Delegates","5 Senate committees","6 House committees","7 Joint committees","8 Notes","9 References"]

2nd Confederate States CongressSeal of the Confederate StatesFlag of the Confederate States (1865)TypeTypeBicameral HousesSenateHouse of RepresentativesHistoryFoundedMay 2, 1864 (1864-05-02)DisbandedMarch 18, 1865 (1865-03-18)Preceded by1stLeadershipSenate PresidentAlexander H. Stephens Senate Pres. pro tem:R. M. T. Hunter House Speaker:Thomas S. Bocock Meeting placeVirginia State CapitolRichmond, VirginiaConfederate States of AmericaConstitutionConstitution of the Confederate States The 2nd Confederate States Congress, consisting of the Confederate States Senate and the Confederate States House of Representatives, met from May 2, 1864, to March 18, 1865, during the last year of Jefferson Davis's presidency, at the Virginia State Capitol in Richmond, Virginia; the Confederacy's government effectively dissolved 16 days later, when it fled Richmond on April 3, 1865. Its members were elected in the 1863 congressional elections. Sessions Held May 2, 1864, through March 18, 1865, at the Virginia State Capital in Richmond, Virginia. The term of the Second Congress was due to end on February 18, 1866. However, due to the defeat and dissolution of the Confederacy prior to that time, the Congress did not function after the end of its second and final session. 1st Session – May 2, 1864 to June 14, 1864 2nd Session – November 7, 1864 to March 18, 1865 Leadership Senate Senate PresidentAlexander H. Stephens President pro temporeR. M. T. Hunter President: Alexander H. Stephens President pro tempore: R. M. T. Hunter House House SpeakerThomas S. Bocock Speaker: Thomas S. Bocock Officers Senate Secretary: James H. Nash, South Carolina Recording Clerk: John W. Anderson, Alabama Sergeant-at-Arms: Lafayette H. Fitzhugh, Kentucky Doorkeeper: James Page, North Carolina Assistant Doorkeeper: John Wadsworth, Georgia House Clerk: Albert Reese Lamar, Georgia Assistant Clerk: David Louis Dalton, Alabama — sessions 3 and 4 Doorkeeper: Robert Harrison Wynne, Alabama Members Senate X: served in the Senate of the First Congress (i.e. reelected or continued in office for this Second Congress). Confederate States senators were elected by the state legislatures, or appointed by state governors to fill casual vacancies until the legislature elected a new senator. It was intended that one-third of the Senate would begin new six-year terms with each Congress after the first. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their terms. Senators of Class 1 were intended to serve a six-year term, starting with this Congress and expiring in 1870. Class 2 senators served what was intended to be a four-year term, due to end on the expiry of this Congress in 1866. Class 3 senators were meant to serve a six-year term, due to expire in 1868. Alabama 3. Robert Jemison, Jr. X 1. Richard Wilde Walker Arkansas 1. Robert Ward Johnson X 3. Charles Burton Mitchel X (died September 20, 1864) Augustus Hill Garland (took his seat on November 8, 1864 – Appointed to fill vacancy) Florida 1. James McNair Baker X 2. Augustus Emmet Maxwell X Georgia 3. Benjamin Harvey Hill X 1. Herschel Vespasian Johnson X Kentucky 3. Henry Cornelius Burnett X 1. William Emmet Simms X Louisiana 2. Thomas Jenkins Semmes X 3. Edward Sparrow X Mississippi 2. Albert Gallatin Brown X 1. John William Clark Watson Missouri 2. Waldo Porter Johnson X 1. (vacant caused by the inability of the Missouri legislature to meet and elect a senator) George Graham Vest (took his seat on January 12, 1865 – Appointed to fill vacancy) North Carolina 2. William Theophilus Dortch X Thomas Samuel Ashe (elected to succeed Dortch in 1866 on December 3, 1864— never seated) 1. William Alexander Graham South Carolina 2. Robert Woodward Barnwell X 3. James Lawrence Orr X Tennessee 3. Landon Carter Haynes X 2. Gustavus Adolphus Henry, Sr. X Texas 3. William Simpson Oldham, Sr. X 2. Louis Trezevant Wigfall X Virginia 3. R. M. T. Hunter X 2. Allen Taylor Caperton X House of Representatives The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers. X: reelected Alabama 1. Thomas Jefferson Foster X 2. William Russell Smith X 3. Congress refused to seat Representative-elect W. R. W. Cobb, an avowed Unionist; the district was not represented; 4. Marcus Henderson Cruikshank 5. Francis Strother Lyon X 6. William Parish Chilton, Sr. X 7. David Clopton X 8. James L. Pugh X 9. James Shelton Dickinson Arkansas 1. Felix Ives Batson X 2. Rufus King Garland, Jr. 3. Augustus Hill Garland X (resigned to become CS senator November 8, 1864) David Williamson Carroll (took his seat on January 11, 1865 – Elected to fill vacancy on October 24, 1864) 4. Thomas Burton Hanly X Florida 1. Samuel St. George Rogers 2. Robert Benjamin Hilton X Georgia 1. Julian Hartridge X 2. William Ephraim Smith 3. Mark Harden Blandford 4. Clifford Anderson 5. John Troup Shewmake 6. Joseph Hubbard Echols 7. James Milton Smith 8. George Nelson Lester 9. Hiram Parks Bell 10. Warren Akin, Sr. Kentucky 1. Willis Benson Machen X 2. George Washington Triplett 3. Henry English Read X 4. George Washington Ewing X 5. James Chrisman X 6. Theodore Legrand Burnett X 7. Horatio Washington Bruce X 8. Humphrey Marshall 9. Eli Metcalfe Bruce X 10. James William Moore X 11. Benjamin Franklin Bradley 12. John Milton Elliott X Louisiana 1. Charles Jacques Villeré X 2. Charles Magill Conrad X 3. Duncan Farrar Kenner X 4. Lucius Jacques Dupré X 5. Benjamin Lewis Hodge (died August 12, 1864) Henry Gray (took his seat on December 28, 1864 – Elected to fill vacancy October 17, 1864) 6. John Perkins, Jr. X Mississippi 1. Jehu Amaziah Orr 2. William Dunbar Holder X 3. Israel Victor Welch X 4. Henry Cousins Chambers X 5. Otho Robards Singleton X 6. Ethelbert Barksdale X 7. John Tillman Lamkin Missouri In Confederate law, the people of Missouri were entitled to elect thirteen representatives. The state never implemented the reapportionment and continued to use its existing seven districts. 1. Thomas Lowndes Snead 2. Nimrod Lindsay Norton 3. John Bullock Clark, Sr. 4. Aaron H. Conrow X 5. George Graham Vest X (resigned January 12, 1865 to become CS senator) 6. Peter Singleton Wilkes 7. Robert Anthony Hatcher North Carolina 1. William N. H. Smith X 2. Robert Rufus Bridgers X 3. James Thomas Leach 4. Thomas Charles Fuller 5. Josiah Turner 6. John Adams Gilmer 7. James Madison Leach (Representative-elect Samuel H. Christian died, in March 1864, before taking his seat. Leach was elected April 21, 1864.) 8. James Graham Ramsay 9. Burgess Sidney Gaither 10. George Washington Logan South Carolina 1. James Hervey Witherspoon, Jr. 2. William Porcher Miles X 3. Lewis Malone Ayer, Jr. X 4. William Dunlap Simpson X 5. James Farrow X 6. William Waters Boyce X Tennessee 1. Joseph Brown Heiskell X 2. William Graham Swan X 3. Arthur St. Clair Colyar 4. John Porry Murray 5. Henry Stuart Foote X (fled to Canada before completing term) 6. Edwin Augustus Keebel 7. James McCallum 8. Thomas Menees X 9. John DeWitt Clinton Atkins X 10. John Vines Wright X 11. Michael Walsh Cluskey (Representative-elect David Maney Currin died, on March 25, 1864, before taking his seat. Cluskey was elected thereafter.) Texas 1. Stephen Heard Darden (Representative-elect John Allen Wilcox died, on February 7, 1864, before taking his seat. Darden was elected August 1864.) 2. Caleb Claiborne Herbert X 3. Anthony Martin Branch 4. Franklin Barlow Sexton X 5. John Robert Baylor 6. Simpson Harris Morgan Virginia 1. Robert Latane Montague 2. Robert Henry Whitfield (resigned March 2, 1865) 3. Williams Carter Wickham 4. Thomas Saunders Gholson 5. Thomas Stanley Bocock X 6. John Goode, Jr. X 7. William Cabell Rives (resigned March 7, 1865) 8. Daniel Coleman DeJarnette, Sr. X 9. David Funsten X 10. Frederick William Mackey Holliday 11. John Brown Baldwin X 12. Waller Redd Staples X 13. LaFayette McMullen 14. Samuel Augustine Miller X 15. Robert Johnston X 16. Charles Wells Russell X Delegates Non-voting members of the House of Representatives. Arizona Territory Marcus H. MacWillie X Cherokee Nation Elias Cornelius Boudinot X Creek and Seminole Nations Samuel Benton Callahan Senate committees Accounts Allen Taylor Caperton, Virginia, Chairman William Emmett Simms, Kentucky William Theophilus Dortch, North Carolina Claims Henry Cornelius Burnett, Kentucky, Chairman James McNair Baker, Florida John William Clark Watson, Mississippi — session 2 Waldo Porter Johnson, Missouri William Simpson Oldham, Sr., Texas — session 2 Commerce William Simpson Oldham, Sr., Texas, Chairman Richard Wilde Walker, Alabama Augustus Emmett Maxwell, Florida William Theophilus Dortch, North Carolina Landon Carter Haynes, Sr., Tennessee Engrossment and Enrollment William Theophilus Dortch, North Carolina, Chairman Augustus Emmett Maxwell, Florida Allen Taylor Caperton, Virginia Richard Wilde Walker, Alabama — session 1 John William Clark Watson, Mississippi — session 1 Henry Cornelius Burnett, Kentucky — temporary, session 1 Waldo Porter Johnson, Missouri — temporary, sessions 1 and 2 Finance Robert Woodward Barnwell, South Carolina, Chairman Thomas Jenkins Semmes, Louisiana Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter, Virginia William Alexander Graham, North Carolina Robert Jemison, Jr., Alabama — session 1 James Lawrence Orr, South Carolina — temporary, session 2 William Simpson Oldham, Sr., Texas — temporary, session 2 Foreign Relations James Lawrence Orr, South Carolina, Chairman William Emmett Simms, Kentucky Waldo Porter Johnson, Missouri Louis Trezevant Wigfall, Texas Allen Taylor Caperton, Virginia Indian Affairs Robert Ward Johnson, Arkansas, Chairman Augustus Emmet Maxwell, Florida Waldo Porter Johnson, Missouri William Simpson Oldham, Sr., Texas Allen Taylor Caperton, Virginia Judiciary Benjamin Harvey Hill, Georgia, Chairman Richard Wilde Walker, Alabama Thomas Jenkins Semmes, Louisiana John William Clark Watson, Mississippi Landon Carter Haynes, Sr., Tennessee William Simpson Oldham, Sr., Texas — temporary, session 2 Military Affairs Edward Sparrow, Louisiana, Chairman Robert Ward Johnson, Arkansas Henry Cornelius Burnett, Kentucky Gustavus Adolphus Henry, Sr., North Carolina Louis Trezevant Wigfall, Texas Augustus Hill Garland, Arkansas — temporary, session 2 Naval Affairs Albert Gallatin Brown, Mississippi, Chairman James McNair Baker, Florida Herschel Vespasian Johnson, Georgia William Emmett Simms, Kentucky William Alexander Graham, North Carolina Patents Augustus Emmett Maxwell, Florida, Chairman Benjamin Harvey Hill, Georgia Landon Carter Haynes, Sr., Tennessee Post Offices and Post Roads Charles Burton Mitchel, Arkansas (died September 20, 1864) — session 1 James McNair Baker, Florida Landon Carter Haynes, Sr., Tennessee William Simpson Oldham, Sr., Texas Robert Jemison, Jr., Alabama — session 1 Augustus Hill Garland, Arkansas — session 2 Richard Wilde Walker, Alabama — temporary, session 2 Allen Taylor Caperton, Virginia — temporary, session 2 Printing John William Clark Watson, Mississippi, Chairman James Lawrence Orr, South Carolina Landon Carter Haynes, Sr., Tennessee Public Buildings Richard Wilde Walker, Alabama James McNair Baker, Florida William Emmett Simms, Kentucky Public Lands James McNair Baker, Florida, Chairman Robert Ward Johnson, Arkansas Gustavus Adolphus Henry, Sr., North Carolina Rules James Lawrence Orr, South Carolina, Chairman Robert Ward Johnson, Arkansas Thomas Jenkins Semmes, Louisiana Territories Louis Trezevant Wigfall, Texas, Chairman Charles Burton Mitchel, Arkansas (died September 20, 1864) — session 1 Robert Woodward Barnwell, South Carolina House committees Accounts John Troup Shewmake, 5th Georgia Israel Victor Welch, 3rd Mississippi James Farrow, 5th South Carolina James McCallum, 7th Tennessee Robert Johnston, 15th Virginia Claims James Shelton Dickinson, 9th Alabama Warren Akin, Sr., 10th Georgia George Washington Triplett, 2nd Kentucky Israel Victor Welch, 3rd Mississippi William N. H. Smith, 1st North Carolina James Farrow, 5th South Carolina Joseph Brown Heiskell, 1st Tennessee Frederick William Mackey Holliday, 10th Virginia George Washington Ewing, 4th Kentucky — session 2 Nimrod Lindsay Norton, 2nd Missouri — session 2 Caleb Claiborne Herbert, 2nd Texas — session 2 Commerce James Shelton Dickinson, 9th Alabama Julian Hartridge, 1st Georgia Theodore Legrand Burnett, 6th Kentucky John Perkins, Jr., 6th Louisiana John Tillman Lamkin, 7th Mississippi Thomas Charles Fuller, 4th North Carolina James Farrow, 5th South Carolina John DeWitt Clinton Atkins, 9th Tennessee John Goode, Jr., 6th Virginia Lewis Malone Ayer, Jr., 3rd South Carolina — session 2 David Williamson Carroll, 3rd Arkansas — session 2 Caleb Claiborne Herbert, 2nd Texas — session 2 Elections Robert Benjamin Hilton, 2nd Florida Hiram Parks Bell, 9th Georgia James Chrisman, 5th Kentucky William Dunbar Holder, 2nd Mississippi John Adams Gilmer, 6th North Carolina William Dunlap Simpson, 4th South Carolina Joseph Brown Heiskell, 1st Tennessee Anthony Martin Branch, 3rd Texas Samuel Augustine Miller, 14th Virginia John Bullock Clark, Sr., 3rd Missouri — session 2 Enrolled Bills Marcus Henderson Cruikshank, 4th Alabama Samuel St. George Rogers, 1st Florida Thomas Charles Fuller, 4th North Carolina Robert Anthony Hatcher, 7th Missouri — temporary, session 2 Flag and Seal William Parish Chilton, Sr., 6th Alabama Henry Cousins Chambers, 4th Mississippi William Cabell Rives, 7th Virginia (resigned March 7, 1865) David Funsten, 9th Virginia — temporary, session 2 Foreign Affairs Henry Stuart Foote, 5th Tennessee, Chairman (fled to Canada before completing term) William Russell Smith, 2nd Alabama Horatio Washington Bruce, 7th Kentucky John Perkins, Jr., 6th Louisiana Jehu Amaziah Orr, 1st Mississippi Josiah Turner, 5th North Carolina James Hervey Witherspoon, Jr., 1st South Carolina Daniel Coleman DeJarnette, Sr., 8th Virginia William Cabell Rives, 7th Virginia (resigned March 7, 1865) John DeWitt Clinton Atkins, 9th Tennessee — session 2 Thomas Lowndes Snead, 1st Missouri — session 2 Indian Affairs Otho Robards Singleton, 5th Mississippi, Chairman — session 1 Thomas Jefferson Foster, 1st Alabama Thomas Burton Hanly, 4th Arkansas Samuel St. George Rogers, 1st Florida Joseph Hubbard Echols, 6th Georgia James Chrisman, 5th Kentucky Josiah Turner, 5th North Carolina John Porry Murray, 4th Tennessee Samuel Augustine Miller, 14th Virginia Elias Cornelius Boudinot, Cherokee Nation John Robert Baylor, 5th Texas — session 2 Peter Singleton Wilkes, 6th Missouri — session 2 John Milton Elliott, 12th Kentucky — session 2 Judiciary William Parish Chilton, Sr., 6th Alabama Mark Harden Blandford, 3rd Georgia James William Moore, 10th Kentucky Lucius Jacques Dupré, 4th Louisiana Burgess Sidney Gaither, 9th North Carolina Edwin Augustus Keebel, 6th Tennessee Thomas Saunders Gholson, 4th Virginia Charles Wells Russell, 16th Virginia Augustus Hill Garland, 3rd Arkansas (resigned to become CS senator November 8, 1864) — session 1 Simpson Harris Morgan, 6th Texas (died December 15, 1864) — session 2 Felix Ives Batson, 1st Arkansas — session 2 Henry Gray, 5th Louisiana — session 2 George Graham Vest, 5th Missouri — session 2 Medical Department David Clopton, 7th Alabama Joseph Hubbard Echols, 6th Georgia Henry English Read, 3rd Kentucky William Dunbar Holder, 2nd Mississippi James Graham Ramsay, 8th North Carolina James Farrow, 5th South Carolina James McCallum, 7th Tennessee Thomas Menees, 8th Tennessee Daniel Coleman DeJarnette, Sr., 8th Virginia Military Affairs William Porcher Miles, 2nd South Carolina, Chairman James Lawrence Pugh, 8th Alabama Thomas Burton Hanly, 4th Arkansas Robert Benjamin Hilton, 2nd Florida James Milton Smith, 7th Georgia Humphrey Marshall, 8th Kentucky Charles Jacques Villeré, 1st Louisiana Henry Cousins Chambers, 4th Mississippi Robert Rufus Bridgers, 2nd North Carolina William Graham Swan, 2nd Tennessee Anthony Martin Branch, 3rd Texas Waller Redd Staples, 12th Virginia John Bullock Clark, Sr., 3rd Missouri — session 2 Williams Carter Wickham, 3rd Virginia — session 2 Naval Affairs David Clopton, 7th Alabama, Chairman Samuel St. George Rogers, 1st Florida John Troup Shewmake, 5th Georgia William Dunbar Holder, 2nd Mississippi James Graham Ramsay, 8th North Carolina William Waters Boyce, 6th South Carolina John Vines Wright, 10th Tennessee David Funsten, 9th Virginia Robert Henry Whitfield, 2nd Virginia (resigned March 2, 1865) Michael Walsh Cluskey, 11th Tennessee — session 2 Stephen Heard Darden, 1st Texas — session 2 Ordnance and Ordnance Stores Marcus Henderson Cruikshank, 4th Alabama William Ephraim Smith, 2nd Georgia Benjamin Franklin Bradley, 11th Kentucky Ethelbert Barksdale, 6th Mississippi George Washington Logan, 10th North Carolina James Hervey Witherspoon, Jr., 1st South Carolina John Porry Murray, 4th Tennessee John DeWitt Clinton Atkins, 9th Tennessee Robert Latané Montague, 1st Virginia Robert Anthony Hatcher, 7th Missouri — session 2 Lewis Malone Ayer, Jr., 3rd South Carolina — session 2 Patents William Parish Chilton, Sr., 6th Alabama, Chairman Hiram Parks Bell, 9th Georgia Horatio Washington Bruce, 7th Kentucky John Tillman Lamkin, 7th Mississippi Thomas Charles Fuller, 4th North Carolina Joseph Brown Heiskell, 1st Tennessee Robert Henry Whitfield, 2nd Virginia (resigned March 2, 1865) John Robert Baylor, 5th Texas — session 2 Pay and Mileage Theodore Legrand Burnett, 6th Kentucky, Chairman Thomas Burton Hanly, 4th Arkansas Joseph Hubbard Echols, 6th Georgia Mark Harden Blandford, 3rd Georgia — temporary, session 2 Post Offices and Post Roads Thomas Jefferson Foster, 1st Alabama Hiram Parks Bell, 9th Georgia Benjamin Franklin Bradley, 11th Kentucky John Tillman Lamkin, 7th Mississippi James Thomas Leach, 3rd North Carolina James Hervey Witherspoon, Jr., 1st South Carolina James McCallum, 7th Tennessee Franklin Barlow Sexton, 4th Texas LaFayette McMullen, 13th Virginia John Milton Elliott, 12th Kentucky — session 2 Peter Singleton Wilkes, 6th Missouri — session 2 Printing Lucius Jacques Dupré, 4th Louisiana, Chairman Marcus Henderson Cruikshank, 4th Alabama George Washington Logan, 10th North Carolina William Graham Swan, 2nd Tennessee John Goode, Jr., 6th Virginia Public Buildings James Lawrence Pugh, 8th Alabama, Chairman Charles Magill Conrad, 2nd Louisiana LaFayette McMullen, 13th Virginia William Dunbar Holder, 2nd Mississippi — session 2 Aaron H. Conrow, 4th Missouri — session 2 Quartermaster's and Commissary Departments and Military Transportation George Nelson Lester, 8th Georgia Willis Benson Machen, 1st Kentucky Henry English Read, 3rd Kentucky Jehu Amaziah Orr, 1st Mississippi James Madison Leach, 7th North Carolina (elected April 21, 1864) William Dunlap Simpson, 4th South Carolina Henry Stuart Foote, 5th Tennessee (fled to Canada before completing term) Frederick William Mackey Holliday, 10th Virginia Robert Johnston, 15th Virginia Aaron H. Conrow, 4th Missouri — session 2 Rules and Officers of the House William Parish Chilton, Sr., 6th Alabama George Nelson Lester, 8th Georgia John Perkins, Jr., 6th Louisiana William N. H. Smith, 1st North Carolina Robert Latané Montague, 1st Virginia Territories and Public Lands Thomas Jefferson Foster, 1st Alabama Robert Benjamin Hilton, 2nd Florida William Ephraim Smith, 2nd Georgia James Chrisman, 5th Kentucky James Thomas Leach, 3rd North Carolina Thomas Menees, 8th Tennessee Anthony Martin Branch, 3rd Texas LaFayette McMullen, 13th Virginia Augustus Hill Garland, 3rd Arkansas (resigned to become CS senator November 8, 1864) — session 1 George Washington Ewing, 4th Kentucky — session 2 Nimrod Lindsay Norton, 2nd Missouri — session 2 Ways and Means Francis Strother Lyon, 5th Alabama, Chairman Clifford Anderson, 4th Georgia Eli Metcalfe Bruce, 9th Kentucky Charles Magill Conrad, 2nd Louisiana Ethelbert Barksdale, 6th Mississippi John Adams Gilmer, 6th North Carolina Arthur St. Clair Colyar, 3rd Tennessee Franklin Barlow Sexton, 4th Texas John Brown Baldwin, 11th Virginia Duncan Farrar Kenner, 3rd Louisiana — session 2 Rufus King Garland, Jr., 2nd Arkansas — session 2 Joint committees Impressments (Session 1) Senators John William Clark Watson, Mississippi William Alexander Graham, North Carolina Robert Woodward Barnwell, South Carolina Representatives William Parish Chilton, Sr., 6th Alabama Thomas Burton Hanly, 4th Arkansas Julian Hartridge, 1st Georgia Henry Cousins Chambers, 4th Mississippi John Brown Baldwin, 11th Virginia Notes ^ Historical Atlas ..., pp. 135-138 ^ Permanent Constitution of the Confederate States and Confederate Senate Journal ^ Holden, William W., ed. (December 9, 1864). "Confederate State's Senator". Semi-Weekly Standard. Raleigh, North Carolina. p. 1.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) ^ Historical Atlas ..., p. 135 ^ Historical Atlas ..., p. 136 ^ Historical Atlas ... p. 20 and p. 128 ^ Historical Atlas ... p. 137 and notes p. 139 ^ a b Historical Atlas ... p. 137 and notes p. 140 ^ a b c "Second Confederate Congress (02 May 1864 - 18 March 1865)". Archived from the original on February 8, 2007. References The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America: 1861–1865, by Kenneth C. Martis (Simon and Schuster 1994)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jefferson Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis"},{"link_name":"presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Virginia State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Capitol"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"1863 congressional elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863_Confederate_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"}],"text":"The 2nd Confederate States Congress, consisting of the Confederate States Senate and the Confederate States House of Representatives, met from May 2, 1864, to March 18, 1865, during the last year of Jefferson Davis's presidency, at the Virginia State Capitol in Richmond, Virginia;[1] the Confederacy's government effectively dissolved 16 days later, when it fled Richmond on April 3, 1865. Its members were elected in the 1863 congressional elections.","title":"2nd Confederate States Congress"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Held May 2, 1864, through March 18, 1865, at the Virginia State Capital in Richmond, Virginia. The term of the Second Congress was due to end on February 18, 1866. However, due to the defeat and dissolution of the Confederacy prior to that time, the Congress did not function after the end of its second and final session.1st Session – May 2, 1864 to June 14, 1864\n2nd Session – November 7, 1864 to March 18, 1865","title":"Sessions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_H_Stephens_by_Vannerson,_1859.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alexander H. Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_M._T._Hunter_c1865_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"R. M. T. Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Alexander H. Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens"},{"link_name":"President pro tempore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_pro_tempore"},{"link_name":"R. M. T. Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter"}],"sub_title":"Senate","text":"Senate PresidentAlexander H. StephensPresident pro temporeR. M. T. HunterPresident: Alexander H. Stephens\nPresident pro tempore: R. M. T. Hunter","title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_S._Bocock_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas S. Bocock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock"},{"link_name":"Speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Thomas S. Bocock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock"}],"sub_title":"House","text":"House SpeakerThomas S. BocockSpeaker: Thomas S. Bocock","title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Sergeant-at-Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Doorkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doorkeeper_and_Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_Senate"},{"link_name":"Assistant Doorkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doorkeeper_and_Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_Senate"}],"sub_title":"Senate","text":"Secretary: James H. Nash, South Carolina\nRecording Clerk: John W. Anderson, Alabama\nSergeant-at-Arms: Lafayette H. Fitzhugh, Kentucky\nDoorkeeper: James Page, North Carolina\nAssistant Doorkeeper: John Wadsworth, Georgia","title":"Officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Assistant Clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Doorkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doorkeeper_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"}],"sub_title":"House","text":"Clerk: Albert Reese Lamar, Georgia\nAssistant Clerk: David Louis Dalton, Alabama — sessions 3 and 4\nDoorkeeper: Robert Harrison Wynne, Alabama","title":"Officers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Robert Jemison, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jemison,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Richard Wilde Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wilde_Walker"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Robert Ward Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ward_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Charles Burton Mitchel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Burton_Mitchel"},{"link_name":"Augustus Hill Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Hill_Garland"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"James McNair Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McNair_Baker"},{"link_name":"Augustus Emmet Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Emmet_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Harvey Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harvey_Hill"},{"link_name":"Herschel Vespasian Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschel_Vespasian_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Henry Cornelius Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cornelius_Burnett"},{"link_name":"William Emmet Simms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Emmet_Simms"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jenkins Semmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jenkins_Semmes"},{"link_name":"Edward Sparrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Sparrow"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Albert Gallatin Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gallatin_Brown"},{"link_name":"John William Clark Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Clark_Watson"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Waldo Porter Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldo_Porter_Johnson"},{"link_name":"George Graham Vest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Graham_Vest"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"William Theophilus Dortch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Theophilus_Dortch"},{"link_name":"Thomas Samuel Ashe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Samuel_Ashe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"William Alexander Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Robert Woodward Barnwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Woodward_Barnwell"},{"link_name":"James Lawrence Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Landon Carter Haynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landon_Carter_Haynes"},{"link_name":"Gustavus Adolphus Henry, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_Henry,_Sr."},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"William Simpson Oldham, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Simpson_Oldham,_Sr."},{"link_name":"Louis Trezevant Wigfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Trezevant_Wigfall"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"R. M. T. Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter"},{"link_name":"Allen Taylor Caperton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Taylor_Caperton"}],"sub_title":"Senate","text":"X: served in the Senate of the First Congress (i.e. reelected or continued in office for this Second Congress).Confederate States senators were elected by the state legislatures, or appointed by state governors to fill casual vacancies until the legislature elected a new senator. It was intended that one-third of the Senate would begin new six-year terms with each Congress after the first.Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their terms. Senators of Class 1 were intended to serve a six-year term, starting with this Congress and expiring in 1870. Class 2 senators served what was intended to be a four-year term, due to end on the expiry of this Congress in 1866. Class 3 senators were meant to serve a six-year term, due to expire in 1868.[2]Alabama3. Robert Jemison, Jr. X\n1. Richard Wilde WalkerArkansas1. Robert Ward Johnson X\n3. Charles Burton Mitchel X (died September 20, 1864)\nAugustus Hill Garland (took his seat on November 8, 1864 – Appointed to fill vacancy)Florida1. James McNair Baker X\n2. Augustus Emmet Maxwell XGeorgia3. Benjamin Harvey Hill X\n1. Herschel Vespasian Johnson XKentucky3. Henry Cornelius Burnett X\n1. William Emmet Simms XLouisiana2. Thomas Jenkins Semmes X\n3. Edward Sparrow XMississippi2. Albert Gallatin Brown X\n1. John William Clark WatsonMissouri2. Waldo Porter Johnson X\n1. (vacant caused by the inability of the Missouri legislature to meet and elect a senator)\nGeorge Graham Vest (took his seat on January 12, 1865 – Appointed to fill vacancy)North Carolina2. William Theophilus Dortch X\nThomas Samuel Ashe (elected to succeed Dortch in 1866 on December 3, 1864— never seated)[3]\n1. William Alexander GrahamSouth Carolina2. Robert Woodward Barnwell X\n3. James Lawrence Orr XTennessee3. Landon Carter Haynes X\n2. Gustavus Adolphus Henry, Sr. XTexas3. William Simpson Oldham, Sr. X\n2. Louis Trezevant Wigfall XVirginia3. R. M. T. Hunter X\n2. Allen Taylor Caperton X","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Foster"},{"link_name":"William Russell Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Russell_Smith"},{"link_name":"W. R. W. Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson_Robert_Winfield_Cobb"},{"link_name":"Marcus Henderson Cruikshank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Henderson_Cruikshank"},{"link_name":"Francis Strother Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Strother_Lyon"},{"link_name":"William Parish Chilton, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Parish_Chilton,_Sr."},{"link_name":"David Clopton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Clopton"},{"link_name":"James L. Pugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Pugh"},{"link_name":"James Shelton Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Shelton_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"Felix Ives Batson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Ives_Batson"},{"link_name":"Rufus King Garland, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_King_Garland,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Augustus Hill Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Hill_Garland"},{"link_name":"David Williamson Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Williamson_Carroll"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Thomas Burton Hanly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Burton_Hanly"},{"link_name":"Samuel St. George Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_St._George_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Robert Benjamin Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Benjamin_Hilton"},{"link_name":"Julian Hartridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Hartridge"},{"link_name":"William Ephraim Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ephraim_Smith"},{"link_name":"Mark Harden Blandford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Harden_Blandford"},{"link_name":"Clifford Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Anderson"},{"link_name":"John Troup Shewmake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Troup_Shewmake"},{"link_name":"Joseph Hubbard Echols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hubbard_Echols"},{"link_name":"James Milton Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Milton_Smith"},{"link_name":"George Nelson Lester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Nelson_Lester"},{"link_name":"Hiram Parks Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Parks_Bell"},{"link_name":"Warren Akin, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Akin,_Sr."},{"link_name":"Willis Benson Machen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Benson_Machen"},{"link_name":"George Washington Triplett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Triplett"},{"link_name":"Henry English Read","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_English_Read"},{"link_name":"George Washington Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Ewing"},{"link_name":"James Chrisman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chrisman"},{"link_name":"Theodore Legrand Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Legrand_Burnett"},{"link_name":"Horatio Washington Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Washington_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Humphrey Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Marshall_(general)"},{"link_name":"Eli Metcalfe Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Metcalfe_Bruce"},{"link_name":"James William Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_William_Moore"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Bradley"},{"link_name":"John Milton Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Charles Jacques Villeré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jacques_Viller%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Charles Magill Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Magill_Conrad"},{"link_name":"Duncan Farrar Kenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Farrar_Kenner"},{"link_name":"Lucius Jacques Dupré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Jacques_Dupr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Lewis Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Lewis_Hodge"},{"link_name":"Henry Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Gray_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"John Perkins, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Perkins,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Jehu Amaziah Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehu_Amaziah_Orr"},{"link_name":"William Dunbar Holder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dunbar_Holder"},{"link_name":"Israel Victor Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Victor_Welch"},{"link_name":"Henry Cousins Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cousins_Chambers"},{"link_name":"Otho Robards Singleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otho_Robards_Singleton"},{"link_name":"Ethelbert Barksdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelbert_Barksdale"},{"link_name":"John Tillman Lamkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tillman_Lamkin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Thomas Lowndes Snead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lowndes_Snead"},{"link_name":"Nimrod Lindsay Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod_Lindsay_Norton"},{"link_name":"John Bullock Clark, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bullock_Clark,_Sr."},{"link_name":"Aaron H. Conrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_H._Conrow"},{"link_name":"George Graham Vest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Graham_Vest"},{"link_name":"Peter Singleton Wilkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Singleton_Wilkes"},{"link_name":"Robert Anthony Hatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Anthony_Hatcher"},{"link_name":"William N. H. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_N._H._Smith"},{"link_name":"Robert Rufus Bridgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rufus_Bridgers"},{"link_name":"James Thomas Leach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Thomas_Leach"},{"link_name":"Thomas Charles Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Charles_Fuller"},{"link_name":"Josiah Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Turner"},{"link_name":"John Adams Gilmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_Gilmer"},{"link_name":"James Madison Leach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison_Leach"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"James Graham Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Graham_Ramsay"},{"link_name":"Burgess Sidney Gaither","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgess_Sidney_Gaither"},{"link_name":"George Washington Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Logan"},{"link_name":"James Hervey Witherspoon, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hervey_Witherspoon,_Jr."},{"link_name":"William Porcher Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Porcher_Miles"},{"link_name":"Lewis Malone Ayer, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Malone_Ayer,_Jr."},{"link_name":"William Dunlap Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dunlap_Simpson"},{"link_name":"James Farrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Farrow_(politician)"},{"link_name":"William Waters Boyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Waters_Boyce"},{"link_name":"Joseph Brown Heiskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brown_Heiskell"},{"link_name":"William Graham Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Graham_Swan"},{"link_name":"Arthur St. Clair Colyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair_Colyar"},{"link_name":"John Porry Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Porry_Murray"},{"link_name":"Henry Stuart Foote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Stuart_Foote"},{"link_name":"Edwin Augustus Keebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Augustus_Keebel"},{"link_name":"James McCallum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McCallum_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Menees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Menees"},{"link_name":"John DeWitt Clinton Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_DeWitt_Clinton_Atkins"},{"link_name":"John Vines Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vines_Wright"},{"link_name":"Michael Walsh Cluskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Walsh_Cluskey"},{"link_name":"David Maney Currin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Maney_Currin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"},{"link_name":"Stephen Heard Darden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Heard_Darden"},{"link_name":"John Allen Wilcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Allen_Wilcox"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"},{"link_name":"Caleb Claiborne Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Claiborne_Herbert"},{"link_name":"Anthony Martin Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Martin_Branch"},{"link_name":"Franklin Barlow Sexton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Barlow_Sexton"},{"link_name":"John Robert Baylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robert_Baylor"},{"link_name":"Simpson Harris Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson_Harris_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Robert Latane Montague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Latane_Montague"},{"link_name":"Robert Henry Whitfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Henry_Whitfield"},{"link_name":"Williams Carter Wickham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Carter_Wickham"},{"link_name":"Thomas Saunders Gholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Saunders_Gholson"},{"link_name":"Thomas Stanley Bocock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stanley_Bocock"},{"link_name":"John Goode, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Goode,_Jr."},{"link_name":"William Cabell Rives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives"},{"link_name":"Daniel Coleman DeJarnette, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Coleman_DeJarnette,_Sr."},{"link_name":"David Funsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Funsten"},{"link_name":"Frederick William Mackey Holliday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_Mackey_Holliday"},{"link_name":"John Brown Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Waller Redd Staples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waller_Redd_Staples"},{"link_name":"LaFayette McMullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaFayette_McMullen"},{"link_name":"Samuel Augustine Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Augustine_Miller"},{"link_name":"Robert Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Johnston_(American_politician)"},{"link_name":"Charles Wells Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wells_Russell"}],"sub_title":"House of Representatives","text":"The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.X: reelectedAlabama1. Thomas Jefferson Foster X\n2. William Russell Smith X\n3. Congress refused to seat Representative-elect W. R. W. Cobb, an avowed Unionist; the district was not represented;\n4. Marcus Henderson Cruikshank\n5. Francis Strother Lyon X\n6. William Parish Chilton, Sr. X\n7. David Clopton X\n8. James L. Pugh X\n9. James Shelton DickinsonArkansas1. Felix Ives Batson X\n2. Rufus King Garland, Jr.\n3. Augustus Hill Garland X (resigned to become CS senator November 8, 1864)\nDavid Williamson Carroll (took his seat on January 11, 1865 – Elected to fill vacancy on October 24, 1864[4])\n4. Thomas Burton Hanly XFlorida1. Samuel St. George Rogers\n2. Robert Benjamin Hilton XGeorgia1. Julian Hartridge X\n2. William Ephraim Smith\n3. Mark Harden Blandford\n4. Clifford Anderson\n5. John Troup Shewmake\n6. Joseph Hubbard Echols\n7. James Milton Smith\n8. George Nelson Lester\n9. Hiram Parks Bell\n10. Warren Akin, Sr.Kentucky1. Willis Benson Machen X\n2. George Washington Triplett\n3. Henry English Read X\n4. George Washington Ewing X\n5. James Chrisman X\n6. Theodore Legrand Burnett X\n7. Horatio Washington Bruce X\n8. Humphrey Marshall\n9. Eli Metcalfe Bruce X\n10. James William Moore X\n11. Benjamin Franklin Bradley\n12. John Milton Elliott XLouisiana1. Charles Jacques Villeré X\n2. Charles Magill Conrad X\n3. Duncan Farrar Kenner X\n4. Lucius Jacques Dupré X\n5. Benjamin Lewis Hodge (died August 12, 1864)\nHenry Gray (took his seat on December 28, 1864 – Elected to fill vacancy October 17, 1864[5])\n6. John Perkins, Jr. XMississippi1. Jehu Amaziah Orr\n2. William Dunbar Holder X\n3. Israel Victor Welch X\n4. Henry Cousins Chambers X\n5. Otho Robards Singleton X\n6. Ethelbert Barksdale X\n7. John Tillman LamkinMissouriIn Confederate law, the people of Missouri were entitled to elect thirteen representatives. The state never implemented the reapportionment and continued to use its existing seven districts.[6]1. Thomas Lowndes Snead\n2. Nimrod Lindsay Norton\n3. John Bullock Clark, Sr.\n4. Aaron H. Conrow X\n5. George Graham Vest X (resigned January 12, 1865 to become CS senator)\n6. Peter Singleton Wilkes\n7. Robert Anthony HatcherNorth Carolina1. William N. H. Smith X\n2. Robert Rufus Bridgers X\n3. James Thomas Leach\n4. Thomas Charles Fuller\n5. Josiah Turner\n6. John Adams Gilmer\n7. James Madison Leach (Representative-elect Samuel H. Christian died, in March 1864, before taking his seat. Leach was elected April 21, 1864.[7])\n8. James Graham Ramsay\n9. Burgess Sidney Gaither\n10. George Washington LoganSouth Carolina1. James Hervey Witherspoon, Jr.\n2. William Porcher Miles X\n3. Lewis Malone Ayer, Jr. X\n4. William Dunlap Simpson X\n5. James Farrow X\n6. William Waters Boyce XTennessee1. Joseph Brown Heiskell X\n2. William Graham Swan X\n3. Arthur St. Clair Colyar\n4. John Porry Murray\n5. Henry Stuart Foote X (fled to Canada before completing term)\n6. Edwin Augustus Keebel\n7. James McCallum\n8. Thomas Menees X\n9. John DeWitt Clinton Atkins X\n10. John Vines Wright X\n11. Michael Walsh Cluskey (Representative-elect David Maney Currin died, on March 25, 1864, before taking his seat. Cluskey was elected thereafter.[8])Texas1. Stephen Heard Darden (Representative-elect John Allen Wilcox died, on February 7, 1864, before taking his seat. Darden was elected August 1864.[8])\n2. Caleb Claiborne Herbert X\n3. Anthony Martin Branch\n4. Franklin Barlow Sexton X\n5. John Robert Baylor\n6. Simpson Harris MorganVirginia1. Robert Latane Montague\n2. Robert Henry Whitfield (resigned March 2, 1865)\n3. Williams Carter Wickham\n4. Thomas Saunders Gholson\n5. Thomas Stanley Bocock X\n6. John Goode, Jr. X\n7. William Cabell Rives (resigned March 7, 1865)\n8. Daniel Coleman DeJarnette, Sr. X\n9. David Funsten X\n10. Frederick William Mackey Holliday\n11. John Brown Baldwin X\n12. Waller Redd Staples X\n13. LaFayette McMullen\n14. Samuel Augustine Miller X\n15. Robert Johnston X\n16. Charles Wells Russell X","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arizona Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Marcus H. MacWillie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_H._MacWillie"},{"link_name":"Cherokee Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_(1794%E2%80%931907)"},{"link_name":"Elias Cornelius Boudinot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Cornelius_Boudinot"},{"link_name":"Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscogee_Nation"},{"link_name":"Seminole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Samuel Benton Callahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Benton_Callahan"}],"sub_title":"Delegates","text":"Non-voting members of the House of Representatives.Arizona TerritoryMarcus H. MacWillie XCherokee NationElias Cornelius Boudinot XCreek and Seminole NationsSamuel Benton Callahan","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"Allen Taylor Caperton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_T._Caperton"},{"link_name":"William Emmett Simms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Simms"},{"link_name":"William Theophilus Dortch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Theophilus_Dortch"},{"link_name":"Henry Cornelius Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cornelius_Burnett"},{"link_name":"James McNair Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McNair_Baker"},{"link_name":"John William Clark Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Clark_Watson"},{"link_name":"Waldo Porter Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldo_P._Johnson"},{"link_name":"William Simpson Oldham, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Simpson_Oldham_Sr."},{"link_name":"William Simpson Oldham, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Simpson_Oldham_Sr."},{"link_name":"Richard Wilde Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wilde_Walker"},{"link_name":"Augustus Emmett Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"William Theophilus Dortch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Theophilus_Dortch"},{"link_name":"Landon Carter Haynes, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landon_Carter_Haynes"},{"link_name":"William Theophilus Dortch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Theophilus_Dortch"},{"link_name":"Augustus Emmett Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Allen Taylor Caperton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_T._Caperton"},{"link_name":"Richard Wilde Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wilde_Walker"},{"link_name":"John William Clark Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Clark_Watson"},{"link_name":"Henry Cornelius Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cornelius_Burnett"},{"link_name":"Waldo Porter Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldo_P._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Robert Woodward Barnwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Woodward_Barnwell"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jenkins Semmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jenkins_Semmes"},{"link_name":"Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter"},{"link_name":"William Alexander Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham"},{"link_name":"Robert Jemison, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jemison_Jr."},{"link_name":"James Lawrence Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr"},{"link_name":"William Simpson Oldham, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Simpson_Oldham_Sr."},{"link_name":"James Lawrence Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr"},{"link_name":"William Emmett Simms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Simms"},{"link_name":"Waldo Porter Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldo_P._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Louis Trezevant Wigfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Wigfall"},{"link_name":"Allen Taylor Caperton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_T._Caperton"},{"link_name":"Robert Ward Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ward_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Augustus Emmet Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Waldo Porter Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldo_P._Johnson"},{"link_name":"William Simpson Oldham, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Simpson_Oldham_Sr."},{"link_name":"Allen Taylor Caperton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_T._Caperton"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Harvey Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harvey_Hill"},{"link_name":"Richard Wilde Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wilde_Walker"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jenkins Semmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jenkins_Semmes"},{"link_name":"John William Clark Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Clark_Watson"},{"link_name":"Landon Carter Haynes, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landon_Carter_Haynes"},{"link_name":"William Simpson Oldham, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Simpson_Oldham_Sr."},{"link_name":"Edward Sparrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Sparrow"},{"link_name":"Robert Ward Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ward_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Henry Cornelius Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cornelius_Burnett"},{"link_name":"Gustavus Adolphus Henry, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_Henry_Sr."},{"link_name":"Louis Trezevant Wigfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Wigfall"},{"link_name":"Augustus Hill Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Hill_Garland"},{"link_name":"Albert Gallatin Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_G._Brown"},{"link_name":"James McNair Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McNair_Baker"},{"link_name":"Herschel Vespasian Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschel_Vespasian_Johnson"},{"link_name":"William Emmett Simms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Simms"},{"link_name":"William Alexander Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham"},{"link_name":"Augustus Emmett Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Harvey Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harvey_Hill"},{"link_name":"Landon Carter Haynes, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landon_Carter_Haynes"},{"link_name":"Charles Burton Mitchel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Burton_Mitchel"},{"link_name":"James McNair Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McNair_Baker"},{"link_name":"Landon Carter Haynes, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landon_Carter_Haynes"},{"link_name":"William Simpson Oldham, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Simpson_Oldham_Sr."},{"link_name":"Robert Jemison, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jemison_Jr."},{"link_name":"Augustus Hill Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Hill_Garland"},{"link_name":"Richard Wilde Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wilde_Walker"},{"link_name":"Allen Taylor Caperton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_T._Caperton"},{"link_name":"John William Clark Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Clark_Watson"},{"link_name":"James Lawrence Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr"},{"link_name":"Landon Carter Haynes, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landon_Carter_Haynes"},{"link_name":"Richard Wilde Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wilde_Walker"},{"link_name":"James McNair Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McNair_Baker"},{"link_name":"William Emmett Simms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Simms"},{"link_name":"James McNair Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McNair_Baker"},{"link_name":"Robert Ward Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ward_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Gustavus Adolphus Henry, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_Henry_Sr."},{"link_name":"James Lawrence Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr"},{"link_name":"Robert Ward Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ward_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jenkins Semmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jenkins_Semmes"},{"link_name":"Louis Trezevant Wigfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Wigfall"},{"link_name":"Charles Burton Mitchel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Burton_Mitchel"},{"link_name":"Robert Woodward Barnwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Woodward_Barnwell"}],"text":"Accounts[9]Allen Taylor Caperton, Virginia, Chairman\nWilliam Emmett Simms, Kentucky\nWilliam Theophilus Dortch, North CarolinaClaimsHenry Cornelius Burnett, Kentucky, Chairman\nJames McNair Baker, Florida\nJohn William Clark Watson, Mississippi — session 2\nWaldo Porter Johnson, Missouri\nWilliam Simpson Oldham, Sr., Texas — session 2CommerceWilliam Simpson Oldham, Sr., Texas, Chairman\nRichard Wilde Walker, Alabama\nAugustus Emmett Maxwell, Florida\nWilliam Theophilus Dortch, North Carolina\nLandon Carter Haynes, Sr., TennesseeEngrossment and EnrollmentWilliam Theophilus Dortch, North Carolina, Chairman\nAugustus Emmett Maxwell, Florida\nAllen Taylor Caperton, Virginia\nRichard Wilde Walker, Alabama — session 1\nJohn William Clark Watson, Mississippi — session 1\nHenry Cornelius Burnett, Kentucky — temporary, session 1\nWaldo Porter Johnson, Missouri — temporary, sessions 1 and 2FinanceRobert Woodward Barnwell, South Carolina, Chairman\nThomas Jenkins Semmes, Louisiana\nRobert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter, Virginia\nWilliam Alexander Graham, North Carolina\nRobert Jemison, Jr., Alabama — session 1\nJames Lawrence Orr, South Carolina — temporary, session 2\nWilliam Simpson Oldham, Sr., Texas — temporary, session 2Foreign RelationsJames Lawrence Orr, South Carolina, Chairman\nWilliam Emmett Simms, Kentucky\nWaldo Porter Johnson, Missouri\nLouis Trezevant Wigfall, Texas\nAllen Taylor Caperton, VirginiaIndian AffairsRobert Ward Johnson, Arkansas, Chairman\nAugustus Emmet Maxwell, Florida\nWaldo Porter Johnson, Missouri\nWilliam Simpson Oldham, Sr., Texas\nAllen Taylor Caperton, VirginiaJudiciaryBenjamin Harvey Hill, Georgia, Chairman\nRichard Wilde Walker, Alabama\nThomas Jenkins Semmes, Louisiana\nJohn William Clark Watson, Mississippi\nLandon Carter Haynes, Sr., Tennessee\nWilliam Simpson Oldham, Sr., Texas — temporary, session 2Military AffairsEdward Sparrow, Louisiana, Chairman\nRobert Ward Johnson, Arkansas\nHenry Cornelius Burnett, Kentucky\nGustavus Adolphus Henry, Sr., North Carolina\nLouis Trezevant Wigfall, Texas\nAugustus Hill Garland, Arkansas — temporary, session 2Naval AffairsAlbert Gallatin Brown, Mississippi, Chairman\nJames McNair Baker, Florida\nHerschel Vespasian Johnson, Georgia\nWilliam Emmett Simms, Kentucky\nWilliam Alexander Graham, North CarolinaPatentsAugustus Emmett Maxwell, Florida, Chairman\nBenjamin Harvey Hill, Georgia\nLandon Carter Haynes, Sr., TennesseePost Offices and Post RoadsCharles Burton Mitchel, Arkansas (died September 20, 1864) — session 1\nJames McNair Baker, Florida\nLandon Carter Haynes, Sr., Tennessee\nWilliam Simpson Oldham, Sr., Texas\nRobert Jemison, Jr., Alabama — session 1\nAugustus Hill Garland, Arkansas — session 2\nRichard Wilde Walker, Alabama — temporary, session 2\nAllen Taylor Caperton, Virginia — temporary, session 2PrintingJohn William Clark Watson, Mississippi, Chairman\nJames Lawrence Orr, South Carolina\nLandon Carter Haynes, Sr., TennesseePublic BuildingsRichard Wilde Walker, Alabama\nJames McNair Baker, Florida\nWilliam Emmett Simms, KentuckyPublic LandsJames McNair Baker, Florida, Chairman\nRobert Ward Johnson, Arkansas\nGustavus Adolphus Henry, Sr., North CarolinaRulesJames Lawrence Orr, South Carolina, Chairman\nRobert Ward Johnson, Arkansas\nThomas Jenkins Semmes, LouisianaTerritoriesLouis Trezevant Wigfall, Texas, Chairman\nCharles Burton Mitchel, Arkansas (died September 20, 1864) — session 1\nRobert Woodward Barnwell, South Carolina","title":"Senate committees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"John Troup Shewmake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Troup_Shewmake"},{"link_name":"Israel Victor Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Victor_Welch"},{"link_name":"James Farrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Farrow_(politician)"},{"link_name":"James McCallum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McCallum_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Robert Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Johnston_(American_politician)"},{"link_name":"James Shelton Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Shelton_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"Warren Akin, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Akin,_Sr."},{"link_name":"George Washington Triplett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Triplett"},{"link_name":"Israel Victor Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Victor_Welch"},{"link_name":"William N. H. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_N._H._Smith"},{"link_name":"James Farrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Farrow_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Brown Heiskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brown_Heiskell"},{"link_name":"Frederick William Mackey Holliday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_Mackey_Holliday"},{"link_name":"George Washington Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Nimrod Lindsay Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod_Lindsay_Norton"},{"link_name":"Caleb Claiborne Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Claiborne_Herbert"},{"link_name":"James Shelton Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Shelton_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"Julian Hartridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Hartridge"},{"link_name":"Theodore Legrand Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Legrand_Burnett"},{"link_name":"John Perkins, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Perkins,_Jr."},{"link_name":"John Tillman Lamkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tillman_Lamkin"},{"link_name":"Thomas Charles Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Charles_Fuller"},{"link_name":"James Farrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Farrow_(politician)"},{"link_name":"John DeWitt Clinton Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_DeWitt_Clinton_Atkins"},{"link_name":"John Goode, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Goode_(Virginia_politician)"},{"link_name":"Lewis Malone Ayer, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Malone_Ayer,_Jr."},{"link_name":"David Williamson Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Williamson_Carroll"},{"link_name":"Caleb Claiborne Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Claiborne_Herbert"},{"link_name":"Robert Benjamin Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Benjamin_Hilton"},{"link_name":"Hiram Parks Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Parks_Bell"},{"link_name":"James Chrisman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chrisman"},{"link_name":"William Dunbar Holder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dunbar_Holder"},{"link_name":"John Adams Gilmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_Gilmer"},{"link_name":"William Dunlap Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dunlap_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Joseph Brown Heiskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brown_Heiskell"},{"link_name":"Anthony Martin Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Martin_Branch"},{"link_name":"Samuel Augustine Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Augustine_Miller"},{"link_name":"John Bullock Clark, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bullock_Clark,_Sr."},{"link_name":"Marcus Henderson Cruikshank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Henderson_Cruikshank"},{"link_name":"Samuel St. George Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_St._George_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Thomas Charles Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Charles_Fuller"},{"link_name":"Robert Anthony Hatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Anthony_Hatcher"},{"link_name":"William Parish Chilton, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Parish_Chilton,_Sr."},{"link_name":"Henry Cousins Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cousins_Chambers"},{"link_name":"William Cabell Rives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives"},{"link_name":"David Funsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Funsten"},{"link_name":"Henry Stuart Foote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Stuart_Foote"},{"link_name":"William Russell Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Russell_Smith"},{"link_name":"Horatio Washington Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Washington_Bruce"},{"link_name":"John Perkins, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Perkins,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Jehu Amaziah Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehu_Amaziah_Orr"},{"link_name":"Josiah Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Turner"},{"link_name":"James Hervey Witherspoon, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hervey_Witherspoon,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Daniel Coleman DeJarnette, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Coleman_DeJarnette,_Sr."},{"link_name":"William Cabell Rives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives"},{"link_name":"John DeWitt Clinton Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_DeWitt_Clinton_Atkins"},{"link_name":"Thomas Lowndes Snead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lowndes_Snead"},{"link_name":"Otho Robards Singleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otho_Robards_Singleton"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Foster"},{"link_name":"Thomas Burton 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McMullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaFayette_McMullen"},{"link_name":"John Milton Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Peter Singleton Wilkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Singleton_Wilkes"},{"link_name":"Lucius Jacques Dupré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Jacques_Dupr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Marcus Henderson Cruikshank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Henderson_Cruikshank"},{"link_name":"George Washington Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Logan"},{"link_name":"William Graham Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Graham_Swan"},{"link_name":"John Goode, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Goode,_Jr."},{"link_name":"James Lawrence Pugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lawrence_Pugh"},{"link_name":"Charles Magill Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Magill_Conrad"},{"link_name":"LaFayette McMullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaFayette_McMullen"},{"link_name":"William Dunbar Holder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dunbar_Holder"},{"link_name":"Aaron H. Conrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_H._Conrow"},{"link_name":"George Nelson Lester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Nelson_Lester"},{"link_name":"Willis Benson Machen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Benson_Machen"},{"link_name":"Henry English Read","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_English_Read"},{"link_name":"Jehu Amaziah Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehu_Amaziah_Orr"},{"link_name":"James Madison Leach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison_Leach"},{"link_name":"William Dunlap Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dunlap_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Henry Stuart Foote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Stuart_Foote"},{"link_name":"Frederick William Mackey Holliday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_Mackey_Holliday"},{"link_name":"Robert Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Johnston_(American_politician)"},{"link_name":"Aaron H. Conrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_H._Conrow"},{"link_name":"William Parish Chilton, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Parish_Chilton,_Sr."},{"link_name":"George Nelson Lester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Nelson_Lester"},{"link_name":"John Perkins, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Perkins,_Jr."},{"link_name":"William N. H. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_N._H._Smith"},{"link_name":"Robert Latané Montague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Latane_Montague"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Foster"},{"link_name":"Robert Benjamin Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Benjamin_Hilton"},{"link_name":"William Ephraim Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ephraim_Smith"},{"link_name":"James Chrisman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chrisman"},{"link_name":"James Thomas Leach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Thomas_Leach"},{"link_name":"Thomas Menees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Menees"},{"link_name":"Anthony Martin Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Martin_Branch"},{"link_name":"LaFayette McMullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaFayette_McMullen"},{"link_name":"Augustus Hill Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Hill_Garland"},{"link_name":"George Washington Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Nimrod Lindsay Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod_Lindsay_Norton"},{"link_name":"Francis Strother Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Strother_Lyon"},{"link_name":"Clifford Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Eli Metcalfe Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Metcalfe_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Charles Magill Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Magill_Conrad"},{"link_name":"Ethelbert Barksdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelbert_Barksdale"},{"link_name":"John Adams Gilmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_Gilmer"},{"link_name":"Arthur St. Clair Colyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair_Colyar"},{"link_name":"Franklin Barlow Sexton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Barlow_Sexton"},{"link_name":"John Brown Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Duncan Farrar Kenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Farrar_Kenner"},{"link_name":"Rufus King Garland, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_King_Garland,_Jr."}],"text":"Accounts[9]John Troup Shewmake, 5th Georgia\nIsrael Victor Welch, 3rd Mississippi\nJames Farrow, 5th South Carolina\nJames McCallum, 7th Tennessee\nRobert Johnston, 15th VirginiaClaimsJames Shelton Dickinson, 9th Alabama\nWarren Akin, Sr., 10th Georgia\nGeorge Washington Triplett, 2nd Kentucky\nIsrael Victor Welch, 3rd Mississippi\nWilliam N. H. Smith, 1st North Carolina\nJames Farrow, 5th South Carolina\nJoseph Brown Heiskell, 1st Tennessee\nFrederick William Mackey Holliday, 10th Virginia\nGeorge Washington Ewing, 4th Kentucky — session 2\nNimrod Lindsay Norton, 2nd Missouri — session 2\nCaleb Claiborne Herbert, 2nd Texas — session 2CommerceJames Shelton Dickinson, 9th Alabama\nJulian Hartridge, 1st Georgia\nTheodore Legrand Burnett, 6th Kentucky\nJohn Perkins, Jr., 6th Louisiana\nJohn Tillman Lamkin, 7th Mississippi\nThomas Charles Fuller, 4th North Carolina\nJames Farrow, 5th South Carolina\nJohn DeWitt Clinton Atkins, 9th Tennessee\nJohn Goode, Jr., 6th Virginia\nLewis Malone Ayer, Jr., 3rd South Carolina — session 2\nDavid Williamson Carroll, 3rd Arkansas — session 2\nCaleb Claiborne Herbert, 2nd Texas — session 2ElectionsRobert Benjamin Hilton, 2nd Florida\nHiram Parks Bell, 9th Georgia\nJames Chrisman, 5th Kentucky\nWilliam Dunbar Holder, 2nd Mississippi\nJohn Adams Gilmer, 6th North Carolina\nWilliam Dunlap Simpson, 4th South Carolina\nJoseph Brown Heiskell, 1st Tennessee\nAnthony Martin Branch, 3rd Texas\nSamuel Augustine Miller, 14th Virginia\nJohn Bullock Clark, Sr., 3rd Missouri — session 2Enrolled BillsMarcus Henderson Cruikshank, 4th Alabama\nSamuel St. George Rogers, 1st Florida\nThomas Charles Fuller, 4th North Carolina\nRobert Anthony Hatcher, 7th Missouri — temporary, session 2Flag and SealWilliam Parish Chilton, Sr., 6th Alabama\nHenry Cousins Chambers, 4th Mississippi\nWilliam Cabell Rives, 7th Virginia (resigned March 7, 1865)\nDavid Funsten, 9th Virginia — temporary, session 2Foreign AffairsHenry Stuart Foote, 5th Tennessee, Chairman (fled to Canada before completing term)\nWilliam Russell Smith, 2nd Alabama\nHoratio Washington Bruce, 7th Kentucky\nJohn Perkins, Jr., 6th Louisiana\nJehu Amaziah Orr, 1st Mississippi\nJosiah Turner, 5th North Carolina\nJames Hervey Witherspoon, Jr., 1st South Carolina\nDaniel Coleman DeJarnette, Sr., 8th Virginia\nWilliam Cabell Rives, 7th Virginia (resigned March 7, 1865)\nJohn DeWitt Clinton Atkins, 9th Tennessee — session 2\nThomas Lowndes Snead, 1st Missouri — session 2Indian AffairsOtho Robards Singleton, 5th Mississippi, Chairman — session 1\nThomas Jefferson Foster, 1st Alabama\nThomas Burton Hanly, 4th Arkansas\nSamuel St. George Rogers, 1st Florida\nJoseph Hubbard Echols, 6th Georgia\nJames Chrisman, 5th Kentucky\nJosiah Turner, 5th North Carolina\nJohn Porry Murray, 4th Tennessee\nSamuel Augustine Miller, 14th Virginia\nElias Cornelius Boudinot, Cherokee Nation\nJohn Robert Baylor, 5th Texas — session 2\nPeter Singleton Wilkes, 6th Missouri — session 2\nJohn Milton Elliott, 12th Kentucky — session 2JudiciaryWilliam Parish Chilton, Sr., 6th Alabama\nMark Harden Blandford, 3rd Georgia\nJames William Moore, 10th Kentucky\nLucius Jacques Dupré, 4th Louisiana\nBurgess Sidney Gaither, 9th North Carolina\nEdwin Augustus Keebel, 6th Tennessee\nThomas Saunders Gholson, 4th Virginia\nCharles Wells Russell, 16th Virginia\nAugustus Hill Garland, 3rd Arkansas (resigned to become CS senator November 8, 1864) — session 1\nSimpson Harris Morgan, 6th Texas (died December 15, 1864) — session 2\nFelix Ives Batson, 1st Arkansas — session 2\nHenry Gray, 5th Louisiana — session 2\nGeorge Graham Vest, 5th Missouri — session 2Medical DepartmentDavid Clopton, 7th Alabama\nJoseph Hubbard Echols, 6th Georgia\nHenry English Read, 3rd Kentucky\nWilliam Dunbar Holder, 2nd Mississippi\nJames Graham Ramsay, 8th North Carolina\nJames Farrow, 5th South Carolina\nJames McCallum, 7th Tennessee\nThomas Menees, 8th Tennessee\nDaniel Coleman DeJarnette, Sr., 8th VirginiaMilitary AffairsWilliam Porcher Miles, 2nd South Carolina, Chairman\nJames Lawrence Pugh, 8th Alabama\nThomas Burton Hanly, 4th Arkansas\nRobert Benjamin Hilton, 2nd Florida\nJames Milton Smith, 7th Georgia\nHumphrey Marshall, 8th Kentucky\nCharles Jacques Villeré, 1st Louisiana\nHenry Cousins Chambers, 4th Mississippi\nRobert Rufus Bridgers, 2nd North Carolina\nWilliam Graham Swan, 2nd Tennessee\nAnthony Martin Branch, 3rd Texas\nWaller Redd Staples, 12th Virginia\nJohn Bullock Clark, Sr., 3rd Missouri — session 2\nWilliams Carter Wickham, 3rd Virginia — session 2Naval AffairsDavid Clopton, 7th Alabama, Chairman\nSamuel St. George Rogers, 1st Florida\nJohn Troup Shewmake, 5th Georgia\nWilliam Dunbar Holder, 2nd Mississippi\nJames Graham Ramsay, 8th North Carolina\nWilliam Waters Boyce, 6th South Carolina\nJohn Vines Wright, 10th Tennessee\nDavid Funsten, 9th Virginia\nRobert Henry Whitfield, 2nd Virginia (resigned March 2, 1865)\nMichael Walsh Cluskey, 11th Tennessee — session 2\nStephen Heard Darden, 1st Texas — session 2Ordnance and Ordnance StoresMarcus Henderson Cruikshank, 4th Alabama\nWilliam Ephraim Smith, 2nd Georgia\nBenjamin Franklin Bradley, 11th Kentucky\nEthelbert Barksdale, 6th Mississippi\nGeorge Washington Logan, 10th North Carolina\nJames Hervey Witherspoon, Jr., 1st South Carolina\nJohn Porry Murray, 4th Tennessee\nJohn DeWitt Clinton Atkins, 9th Tennessee\nRobert Latané Montague, 1st Virginia\nRobert Anthony Hatcher, 7th Missouri — session 2\nLewis Malone Ayer, Jr., 3rd South Carolina — session 2PatentsWilliam Parish Chilton, Sr., 6th Alabama, Chairman\nHiram Parks Bell, 9th Georgia\nHoratio Washington Bruce, 7th Kentucky\nJohn Tillman Lamkin, 7th Mississippi\nThomas Charles Fuller, 4th North Carolina\nJoseph Brown Heiskell, 1st Tennessee\nRobert Henry Whitfield, 2nd Virginia (resigned March 2, 1865)\nJohn Robert Baylor, 5th Texas — session 2Pay and MileageTheodore Legrand Burnett, 6th Kentucky, Chairman\nThomas Burton Hanly, 4th Arkansas\nJoseph Hubbard Echols, 6th Georgia\nMark Harden Blandford, 3rd Georgia — temporary, session 2Post Offices and Post RoadsThomas Jefferson Foster, 1st Alabama\nHiram Parks Bell, 9th Georgia\nBenjamin Franklin Bradley, 11th Kentucky\nJohn Tillman Lamkin, 7th Mississippi\nJames Thomas Leach, 3rd North Carolina\nJames Hervey Witherspoon, Jr., 1st South Carolina\nJames McCallum, 7th Tennessee\nFranklin Barlow Sexton, 4th Texas\nLaFayette McMullen, 13th Virginia\nJohn Milton Elliott, 12th Kentucky — session 2\nPeter Singleton Wilkes, 6th Missouri — session 2PrintingLucius Jacques Dupré, 4th Louisiana, Chairman\nMarcus Henderson Cruikshank, 4th Alabama\nGeorge Washington Logan, 10th North Carolina\nWilliam Graham Swan, 2nd Tennessee\nJohn Goode, Jr., 6th VirginiaPublic BuildingsJames Lawrence Pugh, 8th Alabama, Chairman\nCharles Magill Conrad, 2nd Louisiana\nLaFayette McMullen, 13th Virginia\nWilliam Dunbar Holder, 2nd Mississippi — session 2\nAaron H. Conrow, 4th Missouri — session 2Quartermaster's and Commissary Departments and Military TransportationGeorge Nelson Lester, 8th Georgia\nWillis Benson Machen, 1st Kentucky\nHenry English Read, 3rd Kentucky\nJehu Amaziah Orr, 1st Mississippi\nJames Madison Leach, 7th North Carolina (elected April 21, 1864)\nWilliam Dunlap Simpson, 4th South Carolina\nHenry Stuart Foote, 5th Tennessee (fled to Canada before completing term)\nFrederick William Mackey Holliday, 10th Virginia\nRobert Johnston, 15th Virginia\nAaron H. Conrow, 4th Missouri — session 2Rules and Officers of the HouseWilliam Parish Chilton, Sr., 6th Alabama\nGeorge Nelson Lester, 8th Georgia\nJohn Perkins, Jr., 6th Louisiana\nWilliam N. H. Smith, 1st North Carolina\nRobert Latané Montague, 1st VirginiaTerritories and Public LandsThomas Jefferson Foster, 1st Alabama\nRobert Benjamin Hilton, 2nd Florida\nWilliam Ephraim Smith, 2nd Georgia\nJames Chrisman, 5th Kentucky\nJames Thomas Leach, 3rd North Carolina\nThomas Menees, 8th Tennessee\nAnthony Martin Branch, 3rd Texas\nLaFayette McMullen, 13th Virginia\nAugustus Hill Garland, 3rd Arkansas (resigned to become CS senator November 8, 1864) — session 1\nGeorge Washington Ewing, 4th Kentucky — session 2\nNimrod Lindsay Norton, 2nd Missouri — session 2Ways and MeansFrancis Strother Lyon, 5th Alabama, Chairman\nClifford Anderson, 4th Georgia\nEli Metcalfe Bruce, 9th Kentucky\nCharles Magill Conrad, 2nd Louisiana\nEthelbert Barksdale, 6th Mississippi\nJohn Adams Gilmer, 6th North Carolina\nArthur St. Clair Colyar, 3rd Tennessee\nFranklin Barlow Sexton, 4th Texas\nJohn Brown Baldwin, 11th Virginia\nDuncan Farrar Kenner, 3rd Louisiana — session 2\nRufus King Garland, Jr., 2nd Arkansas — session 2","title":"House committees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"John William Clark Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Clark_Watson"},{"link_name":"William Alexander Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham"},{"link_name":"Robert Woodward Barnwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Woodward_Barnwell"},{"link_name":"William Parish Chilton, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Parish_Chilton,_Sr."},{"link_name":"Thomas Burton Hanly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Burton_Hanly"},{"link_name":"Julian Hartridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Hartridge"},{"link_name":"Henry Cousins Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cousins_Chambers"},{"link_name":"John Brown Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_Baldwin"}],"text":"Impressments (Session 1)[9]Senators\nJohn William Clark Watson, Mississippi\nWilliam Alexander Graham, North Carolina\nRobert Woodward Barnwell, South Carolina\nRepresentatives\nWilliam Parish Chilton, Sr., 6th Alabama\nThomas Burton Hanly, 4th Arkansas\nJulian Hartridge, 1st Georgia\nHenry Cousins Chambers, 4th Mississippi\nJohn Brown Baldwin, 11th Virginia","title":"Joint committees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Confederate State's Senator\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/image/168075869/?match=1&terms=%22Mr.%20Ashe%22%20senate"},{"link_name":"cite news","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_8-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_9-2"},{"link_name":"\"Second Confederate Congress (02 May 1864 - 18 March 1865)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070208041227/http://www.csawardept.com/history/Congress/2nd/index.html#NavalAffairs-House"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csawardept.com/history/Congress/2nd/index.html#NavalAffairs-House"}],"text":"^ Historical Atlas ..., pp. 135-138\n\n^ Permanent Constitution of the Confederate States and Confederate Senate Journal\n\n^ Holden, William W., ed. (December 9, 1864). \"Confederate State's Senator\". Semi-Weekly Standard. Raleigh, North Carolina. p. 1.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)\n\n^ Historical Atlas ..., p. 135\n\n^ Historical Atlas ..., p. 136\n\n^ Historical Atlas ... p. 20 and p. 128\n\n^ Historical Atlas ... p. 137 and notes p. 139\n\n^ a b Historical Atlas ... p. 137 and notes p. 140\n\n^ a b c \"Second Confederate Congress (02 May 1864 - 18 March 1865)\". Archived from the original on February 8, 2007.","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_42

Group 42

["1 Members","1.1 Poets","1.2 Painters","1.3 Carver","1.4 Photographer","1.5 Theoreticians","2 References","3 External links"]

1940s Czech artistic group For the artificial intelligence and cloud computing company, see Group 42 (Emirati company). This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Group 42 (Czech: Skupina 42) was a Czech artistic group officially established in 1942 (although its roots date to 1938–1939, forming in 1940). The group's activity ceased in 1948, but its influence on Czech literature and Czech art was still evident in further years. This group was mainly influenced by civilism, cubism, futurism, constructivism, and a bit by surrealism. Their work revealed a characteristic fascination with technology, evident in their frequent focus on cities, factories, industry, and machines. The human characters are generally common townspeople. The article The World We Live In (Czech Svět, v němž žijeme) by Jindřich Chalupecký provided Group 42's primary theoretical foundation. Members Poets Ivan Blatný Jan Hanč Jiřina Hauková Josef Kainar Jiří Kolář (also a visual artist) Painters František Gross František Hudeček Jan Kotík Kamil Lhoták Bohumír Matal Jan Smetana Karel Souček Carver Ladislav Zívr Photographer Miroslav Hák Theoreticians Jindřich Chalupecký Jiří Kotalík References Eva Petrová (ed.) and collective: Skupina 42, Akropolis, Praha 1998, ISBN 80-85770-67-9 (in Czech) Zdeněk Pešat, Eva Petrová (ed.): Skupina 42, Atlantis, Brno 2000, ISBN 9788071082095 (in Czech) Izabela Mroczek: Dom, ulica, miasto w poezji czeskiej Grupy 42, Śląsk, Katowice-Warszawa, 2005 (Polish) Leszek Engelking: Codzienność i mit. Poetyka, programy i historia Grupy 42 w kontekstach dwudziestowiecznej awangardy i postawangardy, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź 2005, ISBN 83-7171-826-8 (Polish) External links Avant-gardists – A pair of art rebels step into the mainstream, Naomi Lindt, 8.3.2006, The Prague Post Legendární Skupina 42, (Josef Fronc), Zpravodaj 2/2005 (in Czech) České diskontinuity, an interview with Jiří Kotalík at the jedinak.cz (in Czech) Example photos of book Skupina 42 (in Czech) Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Other IdRef This article about a literary society or organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarvin

Tarvin

["1 Location and context","2 Geology","3 Early history","3.1 Grammar School","4 Civil War","5 Later history","6 Present day","7 Transport","8 Governance","9 Notes","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]

Coordinates: 53°11′42″N 2°46′00″W / 53.1949°N 2.7668°W / 53.1949; -2.7668 Human settlement in EnglandTarvinTarvinLocation within CheshirePopulation2,728 (2011)OS grid referenceSJ491669Civil parishTarvinUnitary authorityCheshire West and ChesterCeremonial countyCheshireRegionNorth WestCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townCHESTERPostcode districtCH3Dialling code01829PoliceCheshireFireCheshireAmbulanceNorth West UK ParliamentEddisbury List of places UK England Cheshire 53°11′42″N 2°46′00″W / 53.1949°N 2.7668°W / 53.1949; -2.7668 Tarvin is a village in the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. It had a population of 2,693 people at the 2001 UK census, rising to 2,728 at the 2011 census, and the ward covers about 17 square miles (44 km2). Location and context Tarvin is about 6 miles (9.7 km) east of Chester. The current parish covers Tarvin, Duddon, Clotton, Stapleford, Burton, Hoofield and Oscroft. There are currently 28 listed buildings in Tarvin (one Grade I Listed, two Grade II* Listed, and twenty-five Grade II Listed). The centre of the village is a Conservation Area that was created in 1972, and much of the land surrounding the village is designated Green Belt. Geology Green Belt surrounding Tarvin The Cheshire Plain (sometimes known as the Cheshire Gap) is a relatively flat expanse of lowland, which supports agricultural use for dairy farming on the medium-scale pastoral fields that surround the village. Tarvin is west of a sandstone ridge that divides the Cheshire Plain. The River Gowy passes to the south-west of the village at Hockenhull Platts. There are three packhorse bridges, the Grade II Listed Roman Bridges, within an area classed as a nature reserve. Early history St Andrew's Church, Tarvin Around 76 AD, the Romans started to build a fortress in Chester. They built a road from Deva (Chester) to Condate (Northwich) which passed Tarvin about a kilometre to the north. The Romans may have used Tarvin, being high ground close to the Roman road, as a Roman coin of Constantius 1 (AD 293–305) was found in the area and other finds in other nearby villages reinforce the evidence of the Romans' presence in the area. West of Tarvin the Roman road crosses the River Gowy. Apparently, in earlier times, this river was called the Tarvin. It is suggested that the name Tarvin comes from the Brittonic word for boundary, which is still present in the Welsh language as tervyn/terfyn and could have resulted from the Latin terminus being incorporated into Brittonic. The boundary could refer to the eastern extent of the Roman prata legionis, the land annexed by the Romans (from the Cornovii) to support their fortress at Chester. The Gowy was later the boundary between the Saxon land divisions (hundreds) in this area, which was a part of the Kingdom of Mercia known as the Wreocensæte. A Saxon cross dating to the 10th/11th century has been unearthed by archaeologists in Tarvin. The find, made in a Civil War trench, is very rare. The Saxon cross may have been broken up before the assault of Chester in 1645 by the Parliamentary garrison. The Old Grammar School, Tarvin Tarvin appears as a substantial manor in the Domesday Book of 1086 (listed as Terve), the largest community in the Hundred of Rushton with 30 households. Tarvin Manor comprises some 2000 acres of cultivable land (22 ploughlands) as well as 'woodland'. The Domesday Book records the Lord of Tarvin Manor in 1066 as the bishop of Chester St John, and the same in 1086 but adds the name William Malbank, who was named as Lord or Tenant-in-Chief across over 100 manors in Cheshire after the conquest. According to Ormerod "Tarvin is one of the few Cheshire manors which experienced no change in its proprietor at the Conquest, being the property of the Bishop of the diocese, who retained his former possessions after that event." (The nearby Manor of Burton was also to stay the property of the Bishop of St John's.) Although the manors stayed with the bishops, the bishops changed to Norman appointees. Bishop Peter moved from Lichfield to Chester St John's in 1075, and upgraded St John's to cathedral status (Lichfield was the ecclesiastical centre of the Kingdom of Mercia since 669). He died in 1085 and was succeeded in December 1085 by Bishop Robert de Limesey who moved the bishop's seat to Coventry circa 1102, whereupon St John's became a co-cathedral. Ormerod states that the Domesday Book reports devastation at Tarvin and suggests that this might have arisen due to a stand being taken at Tarvin as the Normans advanced on Chester. The adjacent manor of Barrow, with 8 ploughlands, is listed as having William Son of Nigel as its Lord. Barrow later came to fall within the parish of Tarvin, and was described as a 'free chapel within the prebend of Tarvin' until the 16th century, some time after which it became a separate parish. Although Tarvin was within Rushton Hundred at the time of the Norman conquest, from the end of the 12th century over a prolonged period there was a reorganisation of the hundreds associated with the formation of Lancashire, and transfer of some hundreds to Wales (Atiscross, Exestan, and part of Dudestan), and Tarvin became associated with the Eddisbury Hundred. The hundreds of Cheshire from this time were Broxton, Bucklow, Eddisbury, Macclesfield, Nantwich, Northwich and Wirral. Apart from Terve and the current name Tarvin, the village has also been referred to as Tervyn (e.g. in records of an assault on a monk in 1326) and Terfyn in the accounts of a trip from Chester to London in 1811, in which is it again suggested that Terfyn comes from the "British" word for "boundary", though in this case it is suggested this might refer to the boundary of Delamere Forest. In circa 1226 Alexander de Stavenby bishop of Lichfield founded the prebend of Tarvin which, at £26 13s 4d, was the highest endowment of Lichfield Cathedral. The prebend occurs at a similar date to the changes to the borders of Cheshire due to yielding some hundreds to Wales; furthermore Bishop Alexander de Stavenby was a diplomat acting for King Henry III both with France and spent time in Wales trying to renew truces. As the disputed Hundred of Dudestan (Duddeston) included manors only a few miles from Tarvin, such as Christleton, Waverton and Stapleford, the choice of Tarvin for the prebend (apart from it already being an episcopal manor) may have been carefully chosen to be on a boundary, but not as suggested above a boundary with the Forest of Delamere, but on the boundary between England and the disputed parts of the England/Wales border. These were the days of Llywelyn who was reported to have a strong alliance with the 6th Earl of Chester. Ormerod's accounts show that this relationship between Tarvin and the Bishops of Lichfield and Coventry (the two bishoprics were merged in 1228) became long term, and continued until 10 April 1550 (well into the English Reformation), when "Richard, bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, granted this manor to Sir John Savage". War Memorial outside St Andrew's Church Under Sir John Savage, Tarvin was elevated to a market town. Grammar School Tarvin Grammar School was founded by Randall Pickering junr., a freeman of the Haberdasher's Company living in St Martin Pomary, London, whose father was born in Tarvin. Having given £40 in his lifetime for the building of a schoolhouse, his will of 1641 gave a further £20 for the finishing of it, the first schoolmaster to be nominated and chosen by his two executors, who were also his kinsmen. The will also provided an endowment of £200 for purchase of lands, the rents from which were to support the school: lands were purchased in Tattenhall. The number of children was limited to 20 (of whom 6 to be from the 'towne of Tarvin' and the rest 'in the other townes belonging to the parish of Tarvin'), and there was a house for the master. The ten feoffees for the management of the trust were to be inhabitants of the town. One of the masters (for 36 years) was John Thomasen (died 1740, aged 54), described as the finest penman in England, especially known for his transcriptions of the Greek poets in authentic characters: in 1714 he produced a handwritten copy of the Eikon Basilike for Queen Anne. The grammar school survived until final closure in 1939. Restored in 1997, the building is to the left approaching the entrance to St. Andrew's church, and is used as parish rooms. The endowment survives and individual grants from it are available via the Tarvin Educational Foundation (registered charity 525966) "to assist the educational needs of students of secondary school age or older who live in the ancient parish of Tarvin." Civil War Main article: Tarvin in the English Civil War During the Civil War, because of its proximity to Chester, Tarvin did not escape. The village changed hands several times. Initially it was occupied by Parliamentarians (Roundheads). On 12 November 1643 there was a skirmish between the garrison and Royalist (Cavaliers) from Chester. In January 1644 there was another skirmish. In July 1644 the Cavaliers occupied Tarvin and they beat off a large Roundhead assault. In September the Roundheads captured the place and occupied it with a strong garrison within strong earthworks. The Parliamentary governor of Tarvin was sufficiently confident in the strength of his fortifications and the size of his garrison that he refused to surrender to the Cavaliers even when it was known that Charles I was in the area with an army. Tarvin remained in Roundhead hands until the end of the war. The church shows signs of its part in the battles: there are cannonball and musketball holes in the wall of the church tower next to the west door. It has been said that prisoners were shot against this wall, which explains some of the bullet holes. The church was also used as a refuge by soldiers and the tower was probably used as a lookout post. Later history Tarvin Hall On the last day of April 1752 at about noon, the Great Fire of Tarvin broke out in the north-west part of the village. Fanned by strong winds, the fire burned down the greater part of the place within a couple of hours, leaving the timber-framed buildings of Church Cottages and Bull’s Cottage (opposite Tarvin Hall) standing at its extremities. Remarkably no one died, though several horses were lost, and even the drink in the cellars of some of the inns was destroyed. The City of Chester, by way of a collection from house to house, collected £300 to aid the sufferers. Many of the buildings in Tarvin date from the rebuilding and remodelling in the following years, and little is known of the original village layout, though many of the buildings have their foundations directly cut into the sandstone and these foundations may well pre-date the fire. In the 18th century England was progressively being covered with turnpike roads (toll roads), which were created by Act of Parliament. The turnpike from Lichfield direction, via Nantwich and Tarporley, was subject to an act in 1769 that decided it would be re-routed via Tarvin instead of the former route to Chester via Stapleford. At the same time the road from Northwich was also re-routed to go via Tarvin. Listed building in Tarvin George Ormerod lists the populations of local villages in the returns to parliament of 51st year of George III's reign (1811), with 921 in Tarvin, and a total of 2,986 through the parish of Tarvin, which included Ashton, Bruen Stapleford, Burton, Clotton Hoofield, Duddon, Hockenhull, Horton cum Peele, Kelsal (sic), Mouldsworth, Tarvin, and Wildington. From 1875, Tarvin was indirectly served by Barrow for Tarvin railway station more than two miles (3 km) distant on the Cheshire Lines Committee route from Chester to Manchester; the line remains open but the station closed in June 1953, though it still stands albeit in poor condition and is now privately owned. In the 1960s the village was expanded substantially and there was a major influx of the young families of white-collar workers from the major companies in the area. Present day High Street, Tarvin The Tarvin Neighbourhood Plan is currently being drafted, with informal consultation due to take place in 2018. Following this, a statutory consultation is required to take place before a Parish referendum. A Village Design Statement has also been produced, which looks to ensure that both buildings and landscape are in keeping with the existing character of the Village. St Andrew's Church is an Anglican, Grade I Listed parish church in the diocese of Chester located in the village. The current vicar is Revd Adam Lyndon David Friend. Church Street, Tarvin The Tarvin Community Woodland runs for about 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) alongside the A51, and covers 13 acres (5.3 ha), with a footpath and a bridleway. In 1997, the land was granted to Tarvin Parish Council as a public amenity by the Highways Agency, as it was at the time. This was the first example of using surplus Highways Agency land for the benefit of the community. The first trees were planted in 1997 to commemorate those who lost their lives from the village during the First and Second World Wars. In 2008, the Community Woodland Trust became a charitable trust. In 2017, the Community Woodland received a Green Flag Award, the mark of a quality park or green space, for the eighth consecutive year. In 2015, the woodland was further extended, and in 2016 the Community Woodland Trust became a not-for-profit company limited by guarantee, taking ownership of both the freeholds from Cheshire West and Chester Council of the existing land, and Taylor Wimpey from the extended woodland. Tarvin Online is a community-run social media and website forum that provides the latest news and information in the Village. Transport Tarvin is near the junction of the A51, towards Nantwich and Tarporley, and the A54, towards Northwich and Manchester. These two main trunk roads bypass the village centre on either side. The northerly A54 bypass was constructed in 1933, and the southerly A51 bypass in 1984. The village is served by two bus services operated by Arriva. The C82 service connects Tarvin to Chester and Northwich, and the C84 service to Chester, Tarporley, and Crewe. The nearest railway station is at Mouldsworth, with services to Chester and Manchester. Governance Tarvin has been part of the parliamentary constituency of Eddisbury since its re-establishment in 1983, following its abolition in 1950. The constituency has been represented by Conservative MPs since its re-establishment, apart from a brief period in 2019 when the sitting MP Antoinette Sandbach had the Conservative whip removed and eventually sat as a Liberal Democrat before losing her seat to the Conservative Edward Timpson in the 2019 General Election. The village is in the Tarvin and Kelsall electoral ward as part of the Cheshire West and Chester Council. This ward stretches north east to Oakmere with a total population of 8,217. Tarvin Parish Council consists of 10 elected councillors. The Parish Council has some limited local government autonomy. It represents the village's needs, priorities and objectives to Cheshire West and Chester Council. Notes ^ "Neighbourhood Statistics: Tarvin civil parish (2001 census figures)". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2008. ^ "Parish population 2011". Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015. ^ a b "Tarvin Parish Council - Village design statement". tarvinpc.tarvinonline.org. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017. ^ Higham, Nick (1993). The Origins of Cheshire. Manchester University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0719031601. ^ Mason, D.J.P. (1986). "The Prata Legionis at Chester". Journal of the Chester Archaeological Society. 69: 19–43. doi:10.5284/1070294. ^ "The Past Uncovered". Chester Archaeology Newsletter. February 2007. ISSN 1364-324X. ^ Chester City Council Online Report. Retrieval Date: 9 July 2007. ^ "Domesday book entry for Tarvin". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013. ^ a b c d Ormerod, George (1819). The history of the county palatine and city of Chester. pp. 165–166. ^ Gastrell, Francis (1845). Notitia Cestriensis. p. 124. ^ Dunn, F. I. (1987). The Ancient Parishes, Townships, and Chapelries of Cheshire. Chester: Cheshire Record Office and Chester Diocesan Record Office. ISBN 0-906758-14-9. ^ Brownbill, John (1914). The Ledger Book of Vale Royal Abbey. ^ a b c d Pennant, Thomas (1811). The Journey from Chester to London. Wilkie and Robinson. p. 5. ^ "Domesday book entry for Duddeston". Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2013. ^ The National Archives, Prerogative Court of Canterbury Registers, written 18 March 1640 Old Style, proved 9 April 1641 (PROB 11/185/476). ^ N. Carlisle, A Concise Description of the Endowed Grammar Schools in England and Wales Vol. 1 (Baldwin, Cradock and Joy, London 1818), p. 127 Archived 3 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine (Google). ^ D. Lysons and S. Lysons, Magna Britannia, Vol. II, Part II: The County Palatine of Chester (T. Cadell and W. Davies, London 1810), pp. 794-95 Archived 3 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine (Google). ^ "Warrant Books, 26 April: Warrant to Edward Nicholas", in W.A. Shaw and F.H. Slingsby (eds), Calendar of Treasury Books, Volume 28: 1714 (HMSO, London 1955), pp. 225-41 Archived 31 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine (British History Online, accessed 31 December 2022). ^ Hanshall 1817, p. 456 cites Edward Burghall Diary (Providence improved). ^ Country News, Manchester Mercury, Tuesday 8 May 1753 ^ K. Lawrence, "The Turnpike Roads Around Nantwich Cheshire", 2013 (http://www.turnpikes.org.uk/Nantwich%20Turnpikes%20-%20Keith%20Lawrence.pdf Archived 12 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine) ^ "Tarvin Parish Council - Neighbourhood plan". tarvinpc.tarvinonline.org. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017. ^ "Background". www.tarvincommunitywoodland.org. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017. ^ "Green Flag 2017". www.tarvincommunitywoodland.org. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017. ^ "Welcome to Tarvin". Tarvin Online. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017. ^ "Ex-Tory MP Antoinette Sandbach joins Lib Dems". BBC News. 1 November 2019. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2022. ^ Wise, Lauren (13 December 2019). "Eddisbury General Election 2019 result declared". CheshireLive. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2022. ^ "Ward population 2011". Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015. See also Cheshire portal Listed buildings in Tarvin Tarvin in the English Civil War Tarvin Rural District References Hanshall, J.H. (1817), The history of the county palatine of Chester, Printed by John Fletcher and sold by Arthur K'all bookseller, p. 456 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tarvin. Tarvin Online Tarvin Community Woodland Trust vteCheshire West and ChesterPrincipal settlements Chester Ellesmere Port Frodsham Neston Northwich Winsford Civil parishes (current) Acton Bridge Agden Aldersey Aldford and Saighton Allostock Alvanley Anderton with Marbury Antrobus Ashton Hayes and Horton-cum-Peel Aston Bache Backford Barnton Barrow Barton Beeston Bostock Broxton Burwardsley Byley Capenhurst Carden Chester Castle Chidlow Chorlton Chowley Christleton Churton Clotton Hoofield Clutton Coddington Comberbach Croughton Crowton Cuddington, Eddisbury Cuddington, Malpas Darnhall Davenham Delamere and Oakmere Dodleston Duckington Duddon and Burton Dunham-on-the-Hill and Hapsford Dutton Eaton and Eccleston Elton Farndon Frodsham Golborne David Great Boughton Great Budworth Guilden Sutton Handley Hargrave and Huxley Hartford Harthill Helsby Huntington Ince Kelsall Kingsley Kingsmead Lach Dennis Lea-by-Backford Ledsham Little Budworth Little Leigh Little Stanney Littleton Lostock Gralam Malpas Manley Marston Mickle Trafford and District Mollington Moston Mouldsworth Moulton Neston Nether Peover No Man’s Heath and District Norley Northwich Poulton and Pulford Puddington Rowton Rudheath Rushton Saughall and Shotwick Park Shocklach Oviatt and District Sproston Stanthorne and Wimboldsley Stoak Stretton Sutton Weaver Tarporley Tarvin Tattenhall and District Thornton-le-Moors Threapwood Tilston Tiverton and Tilstone Fearnall Tushingham-cum-Grindley, Macefen and Bradley Upton-by-Chester Utkinton and Cotebrook Waverton Weaverham Wervin Whitegate and Marton Whitley Wigland Willington Wincham Winsford Civil parishes (former) Aldford Ashton Hayes Bickley Bradley Bridge Trafford Bruen Stapleford Buerton Burton Caldecott Caughall Chorlton-by-Backford Church Shocklach Churton by Aldford Churton by Farndon Churton Heath Claverton Cotton Abbotts Cotton Edmunds Crewe-by-Farndon Delamere Dunham-on-the-Hill Duddon Eaton Eccleston Edge Edgerley Foulk Stapleford Golborne Bellow Grafton Hampton Hapsford Hatton Hockenhull Hoole Village Horton-by-Malpas Horton-cum-Peel Huxley Iddinshall Kings Marsh Larkton Lea Newbold Lower Kinnerton Macefen Marlston-cum-Lache Mickle Trafford Newton by Malpas Newton-by-Tattenhall Oakmere Oldcastle Overton Picton Poulton Prior's Heys Pulford Saighton Saughall Shocklach Oviatt Shotwick Shotwick Park Stanthorne Stockton Tattenhall Tilstone Fearnall Tiverton Tushingham cum Grindley Utkinton Wimbolds Trafford Wimboldsley Woodbank Wychough Unparished areas Chester Ellesmere Port vteCeremonial county of CheshireCheshire PortalUnitary authorities Cheshire East Cheshire West and Chester Halton Warrington Major settlements(cities in italics) Alsager Birchwood Bollington Chester Congleton Crewe Culcheth Ellesmere Port Frodsham Handforth Holmes Chapel Knutsford Lymm Macclesfield Malpas Middlewich Nantwich Neston Northwich Poynton Runcorn Sandbach Warrington Widnes Wilmslow WinsfordSee also: List of civil parishes in Cheshire Rivers Bollin Croco Dane Dean Dee Gowy Goyt Mersey Weaver Waldron Wheelock Topics Agriculture Country houses Flag Grade I listed churches Grade I listed non-ecclesiastical buildings Grade II* listed buildings High Sheriffs History Listed buildings Lord Lieutenants Museums Parliamentary constituencies Places Population of major settlements SSSIs Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cheshire West and Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"2001 UK census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_UK_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ons-1"},{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandTarvin is a village in the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. It had a population of 2,693 people at the 2001 UK census,[1] rising to 2,728 at the 2011 census,[2] and the ward covers about 17 square miles (44 km2).","title":"Tarvin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester"},{"link_name":"Duddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duddon"},{"link_name":"Clotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clotton_Hoofield"},{"link_name":"Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton,_Gowy"},{"link_name":"listed buildings in Tarvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Tarvin"},{"link_name":"Conservation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_Area"},{"link_name":"Green Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Belt_(UK)"}],"text":"Tarvin is about 6 miles (9.7 km) east of Chester.The current parish covers Tarvin, Duddon, Clotton, Stapleford, Burton, Hoofield and Oscroft.There are currently 28 listed buildings in Tarvin (one Grade I Listed, two Grade II* Listed, and twenty-five Grade II Listed). The centre of the village is a Conservation Area that was created in 1972, and much of the land surrounding the village is designated Green Belt.","title":"Location and context"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Footpath_Tarvin_Sands_to_Lower_Street_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_311390.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cheshire Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_Plain"},{"link_name":"dairy farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_farming"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tarvinpc.tarvinonline.org-3"},{"link_name":"River Gowy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Gowy"},{"link_name":"Hockenhull Platts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockenhull_Platts"},{"link_name":"packhorse bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packhorse_bridge"},{"link_name":"Grade II Listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"nature reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_reserve"}],"text":"Green Belt surrounding TarvinThe Cheshire Plain (sometimes known as the Cheshire Gap) is a relatively flat expanse of lowland, which supports agricultural use for dairy farming on the medium-scale pastoral fields that surround the village. Tarvin is west of a sandstone ridge that divides the Cheshire Plain.[3]The River Gowy passes to the south-west of the village at Hockenhull Platts. There are three packhorse bridges, the Grade II Listed Roman Bridges, within an area classed as a nature reserve.","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Andrews_Church,_Tarvin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Deva (Chester)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_Victrix"},{"link_name":"Northwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwich"},{"link_name":"Constantius 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus"},{"link_name":"River Gowy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Gowy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Brittonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Brittonic"},{"link_name":"Cornovii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornovii_(Midlands)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"(hundreds)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"Wreocensæte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreocens%C3%A6te"},{"link_name":"Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxons"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hearse_house_and_old_Grammar_School,_Tarvin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Open_Domesday_Book-8"},{"link_name":"Hundred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)"},{"link_name":"Chester St John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist%27s_Church,_Chester"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ormerod-9"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"Robert de Limesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Limesey"},{"link_name":"co-cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-cathedral"},{"link_name":"Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"hundreds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundreds_of_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Broxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broxton_(hundred)"},{"link_name":"Bucklow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucklow_(hundred)"},{"link_name":"Eddisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddisbury_(hundred)"},{"link_name":"Macclesfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macclesfield"},{"link_name":"Nantwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantwich"},{"link_name":"Northwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwich"},{"link_name":"Wirral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirral_(hundred)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pennant-13"},{"link_name":"Delamere Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delamere_Forest"},{"link_name":"Alexander de Stavenby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_de_Stavenby"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pennant-13"},{"link_name":"yielding some hundreds to Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundreds_of_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"trying to renew truces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_de_Stavenby"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Christleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christleton"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pennant-13"},{"link_name":"Llywelyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llywelyn_the_Great"},{"link_name":"6th Earl of Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranulf_de_Blondeville,_6th_Earl_of_Chester"},{"link_name":"English Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Reformation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ormerod-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:War_Memorial,_Tarvin.jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pennant-13"}],"text":"St Andrew's Church, TarvinAround 76 AD, the Romans started to build a fortress in Chester. They built a road from Deva (Chester) to Condate (Northwich) which passed Tarvin about a kilometre to the north. The Romans may have used Tarvin, being high ground close to the Roman road, as a Roman coin of Constantius 1 (AD 293–305) was found in the area and other finds in other nearby villages reinforce the evidence of the Romans' presence in the area. West of Tarvin the Roman road crosses the River Gowy. Apparently, in earlier times, this river was called the Tarvin.[4] It is suggested that the name Tarvin comes from the Brittonic word for boundary, which is still present in the Welsh language as tervyn/terfyn and could have resulted from the Latin terminus being incorporated into Brittonic. The boundary could refer to the eastern extent of the Roman prata legionis, the land annexed by the Romans (from the Cornovii) to support their fortress at Chester.[5] The Gowy was later the boundary between the Saxon land divisions (hundreds) in this area, which was a part of the Kingdom of Mercia known as the Wreocensæte.A Saxon cross dating to the 10th/11th century has been unearthed by archaeologists in Tarvin. The find, made in a Civil War trench, is very rare. The Saxon cross may have been broken up before the assault of Chester in 1645 by the Parliamentary garrison.[6][7]The Old Grammar School, TarvinTarvin appears as a substantial manor in the Domesday Book of 1086 (listed as Terve),[8] the largest community in the Hundred of Rushton with 30 households. Tarvin Manor comprises some 2000 acres of cultivable land (22 ploughlands) as well as 'woodland'. The Domesday Book records the Lord of Tarvin Manor in 1066 as the bishop of Chester St John, and the same in 1086 but adds the name William Malbank, who was named as Lord or Tenant-in-Chief across over 100 manors in Cheshire after the conquest. According to Ormerod[9] \"Tarvin is one of the few Cheshire manors which experienced no change in its proprietor at the Conquest, being the property of the Bishop of the diocese, who retained his former possessions after that event.\" (The nearby Manor of Burton was also to stay the property of the Bishop of St John's.) Although the manors stayed with the bishops, the bishops changed to Norman appointees. Bishop Peter moved from Lichfield to Chester St John's in 1075, and upgraded St John's to cathedral status (Lichfield was the ecclesiastical centre of the Kingdom of Mercia since 669). He died in 1085 and was succeeded in December 1085 by Bishop Robert de Limesey who moved the bishop's seat to Coventry circa 1102, whereupon St John's became a co-cathedral.Ormerod states that the Domesday Book reports devastation at Tarvin and suggests that this might have arisen due to a stand being taken at Tarvin as the Normans advanced on Chester. The adjacent manor of Barrow, with 8 ploughlands, is listed as having William Son of Nigel as its Lord. Barrow later came to fall within the parish of Tarvin, and was described as a 'free chapel within the prebend of Tarvin' until the 16th century,[10] some time after which it became a separate parish. Although Tarvin was within Rushton Hundred at the time of the Norman conquest, from the end of the 12th century over a prolonged period there was a reorganisation of the hundreds associated with the formation of Lancashire, and transfer of some hundreds to Wales (Atiscross, Exestan, and part of Dudestan), and Tarvin became associated with the Eddisbury Hundred.[11] The hundreds of Cheshire from this time were Broxton, Bucklow, Eddisbury, Macclesfield, Nantwich, Northwich and Wirral.Apart from Terve and the current name Tarvin, the village has also been referred to as Tervyn (e.g. in records of an assault on a monk in 1326[12]) and Terfyn in the accounts of a trip from Chester to London in 1811,[13] in which is it again suggested that Terfyn comes from the \"British\" word for \"boundary\", though in this case it is suggested this might refer to the boundary of Delamere Forest.In circa 1226 Alexander de Stavenby bishop of Lichfield founded the prebend of Tarvin which, at £26 13s 4d, was the highest endowment of Lichfield Cathedral.[13] The prebend occurs at a similar date to the changes to the borders of Cheshire due to yielding some hundreds to Wales; furthermore Bishop Alexander de Stavenby was a diplomat acting for King Henry III both with France and spent time in Wales trying to renew truces. As the disputed Hundred of Dudestan (Duddeston[14]) included manors only a few miles from Tarvin, such as Christleton, Waverton and Stapleford, the choice of Tarvin for the prebend (apart from it already being an episcopal manor) may have been carefully chosen to be on a boundary, but not as suggested above[13] a boundary with the Forest of Delamere, but on the boundary between England and the disputed parts of the England/Wales border. These were the days of Llywelyn who was reported to have a strong alliance with the 6th Earl of Chester.Ormerod's accounts show that this relationship between Tarvin and the Bishops of Lichfield and Coventry (the two bishoprics were merged in 1228) became long term, and continued until 10 April 1550 (well into the English Reformation), when \"Richard, bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, granted this manor to Sir John Savage\".[9]War Memorial outside St Andrew's ChurchUnder Sir John Savage, Tarvin was elevated to a market town.[13]","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haberdasher's Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Haberdashers"},{"link_name":"St Martin Pomary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Martin_Pomary"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"executors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executors"},{"link_name":"Tattenhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattenhall"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"feoffees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feoffees"},{"link_name":"Eikon Basilike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eikon_Basilike"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Grammar School","text":"Tarvin Grammar School was founded by Randall Pickering junr., a freeman of the Haberdasher's Company living in St Martin Pomary, London, whose father was born in Tarvin. Having given £40 in his lifetime for the building of a schoolhouse, his will of 1641[15] gave a further £20 for the finishing of it, the first schoolmaster to be nominated and chosen by his two executors, who were also his kinsmen. The will also provided an endowment of £200 for purchase of lands, the rents from which were to support the school: lands were purchased in Tattenhall.[16][17] The number of children was limited to 20 (of whom 6 to be from the 'towne of Tarvin' and the rest 'in the other townes belonging to the parish of Tarvin'), and there was a house for the master. The ten feoffees for the management of the trust were to be inhabitants of the town. One of the masters (for 36 years) was John Thomasen (died 1740, aged 54), described as the finest penman in England, especially known for his transcriptions of the Greek poets in authentic characters: in 1714 he produced a handwritten copy of the Eikon Basilike for Queen Anne.[18]The grammar school survived until final closure in 1939. Restored in 1997, the building is to the left approaching the entrance to St. Andrew's church, and is used as parish rooms. The endowment survives and individual grants from it are available via the Tarvin Educational Foundation (registered charity 525966) \"to assist the educational needs of students of secondary school age or older who live in the ancient parish of Tarvin.\"","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Roundheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundhead"},{"link_name":"Cavaliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"During the Civil War, because of its proximity to Chester, Tarvin did not escape. The village changed hands several times. Initially it was occupied by Parliamentarians (Roundheads). On 12 November 1643 there was a skirmish between the garrison and Royalist (Cavaliers) from Chester. In January 1644 there was another skirmish. In July 1644 the Cavaliers occupied Tarvin and they beat off a large Roundhead assault. In September the Roundheads captured the place and occupied it with a strong garrison within strong earthworks. The Parliamentary governor of Tarvin was sufficiently confident in the strength of his fortifications and the size of his garrison that he refused to surrender to the Cavaliers even when it was known that Charles I was in the area with an army. Tarvin remained in Roundhead hands until the end of the war.[19] The church shows signs of its part in the battles: there are cannonball and musketball holes in the wall of the church tower next to the west door. It has been said that prisoners were shot against this wall, which explains some of the bullet holes. The church was also used as a refuge by soldiers and the tower was probably used as a lookout post.","title":"Civil War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tarvin_Hall.jpg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ormerod-9"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:51_High_Street,_Tarvin_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"George Ormerod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ormerod"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ormerod-9"},{"link_name":"George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ashton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Hayes"},{"link_name":"Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton,_Gowy"},{"link_name":"Clotton Hoofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clotton_Hoofield"},{"link_name":"Duddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duddon"},{"link_name":"Hockenhull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockenhull"},{"link_name":"Kelsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelsall"},{"link_name":"Mouldsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouldsworth"},{"link_name":"Wildington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willington,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Barrow for Tarvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barrow_for_Tarvin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cheshire Lines Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_Lines_Committee"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"}],"text":"Tarvin HallOn the last day of April 1752 at about noon, the Great Fire of Tarvin broke out in the north-west part of the village. Fanned by strong winds, the fire burned down the greater part of the place within a couple of hours, leaving the timber-framed buildings of Church Cottages and Bull’s Cottage (opposite Tarvin Hall) standing at its extremities. Remarkably no one died, though several horses were lost, and even the drink in the cellars of some of the inns was destroyed.[20] The City of Chester, by way of a collection from house to house, collected £300 to aid the sufferers.[9] Many of the buildings in Tarvin date from the rebuilding and remodelling in the following years, and little is known of the original village layout, though many of the buildings have their foundations directly cut into the sandstone and these foundations may well pre-date the fire.In the 18th century England was progressively being covered with turnpike roads (toll roads), which were created by Act of Parliament. The turnpike from Lichfield direction, via Nantwich and Tarporley, was subject to an act in 1769 that decided it would be re-routed via Tarvin instead of the former route to Chester via Stapleford. At the same time the road from Northwich was also re-routed to go via Tarvin.[21]Listed building in TarvinGeorge Ormerod[9] lists the populations of local villages in the returns to parliament of 51st year of George III's reign (1811), with 921 in Tarvin, and a total of 2,986 through the parish of Tarvin, which included Ashton, Bruen Stapleford, Burton, Clotton Hoofield, Duddon, Hockenhull, Horton cum Peele, Kelsal (sic), Mouldsworth, Tarvin, and Wildington.From 1875, Tarvin was indirectly served by Barrow for Tarvin railway station more than two miles (3 km) distant on the Cheshire Lines Committee route from Chester to Manchester; the line remains open but the station closed in June 1953, though it still stands albeit in poor condition and is now privately owned.In the 1960s the village was expanded substantially and there was a major influx of the young families of white-collar workers from the major companies in the area.","title":"Later history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:High_Street,_Tarvin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1750641.jpg"},{"link_name":"consultation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_consultation"},{"link_name":"referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tarvinpc.tarvinonline.org-3"},{"link_name":"St Andrew's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Tarvin"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"Grade I Listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Cheshire_West_and_Chester"},{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"},{"link_name":"diocese of Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Chester"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Church_Street,_Tarvin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Highways Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highways_Agency"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"charitable trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_trust"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Cheshire West and Chester Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester_Council"},{"link_name":"Taylor Wimpey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Wimpey"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"High Street, TarvinThe Tarvin Neighbourhood Plan is currently being drafted, with informal consultation due to take place in 2018. Following this, a statutory consultation is required to take place before a Parish referendum.[22]A Village Design Statement has also been produced, which looks to ensure that both buildings and landscape are in keeping with the existing character of the Village.[3]St Andrew's Church is an Anglican, Grade I Listed parish church in the diocese of Chester located in the village. The current vicar is Revd Adam Lyndon David Friend.Church Street, TarvinThe Tarvin Community Woodland runs for about 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) alongside the A51, and covers 13 acres (5.3 ha), with a footpath and a bridleway. In 1997, the land was granted to Tarvin Parish Council as a public amenity by the Highways Agency, as it was at the time. This was the first example of using surplus Highways Agency land for the benefit of the community.[23] The first trees were planted in 1997 to commemorate those who lost their lives from the village during the First and Second World Wars. In 2008, the Community Woodland Trust became a charitable trust. In 2017, the Community Woodland received a Green Flag Award, the mark of a quality park or green space, for the eighth consecutive year.[24] In 2015, the woodland was further extended, and in 2016 the Community Woodland Trust became a not-for-profit company limited by guarantee, taking ownership of both the freeholds from Cheshire West and Chester Council of the existing land, and Taylor Wimpey from the extended woodland.Tarvin Online[25] is a community-run social media and website forum that provides the latest news and information in the Village.","title":"Present day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A51_road"},{"link_name":"Nantwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantwich"},{"link_name":"Tarporley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarporley"},{"link_name":"A54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A54_road"},{"link_name":"Arriva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva"},{"link_name":"Northwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwich"},{"link_name":"Mouldsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouldsworth_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"}],"text":"Tarvin is near the junction of the A51, towards Nantwich and Tarporley, and the A54, towards Northwich and Manchester. These two main trunk roads bypass the village centre on either side. The northerly A54 bypass was constructed in 1933, and the southerly A51 bypass in 1984.The village is served by two bus services operated by Arriva. The C82 service connects Tarvin to Chester and Northwich, and the C84 service to Chester, Tarporley, and Crewe. The nearest railway station is at Mouldsworth, with services to Chester and Manchester.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parliamentary constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_constituency"},{"link_name":"Eddisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddisbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Antoinette Sandbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoinette_Sandbach"},{"link_name":"Edward Timpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Timpson"},{"link_name":"2019 General Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_General_Election_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-27"},{"link_name":"electoral ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_and_electoral_divisions_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Oakmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakmere"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Parish Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_councils_in_England"},{"link_name":"elected councillors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Councillor"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Tarvin has been part of the parliamentary constituency of Eddisbury since its re-establishment in 1983, following its abolition in 1950. The constituency has been represented by Conservative MPs since its re-establishment, apart from a brief period in 2019 when the sitting MP Antoinette Sandbach had the Conservative whip removed and eventually sat as a Liberal Democrat before losing her seat to the Conservative Edward Timpson in the 2019 General Election.[26][27]The village is in the Tarvin and Kelsall electoral ward as part of the Cheshire West and Chester Council. This ward stretches north east to Oakmere with a total population of 8,217.[28]Tarvin Parish Council consists of 10 elected councillors. The Parish Council has some limited local government autonomy. It represents the village's needs, priorities and objectives to Cheshire West and Chester Council.[citation needed]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ons_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Neighbourhood Statistics: Tarvin civil parish (2001 census figures)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=792510&c=Tarvin&d=16&e=15&g=427682&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1223056558220&enc=1&dsFamilyId=779"},{"link_name":"Office for National Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110526015636/http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=792510&c=Tarvin&d=16&e=15&g=427682&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1223056558220&enc=1&dsFamilyId=779"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Parish population 2011\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11129451&c=CH3+8JD&d=16&e=62&g=6407231&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1432992868353&enc=1"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150530164258/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11129451&c=CH3+8JD&d=16&e=62&g=6407231&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1432992868353&enc=1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tarvinpc.tarvinonline.org_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tarvinpc.tarvinonline.org_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"Tarvin Parish Council - Village design 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Chester\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5284%2F1070294"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5284/1070294","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5284%2F1070294"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1364-324X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1364-324X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Chester City Council Online Report.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chester.gov.uk/PDF/Newsl_Feb07_A4.pdf"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Open_Domesday_Book_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"Domesday book entry for Tarvin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//domesdaymap.co.uk/place/SJ4867/tarvin/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131203011143/http://domesdaymap.co.uk/place/SJ4867/tarvin/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ormerod_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ormerod_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ormerod_9-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ormerod_9-3"},{"link_name":"The history of the county palatine and city of Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofcountyp03orme"},{"link_name":"165","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofcountyp03orme/page/165"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Notitia Cestriensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/notitiacestriens18manc"},{"link_name":"124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/notitiacestriens18manc/page/124"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-906758-14-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906758-14-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pennant_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pennant_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pennant_13-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pennant_13-3"},{"link_name":"The Journey from Chester to London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/journeyfromches00penngoog"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/journeyfromches00penngoog/page/n285"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Domesday book entry for Duddeston\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//domesdaymap.co.uk/hundred/duddeston/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141213022759/http://domesdaymap.co.uk/hundred/duddeston/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Old Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"p. 127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=GwsJRFnvUIAC&pg=PA127"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20240503045852/https://books.google.com/books?id=GwsJRFnvUIAC&pg=PA127#v=onepage&q&f=false"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"pp. 794-95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=skdBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA794"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20240503045706/https://books.google.com/books?id=skdBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA794#v=onepage&q&f=false"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"pp. 225-41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-treasury-books/vol28/pp225-241"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20221231003146/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-treasury-books/vol28/pp225-241"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Hanshall 1817","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHanshall1817"},{"link_name":"Edward Burghall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burghall"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"http://www.turnpikes.org.uk/Nantwich%20Turnpikes%20-%20Keith%20Lawrence.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.turnpikes.org.uk/Nantwich%20Turnpikes%20-%20Keith%20Lawrence.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140812233900/http://turnpikes.org.uk/Nantwich%20Turnpikes%20-%20Keith%20Lawrence.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"Tarvin Parish Council - Neighbourhood plan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//tarvinpc.tarvinonline.org/your-parish/neighbourhood-plan.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171111205106/http://tarvinpc.tarvinonline.org/your-parish/neighbourhood-plan.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"Background\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tarvincommunitywoodland.org/html/background.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171111205721/http://www.tarvincommunitywoodland.org/html/background.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"Green Flag 2017\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tarvincommunitywoodland.org/html/green_flag_2017.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171111205717/http://www.tarvincommunitywoodland.org/html/green_flag_2017.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"\"Welcome to Tarvin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tarvinonline.org/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171111205033/http://www.tarvinonline.org/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"Ex-Tory MP Antoinette Sandbach joins Lib Dems\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.com/news/election-2019-50257912"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20191117171832/https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2019-50257912"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_27-0"},{"link_name":"\"Eddisbury General Election 2019 result declared\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cheshire-live.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/eddisbury-general-election-2019-result-17403663"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20191214160513/https://www.cheshire-live.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/eddisbury-general-election-2019-result-17403663"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"Ward population 2011\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ukcensusdata.com/tarvin-and-kelsall-e05008697#sthash.mIB9hU2U.dpbs"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150530162339/http://www.ukcensusdata.com/tarvin-and-kelsall-e05008697#sthash.mIB9hU2U.dpbs"}],"text":"^ \"Neighbourhood Statistics: Tarvin civil parish (2001 census figures)\". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2008.\n\n^ \"Parish population 2011\". Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.\n\n^ a b \"Tarvin Parish Council - Village design statement\". tarvinpc.tarvinonline.org. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.\n\n^ Higham, Nick (1993). The Origins of Cheshire. Manchester University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0719031601.\n\n^ Mason, D.J.P. (1986). \"The Prata Legionis at Chester\". Journal of the Chester Archaeological Society. 69: 19–43. doi:10.5284/1070294.\n\n^ \"The Past Uncovered\". Chester Archaeology Newsletter. February 2007. ISSN 1364-324X.\n\n^ Chester City Council Online Report.[permanent dead link] Retrieval Date: 9 July 2007.\n\n^ \"Domesday book entry for Tarvin\". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.\n\n^ a b c d Ormerod, George (1819). The history of the county palatine and city of Chester. pp. 165–166.\n\n^ Gastrell, Francis (1845). Notitia Cestriensis. p. 124.\n\n^ Dunn, F. I. (1987). The Ancient Parishes, Townships, and Chapelries of Cheshire. Chester: Cheshire Record Office and Chester Diocesan Record Office. ISBN 0-906758-14-9.\n\n^ Brownbill, John (1914). The Ledger Book of Vale Royal Abbey.\n\n^ a b c d Pennant, Thomas (1811). The Journey from Chester to London. Wilkie and Robinson. p. 5.\n\n^ \"Domesday book entry for Duddeston\". Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2013.\n\n^ The National Archives, Prerogative Court of Canterbury Registers, written 18 March 1640 Old Style, proved 9 April 1641 (PROB 11/185/476).\n\n^ N. Carlisle, A Concise Description of the Endowed Grammar Schools in England and Wales Vol. 1 (Baldwin, Cradock and Joy, London 1818), p. 127 Archived 3 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine (Google).\n\n^ D. Lysons and S. Lysons, Magna Britannia, Vol. II, Part II: The County Palatine of Chester (T. Cadell and W. Davies, London 1810), pp. 794-95 Archived 3 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine (Google).\n\n^ \"Warrant Books, 26 April: Warrant to Edward Nicholas\", in W.A. Shaw and F.H. Slingsby (eds), Calendar of Treasury Books, Volume 28: 1714 (HMSO, London 1955), pp. 225-41 Archived 31 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine (British History Online, accessed 31 December 2022).\n\n^ Hanshall 1817, p. 456 cites Edward Burghall Diary (Providence improved).\n\n^ Country News, Manchester Mercury, Tuesday 8 May 1753\n\n^ K. Lawrence, \"The Turnpike Roads Around Nantwich Cheshire\", 2013 (http://www.turnpikes.org.uk/Nantwich%20Turnpikes%20-%20Keith%20Lawrence.pdf Archived 12 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine)\n\n^ \"Tarvin Parish Council - Neighbourhood plan\". tarvinpc.tarvinonline.org. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.\n\n^ \"Background\". www.tarvincommunitywoodland.org. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.\n\n^ \"Green Flag 2017\". www.tarvincommunitywoodland.org. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.\n\n^ \"Welcome to Tarvin\". Tarvin Online. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.\n\n^ \"Ex-Tory MP Antoinette Sandbach joins Lib Dems\". BBC News. 1 November 2019. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2022.\n\n^ Wise, Lauren (13 December 2019). \"Eddisbury General Election 2019 result declared\". CheshireLive. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2022.\n\n^ \"Ward population 2011\". Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.","title":"Notes"}]

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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cheshire.svg"},{"title":"Cheshire portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cheshire"},{"title":"Listed buildings in Tarvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Tarvin"},{"title":"Tarvin in the English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarvin_in_the_English_Civil_War"},{"title":"Tarvin Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarvin_Rural_District"}]

[{"reference":"\"Neighbourhood Statistics: Tarvin civil parish (2001 census figures)\". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=792510&c=Tarvin&d=16&e=15&g=427682&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1223056558220&enc=1&dsFamilyId=779","url_text":"\"Neighbourhood Statistics: Tarvin civil parish (2001 census figures)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110526015636/http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=792510&c=Tarvin&d=16&e=15&g=427682&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1223056558220&enc=1&dsFamilyId=779","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Parish population 2011\". Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11129451&c=CH3+8JD&d=16&e=62&g=6407231&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1432992868353&enc=1","url_text":"\"Parish population 2011\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150530164258/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11129451&c=CH3+8JD&d=16&e=62&g=6407231&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1432992868353&enc=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tarvin Parish Council - Village design statement\". tarvinpc.tarvinonline.org. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://tarvinpc.tarvinonline.org/your-parish/village-design-statement.html","url_text":"\"Tarvin Parish Council - Village design statement\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171111204954/http://tarvinpc.tarvinonline.org/your-parish/village-design-statement.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Higham, Nick (1993). The Origins of Cheshire. Manchester University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0719031601.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719031601","url_text":"978-0719031601"}]},{"reference":"Mason, D.J.P. (1986). \"The Prata Legionis at Chester\". Journal of the Chester Archaeological Society. 69: 19–43. doi:10.5284/1070294.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1070294","url_text":"\"The Prata Legionis at Chester\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1070294","url_text":"10.5284/1070294"}]},{"reference":"\"The Past Uncovered\". Chester Archaeology Newsletter. February 2007. ISSN 1364-324X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1364-324X","url_text":"1364-324X"}]},{"reference":"\"Domesday book entry for Tarvin\". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://domesdaymap.co.uk/place/SJ4867/tarvin/","url_text":"\"Domesday book entry for Tarvin\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011143/http://domesdaymap.co.uk/place/SJ4867/tarvin/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ormerod, George (1819). The history of the county palatine and city of Chester. pp. 165–166.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofcountyp03orme","url_text":"The history of the county palatine and city of Chester"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofcountyp03orme/page/165","url_text":"165"}]},{"reference":"Gastrell, Francis (1845). Notitia Cestriensis. p. 124.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/notitiacestriens18manc","url_text":"Notitia Cestriensis"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/notitiacestriens18manc/page/124","url_text":"124"}]},{"reference":"Dunn, F. I. (1987). The Ancient Parishes, Townships, and Chapelries of Cheshire. Chester: Cheshire Record Office and Chester Diocesan Record Office. ISBN 0-906758-14-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906758-14-9","url_text":"0-906758-14-9"}]},{"reference":"Brownbill, John (1914). The Ledger Book of Vale Royal Abbey.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pennant, Thomas (1811). The Journey from Chester to London. Wilkie and Robinson. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/journeyfromches00penngoog","url_text":"The Journey from Chester to London"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/journeyfromches00penngoog/page/n285","url_text":"5"}]},{"reference":"\"Domesday book entry for Duddeston\". Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://domesdaymap.co.uk/hundred/duddeston/","url_text":"\"Domesday book entry for Duddeston\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141213022759/http://domesdaymap.co.uk/hundred/duddeston/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tarvin Parish Council - Neighbourhood plan\". tarvinpc.tarvinonline.org. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://tarvinpc.tarvinonline.org/your-parish/neighbourhood-plan.html","url_text":"\"Tarvin Parish Council - Neighbourhood plan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171111205106/http://tarvinpc.tarvinonline.org/your-parish/neighbourhood-plan.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Background\". www.tarvincommunitywoodland.org. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tarvincommunitywoodland.org/html/background.html","url_text":"\"Background\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171111205721/http://www.tarvincommunitywoodland.org/html/background.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Green Flag 2017\". www.tarvincommunitywoodland.org. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tarvincommunitywoodland.org/html/green_flag_2017.html","url_text":"\"Green Flag 2017\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171111205717/http://www.tarvincommunitywoodland.org/html/green_flag_2017.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to Tarvin\". Tarvin Online. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tarvinonline.org/","url_text":"\"Welcome to Tarvin\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171111205033/http://www.tarvinonline.org/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-Tory MP Antoinette Sandbach joins Lib Dems\". BBC News. 1 November 2019. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2019-50257912","url_text":"\"Ex-Tory MP Antoinette Sandbach joins Lib Dems\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191117171832/https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2019-50257912","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wise, Lauren (13 December 2019). \"Eddisbury General Election 2019 result declared\". CheshireLive. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cheshire-live.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/eddisbury-general-election-2019-result-17403663","url_text":"\"Eddisbury General Election 2019 result declared\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191214160513/https://www.cheshire-live.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/eddisbury-general-election-2019-result-17403663","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ward population 2011\". Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukcensusdata.com/tarvin-and-kelsall-e05008697#sthash.mIB9hU2U.dpbs","url_text":"\"Ward population 2011\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150530162339/http://www.ukcensusdata.com/tarvin-and-kelsall-e05008697#sthash.mIB9hU2U.dpbs","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hanshall, J.H. (1817), The history of the county palatine of Chester, Printed by John Fletcher and sold by Arthur K'all bookseller, p. 456","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wsYHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA456","url_text":"456"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardine_Evaristo

Bernardine Evaristo

["1 Early life and career","2 Writing","3 Editing and curatorial work","4 Media appearances","5 Teaching and touring","5.1 The Complete Works","6 Other activities","7 Personal life","8 Awards and recognition","8.1 Fellowships and other personal honours","8.2 Lara (1997)","8.3 The Emperor's Babe (2001)","8.4 Blonde Roots (2008)","8.5 Ten (2010)","8.6 Mr Loverman (2013)","8.7 Girl, Woman, Other (2019)","8.8 Manifesto (2022)","9 Academic honours","10 Books","11 Plays","12 Short fiction (selected)","13 Essays","14 Editor","15 Literary prize juries","16 Voluntary advisory","17 Notes","18 References","19 External links"]

British author and academic (born 1959) Bernardine EvaristoOBE FRSL FRSA Evaristo in 2018BornBernardine Anne Mobolaji Evaristo (1959-05-28) 28 May 1959 (age 65)Eltham, London, EnglandEducationEltham Hill Grammar School for GirlsAlma materRose Bruford College of Speech and Drama; Goldsmiths College, University of LondonOccupation(s)Novelist, critic, poet, playwright, academicNotable workLara (1997) The Emperor's Babe (2001)Girl, Woman, Other (2019)SpouseDavid ShannonAwardsBooker Prize, 2019Indie Book Award for Fiction 2020British Book Awards: Fiction and Author of the Year 2020Websitebevaristo.com Bernardine Anne Mobolaji Evaristo OBE FRSL FRSA (born 28 May 1959) is a British author and academic. Her novel Girl, Woman, Other jointly won the Booker Prize in 2019 alongside Margaret Atwood's The Testaments, making her the first Black woman to win the Booker. Evaristo is Professor of Creative Writing at Brunel University London and President of the Royal Society of Literature, the second woman and the first black person to hold the role since it was founded in 1820. Evaristo is a longstanding advocate for the inclusion of writers and artists of colour. She founded the Brunel International African Poetry Prize, 2012–2022, and initiated The Complete Works poetry mentoring scheme, 2007–2017. She co-founded Spread the Word writer development agency with Ruth Borthwick (1995–present) and Britain's first black women's theatre company (1982–1988), Theatre of Black Women. Evaristo organised Britain's first major black theatre conference, Future Histories, for the Black Theatre Forum (1995), at the Royal Festival Hall, and Britain's first major conference on black British writing, Tracing Paper (1997), at the Museum of London. Evaristo has received more than 77 honours, awards, fellowships, nominations and other tokens of recognition. She is a lifetime Honorary Fellow of St Anne's College, University of Oxford, and an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. In 2021, she succeeded Sir Richard Eyre as President of Rose Bruford College of Theatre and Performance. Evaristo was vice-chair of the Royal Society of Literature (RSL) and in 2020 she became a lifetime vice-president, before becoming the RSL's president (2022–2026). She was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the Queen's 2009 Birthday Honours, and an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the Queen's 2020 Birthday Honours, both awards for services to literature. Early life and career Evaristo was born in Eltham, south-east London, and christened Bernardine Anne Mobolaji Evaristo. She was raised in Woolwich, the fourth of eight children born to an English mother, Jacqueline M. Brinkworth, of English, Irish and German heritage, who was a schoolteacher, and a Nigerian father, Julius Taiwo Bayomi Evaristo (1927–2001), known as Danny, born in British Cameroon, raised in Nigeria, who migrated to Britain in 1949 and became a welder and the first black councillor in the Borough of Greenwich, for the Labour Party. Her paternal grandfather, Gregorio Bankole Evaristo (d. 1927), was a Yoruba Aguda who sailed from Brazil to Nigeria. He was a customs officer. Her paternal grandmother, Zenobia Evaristo, née Sowemima (d. 1967), was from Abeokuta in Nigeria. Evaristo was educated at Eltham Hill Grammar School for Girls from 1970 to 1977, and in 1972 she joined Greenwich Young People's Theatre (now Tramshed, in Woolwich), about which she has said: "I was twelve years old and it was the making of my childhood and led to a life-long career spent in the arts." She went on to attend Rose Bruford College of Speech and Drama, graduating in 1982, In the 1980s, together with Paulette Randall and Patricia Hilaire, she founded Theatre of Black Women, the first theatre company in Britain of its kind. In the 1990s, she organised Britain's first black British writing conference, held at the Museum of London, and also Britain's first black British theatre conference, held at the Royal Festival Hall. In 1995 she co-founded and directed Spread the Word, London's writer development agency. Evaristo continued further education at Goldsmiths College, University of London, receiving her doctorate in creative writing in 2013. In 2019, she was appointed Woolwich Laureate by the Greenwich and Docklands International Festival, reconnecting to and writing about the home town she left when she was 18. In 2022, she was awarded the "Freedom of the Borough of the Royal Borough of Greenwich". Writing Evaristo speaking at an event. Evaristo's first book to be published was a 1994 collection of poems called Island of Abraham (Leeds: Peepal Tree Press). She went on to become the author of two non-fiction books, and eight books of fiction and verse fiction that explore aspects of the African diaspora. She experiments with form and narrative perspective, often merging the past with the present, fiction with poetry, the factual with the speculative, and reality with alternate realities (as in her 2008 novel Blonde Roots). Her verse novel The Emperor's Babe (Penguin, 2001) is about a black teenage girl, whose parents are from Nubia, coming of age in Roman London nearly 2,000 years ago. It won an Arts Council Writers' Award 2000, a NESTA Fellowship Award in 2003, and went on to be chosen by The Times as one of the 100 Best Books of the Decade in 2010, and it was adapted into a BBC Radio 4 play in 2013. Evaristo's fourth book, Soul Tourists (Penguin, 2005), is an experimental novel about a mismatched couple driving across Europe to the Middle East, which featured ghosts of real figures of colour from European history. Her novel Blonde Roots (Penguin, 2008) is a satire that inverts the history of the transatlantic slave trade and replaces it with a universe where Africans enslave Europeans. Blonde Roots won the Orange Youth Panel Award and Big Red Read Award, and was nominated for the International Dublin Literary Award and the Orange Prize and the Arthur C. Clarke Award. Evaristo's other books include the verse novel Lara (Bloodaxe Books, 2009, with an earlier version published in 1997), which fictionalised the multiple cultural strands of her family history going back over 150 years as well as her London childhood in a mixed-race family. This won the EMMA Best Novel Award in 1998. Her novella Hello Mum (Penguin, 2010) was chosen as "The Big Read" for the County of Suffolk and adapted into a BBC Radio 4 play in 2012. Her 2014 novel Mr Loverman (Penguin UK, 2013/Akashic Books USA, 2014) is about a septuagenarian Caribbean Londoner, a closet homosexual considering his options after a 50-year marriage to his wife. It won the Publishing Triangle Ferro-Grumley Award for LGBT Fiction (USA) and the Jerwood Fiction Uncovered Prize. In 2015, she wrote and presented a two-part BBC Radio 4 documentary, Fiery Inspiration – about Amiri Baraka, on BBC Radio 4. Evaristo's novel Girl, Woman, Other (May 2019, Hamish Hamilton/Penguin UK) is an innovative polyvocal "fusion fiction" about 12 primarily black British women. Their ages span 19 to 93 and they are a mix of cultural backgrounds, sexual orientations, classes and geographies, and the novel charts their hopes, struggles and intersecting lives. In July 2019, the novel was selected for the Booker Prize longlist, then made the shortlist, announced on 3 September 2019, alongside books by Margaret Atwood, Lucy Ellmann, Chigozie Obioma, Salman Rushdie and Elif Shafak. On 14 October, Girl, Woman, Other won the Booker Prize jointly with Atwood's The Testaments. The win made Evaristo the first black woman and first Black British author to win the prize. Girl, Woman, Other was one of Barack Obama's 19 Favourite Books of 2019 and Roxane Gay's Favourite Book of 2019. The novel was also shortlisted for the 2020 Women's Prize for Fiction. In 2020, Evaristo won the British Book Awards: Fiction Book of the Year and Author of the Year, the Indie Book Award for Fiction. In June 2020, Evaristo became the first black woman and first Black British writer to reach number one in the UK paperback fiction charts, where she held the top spot for five weeks and spent 44 weeks in the Top 10. Evaristo was included on the Powerlist 2021, the 14th edition of the annual Powerlist recognising the United Kingdom's most influential people of African or African Caribbean heritage. In 2022, Girl, Woman, Other was included on the "Big Jubilee Read" list of 70 books by Commonwealth authors chosen to celebrate the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II. Evaristo's writing also includes short fiction, drama, poetry, essays, literary criticism, and projects for stage and radio. Two of her books, The Emperor's Babe (2001) and Hello Mum (2010), have been adapted into BBC Radio 4 dramas. Her ninth book, Manifesto: On Never Giving Up, is published by Penguin UK (October 2021) and Grove Atlantic USA (2022). Her tenth book, Feminism (November 2021), is part of Tate Britain's "Look Again" series (Tate Publishing). She offers a personal survey of the representation of the art of British women of colour in the context of the gallery's forthcoming major rehang. In 2020 Evaristo collaborated with Valentino on their Collezione Milano collection, writing poetic text to accompany photographs of the collection by the photographer Liz Johnson Artur, published as a coffee-table book (Rizzoli, 2021). Evaristo has written many articles, essays, fiction and book reviews for publications including: The Times, Vanity Fair, The Guardian, The Observer, The Independent, Vogue, Harper's Bazaar UK, The Times Literary Supplement, Conde Naste Traveller, Wasafiri, and the New Statesman. She is a contributor to New Daughters of Africa: An international anthology of writing by women of African descent (Myriad Editions, 2019), edited by Margaret Busby. Editing and curatorial work Evaristo guest-edited The Sunday Times Style magazine (UK) in July 2020 with a black-woman/-xn takeover, featuring an array of young artists, activists and change-makers. A few years earlier, she was the guest editor of the September 2014 issue of Mslexia magazine, the Poetry Society of Great Britain's centenary winter issue of Poetry Review (2012), titled "Offending Frequencies"; a special issue of Wasafiri magazine called Black Britain: Beyond Definition (Routledge, 2010), with poet Karen McCarthy Woolf; Ten, an anthology of Black and Asian poets, with poet Daljit Nagra (Bloodaxe Books, 2010), and in 2007, she co-edited the New Writing Anthology NW15 (Granta/British Council). Evaristo was also editor of FrontSeat intercultural magazine in the 1990s, and one of the editors of Black Women Talk Poetry anthology (published in 1987 by the Black Womantalk Poetry collective of which Evaristo was part), Britain's first such substantial anthology, featuring among its 20 poets Jackie Kay, Dorothea Smartt and Adjoa Andoh. In October 2020, it was announced that Evaristo is curating a new book series with Hamish Hamilton at Penguin Random House publishers, "Black Britain: Writing Back", which involves bringing back into print and circulation books from the past. The first six books, novels, were published in February 2021, including Minty Alley (1936) by C. L. R. James and The Dancing Face (1997) by Mike Phillips. Media appearances Evaristo has been the subject of two major arts television documentary series: The South Bank Show, with Melvyn Bragg (Sky Arts, Autumn 2020) and Imagine, with Alan Yentob ("Bernardine Evaristo: Never Give Up", BBC One, September 2021). She has given many other interviews, including for HARDtalk, with Stephen Shakur (BBC World, 2020) and This Cultural Life, with John Wilson (BBC4, November 2021). She was also the subject of Profile (BBC Radio 4, 2019) and Desert Island Discs on BBC Radio 4, interviewed by Lauren Laverne, in 2020. In 2015, Evaristo wrote and presented a two-part BBC Radio 4 documentary called Fiery Inspiration: Amiri Baraka and the Black Arts Movement. Her many podcast appearances in Britain include interviews conducted by Adwoa Aboah, Samira Ahmed, Elizabeth Day, Grace Dent, Annie MacManus, Graham Norton, James O'Brien, Natalie Portman, Jay Rayner, Simon Savidge, Pandora Sykes and Jeremy Vine. In the two months following her win of the Booker Prize, Evaristo has written that she received more invitations to give interviews than in the entirety of her career. Teaching and touring Evaristo has taught creative writing since 1994. She has also been awarded many writing fellowships and residencies including the Montgomery Fellowship at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire in 2015; for the British Council at Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Barnard College/ Columbia University, New York; University of the Western Cape, South Africa; the Virginia Arts Festival (Virginia, USA), and Writing Fellow at the University of East Anglia, UK. She taught the University of East Anglia-Guardian "How to Tell a Story" course for four seasons in London up until 2015. Evaristo is Professor of Creative Writing at Brunel University London, having taught at the university since 2011. Since 1997, she has accepted more than 130 international invitations as a writer. These involve writer residencies and visiting fellowships, British Council tours, book tours, teaching creative writing courses and workshops as well as keynotes, talks and panels at many conferences and literary festivals. She chaired the 32nd and 33rd British Council Berlin Literature Seminar in 2017 and 2018. She delivered the New Statesman/Goldsmiths Prize lecture on 30 September 2020. In October 2020, she gave the opening keynote address at the Frankfurt Book Fair's Publishing Insights conference, in which she called on publishers to hire more people represent a wider range of communities: "We have to have people working in the industry from all these communities who are looking for something beyond the cliches and stereotypes." Evaristo is the Literature Mentor for the Rolex Mentor & Protege Arts Initiative for 2023–2024 mentoring the Ghanaian novelist Ayesha Harruna Attah. Previous arts mentors since the programme began in 2002 include Margaret Atwood, Gilberto Gil, Philip Glass, Sir Peter Hall, David Hockney, Sir Anish Kapoor, William Kentridge, Spike Lee, Phyllida Lloyd, Lin Manuel Miranda, Toni Morrison, Jessye Norman, Yousou N'Dour, Michael Ondaatje, Martin Scorsese, Wole Soyinka, Julie Taymor and Mario Vargas Llosa. The Complete Works Main article: The Complete Works (poetry) In 2006, Evaristo initiated an Arts Council-funded report delivered by Spread the Word writer development agency into why black and Asian poets were not getting published in the UK, which revealed that less than 1 per cent of all published poetry is by poets of colour. When the report was published, she then initiated The Complete Works mentoring scheme, with Nathalie Teitler and Spread the Word. In this national development programme, 30 poets were mentored, each over a one- or two-year period, and many went on to publish books, win awards and receive serious recognition for their poetry. Other activities Aside from founding the Brunel International African Poetry Prize, she has judged many prizes. In 2012 she was chair of the jury for both the Caine Prize for African Writing and the Commonwealth Short Story Prize. In 2021, she was Chair of the Women's Prize for Fiction panel of judges. In 2023, she chaired the Forward Poetry book prizes. In 2024, she chaired the inaugural Nero Gold Prize of the Nero Book Awards and the inaugural Global Black Women's Prize for Non-Fiction founded by Cassava Republic Press. Evaristo has also served on councils and advisory committees for various organisations including the Council of the Royal Society of Literature (RSL) since 2017, the Arts Council of England, the London Arts Board, the British Council Literature Advisory Panel, the Society of Authors, the Poetry Society (Chair) and Wasafiri international literature magazine. Evaristo was elected as President of the Royal Society of Literature from the end of 2021 (following the retirement of her predecessor Dame Marina Warner), becoming the first writer of colour and only the second woman to hold the position in the Society's 00-year history, and she stated at the time of the announcement: "Literature is not a luxury, but essential to our civilisation. I am so proud, therefore, to be the figurehead of such an august and robust literature organisation that is so actively and urgently committed to being inclusive of the widest range of outstanding writers from every demographic and geographical location in Britain, and to reaching marginalised communities through literature projects, including introducing young people in schools to some of Britain's leading writers who visit, teach and discuss their work with them." As a Sky Arts Ambassador, Evaristo spearheaded the Sky Arts RSL Writers Awards, providing mentoring for under-represented writers. A portrait of Evaristo (2002) by photographer Sal Idriss is in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery, London. Personal life She is married to writer David Shannon, whom she met in 2006, and whose debut novel was launched in March 2021. Awards and recognition Fellowships and other personal honours 2002: UEA Writing Fellow, University of East Anglia 2003: National Endowment of Science, Technology and the Arts (NESTA) Fellowship Award 2004: Elected a Fellow, Royal Society of Literature (est.1820) 2006: British Council Fellow, Georgetown University, USA 2006: Elected a Fellow, Royal Society of Arts (est.1754) 2009: Awarded an MBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours List for services to Literature 2015: The Montgomery Fellow, Dartmouth College, USA 2017: Elected an Honorary Fellow, the English Association (est.1906) 2018: Elected a Fellow of Rose Bruford College of Theatre & Performance 2019: Financial Times: list of 14 women gamechangers 2020: Awarded an OBE in the Queen's 2020 Birthday Honours for services to literature 2020: British Book Awards: Author of the Year 2020: Elle 50 – list of Britain's gamechangers 2020: Gold Medal of Honorary Patronage (est. 1683), Trinity College Dublin 2020: The Bookseller 150 power list 2020: GG2 Woman of the Year Award 2020: The Vogue 25 for 2020 – list of Britain's 25 most influential women 2020: Voted one of 100 Great Black Britons 2021: Glamour magazine Woman of the Year, Gamechanging Author Award 2021: Honorary International Fellow, American Academy of Arts & Sciences (est. 1780) 2021: President of Rose Bruford College of Theatre and Performance 2021: The UK Black Powerlist 100 (1st year) 2021: The Bookseller 150 power list 2021: Vanity Fair magazine Challenger Award 2022: Appointed President, Royal Society of Literature (2022–2026) 2022: Forbes "50 over 50" honoree for the Europe, Middle East & Africa region 2022: Honorary Doctor of Arts and Letters, King's College London 2022: Honorary Doctor of Letters, Queen Mary University of London 2022: Honorary Doctor of Letters, Glasgow Caledonian University 2022: Honorary Doctor of Letters, University of Greenwich 2022: Honorary Fellow, Goldsmiths, University of London 2022: Honorary Doctor of Arts, London South Bank University 2022: Honorary Fellow, CILIP, The Library and Information Association 2022: Sky Arts: Britain's 50 Most Influential Artists of the Past 50 years (No. 26) 2022: Soho House Awards: Writer 2022: Stylist magazine Remarkable Women Awards: Writer of the Year 2022: The UK Black Black Powerlist 100 (2nd year) 2023: The UK Black Powerlist 100 (3rd year) 2023: Honorary Doctor of Letters, University of Exeter 2023: Honorary Doctor of Letters, University of Sheffield 2023: A Goodreads Top Book of the last decade (2013-2023) 2023: Black Excellence Awards - Outstanding Contribution to Literature 2024 The UK Black Powerlist 100 (4th year) Lara (1997) 1999: EMMA Best Book Award for Lara The Emperor's Babe (2001) 2000: Arts Council England Writer's Award 2000, for The Emperor's Babe 2010: The Emperor's Babe, The Times (UK) "100 Best Books of the Decade" Blonde Roots (2008) 2009: Arthur C. Clarke Award (nominated) 2009: Big Red Read Award, Fiction and Overall (winner) 2009: International Dublin Literary Award (nominated) 2009: Orange Prize for Fiction (nominated) 2009: Orange Prize Youth Panel Award 2010: Hurston/Wright Legacy Award, USA (finalist) Ten (2010) 2010: Poetry Book Society Commendation for Ten, co-edited with Daljit Nagra Mr Loverman (2013) 2014: Jerwood Fiction Uncovered Prize (winner) 2015: Triangle Publishing Awards: Ferro-Grumley Award for LGBT Fiction, USA Girl, Woman, Other (2019) 2019: Goodread's Choice Award Best Fiction (finalist) 2019: Gordon Burn Prize (finalist) 2019: Booker Prize (winner) 2019: Shelf Awareness best fiction of 2019 2020: Australian Book Industry Awards (longlisted) 2020: British Book Awards: Fiction Book of the Year 2020: Ferro-Grumley Award USA (finalist) 2020: Indie Book Award for Fiction 2020: Le Prix Millepages, France 2020: Lifetime Honorary Fellow, St Anne's College, University of Oxford 2020: Lifetime Vice President, Royal Society of Literature 2020: Orwell Prize (finalist) 2020: Reading Women Award 2020: The Glass Bell Awards (finalist) 2020: Visionary Honours Awards (finalist) 2020: Women's Prize for Fiction (finalist) 2021: European Literature Award, Holland (finalist) 2021: Freedom of the Borough Award, Royal Borough of Greenwich 2021: International Dublin Literary Award (finalist) 2021: Nielsen Gold Bestseller Award 2021: Person of the Year – as the 151st honoree of The Bookseller's 150 Power List. 2021: Premio Gregor von Rezzori (Italy) (finalist) 2021: Premio Lattes Grinzane (Italy) (finalist) 2022: Bestsellery Empiku Award (Poland) (finalist) 2022: Plebiscyt Ksiazka Roku 2021/ Literatura Piekna (Poland) (finalist) Manifesto (2022) 2022: Visionary Honours Book of the Year 2021 (finalist) 2023: Prix de Libraires du Quebec, Canada (finalist) 2023: Grand Prix des Lecteurs, France (finalist) 2024 Praeses Elit Award, Trinity College Dublin Academic honours 2014: Appointed The Public Orator, Brunel University London 2015: CBASS Award for Excellence, Brunel University London 2017: Teach Brunel Award, Brunel University London 2020: Vice Chancellor's Award for Staff, Brunel University London 2022: CBASS Lecturer of the Year, Brunel University London Books 1994: Island of Abraham (poems, Peepal Tree Press; ISBN 978-0948833601) 1997: Lara (novel, Angela Royal Publishing; ISBN 9781899860456) 2001: The Emperor's Babe (verse novel, Hamish Hamilton/Penguin; Penguin USA, 2002; ISBN 978-0140297812) 2005: Soul Tourists (novel, Hamish Hamilton/Penguin; ISBN 978-0140297829) 2008: Blonde Roots (novel, Hamish Hamilton/Penguin; Riverhead/Penguin USA, 2009; ISBN 978-0141031521) 2009: Lara (new, expanded edition, (Bloodaxe Books; ISBN 978-1852248314) 2010: Hello Mum (novella, Penguin UK; ISBN 978-0141044385) 2014: Mr Loverman (novel, Penguin UK; Akashic Books; ISBN 978-1617752896) 2019: Girl, Woman, Other (novel, Hamish Hamilton/Penguin; ISBN 978-0241364901) 2021: Manifesto: On Never Giving Up (memoir, Hamish Hamilton/Penguin; ISBN 978-0241534991) 2021: Feminism (Look Again Series, Tate Galleries Publishing; ISBN 978-1849767163) Plays 1982: Moving Through, a choral dramatic poem, Talking Black Festival, Royal Court Theatre Upstairs 1982: Tiger Teeth Clenched Not to Bite, a poetic monologue. Theatre of Black Women, the Melkweg, Amsterdam 1983: Silhouette, an experimental verse drama. Theatre of Black Women tour. Co-writer: Patricia St. Hilaire 1984: Pyeyucca, an experimental verse drama. Theatre of Black Women tour. Additional material: Patricia St. Hilaire 2002: Medea – Mapping the Edge. Verse drama. Wilson Wilson Company at Sheffield Crucible Theatre and BBC Radio Drama 2003: Madame Bitterfly and the Stockwell Diva. Verse drama. The Friday Play, BBC Radio 4, starring Rudolph Walker, Clare Perkins, Dona Croll 2020: First, Do No Harm, a poetic monologue, Old Vic Theatre online, directed by Adrian Lester and produced by Lolita Chakrabarti, starring Sharon D. Clarke. Short fiction (selected) 1994: "Letters from London" in Miscegenation Blues: voices of mixed-race women, edited by Carol Camper (Sister Vision Press) 2005: On Top of the World (BBC Radio 4) 2006: "Ohtakemehomelord.com" in The Guardian's annual short story supplement (July) 2008: "A Matter of Timing", The Guardian 2010: "On Top of the World", The Mechanics Institute Review, Issue 7 (Birkbeck, University of London) 2011: "I Think I'm Going Slightly Mad" in One for the Trouble, The Book Slam Annual, edited by Patrick Neate (Book Slam Productions) 2014: "Our Billy, (or should it be Betty?)" in Letter to an Unknown Soldier, 14–18 NOW UK WW1 Centenary Art Commissions (William Collins/HarperCollins) 2015: "Yoruba Man Walking" in Closure: a new anthology of contemporary black British fiction, edited by Jacob Ross (Peepal Tree Press) 2016: "The Human World" in How Much the Heart Can Hold, edited by Emma Herdman (Hodder & Stoughton) 2020: "Star of the Season", British Vogue 2020: "The White Man's Liberation Front", New Statesman Essays 1992: "Black Theatre", Artrage (Winter/Spring) 1993: "Black Women in Theatre", Six Plays by Black and Asian Women Writers, edited by Kadjia George (Aurora Metro Press) 1996: "Going it Alone" – one-person shows in black British theatre, Artrage 1998: "On Staying Power" by Peter Fryer for BBC Windrush Education 2001: "Roaring Zora" on the life and writing of Zora Neale Hurston, Marie Claire 2005: "An Introduction to Contemporary British Poetry", British Council Literature Magazine 2005: "False Memory Syndrome: Writing Black in Britain", in Writing Worlds (New Writing Partnership/University of East Anglia) 2005: "Origins", Crossing Borders, British Council online 2005: "The Road Less Travelled", Necessary Journeys, edited by Melanie Keen and Eileen Daley, Arts Council England 2007: "Writing the Past: Traditions, Inheritances, Discoveries" in Writing Worlds 1: The Norwich Exchanges (University of East Anglia/Pen & Inc Press) 2008: "CSI Europe: African Trace Elements. Fragments. Reconstruction. Case Histories. Motive. Personal", Wasafiri (Taylor & Francis) 2009: Autobiographical essay, Contemporary Writers, Vol. 275 (Gale Publishing, USA) 2009: Autobiographical essay, "My Father's House" (Five Dials) 2010: Introduction to Ten poetry anthology, "Why This, Why Now?", on the need for The Complete Works initiative to diversify British poetry publications (Bloodaxe Books) 2010: Introduction to Wasafiri Black Britain: Beyond Definition, "The Illusion of Inclusion", Issue 64, Winter 2010 (Routledge) 2010: "The Month of September", on writing and process, Volume 100:4, Winter 2010 Poetry Review 2011: "Myth, Motivation, Magic & Mechanics", Body of Work: 40 Years of Creative Writing at UEA (University of East Anglia), edited by Giles Foden (Full Circle Editions) 2013: The Book that Changed Me Series: Essay on For colored girls who have considered suicide when the rainbow is enuf by Ntozake Shange (BBC Radio 3) 2016: "The Privilege of Being a Mixed Race Woman", Tangled Roots: Real Life Stories from Mixed Race Britain, Anthology Number 2, edited by Katy Massey (Tangled Roots) 2019: "What a Time to be a (Black) (British) (Womxn) Writer", in Brave New Words, edited by Susheila Nasta (Myriad Editions) 2020: "Claiming Whiteness", The House magazine, of the (Houses of Parliament) 2020: Foreword to Bedside Guardian, the annual Guardian anthology 2020: Foreword: "Re:Thinking: 'Diversity' in Publishing", by Dr Anamik Saha and Dr Sandra van Lente (Goldsmiths University/Newgen Publishing UK) 2020: "Gender in the Blender", for A Point of View, BBC Radio 4 2020: Introduction to Loud Black Girls, edited by Yomi Adegoke and Elizabeth Uviebinené (HarperCollins) 2020: "Literature Can Foster Our Shared Humanity", British Vogue, 6 June 2020. 2020: "Loving the Body Fat-tastic", for A Point of View, BBC Radio 4 2020: "On Mrs Dalloway", BBC Radio 4 2020: "Spiritual Pick and Mix", for A Point of View, BBC Radio 4 2020: "The Longform Patriarchs and their Accomplices", New Statesman 2020: "The Pro-Mask Movement", for A Point of View, BBC Radio 4 2020: "Theatre of Black Women: A Personal Account", in The Palgrave Handbook of the History of Women on Stage, edited by Jan Sewell and Clare Smout (Palgrave Macmillan) 2020: "Why Black Lives Matter", for A Point of View, BBC Radio 4 2021: Introduction to Beloved by Toni Morrison (Vintage) 2021: Introduction to Bernard and the Cloth Monkey by Judith Bryan (1998), "Black Britain: Writing Back" series (Hamish Hamilton/Penguin reissue) 2021: Introduction to Black Teacher by Beryl Gilroy (Faber and Faber) 2021: Introduction to for Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf by Ntozake Shange (Orion) 2021: Introduction to Incomparable World by S. I. Martin (1996), "Black Britain: Writing Back" series (Hamish Hamilton/Penguin reissue) 2021: Introduction to Minty Alley by C. L. R. James (1936), "Black Britain: Writing Back" series (Hamish Hamilton/Penguin reissue) 2021: Introduction to The Dancing Face by Mike Phillips (1997), "Black Britain: Writing Back" series (Hamish Hamilton/Penguin reissue) 2021: Introduction to The Fat Lady Sings by Jacqueline Roy (2000), "Black Britain: Writing Back" series (Hamish Hamilton/Penguin reissue) 2021: Introduction to Without Prejudice by Nicola Williams (1997), "Black Britain: Writing Back" series (Hamish Hamilton/Penguin reissue) 2022: "The Artistic Triumph of Older Black Women", The Guardian Editor 1987: Editor, with Da Choong, Olivette Cole-Wilson, and Gabriela Pearse, Black Women Talk Poetry anthology 1996–1997: Editor, FrontSeat quarterly inter-cultural performance magazine (Black Theatre Forum) 1998–2008: associate editor, Wasafiri international literature journal (Queen Mary University London and Open University) 2007: Editor, with Maggie Gee, NW15: New Writing Anthology, 15th annual edition (British Council and Granta) 2010: Editor, with Daljit Nagra, Ten: New Poets poetry anthology, introducing ten new poets from The Complete Works project (Bloodaxe Books) 2010: guest editor, with Karen McCarthy Woolf, Wasafiri, Black Britain: Beyond Definition, Special Winter Issue (Routledge) 2012: guest editor, Poetry Review, Offending Frequencies for The Poetry Society of Great Britain, Special Centenary Winter Issue, Volume 102.4 2014: Editorial Selector, the Commonwealth Writers Short Story Prize anthology, Let's Tell This Story Properly, edited by Ellah Allfrey (Dundern Press, Canada) 2014: guest editor, Mslexia quarterly magazine of creative writing, Issue Number 63 2014–2020, Originator and supervising editor of annual student anthologies at Brunel University London: The Voices Inside Our Heads, The Psyche Supermarket, The Imagination Project, It's Complicated, Totem, Pendulum and Letter to My Younger Self 2019, Kintsugi 2014–ongoing. Editorial Board, the African Poetry Book Fund, with Prairie Schooner poetry magazine at the University of Nebraska 2020: guest editor, The Sunday Times Style magazine Literary prize juries 1997: Ian St. James Award (Fiction) 2004: The Next Generation Top 20 List, organised by PBS and Poetry Society 2006: The National Poetry Competition 2007: Northern Rock Writers' Award (Fiction & Poetry) 2008: Decibel Penguin Prize (Fiction) 2009: Young Muslim Writers Awards with Penguin Publishers (Fiction) 2010: Alfred Fagon Award – (Black plays) 2010: Orange Award for New Writers (Women's fiction) 2010: T. S. Eliot Prize (Poetry) 2011: Peacock Poetry Prize (Brighton Festival) 2012: Chair: Caine Prize for African Fiction 2012: Chair: Commonwealth Short Story Prize 2012: Founder & Chair of the Brunel University African Poetry Prize 2012: The Poetry Society's Poetry News competition 2013: Chair: The Brunel International African Poetry Prize 2013: Golden Baobab Prize, Ghana (Short stories for African children) 2013: Sillerman First Book Prize for African Poets (USA) 2014: Chair: The Brunel International African Poetry Prize 2014: OCM Bocas Prize for Caribbean Literature, Poetry (Trinidad) 2014: Sillerman First Book Prize for African Poets, USA 2015: Chair: The Brunel International African Poetry Prize 2015: Costa Book Award Best Novel & Costa Book of the Year 2015: First Story National Writing Competition 2015: Prairie Schooner First Book Prize (USA) 2016: Chair: The Brunel International African Poetry Prize 2016: Goldsmiths Prize for innovative fiction 2016: Guardian and 4th Estate BAME Short Story Prize 2016: Sillerman First Book Prize for African Poets (USA) 2017: Chair: Brunel International African Poetry Prize 2018: 40 New Fellows under 40 Royal Society of Literature 2018: Chair: Brunel International African Poetry Prize 2018: Geneva Writers' Prize 2018: Isis magazine Writing Competition, Oxford University 2018: The Queen's Commonwealth Essay Competition 2019: Anthony Burgess/Observer newspaper Award for Arts' Journalism 2019: Glenna Luschei Prize for African Poetry 2019: Harper's Short Story Award 2019: Polari Book Prize for LGBTQ+ fiction 2021: Chair, Women's Prize for Fiction 2021: Sunday Times Style Journalism Competition 2023: Chair, Forward Prize for Poetry Voluntary advisory Board of directors, Black Mime Theatre Company, 1990s Advisory board: Wasafiri Literature Magazine, 2000– General Council: The Poetry Society of Great Britain, 2001–2004 Special Literature Advisor: London Arts Board, 2001–2005 Chair: The Poetry Society of Great Britain, 2003–2004 Literature Advisor: The British Council, 2003–2006 Advisory Committee: New Galleries, Museum of London, 2004–2008 Advisory Board: MA Creative Writing, City University, 2004–2009 Founder: Free Verse & The Complete Works schemes, 2005–2017 The Society of Authors Management Committee, 2008–2009 Patron: Westminster Befriend a Family (WBAF), 2009–2011 Editorial Board: the African Poetry Book Series, APBF, University of Nebraska, 2012– Patron: SI Leeds Literary Prize for unpublished black/Asian women writers, 2012– The Folio Prize, Member of the Academy, 2013– Arts Council England, Member of the South East Area Council, 2014–2015 Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education Creative Writing Panel, 2014–2015 Elected to Council, Royal Society of Literature, 2016– Vice Chair, Royal Society of Literature, 2017–2020 Notes ^ "I identify as a Black woman." ^ "How quickly & casually they have removed my name from history – the first black woman to win it. This is what we’ve always been up against, folks." References ^ Richardson, Hollie. "Desert Island Discs: 5 things we learned about Girl, Woman, Other author Bernardine Evaristo". Stylist. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022. ^ Flood, Alison (4 December 2019). "'Another author': outrage after BBC elides Bernardine Evaristo's Booker win". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022. ^ a b Middleton, Lucy (15 October 2019). "First Black woman to receive Booker Prize describes joint win as 'bittersweet'". Metro. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022. ^ a b c Evaristo, Bernardine (19 October 2019). "Bernardine Evaristo: 'These are unprecedented times for black female writers'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ de León, Concepción (1 November 2019). "Booker Prize Winner 'Girl, Woman, Other' Is Coming to America". 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Retrieved 23 December 2020. ^ Evaristo, Bernardine (2 October 2020). "The Pro-Mask Movement". A Point of View. BBC Radio 4. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2020. ^ Evaristo, Bernardine (2019). "Theatre of Black Women: A Personal Account". The Palgrave Handbook of the History of Women on Stage. pp. 521–529. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23828-5_23. ISBN 978-3-030-23827-8. S2CID 219880649. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2020. ^ Evaristo, Bernardine (5 July 2020). "Why Black Lives Matter". A Point of View. BBC Radio 4. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020. ^ "Beloved by Toni Morrison | Waterstones". Waterstones. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020. ^ Black Britain: Writing Back. Penguin UK. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020. ^ Bryan, Judith. Bernard and the Cloth Monkey. Penguin UK. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020. ^ "Black Teacher by Beryl Gilroy | Waterstones". Waterstones. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2020. ^ Martin, S. I. Incomparable World. Penguin UK. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020. ^ James, C. L. R. Minty Alley. Penguin UK. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020. ^ Phillips, Mike. The Dancing Face. Penguin UK. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020. ^ Roy, Jacqueline. The Fat Lady Sings. Penguin UK. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020. ^ Williams, Nicola. Without Prejudice. Penguin UK. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020. ^ Evaristo, Bernardine (28 April 2022). "'They are totally smashing it!' Bernardine Evaristo on the artistic triumph of older Black women". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022. ^ "Black Women Talk Poetry". AbeBooks. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2020. ^ Abram, Nicola (12 October 2020). Black British Women's Theatre: Intersectionality, Archives, Aesthetics. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-51459-4. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2021. ^ "Among the Contributors". Wasafiri. 25 (4). Taylor & Francis Online: 103–105. 2010. doi:10.1080/02690055.2010.516085. S2CID 219610268. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022. ^ "NW15: The Anthology of New Writing: v. 15 - Maggie Gee; Bernardine Evaristo; | Foyles Bookstore". Foyles. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020. ^ "NW15: v. 15 by Maggie Gee, Bernardine Evaristo | Waterstones". Waterstones. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2020. ^ "Ten: new poets from Spread the Word | Bloodaxe Books". Bloodaxe Books. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020. ^ "Bernardine Evaristo". Wasafiri Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020. ^ "Bernardine Evaristo". Peepal Tree Press. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2020. ^ "Offending Frequencies – Volume 102, No 4, Winter 2012 – The Poetry Society". The Poetry Society. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020. ^ "Issue 63". Mslexia. Retrieved 22 December 2020. ^ Brunel Writer (3 March 2016). "The Imagination Project". Brunel Writer. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020. ^ "Prairie Schooner Announces Winner of the Sillerman First Book Prize for African Poets". Prairie Schooner. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020. ^ a b c d e "Literary prize juries". Bernardine Evaristo website. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021. ^ "decibel Penguin Prize 2008 seeks true stories on the experience of having a mixed heritage". Wired Gov – Arts Council England. 12 February 2008. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021. ^ "Museum of Awards – 2009" Archived 22 August 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Young Muslim Writers Awards. ^ Higgins, Charlottle (24 January 2011). "TS Eliot prize goes to Derek Walcott for 'moving and technically flawless' work". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2021. ^ Murua, James (6 November 2015). "Sillerman First Book Prize 2016 open for writers". Writing Africa. Retrieved 11 May 2024. ^ Otosirieze, Obi (2 June 2019). "Koleka Putuma's Collective Amnesia Wins the Glenna Luschei Prize for African Poetry, Nick Makoha & Dami Ajayi Shortlisted". Brittle Paper. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021. ^ Sethi, Anita (10 March 2021). "Bernardine Evaristo: 'It isn't just about Meghan's race, but also that she's a strong, feminist woman'". i. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021. ^ "Enter the Style X Black Writers' Guild Essay Competition". The Sunday Times. 26 July 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bernardine Evaristo. Wikiquote has quotations related to Bernardine Evaristo. Official website "Bernardine Evaristo", Contemporary Writers, British Council. Bernardine Evaristo at Diaspora Writers UK. Toh Hsien Min, "Never Forgetting The Source — Bernardine Evaristo makes productive use of history" (interview), Quarterly Literary Review Singapore, Vol. 3, No. 2, January 2004. Ginette Curry, "Toubab La!": Literary Representations of Mixed-race Characters in the African Diaspora, Newcastle, England: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2007. Rosanna Greenstreet, "Bernardine Evaristo: 'How often do I have sex? Eight times a day'", The Q&A, The Guardian, 25 July 2020. Benjamin Law, "Booker winner Bernardine Evaristo on a society where we say, 'I look good for my age'", The Sydney Morning Herald, 29 October 2021. vteRecipients of the Booker Prize List of winners and nominated authors The Best of the Booker The Golden Man Booker International Booker Prize 1969–79 1969: P. H. Newby (Something to Answer For) 1970: Bernice Rubens (The Elected Member) 1970 Lost Prize: J. G. Farrell (Troubles) 1971: V. S. Naipaul (In a Free State) 1972: John Berger (G.) 1973: J. G. Farrell (The Siege of Krishnapur) 1974: Nadine Gordimer (The Conservationist) and Stanley Middleton (Holiday) 1975: Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (Heat and Dust) 1976: David Storey (Saville) 1977: Paul Scott (Staying On) 1978: Iris Murdoch (The Sea, The Sea) 1979: Penelope Fitzgerald (Offshore) 1980s 1980: William Golding (Rites of Passage) 1981: Salman Rushdie (Midnight's Children) 1982: Thomas Keneally (Schindler's Ark) 1983: J. M. Coetzee (Life & Times of Michael K) 1984: Anita Brookner (Hotel du Lac) 1985: Keri Hulme (The Bone People) 1986: Kingsley Amis (The Old Devils) 1987: Penelope Lively (Moon Tiger) 1988: Peter Carey (Oscar and Lucinda) 1989: Kazuo Ishiguro (The Remains of the Day) 1990s 1990: A. S. Byatt (Possession) 1991: Ben Okri (The Famished Road) 1992: Michael Ondaatje (The English Patient) and Barry Unsworth (Sacred Hunger) 1993: Roddy Doyle (Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha) 1994: James Kelman (How Late It Was, How Late) 1995: Pat Barker (The Ghost Road) 1996: Graham Swift (Last Orders) 1997: Arundhati Roy (The God of Small Things) 1998: Ian McEwan (Amsterdam) 1999: J. M. Coetzee (Disgrace) 2000s 2000: Margaret Atwood (The Blind Assassin) 2001: Peter Carey (True History of the Kelly Gang) 2002: Yann Martel (Life of Pi) 2003: DBC Pierre (Vernon God Little) 2004: Alan Hollinghurst (The Line of Beauty) 2005: John Banville (The Sea) 2006: Kiran Desai (The Inheritance of Loss) 2007: Anne Enright (The Gathering) 2008: Aravind Adiga (The White Tiger) 2009: Hilary Mantel (Wolf Hall) 2010s 2010: Howard Jacobson (The Finkler Question) 2011: Julian Barnes (The Sense of an Ending) 2012: Hilary Mantel (Bring Up the Bodies) 2013: Eleanor Catton (The Luminaries) 2014: Richard Flanagan (The Narrow Road to the Deep North) 2015: Marlon James (A Brief History of Seven Killings) 2016: Paul Beatty (The Sellout) 2017: George Saunders (Lincoln in the Bardo) 2018: Anna Burns (Milkman) 2019: Margaret Atwood (The Testaments) and Bernardine Evaristo (Girl, Woman, Other) 2020s 2020: Douglas Stuart (Shuggie Bain) 2021: Damon Galgut (The Promise) 2022: Shehan Karunatilaka (The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida) 2023: Paul Lynch (Prophet Song) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Latvia Czech Republic Australia Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal Academics CiNii People Trove Other SNAC IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"FRSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Literature"},{"link_name":"FRSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Girl, Woman, Other","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl,_Woman,_Other"},{"link_name":"Booker Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_Prize"},{"link_name":"Margaret Atwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Atwood"},{"link_name":"The Testaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Testaments"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-These_are_unprecedented_times_for_black_female_writers-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Brunel University London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunel_University_London"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Literature"},{"link_name":"Brunel International African Poetry Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunel_International_African_Poetry_Prize"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Complete Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Works_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCW-9"},{"link_name":"Ruth Borthwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Borthwick"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Theatre of Black Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Black_Women"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UH-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Royal Festival Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall"},{"link_name":"Museum of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London"},{"link_name":"St Anne's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Anne%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts & Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_%26_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Eyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Eyre"},{"link_name":"Rose Bruford College of Theatre and Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Bruford_College"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSL_President-13"},{"link_name":"Member of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"2009 Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"Officer of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"2020 Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Bernardine Anne Mobolaji Evaristo OBE FRSL FRSA (born 28 May 1959) is a British author and academic. Her novel Girl, Woman, Other jointly won the Booker Prize in 2019 alongside Margaret Atwood's The Testaments, making her the first Black woman to win the Booker.[a][b][3][4][5] Evaristo is Professor of Creative Writing at Brunel University London and President of the Royal Society of Literature, the second woman and the first black person to hold the role since it was founded in 1820.Evaristo is a longstanding advocate for the inclusion of writers and artists of colour. She founded the Brunel International African Poetry Prize,[6] 2012–2022, and initiated The Complete Works poetry mentoring scheme, 2007–2017.[7] She co-founded Spread the Word writer development agency with Ruth Borthwick[8] (1995–present) and Britain's first black women's theatre company (1982–1988), Theatre of Black Women.[9] Evaristo organised Britain's first major black theatre conference, Future Histories, for the Black Theatre Forum[10] (1995), at the Royal Festival Hall, and Britain's first major conference on black British writing, Tracing Paper (1997), at the Museum of London.Evaristo has received more than 77 honours, awards, fellowships, nominations and other tokens of recognition. She is a lifetime Honorary Fellow of St Anne's College, University of Oxford, and an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. In 2021, she succeeded Sir Richard Eyre as President of Rose Bruford College of Theatre and Performance. Evaristo was vice-chair of the Royal Society of Literature (RSL) and in 2020 she became a lifetime vice-president, before becoming the RSL's president (2022–2026).[11] She was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the Queen's 2009 Birthday Honours, and an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the Queen's 2020 Birthday Honours,[12] both awards for services to literature.","title":"Bernardine Evaristo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eltham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltham"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Woolwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolwich"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Nigerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian"},{"link_name":"British Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Borough of Greenwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Greenwich"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official_website-18"},{"link_name":"Yoruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people"},{"link_name":"Aguda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguda_people"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Abeokuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeokuta"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Council-22"},{"link_name":"Eltham Hill Grammar School for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltham_Hill_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Rose Bruford College of Speech and Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Bruford_College_of_Speech_and_Drama"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Paulette Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulette_Randall"},{"link_name":"Theatre of Black Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Black_Women"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UH-11"},{"link_name":"Museum of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London"},{"link_name":"Royal Festival Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Advocacy-26"},{"link_name":"Goldsmiths College, University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmiths_College,_University_of_London"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Greenwich and Docklands International Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich%2BDocklands_International_Festival"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Evaristo was born in Eltham, south-east London, and christened Bernardine Anne Mobolaji Evaristo.[13] She was raised in Woolwich, the fourth of eight children born to an English mother, Jacqueline M. Brinkworth, of English, Irish and German heritage,[14] who was a schoolteacher,[15] and a Nigerian father, Julius Taiwo Bayomi Evaristo (1927–2001), known as Danny, born in British Cameroon, raised in Nigeria, who migrated to Britain in 1949 and became a welder and the first black councillor in the Borough of Greenwich, for the Labour Party.[16] Her paternal grandfather, Gregorio Bankole Evaristo (d. 1927), was a Yoruba Aguda who sailed from Brazil to Nigeria. He was a customs officer. Her paternal grandmother, Zenobia Evaristo, née Sowemima (d. 1967), was from Abeokuta in Nigeria.[17][18][19][20]Evaristo was educated at Eltham Hill Grammar School for Girls from 1970 to 1977,[21] and in 1972 she joined Greenwich Young People's Theatre (now Tramshed, in Woolwich), about which she has said: \"I was twelve years old and it was the making of my childhood and led to a life-long career spent in the arts.\"[22] She went on to attend Rose Bruford College of Speech and Drama, graduating in 1982,[23]In the 1980s, together with Paulette Randall and Patricia Hilaire, she founded Theatre of Black Women,[9] the first theatre company in Britain of its kind. In the 1990s, she organised Britain's first black British writing conference, held at the Museum of London, and also Britain's first black British theatre conference, held at the Royal Festival Hall. In 1995 she co-founded and directed Spread the Word, London's writer development agency.[24]Evaristo continued further education at Goldsmiths College, University of London, receiving her doctorate in creative writing in 2013.[25] In 2019, she was appointed Woolwich Laureate by the Greenwich and Docklands International Festival, reconnecting to and writing about the home town she left when she was 18.[26] In 2022, she was awarded the \"Freedom of the Borough of the Royal Borough of Greenwich\".[27]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bernardine_Evaristo_Speaking_at_event.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peepal Tree Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peepal_Tree_Press"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_Yorker-30"},{"link_name":"African diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_diaspora"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brunel-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brunel-31"},{"link_name":"Blonde Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blonde_Roots"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"Nubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Arts Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Council_England"},{"link_name":"NESTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesta_(charity)"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100_Best_Books-34"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Soul Tourists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Tourists"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"transatlantic slave trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantic_slave_trade"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Council-22"},{"link_name":"International Dublin Literary Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dublin_Literary_Award"},{"link_name":"Orange Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Prize"},{"link_name":"Arthur C. 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Testaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Testaments"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flood-52"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-These_are_unprecedented_times_for_black_female_writers-6"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flood-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Roxane Gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxane_Gay"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Women's Prize for Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Prize_for_Fiction"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"British Book Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Book_Awards"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Indie Book Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_Book_Award"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Powerlist 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerlist_2021"},{"link_name":"Powerlist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerlist"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Big Jubilee Read","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Jubilee_Read"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"The Emperor's Babe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_Babe"},{"link_name":"Hello Mum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_Mum"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"Manifesto: On Never Giving Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto:_On_Never_Giving_Up"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Penguin UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_UK"},{"link_name":"Grove Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Tate Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Britain"},{"link_name":"Valentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_designer)"},{"link_name":"Liz Johnson Artur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Johnson_Artur"},{"link_name":"Rizzoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCS_MediaGroup"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Vanity Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Harper's Bazaar UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar#Harper's_Bazaar_UK"},{"link_name":"The Times Literary Supplement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement"},{"link_name":"Conde Naste Traveller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conde_Naste_Traveller"},{"link_name":"Wasafiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasafiri"},{"link_name":"New Statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Statesman"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"New Daughters of Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_Africa#New_Daughters_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"Myriad Editions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriad_Editions"},{"link_name":"Margaret Busby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Busby"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrittlePaper-69"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"text":"Evaristo speaking at an event.Evaristo's first book to be published was a 1994 collection of poems called Island of Abraham (Leeds: Peepal Tree Press).[28] She went on to become the author of two non-fiction books, and eight books of fiction and verse fiction that explore aspects of the African diaspora.[29] She experiments with form and narrative perspective,[29] often merging the past with the present, fiction with poetry, the factual with the speculative, and reality with alternate realities (as in her 2008 novel Blonde Roots).[30] Her verse novel The Emperor's Babe (Penguin, 2001) is about a black teenage girl, whose parents are from Nubia, coming of age in Roman London nearly 2,000 years ago.[31] It won an Arts Council Writers' Award 2000, a NESTA Fellowship Award in 2003, and went on to be chosen by The Times as one of the 100 Best Books of the Decade in 2010,[32] and it was adapted into a BBC Radio 4 play in 2013.[33] Evaristo's fourth book, Soul Tourists (Penguin, 2005), is an experimental novel about a mismatched couple driving across Europe to the Middle East, which featured ghosts of real figures of colour from European history.[34][35]Her novel Blonde Roots (Penguin, 2008) is a satire that inverts the history of the transatlantic slave trade and replaces it with a universe where Africans enslave Europeans.[36] Blonde Roots won the Orange Youth Panel Award[37] and Big Red Read Award,[20] and was nominated for the International Dublin Literary Award and the Orange Prize and the Arthur C. Clarke Award.[38]Evaristo's other books include the verse novel Lara (Bloodaxe Books, 2009, with an earlier version published in 1997), which fictionalised the multiple cultural strands of her family history going back over 150 years as well as her London childhood in a mixed-race family.[39] This won the EMMA Best Novel Award in 1998.[20] Her novella Hello Mum (Penguin, 2010) was chosen as \"The Big Read\" for the County of Suffolk and adapted into a BBC Radio 4 play in 2012.[40]Her 2014 novel Mr Loverman (Penguin UK, 2013/Akashic Books USA, 2014) is about a septuagenarian Caribbean Londoner, a closet homosexual considering his options after a 50-year marriage to his wife.[41][42] It won the Publishing Triangle Ferro-Grumley Award for LGBT Fiction (USA) and the Jerwood Fiction Uncovered Prize.[43] In 2015, she wrote and presented a two-part BBC Radio 4 documentary, Fiery Inspiration – about Amiri Baraka, on BBC Radio 4.[44]Evaristo's novel Girl, Woman, Other (May 2019, Hamish Hamilton/Penguin UK) is an innovative polyvocal \"fusion fiction\"[45] about 12 primarily black British women. Their ages span 19 to 93 and they are a mix of cultural backgrounds, sexual orientations, classes and geographies, and the novel charts their hopes, struggles and intersecting lives. In July 2019, the novel was selected for the Booker Prize longlist,[46] then made the shortlist, announced on 3 September 2019, alongside books by Margaret Atwood, Lucy Ellmann, Chigozie Obioma, Salman Rushdie and Elif Shafak.[47][48] On 14 October, Girl, Woman, Other won the Booker Prize jointly with Atwood's The Testaments.[49][50] The win made Evaristo the first black woman and first Black British author to win the prize.[3][4][50][51][52] Girl, Woman, Other was one of Barack Obama's 19 Favourite Books of 2019 and Roxane Gay's Favourite Book of 2019.[53][54][55] The novel was also shortlisted for the 2020 Women's Prize for Fiction.[56]In 2020, Evaristo won the British Book Awards: Fiction Book of the Year and Author of the Year,[57] the Indie Book Award for Fiction.[58] In June 2020, Evaristo became the first black woman and first Black British writer to reach number one in the UK paperback fiction charts,[59] where she held the top spot for five weeks and spent 44 weeks in the Top 10.[60]Evaristo was included on the Powerlist 2021, the 14th edition of the annual Powerlist recognising the United Kingdom's most influential people of African or African Caribbean heritage.[61]In 2022, Girl, Woman, Other was included on the \"Big Jubilee Read\" list of 70 books by Commonwealth authors chosen to celebrate the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II.[62]Evaristo's writing also includes short fiction, drama, poetry, essays, literary criticism, and projects for stage and radio. Two of her books, The Emperor's Babe (2001) and Hello Mum (2010), have been adapted into BBC Radio 4 dramas. Her ninth book, Manifesto: On Never Giving Up,[63] is published by Penguin UK (October 2021) and Grove Atlantic USA (2022). Her tenth book, Feminism (November 2021), is part of Tate Britain's \"Look Again\" series (Tate Publishing). She offers a personal survey of the representation of the art of British women of colour in the context of the gallery's forthcoming major rehang. In 2020 Evaristo collaborated with Valentino on their Collezione Milano collection, writing poetic text to accompany photographs of the collection by the photographer Liz Johnson Artur, published as a coffee-table book (Rizzoli, 2021).[64]Evaristo has written many articles, essays, fiction and book reviews for publications including: \nThe Times, Vanity Fair, The Guardian,[65] The Observer, The Independent, Vogue, Harper's Bazaar UK, The Times Literary Supplement, Conde Naste Traveller, Wasafiri, and the New Statesman.[66] She is a contributor to New Daughters of Africa: An international anthology of writing by women of African descent (Myriad Editions, 2019), edited by Margaret Busby.[67][68]","title":"Writing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guest_edits_Style-71"},{"link_name":"Mslexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mslexia"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Poetry Society of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_Society"},{"link_name":"Poetry Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_Review"},{"link_name":"Wasafiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasafiri"},{"link_name":"Black Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_British"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"Karen McCarthy Woolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_McCarthy_Woolf"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Daljit Nagra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daljit_Nagra"},{"link_name":"Bloodaxe Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodaxe_Books"},{"link_name":"Granta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granta"},{"link_name":"British Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Council"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaspora-40"},{"link_name":"Black Womantalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Womantalk"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-These_are_unprecedented_times_for_black_female_writers-6"},{"link_name":"Jackie Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Kay"},{"link_name":"Dorothea Smartt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Smartt"},{"link_name":"Adjoa Andoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjoa_Andoh"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Hamish Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Penguin Random House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Random_House"},{"link_name":"Minty Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minty_Alley"},{"link_name":"C. L. R. James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._L._R._James"},{"link_name":"Mike Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Phillips_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"Evaristo guest-edited The Sunday Times Style magazine (UK) in July 2020 with a black-woman/-xn takeover, featuring an array of young artists, activists and change-makers.[69] A few years earlier, she was the guest editor of the September 2014 issue of Mslexia magazine,[70] the Poetry Society of Great Britain's centenary winter issue of Poetry Review (2012), titled \"Offending Frequencies\"; a special issue of Wasafiri magazine called Black Britain: Beyond Definition (Routledge, 2010), with poet Karen McCarthy Woolf; Ten,[71] an anthology of Black and Asian poets, with poet Daljit Nagra (Bloodaxe Books, 2010), and in 2007, she co-edited the New Writing Anthology NW15 (Granta/British Council). Evaristo was also editor of FrontSeat intercultural magazine in the 1990s,[38] and one of the editors of Black Women Talk Poetry anthology (published in 1987 by the Black Womantalk Poetry collective of which Evaristo was part),[4] Britain's first such substantial anthology, featuring among its 20 poets Jackie Kay, Dorothea Smartt and Adjoa Andoh.[72]In October 2020, it was announced that Evaristo is curating a new book series with Hamish Hamilton at Penguin Random House publishers, \"Black Britain: Writing Back\", which involves bringing back into print and circulation books from the past. The first six books, novels, were published in February 2021, including Minty Alley (1936) by C. L. R. James and The Dancing Face (1997) by Mike Phillips.[73]","title":"Editing and curatorial work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The South Bank Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_South_Bank_Show"},{"link_name":"Melvyn Bragg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvyn_Bragg"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Imagine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Alan Yentob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Yentob"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"HARDtalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HARDtalk"},{"link_name":"John Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilson_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"Desert Island Discs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Island_Discs"},{"link_name":"Lauren Laverne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Laverne"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thorpe-81"},{"link_name":"Amiri Baraka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiri_Baraka"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baraka-46"},{"link_name":"Adwoa Aboah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adwoa_Aboah"},{"link_name":"Samira Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samira_Ahmed"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Day"},{"link_name":"Grace Dent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Dent"},{"link_name":"Graham Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Norton"},{"link_name":"James O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_O%27Brien_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"Natalie Portman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Portman"},{"link_name":"Jay Rayner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Rayner"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Vine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Vine"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrittlePaper-69"}],"text":"Evaristo has been the subject of two major arts television documentary series: The South Bank Show, with Melvyn Bragg (Sky Arts, Autumn 2020)[74][75] and Imagine, with Alan Yentob (\"Bernardine Evaristo: Never Give Up\", BBC One, September 2021).[76][77] She has given many other interviews, including for HARDtalk, with Stephen Shakur (BBC World, 2020) and This Cultural Life, with John Wilson (BBC4, November 2021). She was also the subject of Profile (BBC Radio 4, 2019) and Desert Island Discs on BBC Radio 4, interviewed by Lauren Laverne, in 2020.[78][79] In 2015, Evaristo wrote and presented a two-part BBC Radio 4 documentary called Fiery Inspiration: Amiri Baraka and the Black Arts Movement.[44]Her many podcast appearances in Britain include interviews conducted by Adwoa Aboah, Samira Ahmed, Elizabeth Day, Grace Dent, Annie MacManus, Graham Norton, James O'Brien, Natalie Portman, Jay Rayner, Simon Savidge, Pandora Sykes and Jeremy Vine.In the two months following her win of the Booker Prize, Evaristo has written that she received more invitations to give interviews than in the entirety of her career.[67]","title":"Media appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dartmouth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College"},{"link_name":"Hanover, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Georgetown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University"},{"link_name":"Barnard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard_College"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"University of the Western Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Western_Cape"},{"link_name":"Virginia Arts Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Arts_Festival"},{"link_name":"University of East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Brunel University London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunel_University_London"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrittlePaper-69"},{"link_name":"British Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Council"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official_website-18"},{"link_name":"British Council Berlin Literature Seminar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=33RD+BERLIN+SEMINAR+BRITISH+COUNCIL"},{"link_name":"New Statesman/Goldsmiths Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmiths_Prize"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Book Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Book_Fair"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Rolex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolex"},{"link_name":"Ayesha Harruna Attah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayesha_Harruna_Attah"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Margaret Atwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Atwood"},{"link_name":"Gilberto Gil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilberto_Gil"},{"link_name":"Philip Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass"},{"link_name":"Peter Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hall_(director)"},{"link_name":"David Hockney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hockney"},{"link_name":"Anish Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anish_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"William Kentridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kentridge"},{"link_name":"Spike Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Lee"},{"link_name":"Phyllida Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllida_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Toni Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Jessye Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessye_Norman"},{"link_name":"Yousou N'Dour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssou_N%27Dour"},{"link_name":"Michael Ondaatje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ondaatje"},{"link_name":"Martin Scorsese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Scorsese"},{"link_name":"Wole Soyinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wole_Soyinka"},{"link_name":"Julie Taymor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Taymor"},{"link_name":"Mario Vargas Llosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"text":"Evaristo has taught creative writing since 1994. She has also been awarded many writing fellowships and residencies including the Montgomery Fellowship at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire in 2015; for the British Council at Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Barnard College/ Columbia University, New York; University of the Western Cape, South Africa; the Virginia Arts Festival (Virginia, USA), and Writing Fellow at the University of East Anglia, UK. She taught the University of East Anglia-Guardian \"How to Tell a Story\" course for four seasons in London up until 2015.[80][81] Evaristo is Professor of Creative Writing at Brunel University London, having taught at the university since 2011.[67]Since 1997, she has accepted more than 130 international invitations as a writer. These involve writer residencies and visiting fellowships, British Council tours, book tours, teaching creative writing courses and workshops as well as keynotes, talks and panels at many conferences and literary festivals.[16] She chaired the 32nd and 33rd British Council Berlin Literature Seminar in 2017 and 2018. She delivered the New Statesman/Goldsmiths Prize lecture on 30 September 2020.[82][83] In October 2020, she gave the opening keynote address at the Frankfurt Book Fair's Publishing Insights conference, in which she called on publishers to hire more people represent a wider range of communities: \"We have to have people working in the industry from all these communities who are looking for something beyond the cliches and stereotypes.\"[84]Evaristo is the Literature Mentor for the Rolex Mentor & Protege Arts Initiative for 2023–2024 mentoring the Ghanaian novelist Ayesha Harruna Attah.[85] Previous arts mentors since the programme began in 2002 include Margaret Atwood, Gilberto Gil, Philip Glass, Sir Peter Hall, David Hockney, Sir Anish Kapoor, William Kentridge, Spike Lee, Phyllida Lloyd, Lin Manuel Miranda, Toni Morrison, Jessye Norman, Yousou N'Dour, Michael Ondaatje, Martin Scorsese, Wole Soyinka, Julie Taymor and Mario Vargas Llosa.[86]","title":"Teaching and touring"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arts Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Council_England"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Advocacy-26"},{"link_name":"The Complete Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Works_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCW-9"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"sub_title":"The Complete Works","text":"In 2006, Evaristo initiated an Arts Council-funded report delivered by Spread the Word writer development agency into why black[87] and Asian poets were not getting published in the UK, which revealed that less than 1 per cent of all published poetry is by poets of colour.[24]When the report was published, she then initiated The Complete Works mentoring scheme, with Nathalie Teitler and Spread the Word.[7] In this national development programme,[88] 30 poets were mentored, each over a one- or two-year period, and many went on to publish books, win awards and receive serious recognition for their poetry.[89][90]","title":"Teaching and touring"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brunel International African Poetry Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunel_University_African_Poetry_Prize"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official_website-18"},{"link_name":"Caine Prize for African Writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caine_Prize_for_African_Writing"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Short Story Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Short_Story_Prize"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Women's Prize for Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Prize_for_Fiction"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Forward Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_Prizes_for_Poetry"},{"link_name":"Nero Book Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero_Book_Awards"},{"link_name":"Cassava Republic Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava_Republic_Press"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Literature"},{"link_name":"Arts Council of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Council_of_England"},{"link_name":"London Arts Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Arts_Board"},{"link_name":"Society of Authors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Authors"},{"link_name":"Poetry Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_Society"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official_website-18"},{"link_name":"Marina Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Warner"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSL_President-13"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Sky Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Arts"},{"link_name":"RSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Literature"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"National Portrait Gallery, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPG_person_page-100"}],"text":"Aside from founding the Brunel International African Poetry Prize,[16] she has judged many prizes. In 2012 she was chair of the jury for both the Caine Prize for African Writing[91] and the Commonwealth Short Story Prize.[92] In 2021, she was Chair of the Women's Prize for Fiction panel of judges.[93] In 2023, she chaired the Forward Poetry book prizes. In 2024, she chaired the inaugural Nero Gold Prize of the Nero Book Awards and the inaugural Global Black Women's Prize for Non-Fiction founded by Cassava Republic Press.Evaristo has also served on councils and advisory committees for various organisations including the Council of the Royal Society of Literature (RSL) since 2017, the Arts Council of England, the London Arts Board, the British Council Literature Advisory Panel, the Society of Authors, the Poetry Society (Chair) and Wasafiri international literature magazine.[94][16] Evaristo was elected as President of the Royal Society of Literature from the end of 2021 (following the retirement of her predecessor Dame Marina Warner), becoming the first writer of colour and only the second woman to hold the position in the Society's 00-year history,[95] and she stated at the time of the announcement: \"Literature is not a luxury, but essential to our civilisation. I am so proud, therefore, to be the figurehead of such an august and robust literature organisation that is so actively and urgently committed to being inclusive of the widest range of outstanding writers from every demographic and geographical location in Britain, and to reaching marginalised communities through literature projects, including introducing young people in schools to some of Britain's leading writers who visit, teach and discuss their work with them.\"[11][96] As a Sky Arts Ambassador, Evaristo spearheaded the Sky Arts RSL Writers Awards, providing mentoring for under-represented writers.[97]A portrait of Evaristo (2002) by photographer Sal Idriss is in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery, London.[98]","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thorpe-81"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"text":"She is married to writer David Shannon, whom she met in 2006,[79] and whose debut novel was launched in March 2021.[99][100][101]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"National Endowment of Science, Technology and the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesta_(charity)"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia-105"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Literature"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Georgetown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia-105"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaspora-40"},{"link_name":"MBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Queen's Birthday Honours List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"English Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Association"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brunel-31"},{"link_name":"Rose Bruford College of Theatre & Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Bruford_College_of_Theatre_%26_Performance"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"2020 Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"British Book Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Book_Awards"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBA_Penguin-114"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Elle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Trinity College Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin"},{"link_name":"The Bookseller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bookseller"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"100 Great Black Britons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Great_Black_Britons"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Glamour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_Awards"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts & Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_%26_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Rose Bruford College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Bruford_College"},{"link_name":"Powerlist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerlist"},{"link_name":"The Bookseller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bookseller"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Vanity Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Literature"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mary_University_of_London"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Caledonian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Caledonian_University"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"University of Greenwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Greenwich"},{"link_name":"Goldsmiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmiths,_University_of_London"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_South_Bank_University"},{"link_name":"London South Bank University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_South_Bank_University"},{"link_name":"CILIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Library_and_Information_Professionals"},{"link_name":"Sky Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Arts"},{"link_name":"Soho House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soho_House_(club)"},{"link_name":"Stylist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylist_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"The UK Black Black Powerlist 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerlist_2021"},{"link_name":"Powerlist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerlist"},{"link_name":"University of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"University of Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sheffield"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"}],"sub_title":"Fellowships and other personal honours","text":"2002: UEA Writing Fellow, University of East Anglia[102]\n2003: National Endowment of Science, Technology and the Arts (NESTA) Fellowship Award[103]\n2004: Elected a Fellow, Royal Society of Literature (est.1820)[104]\n2006: British Council Fellow, Georgetown University, USA[103]\n2006: Elected a Fellow, Royal Society of Arts (est.1754)[38]\n2009: Awarded an MBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours List for services to Literature[105]\n2015: The Montgomery Fellow, Dartmouth College, USA[106]\n2017: Elected an Honorary Fellow, the English Association[29] (est.1906)\n2018: Elected a Fellow of Rose Bruford College of Theatre & Performance[107][108]\n2019: Financial Times: list of 14 women gamechangers[109][110]\n2020: Awarded an OBE in the Queen's 2020 Birthday Honours for services to literature[111]\n2020: British Book Awards: Author of the Year[112][113]\n2020: Elle 50 – list of Britain's gamechangers[114]\n2020: Gold Medal of Honorary Patronage (est. 1683), Trinity College Dublin\n2020: The Bookseller 150 power list[115]\n2020: GG2 Woman of the Year Award[116]\n2020: The Vogue 25 for 2020 – list of Britain's 25 most influential women\n2020: Voted one of 100 Great Black Britons[117]\n2021: Glamour magazine Woman of the Year, Gamechanging Author Award\n2021: Honorary International Fellow, American Academy of Arts & Sciences (est. 1780)\n2021: President of Rose Bruford College of Theatre and Performance\n2021: The UK Black Powerlist 100 (1st year)\n2021: The Bookseller 150 power list[118]\n2021: Vanity Fair magazine Challenger Award\n2022: Appointed President, Royal Society of Literature (2022–2026)[119]\n2022: Forbes \"50 over 50\" honoree for the Europe, Middle East & Africa region[120]\n2022: Honorary Doctor of Arts and Letters, King's College London\n2022: Honorary Doctor of Letters, Queen Mary University of London[121]\n2022: Honorary Doctor of Letters, Glasgow Caledonian University[122]\n2022: Honorary Doctor of Letters, University of Greenwich\n2022: Honorary Fellow, Goldsmiths, University of London 2022: Honorary Doctor of Arts, London South Bank University\n2022: Honorary Fellow, CILIP, The Library and Information Association\n2022: Sky Arts: Britain's 50 Most Influential Artists of the Past 50 years (No. 26)\n2022: Soho House Awards: Writer\n2022: Stylist magazine Remarkable Women Awards: Writer of the Year[123]\n2022: The UK Black Black Powerlist 100 (2nd year)\n2023: The UK Black Powerlist 100 (3rd year)\n2023: Honorary Doctor of Letters, University of Exeter[124]\n2023: Honorary Doctor of Letters, University of Sheffield[125]2023: A Goodreads Top Book of the last decade (2013-2023)2023: Black Excellence Awards - Outstanding Contribution to Literature[126]\n2024 The UK Black Powerlist 100 (4th year)","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EMMA Best Book Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_Multicultural_Media_Academy"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia-105"}],"sub_title":"Lara (1997)","text":"1999: EMMA Best Book Award for Lara[103]","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arts Council England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Council_England"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaspora-40"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100_Best_Books-34"}],"sub_title":"The Emperor's Babe (2001)","text":"2000: Arts Council England Writer's Award 2000, for The Emperor's Babe[38]\n2010: The Emperor's Babe, The Times (UK) \"100 Best Books of the Decade\"[32]","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur C. Clarke Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Award"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaspora-40"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Council-22"},{"link_name":"International Dublin Literary Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dublin_Literary_Award"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Orange Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Prize"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaspora-40"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Hurston/Wright Legacy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurston/Wright_Legacy_Award"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"}],"sub_title":"Blonde Roots (2008)","text":"2009: Arthur C. Clarke Award (nominated)[38]\n2009: Big Red Read Award, Fiction and Overall (winner)[20]\n2009: International Dublin Literary Award (nominated)[127]\n2009: Orange Prize for Fiction (nominated)[38]\n2009: Orange Prize Youth Panel Award[128][129]\n2010: Hurston/Wright Legacy Award, USA (finalist)[130]","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poetry Book Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_Book_Society"},{"link_name":"Daljit Nagra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daljit_Nagra"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"}],"sub_title":"Ten (2010)","text":"2010: Poetry Book Society Commendation for Ten, co-edited with Daljit Nagra[131]","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerwood Fiction Uncovered Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerwood_Fiction_Uncovered_Prize"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jerwood-45"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-134"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-135"},{"link_name":"Ferro-Grumley Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro-Grumley_Award"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-136"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"}],"sub_title":"Mr Loverman (2013)","text":"2014: Jerwood Fiction Uncovered Prize (winner)[43][132][133]\n2015: Triangle Publishing Awards: Ferro-Grumley Award for LGBT Fiction, USA[134][135]","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goodread's Choice Award Best Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodreads_Choice_Award"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodreads_Choice_Award_2019-138"},{"link_name":"Gordon Burn Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Burn_Prize"},{"link_name":"Booker Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_Prize"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flood-52"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Shelf Awareness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelf_Awareness"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Australian Book Industry Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Book_Industry_Awards"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBA_Penguin-114"},{"link_name":"Ferro-Grumley Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro-Grumley_Award"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-136"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"St Anne's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Anne%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Literature"},{"link_name":"Orwell Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orwell_Prize"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"Women's Prize for Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Prize_for_Fiction"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Royal Borough of Greenwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Greenwich"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"International Dublin Literary Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dublin_Literary_Award"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Holdings"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"}],"sub_title":"Girl, Woman, Other (2019)","text":"2019: Goodread's Choice Award Best Fiction (finalist)[136]\n2019: Gordon Burn Prize (finalist)\n2019: Booker Prize (winner)[50][137]\n2019: Shelf Awareness best fiction of 2019[138]\n2020: Australian Book Industry Awards (longlisted)[139]\n2020: British Book Awards: Fiction Book of the Year[112]\n2020: Ferro-Grumley Award USA (finalist)[134]\n2020: Indie Book Award for Fiction[140][141]\n2020: Le Prix Millepages, France[142]\n2020: Lifetime Honorary Fellow, St Anne's College, University of Oxford[143]\n2020: Lifetime Vice President, Royal Society of Literature\n2020: Orwell Prize (finalist)[144]\n2020: Reading Women Award[145]\n2020: The Glass Bell Awards (finalist)[146]\n2020: Visionary Honours Awards (finalist)[147][148]\n2020: Women's Prize for Fiction (finalist)[149]\n2021: European Literature Award, Holland (finalist)\n2021: Freedom of the Borough Award, Royal Borough of Greenwich[150]\n2021: International Dublin Literary Award (finalist)[151][152]\n2021: Nielsen Gold Bestseller Award[153]\n2021: Person of the Year – as the 151st honoree of The Bookseller's 150 Power List.\n2021: Premio Gregor von Rezzori (Italy) (finalist)\n2021: Premio Lattes Grinzane (Italy) (finalist)\n2022: Bestsellery Empiku Award (Poland) (finalist)[154]\n2022: Plebiscyt Ksiazka Roku 2021/ Literatura Piekna (Poland) (finalist)","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Visionary Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visionary_Honours"}],"sub_title":"Manifesto (2022)","text":"2022: Visionary Honours Book of the Year 2021 (finalist)\n2023: Prix de Libraires du Quebec, Canada (finalist)\n2023: Grand Prix des Lecteurs, France (finalist)\n2024 Praeses Elit Award, Trinity College Dublin","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brunel University London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunel_University_London"},{"link_name":"Brunel University London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunel_University_London"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"}],"text":"2014: Appointed The Public Orator, Brunel University London\n2015: CBASS Award for Excellence, Brunel University London\n2017: Teach Brunel Award, Brunel University London\n2020: Vice Chancellor's Award for Staff, Brunel University London\n2022: CBASS Lecturer of the Year, Brunel University London[155]","title":"Academic honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peepal Tree Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peepal_Tree_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0948833601","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0948833601"},{"link_name":"Lara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara_(novel)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781899860456","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781899860456"},{"link_name":"The Emperor's Babe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_Babe"},{"link_name":"Hamish Hamilton/Penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0140297812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140297812"},{"link_name":"Soul Tourists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Tourists"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0140297829","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140297829"},{"link_name":"Blonde Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blonde_Roots"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0141031521","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141031521"},{"link_name":"Bloodaxe Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodaxe_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1852248314","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1852248314"},{"link_name":"Hello Mum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_Mum"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0141044385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141044385"},{"link_name":"Mr Loverman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Loverman"},{"link_name":"Akashic Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashic_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1617752896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1617752896"},{"link_name":"Girl, Woman, Other","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl,_Woman,_Other"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0241364901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0241364901"},{"link_name":"Manifesto: On Never Giving Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto:_On_Never_Giving_Up"},{"link_name":"Hamish Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0241534991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0241534991"},{"link_name":"Tate Galleries Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Publishing_Ltd"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1849767163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849767163"}],"text":"1994: Island of Abraham (poems, Peepal Tree Press; ISBN 978-0948833601)\n1997: Lara (novel, Angela Royal Publishing; ISBN 9781899860456)\n2001: The Emperor's Babe (verse novel, Hamish Hamilton/Penguin; Penguin USA, 2002; ISBN 978-0140297812)\n2005: Soul Tourists (novel, Hamish Hamilton/Penguin; ISBN 978-0140297829)\n2008: Blonde Roots (novel, Hamish Hamilton/Penguin; Riverhead/Penguin USA, 2009; ISBN 978-0141031521)\n2009: Lara (new, expanded edition, (Bloodaxe Books; ISBN 978-1852248314)\n2010: Hello Mum (novella, Penguin UK; ISBN 978-0141044385)\n2014: Mr Loverman (novel, Penguin UK; Akashic Books; ISBN 978-1617752896)\n2019: Girl, Woman, Other (novel, Hamish Hamilton/Penguin; ISBN 978-0241364901)\n2021: Manifesto: On Never Giving Up (memoir, Hamish Hamilton/Penguin; ISBN 978-0241534991)\n2021: Feminism (Look Again Series, Tate Galleries Publishing; ISBN 978-1849767163)","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Court Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Melkweg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkweg"},{"link_name":"Theatre of Black Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Black_Women"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Crucible Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucible_Theatre"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Drama_Company"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Walker"},{"link_name":"Clare Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Dona Croll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dona_Croll"},{"link_name":"Old Vic Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Vic"},{"link_name":"Adrian Lester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Lester"},{"link_name":"Lolita Chakrabarti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolita_Chakrabarti"},{"link_name":"Sharon D. Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_D._Clarke"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"}],"text":"1982: Moving Through, a choral dramatic poem, Talking Black Festival, Royal Court Theatre Upstairs\n1982: Tiger Teeth Clenched Not to Bite, a poetic monologue. Theatre of Black Women, the Melkweg, Amsterdam\n1983: Silhouette, an experimental verse drama. Theatre of Black Women tour. Co-writer: Patricia St. Hilaire[156]\n1984: Pyeyucca, an experimental verse drama. Theatre of Black Women tour. Additional material: Patricia St. Hilaire[157][158]\n2002: Medea – Mapping the Edge. Verse drama. Wilson Wilson Company at Sheffield Crucible Theatre and BBC Radio Drama[159]\n2003: Madame Bitterfly and the Stockwell Diva. Verse drama. The Friday Play, BBC Radio 4, starring Rudolph Walker, Clare Perkins, Dona Croll\n2020: First, Do No Harm, a poetic monologue, Old Vic Theatre online, directed by Adrian Lester and produced by Lolita Chakrabarti, starring Sharon D. Clarke.[160][161]","title":"Plays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sister Vision Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Vision_Press"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"The Mechanics Institute Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mechanics%27_Institute_Review"},{"link_name":"Birkbeck, University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkbeck,_University_of_London"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"HarperCollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Jacob Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Ross"},{"link_name":"Peepal Tree Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peepal_Tree_Press"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"Hodder & Stoughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"British Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Vogue"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"New Statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Statesman"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"}],"text":"1994: \"Letters from London\" in Miscegenation Blues: voices of mixed-race women, edited by Carol Camper (Sister Vision Press)[162]\n2005: On Top of the World (BBC Radio 4)\n2006: \"Ohtakemehomelord.com\" in The Guardian's annual short story supplement (July)[163]\n2008: \"A Matter of Timing\", The Guardian[164]\n2010: \"On Top of the World\", The Mechanics Institute Review, Issue 7 (Birkbeck, University of London)[165][166]\n2011: \"I Think I'm Going Slightly Mad\" in One for the Trouble, The Book Slam Annual, edited by Patrick Neate (Book Slam Productions)[167]\n2014: \"Our Billy, (or should it be Betty?)\" in Letter to an Unknown Soldier, 14–18 NOW UK WW1 Centenary Art Commissions (William Collins/HarperCollins)[168]\n2015: \"Yoruba Man Walking\" in Closure: a new anthology of contemporary black British fiction, edited by Jacob Ross (Peepal Tree Press)[169]\n2016: \"The Human World\" in How Much the Heart Can Hold, edited by Emma Herdman (Hodder & Stoughton)[170]\n2020: \"Star of the Season\", British Vogue[171]\n2020: \"The White Man's Liberation Front\", New Statesman[172]","title":"Short fiction (selected)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Artrage-175"},{"link_name":"Kadjia George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadija_George"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Artrage-175"},{"link_name":"Staying Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staying_Power:_The_History_of_Black_People_in_Britain"},{"link_name":"Peter Fryer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fryer"},{"link_name":"Zora Neale Hurston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston"},{"link_name":"Marie Claire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Claire"},{"link_name":"British Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Council"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"Melanie Keen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Keen"},{"link_name":"Arts Council England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Council_England"},{"link_name":"University of East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"Taylor & Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"Gale Publishing, USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Five Dials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Dials"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"Bloodaxe Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodaxe_Books"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"Wasafiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasafiri"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Illusion_of_Inclusion-183"},{"link_name":"Poetry Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_Review"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"University of East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Giles Foden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Foden"},{"link_name":"For colored girls who have considered suicide when the rainbow is enuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_colored_girls_who_have_considered_suicide_when_the_rainbow_is_enuf"},{"link_name":"Ntozake Shange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntozake_Shange"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_3"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"Susheila Nasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susheila_Nasta"},{"link_name":"Myriad Editions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriad_Editions"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"Houses of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"Goldsmiths University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmiths,_University_of_London"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"Yomi Adegoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yomi_Adegoke"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Uviebinené","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Uviebinen%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"HarperCollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"British Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Vogue"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"New Statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Statesman"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"Beloved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beloved_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Toni Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Vintage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"Hamish Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"Beryl Gilroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryl_Gilroy"},{"link_name":"Faber and Faber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faber_and_Faber"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"Orion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Publishing_Group"},{"link_name":"S. I. Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._I._Martin"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"Minty Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minty_Alley"},{"link_name":"C. L. R. James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._L._R._James"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"Mike Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Phillips_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"}],"text":"1992: \"Black Theatre\", Artrage (Winter/Spring)[173]\n1993: \"Black Women in Theatre\", Six Plays by Black and Asian Women Writers, edited by Kadjia George (Aurora Metro Press)[174]\n1996: \"Going it Alone\" – one-person shows in black British theatre, Artrage[173] \n1998: \"On Staying Power\" by Peter Fryer for BBC Windrush Education\n2001: \"Roaring Zora\" on the life and writing of Zora Neale Hurston, Marie Claire\n2005: \"An Introduction to Contemporary British Poetry\", British Council Literature Magazine\n2005: \"False Memory Syndrome: Writing Black in Britain\", in Writing Worlds (New Writing Partnership/University of East Anglia)\n2005: \"Origins\", Crossing Borders, British Council online[175]\n2005: \"The Road Less Travelled\", Necessary Journeys, edited by Melanie Keen and Eileen Daley, Arts Council England\n2007: \"Writing the Past: Traditions, Inheritances, Discoveries\" in Writing Worlds 1: The Norwich Exchanges (University of East Anglia/Pen & Inc Press)[176]\n2008: \"CSI Europe: African Trace Elements. Fragments. Reconstruction. Case Histories. Motive. Personal\", Wasafiri (Taylor & Francis)[177]\n2009: Autobiographical essay, Contemporary Writers, Vol. 275 (Gale Publishing, USA)\n2009: Autobiographical essay, \"My Father's House\" (Five Dials)[178]\n2010: Introduction to Ten poetry anthology, \"Why This, Why Now?\", on the need for The Complete Works initiative to diversify British poetry publications (Bloodaxe Books)[179]\n2010: Introduction to Wasafiri Black Britain: Beyond Definition, \"The Illusion of Inclusion\", Issue 64, Winter 2010 (Routledge)[180][181]\n2010: \"The Month of September\", on writing and process, Volume 100:4, Winter 2010 Poetry Review[182]\n2011: \"Myth, Motivation, Magic & Mechanics\", Body of Work: 40 Years of Creative Writing at UEA (University of East Anglia), edited by Giles Foden (Full Circle Editions)\n2013: The Book that Changed Me Series: Essay on For colored girls who have considered suicide when the rainbow is enuf by Ntozake Shange (BBC Radio 3)[183]\n2016: \"The Privilege of Being a Mixed Race Woman\", Tangled Roots: Real Life Stories from Mixed Race Britain, Anthology Number 2, edited by Katy Massey (Tangled Roots)\n2019: \"What a Time to be a (Black) (British) (Womxn) Writer\", in Brave New Words, edited by Susheila Nasta (Myriad Editions)[184][185]\n2020: \"Claiming Whiteness\", The House magazine, of the (Houses of Parliament)[186]\n2020: Foreword to Bedside Guardian, the annual Guardian anthology[187]\n2020: Foreword: \"Re:Thinking: 'Diversity' in Publishing\", by Dr Anamik Saha and Dr Sandra van Lente (Goldsmiths University/Newgen Publishing UK)[188]\n2020: \"Gender in the Blender\", for A Point of View, BBC Radio 4[189]\n2020: Introduction to Loud Black Girls, edited by Yomi Adegoke and Elizabeth Uviebinené (HarperCollins)[190]\n2020: \"Literature Can Foster Our Shared Humanity\", British Vogue, 6 June 2020.[191]\n2020: \"Loving the Body Fat-tastic\", for A Point of View, BBC Radio 4[192]\n2020: \"On Mrs Dalloway\", BBC Radio 4\n2020: \"Spiritual Pick and Mix\", for A Point of View, BBC Radio 4[193]\n2020: \"The Longform Patriarchs and their Accomplices\", New Statesman[194]\n2020: \"The Pro-Mask Movement\", for A Point of View, BBC Radio 4[195]\n2020: \"Theatre of Black Women: A Personal Account\", in The Palgrave Handbook of the History of Women on Stage, edited by Jan Sewell and Clare Smout (Palgrave Macmillan)[196]\n2020: \"Why Black Lives Matter\", for A Point of View, BBC Radio 4[197]\n2021: Introduction to Beloved by Toni Morrison (Vintage)[198]\n2021: Introduction to Bernard and the Cloth Monkey by Judith Bryan (1998), \"Black Britain: Writing Back\" series (Hamish Hamilton/Penguin reissue)[199][200]\n2021: Introduction to Black Teacher by Beryl Gilroy (Faber and Faber)[201]\n2021: Introduction to for Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf by Ntozake Shange (Orion)\n2021: Introduction to Incomparable World by S. I. Martin (1996), \"Black Britain: Writing Back\" series (Hamish Hamilton/Penguin reissue)[202]\n2021: Introduction to Minty Alley by C. L. R. James (1936), \"Black Britain: Writing Back\" series (Hamish Hamilton/Penguin reissue)[203]\n2021: Introduction to The Dancing Face by Mike Phillips (1997), \"Black Britain: Writing Back\" series (Hamish Hamilton/Penguin reissue)[204]\n2021: Introduction to The Fat Lady Sings by Jacqueline Roy (2000), \"Black Britain: Writing Back\" series (Hamish Hamilton/Penguin reissue)[205]\n2021: Introduction to Without Prejudice by Nicola Williams (1997), \"Black Britain: Writing Back\" series (Hamish Hamilton/Penguin reissue)[206]\n2022: \"The Artistic Triumph of Older Black Women\", The Guardian[207]","title":"Essays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"Wasafiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasafiri"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary University London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mary_University_London"},{"link_name":"Open University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_University"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"Maggie Gee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Gee_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"British Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Council"},{"link_name":"Granta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granta"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"Daljit Nagra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daljit_Nagra"},{"link_name":"Bloodaxe Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodaxe_Books"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bernardine_Evaristo-216"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brunel-31"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"Poetry Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_Review"},{"link_name":"The Poetry Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_Society"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"Ellah Allfrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellah_Allfrey"},{"link_name":"Dundern Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundurn_Press"},{"link_name":"Mslexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mslexia"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"Brunel University London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunel_University_London"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"Prairie Schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_Schooner"},{"link_name":"University of Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guest_edits_Style-71"}],"text":"1987: Editor, with Da Choong, Olivette Cole-Wilson, and Gabriela Pearse, Black Women Talk Poetry anthology[208]\n1996–1997: Editor, FrontSeat quarterly inter-cultural performance magazine (Black Theatre Forum)[209]\n1998–2008: associate editor, Wasafiri international literature journal (Queen Mary University London and Open University)[210]\n2007: Editor, with Maggie Gee, NW15: New Writing Anthology, 15th annual edition (British Council and Granta)[211][212]\n2010: Editor, with Daljit Nagra, Ten: New Poets poetry anthology, introducing ten new poets from The Complete Works project (Bloodaxe Books)[213]\n2010: guest editor, with Karen McCarthy Woolf, Wasafiri, Black Britain: Beyond Definition, Special Winter Issue (Routledge)[214][29][215]\n2012: guest editor, Poetry Review, Offending Frequencies for The Poetry Society of Great Britain, Special Centenary Winter Issue, Volume 102.4[216]\n2014: Editorial Selector, the Commonwealth Writers Short Story Prize anthology, Let's Tell This Story Properly, edited by Ellah Allfrey (Dundern Press, Canada)\n2014: guest editor, Mslexia quarterly magazine of creative writing, Issue Number 63[217]\n2014–2020, Originator and supervising editor of annual student anthologies at Brunel University London: The Voices Inside Our Heads, The Psyche Supermarket, The Imagination Project, It's Complicated, Totem, Pendulum and Letter to My Younger Self 2019, Kintsugi[218]\n2014–ongoing. Editorial Board, the African Poetry Book Fund, with Prairie Schooner poetry magazine at the University of Nebraska[219]\n2020: guest editor, The Sunday Times Style magazine[69]","title":"Editor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Literary_prize_juries-222"},{"link_name":"Poetry Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_Society"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Literary_prize_juries-222"},{"link_name":"The National Poetry Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Poetry_Competition"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Literary_prize_juries-222"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Literary_prize_juries-222"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"Alfred Fagon Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Fagon_Award"},{"link_name":"Orange Award for New Writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Award_for_New_Writers"},{"link_name":"T. S. Eliot Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot_Prize"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"Caine Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caine_Prize"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Short Story Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Short_Story_Prize"},{"link_name":"Brunel University African Poetry Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunel_University_African_Poetry_Prize"},{"link_name":"Golden Baobab Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Baobab_Prize"},{"link_name":"OCM Bocas Prize for Caribbean Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCM_Bocas_Prize_for_Caribbean_Literature"},{"link_name":"Costa Book Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Book_Award"},{"link_name":"First Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Story"},{"link_name":"Prairie Schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_Schooner"},{"link_name":"Goldsmiths Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmiths_Prize"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"Brunel International African Poetry Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunel_International_African_Poetry_Prize"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Literature"},{"link_name":"Brunel International African Poetry Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunel_International_African_Poetry_Prize"},{"link_name":"Isis magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis_magazine"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"Observer newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"Harper's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar"},{"link_name":"Women's Prize for Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Prize_for_Fiction"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Literary_prize_juries-222"},{"link_name":"Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"Forward Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_Prizes_for_Poetry"}],"text":"1997: Ian St. James Award (Fiction)[220]\n2004: The Next Generation Top 20 List, organised by PBS and Poetry Society[220]\n2006: The National Poetry Competition[220]\n2007: Northern Rock Writers' Award (Fiction & Poetry)[220]\n2008: Decibel Penguin Prize (Fiction)[221]\n2009: Young Muslim Writers Awards with Penguin Publishers (Fiction)[222]\n2010: Alfred Fagon Award – (Black plays)\n2010: Orange Award for New Writers (Women's fiction)\n2010: T. S. Eliot Prize (Poetry)[223]\n2011: Peacock Poetry Prize (Brighton Festival)\n2012: Chair: Caine Prize for African Fiction\n2012: Chair: Commonwealth Short Story Prize\n2012: Founder & Chair of the Brunel University African Poetry Prize\n2012: The Poetry Society's Poetry News competition\n2013: Chair: The Brunel International African Poetry Prize\n2013: Golden Baobab Prize, Ghana (Short stories for African children)\n2013: Sillerman First Book Prize for African Poets (USA)\n2014: Chair: The Brunel International African Poetry Prize\n2014: OCM Bocas Prize for Caribbean Literature, Poetry (Trinidad)\n2014: Sillerman First Book Prize for African Poets, USA\n2015: Chair: The Brunel International African Poetry Prize\n2015: Costa Book Award Best Novel & Costa Book of the Year\n2015: First Story National Writing Competition\n2015: Prairie Schooner First Book Prize (USA)\n2016: Chair: The Brunel International African Poetry Prize\n2016: Goldsmiths Prize for innovative fiction\n2016: Guardian and 4th Estate BAME Short Story Prize\n2016: Sillerman First Book Prize for African Poets (USA)[224]\n2017: Chair: Brunel International African Poetry Prize\n2018: 40 New Fellows under 40 Royal Society of Literature\n2018: Chair: Brunel International African Poetry Prize\n2018: Geneva Writers' Prize\n2018: Isis magazine Writing Competition, Oxford University\n2018: The Queen's Commonwealth Essay Competition\n2019: Anthony Burgess/Observer newspaper Award for Arts' Journalism\n2019: Glenna Luschei Prize for African Poetry[225]\n2019: Harper's Short Story Award\n2019: Polari Book Prize for LGBTQ+ fiction\n2021: Chair, Women's Prize for Fiction[226][220]\n2021: Sunday Times Style Journalism Competition[227] 2023: Chair, Forward Prize for Poetry","title":"Literary prize juries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wasafiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasafiri"},{"link_name":"The Poetry Society of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Poetry_Society"},{"link_name":"London Arts Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Arts_Board"},{"link_name":"The Poetry Society of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_Society"},{"link_name":"The British Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_British_Council"},{"link_name":"Museum of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London"},{"link_name":"City University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_City_University"},{"link_name":"The Society of Authors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Society_of_Authors"},{"link_name":"University of Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"SI Leeds Literary Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_Leeds_Literary_Prize"},{"link_name":"The Folio Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Folio_Prize"},{"link_name":"Arts Council England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Council_England"},{"link_name":"Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_Assurance_Agency_for_Higher_Education"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Literature"}],"text":"Board of directors, Black Mime Theatre Company, 1990s\nAdvisory board: Wasafiri Literature Magazine, 2000–\nGeneral Council: The Poetry Society of Great Britain, 2001–2004\nSpecial Literature Advisor: London Arts Board, 2001–2005\nChair: The Poetry Society of Great Britain, 2003–2004\nLiterature Advisor: The British Council, 2003–2006\nAdvisory Committee: New Galleries, Museum of London, 2004–2008\nAdvisory Board: MA Creative Writing, City University, 2004–2009\nFounder: Free Verse & The Complete Works schemes, 2005–2017\nThe Society of Authors Management Committee, 2008–2009\nPatron: Westminster Befriend a Family (WBAF), 2009–2011\nEditorial Board: the African Poetry Book Series, APBF, University of Nebraska, 2012–\nPatron: SI Leeds Literary Prize for unpublished black/Asian women writers, 2012–\nThe Folio Prize, Member of the Academy, 2013–\nArts Council England, Member of the South East Area Council, 2014–2015\nQuality Assurance Agency for Higher Education Creative Writing Panel, 2014–2015\nElected to Council, Royal Society of Literature, 2016–\nVice Chair, Royal Society of Literature, 2017–2020","title":"Voluntary advisory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"^ \"I identify as a Black woman.\"[1]\n\n^ \"How quickly & casually they have removed my name from history – the first black woman to win it. This is what we’ve always been up against, folks.\"[2]","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Evaristo speaking at an event.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bernardine_Evaristo_Speaking_at_event.jpg/220px-Bernardine_Evaristo_Speaking_at_event.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Richardson, Hollie. \"Desert Island Discs: 5 things we learned about Girl, Woman, Other author Bernardine Evaristo\". Stylist. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stylist.co.uk/entertainment/podcasts/desert-island-discs-bernardine-evaristo-girl-woman-other-booker-prize-winner/429256","url_text":"\"Desert Island Discs: 5 things we learned about Girl, Woman, Other author Bernardine Evaristo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221005133026/https://www.stylist.co.uk/entertainment/podcasts/desert-island-discs-bernardine-evaristo-girl-woman-other-booker-prize-winner/429256","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Flood, Alison (4 December 2019). \"'Another author': outrage after BBC elides Bernardine Evaristo's Booker win\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/dec/04/another-author-outrage-after-bbc-elides-bernardine-evaristo-booker-win","url_text":"\"'Another author': outrage after BBC elides Bernardine Evaristo's Booker win\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221005133029/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/dec/04/another-author-outrage-after-bbc-elides-bernardine-evaristo-booker-win","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Middleton, Lucy (15 October 2019). \"First Black woman to receive Booker Prize describes joint win as 'bittersweet'\". Metro. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://metro.co.uk/2019/10/15/first-black-woman-receive-booker-prize-describes-joint-win-bittersweet-10919973/","url_text":"\"First Black woman to receive Booker Prize describes joint win as 'bittersweet'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(British_newspaper)","url_text":"Metro"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221004185952/https://metro.co.uk/2019/10/15/first-black-woman-receive-booker-prize-describes-joint-win-bittersweet-10919973/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Evaristo, Bernardine (19 October 2019). \"Bernardine Evaristo: 'These are unprecedented times for black female writers'\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/oct/19/bernadine-evaristo-what-a-time-to-be-a-black-british-womxn-writer","url_text":"\"Bernardine Evaristo: 'These are unprecedented times for black female writers'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191209223644/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/oct/19/bernadine-evaristo-what-a-time-to-be-a-black-british-womxn-writer","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"de León, Concepción (1 November 2019). \"Booker Prize Winner 'Girl, Woman, Other' Is Coming to America\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/01/books/bernardine-evaristo-girl-woman-other-booker-prize.html","url_text":"\"Booker Prize Winner 'Girl, Woman, Other' Is Coming to America\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221004190023/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/01/books/bernardine-evaristo-girl-woman-other-booker-prize.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Complete Works\". Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://thecompleteworkspoetry.wordpress.com/","url_text":"\"The Complete Works\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210417081024/https://thecompleteworkspoetry.wordpress.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Black Theatre Forum\". Black Plays Archive. National Theatre.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk/explore/companies/black-theatre-forum","url_text":"\"Black Theatre Forum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre","url_text":"National Theatre"}]},{"reference":"\"Bernardine Evaristo Announced as New President of the RSL\". The Royal Society of Literature. 30 November 2021. Archived from the original on 26 April 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://rsliterature.org/bernardine-evaristo-announced-as-new-president-of-the-rsl/","url_text":"\"Bernardine Evaristo Announced as New President of the RSL\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240426023152/https://rsliterature.org/bernardine-evaristo-announced-as-new-president-of-the-rsl/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 63135\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 October 2020. p. B12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/63135/supplement/B12","url_text":"\"No. 63135\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Awal, Mohammed (15 December 2019). \"Bernardine Evaristo, first black woman to win Booker Prize whose name the media tried to erase from history\". Face2Face Africa. Archived from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://face2faceafrica.com/article/bernardine-evaristo-first-black-woman-to-win-booker-prize-whose-name-the-media-tried-to-erase-from-history","url_text":"\"Bernardine Evaristo, first black woman to win Booker Prize whose name the media tried to erase from history\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face2Face_Africa","url_text":"Face2Face Africa"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230821110424/https://face2faceafrica.com/article/bernardine-evaristo-first-black-woman-to-win-booker-prize-whose-name-the-media-tried-to-erase-from-history","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Evaristo, Bernardine (25 September 2021). \"Bernardine Evaristo on a childhood shaped by racism: 'I was never going to give up'\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/sep/25/bernardine-evaristo-on-a-childhood-shaped-by-racism-i-was-never-going-to-give-up","url_text":"\"Bernardine Evaristo on a childhood shaped by racism: 'I was never going to give up'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220712215057/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/sep/25/bernardine-evaristo-on-a-childhood-shaped-by-racism-i-was-never-going-to-give-up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Biography\". Bernandine Evaristo Official Website. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230227023951/https://bevaristo.com/biography/","url_text":"\"Biography\""},{"url":"https://bevaristo.com/biography/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fadumiye, AdeOla. \"Social: Bernadine Evaristo …on the crossroads of culture\". Genevieve. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140911003701/http://www.genevieveng.com/bernadine-evaristo-on-the-crossroads-of-culture/","url_text":"\"Social: Bernadine Evaristo …on the crossroads of culture\""},{"url":"http://www.genevieveng.com/bernadine-evaristo-on-the-crossroads-of-culture/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Payne, Tom (23 March 2003). \"A Writer's Life: Bernadine Evaristo\". The Telegraph. United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191015072754/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3591629/A-writers-life-Bernadine-Evaristo.html","url_text":"\"A Writer's Life: Bernadine Evaristo\""},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3591629/A-writers-life-Bernadine-Evaristo.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Innes, C. L. (2007). The Cambridge Introduction to Postcolonial Literatures in English. Cambridge University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-1139-4655-95. Retrieved 9 September 2014. Bernardine Evaristo grandfather slave.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyn_Innes","url_text":"Innes, C. L."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cambridgeintrodu0000inne","url_text":"The Cambridge Introduction to Postcolonial Literatures in English"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cambridgeintrodu0000inne/page/68","url_text":"68"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139-4655-95","url_text":"978-1139-4655-95"}]},{"reference":"\"Alumni Author Bernadine Evaristo Holds Q&A at Eltham Hill\". Eltham Hill School. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elthamhill.com/132/case-studies/case-study/2/alumni-author-bernadine-evaristo-holds-qa-at-eltham-hill","url_text":"\"Alumni Author Bernadine Evaristo Holds Q&A at Eltham Hill\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221004114945/https://www.elthamhill.com/132/case-studies/case-study/2/alumni-author-bernadine-evaristo-holds-qa-at-eltham-hill","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Meet the Team\". Tramshed. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tramshed.org/about-us/meet-the-team","url_text":"\"Meet the Team\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221004114942/https://tramshed.org/about-us/meet-the-team","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bernardine Evaristo (OBE)\". Rose Bruford College. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. 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Archived from the original on 14 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/sep/07/bernardine-evaristo-made-in-woolwich","url_text":"\"Bernardine Evaristo on Woolwich: 'We weren't allowed to play outside'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191014213821/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/sep/07/bernardine-evaristo-made-in-woolwich","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Greenwich, Royal Borough of. \"Freedom of the Borough\". www.royalgreenwich.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. 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ASIN 1902913264.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1902913264","url_text":"1902913264"}]},{"reference":"Evaristo, Bernardine (1 December 2008). \"CSI Europe\". Wasafiri. 23 (4): 2–7. doi:10.1080/02690050802407722. ISSN 0269-0055. S2CID 163408035. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. 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Archived from the original on 24 December 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000qjg0","url_text":"\"Spiritual Pick and Mix\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201224080027/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000qjg0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Evaristo, Bernardine (1 October 2020). \"The longform patriarchs, and their accomplices\". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2020/10/bernardine-evaristo-goldsmiths-lecture-longform-patriarchs","url_text":"\"The longform patriarchs, and their accomplices\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201004084706/https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2020/10/bernardine-evaristo-goldsmiths-lecture-longform-patriarchs","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Evaristo, Bernardine (2 October 2020). \"The Pro-Mask Movement\". A Point of View. BBC Radio 4. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/search?q=the+pro+mask+movement","url_text":"\"The Pro-Mask Movement\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231101234042/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/search?q=the+pro+mask+movement","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Evaristo, Bernardine (2019). \"Theatre of Black Women: A Personal Account\". The Palgrave Handbook of the History of Women on Stage. pp. 521–529. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23828-5_23. ISBN 978-3-030-23827-8. S2CID 219880649. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://link-springer-com-443.webvpn.fjmu.edu.cn/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-23828-5_23","url_text":"\"Theatre of Black Women: A Personal Account\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-23828-5_23","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-030-23828-5_23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-23827-8","url_text":"978-3-030-23827-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219880649","url_text":"219880649"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240424134535/https://authserver-443.webvpn.fjmu.edu.cn/authserver/login?service=https%3A%2F%2Fwebvpn.fjmu.edu.cn%2Fusers%2Fauth%2Fcas%2Fcallback%3Furl","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Evaristo, Bernardine (5 July 2020). \"Why Black Lives Matter\". A Point of View. BBC Radio 4. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000khls","url_text":"\"Why Black Lives Matter\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201005023523/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000khls","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Beloved by Toni Morrison | Waterstones\". Waterstones. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waterstones.com/book/beloved/toni-morrison//9781784876432","url_text":"\"Beloved by Toni Morrison | Waterstones\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210506204041/https://www.waterstones.com/book/beloved/toni-morrison//9781784876432","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Black Britain: Writing Back. Penguin UK. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/series/bbwb/black-britain--writing-back.html","url_text":"Black Britain: Writing Back"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210109155555/https://www.penguin.co.uk/series/bbwb/black-britain--writing-back.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bryan, Judith. Bernard and the Cloth Monkey. Penguin UK. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/320877/bernard-and-the-cloth-monkey/9780241482681.html","url_text":"Bernard and the Cloth Monkey"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210109155445/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/320877/bernard-and-the-cloth-monkey/9780241482681.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Black Teacher by Beryl Gilroy | Waterstones\". Waterstones. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waterstones.com/book/black-teacher/beryl-gilroy/9780571367733","url_text":"\"Black Teacher by Beryl Gilroy | Waterstones\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231101235545/https://www.waterstones.com/book/black-teacher/beryl-gilroy/9780571367733","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Martin, S. I. Incomparable World. Penguin UK. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/320879/incomparable-world/9780241482704.html","url_text":"Incomparable World"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210109210700/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/320879/incomparable-world/9780241482704.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"James, C. L. R. Minty Alley. Penguin UK. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/320875/minty-alley/9780241482667.html","url_text":"Minty Alley"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210109155423/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/320875/minty-alley/9780241482667.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Mike. The Dancing Face. Penguin UK. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/320876/the-dancing-face/9780241482674.html","url_text":"The Dancing Face"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210109155445/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/320876/the-dancing-face/9780241482674.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Roy, Jacqueline. The Fat Lady Sings. Penguin UK. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/320878/the-fat-lady-sings/9780241482698.html","url_text":"The Fat Lady Sings"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210109155522/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/320878/the-fat-lady-sings/9780241482698.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Nicola. Without Prejudice. Penguin UK. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/320821/without-prejudice/9780241482650.html","url_text":"Without Prejudice"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210109155435/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/320821/without-prejudice/9780241482650.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Evaristo, Bernardine (28 April 2022). \"'They are totally smashing it!' Bernardine Evaristo on the artistic triumph of older Black women\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/apr/28/bernardine-evaristo-on-the-artistic-triumph-of-older-black-women","url_text":"\"'They are totally smashing it!' Bernardine Evaristo on the artistic triumph of older Black women\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220529191431/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/apr/28/bernardine-evaristo-on-the-artistic-triumph-of-older-black-women","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Black Women Talk Poetry\". AbeBooks. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781870400008/Black-Women-Talk-Poetry-Choong-1870400003/plp","url_text":"\"Black Women Talk Poetry\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231101234048/https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781870400008/Black-Women-Talk-Poetry-Choong-1870400003/plp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Abram, Nicola (12 October 2020). Black British Women's Theatre: Intersectionality, Archives, Aesthetics. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-51459-4. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c6UCEAAAQBAJ&q=front+seat,+black+theatre+forum+evaristo&pg=PA47","url_text":"Black British Women's Theatre: Intersectionality, Archives, Aesthetics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-51459-4","url_text":"978-3-030-51459-4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240424134543/https://books.google.com/books?id=c6UCEAAAQBAJ&q=front+seat,+black+theatre+forum+evaristo&pg=PA47#v=snippet&q=front%20seat%2C%20black%20theatre%20forum%20evaristo&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Among the Contributors\". Wasafiri. 25 (4). Taylor & Francis Online: 103–105. 2010. doi:10.1080/02690055.2010.516085. S2CID 219610268. 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Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bevaristo.com/literary-prize-juries/","url_text":"\"Literary prize juries\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210419154428/https://bevaristo.com/literary-prize-juries/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"decibel Penguin Prize 2008 seeks true stories on the experience of having a mixed heritage\". Wired Gov – Arts Council England. 12 February 2008. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired-gov.net/wg/wg-news-1.nsf/lfi/DNWA-7BRFSZ","url_text":"\"decibel Penguin Prize 2008 seeks true stories on the experience of having a mixed heritage\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211127153615/https://www.wired-gov.net/wg/wg-news-1.nsf/lfi/DNWA-7BRFSZ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Higgins, Charlottle (24 January 2011). \"TS Eliot prize goes to Derek Walcott for 'moving and technically flawless' work\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jan/24/ts-eliot-prize-derek-walcott","url_text":"\"TS Eliot prize goes to Derek Walcott for 'moving and technically flawless' work\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230612134545/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jan/24/ts-eliot-prize-derek-walcott","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Murua, James (6 November 2015). \"Sillerman First Book Prize 2016 open for writers\". Writing Africa. Retrieved 11 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Murua","url_text":"Murua, James"},{"url":"https://www.writingafrica.com/sillerman-first-book-prize-2016-open-for-writers/","url_text":"\"Sillerman First Book Prize 2016 open for writers\""}]},{"reference":"Otosirieze, Obi (2 June 2019). \"Koleka Putuma's Collective Amnesia Wins the Glenna Luschei Prize for African Poetry, Nick Makoha & Dami Ajayi Shortlisted\". Brittle Paper. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://brittlepaper.com/2019/06/koleka-putumas-collective-amnesia-wins-2018-19-glenna-luschei-prize-for-african-poetry-nick-makoha-dami-ajayi-shortlisted/","url_text":"\"Koleka Putuma's Collective Amnesia Wins the Glenna Luschei Prize for African Poetry, Nick Makoha & Dami Ajayi Shortlisted\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210226031258/https://brittlepaper.com/2019/06/koleka-putumas-collective-amnesia-wins-2018-19-glenna-luschei-prize-for-african-poetry-nick-makoha-dami-ajayi-shortlisted/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sethi, Anita (10 March 2021). \"Bernardine Evaristo: 'It isn't just about Meghan's race, but also that she's a strong, feminist woman'\". i. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Sethi","url_text":"Sethi, Anita"},{"url":"https://inews.co.uk/culture/bernardine-evaristo-meghan-markle-womens-prize-longlist-907765","url_text":"\"Bernardine Evaristo: 'It isn't just about Meghan's race, but also that she's a strong, feminist woman'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210316085603/https://inews.co.uk/culture/bernardine-evaristo-meghan-markle-womens-prize-longlist-907765","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Enter the Style X Black Writers' Guild Essay Competition\". The Sunday Times. 26 July 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_City_of_Crime

Batman: City of Crime

["1 Plot","2 Reception","3 Issues","4 References"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Batman: City of Crime" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) City of Crime is a Batman comic book story arc written by David Lapham, with art by Ramon Bachs and Nathan Massengill. It was originally published in 13 parts by DC Comics from January 2005 through February 2006 for Detective Comics, issues 800 through 808, then issues 811 through 814, and then later compiled as a trade paperback. These individual comics started in January 2005 and ended February 2006. Plot In City of Crime, Batman investigates the disappearance of a young girl and unravels a labyrinthine conspiracy that stretches from Gotham City's powerful elites to its forgotten poor. In order to save the city he has sworn to protect, Batman will have to face old foes and a new nemesis spawned from its very depths. Noted villains appear in this novel such as The Ventriloquist, Mr. Freeze, and The Penguin. The universe that this story takes place in is the New Earth Universe. Reception The reception for Batman: City of Crime has been generally positive. Readcomics.org praised the dark atmosphere and gritty character design. Further comment was given on the story not needing to rely on heavy character deaths or integral changes to the whole Batman universe. Reviewers expressed surprise at the dark, gritty, and often-graphic images this comic portrayed. They compared to other highly praised Batman titles, such as War Games. This graphic novel has also been praised by "bringing horror back to Batman." Issues #800 "Allone at Night" #801 "City of Crime Part 1" #802 "The Secret Keepers" #803 "The Horror Show" #804 "All You Need Is Love" #805 "The Heating Up" #806 "A City. Not My Own" #807 "Crown Point" #808 "The New Face" #811 "The Experiment" #812 "Pearls and Fine China" #813 "A Place of Fear" #814 "The Big Show" References ^ “Batman: City of Crime Review One.” Read Comics, n.d. "Batman: City of Crime » Read Comics". Archived from the original on 2010-11-28. Retrieved 2012-02-11.. ^ “Digital ComicsAlliance: ‘City of Crime’ Brings the Horror Back to Batman - ComicsAlliance | Comic Book Culture, News, Humor, Commentary, and Reviews”, n.d. "Digital ComicsAlliance: 'City of Crime' Brings the Horror Back to Batman - ComicsAlliance | Comic book culture, news, humor, commentary, and reviews". Archived from the original on 2012-02-09. Retrieved 2012-02-13.. vteBatman publications and story linesCurrent series Batman Batman: The Brave and the Bold Batman/Superman: World's Finest Detective Comics (#27) Catwoman Harley Quinn Nightwing The Penguin Poison Ivy Completedongoing series Azrael Batgirl Batgirl and the Birds of Prey Batman (comic strip) Batman and Robin Batman and the Outsiders Batman: Arkham Unhinged Batman: The Brave and the Bold Batman: The Dark Knight Batman: Gotham Knights Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight Batman: Shadow of the Bat Batman: Streets of Gotham The Batman Adventures The Batman Chronicles Batman Beyond Batman Confidential Batman Family Batman Incorporated The Batman Strikes! Batman/Superman Batwing Batwoman Birds of Prey The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Midnight Gotham Central Gotham City Sirens Gotham Girls Grayson The Huntress The Joker Man-Bat Mother Panic Red Hood/Arsenal Red Hood and the Outlaws Red Robin Robin Robin: Son of Batman Superman/Batman Tim Drake: Robin We Are Robin World's Finest Comics Completedminiseries Anarky Batman: Anarky Batman & Dracula trilogy Batman: Arkham City Batman: Battle for the Cowl Batman Black and White Batman: Cacophony Batman: Creature of the Night Batman: The Cult Batman: Damned Batman: The Dark Prince Charming Batman: The Doom That Came to Gotham Batman: Earth One Batman: Gates of Gotham Batman: GCPD Batman: Gotham County Line Batman: Gotham Knights – Gilded City Batman: The Imposter Batman: The Knight Batman: Nosferatu Batman: Orpheus Rising Batman: The Return of Bruce Wayne Batman/Superman/Wonder Woman: Trinity Batman: Three Jokers Batman: Thrillkiller Batman: Turning Points The Batman Who Laughs Batman: Year 100 Bat-Mite Dark Knights of Steel First Wave Flashpoint Beyond Flashpoint: Deadman and the Flying Graysons Gotham Underground Harley Quinn and Poison Ivy Man-Bat Penguin: Pain and Prejudice Poison Ivy: Cycle of Life and Death Red Hood: The Lost Days Section 8 Superman & Batman: Generations Trinity The Untold Legend of the Batman Batman Eternal Batman Eternal Gotham by Midnight Batman and Robin Eternal Dark Moon Rising Batman and the Monster Men Batman and the Mad Monk The Man Who Laughs The Long Halloween Batman: The Long Halloween Batman: Dark Victory Catwoman: When in Rome Millerverse The Dark Knight Returns The Dark Knight Strikes Again The Dark Knight III: The Master Race Murphyverse Batman: White Knight Curse of the White Knight White Knight Presents: Red Hood Beyond the White Knight Year One Batgirl: Year One Green Arrow: Year One The Riddler: Year One Two-Face: Year One Robin: Year One One-shots Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth Castle of the Bat Dark Knight Dynasty Dark Night: A True Batman Story Death of Innocents Digital Justice Gotham Noir Holy Terror Batman/Houdini: The Devil's Workshop In Darkest Knight The Killing Joke KnightGallery Leatherwing The Man Who Laughs Nine Lives Noël Elseworld's Finest: Supergirl & Batgirl The Joker: Devil's Advocate Batman/Poison Ivy: Cast Shadows Son of the Demon The 12 Cent Adventure Two Faces War on Crime The Batman Adventures: Mad Love The Berlin Batman Gotham by Gaslight Joker Poison Ivy: Thorns Red Hood vs. Anarky Superman and Batman: World's Funnest Story lines "The Man Behind the Red Hood!" "The Joker's Millions" "The Joker's Double Jeopardy" "Batman: Year One" "Year Two" "Batman: A Death in the Family" "Year Three" "The Man Who Falls" "Anarky in Gotham City" "Gothic" "The Return of the Joker" "Prey" "The Last Arkham" "Knightfall" "Contagion" "Legacy" "Cataclysm" "No Man's Land" "Joker: Last Laugh" "Bruce Wayne: Fugitive" "Hush" "Broken City" "War Games" "City of Crime" "Under the Hood" "War Crimes" "Face the Face" "Batman and Son" "The Resurrection of Ra's al Ghul" "Batman R.I.P." "Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader?" "Batwoman: Elegy" "Bruce Wayne: The Road Home" "The Black Mirror" "Night of the Owls" "Death of the Family" "Zero Year" "Endgame" "Robin War" "The Button" "Dark Nights: Metal" "Joker War" "Dark Nights: Death Metal" "Fear State" "Shadows of the Bat" "Shadow War" "Gotham War" Intercompanycrossovers Batman/Aliens Batman/Daredevil: King of New York Batman/Hellboy/Starman Batman/Judge Dredd: Judgment on Gotham Batman/Spawn: War Devil Batman & Spider-Man: New Age Dawning Batman/Tarzan: Claws of the Cat-woman Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Batman/The Spirit Batman Versus Predator Batman vs. Bigby! A Wolf in Gotham Daredevil/Batman: Eye for an Eye Ghost/Batgirl: The Resurrection Machine Harley & Ivy Meet Betty & Veronica Spawn/Batman Superman and Batman versus Aliens and Predator Incomplete All Star Batman & Robin, the Boy Wonder Batman: The Widening Gyre Related topics Batman: Child of Dreams Batman: Haunted Knight Batman Legends DC Comics – The Legend of Batman Elseworlds The Further Adventures of The Joker Publications are listed alphabetically by published titles. Storylines are listed in publication order. Compiled without respect for canon or "current" continuity. This DC Comics–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquise_Wilson

Hangin' with Mr. Cooper

["1 Cast","1.1 Main","1.2 Recurring","2 Production","3 Episodes","4 Syndication","5 Home media","6 References","7 External links"]

American television sitcom (1992–1997) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Hangin' with Mr. Cooper" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hangin' with Mr. CooperGenreSitcomCreated byJeff FranklinStarring Mark Curry Dawnn Lewis Holly Robinson Peete Raven-Symoné Saundra Quarterman Nell Carter Marquise Wilson Omar Gooding Theme music composer Foster and McElroy (season 1) Steve Tyrell (season 2) Gary Boren & Steven Chesne (seasons 3–5) Opening theme "Hangin' with My Man", performed by Dawnn Lewis & Holly Robinson Peete with En Vogue (season 1) "Soul Man", performed by Howard Hewett (season 2) "Cooper, Cooper", performed by Sherwood Ball, Carmen Carter and Oren Waters (seasons 3–5) Composers Jesse Frederick & Bennett Salvay (season 1) Steve Tyrell (season 2) Gary Boren Steven Chesne (seasons 3–5; alternating) Country of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons5No. of episodes101 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producers Jeff Franklin (season 1, eps. 1–3 & 10) Danny Kallis (season 1, eps. 3–22) Cheryl Gard (season 2) William Bickley & Michael Warren (seasons 3–5) Barry O'Brien & Cheryl Alu (season 4) David Chambers (season 5) Camera setupVideotape; Multi-cameraRunning time30 minutesProduction companies Jeff Franklin Productions Bickley-Warren Productions(1994–1997)(seasons 3–5) Lorimar Television (1992–1993)(season 1) Warner Bros. Television(1993–1997)(seasons 2–5) Original releaseNetworkABCReleaseSeptember 22, 1992 (1992-09-22) –August 30, 1997 (1997-08-30) Hangin' with Mr. Cooper is an American television sitcom that originally aired on ABC from September 22, 1992, to August 30, 1997, starring Mark Curry and Holly Robinson. The show took place in Curry's hometown of Oakland, California. The series chronicles Mark Cooper (Curry), an NBA player-turned-substitute teacher/gym coach (and later basketball coach), and his roommate (later girlfriend, then fiancée) Vanessa (Robinson). Hangin' with Mr. Cooper was produced by Jeff Franklin Productions, in association with Warner Bros. Television, having been produced by Lorimar Television for the first season before being absorbed, and also became produced by Bickley-Warren Productions by the third season. The show originally aired on Tuesdays in prime time after sister series Full House, also created by Jeff Franklin and set in the San Francisco Bay Area. The show found its niche as an addition to the TGIF Friday night lineup on ABC, and was part of the lineup from September 1993 to May 1996 (spanning the show's second, third and fourth seasons before moving to Saturdays for its fifth and final season). Cast Main Mark Curry as Mark Cooper Holly Robinson Peete as Vanessa Russell Dawnn Lewis as Robin Dumars (Season 1) Nell Carter) as Pamela Jane "P.J." Moore (Seasons 2–3) Saundra Quarterman as Geneva Lee (Seasons 2–5) Raven-Symoné as Nicole Lee (Seasons 2–5) Omar Gooding as Earvin Rodman (Seasons 4–5; recurring Seasons 1–3) Marquise Wilson as Tyler Foster (Seasons 2–5; recurring Season 1) Recurring Roger E. Mosley as Coach Ricketts (Season 1) Peter Brost as Young Coach Ricketts (Seasons 1–2) Christopher Carter as Andre Bailis (Seasons 1–2) Dominic Hoffman as Thaddeus White (Season 2) Don Cheadle as Bennie (Season 2) Ron Canada as Chet Corley (Season 3) Kristoff St. John as Eric Thompson (Season 3; guest star in Season 4) Steve White as Steve Warner (Season 3) Kevin Jackson as Ken Anderson (Seasons 3–4; guest star in Season 5) Lorraine Fields as Miss Simpson (Seasons 3–4) Kelly Perine as Mr. Morley (Season 4) Gloria Gifford as Miss Cosgrove (Season 4) Lewis Dix as Lydell (Seasons 4–5) Production Main cast, from Season 2 (l–r): Quarterman, Symoné, Curry, Robinson Peete, Wilson The pilot episode was filmed on the same house set used by the Seaver family on the sitcom Growing Pains. Episodes Main article: List of Hangin' with Mr. Cooper episodes SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedRankRatingFirst airedLast aired122September 22, 1992 (1992-09-22)May 18, 1993 (1993-05-18)1614.6(Tied with The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air and The Jackie Thomas Show)222September 24, 1993 (1993-09-24)May 20, 1994 (1994-05-20)3811.92322September 23, 1994 (1994-09-23)May 12, 1995 (1995-05-12)4111.2422September 15, 1995 (1995-09-15)May 10, 1996 (1996-05-10)619.3513June 21, 1997 (1997-06-21)August 30, 1997 (1997-08-30)—— Broadcast history September 1992–July 1993, ABC Tuesday 8:30–9:00 August 1993–September 1993, ABC Friday 8:30–9:00 September 1993–March 1994, ABC Friday 9:30–10:00 May 1994–August 1996, ABC Friday 9:30–10:00 September 1996–August 1997, ABC Sunday 8:59–9:59 August 1997, ABC Saturday 9:30–10:01 Syndication Hangin' with Mr. Cooper went into off-network broadcast syndication (via Telepictures Distribution and Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution) in the fall of 1996, where it lasted until the fall of 2000 (airing until the fall of 1999 in some markets). From July 2008 to January 2009 it aired on ION Television as part of the network's Laugh Attack hour of American sitcoms, initially running from 5-6PM/ET, then moved an hour later (switching time slots with The Steve Harvey Show). The series has also aired on cable network TNN from 2000–2002, on Nickelodeon’s teen-oriented television programming block, TEENick from 2001 to 2003, and on TV One from 2006 to 2008. The sitcom was picked up by Nick at Nite on January 13, 2014 during the 6:00AM–7:00AM morning line-up), and that same year it aired on the Nick Jr. Channel as part of the block, NickMom. when it was aired from October 15, 2014 to April 11, 2015. On September 29, 2017, Hulu acquired the streaming rights to Hangin' with Mr. Cooper along with fellow Warner Bros. TV properties Family Matters, Full House, Perfect Strangers and Step by Step in addition to Disney-ABC TV properties Boy Meets World, Dinosaurs and Home Improvement. On November 1, 2021, Hangin' with Mr. Cooper began streaming on HBO Max after its streaming rights expired from Hulu. Home media On August 2, 2016, Warner Bros. released Hangin' with Mr. Cooper- The Complete First Season on DVD via their Warner Archive Collection burn-on-demand service. The second season was released on March 5, 2019, via WBShop.com. DVD Name Ep # Release Date The Complete First Season 22 August 2, 2016 The Complete Second Season 22 March 5, 2019 The Complete Third Season 22 January 21, 2020 References ^ Braxton, Greg (October 4, 1992). "African-Americans are increasingly welcome in prime time, but some observers say the new shows fail to rise above stereotypes". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 29, 2010. (subscription required) ^ King, Susan (July 12, 1996). "Q & A with MARK CURRY". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 29, 2010. (subscription required) ^ Rosenberg, Howard (September 22, 1992). "'Mr. Cooper': A Comedy That Seems Familiar". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 29, 2010. (subscription required) ^ "BBC - Comedy Guide - Hangin' with Mr Cooper". Archived from the original on 2004-11-03. ^ Obias, Rudie (May 15, 2017). "10 TV shows that recycled their sets". Mental Floss. Retrieved October 24, 2020. ^ Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle (2007). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946-Present (Ninth ed.). Ballantine Books. p. 577. ISBN 978-0-345-49773-4. ^ Hatchett, Keisha (September 29, 2017). "This Is Not a Drill: Boy Meets World Is Now On Hulu". TVGuide.com. Red Ventures. Retrieved October 28, 2017. ^ Pedersen, Erik (November 1, 2021). "HBO Max Acquires Season 2 Of 'David Makes Man', Five '90s-Era WBTV Sitcoms". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved November 1, 2021. ^ Lambert, David (July 22, 2016). "Hangin' with Mr. Cooper - 'The Complete 1st Season' is Coming to DVD at Last!". TV Shows on DVD. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on July 25, 2016. ^ "The Complete 2nd Season' is Coming to DVD". WBShop.com. Warner Bros Entertainment. Archived from the original on 2019-02-23. Retrieved 2019-02-22. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Hangin' with Mr. Cooper. Hangin' with Mr. Cooper at IMDb Hangin' with Mr. Cooper at epguides.com vteTGIF1980s Perfect Strangers (1989–93) Full House (1989–91) Just the Ten of Us (1989–90) Family Matters (1989–97) T G I f 1990s New Attitude (1990) Going Places (1990–91) Baby Talk (1991–92) Dinosaurs (1991–93) Hi Honey, I'm Home! (1991) Step By Step (1991–97) Billy (1992) Camp Wilder (1992–93) Getting By (1993) Where I Live (1993) Home Free (1993) Hangin' with Mr. Cooper (1993–97) Boy Meets World (1993–2000) Sister, Sister (1994–95) On Our Own (1994–95) Muppets Tonight (1996) Aliens in the Family (1996) Clueless (1996–97) Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1996–2000) You Wish (1997–98) Teen Angel (1997–98) Two of a Kind (1998–99) Brother's Keeper (1998–99) The Hughleys (1999–2000) Odd Man Out (1999–2000) 2000s George Lopez (2003–04) Life with Bonnie (2003–04) Hope & Faith (2003–05) Married to the Kellys (2003–04) The Big House (2004) 8 Simple Rules (2004–05) Less than Perfect (2004–05) Complete Savages (2004–05) 2010s Fresh Off the Boat (2018-19) Speechless (2018-19) Child Support (2018) vteGolden State Warriors Founded in 1946 Played in Philadelphia (1946–1962) and Oakland (1971–2019) Based in San Francisco, California Franchise History All-time roster Draft history Head coaches Seasons Current season Arenas Philadelphia Arena Philadelphia Convention Hall Cow Palace San Francisco Civic Auditorium USF War Memorial Gymnasium San Diego Sports Arena San Jose Arena Oracle Arena Chase Center Personnel Owner(s) Joe Lacob (majority) Peter Guber President Brandon Schneider General manager Mike Dunleavy Jr. Head coach Steve Kerr G League affiliate Santa Cruz Warriors Retired numbers 13 14 16 17 24 42 NBA championships 1947 1956 1975 2015 2017 2018 2022 Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Los Angeles Lakers Sacramento Kings Culture and lore 73–9 Dance Cam Mom Death Lineup "Good Feeling" Hangin' with Mr. Cooper Inside Moves Nate the Great Nellie Ball Run TMC Splash Brothers The Block The Sleepy Floyd game Warrior Girls Wilt the Stilt 100-point game

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Television, having been produced by Lorimar Television for the first season before being absorbed, and also became produced by Bickley-Warren Productions by the third season. The show originally aired on Tuesdays in prime time after sister series Full House, also created by Jeff Franklin and set in the San Francisco Bay Area. The show found its niche as an addition to the TGIF Friday night lineup on ABC, and was part of the lineup from September 1993 to May 1996 (spanning the show's second, third and fourth seasons before moving to Saturdays for its fifth and final season).","title":"Hangin' with Mr. Cooper"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Curry_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"Holly Robinson Peete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Robinson_Peete"},{"link_name":"Dawnn Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawnn_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Nell Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nell_Carter"},{"link_name":"Raven-Symoné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven-Symon%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Omar Gooding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Gooding"}],"sub_title":"Main","text":"Mark Curry as Mark Cooper\nHolly Robinson Peete as Vanessa Russell\nDawnn Lewis as Robin Dumars (Season 1)\nNell Carter) as Pamela Jane \"P.J.\" Moore (Seasons 2–3)\nSaundra Quarterman as Geneva Lee (Seasons 2–5)\nRaven-Symoné as Nicole Lee (Seasons 2–5)\nOmar Gooding as Earvin Rodman (Seasons 4–5; recurring Seasons 1–3)\nMarquise Wilson as Tyler Foster (Seasons 2–5; recurring Season 1)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger E. 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Mosley as Coach Ricketts (Season 1)\nPeter Brost as Young Coach Ricketts (Seasons 1–2)\nChristopher Carter as Andre Bailis (Seasons 1–2)\nDominic Hoffman as Thaddeus White (Season 2)\nDon Cheadle as Bennie (Season 2)\nRon Canada as Chet Corley (Season 3)\nKristoff St. John as Eric Thompson (Season 3; guest star in Season 4)\nSteve White as Steve Warner (Season 3)\nKevin Jackson as Ken Anderson (Seasons 3–4; guest star in Season 5)\nLorraine Fields as Miss Simpson (Seasons 3–4)\nKelly Perine as Mr. Morley (Season 4)\nGloria Gifford as Miss Cosgrove (Season 4)\nLewis Dix as Lydell (Seasons 4–5)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hangin_with_Mr._Cooper.jpg"},{"link_name":"Growing Pains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing_Pains"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Main cast, from Season 2 (l–r): Quarterman, Symoné, Curry, Robinson Peete, WilsonThe pilot episode was filmed on the same house set used by the Seaver family on the sitcom Growing Pains.[5]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hangin%27_with_Mr._Cooper_episodes#Season_1_(1992%E2%80%931993)"},{"link_name":"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel-Air"},{"link_name":"The Jackie Thomas Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jackie_Thomas_Show"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hangin%27_with_Mr._Cooper_episodes#Season_2_(1993%E2%80%931994)"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hangin%27_with_Mr._Cooper_episodes#Season_3_(1994%E2%80%931995)"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hangin%27_with_Mr._Cooper_episodes#Season_4_(1995%E2%80%931996)"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hangin%27_with_Mr._Cooper_episodes#Season_5_(1997)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedRankRatingFirst airedLast aired122September 22, 1992 (1992-09-22)May 18, 1993 (1993-05-18)1614.6(Tied with The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air and The Jackie Thomas Show)222September 24, 1993 (1993-09-24)May 20, 1994 (1994-05-20)3811.92322September 23, 1994 (1994-09-23)May 12, 1995 (1995-05-12)4111.2422September 15, 1995 (1995-09-15)May 10, 1996 (1996-05-10)619.3513June 21, 1997 (1997-06-21)August 30, 1997 (1997-08-30)——Broadcast historySeptember 1992–July 1993, ABC Tuesday 8:30–9:00\nAugust 1993–September 1993, ABC Friday 8:30–9:00\nSeptember 1993–March 1994, ABC Friday 9:30–10:00\nMay 1994–August 1996, ABC Friday 9:30–10:00\nSeptember 1996–August 1997, ABC Sunday 8:59–9:59\nAugust 1997, ABC Saturday 9:30–10:01[6]","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telepictures Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepictures_Distribution"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. 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TV properties Family Matters, Full House, Perfect Strangers and Step by Step in addition to Disney-ABC TV properties Boy Meets World, Dinosaurs and Home Improvement.[7]On November 1, 2021, Hangin' with Mr. Cooper began streaming on HBO Max after its streaming rights expired from Hulu.[8]","title":"Syndication"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Warner Archive Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Archive_Collection"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"On August 2, 2016, Warner Bros. released Hangin' with Mr. Cooper- The Complete First Season on DVD via their Warner Archive Collection burn-on-demand service.[9] The second season was released on March 5, 2019, via WBShop.com.[10]","title":"Home media"}]

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[{"reference":"Braxton, Greg (October 4, 1992). \"African-Americans are increasingly welcome in prime time, but some observers say the new shows fail to rise above stereotypes\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1992-10-04/entertainment/ca-1112_1_cosby-show/7","url_text":"\"African-Americans are increasingly welcome in prime time, but some observers say the new shows fail to rise above stereotypes\""}]},{"reference":"King, Susan (July 12, 1996). \"Q & A with MARK CURRY\". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1996-07-12/entertainment/ca-23268_1_black-people","url_text":"\"Q & A with MARK CURRY\""}]},{"reference":"Rosenberg, Howard (September 22, 1992). \"'Mr. Cooper': A Comedy That Seems Familiar\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1992-09-22/entertainment/ca-1067_1_mark-cooper","url_text":"\"'Mr. Cooper': A Comedy That Seems Familiar\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC - Comedy Guide - Hangin' with Mr Cooper\". Archived from the original on 2004-11-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041103090843/http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/guide/articles/h/hanginwithmrcoop_1299001360.shtml","url_text":"\"BBC - Comedy Guide - Hangin' with Mr Cooper\""},{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/guide/articles/h/hanginwithmrcoop_1299001360.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Obias, Rudie (May 15, 2017). \"10 TV shows that recycled their sets\". Mental Floss. Retrieved October 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/500889/10-tv-shows-recycled-their-sets","url_text":"\"10 TV shows that recycled their sets\""}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle (2007). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946-Present (Ninth ed.). Ballantine Books. p. 577. ISBN 978-0-345-49773-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-49773-4","url_text":"978-0-345-49773-4"}]},{"reference":"Hatchett, Keisha (September 29, 2017). \"This Is Not a Drill: Boy Meets World Is Now On Hulu\". TVGuide.com. Red Ventures. Retrieved October 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/news/hulu-boy-meets-world-tgif/","url_text":"\"This Is Not a Drill: Boy Meets World Is Now On Hulu\""}]},{"reference":"Pedersen, Erik (November 1, 2021). \"HBO Max Acquires Season 2 Of 'David Makes Man', Five '90s-Era WBTV Sitcoms\". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved November 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/11/hbo-max-david-makes-man-martin-jamie-foxx-show-hangin-with-mr-cooper-1234865327/","url_text":"\"HBO Max Acquires Season 2 Of 'David Makes Man', Five '90s-Era WBTV Sitcoms\""}]},{"reference":"Lambert, David (July 22, 2016). \"Hangin' with Mr. Cooper - 'The Complete 1st Season' is Coming to DVD at Last!\". TV Shows on DVD. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on July 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160725141457/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Hangin-Mr-Cooper-Season-1/22498","url_text":"\"Hangin' with Mr. Cooper - 'The Complete 1st Season' is Coming to DVD at Last!\""},{"url":"http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/Hangin-Mr-Cooper-Season-1/22498","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Complete 2nd Season' is Coming to DVD\". WBShop.com. Warner Bros Entertainment. Archived from the original on 2019-02-23. Retrieved 2019-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190223131454/https://www.wbshop.com/collections/warner-archive-pre-orders/products/hangin-with-mr-cooper-the-complete-second-season-mod","url_text":"\"The Complete 2nd Season' is Coming to DVD\""},{"url":"https://www.wbshop.com/collections/warner-archive-pre-orders/products/hangin-with-mr-cooper-the-complete-second-season-mod","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Anelli

Francesco Anelli

["1 Early life","2 Portrait style","3 Diogenes Successful","4 Boston Athenaeum, and the National Academy of Design","5 Portrait of a Child as Cupid","6 Death","7 Gallery","8 References"]

Italian-American painter Anelli's oil portrait of President John Tyler's second wife, Julia Gardiner Tyler Francesco Anelli (1805–1878) was an Italian-American Romantic period artist. He is best known for his oil painting that depicts Julia Gardiner Tyler, the second wife of the 10th U.S. President John Tyler. Anelli's monumental masterpiece and most acclaimed painting, entitled The End of the World, has been lost. Early life Anelli was quite celebrated in his own time, especially for his monumental work called The End of the World. He was born in Italy and emigrated to New York City from Milan in about 1835. Almost immediately Anelli attracted a good deal of attention, not for his portraits, but for his gigantic apocalyptic historical pictures, beginning with his rendering of a family group during the Deluge, which was the principal work in an exhibition of his pictures shown in rooms at the New York Athenaeum on Chambers Street at the end of 1836. Portrait style Anelli's portrait style is distinctive—in its sharp linearity, bright lighting, and highly reflective surfaces—and appears the antithesis of the dominant romantic approach to portraiture practiced contemporaneously by Thomas Sully (1783–1872), Henry Inman (1801–1846), and Samuel F. B. Morse (1791–1872). Anelli's manner corresponded to that practiced by other immigrant Italian and German painters such as Spiridione Gambardella (active 1838–39), Gherlando Marsiglia (1792–1850), and Christian Mayr (about 1805–1851), whose works are all relatively little known today. In 1839 the painter-critic John Kenrick Fisher (born 1807) distinguished these portraitists, along with Charles Cromwell Ingham (1796–1863), as the practitioners of an exceptional and distinctive style, which he denounced as "prompted and encouraged by an aberration of the public taste." In 1843 Anelli had on his easel Conrad and Medora (unlocated) taken from Lord Byron's Corsair, while his most acclaimed painting was the Opening of the Sixth Seal, or The End of the World (unlocated), which was shown at the Apollo Rooms at 410 Broadway in New York City in April 1844. This picture—which offered the light and promise of Christianity as humanity's only spiritual salvation in the face of utter annihilation—displayed lurid light effects complete with dark clouds, bloody skies and lightning, and centered on a figure representing the church, or the spouse of Christ, with a crumbling temple and a bewildered and terrified multitude of sinners, both repentant and unrepentant, in a "grand catastrophe". The picture, hailed in the press as the largest painting in America—measuring 23 feet by 19 feet—was described as a masterwork and considered the "Boldest attempt at the highest effect in art, which has yet been made on this side of the Atlantic." Anelli toured his masterwork through the northeastern United States and continued to create allegorical compositions derived from historical and biblical sources. In the early decades of the 19th century, apocalyptic fascination was manifest visually by such artists as Benjamin West, Rembrandt Peale, and Washington Allston. The End of the World, which was exhibited in New York, Boston, Portland, Maine, and Brooklyn from 1844 through at least 1850, attests to this continued apocalyptic tradition. Anelli, whose stated aim was "to represent a great catastrophe to the world" and not "a doctrine", claimed he had no wish to engage in arguments with philosophers or naturalists concerning the particulars of this catastrophe. Diogenes Successful In the New York Crystal Palace at the World's Fair—held in New York City in 1853—he showed Diogenes Successful (unlocated), wherein Diogenes had finally located his truly "honest man" in the person of George Washington. Boston Athenaeum, and the National Academy of Design When Anelli first began to contribute paintings to the annual exhibitions held at the Boston Athenaeum and the National Academy of Design, New York, he showed only portraits. Probably the most notable of these is the depiction of Julia Gardiner Tyler (1820–1889), the second wife of the 10th U.S. President John Tyler. Portrait of a Child as Cupid Anelli's oil painting, Portrait of a Child as Cupid, depicting young William Paterson Van Rensselaer, Jr., c. 1836–37 Anelli's Portrait of a Child as Cupid—depicting William Paterson Van Rensselaer, Jr.—was painted in New York City and was commissioned by the subject's father, William Paterson Van Rensselaer Sr. (1805–1872). The picture was lent by him in 1847 to the annual exhibition held by the Albany Gallery of Fine Arts, of which Van Rensselaer was an honorary member. The painting, which descended in the family, may have hung in the Rensselaer Manor House in Albany and almost certainly hung in both the Elk Street town house built by William Paterson Van Rensselaer, Sr., at the time of his first marriage in 1833 and then in Beverwyck, in Bath (now Rensselaer), New York, which Van Rensselaer built after inheriting the Rensselaerswyck estate lands on the east bank of the Hudson River, following the death of his father, Major General Stephen Van Rensselaer III, on 26 January 1839. During the late 1830s, Anelli also painted portraits of William Paterson Van Rensselaer, Jr. (Private Collection); his sister, Euphemia White Van Rensselaer (1816–1888; Private Collection); and his sister-in-law, Mary Rebecca Tallmadge Van Rensselaer (1817–1872; Albany Institute of History and Art). Anelli's records of other sitters suggest that he drew his patronage from New York State citizens of upper classes. In Portrait of a Child as Cupid, Anelli presents Van Rensselaer, Jr. in a spectacularly theatrical manner, revealed triumphantly by the parting of the heavy red draperies. The Empire period ormolu daybed—with its gold embroidery and tassels—bespeaks high-style furniture such as that produced concurrently by Charles-Honoré Lannuier, Joseph Meeks (1771–1868), and Antoine-Gabriel Quervelle (1789–1856). With the bow and quiver of arrows by the side of the bed, the artist identifies the child with Cupid as a symbol of love, a conceit similar to that chosen later by William Henry Rinehart (1825–1874) in his statue of Henry Elliot Johnston, Jr., Cupid with a Bow, 1874 (National Museum of American Art in Washington, D.C.). Death Anelli died in 1878. His diary is on display at the Frick Art Reference Library in New York City. Gallery c. 1838 oil by Anelli of Garret Decker Hasbrouck (1810–1888) c. 1838 oil by Anelli of Julia Lawrence Hasbrouck (1809–1873) References ^ Flambeau, Victor (18 December 1921). "Little-Known Portraits of U.S. Presidents in Capital are Catalogued by Flambeau in Exhaustive Research". The Washington Times. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Retrieved 5 April 2015. ^ Moser, Harold D. (2001). John Tyler, a Bibliography, XIV Iconography. Library of Congress. ISBN 9780313281686. Retrieved 5 April 2015. ^ a b c d e f g Anelli, Francesco (January 1998). Anelli, Francesco "Portrait of a Child as Cupid". Albany Institute of History & Art. ISBN 9781555951016. Retrieved 4 April 2015. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help) ^ "Biography of Francesco Anelli". askart.com. Retrieved 4 April 2015. ^ a b "Exhibition: The Grand Original Tableau". New York Tribune. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 17 April 1844. Retrieved 5 April 2015. ^ a b Husch, Gail E. (2000). Something Coming -- Apocalyptic Expectation and Mid-Nineteenth-Century American Painting. University Press of New England, Hanover, NH. pp. 16–17. ISBN 9781584650065. Retrieved 5 April 2015. Authority control databases International VIAF Artists ULAN

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He is best known for his oil painting that depicts Julia Gardiner Tyler, the second wife of the 10th U.S. President John Tyler.[1][2] Anelli's monumental masterpiece and most acclaimed painting, entitled The End of the World, has been lost.[3]","title":"Francesco Anelli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albany_Institute-3"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City,_USA"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan,_Italy"},{"link_name":"apocalyptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"Deluge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deluge_(history)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albany_Institute-3"}],"text":"Anelli was quite celebrated in his own time, especially for his monumental work called The End of the World.[3] He was born in Italy and emigrated to New York City from Milan in about 1835. Almost immediately Anelli attracted a good deal of attention, not for his portraits, but for his gigantic apocalyptic historical pictures, beginning with his rendering of a family group during the Deluge, which was the principal work in an exhibition of his pictures shown in rooms at the New York Athenaeum on Chambers Street at the end of 1836.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Sully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sully"},{"link_name":"Henry Inman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Inman_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Samuel F. B. Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_F._B._Morse"},{"link_name":"Charles Cromwell Ingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_C._Ingham"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albany_Institute-3"},{"link_name":"Lord Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grand_Tableau-5"},{"link_name":"Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grand_Tableau-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Husch-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albany_Institute-3"},{"link_name":"Benjamin West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_West"},{"link_name":"Rembrandt Peale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt_Peale"},{"link_name":"Washington Allston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Allston"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Husch-6"}],"text":"Anelli's portrait style is distinctive—in its sharp linearity, bright lighting, and highly reflective surfaces—and appears the antithesis of the dominant romantic approach to portraiture practiced contemporaneously by Thomas Sully (1783–1872), Henry Inman (1801–1846), and Samuel F. B. Morse (1791–1872). Anelli's manner corresponded to that practiced by other immigrant Italian and German painters such as Spiridione Gambardella (active 1838–39), Gherlando Marsiglia (1792–1850), and Christian Mayr (about 1805–1851), whose works are all relatively little known today. In 1839 the painter-critic John Kenrick Fisher (born 1807) distinguished these portraitists, along with Charles Cromwell Ingham (1796–1863), as the practitioners of an exceptional and distinctive style, which he denounced as \"prompted and encouraged by an aberration of the public taste.\"[3]In 1843 Anelli had on his easel Conrad and Medora (unlocated) taken from Lord Byron's Corsair, while his most acclaimed painting was the Opening of the Sixth Seal, or The End of the World (unlocated),[4] which was shown at the Apollo Rooms at 410 Broadway in New York City in April 1844.[5] This picture—which offered the light and promise of Christianity as humanity's only spiritual salvation in the face of utter annihilation—displayed lurid light effects complete with dark clouds, bloody skies and lightning, and centered on a figure representing the church, or the spouse of Christ, with a crumbling temple and a bewildered and terrified multitude of sinners, both repentant and unrepentant, in a \"grand catastrophe\".[5][6] The picture, hailed in the press as the largest painting in America—measuring 23 feet by 19 feet—was described as a masterwork and considered the \"Boldest attempt at the highest effect in art, which has yet been made on this side of the Atlantic.\" Anelli toured his masterwork through the northeastern United States and continued to create allegorical compositions derived from historical and biblical sources.[3]In the early decades of the 19th century, apocalyptic fascination was manifest visually by such artists as Benjamin West, Rembrandt Peale, and Washington Allston. The End of the World, which was exhibited in New York, Boston, Portland, Maine, and Brooklyn from 1844 through at least 1850, attests to this continued apocalyptic tradition. Anelli, whose stated aim was \"to represent a great catastrophe to the world\" and not \"a doctrine\", claimed he had no wish to engage in arguments with philosophers or naturalists concerning the particulars of this catastrophe.[6]","title":"Portrait style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Crystal_Palace"},{"link_name":"World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_of_the_Industry_of_All_Nations"},{"link_name":"Diogenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"}],"text":"In the New York Crystal Palace at the World's Fair—held in New York City in 1853—he showed Diogenes Successful (unlocated), wherein Diogenes had finally located his truly \"honest man\" in the person of George Washington.","title":"Diogenes Successful"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Academy of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Design"},{"link_name":"Julia Gardiner Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Gardiner_Tyler"},{"link_name":"John Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler"}],"text":"When Anelli first began to contribute paintings to the annual exhibitions held at the Boston Athenaeum and the National Academy of Design, New York, he showed only portraits. Probably the most notable of these is the depiction of Julia Gardiner Tyler (1820–1889), the second wife of the 10th U.S. President John Tyler.","title":"Boston Athenaeum, and the National Academy of Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Child_as_Cupid_by_Francesco_Anelli.JPG"},{"link_name":"William Paterson Van Rensselaer Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Paterson_Van_Rensselaer"},{"link_name":"Rensselaer Manor House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverwyck_Manor"},{"link_name":"Beverwyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverwyck,_Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Rensselaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rensselaer,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Rensselaerswyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rensselaerswyck"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"Stephen Van Rensselaer III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Van_Rensselaer"},{"link_name":"Albany Institute of History and Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Institute_of_History_and_Art"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albany_Institute-3"},{"link_name":"Empire period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Period"},{"link_name":"Charles-Honoré Lannuier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Honor%C3%A9_Lannuier"},{"link_name":"Joseph Meeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Meeks"},{"link_name":"William Henry Rinehart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Rinehart"},{"link_name":"National Museum of American Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_Art"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albany_Institute-3"}],"text":"Anelli's oil painting, Portrait of a Child as Cupid, depicting young William Paterson Van Rensselaer, Jr., c. 1836–37Anelli's Portrait of a Child as Cupid—depicting William Paterson Van Rensselaer, Jr.—was painted in New York City and was commissioned by the subject's father, William Paterson Van Rensselaer Sr. (1805–1872). The picture was lent by him in 1847 to the annual exhibition held by the Albany Gallery of Fine Arts, of which Van Rensselaer was an honorary member. The painting, which descended in the family, may have hung in the Rensselaer Manor House in Albany and almost certainly hung in both the Elk Street town house built by William Paterson Van Rensselaer, Sr., at the time of his first marriage in 1833 and then in Beverwyck, in Bath (now Rensselaer), New York, which Van Rensselaer built after inheriting the Rensselaerswyck estate lands on the east bank of the Hudson River, following the death of his father, Major General Stephen Van Rensselaer III, on 26 January 1839. During the late 1830s, Anelli also painted portraits of William Paterson Van Rensselaer, Jr. (Private Collection); his sister, Euphemia White Van Rensselaer (1816–1888; Private Collection); and his sister-in-law, Mary Rebecca Tallmadge Van Rensselaer (1817–1872; Albany Institute of History and Art).Anelli's records of other sitters suggest that he drew his patronage from New York State citizens of upper classes.[3] In Portrait of a Child as Cupid, Anelli presents Van Rensselaer, Jr. in a spectacularly theatrical manner, revealed triumphantly by the parting of the heavy red draperies. The Empire period ormolu daybed—with its gold embroidery and tassels—bespeaks high-style furniture such as that produced concurrently by Charles-Honoré Lannuier, Joseph Meeks (1771–1868), and Antoine-Gabriel Quervelle (1789–1856). With the bow and quiver of arrows by the side of the bed, the artist identifies the child with Cupid as a symbol of love, a conceit similar to that chosen later by William Henry Rinehart (1825–1874) in his statue of Henry Elliot Johnston, Jr., Cupid with a Bow, 1874 (National Museum of American Art in Washington, D.C.).[3]","title":"Portrait of a Child as Cupid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frick Art Reference Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frick_Art_Reference_Library"}],"text":"Anelli died in 1878. His diary is on display at the Frick Art Reference Library in New York City.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Garret-Hasbrouck-By-Francesco-Anelli-c.1838.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Julia_Lawrence_1809-1873,_painted_by_F._Anelli,_circa_1838.JPG"}],"text":"c. 1838 oil by Anelli of Garret Decker Hasbrouck (1810–1888)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tc. 1838 oil by Anelli of Julia Lawrence Hasbrouck (1809–1873)","title":"Gallery"}]

[{"image_text":"Anelli's oil portrait of President John Tyler's second wife, Julia Gardiner Tyler","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Julia_Tyler.jpg/225px-Julia_Tyler.jpg"},{"image_text":"Anelli's oil painting, Portrait of a Child as Cupid, depicting young William Paterson Van Rensselaer, Jr., c. 1836–37","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Portrait_of_a_Child_as_Cupid_by_Francesco_Anelli.JPG/245px-Portrait_of_a_Child_as_Cupid_by_Francesco_Anelli.JPG"}]

[{"reference":"Flambeau, Victor (18 December 1921). \"Little-Known Portraits of U.S. Presidents in Capital are Catalogued by Flambeau in Exhaustive Research\". The Washington Times. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Retrieved 5 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026749/1921-12-18/ed-1/seq-27/#date1=1836&index=7&rows=20&words=Anelli+painted&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1922&proxtext=Anelli+painting&y=9&x=19&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1","url_text":"\"Little-Known Portraits of U.S. Presidents in Capital are Catalogued by Flambeau in Exhaustive Research\""}]},{"reference":"Moser, Harold D. (2001). John Tyler, a Bibliography, XIV Iconography. Library of Congress. ISBN 9780313281686. Retrieved 5 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0rK0mu8idqwC&q=francesco+anelli&pg=PA249","url_text":"John Tyler, a Bibliography, XIV Iconography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313281686","url_text":"9780313281686"}]},{"reference":"Anelli, Francesco (January 1998). Anelli, Francesco \"Portrait of a Child as Cupid\". Albany Institute of History & Art. ISBN 9781555951016. Retrieved 4 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ecDZkmBJmocC&q=francesco+anelli&pg=PA74","url_text":"Anelli, Francesco \"Portrait of a Child as Cupid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555951016","url_text":"9781555951016"}]},{"reference":"\"Biography of Francesco Anelli\". askart.com. Retrieved 4 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?artist=67615","url_text":"\"Biography of Francesco Anelli\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exhibition: The Grand Original Tableau\". New York Tribune. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 17 April 1844. Retrieved 5 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030213/1845-04-18/ed-1/seq-3/#date1=1836&index=4&rows=20&words=Anelli+F&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=New+York&date2=1922&proxtext=F.+Anelli&y=9&x=7&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1","url_text":"\"Exhibition: The Grand Original Tableau\""}]},{"reference":"Husch, Gail E. (2000). Something Coming -- Apocalyptic Expectation and Mid-Nineteenth-Century American Painting. University Press of New England, Hanover, NH. pp. 16–17. ISBN 9781584650065. Retrieved 5 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kpkTHFJ739IC&q=painter+anelli&pg=PA16","url_text":"Something Coming -- Apocalyptic Expectation and Mid-Nineteenth-Century American Painting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781584650065","url_text":"9781584650065"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Ruthardt

Adolf Ruthardt

["1 Works","2 References"]

Adolf Ruthardt Adolf Ruthardt (9 February 1849 – 12 September 1934) was a German piano teacher, composer and music editor. Adolf Ruthardt was the son of the oboist Friedrich Ruthardt and the younger brother of Julius Ruthardt. After studying music at the Stuttgart Conservatory he moved to Geneva in 1868, working as a pianist and teacher. From 1885 he taught piano at the Leipzig Conservatory, becoming professor there in 1910. Works Das Klavier, 1880 References ^ Dictionary of German Biography (DGB). Vol. 8. Plett-Schmidseder. Walter de Gruyter. 2005. p. 536. ISBN 978-3-11-096630-5. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Finland Belgium United States Latvia Czech Republic Australia Greece Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other RISM IdRef This article about a German classical musician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[{"image_text":"Adolf Ruthardt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/AdolfRuthardt.jpg/220px-AdolfRuthardt.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladyslaw_Broniewski

Władysław Broniewski

["1 Life","2 Poetry","3 Poetry collections","4 Notes","5 Honours and awards","6 Further reading","7 External links"]

Polish poet, writer, translator and soldier Władysław BroniewskiBorn(1897-12-17)17 December 1897Płock, Congress Poland, Russian EmpireDied10 February 1962(1962-02-10) (aged 64)Warsaw, Polish People's RepublicNationalityPolishCitizenshipPolandOccupation(s)Writer, Poet Władysław Kazimierz Broniewski (17 December 1897 – 10 February 1962) was a Polish poet, writer, translator and soldier. Known for his revolutionary and patriotic writings. Life Broniewski as a soldier of Polish Legions in World War I He was the son of Antoni, a bank clerk. As a young man, Broniewski joined in 1915 the legions of Józef Piłsudski. As a member of the 1st Legions Infantry Regiment, he participated in the Polish–Soviet War and in 1920 fought in the Battle of Białystok. He was decorated for bravery with the order of Virtuti Militari. Broniewski developed leftist sympathies and by the late 1920s he was a revolutionary poet. In summer 1931, he was arrested during a literary meeting of writers connected with the Communist Party of Poland (KPP) along with Jan Hempel and Aleksander Wat. He was helped by Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski. Broniewski after arrest by the NKVD in 1940 When Poland was attacked in 1939 by Germany, he wrote an important poem encouraging Poles to put away political differences and fight the aggressors. After Poland was invaded by the Soviet Union, Broniewski found himself in Soviet-occupied Lwów. His poems were printed in a Soviet-published newspaper, but he was soon arrested by the NKVD on trumped-up charges of "hooliganism". He refused to co-operate with the NKVD and after four months was transported to the Lubianka prison in Moscow, where he stayed for thirteen months. Afterwards, he worked at the Polish embassy in Kuybyshev. He left the Soviet Union with the Polish army led by General Władysław Anders and through Iran came to Iraq and then Palestine. Władysław Broniewski singing autographs, c. 1960s After World War II and the establishment of the Polish People's Republic, he compromised by writing in 1951 a poem Słowo o Stalinie ('A Word about Stalin'). Subsequently, Broniewski became an important political figure and was proclaimed a foremost national poet by the authorities. He still managed to preserve a certain degree of independence, and some of his poems from this period are a testimony to his talent. He had also been an accomplished translator of poetry and prose, translating, among others, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Sergei Yesenin, Vladimir Mayakovsky, and Bertolt Brecht. During the last years of Broniewski's life, his health had been ruined by alcohol abuse. He died in Warsaw. Poetry Broniewski's poetry deals with problems of human life in the context of historical events, such as wars and revolutions (for example, the Paris Commune), and with questions of justice, fight for freedom, patriotism and personal suffering. This last aspect is evident in the cycle Anka, dedicated to the memory of tragically deceased poet's daughter Anna, who was gas-poisoned on 1 September 1954 (often compared to Jan Kochanowski's Laments). Another important Broniewski's poem is Ballady i romanse, alluding to the title of Adam Mickiewicz's collection. Ballady i romanse is about the Holocaust. Its hero is a thirteen years old Jewish girl Ryfka, who dies together with Jesus Christ shot by the Nazis. Broniewski was conservative regarding poetic form. He used classical forms of verse, traditional metres and stanzas. He often employed the dactylic metre. Poetry collections Wiatraki (1925) Dymy nad miastem (1927) Troska i pieśń (1932) Krzyk ostateczny (1938) Bagnet na broń (1943) Drzewo rozpaczające (1945) Nadzieja (1951) Anka (1956) Notes ^ a b Miłość, wódka, polityka, czyli biografia Broniewskiego at PolskieRadio.pl ^ Spis oficerów służących czynnie w dniu 1.6.1921 r. Dodatek do Dziennika Personalnego M.S.Wojsk. Nr 37 z 24 września 1921 r. pp. 21, 568. ^ a b Wat, Aleksander (1990). Mój wiek. Warsaw.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Czapski, Józef. Na nieludzkiej ziemi. ^ Władysław Broniewski (1897.12.17 - 1962.02.10) at granice.pl ^ Wiktor Jarosław Darasz, Polski daktyl, Język Polski 3-4/2000, p. 257-265. Honours and awards Order of the Builders of People's Poland (1955) Silver Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta Further reading Broniewski, Władysław. Pamiętnik 1918–1922. Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1987. External links Media related to Władysław Broniewski at Wikimedia Commons Władysław Broniewski at Culture.pl vteLists of poetsBy language Afrikaans Albanian Arabic Armenian Azerbaijani Assamese Awadhi Belarusian Bengali Bosnian Bulgarian Catalan Chinese Croatian Danish Dutch English French German Greek (Ancient) Gujarati Hebrew Hindi Icelandic Indonesian Irish Italian Japanese Kashmiri Konkani Kannada Korean Kurdish Latin Maithili Malayalam Maltese Manipuri Marathi Nepali Oriya Pashto Pennsylvania Dutch Persian Polish Portuguese Punjabi Rajasthani Romanian Russian Sanskrit Sindhi Slovak Slovenian Sorbian Spanish Swedish Syriac Tamil Telugu Turkic Ukrainian Urdu Uzbek Welsh Yiddish By nationalityor culture Afghan American Argentine Australian Austrian Bangladeshi Bosniak Brazilian Breton Bulgarian Canadian Chicano Estonian Finnish Ghanaian Greek Indian Iraqi Irish Israeli Mexican Nepalese New Zealander Nicaraguan Nigerian Ottoman Pakistani Peruvian Romani Romanian Somali South African Swedish Swiss Syrian Turkish By type Anarchist Early-modern women (England, Wales, Great Britain) Feminist Lyric Modernist National Performance Romantic Speculative Surrealist War Women Poetry portal Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic Australia Croatia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine RISM IdRef

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As a young man, Broniewski joined in 1915 the legions of Józef Piłsudski.[1] As a member of the 1st Legions Infantry Regiment, he participated in the Polish–Soviet War and in 1920 fought in the Battle of Białystok.[2] He was decorated for bravery with the order of Virtuti Militari.Broniewski developed leftist sympathies and by the late 1920s he was a revolutionary poet. In summer 1931, he was arrested during a literary meeting of writers connected with the Communist Party of Poland (KPP) along with Jan Hempel and Aleksander Wat. He was helped by Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski.[3]Broniewski after arrest by the NKVD in 1940When Poland was attacked in 1939 by Germany, he wrote an important poem encouraging Poles to put away political differences and fight the aggressors. After Poland was invaded by the Soviet Union, Broniewski found himself in Soviet-occupied Lwów. His poems were printed in a Soviet-published newspaper, but he was soon arrested by the NKVD on trumped-up charges of \"hooliganism\". He refused to co-operate with the NKVD and after four months was transported to the Lubianka prison in Moscow, where he stayed for thirteen months.[3][1] Afterwards, he worked at the Polish embassy in Kuybyshev.[4] He left the Soviet Union with the Polish army led by General Władysław Anders and through Iran came to Iraq and then Palestine.[5]Władysław Broniewski singing autographs, c. 1960sAfter World War II and the establishment of the Polish People's Republic, he compromised by writing in 1951 a poem Słowo o Stalinie ('A Word about Stalin'). Subsequently, Broniewski became an important political figure and was proclaimed a foremost national poet by the authorities. He still managed to preserve a certain degree of independence, and some of his poems from this period are a testimony to his talent. He had also been an accomplished translator of poetry and prose, translating, among others, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Sergei Yesenin, Vladimir Mayakovsky, and Bertolt Brecht.During the last years of Broniewski's life, his health had been ruined by alcohol abuse. He died in Warsaw.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris Commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Commune"},{"link_name":"Jan Kochanowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Kochanowski"},{"link_name":"Adam Mickiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz"},{"link_name":"the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"verse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verse_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"stanzas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanza"},{"link_name":"dactylic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyl_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Broniewski's poetry deals with problems of human life in the context of historical events, such as wars and revolutions (for example, the Paris Commune), and with questions of justice, fight for freedom, patriotism and personal suffering. This last aspect is evident in the cycle Anka, dedicated to the memory of tragically deceased poet's daughter Anna, who was gas-poisoned on 1 September 1954 (often compared to Jan Kochanowski's Laments). Another important Broniewski's poem is Ballady i romanse, alluding to the title of Adam Mickiewicz's collection. Ballady i romanse is about the Holocaust. Its hero is a thirteen years old Jewish girl Ryfka, who dies together with Jesus Christ shot by the Nazis. Broniewski was conservative regarding poetic form. He used classical forms of verse, traditional metres and stanzas. He often employed the dactylic metre.[6]","title":"Poetry"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Wiatraki (1925)\nDymy nad miastem (1927)\nTroska i pieśń (1932)\nKrzyk ostateczny (1938)\nBagnet na broń (1943)\nDrzewo rozpaczające (1945)\nNadzieja (1951)\nAnka (1956)","title":"Poetry collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mi%C5%82osc_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mi%C5%82osc_1-1"},{"link_name":"Miłość, wódka, polityka, czyli biografia Broniewskiego at PolskieRadio.pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.polskieradio.pl/5/3/Artykul/491208,Milosc-wodka-polityka-czyli-biografia-Broniewskiego"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wat_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wat_3-1"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Władysław Broniewski (1897.12.17 - 1962.02.10) at granice.pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.granice.pl/wyszukaj/Broniewski/1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"}],"text":"^ a b Miłość, wódka, polityka, czyli biografia Broniewskiego at PolskieRadio.pl\n\n^ Spis oficerów służących czynnie w dniu 1.6.1921 r. Dodatek do Dziennika Personalnego M.S.Wojsk. Nr 37 z 24 września 1921 r. pp. 21, 568.\n\n^ a b Wat, Aleksander (1990). Mój wiek. Warsaw.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ Czapski, Józef. Na nieludzkiej ziemi.\n\n^ Władysław Broniewski (1897.12.17 - 1962.02.10) at granice.pl\n\n^ Wiktor Jarosław Darasz, Polski daktyl, Język Polski 3-4/2000, p. 257-265.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of the Builders of People's Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Builders_of_People%27s_Poland"},{"link_name":"Virtuti Militari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuti_Militari"},{"link_name":"Order of Polonia Restituta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Polonia_Restituta"}],"text":"Order of the Builders of People's Poland (1955)\nSilver Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari\nCommander's Cross with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta","title":"Honours and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwowy_Instytut_Wydawniczy"}],"text":"Broniewski, Władysław. Pamiętnik 1918–1922. Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1987.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Broniewski as a soldier of Polish Legions in World War I","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Broniewski_Legiony.jpg/185px-Broniewski_Legiony.jpg"},{"image_text":"Broniewski after arrest by the NKVD in 1940","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Broniewski_NKVD.jpg/200px-W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Broniewski_NKVD.jpg"},{"image_text":"Władysław Broniewski singing autographs, c. 1960s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Broniewski_ok._1960_roku.jpg/220px-W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Broniewski_ok._1960_roku.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Spis oficerów służących czynnie w dniu 1.6.1921 r. Dodatek do Dziennika Personalnego M.S.Wojsk. Nr 37 z 24 września 1921 r. pp. 21, 568.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wat, Aleksander (1990). Mój wiek. Warsaw.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Czapski, Józef. Na nieludzkiej ziemi.","urls":[]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Reformed_Episcopal_Church_(Chicago)

Christ Reformed Episcopal Church (Chicago)

["1 History","2 Tiffany windows","3 References"]

Demolished Reformed Episcopal church in Chicago Church in the United StatesChrist Reformed Episcopal ChurchChrist REC pictured in a postcard c. 1908CountryUnited StatesDenominationReformed Episcopal ChurchHistoryFounded1855Dedicatedc. 1860ArchitectureStyleVictorian GothicDemolished1920AdministrationDioceseSynod of Chicago Christ Reformed Episcopal Church was a church in Chicago that became a founding member of the Reformed Episcopal Church (REC) in 1873. From around 1860 until its demolition in 1920, the church occupied a Victorian Gothic building on South Michigan Avenue. In addition to its role in REC history, the church was also noted for its Tiffany stained glass windows, many of which survived in different locations. History Christ Church was founded as an Episcopal congregation in the then-fast-growing frontier city of Chicago around 1855. According to news sources in the 1890s, its building at South Michigan Avenue and 24th Street was built about 1860. Also in 1860, a newly ordained Episcopal priest named Charles E. Cheney was called as rector. Cheney was part of the low-church evangelical party in the Episcopal Church and objected to the then-ascendant Anglo-Catholic movement. In a disagreement over baptismal regeneration, Cheney omitted the word "regenerate" as part of the baptismal liturgy and was subjected to an ecclesiastical trial in 1869. Bishop Henry J. Whitehouse deposed him in 1871, and in 1873, Cheney participated in the founding of the Reformed Episcopal Church, which separated from the Episcopal Church. He was elected to serve as a missionary bishop for the northwest area—soon to become the REC Synod of Chicago—and he served in this capacity until his death. George D. Cummins consecrated Cheney a bishop on December 14, 1873, and Christ Church joined the REC early in 1874. Notable members of Christ Church during Cheney's rectorate included Charles Fargo, younger brother of William Fargo and J. C. Fargo, and George Bangs. Funeral services for Bangs were held at Christ Church in 1877. Cheney died in 1916 after 56 years in continuous service as rector of Christ Church. In 1920, due to the widening of roads surrounding the building―what the Reformed Episcopal Church called the "imperious demands of the automobile industry which have been made upon Michigan Avenue, once marked by the most beautiful and costly homes of Chicago"―the congregation was forced by "stern necessity" to sell the building. Members of Christ Church joined other REC churches across Chicago. Tiffany windows Christ REC's Tiffany windows in the chancel of St. Andrew's Anglican ChurchChrist Church included six memorial windows designed in the 1890s by Louis Comfort Tiffany as well as other ornamental windows. After Christ REC was demolished, its windows featuring the Virgin Mary, St. Luke, St. Agnes and an angel announcing the Resurrection were given to Trinity Reformed Episcopal Church at 70th and South Yale in Chicago. These windows moved with this congregation two more times and are now placed in the chancel of its successor, St. Andrew's Anglican Church, a Reformed Episcopal congregation in Tinley Park, Illinois. An additional ornamental window was moved to Tinley Park but not installed and was donated to St. Matthias Anglican Church, then the cathedral of the REC Diocese of Mid-America, in 2006. The Corey Memorial Window on display in the Art Institute of Chicago.One window dedicated to Francis Edwin Corey and his wife, Vernera Leonard Corey, was donated to the Art Institute of Chicago and is on display in its permanent exhibition "Arts of the Americas." The Corey window features lilies as a symbol of the resurrection. References ^ Cheney, Charles Edward (1954). History of Christ Church, Chicago Protestant Episcopal, 1855-1874; Reformed Episcopal 1874-1920. Cheyenne, Wyoming: Cheyenne Chapter, DAR. ^ a b "Christ Reformed Episcopal Church, Chicago, Illinois". Tiffany Census. Cambridge 2000. p. 13.1.1. Retrieved 20 November 2023. ^ "REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON MEMORIALS". Journal of the Proceedings of the Twenty-Second General Council of the Reformed Episcopal Church: 122. 1918. ^ Armentrout, Don S.; Slocum, Robert Boak. "Cheney, Charles Edward". An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church, A User Friendly Reference for Episcopalians. Church Publishing Incorporated. ^ Currey, Josiah Seymour; Beck, Juergen (2016). Chicago: Its History and its Builders, Volume 4. Creative Media Partners, LLC. ISBN 9781360683829. ^ "George S. Bangs: Funeral Services Yesterday at Christ Church" (PDF). Chicago Tribune. November 21, 1877. p. 5. Retrieved 20 November 2023. ^ "Obituary: Bishop Charles Edward Cheney". The Bulletin. Chicago. 1916-11-16. p. 10. Retrieved 2021-11-12 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Fallows, Samuel (1921). "REPORT OF BISHOP FALLOWS". Journal of the Proceedings of the Twenty-Third General Council of the Reformed Episcopal Church: 103. ^ "Lilies (Corey Memorial Window)". Art Institute of Chicago. Retrieved 20 November 2023.

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In addition to its role in REC history, the church was also noted for its Tiffany stained glass windows, many of which survived in different locations.","title":"Christ Reformed Episcopal Church (Chicago)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Episcopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cheney-book-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tiffany-census-2"},{"link_name":"Charles E. Cheney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_E._Cheney"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rec-1918-3"},{"link_name":"low-church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_church"},{"link_name":"evangelical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism"},{"link_name":"baptismal regeneration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismal_regeneration"},{"link_name":"Henry J. Whitehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Whitehouse"},{"link_name":"George D. Cummins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_David_Cummins"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tec-glossary-4"},{"link_name":"William Fargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fargo"},{"link_name":"J. C. Fargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Fargo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fargo-5"},{"link_name":"George Bangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bangs"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-george-bangs-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rec-1921-8"}],"text":"Christ Church was founded as an Episcopal congregation in the then-fast-growing frontier city of Chicago around 1855.[1] According to news sources in the 1890s, its building at South Michigan Avenue and 24th Street was built about 1860.[2] Also in 1860, a newly ordained Episcopal priest named Charles E. Cheney was called as rector.[3]Cheney was part of the low-church evangelical party in the Episcopal Church and objected to the then-ascendant Anglo-Catholic movement. In a disagreement over baptismal regeneration, Cheney omitted the word \"regenerate\" as part of the baptismal liturgy and was subjected to an ecclesiastical trial in 1869. Bishop Henry J. Whitehouse deposed him in 1871, and in 1873, Cheney participated in the founding of the Reformed Episcopal Church, which separated from the Episcopal Church. He was elected to serve as a missionary bishop for the northwest area—soon to become the REC Synod of Chicago—and he served in this capacity until his death. George D. Cummins consecrated Cheney a bishop on December 14, 1873, and Christ Church joined the REC early in 1874.[4]Notable members of Christ Church during Cheney's rectorate included Charles Fargo, younger brother of William Fargo and J. C. Fargo,[5] and George Bangs. Funeral services for Bangs were held at Christ Church in 1877.[6]Cheney died in 1916 after 56 years in continuous service as rector of Christ Church.[7] In 1920, due to the widening of roads surrounding the building―what the Reformed Episcopal Church called the \"imperious demands of the automobile industry which have been made upon Michigan Avenue, once marked by the most beautiful and costly homes of Chicago\"―the congregation was forced by \"stern necessity\" to sell the building. Members of Christ Church joined other REC churches across Chicago.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chancel_of_Saint_Andrew%27s_Anglican_Church.jpg"},{"link_name":"Louis Comfort Tiffany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"St. Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist"},{"link_name":"St. Agnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"angel announcing the Resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Tinley Park, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinley_Park,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Mid-America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Mid-America"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tiffany-census-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:95,_Tiffany_Glass_and_Decorating_Company,_Art_Institute_of_Chicago,_Chicago,_Illinois.jpg"},{"link_name":"Art Institute of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"lilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilium"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aic-lilies-9"}],"text":"Christ REC's Tiffany windows in the chancel of St. Andrew's Anglican ChurchChrist Church included six memorial windows designed in the 1890s by Louis Comfort Tiffany as well as other ornamental windows. After Christ REC was demolished, its windows featuring the Virgin Mary, St. Luke, St. Agnes and an angel announcing the Resurrection were given to Trinity Reformed Episcopal Church at 70th and South Yale in Chicago. These windows moved with this congregation two more times and are now placed in the chancel of its successor, St. Andrew's Anglican Church, a Reformed Episcopal congregation in Tinley Park, Illinois. An additional ornamental window was moved to Tinley Park but not installed and was donated to St. Matthias Anglican Church, then the cathedral of the REC Diocese of Mid-America, in 2006.[2]The Corey Memorial Window on display in the Art Institute of Chicago.One window dedicated to Francis Edwin Corey and his wife, Vernera Leonard Corey, was donated to the Art Institute of Chicago and is on display in its permanent exhibition \"Arts of the Americas.\" The Corey window features lilies as a symbol of the resurrection.[9]","title":"Tiffany windows"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Droku

Kyōroku

["1 Change of era","2 Events of the Kyōroku era","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]

Period of Japanese history (1528–1532) Part of a series on theHistory of JapanShōsōin ListPaleolithicbefore 14,000 BCJōmon14,000 – 1000 BCYayoi 1000 BC – 300 ADKofun 300 AD – 538 ADAsuka 538 – 710Nara 710 – 794HeianFormer Nine Years' WarLater Three-Year WarGenpei War 794–1185KamakuraJōkyū WarMongol invasionsGenkō WarKenmu Restoration 1185–1333MuromachiNanboku-chō periodSengoku period 1336–1573Azuchi–Momoyama Nanban tradeImjin WarBattle of Sekigahara 1573–1603Edo (Tokugawa) Tokugawa shogunateInvasion of RyukyuSiege of OsakaSakokuPerry ExpeditionConvention of KanagawaBakumatsuMeiji RestorationBoshin War 1603–1868Meiji Invasion of Taiwan (1874)Satsuma RebellionFirst Sino-Japanese WarTreaty of ShimonosekiTriple InterventionInvasion of Taiwan (1895)Colonization of TaiwanBoxer RebellionRusso-Japanese WarTreaty of PortsmouthJapan–Korea TreatyColonization of Korea 1868–1912Taishō World War IIntervention in SiberiaGreat Kantō earthquake 1912–1926Shōwa MilitarismFinancial crisisNanking incidentMukden IncidentInvasion of ManchuriaMay 15 incidentFebruary 26 incidentAnti-Comintern PactTripartite PactSecond Sino-Japanese WarWorld War IIAttack on Pearl HarborPacific WarAtomic bombingsSoviet–Japanese WarSurrender of JapanOccupation of JapanPostwar JapanAnpo protestsEconomic miracleAsset price bubble1926–1989Heisei Lost DecadesGreat Hanshin earthquakeCool JapanTōhoku earthquakeImperial transition 1989–2019ReiwaCOVID-19 pandemicAbe assassination 2019–present Topics Capital punishment Currency Earthquakes Economy Era names Education Empire Foreign relations Geography Historiography Religion Buddhism Christianity Islam Judaism Shinto Military Naval Politics Post-war Science and technology Sports World Heritage Sites Glossary History Timelinevte Kyōroku (享禄) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, "year name") after Daiei and before Tenbun. This era spanned from August 1528 to July 1532. The reigning emperor was Go-Nara-tennō (後奈良天皇). Change of era 1528 Kyōroku gannen (享禄元年): The era name was changed to mark the enthronement of Emperor Go-Nara. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in Daiei 8, the 20th day of the 8th month. This nengō takes its name from the I Ching: "He who sits on the Imperial Throne enjoys Heaven's Favor (居天位享天禄). Events of the Kyōroku era Statues were blackened in the fire at Yakushi-ji in 1528. 1528 (Kyōroku 1): Fire damaged Yakushi-ji in Nara. 1528 (Kyōroku 1): Former kampaku Konoe Tanye became sadaijin. The former naidaijin, Minamoto-no Mitsikoto, becomes the udaijin. Former dainagon Kiusho Tanemitsi becomes naidaijin. 1529 (Kyōroku 2): Neo-Confucian scholar Wang Yangming died. 1530 (Kyōroku 3, 7th month): The former-kampaku Kiyusho Hisatsune died at the age of 63. 1531 (Kyōroku 4): The Kamakura shogunate office of shugo (governor) is abolished. 1532 (Kyōroku 5): Followers of the Ikko sect were driven out of Kyoto; and they settled in Osaka. Notes ^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Kyoroku" in Japan encyclopedia, p. 585; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File Archived 2012-05-24 at archive.today. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 372–382. ^ Giesen, Walter. (2012). Japan, p. 428. ^ a b Titsingh, p. 373. ^ Varley, Paul H. (2000). Japanese Culture, p. 207; Jansen, Marius B. (2002). The Making of Modern Japan, p. 248. ^ Davis, David L. (1974). "Ikki in Late Medieval Japan," in Medieval Japan: Essays in Institutional History (John W. Hall, ed.), p. 242. ^ Hauser, William B. (1974). Economic Institutional Change in Tokugawa Japan, p. 8. References Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Roth, Käthe. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691 External links National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection Preceded byDaiei Era or nengōKyōroku 1528–1532 Succeeded byTenbun vteJapanese era names (nengō) by period538–1264AsukaHeianHeian (cont'd)Heian (cont'd)Heian (cont'd)Heian (cont'd)Kamakura (cont'd) 645–650Taika650–654Hakuchi686–686Shuchō701–704Taihō704–708Keiun708–715Wadō Nara715–717Reiki717–724Yōrō724–729Jinki729–749Tenpyō749Tenpyō-kanpō749–757Tenpyō-shōhō757–765Tenpyō-hōji765–767Tenpyō-jingo767–770Jingo-keiun770–781Hōki781–782Ten'ō782–806Enryaku 806–810Daidō810–824Kōnin824–834Tenchō834–848Jōwa848–851Kashō851–854Ninju854–857Saikō857–859Ten'an859–877Jōgan877–885Gangyō885–889Ninna889–898Kanpyō898–901Shōtai901–923Engi923–931Enchō931–938Jōhei938–947Tengyō947–957Tenryaku957–961Tentoku961–964Ōwa 964–968Kōhō968–970Anna970–973Tenroku973–976Ten'en976–978Jōgen978–983Tengen983–985Eikan985–987Kanna987–988Eien988–990Eiso990–995Shōryaku995–999Chōtoku999–1004Chōhō1004–1012Kankō1012–1017Chōwa1017–1021Kannin1021–1024Jian1024–1028Manju1028–1037Chōgen1037–1040Chōryaku 1040–1044Chōkyū1044–1046Kantoku1046–1053Eishō1053–1058Tengi1058–1065Kōhei1065–1069Jiryaku1069–1074Enkyū1074–1077Jōhō1077–1081Jōryaku1081–1084Eihō1084–1087Ōtoku1087–1094Kanji1094–1096Kahō1096–1097Eichō1097–1099Jōtoku1099–1104Kōwa1104–1106Chōji1106–1108Kajō1108–1110Tennin1110–1113Ten'ei 1113–1118Eikyū1118–1120Gen'ei1120–1124Hōan1124–1126Tenji1126–1131Daiji1131–1132Tenshō1132–1135Chōshō1135–1141Hōen1141–1142Eiji1142–1144Kōji1144–1145Ten'yō1145–1151Kyūan1151–1154Ninpei1154–1156Kyūju1156–1159Hōgen1159–1160Heiji1160–1161Eiryaku1161–1163Ōhō1163–1165Chōkan1165–1166Eiman 1166–1169Nin'an1169–1171Kaō1171–1175Jōan1175–1177Angen1177–1181Jishō1181–1182Yōwa1182–1184Juei1184–1185Genryaku Kamakura1185–1190Bunji1190–1199Kenkyū1199–1201Shōji1201–1204Kennin1204–1206Genkyū1206–1207Ken'ei1207–1211Jōgen1211–1213Kenryaku1213–1219Kempo1219–1222Jōkyū 1222–1224Jōō1224–1225Gennin1225–1227Karoku1227–1229Antei1229–1232Kangi1232–1233Jōei1233–1234Tenpuku1234–1235Bunryaku1235–1238Katei1238–1239Ryakunin1239–1240En'ō1240–1243Ninji1243–1247Kangen1247–1249Hōji1249–1256Kenchō1256–1257Kōgen1257–1259Shōka1259–1260Shōgen1260–1261Bun'ō1261–1264Kōchō 1264–presentKamakura (cont'd)Nanboku-chōNanboku-chōMuromachi (cont'd)MomoyamaEdo (cont'd)Modern Japan 1264–1275Bun'ei1275–1278Kenji1278–1288Kōan1288–1293Shōō1293–1299Einin1299–1302Shōan1302–1303Kengen1303–1306Kagen1306–1308Tokuji1308–1311Enkyō1311–1312Ōchō1312–1317Shōwa1317–1319Bunpō1319–1321Gen'ō1321–1324Genkō1324–1326Shōchū1326–1329Karyaku1329–1331Gentoku1331–1334Genkōa1332–1333Shōkyōb Northern Court1334–1338Kenmu1338–1342Ryakuō1342–1345Kōei1345–1350Jōwa1350–1352Kannō1352–1356Bunna1356–1361Enbun1361–1362Kōan1362–1368Jōji1368–1375Ōan1375–1379Eiwa1379–1381Kōryaku1381–1384Eitoku1384–1387Shitoku1387–1389Kakei1389–1390Kōō1390–1394Meitokuc Southern Court1334–1336Kenmu1336–1340Engen1340–1346Kōkoku1346–1370Shōhei1370–1372Kentoku1372–1375Bunchū1375–1381Tenju1381–1384Kōwa1384–1392Genchūc Muromachi1394–1428Ōei1428–1429Shōchō1429–1441Eikyō1441–1444Kakitsu1444–1449Bun'an1449–1452Hōtoku 1452–1455Kyōtoku1455–1457Kōshō1457–1460Chōroku1460–1466Kanshō1466–1467Bunshō1467–1469Ōnin1469–1487Bunmei1487–1489Chōkyō1489–1492Entoku1492–1501Meiō1501–1521Bunki1504–1521Eishō1521–1528Daiei1528–1532Kyōroku1532–1555Tenbun1555–1558Kōji1558–1570Eiroku1570–1573Genki 1573–1592Tenshō1592–1596Bunroku1596–1615Keichō Edo1615–1624Genna1624–1644Kan'ei1644–1648Shōhō1648–1652Keian1652–1655Jōō1655–1658Meireki1658–1661Manji1661–1673Kanbun1673–1681Enpō1681–1684Tenna1684–1688Jōkyō1688–1704Genroku1704–1711Hōei1711–1716Shōtoku1716–1736Kyōhō 1736–1741Genbun1741–1744Kanpō1744–1748Enkyō1748–1751Kan'en1751–1764Hōreki1764–1772Meiwa1772–1781An'ei1781–1789Tenmei1789–1801Kansei1801–1804Kyōwa1804–1818Bunka1818–1830Bunsei1830–1844Tenpō1844–1848Kōka1848–1854Kaei1854–1860Ansei1860–1861Man'en1861–1864Bunkyū1864–1865Genji1865–1868Keiō 1868–1912Meiji1912–1926Taishō1926–1989Shōwa1989–2019Heisei2019–presentReiwa a Not recognized by the Northern Court, which retained Gentoku until 1332. b Not recognized by the Southern Court. c Genchū discontinued upon reunification of the Northern and Southern Courts in 1392 and Meitoku retained until 1394.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese era name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_era_name"},{"link_name":"Daiei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiei_(era)"},{"link_name":"Tenbun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenbun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Go-Nara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Go-Nara"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Kyōroku (享禄) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, \"year name\") after Daiei and before Tenbun. This era spanned from August 1528 to July 1532.[1] The reigning emperor was Go-Nara-tennō (後奈良天皇).[2]","title":"Kyōroku"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emperor Go-Nara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Go-Nara_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"I Ching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Ching"}],"text":"1528 Kyōroku gannen (享禄元年): The era name was changed to mark the enthronement of Emperor Go-Nara. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in Daiei 8, the 20th day of the 8th month.This nengō takes its name from the I Ching: \"He who sits on the Imperial Throne enjoys Heaven's Favor (居天位享天禄).","title":"Change of era"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triad_of_Yakushi_Nyorai.JPG"},{"link_name":"Yakushi-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakushi-ji"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"kampaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampaku"},{"link_name":"sadaijin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadaijin"},{"link_name":"naidaijin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naidaijin"},{"link_name":"udaijin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udaijin"},{"link_name":"dainagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dainagon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t373-4"},{"link_name":"Wang Yangming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yangming"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t373-4"},{"link_name":"Kamakura shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate"},{"link_name":"shugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shugo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Statues were blackened in the fire at Yakushi-ji in 1528.1528 (Kyōroku 1): Fire damaged Yakushi-ji in Nara.[3]\n1528 (Kyōroku 1): Former kampaku Konoe Tanye became sadaijin. The former naidaijin, Minamoto-no Mitsikoto, becomes the udaijin. Former dainagon Kiusho Tanemitsi becomes naidaijin.[4]\n1529 (Kyōroku 2): Neo-Confucian scholar Wang Yangming died.[5]\n1530 (Kyōroku 3, 7th month): The former-kampaku Kiyusho Hisatsune died at the age of 63.[4]\n1531 (Kyōroku 4): The Kamakura shogunate office of shugo (governor) is abolished.[6]\n1532 (Kyōroku 5): Followers of the Ikko sect were driven out of Kyoto; and they settled in Osaka.[7]","title":"Events of the Kyōroku era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Japan encyclopedia, p. 585","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA585"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20120524174828/http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709"},{"link_name":"archive.today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.today"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 372–382.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Japan, p. 428","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/search?q=japan+1528&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a#q=japan+1528&hl=en&client=firefox-a&hs=Ljr&tbo=d&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&tbm=bks&ei=ntrlUOn1HYa30QG7nIDoDQ&start=10&sa=N&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&bvm=bv.1355534169,d.dmQ&fp=c34e766ce5552a1b&bpcl=40096503&biw=1024&bih=587"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-t373_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-t373_4-1"},{"link_name":"p. 373.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Varley, Paul H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Paul_Varley"},{"link_name":"Japanese Culture, p. 207","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=BvUEzBin61AC&dq=japan+1529&pg=PA207"},{"link_name":"Jansen, Marius B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Jansen"},{"link_name":"The Making of Modern Japan, p. 248","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3bf4g447YdcC&dq=japan+1529&pg=PA248"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Ikki in Late Medieval Japan,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=J-tO9pOjzmsC&pg=PA242"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Economic Institutional Change in Tokugawa Japan, p. 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4L48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA8"}],"text":"^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). \"Kyoroku\" in Japan encyclopedia, p. 585; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File Archived 2012-05-24 at archive.today.\n\n^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 372–382.\n\n^ Giesen, Walter. (2012). Japan, p. 428.\n\n^ a b Titsingh, p. 373.\n\n^ Varley, Paul H. (2000). Japanese Culture, p. 207; Jansen, Marius B. (2002). The Making of Modern Japan, p. 248.\n\n^ Davis, David L. (1974). \"Ikki in Late Medieval Japan,\" in Medieval Japan: Essays in Institutional History (John W. Hall, ed.), p. 242.\n\n^ Hauser, William B. (1974). Economic Institutional Change in Tokugawa Japan, p. 8.","title":"Notes"}]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dueling_Creek

Dueling Creek

["1 See also","2 References"]

Coordinates: 38°55′43″N 76°56′35″W / 38.92861°N 76.94306°W / 38.92861; -76.94306Dueling Creek is a tributary of the Anacostia River in southern Maryland in the United States, located in the town of Colmar Manor. The Bladensburg Dueling Grounds on the creek was a favorite spot for duels in the 19th century, and was the site of a duel between Stephen Decatur and James Barron. See also Bladensburg Dueling Grounds List of rivers of Maryland References ^ "Dueling Creek Natural Area". pgparks.com. 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2012. ^ "Duels and the Bladensburg Dueling Grounds Marker". The Historical Marker Database. 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2012. 38°55′43″N 76°56′35″W / 38.92861°N 76.94306°W / 38.92861; -76.94306 vtePotomac River system Cities and towns Bridges Islands Tributaries Variant names District of Columbia Maryland Pennsylvania Virginia West Virginia Streams shown as: Major tributaries subtributaries (subsubtributaries) (subsubsubtributaries) Upper Potomac River North Branch Potomac River South Branch Potomac River Town Creek Little Cacapon River North Fork Little Cacapon River South Fork Little Cacapon River Fifteenmile Creek Sideling Hill Creek Cacapon River Lost River Trout Run Capon Springs Run Dillons Run Edwards Run Mill Branch North River (Grassy Lick Run) (Tearcoat Creek) (Bearwallow Creek) Sir Johns Run Warm Spring Run Tonoloway Creek Little Tonoloway Creek Sleepy Creek Meadow Branch Licking Creek Cherry Run Back Creek Hogue Creek Isaacs Creek Tilhance Creek Little Conococheague Creek Conococheague Creek Back Creek Opequon Creek Abrams Creek Mill Creek Middle Creek Tuscarora Creek (West Virginia) Lower Potomac River Antietam Creek Shenandoah River Little Catoctin Creek Catoctin Creek (Virginia) Catoctin Creek (Maryland) Tuscarora Creek (Maryland) Monocacy River Rock Creek Marsh Creek Alloway Creek Piney Creek Toms Creek (Middle Creek) Double Pipe Creek (Big Pipe Creek) (Little Pipe Creek) Owens Creek Big Hunting Creek Tuscarora Creek Carroll Creek Linganore Creek Israel Creek Bush Creek Ballenger Creek Bennett Creek Little Monocacy River Goose Creek Little River Broad Run (Virginia) Sugarland Run Broad Run (Maryland) Seneca Creek Dry Seneca Creek Little Seneca Creek (Tenmile Creek) Great Seneca Creek Muddy Branch Watts Branch Difficult Run Rock Run Dead Run Cabin John Creek Little Falls Branch Tidal Potomac River Pimmit Run Gulf Branch Donaldson Run Maddox Branch Windy Run Spout Run Foundry Branch Rock Creek Piney Branch Boundary Channel Tiber Creek Rocky Run Washington Channel Anacostia River Pope Branch Watts Branch Hickey Run Northwest Branch Sligo Creek Northeast Branch Paint Branch Four Mile Run Oxon Creek Hunting Creek Cameron Run Broad Creek Henson Creek Swan Creek Piscataway Creek Little Hunting Creek Dogue Creek Accotink Creek Daniels Run Pohick Creek Pomonkey Creek Occoquan River Bull Run Broad Run Cedar Run Neabsco Creek Powells Creek Mattawoman Creek Chicamuxen Creek Quantico Creek Little Creek Chopawamsic Creek Tank Creek Aquia Creek Potomac Creek Accokeek Creek Nanjemoy Creek Port Tobacco River Popes Creek (Maryland) Gambo Creek Piccowaxen Creek Upper Machodoc Creek Cuckold Creek Wicomico River Monroe Creek Mattox Creek Popes Creek (Virginia) St. Marys River Yeocomico River Coan River Hull Creek North Branch Potomac River Stony River Abram Creek Savage River Georges Creek Laurel Run New Creek Limestone Run Warrior Run Wills Creek Brush Creek Little Wills Creek Evitts Creek Patterson Creek Mill Creek Dans Run Green Spring Run South Branch Potomac River North Fork South Branch Potomac River Laurel Fork Mill Creek Seneca Creek South Fork South Branch Potomac River Kettle Creek Lunice Creek Mill Run Mill Creek Big Run Buffalo Creek Shenandoah River North Fork Shenandoah River Cedar Creek Smith Creek South Fork Shenandoah River North River (Middle River) South River Lakes and reservoirs Lake Accotink Lake Anne Lake Artemesia Lake Bernard Frank Lake Braddock Breckenridge Reservoir Brushy Fork Lake Burke Lake Dalecarlia Reservoir Georgetown Reservoir Jennings Randolph Lake Kingman Lake Little Seneca Lake McMillan Reservoir Mount Storm Lake Lake Needwood Sleepy Creek Lake Stony River Reservoir Tidal Basin Trout Pond Warden Lake vteWaters of MarylandBays/estuaries Assawoman Chesapeake Chincoteague Curtis Bay Eastern Fishing Herring Isle of Wight Mallows Newport Pocomoke Sinepuxent Tangier Rivers Anacostia Annemessex (Big) Annemessex (Little) Back Bird Blackwater Blackwater (Little) Bohemia Bush Casselman Chester Chicamacomico Choptank Choptank (Little) Christina Corsica Elk Front Gunpowder Hawlings Jones Falls Magothy Magothy (Little) Manokin Middle Miles Monocacy Monocacy (Little) Nanticoke North North East Patapsco Patuxent Pocomoke Port Tobacco Potomac Rhode St. Martin St. Marys Sassafras Savage Severn South Susquehanna Transquaking Tred Avon Warwick West Wicomico (Potomac) Wicomico Wye Wye East Youghiogheny Creeks, runs,streams Antietam Alloway Arundel Cove Ballenger Bear (Patapsco) Bear (Sideling Hill) Bear (Youghiogheny) Beaverdam Bennett Big Hunting Big Pipe Bodkin Bonnie Branch Bread and Cheese Broad (Choptank) Broad (Potomac) Broad (Susquehanna) Broad Run Budds Bush Cabin John Carroll Catoctin Catoctin (Little) Chicamuxen Collington Branch Conococheague Conococheague (Little) Conowingo Cuckold Curtis Deep Run Deer Dividing Dorsey Run Double Pipe Dry Seneca Dueling Dundee Evitts Fifteenmile Fishing Flintstone Frog Mortar Furnace Georges Great Seneca Green Branch Greys Gwynns Falls Harris Henson Herbert Run Herring Run Honga Hunting (Little) Indian (Anacostia) Indian (Patuxent) Israel Laurel Run Licking Linganore Little Falls Little Falls Branch Little Pipe Little Seneca Lyons Main Marley Marsh Marshyhope Mattawoman Meekins Middle Mill Branch Minnehaha Branch Moores Run Muddy Branch Nanjemoy Nassawango Northeast Branch Anacostia River Northwest Branch Anacostia River Octoraro Owens Otter Point Oxon Paint Branch Parsons Piney Piscataway Plumtree Branch Pomonkey Principio Rock (Potomac) Rock Run Rockburn Branch Roland Run Romney St. Leonard Saltpeter Sams Sellman Seneca (Middle) Seneca (Potomac) Sideling Hill Slaughter Sligo Soapstone Branch Stony Stony Run Swanson Tenmile Creek Thoms Cove Toms Tonoloway Town (Patuxent) Town (Potomac) Town (Tred Avon) Towson Run Trappe Tuckahoe Turville Tuscarora (Monocacy) Tuscarora (Potomac) Tuscarora (Little) Watts Branch Western Run Wills Winters Run Lakes Allen Pond Artemesia Buckel's Bog Centennial Deep Creek Elkhorn Bernard Frank Jennings Randolph Kittamaqundi Little Seneca Needwood Quarry Lake Roland Parker Pond Schumaker Pond Woodward Pond Youghiogheny Reservoirs Dalecarlia Habeeb Liberty Loch Raven Piney Run Prettyboy Rocky Gorge Triadelphia This article related to a river in Maryland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"Bladensburg Dueling Grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladensburg_Dueling_Grounds"},{"title":"List of rivers of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Maryland"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadine_Caridi

Nadine Macaluso

["1 Biography","2 References"]

American psychologist (born 1967) Nadine MacalusoMacaluso in 2024BornNadine Caridi (1967-12-24) December 24, 1967 (age 56)London, EnglandOther namesNadine BelfortEducationPacifica Graduate InstituteOccupation(s)psychologist, writer, internet personality, modelSpouses Jordan Belfort ​ ​(m. 1991; div. 2005)​ John Macaluso Children2Websitedrnae.com Nadine Macaluso (née Caridi; born December 24, 1967), formerly Belfort, is a British-born American psychologist, author, internet personality, and former model. She was the second wife of the stockbroker and financial criminal Jordan Belfort, to whom she was married from 1991 to 2005. Throughout her marriage, she was referred to in the press as the "Duchess of Bay Ridge". Macaluso's marriage to Belfort was one of the subjects of Belfort's 2007 memoir, The Wolf of Wall Street, and the basis of Margot Robbie's character Naomi Lapaglia in the 2013 film The Wolf of Wall Street. Macaluso authored the book Run Like Hell: A Therapist’s Guide To Recognizing, Escaping, And Healing From Trauma Bonds. Biography Macaluso was born Nadine Caridi in London. She grew up in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn and graduated from John Dewey High School. She worked as a model, represented by Elite Petite Management, and appeared in advertisement campaigns for Miller Lite. In 1992, she was featured in an advertisement campaign for Seagram that promoted the 1992 Winter Olympics. Macaluso also modelled for the Wrigley Company. Macaluso met her first husband, stockbroker Jordan Belfort, at a house party in Westhampton Beach, New York. Belfort, who had previously been married to Denise Lombardo, ran the brokerage house Stratton Oakmont. They married in 1991. She and Belfort had two children. The couple owned a luxury yacht, originally built in 1961 for Coco Chanel, that Belfort renamed Nadine after Macaluso. The yacht sank off the east coast of Sardinia in June 1996. Due to their high-profile and extravagant life style, Macaluso was referred to as the "Duchess of Bay Ridge" by the press. Belfort, who was arrested for charges involving white-collar crime, attempted to launder millions of dollars through a Swiss bank account using the name of Macaluso's aunt. While they were married, Macaluso founded a maternity company. The relationship between Macaluso and Belfort was contentious. Belfort reportedly flew 100 staff and 100 sex workers to Las Vegas for a bachelor party before their £600,000 Caribbean wedding. Belfort later bragged about having sex with Macaluso on a $3 million mattress made of $100 bills. Macaluso and Belfort separated after Macaluso made claims of domestic violence, after he reportedly kicked her down the stairs of their Long Island mansion, and accused Belfort of infidelity and suffering from a drug addiction. The couple divorced in 2005. Following the divorce, she moved to California. She remarried to businessman John Macaluso. She earned a master's degree and a doctoral degree in counseling and somatic psychology from the Pacifica Graduate Institute. She works as a therapist in marriage and family counseling. Macaluso began using the social media platform TikTok to share her perspective on the 2013 Martin Scorsese biographical drama film The Wolf of Wall Street, as she was the inspiration for the film's character Naomi Lapaglia, played by Margot Robbie. She met with Robbie and Robbie's speech coach during the making of the film. Macaluso also uses her TikTok platform to educate women on abusive relationships and emotionally manipulative behavior like gaslighting and traumatic bonding. She is the author of the upcoming book Run Like Hell: A Therapist's Guide To Recognizing, Escaping, And Healing From Trauma Bonds, which is set to be released in 2024. References ^ a b c d e f g h Witheridge, Annette (March 2, 2014). "Jordan Belfort: Meet the REAL Wolf of Wall Street as played by Leonardo DiCaprio". Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2023. ^ a b "Wolf of Wall Street's Ex-wife, Dr. Nadine Macaluso, Presents the Gift of Authenticity to the World". March 8, 2022. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved August 19, 2023. ^ Haglund, David. "How accurate is Wolf of Wall Street?", Concord Monitor, January 2, 2014. Accessed August 22, 2023, via Newspapers.com. "Belfort divorced Denise Lombardo, called Teresa in the movie, after meeting Nadine Caridi at a Stratton Oakmont party.... In both the book and the movie Belfort calls her the Duchess of Bay Ridge (or just the Duchess for short) because she was born in England but grew up in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn." ^ "'The Wolf of Wall Street' Jordan Belfort's Ex-wife Nadine Macaluso Became a Therapist Expert in Trauma Bonding". September 15, 2022. Archived from the original on December 11, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2023. ^ a b c d e f g "The career rise of Nadine Macaluso, from modeling and marrying the 'Wolf of Wall Street' to divorcing him and becoming a family therapist". Business Insider. Archived from the original on November 30, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2023. ^ a b c d e "'The Wolf of Wall Street' Nudity and Drug Fueled Party Scene Was All Real, Reveals Jordan Belfort's Ex-Wife | Decider". Archived from the original on October 17, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2023. ^ "I naufraghi dello yacht miliardario salvati in extremis". Corriere Della Sera (in Italian). No. paywall. June 24, 1996. Archived from the original on December 9, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2019. ^ Wooton, Kenny (May 1997). "The Longest Night". Yachting. 181 (5): 54. ISSN 0043-9940. ^ Belfort, Jordan (2007). The Wolf of Wall Street. Random House. pp. 406–409. ISBN 978-0-553-80546-8. ^ "The 'Wolf of Wall Street's' ex-wife is a therapist, and she's using details of their marriage to get people talking about abusive relationships on TikTok". Insider.com. Archived from the original on August 20, 2023. Retrieved August 19, 2023. ^ a b "About Dr. Nadine Macaluso | Dr Nae". Archived from the original on June 6, 2023. Retrieved August 19, 2023. Authority control databases International VIAF National United States

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Throughout her marriage, she was referred to in the press as the \"Duchess of Bay Ridge\".Macaluso's marriage to Belfort was one of the subjects of Belfort's 2007 memoir, The Wolf of Wall Street, and the basis of Margot Robbie's character Naomi Lapaglia in the 2013 film The Wolf of Wall Street. 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Robbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Robbie"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-business-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider-6"},{"link_name":"gaslighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting"},{"link_name":"traumatic bonding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_bonding"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dr-11"}],"text":"Macaluso was born Nadine Caridi in London.[1] She grew up in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn[2][3] and graduated from John Dewey High School.[4]She worked as a model, represented by Elite Petite Management, and appeared in advertisement campaigns for Miller Lite.[1][5] In 1992, she was featured in an advertisement campaign for Seagram that promoted the 1992 Winter Olympics.[5] Macaluso also modelled for the Wrigley Company.[5]Macaluso met her first husband, stockbroker Jordan Belfort, at a house party in Westhampton Beach, New York.[6] Belfort, who had previously been married to Denise Lombardo, ran the brokerage house Stratton Oakmont. They married in 1991. She and Belfort had two children. The couple owned a luxury yacht, originally built in 1961 for Coco Chanel, that Belfort renamed Nadine after Macaluso. The yacht sank off the east coast of Sardinia in June 1996.[7][8][9] Due to their high-profile and extravagant life style, Macaluso was referred to as the \"Duchess of Bay Ridge\" by the press.[2] Belfort, who was arrested for charges involving white-collar crime, attempted to launder millions of dollars through a Swiss bank account using the name of Macaluso's aunt.[1] While they were married, Macaluso founded a maternity company.[5]The relationship between Macaluso and Belfort was contentious. Belfort reportedly flew 100 staff and 100 sex workers to Las Vegas for a bachelor party before their £600,000 Caribbean wedding.[1] Belfort later bragged about having sex with Macaluso on a $3 million mattress made of $100 bills.[1]Macaluso and Belfort separated after Macaluso made claims of domestic violence, after he reportedly kicked her down the stairs of their Long Island mansion, and accused Belfort of infidelity and suffering from a drug addiction.[1][10] The couple divorced in 2005.[1] Following the divorce, she moved to California.[5]She remarried to businessman John Macaluso.[1] She earned a master's degree and a doctoral degree in counseling and somatic psychology from the Pacifica Graduate Institute.[5][11] She works as a therapist in marriage and family counseling.[6]Macaluso began using the social media platform TikTok to share her perspective on the 2013 Martin Scorsese biographical drama film The Wolf of Wall Street, as she was the inspiration for the film's character Naomi Lapaglia, played by Margot Robbie.[6][5] She met with Robbie and Robbie's speech coach during the making of the film.[6]Macaluso also uses her TikTok platform to educate women on abusive relationships and emotionally manipulative behavior like gaslighting and traumatic bonding.[6]She is the author of the upcoming book Run Like Hell: A Therapist's Guide To Recognizing, Escaping, And Healing From Trauma Bonds, which is set to be released in 2024.[11]","title":"Biography"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Gingko

The Legend of Gingko

["1 Story","2 Cast","3 External links"]

2000 South Korean filmThe Legend of GingkoTheatrical posterHangul단적비연수Revised RomanizationDanjeokbiyeonsuMcCune–ReischauerTanjŏk piyŏnsu Directed byPark Jae-hyunWritten byKim Seon-mi Park Jae-hyunStarringChoi Jin-silKim Suk-hoon Sol Kyung-guYunjin KimLee Mi-sookProductioncompanyKang Je-gyu FilmRelease date 2000 (2000) CountrySouth KoreaLanguageKorean The Legend of Gingko (Korean: 단적비연수; RR: Danjeokbiyeonsu) is a 2000 South Korean film starring Choi Jin-sil. Story Caught in between an ethnic war, Bee struggles between love and death. Cast Name Role Kim Suk-hoon ------ Dahn Sol Kyung-gu ------ Juk Choi Jin-sil ------ Bee Yunjin Kim ------ Yeon Lee Mi-sook ------ Su Jung Da-bin External links The Legend of Gingko at IMDb The Legend of Gingko at the Korean Movie Database This South Korean film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Alife

Roman Catholic Diocese of Alife-Caiazzo

["1 History","1.1 After the French","1.2 Consolidation of dioceses","2 Bishops of Alife","2.1 to 1200","2.2 1200 to 1600","2.3 1600 to 1986","2.4 Bishops of Alife-Caiazzo","3 See also","4 Notes and references","5 Bibliography","5.1 Reference works","5.2 Studies"]

Coordinates: 41°19′44″N 14°19′44″E / 41.3289°N 14.3289°E / 41.3289; 14.3289Roman Catholic diocese in Italy This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Roman Catholic Diocese of Alife-Caiazzo" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Diocese of Alife-CaiazzoDioecesis Aliphana-Caiacensis o CaiatinaCathedral of the Assumption, AlifeLocationCountryItalyEcclesiastical provinceNaplesStatisticsArea580 km2 (220 sq mi)Population- Total- Catholics(as of 2018)62,200 (est.)62,000 (est.)Parishes44InformationDenominationCatholic ChurchRiteRoman RiteEstablished5th CenturyCathedralCattedrale di S. Maria Assunta (Alife)Co-cathedralConcattedrale di Maria SS. Assunta (Caiazzo)Secular priests44 (diocesan)6 (Religious Orders)6 Permanent DeaconsCurrent leadershipPopeFrancisBishopGiacomo CirulliBishops emeritusValentino Di CerboMapWebsitewww.diocesialifecaiazzo.it The Diocese of Alife-Caiazzo (Latin: Dioecesis Aliphana-Caiacensis o Caiatina) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Campania, southern Italy, created in 1986. In that year the historic Diocese of Alife was united with the Diocese of Caiazzo. The diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Naples. History The old diocese of Alife was made up of twelve communes in the civil province of Caserta, subject to the Archbishopric of Benevento. The name of a Bishop of Alife appears for the first time among the signatories of the Roman Synod of 499 of Pope Symmachus. Alife became a suffragan of the metropolitan archbishop of Benevento in 969, when Pope John XIII created the ecclesiastical province of Benevento. In 1676, the city of Alife had a population of c. 1200 persons, and the diocese in addition had 18 loca (villages). The city had one monastery for men. The bishop resided, however, in a village called "Pedemonte". In 1752, the city of Alife had only 500 inhabitants. The residence of the bishop at Piedimonte had three schools, seven houses of male religious, and two convents of nuns. There were only 13 loca. After the French Following the extinction of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, the Congress of Vienna authorized the restoration of the Papal States and the Kingdom of Naples. Since the French occupation had seen the abolition of many Church institutions in the Kingdom, as well as the confiscation of much Church property and resources, it was imperative that Pope Pius VII and King Ferdinand IV reach agreement on restoration and restitution. Ferdinand demanded the suppression of fifty dioceses. A concordat was finally signed on 16 February 1818, and ratified by Pius VII on 25 February 1818. Ferdinand issued the concordat as a law on 21 March 1818. On 27 June 1818, Pius VII issued the bull De Ulteriore, in which, the decision was made to suppress permanently the diocese of Alife, and to incorporate its territory into the united dioceses of Cerreta and Telese. Protests and complaints were quickly submitted to the pope. The bishop of Alife, Emilio Gentile, the Chapter of the cathedral, the rectors of the parishes of the diocese of Alife, and the magistrates of the city all made their supplications, pointing out the antiquity of the episcopal seat, the well regarded diocesan seminary, the inconvenience and danger of regular travel over the mountains to Telese, and other considerations. Pope Pius submitted these to the Commission for the Execution of the Concordat, and to the Sacred Congregation Consistorial for examination and recommendations. Finally, on 15 January 1820, he issued the bull "Adorandi Servatoris", by which he revoked and annulled the provisions of the bull "De Ulteriore" so far as they commanded the suppression of the diocese of Alife. There was, however, an additional provision: that one and the same bishop would be the bishop of Alife and the bishop of Telese at the same time aeque personaliter. He was to be called the bishop of "Alife and Telese". On 6 July 1852, in the bull "Compertum Nobis", Pope Pius IX made the decision to reverse the judgment of Pope Pius VII and restore the diocese of Alife, thereby completely separating the two dioceses, and removing its territory again from the power of the bishop of Cerreto and Telese. Consolidation of dioceses On 18 February 1984, the Vatican and the Italian State signed a new and revised concordat, which was accompanied in the next year by enabling legislation. According to the agreement, the practice of having one bishop govern two separate dioceses at the same time, aeque personaliter, was abolished. Otherwise Caiazzo and Alife, who shared a bishop, might have become the diocese of Alife and Caiazzo. Instead, the Vatican continued consultations which had begun under Pope John XXIII for the merging of small dioceses, especially those with personnel and financial problems, into one combined diocese. On 30 September 1986, Pope John Paul II ordered that the dioceses of Caiazzo and Alife be merged into one diocese with one bishop, with the Latin title Dioecesis Aliphana - Caiacensis. The seat of the diocese was to be in Alife, and the cathedral of Alife was to serve as the cathedral of the merged diocese. The cathedral in Caiazzo was to become a co-cathedral, and the cathedral Chapter was to be a Capitulum Concathedralis. There was to be only one diocesan Tribunal, in Alife, and likewise one seminary, one College of Consultors, and one Priests' Council. The territory of the new diocese was to include the territory of the former separate dioceses of Caiazzo and Alife. Bishops of Alife Erected: 5th Century Metropolitan: Archdiocese of Benevento to 1200 ... Clarus (attested 499) ... Paulus (attested 982–985) ... Vitus (attested 1020) ... Rodbertus (attested 1098, 1100) ... Petrus (attested 1143) ... Balduinus (attested 1179) ... Landulfus (attested 1200) 1200 to 1600 ... Alferius (1252–1254) Romanus (1254–after 1286) Gentilis (before Oct 1291– ? ) Administrator Petrus (attested 1305) Philippus (attested 1308) Nicolaus Thomas (1346– ) Bertrandus Joannes (1361– ? ) Guilelmus Joannes (Alfieri) (1389–1412) Roman Obedience Angelus de S. Felice (1413– ) Antonius Moretti, O.P. (1458–1482) Joannes Bartolo (Bartolomaeus) (1482–1486) Giovanni Zefra (6 Sep 1486 - 1504 Died) Angelo Sacco (15 Apr 1504 - 1529 Died) Bernardino Fumarelli (16 Aug 1529 - 13 Nov 1532 Appointed, Bishop of Valva e Sulmona) Miguel Torcella (13 Nov 1532 - 6 Apr 1541 Appointed, Bishop of Anagni) Ippolito Marsigli (6 Apr 1541 - 1546 Died) Sebastiano Antonio Pighini (27 Aug 1546 - 4 Jun 1548 Appointed, Bishop of Ferentino) Filippo Angelo Seragli, O.S.B. (4 Jun 1548 - 1557 Died) Antonio Agustín (15 Dec 1557 - 8 Aug 1561 Appointed, Bishop of Lérida) Diego Gilberto Nogueras (8 Aug 1561 - 1566 Died) Angelo Rossi (31 Jan 1567 - 1568 Died) Giovanni Battista Santorio (19 Nov 1568 - 8 Jan 1586 Appointed, Bishop of Tricarico) Enrico Cini (Siculus), O.F.M. Conv. (8 Jan 1586 - 1598 Died) 1600 to 1986 Modesto Gavazzi, O.F.M. Conv. (7 Aug 1598 - Aug 1608 Died) Valerio Seta (Valerius Seta), O.S.M. (24 Nov 1608 - 1625 Died) Gerolamo Maria Zambeccari, O.P. (7 Apr 1625 - 11 Apr 1633 Appointed, Bishop of Minervino Murge) Giovanni Michele Rossi, O.C.D. (11 Apr 1633 - 25 Dec 1638 Died) Pietro Paolo Medici (11 Apr 1639 - Oct 1657 Died) Henri Borghi, O.S.M. (25 Feb 1658 - Nov 1658 Died) Sebastiano Dossena, B. (21 Apr 1659 - 1664 Died) Domenico Caracciolo (31 Mar 1664 - 14 Oct 1673 Died) Giuseppe de Lazzara (23 Mar 1676 - 2 Mar 1702) Angelo Maria Porfiri (5 Mar 1703 - 23 Jul 1730) Gaetano Iovone (11 Dec 1730 - 31 Oct 1733) Pietro Abbondio Battiloro (18 Dec 1733 - 17 Oct 1735) Egidio Antonio Isabelli (2 Dec 1735 - 3 Jan 1752) Carlo Rosati (20 Mar 1752 - 17 Feb 1753) Innocenzo Sanseverino (12 Mar 1753 - 29 Dec 1756 Resigned) Filippo Sanseverino (3 Jan 1757 - 26 Jan 1762 Resigned) Francesco Ferdinando Sanseverino, C.P.O. (29 Jan 1770 - 15 Apr 1776 Confirmed, Archbishop of Palermo) Emilio Gentile (15 Jul 1776 - 24 Feb 1822 Died) Raffaele Longobardi (19 Apr 1822 - 23 Sep 1822 Died) Giovanni Battista de Martino di Pietradoro (3 May 1824 - 1 May 1826 Died) Carlo Puoti (3 Jul 1826 - 14 Mar 1848 Died) Gennaro di Giacomo (22 Dec 1848 - 1 Jul 1878 Died) Luigi Barbato Pasca di Magliano (1 Jul 1878 - 8 Dec 1879 Died) Girolamo Volpe (27 Feb 1880 - 9 Aug 1885 Died) Antonio Scotti (15 Jan 1886 - 24 Mar 1898 Resigned) Settimio Caracciolo di Torchiarolo (24 Mar 1898 - 10 Apr 1911 Appointed, Bishop of Aversa) Felice del Sordo (12 Oct 1911 - 7 Jul 1928 Died) Luigi Noviello (29 Jul 1930 - 20 Sep 1947 Died) Giuseppe Della Cioppa (2 Dec 1947 - 1 Apr 1953 Resigned) Virginio Dondeo (29 May 1953 - 22 Jul 1961 Appointed, Bishop of Orvieto) Raffaele Pellecchia (1 Sep 1961 - 19 Mar 1967 Appointed, Coadjutor Archbishop of Sorrento) Apostolic Administrator Vito Roberti (29 May 1967 – 8 April 1978) Angelo Campagna (8 April 1978 - 10 December 1990 Died) Bishops of Alife-Caiazzo United: 30 September 1986 with the Diocese of Caiazzo Latin Name: Aliphanus-Caiacensis o Caiatinus Angelo Campagna (8 April 1978 - 10 December 1990 Died) Nicola Comparone (10 December 1990 - 5 January 1998 Died) Pietro Farina (16 February 1999 - 25 April 2009 Appointed, Bishop of Caserta) Valentino Di Cerbo (6 March 2010 - 30 April 2019 Retired) Giacomo Cirulli (26 February 2021 – present) See also Roman Catholic Diocese of Caiazzo List of Catholic dioceses in Italy Notes and references ^ "Diocese of Alife-Caiazzo" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved March 9, 2016. ^ "Diocese of Alife-Caiazzo" GCatholic.org. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved March 29, 2016. ^ Clarus episcopus Ecclesiœ Allifanœ subscripsi); see "Monumenta Germaniæ Historica," Auctorum Antiquissimorum Tomus XII (Berlin: Weidmann 1894), p. 406. Bishop Clarus signs seventh, suggesting great seniority in office. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia article ^ Cappelletti, p. 90. ^ Ritzler & Sefrin V, p. 79, note 1. ^ Ritzler & Sefrin VI, p. 77, note 1. ^ Francesco Scaduto (1887). Stato e chiesa nelle due Sicilie dai Normanni ai giorni nostri (in Italian). Palermo: A. Amenta. pp. 42–58, 74–78. ^ F. Torelli (1848), La chiave del concordato dell'anno 1818 I, second edition (Naples: Fibreno 1848), pp. 1-19. ^ Pius VII, Bullarii Romani Continuatio Tomus 25 (Rome 1853), p. 58 § 11: "Praevia item suppressione episcopalis ecclesiae Aliphanae ex nunc pro tunc quando ex persona moderni antistitis Aliphani quomodocumque vacare contigerit, civitatem illam ac dioecesim adjungimus atque incorporamus episcopalibus ecclesiis unitis Cerretanae et Thelesinae." ^ Collezione degli atti emanati dopo la pubblicazione del Concordato dell'anno 1819, Parte terza (1820 a 1825) (Napoli: De Turchini 1830), pp. 30-43, at p. 36: "perpetuo revocamus et annullamus viribusque et effectu penitus, et vacuamus ac destituta et vacuata, illasque suum effectum in eventum praemissum minime habituras esse, et fore declaramus ac saepe dictam Ecclesiam Allifanam Archiepiscopalis Beneventanae Ecclesiae, ut praefertur, suffraganeam, ejusque sedem, et episcopalem cathedram et dignitatem cum distinctis et propriis illius majoris ecclesiae Capitulo, ac episcopali Curia, ac seminario puerorum ecclesiastico, nec non peculiari in spiritualibus generali Vicario in pristinum...." ^ Collezione degli atti..., pp. 36-40. ^ Collezione degli atti emanati dopo la pubblicazione del Concordato dell'anno 1818: da gennajo 1852 a tutto dicembre 1853. Parte 13 (Napoli: stamp. dell'Iride, 1854), pp. 134-156. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis 79 (Città del Vaticano 1987), pp. 631-633. ^ Bishop Clarus was present at the Roman synod of Pope Symmachus in 499. J.-D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus VIII (Florence: A. Zatta 1762), p. 234. Francesco Lanzoni (1927), Le diocesi d'Italia dalle origini al principio del secolo VII (an. 604). Faenza: F. Lega, p. 378. ^ Gams, p. 847, column 1. ^ Gams, p. 847, column 1. Cappelletti, pp. 91-104. ^ In his documents his name is also spelled Robbertus. Erasmo Gattola (1733). Historia abbatiae Cassinensis (in Latin). Vol. Pars prima. Venice: Sebastian Coleti. pp. 44–45, 49–50. Cappelletti, p. 105. Gams, p. 847. Kehr IX, p. 114. ^ Kehr, p. 114. ^ Bishop Baldwin was present at the Third Lateran Council of Pope Alexander III in March 1179. Ughelli, p. 208. J.-D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XXII (Venice: A. Zatta 1778), p. 460. Cappelletti, p. 106. ^ Cappelletti, p. 106. Eubel I, p. 84 with note 1. ^ Alferius was appointed by Pope Innocent IV on 27 April 1252. He was transferred to the diocese of Viterbo on 27 January 1254. Eubel I, p. 84, 532. ^ Fr. Romanus was the sub-Prior of the convent of the Dominicans in Rome (the Minerva? Santa Sabina?) had to be ordered by Pope Innocent IV, in a letter of 28 March 1254, to take up the office to which he had been elected by the Church of Alife. Romanus' choice as bishop may have happened as early as the end of January. He was ordered to be consecrated a bishop by Pope Innocent on 2 April 1254, by the Archbishop of Corinth, assisted by the bishops of Viterbo and Cefalù. He was still in office in 1286. E. Berger, Les registres d'Innocent IV Tome troisième (Paris: Fontemoing 1897), p. 392, no. 7409; p. 396, no. 7424. Eubel I, p. 84. ^ a b Eubel I, p. 84. ^ Petrus: Ughelli, p. 242. Eubel I, p. 84. ^ Thomas was confirmed by Pope Innocent VI on 8 March 1346. Eubel I, p. 84. ^ Joannes had been Archdeacon of Alife. Eubel I, p. 84. ^ Joannes was appointed Bishop of Alife by Urban VI on 10 May 1389. Eubel I, p. 84. ^ Angelus was appointed by John XXIII on 13 February 1413. Eubel I, p. 84. ^ Eubel, Hierarchia catholica II, p. 85. ^ "Bishop Giovanni Zefra" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 25, 2016 ^ "Bishop Angelo Sacco" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 25, 2016 ^ "Bishop Ippolito Marsigli" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 25, 2016 ^ "Bishop Diego Gilberto Nogueras" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 25, 2016 ^ "Bishop Angelo Rossi" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 25, 2016 ^ "Bishop Giovanni Battista Santorio" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved March 29, 2016 ^ a b c d e f g h Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice). HIERARCHIA CATHOLICA MEDII ET RECENTIORIS AEVI Vol IV. p. 78. ^ "Bishop Modesto Gavazzi, O.F.M. Conv." Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 25, 2016 ^ "Bishop Pietro Paolo Medici" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved January 20, 2017 ^ "Bishop Henri Borghi, O.S.M." Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved March 21, 2016 ^ "Bishop Domenico Caracciolo" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 25, 2016 ^ Lazzara: Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 79, with note 3. ^ Porfiri (Porfirius): Ritzler & Sefrin V, p. 79, with note 4. ^ Michele Giugliano. "Vescovi alifani dal XVII al XX secolo". Associazione Storica del Medio Volturno (in Italian). Retrieved 9 May 2020. Bibliography Reference works Gams, Pius Bonifatius (1873). Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo. Ratisbon: Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz. p. 847. (in Latin) Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 1 (Tomus 1) (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1914). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 2 (Tomus 2) (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. Eubel, Conradus; Gulik, Guilelmus, eds. (1923). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 3 (Tomus 3) (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. IV (1592-1667). Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana. Retrieved 2016-07-06. Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi. Vol. V (1667-1730). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Retrieved 2016-07-06. Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi (in Latin). Vol. VI (1730-1799). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Retrieved 2016-07-06. Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1968). Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. VII (1800–1846). Monasterii: Libr. Regensburgiana. Remigius Ritzler; Pirminus Sefrin (1978). Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. IX (1846–1903). Il Messaggero di S. Antonio. Pięta, Zenon (2002). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. IX (1903–1922). Padua: Messagero di San Antonio. ISBN 978-88-250-1000-8. Studies Campagna, Angelo (1986). La chiesa di Cristo in Alife e Caiazzo. Piedimonte Matese: Tip. La Bodoniana, 1986. (in Italian) Cappelletti, Giuseppe (1864). Le Chiese d'Italia dalla loro origine sino ai nostri giorni (in Italian). Vol. Tomo decimonono (19). Venezia: Antonelli. pp. 89–115. Fariña, S. (1978). Vescovi della diocesi di Alife daü'anno 499 ad oggi. S. María Capua Vetere 1978. (in Italian) Ferrazzani, Francesco (1848), "Alife," in: Vincenzo D'Avino (1848). Cenni storici sulle chiese arcivescovili, vescovili, e prelatizie (nullius) del Regno delle Due Sicilie (in Italian). dalle stampe di Ranucci. pp. 8-10. Kehr, Paul Fridolin (1962). Regesta pontificum Romanorum. Italia pontificia, Vol.IX: Samnium—Apulia—Lucania. ed. Walter Holtzmann. Berlin: Weidemann. (in Latin) Marrocco, Dante S. (1979). Il Vescovato alifano nel Medio Volturno. Piedimonte Matese: Edizioni ASMV 1979. "Capitolo II: La serie dei vescovi" (on-line version hosted by: Associazione Storica del Medio Volturno; retrieved: 28 September 2019. (in Italian) Ughelli, Ferdinando; Coleti, Nicolaus (1721). Italia sacra, sive de episcopis Italiae, et insularum adjacentium (in Latin). Vol. Tomus octavus (8). Venezia: Apud Sebastianum Coleti. pp. 206–212. vteRoman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Naples Metropolitan Archdiocese of Naples Diocese of Acerra Diocese of Alife-Caiazzo Diocese of Aversa Archdiocese of Capua Diocese of Caserta Diocese of Ischia Diocese of Nola Territorial Prelature of Pompei Diocese of Pozzuoli Diocese of Sessa Aurunca Archdiocese of Sorrento-Castellamare di Stabia Diocese of Teano-Calvi Catholicism portal 41°19′44″N 14°19′44″E / 41.3289°N 14.3289°E / 41.3289; 14.3289 Authority control databases International VIAF National United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Campania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Caiazzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Caiazzo"},{"link_name":"suffragan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierAlifeCaiazzo-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCathAlifeCaiazzo-2"}],"text":"Roman Catholic diocese in ItalyThe Diocese of Alife-Caiazzo (Latin: Dioecesis Aliphana-Caiacensis o Caiatina) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Campania, southern Italy, created in 1986. In that year the historic Diocese of Alife was united with the Diocese of Caiazzo. The diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Naples.[1][2]","title":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Alife-Caiazzo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alife,_Campania"},{"link_name":"province of Caserta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Caserta"},{"link_name":"Archbishopric of Benevento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Benevento"},{"link_name":"Pope Symmachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Symmachus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pope John XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_XIII"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The old diocese of Alife was made up of twelve communes in the civil province of Caserta, subject to the Archbishopric of Benevento.The name of a Bishop of Alife appears for the first time among the signatories of the Roman Synod of 499 of Pope Symmachus.[3][4] Alife became a suffragan of the metropolitan archbishop of Benevento in 969, when Pope John XIII created the ecclesiastical province of Benevento.[5]In 1676, the city of Alife had a population of c. 1200 persons, and the diocese in addition had 18 loca (villages). The city had one monastery for men. The bishop resided, however, in a village called \"Pedemonte\".[6] In 1752, the city of Alife had only 500 inhabitants. The residence of the bishop at Piedimonte had three schools, seven houses of male religious, and two convents of nuns. There were only 13 loca.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII"},{"link_name":"King Ferdinand IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"After the French","text":"Following the extinction of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, the Congress of Vienna authorized the restoration of the Papal States and the Kingdom of Naples. Since the French occupation had seen the abolition of many Church institutions in the Kingdom, as well as the confiscation of much Church property and resources, it was imperative that Pope Pius VII and King Ferdinand IV reach agreement on restoration and restitution. Ferdinand demanded the suppression of fifty dioceses.[8]A concordat was finally signed on 16 February 1818, and ratified by Pius VII on 25 February 1818. Ferdinand issued the concordat as a law on 21 March 1818.[9] On 27 June 1818, Pius VII issued the bull De Ulteriore, in which, the decision was made to suppress permanently the diocese of Alife, and to incorporate its territory into the united dioceses of Cerreta and Telese.[10]Protests and complaints were quickly submitted to the pope. The bishop of Alife, Emilio Gentile, the Chapter of the cathedral, the rectors of the parishes of the diocese of Alife, and the magistrates of the city all made their supplications, pointing out the antiquity of the episcopal seat, the well regarded diocesan seminary, the inconvenience and danger of regular travel over the mountains to Telese, and other considerations. Pope Pius submitted these to the Commission for the Execution of the Concordat, and to the Sacred Congregation Consistorial for examination and recommendations. Finally, on 15 January 1820, he issued the bull \"Adorandi Servatoris\", by which he revoked and annulled the provisions of the bull \"De Ulteriore\" so far as they commanded the suppression of the diocese of Alife.[11] There was, however, an additional provision: that one and the same bishop would be the bishop of Alife and the bishop of Telese at the same time aeque personaliter. He was to be called the bishop of \"Alife and Telese\".[12]On 6 July 1852, in the bull \"Compertum Nobis\", Pope Pius IX made the decision to reverse the judgment of Pope Pius VII and restore the diocese of Alife, thereby completely separating the two dioceses, and removing its territory again from the power of the bishop of Cerreto and Telese.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope John XXIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Consolidation of dioceses","text":"On 18 February 1984, the Vatican and the Italian State signed a new and revised concordat, which was accompanied in the next year by enabling legislation. According to the agreement, the practice of having one bishop govern two separate dioceses at the same time, aeque personaliter, was abolished. Otherwise Caiazzo and Alife, who shared a bishop, might have become the diocese of Alife and Caiazzo. Instead, the Vatican continued consultations which had begun under Pope John XXIII for the merging of small dioceses, especially those with personnel and financial problems, into one combined diocese.On 30 September 1986, Pope John Paul II ordered that the dioceses of Caiazzo and Alife be merged into one diocese with one bishop, with the Latin title Dioecesis Aliphana - Caiacensis. The seat of the diocese was to be in Alife, and the cathedral of Alife was to serve as the cathedral of the merged diocese. The cathedral in Caiazzo was to become a co-cathedral, and the cathedral Chapter was to be a Capitulum Concathedralis. There was to be only one diocesan Tribunal, in Alife, and likewise one seminary, one College of Consultors, and one Priests' Council. The territory of the new diocese was to include the territory of the former separate dioceses of Caiazzo and Alife.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Erected: 5th Century\nMetropolitan: Archdiocese of Benevento","title":"Bishops of Alife"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"to 1200","text":"...\nClarus (attested 499)[15]\n...\nPaulus (attested 982–985)[16]\n...\nVitus (attested 1020)[17]\n...\nRodbertus (attested 1098, 1100)[18]\n...\nPetrus (attested 1143)[19]\n...\nBalduinus (attested 1179)[20]\n...\nLandulfus (attested 1200)[21]","title":"Bishops of Alife"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eubel_I,_p._84-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eubel_I,_p._84-24"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Zefra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Zefra"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierGioZef-31"},{"link_name":"Angelo Sacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Sacco"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierAngSac-32"},{"link_name":"Bernardino Fumarelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernardino_Fumarelli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Valva e Sulmona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Valva_e_Sulmona"},{"link_name":"Miguel Torcella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Torcella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Anagni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Anagni"},{"link_name":"Ippolito Marsigli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ippolito_Marsigli"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierIppMar-33"},{"link_name":"Sebastiano Antonio Pighini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastiano_Antonio_Pighini"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Ferentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Ferentino"},{"link_name":"Filippo Angelo Seragli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filippo_Angelo_Seragli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"O.S.B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict"},{"link_name":"Antonio Agustín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Agust%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Lérida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_L%C3%A9rida"},{"link_name":"Diego Gilberto Nogueras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Gilberto_Nogueras"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierDiGilNog-34"},{"link_name":"Angelo Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Rossi_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierAngRossi-35"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Santorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Santorio"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Tricarico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Tricarico"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierGioBattSant-36"},{"link_name":"Enrico Cini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Cini"},{"link_name":"O.F.M. Conv.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.F.M._Conv."}],"sub_title":"1200 to 1600","text":"...\nAlferius (1252–1254)[22]\nRomanus (1254–after 1286)[23]\nGentilis (before Oct 1291– ? ) Administrator[24]\nPetrus (attested 1305)[25]\nPhilippus (attested 1308)[24]\nNicolaus\nThomas (1346– )[26]\nBertrandus\nJoannes (1361– ? )[27]\nGuilelmus\nJoannes (Alfieri) (1389–1412) Roman Obedience[28]\nAngelus de S. Felice (1413– )[29]\nAntonius Moretti, O.P. (1458–1482)[30]\nJoannes Bartolo (Bartolomaeus) (1482–1486)\nGiovanni Zefra (6 Sep 1486 - 1504 Died)[31]\nAngelo Sacco (15 Apr 1504 - 1529 Died)[32]\nBernardino Fumarelli (16 Aug 1529 - 13 Nov 1532 Appointed, Bishop of Valva e Sulmona)\nMiguel Torcella (13 Nov 1532 - 6 Apr 1541 Appointed, Bishop of Anagni)\nIppolito Marsigli (6 Apr 1541 - 1546 Died)[33]\nSebastiano Antonio Pighini (27 Aug 1546 - 4 Jun 1548 Appointed, Bishop of Ferentino)\nFilippo Angelo Seragli, O.S.B. (4 Jun 1548 - 1557 Died)\nAntonio Agustín (15 Dec 1557 - 8 Aug 1561 Appointed, Bishop of Lérida)\nDiego Gilberto Nogueras (8 Aug 1561 - 1566 Died)[34]\nAngelo Rossi (31 Jan 1567 - 1568 Died)[35]\nGiovanni Battista Santorio (19 Nov 1568 - 8 Jan 1586 Appointed, Bishop of Tricarico)[36]\nEnrico Cini (Siculus), O.F.M. Conv. (8 Jan 1586 - 1598 Died)","title":"Bishops of Alife"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Modesto Gavazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modesto_Gavazzi_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"O.F.M. Conv.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.F.M._Conv."},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierModGav-38"},{"link_name":"Valerio Seta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerio_Seta"},{"link_name":"O.S.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servite_Order"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-37"},{"link_name":"Gerolamo Maria Zambeccari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerolamo_Maria_Zambeccari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"O.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Preachers"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Minervino Murge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Minervino_Murge"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-37"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Michele Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Michele_Rossi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"O.C.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.C.D."},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-37"},{"link_name":"Pietro Paolo Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Paolo_Medici"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-37"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierPiePaoMed-39"},{"link_name":"Henri Borghi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Borghi"},{"link_name":"O.S.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servite_Order"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-37"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierHenriBorghi-40"},{"link_name":"Sebastiano Dossena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sebastiano_Dossena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnabites"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-37"},{"link_name":"Domenico Caracciolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Caracciolo_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-37"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierDomCar-41"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe de Lazzara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_de_Lazzara"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"C.P.O.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.P.O."},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Palermo"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Aversa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Aversa"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Orvieto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Orvieto"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Sorrento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Sorrento"},{"link_name":"Vito Roberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vito_Roberti"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"1600 to 1986","text":"Modesto Gavazzi, O.F.M. Conv. (7 Aug 1598 - Aug 1608 Died)[37][38]\nValerio Seta (Valerius Seta), O.S.M. (24 Nov 1608 - 1625 Died)[37]\nGerolamo Maria Zambeccari, O.P. (7 Apr 1625 - 11 Apr 1633 Appointed, Bishop of Minervino Murge)[37]\nGiovanni Michele Rossi, O.C.D. (11 Apr 1633 - 25 Dec 1638 Died)[37]\nPietro Paolo Medici (11 Apr 1639 - Oct 1657 Died)[37][39]\nHenri Borghi, O.S.M. (25 Feb 1658 - Nov 1658 Died)[37][40]\nSebastiano Dossena, B. (21 Apr 1659 - 1664 Died)[37]\nDomenico Caracciolo (31 Mar 1664 - 14 Oct 1673 Died)[37][41]\nGiuseppe de Lazzara (23 Mar 1676 - 2 Mar 1702)[42]\nAngelo Maria Porfiri (5 Mar 1703 - 23 Jul 1730)[43]\nGaetano Iovone (11 Dec 1730 - 31 Oct 1733)\nPietro Abbondio Battiloro (18 Dec 1733 - 17 Oct 1735)\nEgidio Antonio Isabelli (2 Dec 1735 - 3 Jan 1752)\nCarlo Rosati (20 Mar 1752 - 17 Feb 1753)\nInnocenzo Sanseverino (12 Mar 1753 - 29 Dec 1756 Resigned)\nFilippo Sanseverino (3 Jan 1757 - 26 Jan 1762 Resigned)\nFrancesco Ferdinando Sanseverino, C.P.O. (29 Jan 1770 - 15 Apr 1776 Confirmed, Archbishop of Palermo)\nEmilio Gentile (15 Jul 1776 - 24 Feb 1822 Died)\nRaffaele Longobardi (19 Apr 1822 - 23 Sep 1822 Died)\nGiovanni Battista de Martino di Pietradoro (3 May 1824 - 1 May 1826 Died)\nCarlo Puoti (3 Jul 1826 - 14 Mar 1848 Died)\nGennaro di Giacomo (22 Dec 1848 - 1 Jul 1878 Died)\nLuigi Barbato Pasca di Magliano (1 Jul 1878 - 8 Dec 1879 Died)\nGirolamo Volpe (27 Feb 1880 - 9 Aug 1885 Died)\nAntonio Scotti (15 Jan 1886 - 24 Mar 1898 Resigned)\nSettimio Caracciolo di Torchiarolo (24 Mar 1898 - 10 Apr 1911 Appointed, Bishop of Aversa)\nFelice del Sordo (12 Oct 1911 - 7 Jul 1928 Died)\nLuigi Noviello (29 Jul 1930 - 20 Sep 1947 Died)\nGiuseppe Della Cioppa (2 Dec 1947 - 1 Apr 1953 Resigned)\nVirginio Dondeo (29 May 1953 - 22 Jul 1961 Appointed, Bishop of Orvieto)\nRaffaele Pellecchia (1 Sep 1961 - 19 Mar 1967 Appointed, Coadjutor Archbishop of Sorrento)\nApostolic Administrator Vito Roberti (29 May 1967 – 8 April 1978)[44]\nAngelo Campagna (8 April 1978 - 10 December 1990 Died)","title":"Bishops of Alife"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diocese of Caiazzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Caiazzo"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Caserta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Caserta"}],"sub_title":"Bishops of Alife-Caiazzo","text":"United: 30 September 1986 with the Diocese of Caiazzo\nLatin Name: Aliphanus-Caiacensis o CaiatinusAngelo Campagna (8 April 1978 - 10 December 1990 Died)\nNicola Comparone (10 December 1990 - 5 January 1998 Died)\nPietro Farina (16 February 1999 - 25 April 2009 Appointed, Bishop of Caserta)\nValentino Di Cerbo (6 March 2010 - 30 April 2019 Retired)\nGiacomo Cirulli (26 February 2021 – present)","title":"Bishops of Alife"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CathHierAlifeCaiazzo_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Diocese of Alife-Caiazzo\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dalif.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"self-published source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GCathAlifeCaiazzo_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Diocese of Alife-Caiazzo\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/alif0.htm"},{"link_name":"self-published source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Monumenta Germaniæ Historica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumenta_Germani%C3%A6_Historica"},{"link_name":"Tomus XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/monumentagermani12gese/page/n8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newadvent.org/cathen/01312a.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Stato e chiesa nelle due Sicilie dai Normanni ai giorni 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IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eubel_I,_p._84_24-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eubel_I,_p._84_24-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"John XXIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_John_XXIII"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CathHierGioZef_31-0"},{"link_name":"\"Bishop Giovanni Zefra\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bzefra.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CathHierAngSac_32-0"},{"link_name":"\"Bishop Angelo Sacco\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bsaccoa.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CathHierIppMar_33-0"},{"link_name":"\"Bishop Ippolito Marsigli\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmrsgli.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CathHierDiGilNog_34-0"},{"link_name":"\"Bishop Diego Gilberto Nogueras\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bnogu.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CathHierAngRossi_35-0"},{"link_name":"\"Bishop Angelo Rossi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/brssian.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CathHierGioBattSant_36-0"},{"link_name":"\"Bishop Giovanni Battista Santorio\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bsantogb.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HierarchiaIV_37-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HierarchiaIV_37-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HierarchiaIV_37-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HierarchiaIV_37-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HierarchiaIV_37-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HierarchiaIV_37-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HierarchiaIV_37-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HierarchiaIV_37-7"},{"link_name":"HIERARCHIA CATHOLICA MEDII ET RECENTIORIS AEVI Vol IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002719&mediaType=application/pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CathHierModGav_38-0"},{"link_name":"\"Bishop Modesto Gavazzi, O.F.M. Conv.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bgavazm.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CathHierPiePaoMed_39-0"},{"link_name":"\"Bishop Pietro Paolo Medici\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmedicpp.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CathHierHenriBorghi_40-0"},{"link_name":"\"Bishop Henri Borghi, O.S.M.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bborgh.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CathHierDomCar_41-0"},{"link_name":"\"Bishop Domenico Caracciolo\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bcaracd.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"\"Vescovi alifani dal XVII al XX secolo\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//asmvpiedimonte.altervista.org/Vescovi%20alifani%20-%20dal%20XVII%20al%20XX%20secolo.html"},{"link_name":"self-published source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"}],"text":"^ \"Diocese of Alife-Caiazzo\" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved March 9, 2016.[self-published source]\n\n^ \"Diocese of Alife-Caiazzo\" GCatholic.org. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved March 29, 2016.[self-published source]\n\n^ Clarus episcopus Ecclesiœ Allifanœ subscripsi); see \"Monumenta Germaniæ Historica,\" Auctorum Antiquissimorum Tomus XII (Berlin: Weidmann 1894), p. 406. Bishop Clarus signs seventh, suggesting great seniority in office.\n\n^ Catholic Encyclopedia article\n\n^ Cappelletti, p. 90.\n\n^ Ritzler & Sefrin V, p. 79, note 1.\n\n^ Ritzler & Sefrin VI, p. 77, note 1.\n\n^ Francesco Scaduto (1887). Stato e chiesa nelle due Sicilie dai Normanni ai giorni nostri (in Italian). Palermo: A. Amenta. pp. 42–58, 74–78.\n\n^ F. Torelli (1848), La chiave del concordato dell'anno 1818 I, second edition (Naples: Fibreno 1848), pp. 1-19.\n\n^ Pius VII, Bullarii Romani Continuatio Tomus 25 (Rome 1853), p. 58 § 11: \"Praevia item suppressione episcopalis ecclesiae Aliphanae ex nunc pro tunc quando ex persona moderni antistitis Aliphani quomodocumque vacare contigerit, civitatem illam ac dioecesim adjungimus atque incorporamus episcopalibus ecclesiis unitis Cerretanae et Thelesinae.\"\n\n^ Collezione degli atti emanati dopo la pubblicazione del Concordato dell'anno 1819, Parte terza (1820 a 1825) (Napoli: De Turchini 1830), pp. 30-43, at p. 36: \"perpetuo revocamus et annullamus viribusque et effectu penitus, et vacuamus ac destituta et vacuata, illasque suum effectum in eventum praemissum minime habituras esse, et fore declaramus ac saepe dictam Ecclesiam Allifanam Archiepiscopalis Beneventanae Ecclesiae, ut praefertur, suffraganeam, ejusque sedem, et episcopalem cathedram et dignitatem cum distinctis et propriis illius majoris ecclesiae Capitulo, ac episcopali Curia, ac seminario puerorum ecclesiastico, nec non peculiari in spiritualibus generali Vicario in pristinum....\"\n\n^ Collezione degli atti..., pp. 36-40.\n\n^ Collezione degli atti emanati dopo la pubblicazione del Concordato dell'anno 1818: da gennajo 1852 a tutto dicembre 1853. Parte 13 (Napoli: stamp. dell'Iride, 1854), pp. 134-156.\n\n^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis 79 (Città del Vaticano 1987), pp. 631-633.\n\n^ Bishop Clarus was present at the Roman synod of Pope Symmachus in 499. J.-D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus VIII (Florence: A. Zatta 1762), p. 234. Francesco Lanzoni (1927), Le diocesi d'Italia dalle origini al principio del secolo VII (an. 604). Faenza: F. Lega, p. 378.\n\n^ Gams, p. 847, column 1.\n\n^ Gams, p. 847, column 1. Cappelletti, pp. 91-104.\n\n^ In his documents his name is also spelled Robbertus. Erasmo Gattola (1733). Historia abbatiae Cassinensis (in Latin). Vol. Pars prima. Venice: Sebastian Coleti. pp. 44–45, 49–50. Cappelletti, p. 105. Gams, p. 847. Kehr IX, p. 114.\n\n^ Kehr, p. 114.\n\n^ Bishop Baldwin was present at the Third Lateran Council of Pope Alexander III in March 1179. Ughelli, p. 208. J.-D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XXII (Venice: A. Zatta 1778), p. 460. Cappelletti, p. 106.\n\n^ Cappelletti, p. 106. Eubel I, p. 84 with note 1.\n\n^ Alferius was appointed by Pope Innocent IV on 27 April 1252. He was transferred to the diocese of Viterbo on 27 January 1254. Eubel I, p. 84, 532.\n\n^ Fr. Romanus was the sub-Prior of the convent of the Dominicans in Rome (the Minerva? Santa Sabina?) had to be ordered by Pope Innocent IV, in a letter of 28 March 1254, to take up the office to which he had been elected by the Church of Alife. Romanus' choice as bishop may have happened as early as the end of January. He was ordered to be consecrated a bishop by Pope Innocent on 2 April 1254, by the Archbishop of Corinth, assisted by the bishops of Viterbo and Cefalù. He was still in office in 1286. E. Berger, Les registres d'Innocent IV Tome troisième (Paris: Fontemoing 1897), p. 392, no. 7409; p. 396, no. 7424. Eubel I, p. 84.\n\n^ a b Eubel I, p. 84.\n\n^ Petrus: Ughelli, p. 242. Eubel I, p. 84.\n\n^ Thomas was confirmed by Pope Innocent VI on 8 March 1346. Eubel I, p. 84.\n\n^ Joannes had been Archdeacon of Alife. Eubel I, p. 84.\n\n^ Joannes was appointed Bishop of Alife by Urban VI on 10 May 1389. Eubel I, p. 84.\n\n^ Angelus was appointed by John XXIII on 13 February 1413. Eubel I, p. 84.\n\n^ Eubel, Hierarchia catholica II, p. 85.\n\n^ \"Bishop Giovanni Zefra\" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 25, 2016\n\n^ \"Bishop Angelo Sacco\" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 25, 2016\n\n^ \"Bishop Ippolito Marsigli\" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 25, 2016\n\n^ \"Bishop Diego Gilberto Nogueras\" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 25, 2016\n\n^ \"Bishop Angelo Rossi\" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 25, 2016\n\n^ \"Bishop Giovanni Battista Santorio\" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved March 29, 2016\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice). HIERARCHIA CATHOLICA MEDII ET RECENTIORIS AEVI Vol IV. p. 78.\n\n^ \"Bishop Modesto Gavazzi, O.F.M. Conv.\" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 25, 2016\n\n^ \"Bishop Pietro Paolo Medici\" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved January 20, 2017\n\n^ \"Bishop Henri Borghi, O.S.M.\" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved March 21, 2016\n\n^ \"Bishop Domenico Caracciolo\" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 25, 2016\n\n^ Lazzara: Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 79, with note 3.\n\n^ Porfiri (Porfirius): Ritzler & Sefrin V, p. 79, with note 4.\n\n^ Michele Giugliano. \"Vescovi alifani dal XVII al XX secolo\". Associazione Storica del Medio Volturno (in Italian). Retrieved 9 May 2020. [self-published source]","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=os9DAQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol01eubeuoft"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol02eubeuoft"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol02eubeuoft"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol04eubeuoft"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol05eubeuoft"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol06eubeuoft"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pgyItwAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5oXUjwEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=QXuJQwAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-88-250-1000-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-250-1000-8"}],"sub_title":"Reference works","text":"Gams, Pius Bonifatius (1873). Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo. Ratisbon: Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz. p. 847. (in Latin)\nEubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 1 (Tomus 1) (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.\nEubel, Conradus, ed. (1914). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 2 (Tomus 2) (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.\nEubel, Conradus; Gulik, Guilelmus, eds. (1923). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 3 (Tomus 3) (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.\nGauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. IV (1592-1667). Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana. Retrieved 2016-07-06.\nRitzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi. Vol. V (1667-1730). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Retrieved 2016-07-06.\nRitzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi (in Latin). Vol. VI (1730-1799). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Retrieved 2016-07-06.\nRitzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1968). Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. VII (1800–1846). Monasterii: Libr. Regensburgiana.\nRemigius Ritzler; Pirminus Sefrin (1978). Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. IX (1846–1903). Il Messaggero di S. Antonio.\nPięta, Zenon (2002). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. IX (1903–1922). Padua: Messagero di San Antonio. ISBN 978-88-250-1000-8.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le Chiese d'Italia dalla loro origine sino ai nostri giorni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ugMVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA89"},{"link_name":"Cenni storici sulle chiese arcivescovili, vescovili, e prelatizie (nullius) del Regno delle Due Sicilie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bub_gb_qQEjKIrNtoAC"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bub_gb_qQEjKIrNtoAC/page/n516"},{"link_name":"Vol.IX: Samnium—Apulia—Lucania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002440&mediaType=application/pdf"},{"link_name":"\"Capitolo II: La serie dei vescovi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//asmvpiedimonte.altervista.org/Vescovi%20alifani-dal%20V%20al%20XVII%20secolo.html"},{"link_name":"Italia sacra, sive de episcopis Italiae, et insularum adjacentium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2HW72sA0QXUC"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Roman_Catholic_Ecclesiastical_Province_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_Catholic_Ecclesiastical_Province_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_Catholic_Ecclesiastical_Province_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Acerra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Acerra"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Alife-Caiazzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Aversa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Aversa"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Capua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Capua"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Caserta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Caserta"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Ischia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ischia"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Nola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nola"},{"link_name":"Territorial Prelature of Pompei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Territorial_Prelature_of_Pompei"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Pozzuoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Pozzuoli"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Sessa Aurunca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sessa_Aurunca"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Sorrento-Castellamare di Stabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Sorrento-Castellammare_di_Stabia"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Teano-Calvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Teano-Calvi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catholicism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism"},{"link_name":"41°19′44″N 14°19′44″E / 41.3289°N 14.3289°E / 41.3289; 14.3289","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Alife-Caiazzo&params=41.3289_N_14.3289_E_source:wikidata"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735439#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/125332711"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n2007080984"}],"sub_title":"Studies","text":"Campagna, Angelo (1986). La chiesa di Cristo in Alife e Caiazzo. Piedimonte Matese: Tip. La Bodoniana, 1986. (in Italian)\nCappelletti, Giuseppe (1864). Le Chiese d'Italia dalla loro origine sino ai nostri giorni (in Italian). Vol. Tomo decimonono (19). Venezia: Antonelli. pp. 89–115.\nFariña, S. (1978). Vescovi della diocesi di Alife daü'anno 499 ad oggi. S. María Capua Vetere 1978. (in Italian)\nFerrazzani, Francesco (1848), \"Alife,\" in: Vincenzo D'Avino (1848). Cenni storici sulle chiese arcivescovili, vescovili, e prelatizie (nullius) del Regno delle Due Sicilie (in Italian). dalle stampe di Ranucci. pp. 8-10.\nKehr, Paul Fridolin (1962). Regesta pontificum Romanorum. Italia pontificia, Vol.IX: Samnium—Apulia—Lucania. ed. Walter Holtzmann. Berlin: Weidemann. (in Latin)\nMarrocco, Dante S. (1979). Il Vescovato alifano nel Medio Volturno. Piedimonte Matese: Edizioni ASMV 1979. \"Capitolo II: La serie dei vescovi\" (on-line version hosted by: Associazione Storica del Medio Volturno; retrieved: 28 September 2019. (in Italian)\nUghelli, Ferdinando; Coleti, Nicolaus (1721). Italia sacra, sive de episcopis Italiae, et insularum adjacentium (in Latin). Vol. Tomus octavus (8). Venezia: Apud Sebastianum Coleti. pp. 206–212.vteRoman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Naples\nMetropolitan Archdiocese of Naples\nDiocese of Acerra\nDiocese of Alife-Caiazzo\nDiocese of Aversa\nArchdiocese of Capua\nDiocese of Caserta\nDiocese of Ischia\nDiocese of Nola\nTerritorial Prelature of Pompei\nDiocese of Pozzuoli\nDiocese of Sessa Aurunca\nArchdiocese of Sorrento-Castellamare di Stabia\nDiocese of Teano-Calvi\n\n Catholicism portal41°19′44″N 14°19′44″E / 41.3289°N 14.3289°E / 41.3289; 14.3289Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nUnited States","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

[{"title":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Caiazzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Caiazzo"},{"title":"List of Catholic dioceses in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Italy"}]

[{"reference":"Francesco Scaduto (1887). Stato e chiesa nelle due Sicilie dai Normanni ai giorni nostri (in Italian). Palermo: A. Amenta. pp. 42–58, 74–78.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/statoechiesanel00scadgoog","url_text":"Stato e chiesa nelle due Sicilie dai Normanni ai giorni nostri"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/statoechiesanel00scadgoog/page/n59","url_text":"42"}]},{"reference":"Erasmo Gattola (1733). Historia abbatiae Cassinensis (in Latin). Vol. Pars prima. Venice: Sebastian Coleti. pp. 44–45, 49–50.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N14sAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Historia abbatiae Cassinensis"}]},{"reference":"Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice). HIERARCHIA CATHOLICA MEDII ET RECENTIORIS AEVI Vol IV. p. 78.","urls":[{"url":"http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002719&mediaType=application/pdf","url_text":"HIERARCHIA CATHOLICA MEDII ET RECENTIORIS AEVI Vol IV"}]},{"reference":"Michele Giugliano. \"Vescovi alifani dal XVII al XX secolo\". Associazione Storica del Medio Volturno (in Italian). Retrieved 9 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://asmvpiedimonte.altervista.org/Vescovi%20alifani%20-%20dal%20XVII%20al%20XX%20secolo.html","url_text":"\"Vescovi alifani dal XVII al XX secolo\""}]},{"reference":"Gams, Pius Bonifatius (1873). Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo. Ratisbon: Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=os9DAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo"}]},{"reference":"Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 1 (Tomus 1) (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol01eubeuoft","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica"}]},{"reference":"Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1914). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 2 (Tomus 2) (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol02eubeuoft","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica"}]},{"reference":"Eubel, Conradus; Gulik, Guilelmus, eds. (1923). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 3 (Tomus 3) (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol02eubeuoft","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica"}]},{"reference":"Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. IV (1592-1667). Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana. Retrieved 2016-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol04eubeuoft","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica"}]},{"reference":"Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi. Vol. V (1667-1730). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Retrieved 2016-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol05eubeuoft","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi"}]},{"reference":"Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi (in Latin). Vol. VI (1730-1799). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Retrieved 2016-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol06eubeuoft","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi"}]},{"reference":"Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1968). Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. VII (1800–1846). Monasterii: Libr. Regensburgiana.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pgyItwAACAAJ","url_text":"Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi"}]},{"reference":"Remigius Ritzler; Pirminus Sefrin (1978). Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. IX (1846–1903). Il Messaggero di S. Antonio.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5oXUjwEACAAJ","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi"}]},{"reference":"Pięta, Zenon (2002). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. IX (1903–1922). Padua: Messagero di San Antonio. ISBN 978-88-250-1000-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QXuJQwAACAAJ","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-250-1000-8","url_text":"978-88-250-1000-8"}]},{"reference":"Cappelletti, Giuseppe (1864). Le Chiese d'Italia dalla loro origine sino ai nostri giorni (in Italian). Vol. Tomo decimonono (19). Venezia: Antonelli. pp. 89–115.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ugMVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA89","url_text":"Le Chiese d'Italia dalla loro origine sino ai nostri giorni"}]},{"reference":"Vincenzo D'Avino (1848). Cenni storici sulle chiese arcivescovili, vescovili, e prelatizie (nullius) del Regno delle Due Sicilie (in Italian). dalle stampe di Ranucci. pp. 8-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_qQEjKIrNtoAC","url_text":"Cenni storici sulle chiese arcivescovili, vescovili, e prelatizie (nullius) del Regno delle Due Sicilie"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_qQEjKIrNtoAC/page/n516","url_text":"8"}]},{"reference":"Ughelli, Ferdinando; Coleti, Nicolaus (1721). Italia sacra, sive de episcopis Italiae, et insularum adjacentium (in Latin). Vol. Tomus octavus (8). Venezia: Apud Sebastianum Coleti. pp. 206–212.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2HW72sA0QXUC","url_text":"Italia sacra, sive de episcopis Italiae, et insularum adjacentium"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chequamegon%E2%80%93Nicolet_National_Forest

Chequamegon–Nicolet National Forest

["1 Flora, fauna, and funga","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Nature preserve in northern Wisconsin, U.S. Chequamegon–Nicolet National ForestIUCN category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources)The Nicolet National Forest in NovemberLocationWisconsin, United StatesArea1,534,225 acres (6,208.79 km2)Established1933Governing bodyU.S. Forest ServiceWebsiteChequamegon–Nicolet National Forest The Chequamegon–Nicolet National Forest (/ʃɪˈwɑːmɪɡən ˌnɪkəˈleɪ/; the q is silent) is a 1,530,647-acre (6,194.31 km2) U.S. National Forest in northern Wisconsin in the United States. Due to logging in the early part of the 20th century, very little old growth forest remains. Some of the trees there were planted by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s. The national forest land trees and vegetation are part of the North Woods Ecoregion that prevails throughout the upper Great Lakes region. Legally two separate national forests—the Chequamegon National Forest and the Nicolet National Forest—the areas were established by presidential proclamations in 1933 and have been managed as one unit since 1998. The Chequamegon National Forest comprises three units in the north-central part of the state totaling 865,825 acres (3,503.87 km2). In descending order of forestland area, it is located in parts of Bayfield, Ashland, Price, Sawyer, Taylor, and Vilas counties. Forest headquarters are in Park Falls. There are local ranger district offices in Glidden, Hayward, Medford, Park Falls, and Washburn. Moquah Barrens Research Natural Area is located with the Chequamegon. Lying within the Chequamegon are two officially designated wilderness areas of the National Wilderness Preservation System. These are the Porcupine Lake Wilderness and the Rainbow Lake Wilderness. The Nicolet National Forest covers 664,822 acres (2,690.44 km2) of northeastern Wisconsin. It is located in parts of Forest, Oconto, Florence, Vilas, Langlade, and Oneida counties. The forest headquarters are in Rhinelander. There are local ranger district offices in Eagle River, Florence, Lakewood, and Laona. Bose Lake Hemlock Hardwoods and the Franklin Lake Campground are located in the Nicolet. Lying within the Nicolet are three wildernesses—the Blackjack Springs Wilderness, the Headwaters Wilderness, and the Whisker Lake Wilderness. Flora, fauna, and funga A wintry scene in Chequamegon–Nicolet National Forest A barred owl along a highway in the Nicolet National Forest Remote areas of uplands, bogs, wetlands, muskegs, rivers, streams, pine savannas, meadows and many glacial lakes are found throughout these forests. Native tree species include Acer saccharum (sugar maple), Acer rubrum (red maple), and Acer spicatum (mountain maple), white, red, and black oaks, aspen, beech, basswood, sumac, and paper, yellow, and river birch. Coniferous trees, including red, white, and jack pine, white spruce and balsam fir are abundant due to a dense second growth. Eastern hemlock are also present as this is the westernmost limit of its distribution. Tamarack/black spruce bogs, cedar swamps and alder thickets are common. Blueberries, raspberries, blackberries, cranberries, serviceberries, ferns, mosses, cattails, and mushrooms also grow here, as well as many more shrubs and wildflowers. White-tailed deer are numerous and are hit by motorists on roads in northern Wisconsin year-round. Black bears, foxes, raccoons, rabbits, beavers, river otters, squirrels, chipmunks, pheasants, grouse and wild turkeys are popular game in the woods. Elk and wolves have been reintroduced and there have been sightings of moose and pine marten. Bird species include northern cardinal, blue jay, Canada jay, common raven, boreal and black-capped chickadees, black-backed and pileated woodpeckers, red-winged blackbirds, owls, ducks, common loons, bald eagles, evening grosbeaks, red and white-winged crossbills and many species of thrushes, sparrows and warblers. Brook trout, rainbow trout, and brown trout are found in many miles of excellent streams. Walleye, small and largemouth bass, crappie, northern pike, and many species of panfish make the area's lakes famous for freshwater fishing. A record making muskellunge, Wisconsin's state fish, was caught in these waters. The beauty, heritage, and recreational opportunities of these forests draw thousands of tourists to the Chequamegon–Nicolet area every year. These national forests are best known for recreation, including camping, hiking, fishing, cross country skiing, and snowmobiling. Clam Lake in Chequamegon National Forest was also home to one of the two extremely low frequency antennae in the United States. Gallery Early spring scene, near Clam Lake Blackjack Springs Wilderness in the Nicolet National Forest Headwaters Wilderness in the Nicolet National Forest, the Pine River Hidden Lakes Trail in the forest, about 10 miles (16 km) east of Eagle River Welcome sign greeting visitors to the forest Ranger station in Washburn See also Lake Namakagon References ^ "Land Areas of the National Forest System" (PDF). U.S. Forest Service. January 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2012. ^ "The National Forests of the United States" (PDF). ForestHistory.org. Retrieved July 30, 2012. ^ Miss Pronouncer: Hear how to pronounce; The Wisconsin pronunciation guide for cities, counties, Indians & lawmakers ^ "United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service". Retrieved September 2, 2021. ^ "USFS Ranger Districts by State" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-19. Retrieved 2009-05-20. ^ Moquah Barrens Research Natural Area ^ "Bose Lake Hemlock Hardwoods". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2012-01-19. ^ "Franklin Lake Campground". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-02-16. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-10-01. Retrieved 2007-02-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) External links Media related to Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest at Wikimedia Commons History on official website vteProtected areas of WisconsinFederalNational Park Service Apostle Islands National Lakeshore Ice Age National Scientific Reserve Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway National Forests Chequamegon–Nicolet National Wildlife Refuges Driftless Area Fox River Gravel Island Green Bay Hackmatack Horicon Marsh Necedah Trempealeau Upper Mississippi River Whittlesey Creek National Trails Ice Age Trail Timms Hill Trail North Country Trail National Estuarine Research Reserves Lake Superior National Marine Sanctuaries Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Wild and Scenic Rivers St. Croix River Wolf River National Wilderness Preservation System Blackjack Springs Gaylord Nelson Headwaters Porcupine Lake Rainbow Lake Whisker Lake Wisconsin Islands StateState Parks Amnicon Falls Aztalan Belmont Mound Big Bay Big Foot Beach Blue Mound Brunet Island Buckhorn Capital Springs Copper Culture Copper Falls Council Grounds Devil's Lake Governor Dodge Governor Nelson Governor Thompson Grand Traverse Island Harrington Beach Hartman Creek Heritage Hill High Cliff Holzhueter Farm Interstate Kinnickinnic Kohler-Andrae Lake Kegonsa Lake Wissota Lakeshore Lizard Mound Menominee River Merrick Mill Bluff Mirror Lake Natural Bridge Nelson Dewey New Glarus Woods Newport Pattison Peninsula Perrot Potawatomi Rib Mountain Roche-a-Cri Rock Island Rocky Arbor Straight Lake Tower Hill Whitefish Dunes Wildcat Mountain Willow River Wyalusing Yellowstone Lake State Natural Areas Ableman's Gorge Abraham's Woods Adiantum Woods Albany Sand Prairie & Oak Savanna Allen Creek Wetlands Allequash Lake Alvin Creek Headwaters Ancient Aztalan Village Anvil Lake Trail Apostle Islands Critical Species Apostle Islands Maritime Cliffs Apostle Islands Maritime Forest Apostle Islands Sandscape Apostle Islands Yew Forest Apple River Canyon Arbutus Oaks Arena Pines and Sand Barrens Argonne Experimental Forest Atkins Lake & Hiles Swamp Audubon Goose Pond Aurora Lake Avoca River-Bottom Prairie Avon Bottoms Badfish Creek Wet Prairie & Spring Seeps Baileys Harbor Boreal Forest and Wetlands Bakken's Pond Baraboo River Floodplain Forest Bark Bay Slough Barksdale Ponds Barneveld Prairie Barney Creek Bass Hollow Bass Lake Fen Bass Lake Peatlands Bass Lake Preserve Bastile Lake Battle Bluff Prairie Battle Creek Hemlocks Bauer-Brockway Barrens Baxter's Hollow Bay City Mine Bayshore Blufflands Bean Lake Bear Beach Bear Bluff Bear Caves Bear Creek Cave Bear Creek Hemlocks Bear Creek Sedge Meadow Bear Lake Sedge Meadow Bear Lake Slough Bearsdale Creek & Hyatt Springs Beaver Brook Beaver Creek Belden Swamp Belmont Mound Belmont Prairie Berg Prairie and Billy Goat Ridge Bergen Bluffs Berlin Fen Beulah Bog Bibon Swamp Big and Little Marsh Big Bay Sand Spit and Bog Big Beaver Meadow Big Eau Pleine Woods Big Island Big Manitou Falls Big Rock Pines Big Swamp Big Swamp Tamarack Fen Bittersweet Lakes Black Creek Bog Black Earth Rettenmund Prairie Black Lake Bog Black River Savanna Black Tern Bog Blackhawk Island Blackjack Springs Bloch Oxbow Blomberg Lake Blue Hills Felsenmeer Blue River Bluffs Blue River Sand Barrens Blue Swamp Blueberry Swamp Blueberry Trail Bluff Creek Bogus Swamp Bohn Lake Bonita Country Borah Creek Prairie Border Lakes Borst Valley Sedge Meadow Boscobel Bluffs Bradley Creek Swamp Conifers Brady's Bluff Prairie Brant Brook Pines Brockway Ponds Brooks Bluff Browntown Oak Forest Brule Glacial Spillway Brule River Boreal Forest Brule River Cliffs Brule Rush Lake Brunsweiler River and Mineral Lake Brush Creek Hemlocks Buckhorn Barrens Buena Vista Prairie Chicken Meadow Buena Vista Quarry Prairie Buffalo River Trail Prairies Butler Lake and Flynn's Spring Cady's Marsh Camp Five Lake Camp Lake and Pines Camp Nine Pines Camp Three Lake Canoe Landing Prairie Caroline Lake Carver-Roehl Woods Caryville Savanna Cassville Bluffs Castle Mound Pine Forest Catfish Eddy Terraces Cathedral Pines Catherine Lake Hemlock-Hardwoods Cave Point-Clay Banks Cedar Grove Hawk Research Station Cedarburg Beech Woods Cedarburg Bog Centennial Bedrock Glade Charles Pond Chequamegon Hardwoods Cherney Maribel Caves Cherokee Marsh Cherry Lake Sedge Meadow Chimney Rock Oak Opening Chippewa Moraine Lakes Chippewa Trail Chiwaukee Prairie Chub and Mud Lake Riverine Marsh Chub Lake Oak Savanna Clifford Messinger Dry Prairie & Savanna Preserve Clover Valley Fen Coffee Swamp Comstock Bog-Meadow Coon Creek Cliffs Coon Fork Barrens Copper Falls County Line Barrens and Forest Cranberry Creek Mound Group Crandon Ribbed Fen Crex Sand Prairie Crooked Lake Wetlands Cudahy Woods Cylon Dalles of the St. Croix River Day Lake Deansville Fen Deer Creek Tamarack Bog Deer Fly Swamp Deer Island Deer Mountain Dells of the Eau Claire River Dells of the Wisconsin River Detroit Harbor Devil's Backbone Devil's Lake Oak Forest Devine Lake & Mishonagon Creek Dewey Heights Prairie Dewey Marsh Diamond Lake Diamond Roof Doering Woods Dorothy Lake Dory's Bog and Hunt Hill Drummond Woods Dry Lake Dunbar Barrens Dunn Lake Dunnville Barrens Dupage Lake Peatlands Durst Rockshelter Dwight's Point and Pokegama Wetlands Eagle Centre Prairie Eagle Eye Eagle Oak Opening East Bluff East Fork Chippewa River East Fork of the Black River Echo Lake Eighteen Mile Creek Ekdall Wetlands Elk River Valley Ellison Bluff Emmons Creek Barrens Empire Prairies Empire Swamp English Lake Hemlocks Enterprise Hemlocks Ericson Creek Forest and Wetlands Eureka Maple Woods Europe Bay Woods Fair Meadows Fairy Chasm Fairyland Farmington Bottoms Faville Prairie Fern Dell Gorge Ferry Bluff Finnerud Pine Forest Fish Lake Meadow Fish Lake Pines Five Mile Barrens Five-Mile Bluff Prairie Flambeau River Hardwood Forest Flambeau Wetlands Flat Lake Flora Spring Pond Flume Creek Cedars Forbes Springs Fort McCoy Foulds Creek Fountain Creek Wet Prairie Fourmile Island Rookery Fox Maple Woods Franklin and Butternut Lakes Franklin Savanna French Creek Fen French Creek North Frog Lake and Pines Gasner Hollow Prairie Genesse Oak Opening and Fen Germain Hemlocks Germania Wet Prairie Ghost Lake Giant White Pine Grove Gibraltar Rock Glenn Creek Barrens Glocke Lake Gobler Lake Goose Lake Goose Lake Drumlins Gotham Jack Pine Barrens Grand Island Grandma Lake Grassy Lake Great River Trail Prairies Hagar Mountain Haley Creek Swamp Half Moon Bottoms Hanson Lake Wetlands Hardscrabble Prairie Haskell Noyes Memorial Woods Hawkins Hemlock-Hardwood Forest Hawkinson Creek Wet Prairie Haymeadow Creek Haymeadow Flowage Headwater Lakes Hedmark Pines Hemlock Draw High Cliff Escarpment Highway K Woods Hiles Wetlands Hog Island Tamaracks Hogback Prairie Holland Red Maple Swamp Holland Sand Prairie Holmboe Conifer Forest Honey Creek Hook Lake Bog Hortonville Bog Houghton Falls Hub City Bog Huiras Lake Hulburt Creek Woods Hunting River Alders Inch Lake Interstate Lowland Forest Ipswich Prairie Island Lake Hemlocks Jackson Creek Woods Jackson Harbor Ridges Jackson Marsh Jay Creek Pine Forest Jean Brunet Woods Jefferson Tamarack Swamp Johnson Falls Johnson Hill Kame Johnson Lake Barrens Jones Lake Jump River Woods Jung Hemlock-Beech Forest Kamrath Creek Forest and Fen Kangaroo Lake Karcher Springs Karner Blue Meadow Keller Whitcomb Creek Woods Kelly Lake Hemlocks Kelly Lynn Bog Kentuck Lake Kessler Railroad Prairie Ketchum Creek Pines Kettle Hole Woods Kettle Moraine Low Prairie Kettle Moraine Oak Opening Kettle Moraine Red Oaks Kewaskum Maple-Oak Woods Kickapoo Valley Reserve Kickapoo Wild Woods Kidrick Swamp Kieper Creek Kingston Pines Kinnickinnic River Gorge and Delta Kinnickinnic Wet Prairie Kirby Lake Hardwoods Kissick Alkaline Bog Lake Kohler Park Dunes Kohler-Peet Barrens Koro Prairie Koshkonong Corners Kroenke Lake Krueger Pines Kurtz Woods La Crosse River Trail Prairie LaFave Swamp Lake Alva Birch-Hemlock Lake Evelyn Lake Helane Lake Lackawanna Lake Laura Hardwoods Lake Noquebay Sedge Meadow Lake of the Pines Conifer-Hardwoods Lake Owen Hardwoods Lake Two Pines Lampson Moraine Pines LaSage Bottoms Lauterman Lake Lawin Sedge Meadow Lawrence Creek Lawrence Lake Lawrence Prairie Lawrence Lake Lemonweir Bottomland Hardwood Forest Lily Lake Lima Bog Limery Ridge Savanna Little Bear Hemlocks Little Lake Little Willow Drumlin Little Wolf River Lodde's Mill Bluff Lodi Marsh Logan Creek Loon Lake Woods Lost Canoe Lost Creek Bog Lost Lake Lost Lake Esker Lower Chippewa River Lower Narrows Lower Tomahawk River Pines LTC Old Growth Forest Lulu Lake Lunch Creek Wetlands Magnolia Bluff Maiden Rock Bluff Marinette County Beech Forest Marsh Miller Cedars Marshall's Point Martin's Woods Mary Lake Mayville Ledge Beech-Maple Woods Mazomanie Bottoms Mazomanie Oak Barrens McCarthy Lake and Cedars McCaslin Mountain McGilvra Woods Mead Conifer Bogs Meadow Valley Barrens Mecan River Pine-Oak Forest Mecan Springs Memorial Grove Hemlocks Meridian Park Midway Railroad Prairie Mill Bluff Millston Sand Barrens Millville Oak Woodlands Milwaukee River and Swamp Milwaukee River Floodplain Forest Milwaukee River Tamarack Lowlands and Dundee Kame Minito Lake Mink River Mirror Lake Pine Oak Forest Miscauno Cedar Swamp Mondeaux Hardwoods Moonlight Bay Bedrock Beach Moose Lake Moose River Cedar Hills Moquah Barrens Morgan Coulee Prairie Motts Ravine Mount Pisgah Hemlock-Hardwoods Mountain Lake Mud Lake Mud Lake - Radley Creek Savanna Mud Lake Bog Mud Lake Fen and Wet Prairie Mud Lake Forest and Ponds Muddy Creek Sedge Meadow Muehl Springs Muir Park Mukwa Bottomland Forest Mukwonago River Mullet Creek White Cedar Wetland Muralt Bluff Prairie Muskego Park Hardwoods Myklebust Lake Namekagon Barrens Namekagon Fen Natural Bridge and Rockshelter Navarino Cedar Swamp Navarino Sedge Meadow Necedah Oak-Pine Forest Necedah Oak-Pine Savanna Neda Mine Nell Lake Nelligan Lake Nelson-Trevino Bottoms Nemadji River Floodplain Forest New Auburn Sedge Meadow New Hope Pines New Munster Bog Island New Observatory Woods Newark Road Prairie Newport Conifer-Hardwoods Nichols Creek Cedars and Springs Nichols Creek East Cedars Nine Mile Island Nipissing Swamp Nixon Lake No Name Lake North Bay North Bend Wet Prairie North Branch Bottoms North Country Trail Hardwoods North Fork Eau Claire River North Fork Pines North of North Shattuck Lake North Otter Creek North Pikes Creek Boreal Forest North Pikes Creek Boreal Forest Northeast Lake Norway Point Bottomlands Nourse Sugarbush Oakfield Ledge Oakfield Railroad Prairie Observatory Hill Ohmart Wetlands Oliver Prairie Olson Oak Woods One Stone Lake Hemlocks Orion Mussel Bed Osceola Bedrock Glades Oshkosh-Larsen Trail Prairies Ottawa Lake Fen Otter Creek Oak Barrens Owl Creek Fen Savanna Oxbo Pines Oxbow Rapids Page Creek Marsh Pan Hollow Papoose Creek Pines Parfrey's Glen Parrish Oak Savanna Pat Shay Lake Patterson Hemlocks Pea Creek Sedge Meadow Peat Lake Pecatonica River Woods Peninsula Niagara Escarpment Peninsula Park Beech Forest Peninsula Park White Cedar Forest Perkinstown Hemlocks Peshtigo Brook Meadow & Woods Peshtigo Harbor Lacustrine Forest Peshtigo River Delta Marshes Pewit's Nest Pickerel Lake Pickerel Lake Fen Pine Cliff Pine Hollow Pine Island Savanna Pirus Road Swamp Plagge Woods Plainfield Tunnel Channel Lakes Pleasant Valley Conservancy Plover River Woods Plum Creek Woods Plum Lake Hemlock Forest Point Beach Ridges Pokegama Carnegie Wetlands Pope Lake Popple River Corridor Poppy's Rock Port Wing Boreal Forest Portland Maples Powers Bluff Maple Woods Priest Rock Princeton Prairie Puchyan Prairie Putnam Park Quincy Bluff and Wetlands Rainbow Wetlands Rat Lake Swamp and Popple River Headwaters Red Banks Alvar Red Cedar Lake Red Cedar River Savanna Red Oak Bottoms Reed Lake Meadow Renak-Polak Maple Beech Woods Rhine Center Bog Rib Mountain Talus Forest Rice Creek Rice Lake Richter Lake Hemlocks Richwood Bottoms Ridgeway Pine Relict Riley Lake Riveredge Creek and Ephemeral Pond Robinson Creek Pines Roche-A-Cri Mound Roche-A-Cri Woods Rock Creek Felsenmeer Rock Island Woods Rock Lake Rock River Prairie Rocky Run Oak Savanna Romance Prairie Rose Lake Rush Creek Rush Lake Rush River Delta Sajdak Springs Sand Creek Pines Sander's Park Hardwoods Sapa Spruce Bog Savage Lake Schluckebier Prairie Schmidt Maple Woods Scott Lake and Shelp Lake Scuppernong Prairie Seagull Bar Shaky Lake Shallow Lake Silver Creek and Mondeaux River Silver Lake Bog Sister Islands Skinner Creek Hardwoods Skunk and Foster Lakes Skunk Creek Woods Smith Drumlin Prairie Smith Slough and Sand Prairie Snake Creek Fen Snapper Prairie Snoose Creek Snow Bottom Snow Falls Creek Sohlberg Silver Lake Solon Springs Sharptail Barrens South Bluff/Devil's Nose South Branch Beech Grove South Fork Barrens Spaulding Fen Spider Lake Spread Eagle Barrens Spring Brook Drumlins Spring Green Preserve Spring Lake Springstead Muskeg Springvale Wet Prairie Spruce Grouse Swamp Spruce Lake Bog Spur Lake Squirrel River Pines St. Croix Ash Swamp St. Croix Islands St. Croix Seeps St. Peter's Dome Standing Cedars Starlight Wetlands Sterling Barrens Stockbridge Ledge Woods Stone Lake Pines Straight Lake Tamarack Fen Sugar Camp Hemlocks Sugar Creek Bluff Sugar River Wetlands Suk Cerney Peatlands Summerton Bog Sunrise Lake Swamp Creek Fen Swamp Lake Swan Lake Sedge Meadow and Barrens Swan Lake Tamaracks Swan Lake Wet-mesic Prairie Swenson Wet Prairie Tamarack Creek Bog Tar Dam Pines Tealey Creek Cedars Tellock's Hill Woods Texas Island Woods The Ridges Sanctuary Thornapple Hemlocks Thorp Pond Thunder Mountain Thunder River Swamp Tichigan Springs and Fen Tiffany Bottoms Toft Point Tomahawk Lake Hemlocks Totagatic Highlands Hemlocks Totogan Pines Tower Hill Bottoms Town Corner Cedars Town Line Lake and Woods Toy Lake Swamp Trade River Forest and Wetlands Tranus Lake Trempealeau Mountain Trempealeau River Meadow Trenton Bluff Prairie Trout Lake Conifer Swamp Trout River Tucker Lake Hemlocks Tula Lake Tunnel Channel Woods Tunnelville Cliffs Turtle Flambeau Peatlands Twin Lakes Bog Two Creeks Buried Forest Two Lakes Pine-Oak Forest Upper Black River Upper Brunet River Upper Buckatabon Springs Upper Fox Headwaters Upper Kaubashine Creek Upper Little Wolf Upper Nemadji River Floodplain Forest Upper Tomahawk River Pines Van Loon Floodplain Forest Van Loon Floodplain Savanna Van Vliet Hemlocks Vosse Coulee Wabikon Lake Ward/Swartz Decatur Woods Warnimont Bluff Fens Washburn Marsh Waterloo Prairie Waterloo Quartzite Outcrops Waubesa Wetlands Waupee Lake Swamp Waupun Park Maple Forest Wauzeka Bottoms Wedde Creek Savanna Weir White Oaks Wheeler Lake White Cliff Fen and Forest White River Boreal Forest White River Breaks White River Prairie Tamarack White River Sedge Meadow Whitefish Dunes Whitman Bottoms Floodplain Forest Wildcat Ridge Wilson Lake Winchester Meadow Wind Pudding Wisconsin Slough Wolf River Bottoms Woodland Dunes Woodman Lake Sand Prairie & Dead Lake Woods Creek Wyalusing Hardwood Forest Wyalusing Walnut Forest Yellow River Floodplain Forest Yellow River Ice-walled Lake Plain Yellow River Oxbows Yellowstone Savanna York Prairie Young Prairie State Recreation Areas Cadiz Springs Chippewa Moraine Fischer Creek Hoffman Hills Menominee River Richard Bong State Forests Black River Brule River Coulee Experimental Flambeau River Governor Knowles Havenwoods Kettle Moraine - Lapham Peak Unit Kettle Moraine - Loew Lake Unit Kettle Moraine - Northern & Southern Units Kettle Moraine - Pike Lake Unit Northern Highland-American Legion Peshtigo River Point Beach State Historical Sites Black Point Estate Circus World Museum First Capitol H. H. Bennett Studio Madeline Island Museum Old World Wisconsin Pendarvis Reed School Stonefield Villa Louis Wade House State Wildlife Areas Ackley Adell Albany Allenton Amberg Amsterdam Sloughs Augusta Avon Bottoms Badfish Creek Balsam Branch Barker Creek Bear Lake Beaver Brook Bierbrauer Big Beaver Creek Big Muskego Lake Big Swamp Bill Cross Blackhawk Lake Bloomfield Borst Valley Brillion Brooklyn Brusky Buckhorn Buena Vista Burlington C.D. Besadny Casey Lake Chief River Chimney Rock Clam Lake Clay Corners Clover Valley Colburn Collins Marsh Crex Meadows Cylon Marsh Cylon Deansville Deer Creek Dell Creek Deppe Dewey Marsh Dike 17 Douglas County Dover Dunnville Eau Galle River Eldorado Emerald Valley Evansville Fish Lake Flat Creek Footville French Creek Galbraith Gardner Swamp Germania Marsh Gilbert Creek Goose Lake (Burnett County) Goose Lake (Dane County) Goose Pond Grand River Marsh Grassy Lake (Barron County) Grassy Lake (Columbia County) Green Bay West Shores Greenwood Hacker Drive Hay Creek Hay Creek-Hoffman Lake Hay River Highway 144 Highway T Holland Honey Creek Streambank Honey Creek Hook Lake Bog-Grass Lake Hoosier Creek Horicon Marsh Jackson Marsh Jaeger's Island Jefferson Marsh Jennings Creek Joel Marsh Johnson Karcher Kickapoo River Bell Center Kickapoo River Wauzeka Unit Kiel Marsh Killsnake Kimberly Clark Kinnickinnic River Oscar Lee Kinnickinnic River Potton Kinnickinnic River Headwaters Kinnickinnic River South Fork Kissick Swamp Knapp Creek Koshkonong Lake Mills Lake Noquebay Lake Pepin Lakes Coulee Lambs Creek Lawrence Creek Leola Marsh Liberty Creek Lightning Creek Lima Marsh Little Rice Lodi Marsh Loon Lake Lundy Pond Lyons Mack Maine Manion Mashek Creek McAdams McKenzie Creek McMillan Marsh Mead Meadow Valley Morgan Marsh Mount Hope Mud Lake (Columbia County) Mud Lake (Dane County) Mud Lake (Dodge County) Muddy Creek Mukwa Mullet Creek Nagel Namekagon Barrens Navarino New Auburn New Munster New Wood Nichols Creek North Bend Bottoms North Branch Milwaukee River Oakridge Oden Omer Springs Otter Creek Outagamie Paradise Marsh Paradise Valley Paul J. Olson Pershing Peshtigo Brook Peter Helland Peters Marsh Pierce County Islands Pine Island Pleasant Valley Potato Creek Powell Marsh Poygan Marsh Prince's Point Quaderer's Creek Rat River Ray Ray Morrison Memorial Rice Beds Creek Ridgeville Rock Falls Rome Pond Rush River Sampson Sandhill Schmit Scuppernong River Sette Shaw Marsh Sheboygan Marsh Silvernail South Beaver Creek Spring Creek St. Croix Islands Star Prairie Seed Farm Storrs Lake Straight Lake Swan Lake Sweeny Pond Swinging Gate Tamarack Creek Ten Mile Creek (Rusk County) Ten Mile Creek (Saint Croix County) Theresa Marsh Thunder Lake Tichigan Tiffany Tollefson Marsh Tom Lawin Totagatic Lake Totogatic Town Corner Troy Turtle Creek Turtle Valley Ulrich Underwood Van Loon Vermillion River Vernon Vosse Coulee Washington Creek Waterloo Waunakee Marsh Weirgor Springs West Taylor Whalen Creek White River White River Marsh Whitman Dam Willow River Wind Lake Wolf River Bottoms Herb Behnke Wolf River Bottoms LaSage Wolf River Wood County Woodboro Lakes Yellow River Yellowstone Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources vteNational Forests of the United States Allegheny Angeles Angelina Apache–Sitgreaves Apalachicola Arapaho Ashley Beaverhead–Deerlodge Bienville Bighorn Bitterroot Black Hills Boise Bridger–Teton Caribou–Targhee Carson Chattahoochee–Oconee Chequamegon–Nicolet Cherokee Chippewa Choctawhatchee Chugach Cibola Clearwater Cleveland Coconino Coeur d'Alene Colville Conecuh Coronado Croatan Custer Daniel Boone Davy Crockett De Soto Delta Deschutes Dixie Eldorado Finger Lakes Fishlake Flathead Francis Marion Fremont–Winema Gallatin George Washington and Jefferson Gifford Pinchot Gila Grand Mesa Green Mountain Gunnison Helena Hiawatha Holly Springs Homochitto Hoosier Humboldt–Toiyabe Huron–Manistee Idaho Panhandle Inyo Kaibab Kaniksu Kisatchie Klamath Kootenai Lake Tahoe Basin Lassen Lewis and Clark Lincoln Lolo Los Padres Malheur Manti–La Sal Mark Twain Medicine Bow–Routt Mendocino Modoc Monongahela Mount Baker–Snoqualmie Mount Hood Nantahala Nebraska Nez Perce Ocala Ochoco Okanogan–Wenatchee Olympic Osceola Ottawa Ouachita Ozark–St. Francis Payette Pike Pisgah Plumas Prescott Rio Grande Rogue River–Siskiyou Roosevelt Sabine Salmon–Challis Sam Houston Samuel R. McKelvie San Bernardino San Isabel San Juan Santa Fe Sawtooth Sequoia Shasta–Trinity Shawnee Shoshone Sierra Siuslaw Six Rivers St. Joe Stanislaus Sumter Superior Tahoe Talladega Tombigbee Tongass Tonto Tuskegee Uinta Umatilla Umpqua Uncompahgre Uwharrie Wallowa–Whitman Wasatch–Cache Wayne Wenatchee White Mountain White River Willamette William B. Bankhead Full Detailed List former list Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States 2 Other NARA 2

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ʃɪˈwɑːmɪɡən ˌnɪkəˈleɪ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"U.S. National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"logging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logging"},{"link_name":"old growth forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_growth_forest"},{"link_name":"Civilian Conservation Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps"},{"link_name":"North Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentian_Mixed_Forest_Province"},{"link_name":"Ecoregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bayfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayfield_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Ashland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashland_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Sawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawyer_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Vilas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilas_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Park Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinelander,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Ranger"},{"link_name":"Glidden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glidden,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Hayward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayward,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Medford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medford,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Park Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Falls,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Washburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washburn,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Moquah Barrens Research Natural Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moquah_Barrens_Research_Natural_Area"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"National Wilderness Preservation System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wilderness_Preservation_System"},{"link_name":"Porcupine Lake Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcupine_Lake_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Rainbow Lake Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Lake_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Oconto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oconto_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Vilas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilas_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Langlade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlade_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Oneida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneida_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Rhinelander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinelander,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Eagle River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_River,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_(CDP),_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Lakewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakewood,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Laona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laona,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Bose Lake Hemlock Hardwoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose_Lake_Hemlock_Hardwoods"},{"link_name":"Franklin Lake Campground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Lake_Campground"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Blackjack Springs Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackjack_Springs_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Headwaters Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headwaters_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Whisker Lake Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisker_Lake_Wilderness"}],"text":"The Chequamegon–Nicolet National Forest (/ʃɪˈwɑːmɪɡən ˌnɪkəˈleɪ/; the q is silent)[3] is a 1,530,647-acre (6,194.31 km2) U.S. National Forest in northern Wisconsin in the United States. Due to logging in the early part of the 20th century, very little old growth forest remains. Some of the trees there were planted by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s. The national forest land trees and vegetation are part of the North Woods Ecoregion that prevails throughout the upper Great Lakes region.Legally two separate national forests—the Chequamegon National Forest and the Nicolet National Forest—the areas were established by presidential proclamations in 1933 and have been managed as one unit since 1998.[4]The Chequamegon National Forest comprises three units in the north-central part of the state totaling 865,825 acres (3,503.87 km2). In descending order of forestland area, it is located in parts of Bayfield, Ashland, Price, Sawyer, Taylor, and Vilas counties. Forest headquarters are in Park Falls. There are local ranger district offices in Glidden, Hayward, Medford, Park Falls, and Washburn.[5] Moquah Barrens Research Natural Area is located with the Chequamegon.[6] Lying within the Chequamegon are two officially designated wilderness areas of the National Wilderness Preservation System. These are the Porcupine Lake Wilderness and the Rainbow Lake Wilderness.The Nicolet National Forest covers 664,822 acres (2,690.44 km2) of northeastern Wisconsin. It is located in parts of Forest, Oconto, Florence, Vilas, Langlade, and Oneida counties. The forest headquarters are in Rhinelander. There are local ranger district offices in Eagle River, Florence, Lakewood, and Laona. Bose Lake Hemlock Hardwoods and the Franklin Lake Campground are located in the Nicolet.[7][8] Lying within the Nicolet are three wildernesses—the Blackjack Springs Wilderness, the Headwaters Wilderness, and the Whisker Lake Wilderness.","title":"Chequamegon–Nicolet National Forest"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chequamegon.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BarredOwl.jpg"},{"link_name":"barred owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barred_owl"},{"link_name":"bogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog"},{"link_name":"muskegs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskeg"},{"link_name":"Acer saccharum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer_saccharum"},{"link_name":"Acer rubrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer_rubrum"},{"link_name":"Acer spicatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer_spicatum"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_alba"},{"link_name":"red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrobalanus"},{"link_name":"black oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_velutina"},{"link_name":"aspen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen"},{"link_name":"beech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech"},{"link_name":"basswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basswood"},{"link_name":"sumac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumac"},{"link_name":"paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_birch"},{"link_name":"yellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_birch"},{"link_name":"river birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_birch"},{"link_name":"Coniferous trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coniferous_trees"},{"link_name":"red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_pine"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_white_pine"},{"link_name":"jack pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_pine"},{"link_name":"white spruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_spruce"},{"link_name":"balsam fir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsam_fir"},{"link_name":"Eastern hemlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_hemlock"},{"link_name":"Tamarack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarack"},{"link_name":"black spruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_spruce"},{"link_name":"cedar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_white_cedar"},{"link_name":"alder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alder"},{"link_name":"Blueberries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberry"},{"link_name":"raspberries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry"},{"link_name":"blackberries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackberry"},{"link_name":"cranberries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry"},{"link_name":"serviceberries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serviceberry"},{"link_name":"ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern"},{"link_name":"mosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss"},{"link_name":"cattails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattail"},{"link_name":"mushrooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom"},{"link_name":"White-tailed deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_deer"},{"link_name":"Black bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_bear"},{"link_name":"foxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox"},{"link_name":"raccoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raccoon"},{"link_name":"rabbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit"},{"link_name":"beavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_beaver"},{"link_name":"river otters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_river_otter"},{"link_name":"squirrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel"},{"link_name":"chipmunks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipmunk"},{"link_name":"pheasants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheasant"},{"link_name":"grouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grouse"},{"link_name":"wild turkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_turkey"},{"link_name":"Elk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk"},{"link_name":"wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_boreal_wolf"},{"link_name":"moose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_moose"},{"link_name":"pine marten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_marten"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"northern cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_cardinal"},{"link_name":"blue jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_jay"},{"link_name":"Canada jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_jay"},{"link_name":"common raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_raven"},{"link_name":"boreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_chickadee"},{"link_name":"black-capped chickadees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-capped_chickadee"},{"link_name":"black-backed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-backed_woodpecker"},{"link_name":"pileated woodpeckers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pileated_woodpecker"},{"link_name":"red-winged blackbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-winged_blackbird"},{"link_name":"owls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl"},{"link_name":"ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck"},{"link_name":"common loons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_loon"},{"link_name":"bald eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_eagles"},{"link_name":"evening grosbeaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_grosbeak"},{"link_name":"red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_crossbill"},{"link_name":"white-winged crossbills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-winged_crossbill"},{"link_name":"thrushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrushes"},{"link_name":"sparrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_sparrow"},{"link_name":"warblers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warblers"},{"link_name":"Brook trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_trout"},{"link_name":"rainbow trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_trout"},{"link_name":"brown trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_trout"},{"link_name":"Walleye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walleye"},{"link_name":"small","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallmouth_bass"},{"link_name":"largemouth bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largemouth_bass"},{"link_name":"crappie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crappie"},{"link_name":"northern pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_pike"},{"link_name":"panfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panfish"},{"link_name":"muskellunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskellunge"},{"link_name":"recreation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreation"},{"link_name":"camping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camping"},{"link_name":"hiking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiking"},{"link_name":"fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing"},{"link_name":"cross country skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_country_skiing"},{"link_name":"snowmobiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmobiling"},{"link_name":"Clam Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clam_Lake,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"extremely low frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency"},{"link_name":"antennae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)"}],"text":"A wintry scene in Chequamegon–Nicolet National ForestA barred owl along a highway in the Nicolet National ForestRemote areas of uplands, bogs, wetlands, muskegs, rivers, streams, pine savannas, meadows and many glacial lakes are found throughout these forests. Native tree species include Acer saccharum (sugar maple), Acer rubrum (red maple), and Acer spicatum (mountain maple), white, red, and black oaks, aspen, beech, basswood, sumac, and paper, yellow, and river birch. Coniferous trees, including red, white, and jack pine, white spruce and balsam fir are abundant due to a dense second growth. Eastern hemlock are also present as this is the westernmost limit of its distribution. Tamarack/black spruce bogs, cedar swamps and alder thickets are common. Blueberries, raspberries, blackberries, cranberries, serviceberries, ferns, mosses, cattails, and mushrooms also grow here, as well as many more shrubs and wildflowers.White-tailed deer are numerous and are hit by motorists on roads in northern Wisconsin year-round. Black bears, foxes, raccoons, rabbits, beavers, river otters, squirrels, chipmunks, pheasants, grouse and wild turkeys are popular game in the woods. Elk and wolves have been reintroduced and there have been sightings of moose and pine marten.[9] Bird species include northern cardinal, blue jay, Canada jay, common raven, boreal and black-capped chickadees, black-backed and pileated woodpeckers, red-winged blackbirds, owls, ducks, common loons, bald eagles, evening grosbeaks, red and white-winged crossbills and many species of thrushes, sparrows and warblers. Brook trout, rainbow trout, and brown trout are found in many miles of excellent streams. Walleye, small and largemouth bass, crappie, northern pike, and many species of panfish make the area's lakes famous for freshwater fishing. A record making muskellunge, Wisconsin's state fish, was caught in these waters. The beauty, heritage, and recreational opportunities of these forests draw thousands of tourists to the Chequamegon–Nicolet area every year.These national forests are best known for recreation, including camping, hiking, fishing, cross country skiing, and snowmobiling.Clam Lake in Chequamegon National Forest was also home to one of the two extremely low frequency antennae in the United States.","title":"Flora, fauna, and funga"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P1000125.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BlackjackSpringsWilderness.jpg"},{"link_name":"Blackjack Springs Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackjack_Springs_Wilderness"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Headwaters_Wilderness.jpg"},{"link_name":"Headwaters Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headwaters_Wilderness"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hidden_Lakes_Trail.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chequamegon_NicoletNationalForest.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Washburn_Wisconsin_Ranger_Station_Chequamegon_Nicolet_National_Forest.jpg"},{"link_name":"Washburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washburn,_Wisconsin"}],"text":"Early spring scene, near Clam Lake\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBlackjack Springs Wilderness in the Nicolet National Forest\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHeadwaters Wilderness in the Nicolet National Forest, the Pine River\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHidden Lakes Trail in the forest, about 10 miles (16 km) east of Eagle River\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWelcome sign greeting visitors to the forest\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRanger station in Washburn","title":"Gallery"}]

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[{"title":"Lake Namakagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Namakagon"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickleweed_Inlet

Pickleweed Inlet

["1 References","2 External links"]

Looking north towards Picklewood Inlet from the mouth of Coyote Creek. Pickleweed Inlet is a small bay in Marin County, California, United States, located at 37°53′39″N 122°31′27″W / 37.8943°N 122.5241°W / 37.8943; -122.5241. It discharges to the west side of Richardson Bay, an arm of the San Francisco Bay. The estuary contains mudflats used by various avifauna. There is a well-used hiking trail that runs along Picklewood Inlet. References ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Pickleweed Inlet External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pickleweed Inlet. Pickleweed Creek Rowing Guide This Marin County, California–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanzon

Lanzón

["1 Geographic location and significance","2 Visual Analysis","3 Cosmology","4 References"]

Coordinates: 9°35′37.14″S 77°10′41.91″W / 9.5936500°S 77.1783083°W / -9.5936500; -77.1783083Sacred monolith in Chavin temple, Peru Closeup of the original Lanzon Stela, image taken from laser scan data collected by nonprofit CyArk A replica of the Lanzón in Peru's Museum of the Nation The Lanzón is a granite stela that is associated with the Chavín culture. It is located in the Old Temple of Chavin de Huantar which rests in the central highlands of Peru. The Chavín religion was the first major religious and cultural movement in the Andes mountains, flourishing between 900 and 200 BCE. The Lanzón itself was erected during the Early Horizon period of Andean art circa 500 BCE and takes its name from the Spanish word for "lance," an allusion to the shape of the sculpture. The name is deceiving, as its form more closely resembles a highland plow which would have been used for agricultural purposes at the time. It is suspected because of this that the deity depicted is linked to agrarian worship. Geographic location and significance The Lanzón rests in the heart of Chavín de Huantar. This site at the time was on one of the few passes between the mountainous region of the coast and the dense Amazon. Due to the difficulty of the geography, one must have used these passages. The exposure of Chavín art, such as the Lanzon, to other cultures occurred because of its geographic location. Archaeologists have found textiles which echo the architecture of Chavín and its sculptural artifacts buried as far away as the South Coast in sites such as Karwa, suggesting its influence reached much farther than many other sites at the time. Visual Analysis The Lanzón is housed in the central cruciform chamber of a labyrinthine series of underground passages in the Old Temple of the ceremonial and religious center of Chavín de Huantar. Devotees would be led into the maze of pitch-black tunnels, eventually coming face to face with the sculpture. The worshipers' disorientation, in addition to the hallucinogenic effects of the San Pedro cactus they were given before entering, only heightened the visual and psychological impact of the sculpture. The imagery of the Lanzon is a complex series of line work which winds around each of the three sides of its floor to ceiling triangular form. Due to the imagery being divided, one would have to circumambulate the fixture in order to fully observe its design. The Lanzon depicts an anthropomorphic figure with a snarl, claws, and teeth akin to a jaguar. The being's hair flows in all directions, ending with the heads of snakes. The eyes are stylized, commonly referred to as pendant eyes. The carving is almost perfectly symmetrical except for one hand being raised with the other lowered. Additionally, there is special attention paid to the eyes, nose, lips, and teeth- deeper set carvings for these features make them project, due to the higher relief, it adds a greater feeling of ferocity. Cosmology The Lanzón expresses a fundamental motif within Chavín art: the jaguar. These representations vary from realism to stylized anthropomorphism, this particular stella falling under the latter category. The imagery of the jaguar occurs so frequently within Chavín art that it has been hypothesized that they were the foundation for the jaguar cult, worshipping the characteristics of these animals. This depiction of an anthropomorphic jaguar deity lends itself to other cosmological beliefs not just of Chavín but of Andean society as a whole. Camay, the belief of an object being a conduit for a deity, is particularly significant when considering the function of the Lanzón. Though it was made of terrestrial material, the Lanzón housed a celestial being, the people of Chavín even brought it offerings of food and ceramics. Furthermore, the central image of the Lanzon functions as axis mundi, or pivot linking the heavens, earth and underworld. This concept is also reflected in the raised and lowered arms, one linked to the celestial and the other linked to the terrestrial. The opposite arms are also reflective of the reverence to duality. Opposites seen in daily life such as night/day, life/death, male/female were considered sacred to create balance. The importance of duality is also seen with the contour rivalry of the snakes and hair, the transformation between man and beast, and the geographical location between the arid mountain range and the lush amazon. Finally, a key cosmological belief within Andean society as a whole, tinku. This is the concept of multiple parts converging to create something wholly new. The strategic geographic location of the Lanzón is placed at the convergence of the Mosna and Wacheqsa rivers. References ^ The life and writings of Julio C. Tello : America's first indigenous archaeologist. Burger, Richard L. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. 2009. ISBN 9781587298332. OCLC 503291383.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ Stone, Rebecca, 1958- (2012). Art of the Andes : from Chavín to Inca (Third ed.). London. ISBN 9780500204153. OCLC 792747356.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ The life and writings of Julio C. Tello : America's first indigenous archaeologist. Burger, Richard L. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. 2009. ISBN 9781587298332. OCLC 503291383.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ Stone, Rebecca, 1958- (2012). Art of the Andes : from Chavín to Inca (Third ed.). London. ISBN 9780500204153. OCLC 792747356.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Stone, Rebecca, 1958- (2012). Art of the Andes : from Chavín to Inca (Third ed.). London. ISBN 9780500204153. OCLC 792747356.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Stone, Rebecca, 1958- (2012). Art of the Andes : from Chavín to Inca (Third ed.). London. ISBN 9780500204153. OCLC 792747356.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Stone, Rebecca, 1958- (2012). Art of the Andes : from Chavín to Inca (Third ed.). London. ISBN 9780500204153. OCLC 792747356.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ The life and writings of Julio C. Tello : America's first indigenous archaeologist. Burger, Richard L. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. 2009. ISBN 9781587298332. OCLC 503291383.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ The life and writings of Julio C. Tello : America's first indigenous archaeologist. Burger, Richard L. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. 2009. ISBN 9781587298332. OCLC 503291383.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ The life and writings of Julio C. Tello : America's first indigenous archaeologist. Burger, Richard L. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. 2009. ISBN 9781587298332. OCLC 503291383.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ Richardson, James B. (1994). People of the Andes (1st ed.). Montreal: St. Remy Press. ISBN 0895990415. OCLC 30892884. ^ Stone, Rebecca, 1958- (2012). Art of the Andes : from Chavín to Inca (Third ed.). London. ISBN 9780500204153. OCLC 792747356.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Stone, Rebecca, 1958- (2012). Art of the Andes : from Chavín to Inca (Third ed.). London. ISBN 9780500204153. OCLC 792747356.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Stone, Rebecca, 1958- (2012). Art of the Andes : from Chavín to Inca (Third ed.). London. ISBN 9780500204153. OCLC 792747356.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Stone, Rebecca, 1958- (2012). Art of the Andes : from Chavín to Inca (Third ed.). London. ISBN 9780500204153. OCLC 792747356.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Stone, Rebecca, 1958- (2012). Art of the Andes : from Chavín to Inca (Third ed.). London. ISBN 9780500204153. OCLC 792747356.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Stone, Rebecca, 1958- (2012). Art of the Andes : from Chavín to Inca (Third ed.). London. ISBN 9780500204153. OCLC 792747356.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Art of the Andes: From Chavín to Inca by Rebecca Stone-Miller (Thames and Hudson, 1995) Piligian, C., et al. (Producers). (2012, February 2). Temple of doom: Peru . In Ghost Hunters International. Sherman Oaks, CA: Pilgrim Films & Television 9°35′37.14″S 77°10′41.91″W / 9.5936500°S 77.1783083°W / -9.5936500; -77.1783083

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chavin_lanzon_stela2_cyark.jpg"},{"link_name":"laser scan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_scanner"},{"link_name":"CyArk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CyArk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lanzon.JPG"},{"link_name":"Museum of the Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_Nation"},{"link_name":"stela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele"},{"link_name":"Chavín culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Chavin de Huantar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Huantar"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Sacred monolith in Chavin temple, PeruCloseup of the original Lanzon Stela, image taken from laser scan data collected by nonprofit CyArkA replica of the Lanzón in Peru's Museum of the NationThe Lanzón is a granite stela that is associated with the Chavín culture.[1] It is located in the Old Temple of Chavin de Huantar which rests in the central highlands of Peru. The Chavín religion was the first major religious and cultural movement in the Andes mountains, flourishing between 900 and 200 BCE. [citation needed] The Lanzón itself was erected during the Early Horizon period of Andean art circa 500 BCE[2] and takes its name from the Spanish word for \"lance,\" an allusion to the shape of the sculpture.[3] The name is deceiving, as its form more closely resembles a highland plow which would have been used for agricultural purposes at the time.[4] It is suspected because of this that the deity depicted is linked to agrarian worship.","title":"Lanzón"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Lanzón rests in the heart of Chavín de Huantar. This site at the time was on one of the few passes between the mountainous region of the coast and the dense Amazon.[5] Due to the difficulty of the geography, one must have used these passages. The exposure of Chavín art, such as the Lanzon, to other cultures occurred because of its geographic location.[6] Archaeologists have found textiles which echo the architecture of Chavín and its sculptural artifacts buried as far away as the South Coast in sites such as Karwa, suggesting its influence reached much farther than many other sites at the time.[7]","title":"Geographic location and significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chavín de Huantar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Huantar"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"San Pedro cactus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichocereus_macrogonus"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Lanzón is housed in the central cruciform chamber of a labyrinthine series of underground passages in the Old Temple of the ceremonial and religious center of Chavín de Huantar[citation needed]. Devotees would be led into the maze of pitch-black tunnels, eventually coming face to face with the sculpture. The worshipers' disorientation, in addition to the hallucinogenic effects of the San Pedro cactus they were given before entering, only heightened the visual and psychological impact of the sculpture[citation needed]. The imagery of the Lanzon is a complex series of line work which winds around each of the three sides of its floor to ceiling triangular form.[8] Due to the imagery being divided, one would have to circumambulate the fixture in order to fully observe its design. The Lanzon depicts an anthropomorphic figure with a snarl, claws, and teeth akin to a jaguar. The being's hair flows in all directions, ending with the heads of snakes. The eyes are stylized, commonly referred to as pendant eyes. The carving is almost perfectly symmetrical except for one hand being raised with the other lowered. Additionally, there is special attention paid to the eyes, nose, lips, and teeth- deeper set carvings for these features make them project, due to the higher relief, it adds a greater feeling of ferocity.[9]","title":"Visual Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"jaguar cult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguars_in_Mesoamerican_cultures"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"axis mundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_mundi"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"contour rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contour_rivalry"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The Lanzón expresses a fundamental motif within Chavín art: the jaguar. These representations vary from realism to stylized anthropomorphism, this particular stella falling under the latter category.[10] The imagery of the jaguar occurs so frequently within Chavín art that it has been hypothesized that they were the foundation for the jaguar cult, worshipping the characteristics of these animals.[11] This depiction of an anthropomorphic jaguar deity lends itself to other cosmological beliefs not just of Chavín but of Andean society as a whole. Camay, the belief of an object being a conduit for a deity, is particularly significant when considering the function of the Lanzón.[12] Though it was made of terrestrial material, the Lanzón housed a celestial being, the people of Chavín even brought it offerings of food and ceramics.[13]Furthermore, the central image of the Lanzon functions as axis mundi, or pivot linking the heavens, earth and underworld. [citation needed] This concept is also reflected in the raised and lowered arms, one linked to the celestial and the other linked to the terrestrial.[14] The opposite arms are also reflective of the reverence to duality. Opposites seen in daily life such as night/day, life/death, male/female were considered sacred to create balance.[15] The importance of duality is also seen with the contour rivalry of the snakes and hair, the transformation between man and beast, and the geographical location between the arid mountain range and the lush amazon.[16] Finally, a key cosmological belief within Andean society as a whole, tinku. This is the concept of multiple parts converging to create something wholly new.[17] The strategic geographic location of the Lanzón is placed at the convergence of the Mosna and Wacheqsa rivers.","title":"Cosmology"}]

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OCLC 792747356.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500204153","url_text":"9780500204153"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/792747356","url_text":"792747356"}]},{"reference":"The life and writings of Julio C. Tello : America's first indigenous archaeologist. Burger, Richard L. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. 2009. ISBN 9781587298332. OCLC 503291383.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781587298332","url_text":"9781587298332"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503291383","url_text":"503291383"}]},{"reference":"Stone, Rebecca, 1958- (2012). Art of the Andes : from Chavín to Inca (Third ed.). London. 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Tello : America's first indigenous archaeologist. Burger, Richard L. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. 2009. ISBN 9781587298332. OCLC 503291383.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781587298332","url_text":"9781587298332"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503291383","url_text":"503291383"}]},{"reference":"Richardson, James B. (1994). People of the Andes (1st ed.). Montreal: St. Remy Press. ISBN 0895990415. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglycemia_(common_usage)

Idiopathic postprandial syndrome

["1 Signs and symptoms","2 Etymology and history of diagnosis","2.1 Non-disease","3 Adrenergic postprandial syndrome","4 See also","5 References"]

This article needs editing to comply with Wikipedia's Manual of Style. In particular, it has problems with not using MEDMOS. Please help improve the content. (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Medical conditionIdiopathic postprandial syndromeSymptomsShakiness, sense of weakness Idiopathic postprandial syndrome, colloquially but incorrectly known by some as hypoglycemia, describes a collection of clinical signs and symptoms similar to medical hypoglycemia but without the demonstrably low blood glucose levels which characterize said condition. People with this condition suffer from recurrent episodes of altered mood and cognitive dysfunction, often accompanied by weakness and adrenergic symptoms such as shakiness. The episodes typically occur a few hours after a meal, rather than after many hours of fasting. The principal treatments recommended are extra small meals or snacks and avoidance of excessive simple sugars. Signs and symptoms The symptoms include many of the symptoms associated with milder degrees of hypoglycemia, especially the adrenergic symptoms, but do not progress to objective impairment of brain function, seizures, coma, or brain damage. Shakiness Sense of weakness Altered or depressed mood Confusion Fatigue Anxiety Paleness Perspiration Increased pulse or respiratory rate Hunger Etymology and history of diagnosis The term idiopathic postprandial syndrome, which literally means a syndrome that occurs after eating (postprandial) and is of unknown cause (idiopathic), was coined in an attempt to reserve the term hypoglycemia for those conditions in which low glucose levels could be demonstrated. It was offered as a less confusing alternative to functional hypoglycemia and as a less pejorative alternative to "nonhypoglycemia" or "pseudohypoglycemia". The syndrome resembles reactive hypoglycemia except that low glucose is not found at the time of symptoms. The common usage of the term "hypoglycemia" was noted and countered by doctors writing in the Journal of the American Medical Association in the 1970s: The "syndrome of hypoglycemia" has become popular among patients and physicians alike, primarily because it seems to provide an explanation (?) for obscure symptoms, and it gives the patient something to do, ie, manipulate his or her diet continuously. Here is where the concept of "hypoglycemia" as a disorder meets up with all other modern dietary fads such as "natural" foods, vitamin "lack", and "organic" foods. It is also an area in which the hormones are involved. Hence "glandular causes" and "glandular therapy" play a large role. The author said "a cult has developed, consisting of a believing public aided and abetted by 'nutritionists', medical journalists, and a host of physicians." Hypoglycemia enjoys a popular position in the public's eye as a non-specific medical condition that frequently provides an explanation for the varied symptoms that occur in daily life. These doctors cautioned against the over-diagnosis of reactive hypoglycemia. They said "both physicians and the public deserve major re-education." Non-disease In October 1974, The New England Journal of Medicine carried an article "Non-hypoglycemia as an epidemic condition" which described the condition as a "non-disease". The authors claim Over the past few years people have appeared in droves with the self-diagnosis of "hypoglycemia" – a term that has become the layman's final common pathway for a variety of conditions, only a few of which are related to endocrinologic abnormalities. Most common are somatic complaints such as fatigue, spasms, palpitation, numbness and tingling, pains, severe sweating and mental dullness. Hypoglycemia provides all at once a socially acceptable problem, a quasi-physiologic explanation and the promise of a relatively inexpensive and successful self-help program. The same issue of the Journal carried a "non-editorial on non-hypoglycemia" that acknowledged the "current popular epidemic of non-hypoglycemia" and proposed the term "clinical pseudo-hypoglycemia". After describing the known mechanisms of blood glucose regulation, the authors call for more research: The body's normal response to carbohydrate ingestion includes elaboration of an as yet unidentified hormonal (gut) factor from the upper intestine. They say that a glucose tolerance test is appropriate but caution that: It must be kept in mind that the oral glucose load is far from a normal physiologic meal, and tests only glucose as the provocateur, whereas protein might be as much at fault by stimulating over-production of the gut factor, probably pancreozymin. Thus much more research is indicated to define the norms as well as to characterize the role and nature of the various gut factors and the responses of the beta cells to these factors. Adrenergic postprandial syndrome There is some evidence of the existence of a so-called "adrenergic postprandial syndrome": the blood glucose level is normal, and the symptoms are caused through autonomic adrenergic response. Often, this syndrome is associated with emotional distress and anxious behaviour of the patient. See also Chronic Somogyi rebound (The "Somogyi effect") Idiopathic hypoglycemia Reactive hypoglycemia References ^ Charles MA, Hofeldt F, Shackelford A, et al. (1981). "Comparison of oral glucose tolerance tests and mixed meals in patients with apparent idiopathic postabsorptive hypoglycemia: absence of hypoglycemia after meals". Diabetes. 30 (6): 465–70. doi:10.2337/diabetes.30.6.465. PMID 7227659. ^ Rachmiel Levine MD (October 21, 1974) "Hypoglycemia", Journal of the American Medical Association 230(3):462,3 ^ F. D. Hofeldt, R.A. Adler, & R.H. Herman (September 22, 1975) "Postprandial Hypoglycemia: Fact or Fiction", Journal of the American Medical Association 233(12): 1309 ^ Joel Yager & Roy T. Young (1974) "Non-hypoglycemia as an epidemic condition", The New England Journal of Medicine 291:907,8 ^ George F. Cahill, Jr. & J. Stuart Soeldner (1974) "A non-editorial on non-hypoglycemia", The New England Journal of Medicine 291: 905,6 ^ "postprandiale Hypoglykämie". Archived from the original on 2007-05-22. Retrieved 2007-07-06. ^ Brun JF, Fedou C, Mercier J (2000). "Postprandial reactive hypoglycemia" (PDF). Diabetes Metab. 26 (5): 337–51. PMID 11119013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-30. ^ Berlin I, Grimaldi A, Landault C, Cesselin F, Puech AJ (1994). "Suspected postprandial hypoglycemia is associated with beta-adrenergic hypersensitivity and emotional distress" (PDF). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 79 (5): 1428–33. doi:10.1210/jcem.79.5.7962339. PMID 7962339. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2007-06-29.

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The episodes typically occur a few hours after a meal, rather than after many hours of fasting. The principal treatments recommended are extra small meals or snacks and avoidance of excessive simple sugars.","title":"Idiopathic postprandial syndrome"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"symptoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptom"},{"link_name":"hypoglycemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglycemia"},{"link_name":"adrenergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic"},{"link_name":"brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain"},{"link_name":"coma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The symptoms include many of the symptoms associated with milder degrees of hypoglycemia, especially the adrenergic symptoms, but do not progress to objective impairment of brain function, seizures, coma, or brain damage.[citation needed]Shakiness\nSense of weakness\nAltered or depressed mood\nConfusion\nFatigue\nAnxiety\nPaleness\nPerspiration\nIncreased pulse or respiratory rate\nHunger","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"postprandial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postprandial"},{"link_name":"idiopathic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"reactive hypoglycemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_hypoglycemia"},{"link_name":"Journal of the American Medical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Association"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The term idiopathic postprandial syndrome, which literally means a syndrome that occurs after eating (postprandial) and is of unknown cause (idiopathic), was coined in an attempt to reserve the term hypoglycemia for those conditions in which low glucose levels could be demonstrated.[1] It was offered as a less confusing alternative to functional hypoglycemia and as a less pejorative alternative to \"nonhypoglycemia\" or \"pseudohypoglycemia\".The syndrome resembles reactive hypoglycemia except that low glucose is not found at the time of symptoms.The common usage of the term \"hypoglycemia\" was noted and countered by doctors writing in the Journal of the American Medical Association in the 1970s:The \"syndrome of hypoglycemia\" has become popular among patients and physicians alike, primarily because it seems to provide an explanation (?) for obscure symptoms, and it gives the patient something to do, ie, manipulate his or her diet continuously. Here is where the concept of \"hypoglycemia\" as a disorder meets up with all other modern dietary fads such as \"natural\" foods, vitamin \"lack\", and \"organic\" foods. It is also an area in which the hormones are involved. Hence \"glandular causes\" and \"glandular therapy\" play a large role.[2]The author said \"a cult has developed, consisting of a believing public aided and abetted by 'nutritionists', medical journalists, and a host of physicians.\"Hypoglycemia enjoys a popular position in the public's eye as a non-specific medical condition that frequently provides an explanation for the varied symptoms that occur in daily life.[3]These doctors cautioned against the over-diagnosis of reactive hypoglycemia. They said \"both physicians and the public deserve major re-education.\"","title":"Etymology and history of diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New England Journal of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"glucose tolerance test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_tolerance_test"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)"},{"link_name":"pancreozymin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreozymin"},{"link_name":"beta cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_cell"}],"sub_title":"Non-disease","text":"In October 1974, The New England Journal of Medicine carried an article \"Non-hypoglycemia as an epidemic condition\" which described the condition as a \"non-disease\".[4] The authors claimOver the past few years people have appeared in droves with the self-diagnosis of \"hypoglycemia\" – a term that has become the layman's final common pathway for a variety of conditions, only a few of which are related to endocrinologic abnormalities.\nMost common are somatic complaints such as fatigue, spasms, palpitation, numbness and tingling, pains, severe sweating and mental dullness.\nHypoglycemia provides all at once a socially acceptable problem, a quasi-physiologic explanation and the promise of a relatively inexpensive and successful self-help program.The same issue of the Journal carried a \"non-editorial on non-hypoglycemia\" that acknowledged the \"current popular epidemic of non-hypoglycemia\" and proposed the term \"clinical pseudo-hypoglycemia\".[5]\nAfter describing the known mechanisms of blood glucose regulation, the authors call for more research:The body's normal response to carbohydrate ingestion includes elaboration of an as yet unidentified hormonal (gut) factor from the upper intestine.They say that a glucose tolerance test is appropriate but caution that:It must be kept in mind that the oral glucose load is far from a normal physiologic meal, and tests only glucose as the provocateur, whereas protein might be as much at fault by stimulating over-production of the gut factor, probably pancreozymin. Thus much more research is indicated to define the norms as well as to characterize the role and nature of the various gut factors and the responses of the beta cells to these factors.","title":"Etymology and history of diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"autonomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"There is some evidence of the existence of a so-called \"adrenergic postprandial syndrome\": the blood glucose level is normal, and the symptoms are caused through autonomic adrenergic response.[6] Often, this syndrome is associated with emotional distress and anxious behaviour of the patient.[7][8]","title":"Adrenergic postprandial syndrome"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetosyringone

Acetosyringone

["1 Occurrence and biological role","2 Chemical characteristics","3 See also","4 References"]

Chemical compound Acetosyringone Names Preferred IUPAC name 1-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethan-1-one Other names Acetosyringenin Identifiers CAS Number 2478-38-8 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive imageInteractive image ChEBI CHEBI:2404 Y ChEMBL ChEMBL224146 Y ChemSpider 16280 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.017.828 PubChem CID 17198 UNII 866P45Y84S Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID2062454 InChI InChI=1S/C10H12O4/c1-6(11)7-4-8(13-2)10(12)9(5-7)14-3/h4-5,12H,1-3H3 YKey: OJOBTAOGJIWAGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y SMILES CC(=O)C1=CC(=C(C(=C1)OC)O)OCO=C(c1cc(OC)c(O)c(OC)c1)C Properties Chemical formula C10H12O4 Molar mass 196.202 g·mol−1 Melting point 125.5 °C (257.9 °F; 398.6 K) Boiling point 335 °C (635 °F; 608 K) Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound Acetosyringone is a phenolic natural product and a chemical compound related to acetophenone and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol. It was first described in relation to lignan/phenylpropanoid-type phytochemicals, with isolation from a variety of plant sources, in particular, in relation to wounding and other physiologic changes. Occurrence and biological role Historically, this substance has been best known for its involvement in plant-pathogen recognition, especially its role as a signal attracting and transforming unique, oncogenic bacteria in genus Agrobacterium. The virA gene on the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and the Ri plasmid of Agrobacterium rhizogenes is used by these soil bacteria to infect plants, via its encoding for a receptor for acetosyringone and other phenolic phytochemicals exuded by plant wounds. This compound also allows higher transformation efficiency in plants, as shown in A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation procedures, and so is of importance in plant biotechnology. Acetosyringone can also be found in Posidonia oceanica and a wide variety of other plants. It is secreted at wounded sites of dicotyledons. This compound enhances the Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation in dicots. Monocotyledons lack this wound response, which is considered the limiting factor in Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation in monocots. The compound is also produced by the male leaffooted bug (Leptoglossus phyllopus) and used in its communication system. In vitro studies show that acetosyringone increases mycorrhizae formation in the fungus Glomus intraradices. A total synthesis of this simple natural product was performed by Crawford et al. in 1956, but is of limited contemporary synthetic interest. A variety of acetosyringone analogues are available, including some which are covalent inactivators of cellular processes that involve acetosyringone. Chemical characteristics Acetosyringone does not dissolve well in water. Although it has a melting point of about 125 degree Celsius, it is not wise to autoclave acetosyringone along with the medium used for (for example) plant infiltration by microbes. See also Phenolic content in wine Syringol Syringic acid Syringaldehyde Sinapyl alcohol Sinapinic acid Sinapaldehyde Sinapine Canolol References ^ Baker C. Jacyn; Mock Norton M.; Whitaker Bruce D.; Roberts Daniel P.; Rice Clifford P.; Deahl Kenneth L.; Aver'Yanov Andrey A. (2005). "Involvement of acetosyringone in plant-pathogen recognition". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 328 (1): 130–136. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.12.153. PMID 15670760. ^ Schrammeijer, B.; Beijersbergen, A; Idler, KB; Melchers, LS; Thompson, DV; Hooykaas, PJ (2000). "Sequence analysis of the vir-region from Agrobacterium tumefaciens octopine Ti plasmid pTi15955". Journal of Experimental Botany. 51 (347): 1167–1169. doi:10.1093/jexbot/51.347.1167. PMID 10948245. ^ Sheikholeslam, Shahla N.; Weeks, Donald P. (1987). "Acetosyringone promotes high efficiency transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana explants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens". Plant Molecular Biology. 8 (4): 291–298. doi:10.1007/BF00021308. PMID 24301191. S2CID 32005770. ^ Agostini, Sylvia; Desjobert, Jean-Marie; Pergent, Gérard (1998). "Distribution of phenolic compounds in the seagrass Posidonia oceanica". Phytochemistry. 48 (4): 611–617. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(97)01118-7. ^ Naveed Iqbal Raja; Asghari Bano; Hamid Rashid; Zubeda Chaudry; Noshin Ilyas (2010). "Improving Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation Protocol For Integration Of XA21 Gene In Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)" (PDF). Pak. J. Bot. 42 (5): 3613–3631. ^ Acetosyringone on www.pherobase.com, the pheromones data base ^ Aldrich, J.R.; Blum, M.S.; Duffey, S.S.; Fales, H.M. (1976). "Male specific natural products in the bug, Leptoglossus phyllopus: Chemistry and possible function". Journal of Insect Physiology. 22 (9): 1201–1206. doi:10.1016/0022-1910(76)90094-9. ^ Aldrich, J. R.; Blum, M. S.; Fales, H. M. (1979). "Species-specific natural products of adult male leaf-footed bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 5: 53–62. doi:10.1007/BF00987687. S2CID 34346907. ^ Estela Flores-Gómez; Lidia Gómez-Silva; Roberto Ruiz-Medrano; Beatriz Xoconostle-Cázares (2008). "Role of acetosyringone in the accumulation of a set of RNAs in the arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus Glomus intraradices". International Microbiology. 11 (4): 275–282. doi:10.2436/20.1501.01.72. PMID 19204900. ^ L. W. Crawford; E. O. Eaton; J. M. Pepper (1956). "An Improved Synthesis of Acetosyringone". Canadian Journal of Chemistry. 34 (11): 1562–1566. doi:10.1139/v56-204.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phenolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_phenol"},{"link_name":"natural product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_product"},{"link_name":"acetophenone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetophenone"},{"link_name":"2,6-dimethoxyphenol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,6-dimethoxyphenol"},{"link_name":"lignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignan"}],"text":"Chemical compoundAcetosyringone is a phenolic natural product and a chemical compound related to acetophenone and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol. It was first described in relation to lignan/phenylpropanoid-type phytochemicals, with isolation from a variety of plant sources, in particular, in relation to wounding and other physiologic changes.","title":"Acetosyringone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Agrobacterium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrobacterium"},{"link_name":"Ti plasmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti_plasmid"},{"link_name":"Agrobacterium tumefaciens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrobacterium_tumefaciens"},{"link_name":"Agrobacterium rhizogenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrobacterium_rhizogenes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Posidonia oceanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posidonia_oceanica"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"dicotyledons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicotyledon"},{"link_name":"Monocotyledons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotyledon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Leptoglossus phyllopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptoglossus_phyllopus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"mycorrhizae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycorrhiza"},{"link_name":"Glomus intraradices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomus_intraradices"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"total synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_synthesis"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Historically, this substance has been best known for its involvement in plant-pathogen recognition,[1] especially its role as a signal attracting and transforming unique, oncogenic bacteria in genus Agrobacterium. The virA gene on the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and the Ri plasmid of Agrobacterium rhizogenes is used by these soil bacteria to infect plants, via its encoding for a receptor for acetosyringone and other phenolic phytochemicals exuded by plant wounds.[2] This compound also allows higher transformation efficiency in plants, as shown in A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation procedures, and so is of importance in plant biotechnology.[3]Acetosyringone can also be found in Posidonia oceanica[4] and a wide variety of other plants. It is secreted at wounded sites of dicotyledons. This compound enhances the Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation in dicots. Monocotyledons lack this wound response, which is considered the limiting factor in Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation in monocots.[5]The compound is also produced by the male leaffooted bug (Leptoglossus phyllopus) and used in its communication system.[6][7][8]In vitro studies show that acetosyringone increases mycorrhizae formation in the fungus Glomus intraradices.[9]A total synthesis of this simple natural product was performed by Crawford et al. in 1956,[10] but is of limited contemporary synthetic interest. A variety of acetosyringone analogues are available, including some which are covalent inactivators of cellular processes that involve acetosyringone.","title":"Occurrence and biological role"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Acetosyringone does not dissolve well in water. Although it has a melting point of about 125 degree Celsius, it is not wise to autoclave acetosyringone along with the medium used for (for example) plant infiltration by microbes.","title":"Chemical characteristics"}]

[]

[{"title":"Phenolic content in wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine"},{"title":"Syringol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringol"},{"title":"Syringic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringic_acid"},{"title":"Syringaldehyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringaldehyde"},{"title":"Sinapyl alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinapyl_alcohol"},{"title":"Sinapinic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinapinic_acid"},{"title":"Sinapaldehyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinapaldehyde"},{"title":"Sinapine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinapine"},{"title":"Canolol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canolol"}]

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PMID 15670760.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1336&context=usdaarsfacpub","url_text":"\"Involvement of acetosyringone in plant-pathogen recognition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbrc.2004.12.153","url_text":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.12.153"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15670760","url_text":"15670760"}]},{"reference":"Schrammeijer, B.; Beijersbergen, A; Idler, KB; Melchers, LS; Thompson, DV; Hooykaas, PJ (2000). \"Sequence analysis of the vir-region from Agrobacterium tumefaciens octopine Ti plasmid pTi15955\". Journal of Experimental Botany. 51 (347): 1167–1169. doi:10.1093/jexbot/51.347.1167. PMID 10948245.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjexbot%2F51.347.1167","url_text":"\"Sequence analysis of the vir-region from Agrobacterium tumefaciens octopine Ti plasmid pTi15955\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjexbot%2F51.347.1167","url_text":"10.1093/jexbot/51.347.1167"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10948245","url_text":"10948245"}]},{"reference":"Sheikholeslam, Shahla N.; Weeks, Donald P. (1987). \"Acetosyringone promotes high efficiency transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana explants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens\". Plant Molecular Biology. 8 (4): 291–298. doi:10.1007/BF00021308. PMID 24301191. S2CID 32005770.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00021308","url_text":"10.1007/BF00021308"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24301191","url_text":"24301191"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32005770","url_text":"32005770"}]},{"reference":"Agostini, Sylvia; Desjobert, Jean-Marie; Pergent, Gérard (1998). \"Distribution of phenolic compounds in the seagrass Posidonia oceanica\". Phytochemistry. 48 (4): 611–617. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(97)01118-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0031-9422%2897%2901118-7","url_text":"10.1016/S0031-9422(97)01118-7"}]},{"reference":"Naveed Iqbal Raja; Asghari Bano; Hamid Rashid; Zubeda Chaudry; Noshin Ilyas (2010). \"Improving Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation Protocol For Integration Of XA21 Gene In Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)\" (PDF). Pak. J. Bot. 42 (5): 3613–3631.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/42(5)/PJB42(5)3613.pdf","url_text":"\"Improving Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation Protocol For Integration Of XA21 Gene In Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)\""}]},{"reference":"Aldrich, J.R.; Blum, M.S.; Duffey, S.S.; Fales, H.M. (1976). \"Male specific natural products in the bug, Leptoglossus phyllopus: Chemistry and possible function\". Journal of Insect Physiology. 22 (9): 1201–1206. doi:10.1016/0022-1910(76)90094-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-1910%2876%2990094-9","url_text":"10.1016/0022-1910(76)90094-9"}]},{"reference":"Aldrich, J. R.; Blum, M. S.; Fales, H. M. (1979). \"Species-specific natural products of adult male leaf-footed bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)\". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 5: 53–62. doi:10.1007/BF00987687. S2CID 34346907.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00987687","url_text":"10.1007/BF00987687"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34346907","url_text":"34346907"}]},{"reference":"Estela Flores-Gómez; Lidia Gómez-Silva; Roberto Ruiz-Medrano; Beatriz Xoconostle-Cázares (2008). \"Role of acetosyringone in the accumulation of a set of RNAs in the arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus Glomus intraradices\". International Microbiology. 11 (4): 275–282. doi:10.2436/20.1501.01.72. PMID 19204900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2436%2F20.1501.01.72","url_text":"10.2436/20.1501.01.72"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19204900","url_text":"19204900"}]},{"reference":"L. W. Crawford; E. O. Eaton; J. M. Pepper (1956). \"An Improved Synthesis of Acetosyringone\". Canadian Journal of Chemistry. 34 (11): 1562–1566. doi:10.1139/v56-204.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fv56-204","url_text":"\"An Improved Synthesis of Acetosyringone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fv56-204","url_text":"10.1139/v56-204"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Charles_Bonaparte

Napoleon II

["1 Biography","1.1 Birth","1.2 Succession rights","1.3 Reign","1.4 Life in Austria","2 Death","2.1 Disposition of his remains","3 Legacy","4 Honours","4.1 Coats of arms","5 See also","6 References","7 Sources","8 External links"]

Disputed Emperor of the French in 1815 Napoleon IIKing of RomeDuke of ReichstadtPortrait by Leopold Bucher, 1832Emperor of the French (more...)(disputed) 1st reign4 – 6 April 1814PredecessorNapoleon ISuccessorNapoleon ILouis XVIII (as King of France)2nd reign22 June – 7 July 1815PredecessorNapoleon ISuccessorNapoleon III (1852, as Emperor)Louis XVIII (as King of France)RegentJoseph FouchéHead of the House of BonaparteTenure22 June 1815 – 22 July 1832PredecessorNapoleon ISuccessorJoseph, Count of SurvilliersBorn(1811-03-20)20 March 1811Tuileries Palace, Paris, French EmpireDied22 July 1832(1832-07-22) (aged 21)Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, Austrian EmpireBurialNapoleon's tomb, Les InvalidesNamesFrench: Napoléon François Charles Joseph BonaparteHouseBonaparteFatherNapoleon I, Emperor of the FrenchMotherMarie Louise, Duchess of ParmaReligionRoman CatholicismSignature Napoleon II (Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte; 20 March 1811 – 22 July 1832) was the disputed Emperor of the French for a few weeks in 1815. He was the son of Emperor Napoleon I and Empress Marie Louise, daughter of Emperor Francis I of Austria. Napoleon II had been Prince Imperial of France and King of Rome since birth. After the fall of his father, he lived the rest of his life in Vienna and was known in the Austrian court as Franz, Duke of Reichstadt for his adult life (from the German version of his second given name, along with a title his grandfather granted him in 1818). He was posthumously given the nickname L'Aiglon ("the Eaglet") after the popular Edmond Rostand play, L'Aiglon. When Napoleon I tried to abdicate on 4 April 1814, he said that his son would rule as emperor. However, the coalition victors refused to acknowledge his son as successor, and Napoleon I was forced to abdicate unconditionally some days later. Although Napoleon II never actually ruled France, he was briefly the titular Emperor of the French after the second fall of his father. He lived most of his life in Vienna and died of tuberculosis at the age of 21. His cousin, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, founded the Second French Empire in 1852 and ruled as Emperor Napoleon III. Biography Empress Marie Louise and her son Napoleon, King of Rome, by François Gérard, 1813 Birth Napoleon ll was born on 20 March 1811, at the Tuileries Palace, the son of Emperor Napoleon I and Empress Marie Louise. On the same day he underwent ondoiement (a traditional French ceremony which is a simple baptism unaccompanied by the usual additional ceremonies) by Joseph Fesch with his full name of Napoleon François Charles Joseph. The baptism, inspired by the baptismal ceremony of Louis, Grand Dauphin of France, was held on 9 June 1811 in Notre Dame de Paris. Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg, Austrian ambassador to France, wrote of the baptism: The baptism ceremony was beautiful and impressive; the scene in which the emperor took the infant from the arms of his noble mother and raised him up twice to reveal him to the public was loudly applauded; in the monarch's manner and face could be seen the great satisfaction that he took from this solemn moment. He was put in the care of Louise Charlotte Françoise de Montesquiou, a descendant of François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, who was named Governess of the Children of France. Affectionate and intelligent, the governess assembled a considerable collection of books intended to give the infant a strong grounding in religion, philosophy, and military matters. Succession rights As the only legitimate son of Napoleon I, he was already constitutionally the Prince Imperial and heir apparent, but the Emperor also gave his son the title of King of Rome. Three years later, the First French Empire collapsed. Napoleon I saw his second wife and their son for the last time on 24 January 1814. On 4 April 1814, he abdicated in favour of his three-year-old son after the Six Days' Campaign and the Battle of Paris. The child became Emperor of the French under the regnal name of Napoleon II. However, on 6 April 1814, Napoleon I fully abdicated and renounced not only his own rights to the French throne, but also those of his descendants. The Treaty of Fontainebleau in 1814 gave the child the right to use the title of Prince of Parma, of Piacenza, and of Guastalla, and his mother was styled the Duchess of Parma, of Piacenza, and of Guastalla. Reign On 29 March 1814, Marie Louise, accompanied by her entourage, left the Tuileries Palace with her son. Their first stop was the Château de Rambouillet; then, fearing the advancing enemy troops, they continued on to the Château de Blois. On 13 April, with her entourage much diminished, Marie Louise and her three-year-old son were back in Rambouillet, where they met her father, Emperor Francis I of Austria, and Emperor Alexander I of Russia. On 23 April, escorted by an Austrian regiment, mother and son left Rambouillet and France forever, for their exile in Austria. In 1815, after his resurgence and his defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon I abdicated for the second time in favour of his four-year-old son, whom he had not seen since his exile to Elba. The day after Napoleon's abdication, a Commission of Government of five members took the rule of France, awaiting the return of the Bourbon King Louis XVIII, who was in Le Cateau-Cambrésis. The Commission held power for two weeks, but never formally summoned Napoleon II as Emperor or appointed a regent. The entrance of the Allies into Paris on 7 July brought a rapid end to his supporters' wishes. Napoleon II was residing in Austria with his mother. The next Bonaparte to ascend the throne of France, in 1852, would be Louis-Napoleon, the son of Napoleon's brother Louis I, King of Holland. He took the regnal name of Napoleon III. Life in Austria This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Napoleon II" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Portrait by Moritz Daffinger From the spring of 1814 onwards, the young Napoleon lived in Austria and was known as "Franz", a German language cognate of his second given name, François. In 1818, he was awarded the title of Duke of Reichstadt by his maternal grandfather, Emperor Francis. He was educated by a staff of military tutors and developed a passion for soldiering, dressing in a miniature uniform like his father's and performing maneuvers in the palace. At the age of 8, it was apparent to his tutors that he had chosen his career. By 1820, Napoleon had completed his elementary studies and begun his military training, learning German, Italian and mathematics as well as receiving advanced physical training. His official army career began at age 12, in 1823, when he was made a cadet in the Austrian Army. Accounts from his tutors describe Napoleon as intelligent, serious, and focused. Additionally, he was very tall, having grown to nearly 6 feet by the time he was 17. In 1822 the Four Sergeants of La Rochelle were put to death for attempting to return Napoleon II to the throne, although it is unclear to what extent they were committed Bonapartists. There is no evidence that Napoleon II endorsed the insurrection. His budding military career gave some concern and fascination to the monarchies of Europe and French leaders over his possible return to France. However, he was allowed to play no political role and instead was used by Austrian Chancellor Klemens von Metternich in bargaining with France to gain advantage for Austria. Fearful of anyone in the Bonaparte family regaining political power, Metternich even rejected a request for Franz to move to a warmer climate in Italy. He received another rejection when his grandfather refused to allow him to join the army traveling to Italy to put down a rebellion. Upon the death of his stepfather, Adam Albert von Neipperg, and the revelation that his mother had borne two illegitimate children to Neipperg prior to their marriage, Franz grew distant from his mother and felt that his Austrian family were holding him back to avoid political controversy. He said to his friend, Anton von Prokesch-Osten, "If Joséphine had been my mother, my father would not have been buried at Saint Helena, and I should not be at Vienna. My mother is kind but weak; she was not the wife my father deserved". Death Deathbed portrait, engraved by Franz Xaver Stöber In 1831, Franz was given command of an Austrian battalion, but he never got the chance to serve in any meaningful capacity. In 1832, he caught pneumonia and was bedridden for several months. His poor health eventually overtook him and on 22 July 1832 Franz died of tuberculosis at Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna. He had no children; thus the Napoleonic claim to the throne of France passed to his uncle Joseph Bonaparte and later to his cousin, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, who later founded and reigned over the Second French Empire, styling himself Napoleon III. Disposition of his remains Tomb of Napoleon II at Les Invalides, Paris On 15 December 1940, Adolf Hitler ordered the remains of Napoleon II to be transferred from Vienna to the dome of Les Invalides in Paris. The remains of Napoleon I had been returned to France in December 1840, at the time of the July Monarchy. In December 1969, the remains of Napoleon II were moved underground to the cella of Napoleon's tomb. While most of his remains were transferred to Paris in 1940, his heart and intestines remained in Vienna, which is traditional for members of the Habsburg family. His heart is in Urn 42 of the Herzgruft ('Heart Crypt'), and his viscera are in Urn 76 of the Ducal Crypt. Legacy In 1900, Edmond Rostand wrote a play, L'Aiglon, about his life. Serbian composer Petar Stojanović composed the operetta Napoleon II: Herzog von Reichstadt, which premiered in Vienna in the 1920s. Victor Tourjansky directed a French-language film titled L'Aiglon in 1931, and he also directed a separate German-language version. Arthur Honegger and Jacques Ibert collaborated on an opera, L'Aiglon, which premiered in 1937. The journalist Henri Rochefort joked that Napoleon II, having never really governed, was France's best leader, since he brought no war, taxes or tyranny. He was noted for his friendship with Sophie, a Bavarian princess of the House of Wittelsbach. Intelligent, ambitious and strong-willed, Sophie had little in common with her husband Franz Karl, the brother of Napoleon II's mother, Empress Marie Louise. There were rumors of a love affair between Sophie and Napoleon II, as well as the possibility that Sophie's second son, Maximilian I of Mexico, born in 1832, was the result issue of the affair. Honours  Austrian Empire: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stephen, 1811 First French Empire: Grand Eagle of the Legion of Honour Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Order of the Iron Crown, 1st Class  Duchy of Parma: Knight Grand Cross of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George Coats of arms King of Rome(1811–14) Emperor of the French (titular ruler) Duke of Reichstadt (1818–32) See also Cradle of the King of Rome Palace of the King of Rome References ^ a b c d "Napoleon II: King of Rome, French Emperor, Prince of Parma, Duke of Reichstadt". The Napoleon Foundation. napoleon.org. March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2012. ^ "Château de Fontainebleau". Musee-chateau-fontainebleau.fr. Archived from the original on 2012-06-18. Retrieved 2012-08-28. ^ G. Lenotre, le Château de Rambouillet, six siècles d'histoire, ch. L'empereur, Éditions Denoël, Paris, 1984 (1930 reedition), pp. 126–133, ISBN 2-207-23023-6. ^ "(N.275.) Arrete par lequel la Commission du Gouvernement se constitue sous la présidence M. le Duc d'Otrante". Bulletin des lois de la République française (in French). 23 June 1815. p. 279. ^ "(N. 1.) Proclamation du Roi". Bulletin des lois de la République française (in French). 25 June 1815. p. 1. ^ "Napoleon II Biography". Archived from the original on 2015-09-18. Retrieved 2014-09-22. ^ Markham, Felix, Napoleon, p. 249 ^ Altman, Gail S. Fatal Links: The Curious Deaths of Beethoven and the Two Napoleons (Paperback). Anubian Press (September 1999). ISBN 1-888071-02-8 ^ Poisson, Georges, (Robert L. Miller, translator), Hitler's Gift to France: The Return of the Ashes of Napoleon II, Enigma Books, ISBN 978-1-929631-67-4 (Synopsis & Review by Maria C. Bagshaw). ^ Poisson, Georges, Le retour des cendres de l'Aiglon, Édition Nouveau Monde, Paris, 2006, ISBN 2847361847 French wags at the time countered Hitler's propaganda by saying "Hitler stole France's coal, but returned to them the ashes." (French) ^ Driskel, Paul (1993). As Befits a Legend. Kent State University Press. p. 168 ISBN 0-87338-484-9 ^ Leo A. Loubere, Nineteenth-Century Europe: The Revolution of Life, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, p. 154. ^ Palmer 1994, p. 3. ^ "A Szent István Rend tagjai". Archived from the original on December 22, 2010. ^ Hassel, Georg (1 January 1830). "Genealogisch-historisch-statistischer Almanach". im Verlag des Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs. – via Google Books. Sources Palmer, Alan (1994). Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 0-87113-665-1. Welschinger, Le roi de Rome, 1811–32, (Paris, 1897) Wertheimer, The Duke of Reichstadt, (London, 1905) External links German description of the arms of the Duke of Reichstadt, circa 1830 Rose, John Holland (1911). "Reichstadt, Napoleon Francis Joseph Charles, Duke of" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). p. 49. Napoleon II House of BonaparteBorn: 20 March 1811 Died: 22 July 1832 Regnal titles Preceded byNapoleon I — DISPUTED —Emperor of the French22 June – 7 July 1815 Bourbon Restoration Titles in pretence Loss of titleBourbon Restoration — TITULAR — Emperor of the French 7 July 1815 – 22 July 1832 Succeeded byJoseph I vtePretenders to the French throne since 1792Monarchy in exile (1792–1815) 1792 Louis XVI 1793 Louis XVII 1795 Louis XVIII 1814 1815 Coat of arms of the House of CapetImperial Eagle of the House of BonaparteLegitimist/Unionist pretenders (1830–present) 1830 Charles X 1836 Louis XIX 1844 Henri V 1883 Philippe VII* 1894 Philippe VIII 1926 Jean III 1940 Henri VI 1999 Henri VII 2019 Jean IV present Blancs d'Espagne succession (1883–present) 1883 Jean III 1887 Charles XI 1909 Jacques I 1931 Charles XII 1936 Alphonse I 1941 Jacques II 1975 Alphonse II 1989 Louis XX present Bonapartist pretenders (1814–present) 1814 1815 Napoléon I 1821 Napoléon II 1832 Joseph 1844 Louis 1846 Napoléon III (Emperor 1852–1870) 1873 Napoléon IV 1879 Napoléon V Jérôme / 1891 Napoléon V Victor / Louis 1926 Napoléon VI 1997 Napoléon VII Charles / Napoléon VII Jean-Christophe present (disputed) *Orléanist pretender from 1848-1873 as Louis Philippe II vteImperial House of France of the First French EmpireEmperor and immediate family Napoleon, Emperor of the French Joséphine, Empress of the French Marie Louise, Empress of the French Napoleon, King of Rome French Princes Joseph Bonaparte Louis Bonaparte Joachim Murat Eugène de Beauharnais Elisa Bonaparte Jérôme Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Lucien Bonaparte Several family members held additional titles in vassal states vteBonaparte family1st generation Joseph I of Spain Napoléon I Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano Elisa, Grand Duchess of Tuscany Louis I of Holland Pauline, Princess of Guastalla Caroline, Queen of Naples Jérôme I of Westfalia 2nd generation Zénaïde, Princess of Canino and Musignano Princess Charlotte Napoléon II Charlotte, Princess Mario Gabrielli Charles Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano Prince Louis Lucien Prince Pierre Napoléon Napoléon Charles, Prince Royal of Holland Louis II of Holland Napoléon III Dermide Leclerc Prince Jérôme Napoléon Prince Jérôme Mathilde, Princess of San Donato Napoléon, Prince of Monfort 3rd generation Joseph Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano Augusta, Princess Placido Gabrielli Napoléon Charles, Prince of Canino and Musignano Roland, Prince of Canino and Musignano Jeanne, Marchioness of Villeneuve-Escaplon Napoléon, Prince Imperial of France Prince Jerome Napoleon II Prince Charles Victor, Prince Napoléon Prince Louis Bonaparte Princess Marie Letizia, Duchess of Aosta William Bonaparte-Wyse Marie Bonaparte-Wyse Lucien Bonaparte-Wyse 4th generation Princess Mary, Mrs. Enrico Gotti Eugénie, Princess of La Moskowa Marie, Princess George of Greece and Denmark Marie Clotilde, Countess Serge de Witt Louis, Prince Napoléon Andrew Bonaparte-Wyse Eugenia Rasponi 5th generation Charles, Prince Napoléon 6th generation Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon vteMonarchs of France Detailed family tree Simplified family tree List of Frankish kings List of French monarchs Merovingians (509–751) Clovis I Childebert I Chlothar I Charibert I Guntram Chilperic I Sigebert I Childebert II Chlothar II Dagobert I Sigebert II Clovis II Chlothar III Childeric II Theuderic III Clovis IV Childebert III Dagobert III Chilperic II Chlothar IV Theuderic IV Childeric III Carolingians,Robertians and Bosonids (751–987) Pepin the Short Carloman I Charlemagne (Charles I) Louis I Charles II Louis II Louis III Carloman II Charles the Fat OdoR Charles III Robert IR RudolphB Louis IV Lothair Louis V House of Capet (987–1328) Hugh Capet Robert II Henry I Philip I Louis VI Louis VII Philip II Louis VIII Louis IX Philip III Philip IV Louis X John I Philip V Charles IV House of Valois (1328–1589) Philip VI John II Charles V Charles VI Charles VII Louis XI Charles VIII Louis XII Francis I Henry II Francis II Charles IX Henry III House of Lancaster (1422–1453) Henry VI of England House of Bourbon (1589–1792) Henry IV Louis XIII Louis XIV Louis XV Louis XVI Louis XVII House of Bonaparte (1804–1814; 1815) Napoleon I Napoleon II House of Bourbon (1814–1815; 1815–1830) Louis XVIII Charles X Louis XIX Henry V House of Orléans (1830–1848) Louis Philippe I Louis Philippe II House of Bonaparte (1852–1870) Napoleon III Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics. Napoleon II at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from CommonsTexts from Wikisource Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Chile Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Czech Republic Greece Netherlands Poland Vatican Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Other RISM SNAC IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emperor of the French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_the_French"},{"link_name":"Napoleon I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I"},{"link_name":"Marie Louise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Francis I of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Prince Imperial of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Imperial_of_France"},{"link_name":"King of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heirs_to_the_French_throne"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Edmond Rostand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Rostand"},{"link_name":"L'Aiglon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Aiglon"},{"link_name":"abdicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdicate"},{"link_name":"coalition victors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition"},{"link_name":"titular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_ruler"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"Second French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"}],"text":"Napoleon II (Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte; 20 March 1811 – 22 July 1832) was the disputed Emperor of the French for a few weeks in 1815. He was the son of Emperor Napoleon I and Empress Marie Louise, daughter of Emperor Francis I of Austria. Napoleon II had been Prince Imperial of France and King of Rome since birth. After the fall of his father, he lived the rest of his life in Vienna and was known in the Austrian court as Franz, Duke of Reichstadt for his adult life (from the German version of his second given name, along with a title his grandfather granted him in 1818). He was posthumously given the nickname L'Aiglon (\"the Eaglet\") after the popular Edmond Rostand play, L'Aiglon.When Napoleon I tried to abdicate on 4 April 1814, he said that his son would rule as emperor. However, the coalition victors refused to acknowledge his son as successor, and Napoleon I was forced to abdicate unconditionally some days later. Although Napoleon II never actually ruled France, he was briefly the titular Emperor of the French after the second fall of his father. He lived most of his life in Vienna and died of tuberculosis at the age of 21.His cousin, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, founded the Second French Empire in 1852 and ruled as Emperor Napoleon III.","title":"Napoleon II"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Pascal_Simon_G%C3%A9rard_004b.jpg"},{"link_name":"Empress Marie Louise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"François Gérard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard"}],"text":"Empress Marie Louise and her son Napoleon, King of Rome, by François Gérard, 1813","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tuileries Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuileries_Palace"},{"link_name":"Napoleon I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I"},{"link_name":"Marie Louise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Joseph Fesch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fesch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-napoleon-1"},{"link_name":"Louis, Grand Dauphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Dauphin"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-napoleon-1"},{"link_name":"Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-napoleon-1"},{"link_name":"Louise Charlotte Françoise de Montesquiou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Charlotte_Fran%C3%A7oise_de_Montesquiou"},{"link_name":"François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Michel_le_Tellier,_Marquis_de_Louvois"},{"link_name":"Governess of the Children of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governess_of_the_Children_of_France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-napoleon-1"}],"sub_title":"Birth","text":"Napoleon ll was born on 20 March 1811, at the Tuileries Palace, the son of Emperor Napoleon I and Empress Marie Louise. On the same day he underwent ondoiement (a traditional French ceremony which is a simple baptism unaccompanied by the usual additional ceremonies) by Joseph Fesch with his full name of Napoleon François Charles Joseph.[1]\nThe baptism, inspired by the baptismal ceremony of Louis, Grand Dauphin of France, was held on 9 June 1811 in Notre Dame de Paris.[1] Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg, Austrian ambassador to France, wrote of the baptism:The baptism ceremony was beautiful and impressive; the scene in which the emperor took the infant from the arms of his noble mother and raised him up twice to reveal him to the public [thus breaking from long tradition, as he did when he crowned himself at his coronation] was loudly applauded; in the monarch's manner and face could be seen the great satisfaction that he took from this solemn moment.[1]He was put in the care of Louise Charlotte Françoise de Montesquiou, a descendant of François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, who was named Governess of the Children of France. Affectionate and intelligent, the governess assembled a considerable collection of books intended to give the infant a strong grounding in religion, philosophy, and military matters.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"},{"link_name":"King of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Romans#First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"First French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Six Days' Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Days%27_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Battle of Paris.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)"},{"link_name":"Emperor of the French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_the_French"},{"link_name":"regnal name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnal_name"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Fontainebleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Parma, of Piacenza, and of Guastalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma"}],"sub_title":"Succession rights","text":"As the only legitimate son of Napoleon I, he was already constitutionally the Prince Imperial and heir apparent, but the Emperor also gave his son the title of King of Rome. Three years later, the First French Empire collapsed. Napoleon I saw his second wife and their son for the last time on 24 January 1814.[2] On 4 April 1814, he abdicated in favour of his three-year-old son after the Six Days' Campaign and the Battle of Paris. The child became Emperor of the French under the regnal name of Napoleon II. However, on 6 April 1814, Napoleon I fully abdicated and renounced not only his own rights to the French throne, but also those of his descendants. The Treaty of Fontainebleau in 1814 gave the child the right to use the title of Prince of Parma, of Piacenza, and of Guastalla, and his mother was styled the Duchess of Parma, of Piacenza, and of Guastalla.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tuileries Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuileries_Palace"},{"link_name":"Château de Rambouillet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Rambouillet"},{"link_name":"Château de Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Blois"},{"link_name":"Francis I of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Alexander I of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"resurgence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days"},{"link_name":"Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"Napoleon I abdicated for the second time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdication_of_Napoleon,_1815"},{"link_name":"Elba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elba"},{"link_name":"Commission of Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Provisional_Government_of_1815"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Louis XVIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIII"},{"link_name":"Le Cateau-Cambrésis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Cateau-Cambr%C3%A9sis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Louis I, King of Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"regnal name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnal_name"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"}],"sub_title":"Reign","text":"On 29 March 1814, Marie Louise, accompanied by her entourage, left the Tuileries Palace with her son. Their first stop was the Château de Rambouillet; then, fearing the advancing enemy troops, they continued on to the Château de Blois. On 13 April, with her entourage much diminished, Marie Louise and her three-year-old son were back in Rambouillet, where they met her father, Emperor Francis I of Austria, and Emperor Alexander I of Russia. On 23 April, escorted by an Austrian regiment, mother and son left Rambouillet and France forever, for their exile in Austria.[3]In 1815, after his resurgence and his defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon I abdicated for the second time in favour of his four-year-old son, whom he had not seen since his exile to Elba. The day after Napoleon's abdication, a Commission of Government of five members took the rule of France,[4] awaiting the return of the Bourbon King Louis XVIII, who was in Le Cateau-Cambrésis.[5] The Commission held power for two weeks, but never formally summoned Napoleon II as Emperor or appointed a regent. The entrance of the Allies into Paris on 7 July brought a rapid end to his supporters' wishes. Napoleon II was residing in Austria with his mother.The next Bonaparte to ascend the throne of France, in 1852, would be Louis-Napoleon, the son of Napoleon's brother Louis I, King of Holland. He took the regnal name of Napoleon III.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nap-receis_50.jpg"},{"link_name":"Moritz Daffinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_Daffinger"},{"link_name":"cognate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate"},{"link_name":"Duke of Reichstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1kupy#Duke_of_Reichstadt"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Austrian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Austrian_Army_(1806%E2%80%931867)"},{"link_name":"Four Sergeants of La Rochelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Sergeants_of_La_Rochelle"},{"link_name":"Bonapartists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonapartists"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Chancellor_of_the_Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Klemens von Metternich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Adam Albert von Neipperg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Albert_von_Neipperg"},{"link_name":"Anton von Prokesch-Osten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_von_Prokesch-Osten"},{"link_name":"Joséphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais"},{"link_name":"Saint Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Life in Austria","text":"Portrait by Moritz DaffingerFrom the spring of 1814 onwards, the young Napoleon lived in Austria and was known as \"Franz\", a German language cognate of his second given name, François. In 1818, he was awarded the title of Duke of Reichstadt by his maternal grandfather, Emperor Francis. He was educated by a staff of military tutors and developed a passion for soldiering, dressing in a miniature uniform like his father's and performing maneuvers in the palace. At the age of 8, it was apparent to his tutors that he had chosen his career.By 1820, Napoleon had completed his elementary studies and begun his military training, learning German, Italian and mathematics as well as receiving advanced physical training. His official army career began at age 12, in 1823, when he was made a cadet in the Austrian Army. Accounts from his tutors describe Napoleon as intelligent, serious, and focused. Additionally, he was very tall, having grown to nearly 6 feet by the time he was 17.In 1822 the Four Sergeants of La Rochelle were put to death for attempting to return Napoleon II to the throne, although it is unclear to what extent they were committed Bonapartists. There is no evidence that Napoleon II endorsed the insurrection.His budding military career gave some concern and fascination to the monarchies of Europe and French leaders over his possible return to France. However, he was allowed to play no political role and instead was used by Austrian Chancellor Klemens von Metternich in bargaining with France to gain advantage for Austria. Fearful of anyone in the Bonaparte family regaining political power, Metternich even rejected a request for Franz to move to a warmer climate in Italy. He received another rejection when his grandfather refused to allow him to join the army traveling to Italy to put down a rebellion.[6]Upon the death of his stepfather, Adam Albert von Neipperg, and the revelation that his mother had borne two illegitimate children to Neipperg prior to their marriage, Franz grew distant from his mother and felt that his Austrian family were holding him back to avoid political controversy. He said to his friend, Anton von Prokesch-Osten, \"If Joséphine had been my mother, my father would not have been buried at Saint Helena, and I should not be at Vienna. My mother is kind but weak; she was not the wife my father deserved\".[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herzog_von_Reichstadt_auf_dem_Totenbett.jpg"},{"link_name":"Franz Xaver Stöber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Xaver_St%C3%B6ber"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"Schönbrunn Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_Palace"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Joseph Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"Second French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire"}],"text":"Deathbed portrait, engraved by Franz Xaver StöberIn 1831, Franz was given command of an Austrian battalion, but he never got the chance to serve in any meaningful capacity. In 1832, he caught pneumonia and was bedridden for several months. His poor health eventually overtook him and on 22 July 1832 Franz died of tuberculosis at Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna.[8] He had no children; thus the Napoleonic claim to the throne of France passed to his uncle Joseph Bonaparte and later to his cousin, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, who later founded and reigned over the Second French Empire, styling himself Napoleon III.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Napoleon_II_of_France_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Les Invalides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Invalides"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Les Invalides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Invalides"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"returned to France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retour_des_cendres"},{"link_name":"July Monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"cella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cella"},{"link_name":"Napoleon's tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon%27s_tomb"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Herzgruft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzgruft"},{"link_name":"Ducal Crypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducal_Crypt,_Vienna"}],"sub_title":"Disposition of his remains","text":"Tomb of Napoleon II at Les Invalides, ParisOn 15 December 1940, Adolf Hitler ordered the remains of Napoleon II to be transferred from Vienna to the dome of Les Invalides in Paris.[9][10] The remains of Napoleon I had been returned to France in December 1840, at the time of the July Monarchy.[11] In December 1969, the remains of Napoleon II were moved underground to the cella of Napoleon's tomb.While most of his remains were transferred to Paris in 1940, his heart and intestines remained in Vienna, which is traditional for members of the Habsburg family. His heart is in Urn 42 of the Herzgruft ('Heart Crypt'), and his viscera are in Urn 76 of the Ducal Crypt.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edmond Rostand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Rostand"},{"link_name":"L'Aiglon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Aiglon"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Petar Stojanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Stojanovi%C4%87_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Napoleon II: Herzog von Reichstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Napoleon_II:_Herzog_von_Reichstadt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Victor Tourjansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Tourjansky"},{"link_name":"L'Aiglon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eaglet_(1931_film)"},{"link_name":"German-language version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Duke_of_Reichstadt_(1931_film)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Honegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Honegger"},{"link_name":"Jacques Ibert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Ibert"},{"link_name":"collaborated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music_written_in_collaboration"},{"link_name":"L'Aiglon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Aiglon_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Henri Rochefort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Rochefort"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sophie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Sophie_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"House of Wittelsbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer19943-13"},{"link_name":"Franz Karl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Karl_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Maximilian I of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico"}],"text":"In 1900, Edmond Rostand wrote a play, L'Aiglon, about his life.\nSerbian composer Petar Stojanović composed the operetta Napoleon II: Herzog von Reichstadt, which premiered in Vienna in the 1920s.\nVictor Tourjansky directed a French-language film titled L'Aiglon in 1931, and he also directed a separate German-language version.\nArthur Honegger and Jacques Ibert collaborated on an opera, L'Aiglon, which premiered in 1937.\nThe journalist Henri Rochefort joked that Napoleon II, having never really governed, was France's best leader, since he brought no war, taxes or tyranny.[12]He was noted for his friendship with Sophie, a Bavarian princess of the House of Wittelsbach.[13] Intelligent, ambitious and strong-willed, Sophie had little in common with her husband Franz Karl, the brother of Napoleon II's mother, Empress Marie Louise. There were rumors of a love affair between Sophie and Napoleon II, as well as the possibility that Sophie's second son, Maximilian I of Mexico, born in 1832, was the result issue of the affair.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Cross"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"First French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Order of the Iron Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Iron_Crown"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Military_Constantinian_Order_of_Saint_George"}],"text":"Austrian Empire: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stephen, 1811[14]\n First French Empire: Grand Eagle of the Legion of Honour\n Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Order of the Iron Crown, 1st Class\n Duchy of Parma: Knight Grand Cross of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blason_Roi_de_Rome.svg"},{"link_name":"King of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Romans#First_French_Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grandes_Armes_Imp%C3%A9riales_(1804-1815)2.svg"},{"link_name":"Emperor of the French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_the_French"},{"link_name":"titular ruler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_ruler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Reichstadt_(Variant_2).svg"},{"link_name":"Duke of Reichstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1kupy#Duke_of_Reichstadt"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Coats of arms","text":"King of Rome(1811–14)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmperor of the French (titular ruler)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDuke of Reichstadt[15] (1818–32)","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87113-665-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87113-665-1"}],"text":"Palmer, Alan (1994). Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 0-87113-665-1.\nWelschinger, Le roi de Rome, 1811–32, (Paris, 1897)\nWertheimer, The Duke of Reichstadt, (London, 1905)","title":"Sources"}]

[{"image_text":"Empress Marie Louise and her son Napoleon, King of Rome, by François Gérard, 1813","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pascal_Simon_G%C3%A9rard_004b.jpg/170px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Pascal_Simon_G%C3%A9rard_004b.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait by Moritz Daffinger","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Nap-receis_50.jpg/200px-Nap-receis_50.jpg"},{"image_text":"Deathbed portrait, engraved by Franz Xaver Stöber","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Herzog_von_Reichstadt_auf_dem_Totenbett.jpg/220px-Herzog_von_Reichstadt_auf_dem_Totenbett.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tomb of Napoleon II at Les Invalides, Paris","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Tomb_of_Napoleon_II_of_France_2.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Napoleon_II_of_France_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms of the House of Capet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Imperial Eagle of the House of Bonaparte","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"Cradle of the King of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Claude_Odiot#Cradle_of_the_King_of_Rome"},{"title":"Palace of the King of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_the_King_of_Rome"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauricine

Dauricine

["1 References"]

Dauricine Names Preferred IUPAC name (11R,71R)-16,17,76,77-Tetramethoxy-12,72-dimethyl-11,12,13,14,71,72,73,74-octahydro-4-oxa-1,7(1)-diisoquinolina-3(1,3),5(1,4)-dibenzenaheptaphan-34-ol Identifiers CAS Number 524-17-4 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI:4331 ChEMBL ChEMBL442717 ChemSpider 66117 ECHA InfoCard 100.208.622 PubChem CID 73400 UNII 8QTO90G5W5 Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID90966808 InChI InChI=1/C38H44N2O6/c1-39-15-13-26-20-35(42-3)37(44-5)22-29(26)31(39)17-24-7-10-28(11-8-24)46-34-19-25(9-12-33(34)41)18-32-30-23-38(45-6)36(43-4)21-27(30)14-16-40(32)2/h7-12,19-23,31-32,41H,13-18H2,1-6H3/t31-,32-/m1/s1Key: AQASRZOCERRGBL-ROJLCIKYBP SMILES O(c1cc2c(cc1OC)(N(C)CC2)Cc6ccc(Oc3c(O)ccc(c3)C5c4c(cc(OC)c(OC)c4)CCN5C)cc6)C Properties Chemical formula C38H44N2O6 Molar mass 624.778 g·mol−1 Density 1.186 g/mL Melting point 115 °C Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Infobox references Chemical compound Dauricine is a plant metabolite, chemically classified as a phenol, an aromatic ether, and an isoquinoline alkaloid. It has been isolated from the Asian vine Menispermum dauricum, commonly known as Asian moonseed, and the North American vine Menispermum canadense, commonly known as Canadian moonseed. Scientists Tetsuji Kametani and Keiichiro Fukumoto of Japan are credited with being the first to synthesize dauricine in 1964, using both the Arndt-Eistert reaction and Bischler-Napieralski reaction to do so. Dauricine has been studied in vitro for its potential to inhibit cancer cell growth and to block cardiac transmembrane Na+, K+, and Ca2+ ion currents. References ^ "CHEBI:4331 - dauricine". ChEBI. Retrieved 30 May 2015. ^ Kametani, Tetsuji; Fukumoto, Keiichiro (1964). "Total synthesis of (±)-dauricine". Tetrahedron Letters. 5 (38): 2771–2775. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)71728-X. ^ Manske, R.H.F. (1967). The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Physiology V9. New York: Academic Press. p. 141. ISBN 9780080865331. Retrieved 30 May 2015. ^ Yang, Zhengfeng; Li, Chenghai; Wang, Xiu; Zhai, Chunyan; Yi, Zhengfang; Wang, Lei; Liu, Bisheng; Du, Bing; Wu, Huihui; Guo, Xizhi; Liu, Mingyao; Li, Dali; Luo, Jian (2010). "Dauricine induces apoptosis, inhibits proliferation and invasion through inhibiting NF-kappaB signaling pathway in colon cancer cells". J. Cell. Physiol. 225 (1): 266–75. doi:10.1002/jcp.22261. PMID 20509140. S2CID 5501319. ^ Jin, Hua; Dai, Jieyu; Chen, Xiaoyan; Liu, Jia; Zhong, Dafang; Gu, Yansong; Zheng, Jiang (2009). "Pulmonary Toxicity and Metabolic Activation of Dauricine in CD-1 Mice". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 332 (3): 738–46. doi:10.1124/jpet.109.162297. PMID 20008063. S2CID 21824941. ^ Tang, Xu-dong; Zhou, Xin; Zhou, Ke-yuan (2009). "Dauricine inhibits insulin-like growth factor-I-induced hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha protein accumulation and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human breast cancer cells". Acta Pharmacol Sin. 30 (5): 605–16. doi:10.1038/aps.2009.8. PMC 4002832. PMID 19349962. ^ Wang, Jun; Li, Yuan; Zu, Xiong-Bing; Chen, Min-Feng; Qi, Li (2012). "Dauricine can inhibit the activity of proliferation of urinary tract tumor cells". Asian Pac J Trop Med. 5 (12): 973–76. doi:10.1016/S1995-7645(12)60185-0. PMID 23199717. ^ Qian, JQ (2002). "Cardiovascular pharmacological effects of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid derivatives". Acta Pharmacol Sin. 23 (12): 1086–92. PMID 12466045. vteIon channel modulatorsCalciumVDCCsTooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channelsBlockers L-type-selective: Dihydropyridines: Amlodipine Aranidipine Azelnidipine Barnidipine Clevidipine Cronidipine Darodipine Dexniguldipine Elgodipine Elnadipine Felodipine Flordipine Furnidipine Iganidipine Isradipine Lacidipine Lemildipine Lercanidipine Levamlodipine Levniguldipine Manidipine Mepirodipine Mesudipine Nicardipine Nifedipine Niguldipine Niludipine Nilvadipine Nimodipine Nisoldipine Nitrendipine Olradipine Oxodipine Palonidipine Pranidipine Ryodipine (riodipine) Sagandipine Sornidipine Teludipine Tiamdipine Trombodipine Vatanidipine; Diltiazem derivatives: Clentiazem Diltiazem Iprotiazem Nictiazem Siratiazem; Phenylalkylamines: Anipamil Dagapamil Devapamil Dexverapamil Emopamil Etripamil Falipamil Gallopamil Levemopamil Nexopamil Norverapamil Ronipamil Tiapamil Verapamil; Others: AH-1058 Brinazarone Budiodarone Celivarone Cyproheptadine Dronedarone Fantofarone SR-33805 Tetrahydropalmatine N-type-selective: ω-Conotoxins ω-Conotoxin GVIA Caroverine Huwentoxin XVI Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID) PD-173212 Ralfinamide Safinamide Z160 Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA) P-type-selective: ω-Agatoxin IVA ω-Agatoxin IVB R-type-selective: SNX-482 T-type-selective: ABT-639 ML-218 Niflumic acid NNC 55-0396 ProTx I Z944 Zonisamide Non-selective: ω-Agatoxin TK ω-Conotoxin MVIIC Benidipine Bepridil Cilnidipine Cinnarizine Dotarizine Efonidipine Flunarizine Lamotrigine Levetiracetam Lomerizine Loperamide Mibefradil NP078585 Ruthenium red TROX-1 α2δ subunit-selective (gabapentinoids): 4-Methylpregabalin Arbaclofen Arbaclofen placarbil Atagabalin Baclofen Gabapentin Gabapentin enacarbil Imagabalin Mirogabalin PD-200,347 PD-217,014 PD-299,685 Phenibut Pregabalin Others/unsorted: Bencyclane Berbamine Bevantolol Canadine Carboxyamidotriazole Cycleanine Dauricine Dimeditiapramine Diproteverine Enpiperate Eperisone Elpetrigine Ethadione Ethanol (alcohol) Ethosuximide Fasudil Fendiline Fostedil Imepitoin JTV-519 Lidoflazine Magnesium Manoalide Mesuximide Monatepil Naftopidil Ochratoxin A Osthol Otilonium bromide Paramethadione Phensuximide Pinaverium bromide Prenylamine Rhynchophylline Sesamodil Silperisone Sipatrigine Terodiline Tetrandrine Tolperisone Trimethadione Valperinol Activators L-type-selective: Bay K8644 PotassiumVGKCsTooltip Voltage-gated potassium channelsBlockers 3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine) 4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine) Adekalant Almokalant Amiodarone Azimilide Bretylium Bunaftine Charybdotoxin Clamikalant Conotoxins Dalazatide Dendrotoxin Dofetilide Dronedarone E-4031 Hanatoxin HgeTx1 HsTx1 Ibutilide Inakalant Kaliotoxin Linopirdine Lolitrem B Maurotoxin Nifekalant Notoxin Paxilline Pinokalant Quinidine ShK-186 Sotalol Tedisamil Terikalant Tetraethylammonium Vernakalant hERG (KCNH2, Kv11.1)-specific: Ajmaline Amiodarone AmmTX3 Astemizole Azaspiracid AZD1305 Azimilide Bedaquiline BeKm-1 BmTx3 BRL-32872 Chlorpromazine Cisapride Clarithromycin Darifenacin Dextropropoxyphene Diallyl trisulfide Domperidone E-4031 Ergtoxins Erythromycin Gigactonine Haloperidol Ketoconazole Norpropoxyphene Orphenadrine Pimozide PNU-282,987 Promethazine Quinidine Ranolazine Roxithromycin Sertindole Solifenacin Tamulotoxin Terodiline Terfenadine Thioridazine Tolterodine Vanoxerine Vernakalant KCNQ (Kv7)-specific: Linopirdine XE-991 Spooky toxin (SsTx) Activators KCNQ (Kv7)-specific: Flupirtine Retigabine IRKsTooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channelBlockers KATPTooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel-specific: Acetohexamide Carbutamide Chlorpropamide Glibenclamide (glyburide) Glibornuride Glicaramide Gliclazide Glimepiride Glipizide Gliquidone Glisoxepide Glyclopyramide Glycyclamide Metahexamide Mitiglinide Nateglinide Repaglinide Tolazamide Tolbutamide GIRKTooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel-specific: Barium Caramiphen Cloperastine Clozapine Dextromethorphan Ethosuximide Ifenprodil Tertiapin Tipepidine Activators KATPTooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel-specific: Aprikalim Bimakalim Cromakalim Diazoxide Emakalim Levcromakalim Mazokalim Minoxidil Minoxidil sulfate Naminidil Nicorandil Pinacidil Rilmakalim Sarakalim GIRKTooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel-specific: ML-297 (VU0456810) KCaTooltip Calcium-activated potassium channelBlockers BKCa-specific: Ethanol (alcohol) GAL-021 Activators BKCa-specific: Flufenamic acid Meclofenamic acid Niflumic acid Nimesulide Rottlerin (mallotoxin) Tolfenamic acid K2PsTooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channelBlockers 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate Arachidonic acid Fluoxetine Norfluoxetine Activators Riluzole SodiumVGSCsTooltip Voltage-gated sodium channelsBlockers Antianginals: Ranolazine Antiarrhythmics (class I): Ajmaline Aprindine Disopyramide Dronedarone Encainide Flecainide Lidocaine Lorajmine Lorcainide Mexiletine Moricizine Pilsicainide Prajmaline Procainamide Propafenone Quinidine Sparteine Tocainide Anticonvulsants: Acetylpheneturide Carbamazepine Cenobamate Chlorphenacemide Elpetrigine Eslicarbazepine acetate Ethotoin Fosphenytoin Lamotrigine Lacosamide Licarbazepine Mephenytoin Oxcarbazepine Oxitriptyline Phenacemide Pheneturide Phenytoin Rufinamide Sipatrigine Topiramate Sodium valproate Valnoctamide Valproate pivoxil Valproate semisodium Valproic acid Valpromide Zonisamide Local anesthetics: pFBT Amylocaine Articaine Benzocaine Bupivacaine (Levobupivacaine, Ropivacaine) Butacaine Butamben Chloroprocaine Cinchocaine Cocaine Cyclomethycaine Dimethocaine Diphenhydramine Etidocaine Hexylcaine Iontocaine Lidocaine Mepivacaine Meprylcaine Metabutoxycaine Orthocaine Piperocaine Prilocaine Procaine Propoxycaine Proxymetacaine Risocaine Tetracaine Trimecaine Analgesics: AZD-3161 DSP-2230 Funapide GDC-0276 NKTR-171 PF-04531083 PF-05089771 Ralfinamide Raxatrigine RG7893 (GDC-0287) Toxins: Conotoxins Neosaxitoxin Saxitoxin Tetrodotoxin Zetekitoxin AB Others: Buprenorphine Evenamide Menthol (mint) Safinamide Tricyclic antidepressants Activators Aconitine Atracotoxins (ω-Atracotoxin, Robustoxin, Versutoxin) Batrachotoxin Ciguatoxins Grayanotoxins Poneratoxin ENaCTooltip Epithelial sodium channelBlockers Amiloride Benzamil Triamterene Activators Solnatide ASICsTooltip Acid-sensing ion channelBlockers A-317567 Amiloride Aspirin Ibuprofen PcTX1 ChlorideCaCCsTooltip Calcium-activated chloride channelBlockers Crofelemer DIDS Ethacrynic acid Flufenamic acid Fluoxetine Furosemide Glibenclamide Mefloquine Mibefradil Niflumic acid Activators Carbachol CFTRTooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorBlockers Glibenclamide Lonidamine Piretanide Activators 1,7-Phenanthroline 1,10-Phenanthroline 4,7-Phenanthroline 7,8-Benzoquinoline Ivacaftor Phenanthridine UnsortedBlockers Bumetanide Flufenamic acid Meclofenamic acid Mefenamic acid Mepacrine Niflumic acid Talniflumate Tolfenamic acid Trifluoperazine OthersTRPsTooltip Transient receptor potential channels See here instead. LGICsTooltip Ligand gated ion channels See here instead. See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Transient receptor potential channel modulators

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metabolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite"},{"link_name":"phenol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol"},{"link_name":"ether","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ether"},{"link_name":"alkaloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Menispermum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menispermum"},{"link_name":"Menispermum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menispermum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Arndt-Eistert reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arndt-Eistert_reaction"},{"link_name":"Bischler-Napieralski reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bischler-Napieralski_reaction"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"in vitro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Chemical compoundDauricine is a plant metabolite, chemically classified as a phenol, an aromatic ether, and an isoquinoline alkaloid.[1] It has been isolated from the Asian vine Menispermum dauricum, commonly known as Asian moonseed, and the North American vine Menispermum canadense, commonly known as Canadian moonseed.[2] Scientists Tetsuji Kametani and Keiichiro Fukumoto of Japan are credited with being the first to synthesize dauricine in 1964, using both the Arndt-Eistert reaction and Bischler-Napieralski reaction to do so.[3] Dauricine has been studied in vitro for its potential to inhibit cancer cell growth[4][5][6][7] and to block cardiac transmembrane Na+, K+, and Ca2+ ion currents.[8]","title":"Dauricine"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaphod_Beeblebrox

Zaphod Beeblebrox

["1 Appearance","2 Achievements","3 As a character","4 In non-print media","5 Pan-Galactic Gargle Blaster","6 Cultural references","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]

Fictional character in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy This article is about the fictional character. For the defunct Ottawa nightclub, see Zaphod Beeblebrox (nightclub). Fictional character Zaphod BeeblebroxMark Wing-Davey as Zaphod Beeblebrox, from the TV adaptation.First appearanceFit the Second (radio)Created byDouglas AdamsPortrayed byMark Wing-Davey (all except film)Sam Rockwell (film)In-universe informationSpeciesBetelgeusianGenderMaleTitlePresident Zaphod Beeblebrox IZaphod Beeblebrox the Nothingth (as addressed by great-grandfather)OccupationEx-Galactic President; confidence trickster; etcRelativesFord Prefect (semi-half cousin)Zaphod Beeblebrox II (father)Zaphod Beeblebrox III (grandfather)Zaphod Beeblebrox IV (great-grandfather) Mrs Alice Beeblebrox (favourite mother) Zaphod Beeblebrox (/ˈzeɪfɒd ˈbiːbəlbrɒks/) is a fictional character in the various versions of the comic science fiction series The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams. He is from a planet in the vicinity of Betelgeuse, and is a "semi-half-cousin" of Ford Prefect, with whom he "shares three of the same mothers". Because of "an accident with a contraceptive and a time machine", his father, grandfather, and great-grandfather are actually his direct descendants (see Zaphod Beeblebrox the Fourth). Appearance This character is described across all versions as having two heads and three arms, though explanations of how he came to receive the extra appendages differs between versions. The original radio version never explained the second head, but did explain that Zaphod "grew" the third arm in the six months between meeting the character of Trillian on Earth, and the start of the series. The third radio series implies that he had a third arm when growing up – the fifth has him offer to Trillian that "I'd grow my third arm back for you, baby", when they first meet. In the novel, he said the third arm was "recently ... fitted just beneath his right one to help improve his ski-boxing." According to the original Hitchhiker's radio series script book, an ad libbed comment by Mark Wing-Davey in the eighth radio episode ("Put it there, and there, and there, and there! Whoa!") would suggest that Zaphod had grown a fourth arm. In the television series, Ford Prefect simply remarks to Zaphod that "the extra arm suits you." Eoin Colfer wrote and published an official 6th book for the Hitchhiker's series, in which it is implied Zaphod's third arm may have originally been grown so that he would have one hand for each of Eccentrica Galumbits's breasts. In Infocom's text adventure game version of the story, Zaphod blends in on Earth by hiding his second head in a covered bird cage (an alternate Trillian also refers to this in Mostly Harmless). In the novel The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, the ghost of Zaphod's great-grandfather also has two heads. This and other information presented in the narrative prose seem to indicate that having two heads is a common – possibly even universal – trait of Zaphod's species. For the 2005 film, it is hinted that Zaphod "created" the second head himself when shutting off the parts of his mind that contain portions of his personality that "are not presidential", but he wanted to keep these traits, so he hid his second head under his neck and wears a large collar or scarf to keep it hidden. As such, the film is also the only version that explains the second head. In this filmed version, the second head appears underneath the first, roughly between his chin and the top of his chest, popping up when the first head is flipped backwards. The third arm is hidden underneath Zaphod's clothing, appears to be controlled by the second head, and only appears a few times, such as for tormenting Arthur Dent, piloting the spaceship Heart of Gold, or preparing a Pan-Galactic Gargle Blaster. The second head was sawed off by Humma Kavula during the film. In And Another Thing..., Colfer's addition to the book series, a photo is mentioned which shows Zaphod with the second head replaced by that of a woman. It is implied that Zaphod may have surgically attached this woman's head to himself, before realising he liked the idea of a second head better than he liked her, and swapping her for a reproduction of his original head. And Another Thing... is also the only book in the series in which Zaphod has only one head. His left head is said to have been removed so that 'Left Brain' (or 'LB') can function as the new computer of the Heart of Gold. Zaphod wears unique clothing that contains a mixture of bright and contrasting colours to make him stand out and be the centre of attention wherever he goes. In the television series, he wears the same outfit throughout each of the episodes, but in the film his clothes, their style and their colour scheme change several times. Achievements Zaphod invented the Pan Galactic Gargle Blaster. He was voted "Worst Dressed Sentient Being in the Known Universe" seven consecutive times. He's been described as "the best Bang since the Big One" by Eccentrica Gallumbits, and as "one hoopy frood" by others. In the seventh episode of the original radio series, the narrator describes Beeblebrox as being the "owner of the hippest place in the universe" (his own left cranium), as voted on in a poll of the readers of the fictional magazine Playbeing. He was briefly the President of the Galaxy (a role that involves no power whatsoever, and merely requires the incumbent to attract attention so no one wonders who's really in charge, a role for which Zaphod was perfectly suited). He is the only man to have survived the Total Perspective Vortex, though it was established (in the books and first two radio series) that he survived only because he was in an Electronically Synthesised Universe created especially for him, thus making him the most important being in that universe and thus uniquely equipped to survive its version of the Vortex. His brain-care specialist, Gag Halfrunt, also said, "Vell, Zaphod's just zis guy, you know?" He used his position as President of the Galaxy to steal the Heart of Gold, a spaceship taking advantage of Infinite Improbability Drive, at its unveiling. Early in Zaphod's career (whilst heading The Beeblebrox Salvage and Really Wild Stuff Corporation) he joined forces with the Safety and Civil Reassurance Administration to investigate the loss of the Starship Billion Year Bunker, on which were stored compounds so powerful a teaspoonful could blow up/infect/irradiate a whole planet, and by-products of The Sirius Cybernetics Corporation synthetic personalities programme. As a character As a character, Zaphod is hedonistic and irresponsible, self-centered almost to the point of solipsism, and often extremely insensitive to the feelings of those around him. In the books and radio series, he is nevertheless quite charismatic which causes many characters to ignore his other flaws. Douglas Adams claimed that he based Zaphod on an old friend of his from Cambridge University called Johnny Simpson, who "had that nervous sort of hyperenergetic way of trying to appear relaxed." In (at least) the books, he is, according to screening tests that he ran on himself in the Heart of Gold's medical bay, "clever, imaginative, irresponsible, untrustworthy, extrovert, nothing you couldn't have guessed" (Ultimate Hitchhiker's Guide, page 98). In the movie, however, he is not very bright, and perhaps even more boorish than his previous portrayals. He is portrayed as a vacuous California surfer-type, and Sam Rockwell, the actor who played him in the film, cited Bill Clinton, Elvis Presley and George W. Bush as influences. Zaphod in the film is very much immature (in contrast to the books where he was immature, but had a lot of power and was smart and devious), acting very eager about everything, eating messily with his hands, throwing temper tantrums, and doing things without reason, such as pressing the Improbability Drive button just because it was large and shiny. Throughout the book and radio versions of the story, Zaphod is busy carrying out some grand scheme, has no clue as to what it is and is unable to do anything but follow the path that he laid out for himself. Zaphod's grand schemes have included, over time, a second-hand ballpoint pen business (which may or may not have been established with the help of Veet Voojagig). He was forced to section off portions of both brains that stored the plan so that scans of his mind, which would be necessary for him to become president, would not reveal his plan, which included his being President of the Galaxy and subsequently stealing the prototype Infinite Improbability Drive starship. However, in his altered state of mind he follows the path he left only reluctantly and very much wishes to go off and lie on beaches rather than see the scheme through. In the second radio series and the book version of The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, we learn (and so does Zaphod) that the object of his plan was to find the man who actually ruled the universe – who turns out to be a man living in a shack with his cat who does not believe anything is real or certain except that which he is seeing and hearing at that moment. In the 1986 prequel story "Young Zaphod Plays It Safe," Zaphod is working as a salvage ship operator, hired by a bureaucratic organization to retrieve the sunken wreck of a starship that had been carrying extremely dangerous materials intended for disposal in a black hole. Since this story is set at a time before his decision to run for President of the Galaxy, he displays a noticeably different personality, exhibiting concern over the hazards posed by the cargo to himself, the crew, and living creatures in general. In non-print media An actor portraying Zaphod in an amateur production of HHGTTG by Prudhoe's Really Youthful Theatre Company In both the radio and television versions of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Zaphod was played by Mark Wing-Davey. The jokes about Zaphod having two heads and more than two arms were written for the original radio version, where the details could be filled in by the listener's imagination. In the television version Wing-Davey wore a false arm (when the arm was required to gesture it was replaced by the arm of Mike Kelt, designer of the animatronic head, standing behind Wing-Davey), and a radio-controlled second head with an eye-patch. Unfortunately, the second head's mechanics seldom worked properly and so for most of the time it just sat on Zaphod's shoulder looking inanimate, although in one scene it manages to have a brief conversation with Wing-Davey's real head, before being told to "go back to sleep". Wing-Davey also suggested to the TV series' costume designer that Zaphod's costume should be made to indicate that the character has two penises. Special padding was thus arranged, though the first attempt was deemed to be "too long" and was "cut back" for the final version. This was referenced in the film version when Arthur Dent says to Trillian "So, two heads is what does it for a girl?...Anything else he's got two of?" Zaphod is played by Sam Rockwell in the film version of the story that was released in April 2005. In that version, his second head occasionally pops out to express the parts of his personality that are (as the main head puts it) "less than Presidential." Rockwell performed Zaphod as a blend of Vince Vaughn and Elvis taking additional influence from George W. Bush and Bill Clinton among others. The Illustrated Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy has him portrayed by Francis Johnson. When Mark Wing-Davey's academic commitments prevented him resuming the role of Zaphod for the 2013 tour of "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Live Radio Show", comedian, songwriter and author Mitch Benn was cast in the part. To coincide with the April 2005 release of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy film, a "campaign music video" was released on the Internet. The music, "Beeblebrox for President" by Joby Talbot, comes from the film's soundtrack, though it is not heard in the film itself. Pan-Galactic Gargle Blaster Zaphod is the inventor of the Pan-Galactic Gargle Blaster, a fictional cocktail based on Janx Spirit. The series describes the drink as "the alcoholic equivalent of a mugging – expensive and bad for the head" and states that the effect of one "is like having your brain smashed out by a slice of lemon wrapped round a large gold brick". In the television series, two Gargle Blaster drinkers collapse in open-eyed unconsciousness after drinking while the spilled drink burns a hole in the floor; in the film, after the Guide is done explaining what the Pan-Galactic Gargle Blaster is and its effects, Ford and Zaphod yell in pain. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy gives the recipe as follows: "Take the juice from one bottle of that Ol' Janx Spirit. Pour into it one measure of water from the seas of Santraginus V Allow three cubes of Arcturan Mega-gin to melt into the mixture (it must be properly iced or the benzene is lost). Allow four litres of Fallian marsh gas to bubble through it (in memory of all those happy Hikers who have died of pleasure in the Marshes of Fallia). Over the back of a silver spoon float a measure of Qualactin Hypermint extract, redolent of all the heady odours of the dark Qualactin Zones. Drop in the tooth of an Algolian Suntiger. Watch it dissolve, spreading the fires of the Algolian suns deep into the heart of the drink. Sprinkle Zamphuor. Add an olive. Drink...but very carefully." The Guide also implies that there are multiple voluntary organisations available to rehabilitate those who would try the Pan-Galactic Gargle Blaster. Real versions of the drink have been made available at some stage shows of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, as well as bars such as Zaphod Beeblebrox in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. In an interview, Douglas Adams stated that there are a number of environmental and weapons treaties, as well as laws of physics, which prevent the Pan Galactic Gargle Blaster from being mixed on Earth. Cultural references There are many references to the character in video games and other media, some of the more notable examples are: The head male meerkat on the Animal Planet television series Meerkat Manor was named after him. In the Mac game Escape Velocity, there is a planet called Beeblebrox in the Zaphod system. On landing the planet has the description "Beeblebrox is a wild world, a world of wild parties and wild people. If you have two heads, three arms, and an ego problem, don't travel to Beeblebrox; you will be laughed at and considered boring and unoriginal." A multi-monitor setup featuring a dual head X multiseat configuration is referred to as Zaphod mode. A nightclub named Zaphod Beeblebrox existed in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, billed as "the nightclub at the edge of the universe." Opened in the early 1990s, it hosted an assortment of artists including Jewel, The Sheepdogs and Alanis Morissette, who previewed Jagged Little Pill with a concert there. The Rolling Stones shot part of their video for the song "Streets of Love" in the club in 2005. The venue closed on 14 May 2017. Species named after Zaphod are the viviparous brotula Bidenichthys beeblebroxi (described in 1995) and the fungus moth Erechthias beeblebroxi (named in 1993). They both have a remarkable color pattern resembling a second head, which presumably helps to confuse would-be predators. Mathematician Andrew Granville published a paper titled "Zaphod Beeblebrox's Brain and the Fifty-ninth Row of Pascal's Triangle" in The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 99, (1992), pp. 318–331. In 2016 during season 4 of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles the group travels to a Cantina in outer space belonging to someone named Zaphod. Sun Microsystems manuals published in the 1980s named the computers in their network diagrams Zaphod, Beeble and Brox. See also Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy List of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy characters Young Zaphod Plays it Safe References ^ From Young Zaphod Plays It Safe ^ Neil Gaiman (1993). Don't Panic: Douglas Adams and the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. Titan Books. p. 208. ^ Michael, David. "BBC – Movies – Interview – Sam Rockwell". Retrieved 18 December 2009. ^ "Mike Kelt". IMDb. ^ "Sam Rockwell gets two-headed in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy". MovieWeb. Archived from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2024. ^ "Sam Rockwell thinks 'Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy' role is groovy". www.tdtnews.com. Retrieved 19 April 2024. ^ "Douglas Adams Answers (Finally) - Slashdot". 21 June 2000. ^ Animal Planet Archived July 21, 2006, at the Wayback Machine "Meet the Whiskers" page. ^ "Bug ID: 6580728 Upgrade Xorg Intel video driver to xf86-video-intel-2.1.0". 7 April 2009. Archived from the original on 7 April 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Zaphod Beeblebrox, landmark Ottawa music venue, closing May 14 | CBC News". ^ Michelangelo (17 January 2016). "Journey to the Center of Mikey's Mind". Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. Episode 84. 0 minutes in. Dudes, Zaphod's Cantina is bumping! I bet their food is out of this world. Further reading Britton, Piers D.; Simon J. Barker (2003). Reading Between Designs: Visual Imagery and the Generation of Meaning in The Avengers, The Prisoner, and Doctor Who. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70927-0. Davies, Kevin J. (January 1, 1998). The Making of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (VHS). 20th Century Fox. ASIN 6302878586. External links The Wikibook Bartending has a page on the topic of: Pan Galactic Gargle-Blaster BBC Guide Entry H2G2 Entry vteThe Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas AdamsBooksMain series The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (1979) The Restaurant at the End of the Universe (1980) Life, the Universe and Everything (1982) So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish (1984) Mostly Harmless (1992) Related works "Young Zaphod Plays It Safe" (1986) Douglas Adams's Starship Titanic: A Novel (1997) The Salmon of Doubt (2002) by Eoin ColferAnd Another Thing… (2009)Media Radio series Phases 1 and 2 Phases 3, 4, 5, and 6 The Original Radio Scripts 1981 TV series 2005 film Timeline of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy versions Cast lists Characters Arthur Dent Ford Prefect Zaphod Beeblebrox Marvin the Paranoid Android Trillian Slartibartfast The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Vogons Games The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Starship Titanic Companionmedia Don't Panic: The Official Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Companion Douglas Adams's Guide to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Miscellanea Phrases Somebody else's problem Encyclopedia Galactica In culture h2g2 Hitchcon Towel Day "Journey of the Sorcerer" 18610 Arthurdent 25924 Douglasadams Bidenichthys beeblebroxi Erechthias beeblebroxi Fiordichthys slartibartfasti Kiitoksia kaloista Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zaphod Beeblebrox (nightclub)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaphod_Beeblebrox_(nightclub)"},{"link_name":"/ˈzeɪfɒd ˈbiːbəlbrɒks/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"comic science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_science_fiction"},{"link_name":"The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"Douglas Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Adams"},{"link_name":"Betelgeuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betelgeuse"},{"link_name":"Ford Prefect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Prefect_(character)"},{"link_name":"contraceptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control"},{"link_name":"time machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction"},{"link_name":"Zaphod Beeblebrox the Fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_characters_in_The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy#Zaphod_Beeblebrox_the_Fourth"}],"text":"This article is about the fictional character. For the defunct Ottawa nightclub, see Zaphod Beeblebrox (nightclub).Fictional characterZaphod Beeblebrox (/ˈzeɪfɒd ˈbiːbəlbrɒks/) is a fictional character in the various versions of the comic science fiction series The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams.He is from a planet in the vicinity of Betelgeuse, and is a \"semi-half-cousin\" of Ford Prefect, with whom he \"shares three of the same mothers\". Because of \"an accident with a contraceptive and a time machine\", his father, grandfather, and great-grandfather are actually his direct descendants (see Zaphod Beeblebrox the Fourth).","title":"Zaphod Beeblebrox"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"two heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycephaly"},{"link_name":"Trillian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trillian_(character)"},{"link_name":"eighth radio episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_Primary_and_Secondary_Phases#Fit_the_Eighth"},{"link_name":"Ford Prefect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Prefect_(character)"},{"link_name":"Eoin Colfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoin_Colfer"},{"link_name":"Eccentrica Galumbits's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_characters#Eccentrica_Gallumbits"},{"link_name":"Infocom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infocom"},{"link_name":"text adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_fiction"},{"link_name":"version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Mostly Harmless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostly_Harmless"},{"link_name":"second head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycephaly"},{"link_name":"Arthur Dent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Dent"},{"link_name":"And Another Thing...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_Another_Thing..._(novel)"}],"text":"This character is described across all versions as having two heads and three arms, though explanations of how he came to receive the extra appendages differs between versions. The original radio version never explained the second head, but did explain that Zaphod \"grew\" the third arm in the six months between meeting the character of Trillian on Earth, and the start of the series. The third radio series implies that he had a third arm when growing up – the fifth has him offer to Trillian that \"I'd grow my third arm back for you, baby\", when they first meet. In the novel, he said the third arm was \"recently ... fitted just beneath his right one to help improve his ski-boxing.\" According to the original Hitchhiker's radio series script book, an ad libbed comment by Mark Wing-Davey in the eighth radio episode (\"Put it there, and there, and there, and there! Whoa!\") would suggest that Zaphod had grown a fourth arm. In the television series, Ford Prefect simply remarks to Zaphod that \"the extra arm suits you.\" Eoin Colfer wrote and published an official 6th book for the Hitchhiker's series, in which it is implied Zaphod's third arm may have originally been grown so that he would have one hand for each of Eccentrica Galumbits's breasts.In Infocom's text adventure game version of the story, Zaphod blends in on Earth by hiding his second head in a covered bird cage (an alternate Trillian also refers to this in Mostly Harmless). In the novel The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, the ghost of Zaphod's great-grandfather also has two heads. This and other information presented in the narrative prose seem to indicate that having two heads is a common – possibly even universal – trait of Zaphod's species.For the 2005 film, it is hinted that Zaphod \"created\" the second head himself when shutting off the parts of his mind that contain portions of his personality that \"are not presidential\", but he wanted to keep these traits, so he hid his second head under his neck and wears a large collar or scarf to keep it hidden. As such, the film is also the only version that explains the second head. In this filmed version, the second head appears underneath the first, roughly between his chin and the top of his chest, popping up when the first head is flipped backwards. The third arm is hidden underneath Zaphod's clothing, appears to be controlled by the second head, and only appears a few times, such as for tormenting Arthur Dent, piloting the spaceship Heart of Gold, or preparing a Pan-Galactic Gargle Blaster. The second head was sawed off by Humma Kavula during the film.In And Another Thing..., Colfer's addition to the book series, a photo is mentioned which shows Zaphod with the second head replaced by that of a woman. It is implied that Zaphod may have surgically attached this woman's head to himself, before realising he liked the idea of a second head better than he liked her, and swapping her for a reproduction of his original head.And Another Thing... is also the only book in the series in which Zaphod has only one head. His left head is said to have been removed so that 'Left Brain' (or 'LB') can function as the new computer of the Heart of Gold.Zaphod wears unique clothing that contains a mixture of bright and contrasting colours to make him stand out and be the centre of attention wherever he goes. In the television series, he wears the same outfit throughout each of the episodes, but in the film his clothes, their style and their colour scheme change several times.","title":"Appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pan Galactic Gargle Blaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pan-Galactic_Gargle_Blaster"},{"link_name":"Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_intercourse"},{"link_name":"Big One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang"},{"link_name":"Eccentrica Gallumbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_characters_from_The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy#Eccentrica_Gallumbits"},{"link_name":"seventh episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_Primary_and_Secondary_Phases#Fit_the_Seventh"},{"link_name":"original radio series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_(radio_series)"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(government_title)"},{"link_name":"Electronically Synthesised Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Zaphod invented the Pan Galactic Gargle Blaster. He was voted \"Worst Dressed Sentient Being in the Known Universe\" seven consecutive times. He's been described as \"the best Bang since the Big One\" by Eccentrica Gallumbits, and as \"one hoopy frood\" by others. In the seventh episode of the original radio series, the narrator describes Beeblebrox as being the \"owner of the hippest place in the universe\" (his own left cranium), as voted on in a poll of the readers of the fictional magazine Playbeing.He was briefly the President of the Galaxy (a role that involves no power whatsoever, and merely requires the incumbent to attract attention so no one wonders who's really in charge, a role for which Zaphod was perfectly suited). He is the only man to have survived the Total Perspective Vortex, though it was established (in the books and first two radio series) that he survived only because he was in an Electronically Synthesised Universe created especially for him, thus making him the most important being in that universe and thus uniquely equipped to survive its version of the Vortex. His brain-care specialist, Gag Halfrunt, also said, \"Vell, Zaphod's just zis guy, you know?\" He used his position as President of the Galaxy to steal the Heart of Gold, a spaceship taking advantage of Infinite Improbability Drive, at its unveiling.Early in Zaphod's career (whilst heading The Beeblebrox Salvage and Really Wild Stuff Corporation) he joined forces with the Safety and Civil Reassurance Administration to investigate the loss of the Starship Billion Year Bunker, on which were stored compounds so powerful a teaspoonful could blow up/infect/irradiate a whole planet, and by-products of The Sirius Cybernetics Corporation synthetic personalities programme.[1]","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"solipsism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solipsism"},{"link_name":"charismatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charisma"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"surfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfer"},{"link_name":"Sam Rockwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Rockwell"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Veet Voojagig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_characters_from_The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy#Veet_Voojagig"},{"link_name":"The Restaurant at the End of the Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Restaurant_at_the_End_of_the_Universe"},{"link_name":"Young Zaphod Plays It Safe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Zaphod_Plays_It_Safe"}],"text":"As a character, Zaphod is hedonistic and irresponsible, self-centered almost to the point of solipsism, and often extremely insensitive to the feelings of those around him. In the books and radio series, he is nevertheless quite charismatic which causes many characters to ignore his other flaws. Douglas Adams claimed that he based Zaphod on an old friend of his from Cambridge University called Johnny Simpson, who \"had that nervous sort of hyperenergetic way of trying to appear relaxed.\"[2]In (at least) the books, he is, according to screening tests that he ran on himself in the Heart of Gold's medical bay, \"clever, imaginative, irresponsible, untrustworthy, extrovert, nothing you couldn't have guessed\" (Ultimate Hitchhiker's Guide, page 98). In the movie, however, he is not very bright, and perhaps even more boorish than his previous portrayals. He is portrayed as a vacuous California surfer-type, and Sam Rockwell, the actor who played him in the film, cited Bill Clinton, Elvis Presley and George W. Bush as influences.[3] Zaphod in the film is very much immature (in contrast to the books where he was immature, but had a lot of power and was smart and devious), acting very eager about everything, eating messily with his hands, throwing temper tantrums, and doing things without reason, such as pressing the Improbability Drive button just because it was large and shiny.Throughout the book and radio versions of the story, Zaphod is busy carrying out some grand scheme, has no clue as to what it is and is unable to do anything but follow the path that he laid out for himself. Zaphod's grand schemes have included, over time, a second-hand ballpoint pen business (which may or may not have been established with the help of Veet Voojagig). He was forced to section off portions of both brains that stored the plan so that scans of his mind, which would be necessary for him to become president, would not reveal his plan, which included his being President of the Galaxy and subsequently stealing the prototype Infinite Improbability Drive starship. However, in his altered state of mind he follows the path he left only reluctantly and very much wishes to go off and lie on beaches rather than see the scheme through. In the second radio series and the book version of The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, we learn (and so does Zaphod) that the object of his plan was to find the man who actually ruled the universe – who turns out to be a man living in a shack with his cat who does not believe anything is real or certain except that which he is seeing and hearing at that moment.In the 1986 prequel story \"Young Zaphod Plays It Safe,\" Zaphod is working as a salvage ship operator, hired by a bureaucratic organization to retrieve the sunken wreck of a starship that had been carrying extremely dangerous materials intended for disposal in a black hole. Since this story is set at a time before his decision to run for President of the Galaxy, he displays a noticeably different personality, exhibiting concern over the hazards posed by the cargo to himself, the crew, and living creatures in general.","title":"As a character"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adam_Pope_Zaphod_Beeblebrox.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mark Wing-Davey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wing-Davey"},{"link_name":"Mike Kelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_Kelt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"animatronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animatronic"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sam Rockwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Rockwell"},{"link_name":"film version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_(film)"},{"link_name":"Vince Vaughn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Vaughn"},{"link_name":"Elvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mark Wing-Davey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wing-Davey"},{"link_name":"The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"Mitch Benn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Benn"},{"link_name":"Joby Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joby_Talbot"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"An actor portraying Zaphod in an amateur production of HHGTTG by Prudhoe's Really Youthful Theatre CompanyIn both the radio and television versions of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Zaphod was played by Mark Wing-Davey. The jokes about Zaphod having two heads and more than two arms were written for the original radio version, where the details could be filled in by the listener's imagination. In the television version Wing-Davey wore a false arm (when the arm was required to gesture it was replaced by the arm of Mike Kelt,[4] designer of the animatronic head, standing behind Wing-Davey), and a radio-controlled second head with an eye-patch. Unfortunately, the second head's mechanics seldom worked properly and so for most of the time it just sat on Zaphod's shoulder looking inanimate[citation needed], although in one scene it manages to have a brief conversation with Wing-Davey's real head, before being told to \"go back to sleep\". Wing-Davey also suggested to the TV series' costume designer that Zaphod's costume should be made to indicate that the character has two penises. Special padding was thus arranged, though the first attempt was deemed to be \"too long\" and was \"cut back\" for the final version[citation needed]. This was referenced in the film version when Arthur Dent says to Trillian \"So, two heads is what does it for a girl?...Anything else he's got two of?\"Zaphod is played by Sam Rockwell in the film version of the story that was released in April 2005. In that version, his second head occasionally pops out to express the parts of his personality that are (as the main head puts it) \"less than Presidential.\" Rockwell performed Zaphod as a blend of Vince Vaughn and Elvis taking additional influence from George W. Bush and Bill Clinton among others.[5][6]The Illustrated Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy has him portrayed by Francis Johnson.When Mark Wing-Davey's academic commitments prevented him resuming the role of Zaphod for the 2013 tour of \"The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Live Radio Show\", comedian, songwriter and author Mitch Benn was cast in the part.To coincide with the April 2005 release of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy film, a \"campaign music video\" was released on the Internet. The music, \"Beeblebrox for President\" by Joby Talbot, comes from the film's soundtrack, though it is not heard in the film itself.[citation needed]","title":"In non-print media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fictional cocktail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_beverages"},{"link_name":"benzene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene"},{"link_name":"Zaphod Beeblebrox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaphod_Beeblebrox_(nightclub)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Zaphod is the inventor of the Pan-Galactic Gargle Blaster, a fictional cocktail based on Janx Spirit. The series describes the drink as \"the alcoholic equivalent of a mugging – expensive and bad for the head\" and states that the effect of one \"is like having your brain smashed out by a slice of lemon wrapped round a large gold brick\". In the television series, two Gargle Blaster drinkers collapse in open-eyed unconsciousness after drinking while the spilled drink burns a hole in the floor; in the film, after the Guide is done explaining what the Pan-Galactic Gargle Blaster is and its effects, Ford and Zaphod yell in pain. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy gives the recipe as follows:\"Take the juice from one bottle of that Ol' Janx Spirit.\nPour into it one measure of water from the seas of Santraginus V\nAllow three cubes of Arcturan Mega-gin to melt into the mixture (it must be properly iced or the benzene is lost).\nAllow four litres of Fallian marsh gas to bubble through it (in memory of all those happy Hikers who have died of pleasure in the Marshes of Fallia).\nOver the back of a silver spoon float a measure of Qualactin Hypermint extract, redolent of all the heady odours of the dark Qualactin Zones.\nDrop in the tooth of an Algolian Suntiger. Watch it dissolve, spreading the fires of the Algolian suns deep into the heart of the drink.\nSprinkle Zamphuor.\nAdd an olive.\nDrink...but very carefully.\"The Guide also implies that there are multiple voluntary organisations available to rehabilitate those who would try the Pan-Galactic Gargle Blaster. Real versions of the drink have been made available at some stage shows of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, as well as bars such as Zaphod Beeblebrox in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. In an interview, Douglas Adams stated that there are a number of environmental and weapons treaties, as well as laws of physics, which prevent the Pan Galactic Gargle Blaster from being mixed on Earth.[7]","title":"Pan-Galactic Gargle Blaster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Animal Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Planet"},{"link_name":"Meerkat Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerkat_Manor"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_computers"},{"link_name":"Escape Velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_Velocity_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"dual head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-monitor"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System"},{"link_name":"multiseat configuration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiseat_configuration"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Zaphod Beeblebrox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaphod_Beeblebrox_(nightclub)"},{"link_name":"Ottawa, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Jewel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewel_(singer)"},{"link_name":"The Sheepdogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sheepdogs"},{"link_name":"Alanis Morissette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanis_Morissette"},{"link_name":"Jagged Little Pill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagged_Little_Pill"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"viviparous brotula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viviparous_brotula"},{"link_name":"Bidenichthys beeblebroxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidenichthys_beeblebroxi"},{"link_name":"fungus moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus_moth"},{"link_name":"Erechthias beeblebroxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erechthias_beeblebroxi"},{"link_name":"predators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predator"},{"link_name":"\"Zaphod Beeblebrox's Brain and the Fifty-ninth Row of Pascal's Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dms.umontreal.ca/~andrew/PDF/beeb.pdf"},{"link_name":"season 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(2012_TV_series)_(season_4)"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(2012_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sun Microsystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems"}],"text":"There are many references to the character in video games and other media, some of the more notable examples are:The head male meerkat on the Animal Planet television series Meerkat Manor was named after him.[8]In the Mac game Escape Velocity, there is a planet called Beeblebrox in the Zaphod system. On landing the planet has the description \"Beeblebrox is a wild world, a world of wild parties and wild people. If you have two heads, three arms, and an ego problem, don't travel to Beeblebrox; you will be laughed at and considered boring and unoriginal.\"A multi-monitor setup featuring a dual head X multiseat configuration is referred to as Zaphod mode.[9]A nightclub named Zaphod Beeblebrox existed in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, billed as \"the nightclub at the edge of the universe.\" Opened in the early 1990s, it hosted an assortment of artists including Jewel, The Sheepdogs and Alanis Morissette, who previewed Jagged Little Pill with a concert there. The Rolling Stones shot part of their video for the song \"Streets of Love\" in the club in 2005. The venue closed on 14 May 2017.[10]Species named after Zaphod are the viviparous brotula Bidenichthys beeblebroxi (described in 1995) and the fungus moth Erechthias beeblebroxi (named in 1993). They both have a remarkable color pattern resembling a second head, which presumably helps to confuse would-be predators.Mathematician Andrew Granville published a paper titled \"Zaphod Beeblebrox's Brain and the Fifty-ninth Row of Pascal's Triangle\" in The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 99, (1992), pp. 318–331.In 2016 during season 4 of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles the group travels to a Cantina in outer space belonging to someone named Zaphod.[11]Sun Microsystems manuals published in the 1980s named the computers in their network diagrams Zaphod, Beeble and Brox.","title":"Cultural references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Texas Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-292-70927-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70927-0"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6302878586","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/6302878586"}],"text":"Britton, Piers D.; Simon J. Barker (2003). Reading Between Designs: Visual Imagery and the Generation of Meaning in The Avengers, The Prisoner, and Doctor Who. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70927-0.\nDavies, Kevin J. (January 1, 1998). The Making of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (VHS). 20th Century Fox. ASIN 6302878586.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"An actor portraying Zaphod in an amateur production of HHGTTG by Prudhoe's Really Youthful Theatre Company","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Adam_Pope_Zaphod_Beeblebrox.JPG/220px-Adam_Pope_Zaphod_Beeblebrox.JPG"}]

[{"title":"Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy"},{"title":"List of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_characters"},{"title":"Young Zaphod Plays it Safe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Zaphod_Plays_it_Safe"}]

[{"reference":"Neil Gaiman (1993). Don't Panic: Douglas Adams and the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. Titan Books. p. 208.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_Books","url_text":"Titan Books"}]},{"reference":"Michael, David. \"BBC – Movies – Interview – Sam Rockwell\". Retrieved 18 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2005/04/25/sam_rockwell_the_hitchhikers_guide_to_the_galaxy_interview.shtml","url_text":"\"BBC – Movies – Interview – Sam Rockwell\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mike Kelt\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0447101/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1","url_text":"\"Mike Kelt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Sam Rockwell gets two-headed in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy\". MovieWeb. Archived from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://movieweb.com/sam-rockwell-gets-two-headed-in-the-hitchhikers-guide-to-the-galaxy/","url_text":"\"Sam Rockwell gets two-headed in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MovieWeb","url_text":"MovieWeb"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220505030110/https://movieweb.com/sam-rockwell-gets-two-headed-in-the-hitchhikers-guide-to-the-galaxy/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sam Rockwell thinks 'Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy' role is groovy\". www.tdtnews.com. Retrieved 19 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tdtnews.com/archive/article_30207fb8-7eef-574e-939a-11436edfac77.html","url_text":"\"Sam Rockwell thinks 'Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy' role is groovy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas Adams Answers (Finally) - Slashdot\". 21 June 2000.","urls":[{"url":"http://slashdot.org/interviews/00/06/21/1217242.shtml/","url_text":"\"Douglas Adams Answers (Finally) - Slashdot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bug ID: 6580728 Upgrade Xorg Intel video driver to xf86-video-intel-2.1.0\". 7 April 2009. Archived from the original on 7 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090407001720/http://bugs.opensolaris.org/bugdatabase/view_bug.do?bug_id=6580728","url_text":"\"Bug ID: 6580728 Upgrade Xorg Intel video driver to xf86-video-intel-2.1.0\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zaphod Beeblebrox, landmark Ottawa music venue, closing May 14 | CBC News\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/zaphod-beeblebrox-closing-ottawa-bar-1.4097494","url_text":"\"Zaphod Beeblebrox, landmark Ottawa music venue, closing May 14 | CBC News\""}]},{"reference":"Michelangelo (17 January 2016). \"Journey to the Center of Mikey's Mind\". Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. Episode 84. 0 minutes in. Dudes, Zaphod's Cantina is bumping! I bet their food is out of this world.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)","url_text":"Michelangelo"}]},{"reference":"Britton, Piers D.; Simon J. Barker (2003). Reading Between Designs: Visual Imagery and the Generation of Meaning in The Avengers, The Prisoner, and Doctor Who. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70927-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press","url_text":"University of Texas Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70927-0","url_text":"978-0-292-70927-0"}]},{"reference":"Davies, Kevin J. (January 1, 1998). The Making of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (VHS). 20th Century Fox. ASIN 6302878586.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox","url_text":"20th Century Fox"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/6302878586","url_text":"6302878586"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Route_14

Indonesian National Route 14

["1 Route","2 Description","3 Notes"]

Road in Indonesia Nasional 14Route informationLength67 km (42 mi)Major junctionsNorth endSemarangMajor intersectionsIndonesian National Route 1Indonesian National Route 3Indonesian National Route 9Indonesian National Route 15Indonesian National Route 16South endYogyakarta LocationCountryIndonesia Highway system Transport in Indonesia ← National 13→ National 15 Indonesian National Route 14 starts from Semarang on the north coast of Java and ends at Yogyakarta to the south. It passes through spectacular mountain scenery as it proceeds through the Kedu Plain between the Merapi - Merbabu complex to the east, and Sumbing to the west. Route Semarang – Ungaran – Bergas - Bawen – Ambarawa - Jambu - Pringsurat – Secang – Magelang – Mertoyudan - Muntilan – Salam - Sleman – Yogyakarta Description It passes the city of Salak Fruit, Sleman. Near Mungkid, Central Java, this highway provides an entrance to Mendut and Borobudur Temples, and then the highway enters Magelang. In Secang, Indonesian National Route 9 leading for Purwokerto diverges. After that it passes Bedono, where the Pesantren of Miftahul Jannah, owned by Pujiono Cahyo Widianto (better known as Syekh Puji), a controversial ulema and entrepreneur, is located. The highway also provides a way to view scenic Ambarawa and Rawa Pening. This National highway ends at Semarang, which is known for its Lawang Sewu, Bandeng Fish and lunpia. The route of the former railway from Yogyakarta to Magelang runs close to the highway route, and in places former railway bridges and railway lines can be seen. Notes ^ "Keputusan Dirjen - Keputusan Dirjen No. SK.930/AJ.401/DRJD/2007" (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2013-05-18. ^ The Indonesian National Highway 14 logo is made based on (in Indonesian)DIRJENDAT Regulations No: SK 1207/AJ 401/DRJD/2008 About How to Give Numbering for Indonesian Highways. Today, the Provincial and National Highway Road Numbering on Indonesia is still in experimental stage,it is now only applied in the island of Java Based on Regulations Appendices of the Director General of Land Transportation Number: (in Indonesian)SK.1321/AJ.401/DRJD/2005 about the Try-Out in Applying Route Number Signs on National Highways and Primary Artery Roads of (in Indonesian)INDONESIAN ROAD SIGN(With Latest Regulations, Meanings) by Faisal Affandi in scribd (ID) ^ , Peta Mudik Lebaran 2010 DLLAJ vteNational Routes of IndonesiaBali 1 2 3 4 5 Java 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Sumatra 1 5 13 20 Indonesia portalRoads portal

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Semarang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semarang"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"Yogyakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kedu Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedu_Plain"},{"link_name":"Merapi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Merapi"},{"link_name":"Merbabu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Merbabu"},{"link_name":"Sumbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Sumbing"}],"text":"Indonesian National Route 14 starts from Semarang on the north coast of Java and ends at Yogyakarta to the south.[1][2]It passes through spectacular mountain scenery as it proceeds through the Kedu Plain between the Merapi - Merbabu complex to the east, and Sumbing to the west.","title":"Indonesian National Route 14"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Semarang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semarang"},{"link_name":"Ungaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungaran"},{"link_name":"Bergas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bergas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bawen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bawen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ambarawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambarawa"},{"link_name":"Jambu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jambu,_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pringsurat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pringsurat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Secang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Magelang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magelang"},{"link_name":"Mertoyudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mertoyudan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Muntilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntilan"},{"link_name":"Salam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salam,_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleman"},{"link_name":"Yogyakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta_(city)"}],"text":"Semarang – Ungaran – Bergas - Bawen – Ambarawa - Jambu - Pringsurat – Secang – Magelang – Mertoyudan - Muntilan – Salam - Sleman – Yogyakarta","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleman"},{"link_name":"Mungkid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mungkid"},{"link_name":"Mendut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendut"},{"link_name":"Borobudur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur"},{"link_name":"Indonesian National Route 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Route_9"},{"link_name":"Purwokerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purwokerto"},{"link_name":"Pujiono Cahyo Widianto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pujiono_Cahyo_Widianto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ulema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulema"},{"link_name":"entrepreneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur"},{"link_name":"Ambarawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambarawa"},{"link_name":"Rawa Pening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawa_Pening"},{"link_name":"Lawang Sewu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawang_Sewu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peta_Mudik_Lebaran_Gratis_2010-3"}],"text":"It passes the city of Salak Fruit, Sleman. Near Mungkid, Central Java, this highway provides an entrance to Mendut and Borobudur Temples, and then the highway enters Magelang.In Secang, Indonesian National Route 9 leading for Purwokerto diverges. After that it passes Bedono, where the Pesantren of Miftahul Jannah, owned by Pujiono Cahyo Widianto (better known as Syekh Puji), a controversial ulema and entrepreneur, is located.\nThe highway also provides a way to view scenic Ambarawa and Rawa Pening. This National highway ends at Semarang, which is known for its Lawang Sewu, Bandeng Fish and lunpia.[3]The route of the former railway from Yogyakarta to Magelang runs close to the highway route, and in places former railway bridges and railway lines can be seen.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Keputusan Dirjen - Keputusan Dirjen No. SK.930/AJ.401/DRJD/2007\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130927012825/http://www.hubdat.web.id/keputusan-dirjen/tahun-2007/561-keputusan-dirjen-no-sk-930aj"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hubdat.web.id/keputusan-dirjen/tahun-2007/561-keputusan-dirjen-no-sk-930aj"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"DIRJENDAT Regulations No: SK 1207/AJ 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portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Roads"}],"text":"^ \"Keputusan Dirjen - Keputusan Dirjen No. SK.930/AJ.401/DRJD/2007\" (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2013-05-18.\n\n^ The Indonesian National Highway 14 logo is made based on (in Indonesian)DIRJENDAT Regulations No: SK 1207/AJ 401/DRJD/2008 About How to Give Numbering for Indonesian Highways. Today, the Provincial and National Highway Road Numbering on Indonesia is still in experimental stage,it is now only applied in the island of Java Based on Regulations Appendices of the Director General of Land Transportation Number:\n(in Indonesian)SK.1321/AJ.401/DRJD/2005 about the Try-Out in Applying Route Number Signs on National Highways and Primary Artery Roads of (in Indonesian)INDONESIAN ROAD SIGN(With Latest Regulations, Meanings) by Faisal Affandi in scribd (ID)\n\n^ , Peta Mudik Lebaran 2010 DLLAJvteNational Routes of IndonesiaBali\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\nJava\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21\n22\n23\n24\n25\nSumatra\n1\n5\n13\n20Indonesia portalRoads portal","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_hall_(disambiguation)

Market hall (disambiguation)

["1 Bulgaria","2 Hungary","3 Netherlands","4 United Kingdom","5 United States"]

A market hall is a covered space for selling different goods, mostly groceries. Market Hall may also refer to: Market house, historically used as a marketplace to buy and/or sell provisions or livestock Bulgaria Central Sofia Market Hall, enclosed market in Sofia, Bulgaria Hungary Great Market Hall, Budapest, market hall in Budapest Hungary which opened in 1897 Netherlands Market Hall (Rotterdam), residential and office building with a market hall underneath United Kingdom Amersham Market Hall, listed building in Amersham, Buckinghamshire, England Bolton Market Hall, listed building in Bolton, England converted into a modern shopping centre Carlisle Market Hall, covered Victorian market in Carlisle, Cumbria, England Leadenhall Market, covered market and tourist attraction in London city Market Hall, Monmouth, early Victorian building in Monmouth, Monmouthshire, Wales Market Hall Museum, Warwick, historic museum in Warwick, Warwickshire, England Old Market Hall, Shrewsbury, market house in Shrewsbury, England Smithfield Market Hall, derelict market in Manchester, England United States City Market (Charleston, South Carolina), historic market complex in Charleston, South Carolina, United States Dallas Market Center, building at the Dallas Market Center in Dallas, Texas, United States Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Market hall.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_E._Braude

Stephen E. Braude

["1 Career","1.1 Parapsychology","2 Notes","3 External links"]

American philosopher and parapsychologist Stephen E. BraudeBorn (1945-04-17) April 17, 1945 (age 79)NationalityAmericanAlma materUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstOccupation(s)philosopher parapsychologist Stephen E. Braude (born April 17, 1945) is an American philosopher and parapsychologist. He is a past president of the Parapsychological Association, Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Scientific Exploration, and a professor of philosophy at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. Career Braude received his Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1971. After working as a lecturer in the philosophy department at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, he found a permanent home at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, working successively as an assistant, associate, and full professor. He served as the Chair of the Philosophy department between 1998 and 2005. He has received numerous fellowships, awards, and grants including the National Endowment for the Humanities Research Fellowship, numerous grants from the Parapsychology Foundation, and the Distinguished Achievement Award of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation. He has also received several Faculty Research Grants from UMBC. Parapsychology Braude is a past president of the Parapsychological Association, and the Editor-in-Chief for the Journal of Scientific Exploration. Braude is a researcher in psychic phenomena; his work has therefore been called pseudoscience. Philosophers Ronald Giere and Patrick Grim have praised Braude's work in philosophy but have written his parapsychological claims about psychokinesis being scientifically proven are based on assumption, not scientific evidence. The British philosopher Antony Flew criticized Braude's book The Limits of Influence: Psychokinesis and the Philosophy of Science for defending fraudulent mediums such as Eusapia Palladino and ignoring skeptical literature on the subject. Wendy Grossman in New Scientist wrote that Braude's book The Limits of Influence: Psychokinesis and the Philosophy of Science (1986) relied on anecdotal evidence and eyewitness testimony of séances with physical mediums, in particular, Eusapia Palladino and Daniel Dunglas Home, to prove that psi exists. According to Grossman " accuses sceptics of ignoring the evidence he believes is solid, but himself ignores evidence that does not suit him. If a medium was caught cheating on some occasions, he says, the rest of that medium's phenomena were still genuine." Grossman came to the conclusion that Braude did not do proper research on the subject and should study "the art of conjuring." Braude has claimed the medium Daniel Dunglas Home was never caught in fraud, however the psychologist Andrew Neher has written he was detected in fraud by at least four people on different occasions. Braude has also claimed Ted Serios had genuine psychic ability. This is in opposition to magicians and scientists who exposed sleight of hand tricks he used. In an article in New Scientist titled "The Chance of a Lifetime" (March 24, 2007), an interview appears with the noted mathematician and magician Persi Diaconis. During the interview Persi mentioned that Martin Gardner had paid him to watch Ted Serios perform, during which Persi caught Serios sneaking a small marble with a photograph on it into the little tube attached to the front of the camera he used. "It was," Persi said, "a trick." Braude's latest book in defense of the paranormal is The Gold Leaf Lady and Other Parapsychological Investigations (2007). According to the British psychologist Chris French the book consists of anecdotes that fail to prove the existence of psi. French gave the book a negative review and wrote "I would be surprised if any reader with the slightest tendency towards critical thinking would find the evidence for psi presented in this slim volume to be anywhere near compelling." Braude believes his wife, Gina, can produce astrological predictions. In 2014, he was awarded the Myers Memorial Medal by the Society for Psychical Research for his "significant contributions to psychical research". Notes ^ a b Braude, Stephen E. "For the casual surfer, a brief bio". Retrieved 17 August 2012. ^ Hacking, Ian. (1993). Some reasons for not taking parapsychology very seriously. Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review. Vol. 32, No. 3. pp. 587–594. ^ Giere, Ronald. (1982). ESP and Psychokinesis: A Philosophical Examination by Stephen E. Braude. The Philosophical Review. Vol. 91, No. 2. pp. 288–290. ^ Grim, Patrick. (1989). The Limits of Influence: Psychokinesis and the Philosophy Of Science by Stephen E. Braude. Noûs. Vol. 23, No. 1. pp. 126–136. ^ Flew, Anthony. (1988). The Works of William James: Essays in Psychical Research by F. Burkhardt; F. Bowers; The Limits of Influence: Psychokinesis and the Philosophy of Science by Stephen E. Braude. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. Vol. 49, No. 2. pp. 353–357. ^ Grossman, Wendy. (1991). Dismissal is not disproof. New Scientist. Vol. 130. Issue 1768, p. 53. ^ Neher, Andrew. (2011). Paranormal and Transcendental Experience: A Psychological Examination. Dover Publications. pp. 214–215. ^ Reynolds, Charles. (1967). An Amazing Weekend with Ted Serios. Part I. Popular Photography (October): 81–84, 136–40, 158. ^ Eisendrath, David. (1967). An Amazing Weekend with Ted Serios: Part II. Popular Photography (October): 85–87, 131–33, 136. ^ Justin Mullins (2007). "Interview: The chance of a lifetime". New Scientist. Retrieved March 6, 2014. ^ a b French, Chris. (2008). The Gold Leaf Lady and Other Parapsychological Investigations by Stephen E. Braude. The Psychologist. Volume 21. pp. 398–399. ^ "Stephen Braude to receive the SPR's Myers Memorial Medal". 2014. Retrieved April 28, 2015. External links Professor Braude's Webpage with a biography. Profile in The Chronicle of Higher Education Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Netherlands People Trove Other IdRef

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Braude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UMBC_Brief_Bio-1"},{"link_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_Baltimore_County"},{"link_name":"National Endowment for the Humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities"},{"link_name":"Parapsychology Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapsychology_Foundation"},{"link_name":"International Society for the Study of Dissociation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_the_Study_of_Dissociation"}],"text":"Braude received his Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1971.[1] After working as a lecturer in the philosophy department at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, he found a permanent home at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, working successively as an assistant, associate, and full professor. He served as the Chair of the Philosophy department between 1998 and 2005. He has received numerous fellowships, awards, and grants including the National Endowment for the Humanities Research Fellowship, numerous grants from the Parapsychology Foundation, and the Distinguished Achievement Award of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation. He has also received several Faculty Research Grants from UMBC.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parapsychological Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapsychological_Association"},{"link_name":"Journal of Scientific Exploration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Scientific_Exploration"},{"link_name":"pseudoscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ronald Giere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Giere"},{"link_name":"psychokinesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychokinesis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Antony Flew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Flew"},{"link_name":"mediums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediumship"},{"link_name":"Eusapia Palladino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusapia_Palladino"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Wendy Grossman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_M._Grossman"},{"link_name":"New Scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist"},{"link_name":"Eusapia Palladino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusapia_Palladino"},{"link_name":"Daniel Dunglas Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dunglas_Home"},{"link_name":"conjuring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(illusion)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Daniel Dunglas Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dunglas_Home"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ted Serios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Serios"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UMBC_Brief_Bio-1"},{"link_name":"sleight of hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleight_of_hand"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"New Scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist"},{"link_name":"Persi Diaconis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persi_Diaconis"},{"link_name":"Martin Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"paranormal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal"},{"link_name":"Chris French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_French"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-French2008-11"},{"link_name":"astrological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-French2008-11"},{"link_name":"Society for Psychical Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Parapsychology","text":"Braude is a past president of the Parapsychological Association, and the Editor-in-Chief for the Journal of Scientific Exploration. Braude is a researcher in psychic phenomena; his work has therefore been called pseudoscience.[2]Philosophers Ronald Giere and Patrick Grim have praised Braude's work in philosophy but have written his parapsychological claims about psychokinesis being scientifically proven are based on assumption, not scientific evidence.[3][4] The British philosopher Antony Flew criticized Braude's book The Limits of Influence: Psychokinesis and the Philosophy of Science for defending fraudulent mediums such as Eusapia Palladino and ignoring skeptical literature on the subject.[5]Wendy Grossman in New Scientist wrote that Braude's book The Limits of Influence: Psychokinesis and the Philosophy of Science (1986) relied on anecdotal evidence and eyewitness testimony of séances with physical mediums, in particular, Eusapia Palladino and Daniel Dunglas Home, to prove that psi exists. According to Grossman \"[Braude] accuses sceptics of ignoring the evidence he believes is solid, but himself ignores evidence that does not suit him. If a medium was caught cheating on some occasions, he says, the rest of that medium's phenomena were still genuine.\" Grossman came to the conclusion that Braude did not do proper research on the subject and should study \"the art of conjuring.\"[6]Braude has claimed the medium Daniel Dunglas Home was never caught in fraud, however the psychologist Andrew Neher has written he was detected in fraud by at least four people on different occasions.[7] Braude has also claimed Ted Serios had genuine psychic ability.[1] This is in opposition to magicians and scientists who exposed sleight of hand tricks he used.[8][9] In an article in New Scientist titled \"The Chance of a Lifetime\" (March 24, 2007), an interview appears with the noted mathematician and magician Persi Diaconis. During the interview Persi mentioned that Martin Gardner had paid him to watch Ted Serios perform, during which Persi caught Serios sneaking a small marble with a photograph on it into the little tube attached to the front of the camera he used. \"It was,\" Persi said, \"a trick.\"[10]Braude's latest book in defense of the paranormal is The Gold Leaf Lady and Other Parapsychological Investigations (2007). According to the British psychologist Chris French the book consists of anecdotes that fail to prove the existence of psi. French gave the book a negative review and wrote \"I would be surprised if any reader with the slightest tendency towards critical thinking would find the evidence for psi presented in this slim volume to be anywhere near compelling.\"[11]Braude believes his wife, Gina, can produce astrological predictions.[11]In 2014, he was awarded the Myers Memorial Medal by the Society for Psychical Research for his \"significant contributions to psychical research\".[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UMBC_Brief_Bio_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UMBC_Brief_Bio_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"For the casual surfer, a brief bio\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//userpages.umbc.edu/~braude/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Hacking, Ian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Hacking"},{"link_name":"Some reasons for not taking parapsychology very seriously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7097700"},{"link_name":"Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue:_Canadian_Philosophical_Review"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Giere, Ronald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Giere"},{"link_name":"The Philosophical Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philosophical_Review"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Noûs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%BBs"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Flew, Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Flew"},{"link_name":"Philosophy and Phenomenological Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_and_Phenomenological_Research"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Grossman, Wendy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_M._Grossman"},{"link_name":"Dismissal is not disproof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newscientist.com/article/mg13017685.800-review-dismissal-is-not-disproof-.html"},{"link_name":"New Scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Interview: The chance of a lifetime\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newscientist.com/article/mg19325961.800-interview-the-chance-of-a-lifetime.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-French2008_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-French2008_11-1"},{"link_name":"French, Chris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_French"},{"link_name":"The Gold Leaf Lady and Other Parapsychological Investigations by Stephen E. Braude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thepsychologist.org.uk/archive/archive_home.cfm?volumeID=21&editionID=160&ArticleID=1346"},{"link_name":"The Psychologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Psychological_Society"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Stephen Braude to receive the SPR's Myers Memorial Medal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.spr.ac.uk/news/stephen-braude-receive-spr%E2%80%99s-myers-memorial-medal"}],"text":"^ a b Braude, Stephen E. \"For the casual surfer, a brief bio\". Retrieved 17 August 2012.\n\n^ Hacking, Ian. (1993). Some reasons for not taking parapsychology very seriously. Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review. Vol. 32, No. 3. pp. 587–594.\n\n^ Giere, Ronald. (1982). ESP and Psychokinesis: A Philosophical Examination by Stephen E. Braude. The Philosophical Review. Vol. 91, No. 2. pp. 288–290.\n\n^ Grim, Patrick. (1989). The Limits of Influence: Psychokinesis and the Philosophy Of Science by Stephen E. Braude. Noûs. Vol. 23, No. 1. pp. 126–136.\n\n^ Flew, Anthony. (1988). The Works of William James: Essays in Psychical Research by F. Burkhardt; F. Bowers; The Limits of Influence: Psychokinesis and the Philosophy of Science by Stephen E. Braude. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. Vol. 49, No. 2. pp. 353–357.\n\n^ Grossman, Wendy. (1991). Dismissal is not disproof. New Scientist. Vol. 130. Issue 1768, p. 53.\n\n^ Neher, Andrew. (2011). Paranormal and Transcendental Experience: A Psychological Examination. Dover Publications. pp. 214–215.\n\n^ Reynolds, Charles. (1967). An Amazing Weekend with Ted Serios. Part I. Popular Photography (October): 81–84, 136–40, 158.\n\n^ Eisendrath, David. (1967). An Amazing Weekend with Ted Serios: Part II. Popular Photography (October): 85–87, 131–33, 136.\n\n^ Justin Mullins (2007). \"Interview: The chance of a lifetime\". New Scientist. Retrieved March 6, 2014.\n\n^ a b French, Chris. (2008). The Gold Leaf Lady and Other Parapsychological Investigations by Stephen E. Braude. The Psychologist. Volume 21. pp. 398–399.\n\n^ \"Stephen Braude to receive the SPR's Myers Memorial Medal\". 2014. Retrieved April 28, 2015.","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Chilton_Pearson

Alfred Chilton Pearson

["1 Life","2 Publications","3 Notes"]

British classical scholar (1861–1935) Alfred Chilton PearsonFBAChalk drawing of Pearson in the collection of Trinity College, CambridgeBorn(1861-08-08)8 August 186123 Campden Hill Square, LondonDied2 January 1935(1935-01-02) (aged 73)Occupations Barrister Schoolteacher Classical scholar Spouse Edith Maud Green ​ ​(m. 1885; died 1930)​Academic backgroundEducation King's College School, Wimbledon Highgate School Alma materChrist's College, CambridgeInfluencesJohn PeileAcademic workInstitutions University of Liverpool Trinity College, Cambridge Alfred Chilton Pearson FBA (8 October 1861 – 2 January 1935) was an English classical scholar, noted for his work on Greek tragedy. Born and schooled in London, Pearson graduated with distinction from Christ's College, Cambridge, before pursuing a career in law, business and teaching. In 1919, having published several books on ancient Greek philosophy and tragedy, he was elected as the Gladstone Professor of Greek at the University of Liverpool, and he subsequently became Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Cambridge in 1921. Porson was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1924, the year in which he released his Oxford Classical Text of the works of the fifth-century tragedian Sophocles, but was forced to resign his academic post in 1928 by increasing ill-health. Following the death of his wife, Edith, in 1930, he moved successively to Hunstanton in Norfolk and to Kensington in London, where he died in 1935. Life Alfred Chilton Pearson was born at 23 Campden Hill Square, London, on 8 October 1861. He was the only child of the merchant Robert Henry Pearson and his wife Georgina, née Boswood. Georgina Pearson died during Alfred's childhood. After education at King's College School and Highgate School, Pearson went up to Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1879, on a scholarship.: 449  He read classics, and was taught by John Peile, from whom he learned Sanskrit. Pearson graduated with a double first in 1883, and married Edith Maud Green,: 449  the daughter of a solicitor, on 15 October 1885.: 450  The same year, he became a barrister at Lincoln's Inn. The Pearsons moved to Cambridge Gardens in London, and had a daughter in 1886 and a son, Robert, in 1888.: 450, 455  During this time, Pearson supplemented his income by tutoring pupils in classics.: 450  From 1890, Pearson spent ten years as a schoolmaster, teaching in Bury St Edmunds between 1890 and 1892, at Ipswich School in Suffolk as a sixth-form master in the 1892–1893 academic year,: 450  and, from 1893, at Dulwich College in London. His younger daughter, Margaret,: 455  was born in 1897.: 451  In 1900, following the death of his father in 1893 and that of his uncle in 1898,: 451  he moved to Warlingham in Surrey to take over the family business. From 1900, he served as an examiner for the Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board; from 1914, he was also an examiner for the Civil Service Commission.: 452  During and after his period as a teacher, Pearson produced school editions of Greek tragedies, including some of the plays of Sophocles, culminating in 1917 with his magnum opus, an edition of the Fragments of Sophocles, a work left unfinished Richard Claverhouse Jebb on his death. Pearson joined the council of the Classical Association in 1917.: 456  His first book, The Fragments of Zeno and Cleanthes, was awarded the Hare Prize at Cambridge in 1889 prior to its publication in 1891. His elder daughter died in 1918.: 450  At the age of 58, and despite a life spent outside academia, Pearson was elected in 1919 as the Gladstone Professor of Greek at the University of Liverpool. He had been invited to apply by John Percival Postgate, the university's professor of Latin,: 455  and obtained a Doctor of Letters degree from Cambridge upon his appointment.: 457  In 1920, Pearson became the secretary of the Classical Association.: 456  He subsequently became in 1921 the Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Cambridge and a fellow of Trinity College. Shortly after his appointment, he became a governor of Dulwich College, a public school in London, and an honorary fellow of his alma mater, Christ's.: 458  In 1924, the year of his election as a Fellow of the British Academy, he published his edition of the works of Sophocles in the Oxford Classical Texts series, which remained in print until superseded in 1990 by the edition of Hugh Lloyd-Jones and N. G. Wilson. From 1926, Pearson began to suffer from what his obituarist George Chatterton Richards called a "nervous condition", following the death of Postgate in a bicycle accident. In the same year, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree by the University of Manchester.: 459  He resigned his professorship in 1928 on the grounds of ill health. His wife, Edith, died in 1930: Pearson's biographer and successor as Regius Professor, Donald Struan Robertson, states that he remained in "total incapacity" from that year until his death. In 1932, Pearson moved in with his son, Robert,: 459  at Hunstanton in Norfolk, in 1934, he moved again to 61 Queen's Gate, Kensington, where he died on 2 January 1935. Pearson and his wife had a son and two daughters, one of whom died during Pearson's lifetime. He was a member of the National Liberal Club from the early 1900s, but had resigned his membership by 1923, saying that he expected to become "a crusted Tory" in his old age. He subsequently joined the Athenaeum. In 1914, he wrote to Robert that the First World War was "a terrible crime against humanity", but that Britain's involvement in it was required by "the cause of freedom and relief from military despotism".: 460  An inscription in his honour in the chapel of Trinity College commemorates him as "an exemplar of the Porsonian method". Publications The Fragments of Zeno and Cleanthes: With Introduction and Explanatory Notes, A. C. Pearson, ed., London: C. J. Clay and Sons and Cambridge University Press: 1891 (The Pitt Press Series). The Helena of Euripides, edited by A. C. Pearson, Cambridge University Press: 1903 (The Pitt Press Series) Euripides: The Heraclidae, edited by A. C. Pearson, Cambridge University Press: 1903 (The Pitt Press Series) Euripides: The Phoenissae, edited by A. C. Pearson, Cambridge University Press: 1909 (The Pitt Press Series) The Ajax of Sophocles, edited by A. C. Pearson based on the edition of R. C. Jebb, Cambridge University Press, 1912 Fragments of Sophocles – Edited With Additional Notes From the Papers of Sir R. C. Jebb and W. G. Headlam, 3 volumes, Cambridge University Press, 1917 Sophoclis Fabulae recognovit brevique adnotatione critica instruxit A.C. Pearson – Oxford Classical Text, Clarendon Press, 1924 Notes ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Robertson, D. S.; Pottle, Mark (23 September 2004). "Pearson, Alfred Chilton". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35439. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Richards, George Chatterton (1935). "Alfred Chilton Pearson, 1861–1935" (PDF). Proceedings of the British Academy. 21: 449–463. ^ "Pearson, Alfred Chilton (PR879AC)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ a b c "Alfred Chilton Pearson, FBA". Trinity College Chapel. Trinity College, Cambridge. Retrieved 31 May 2024. ^ "Professor Alfred Chilton Pearson FBA". The British Academy. Retrieved 31 May 2024. ^ West, Martin L. (1991). "Review: The New OCT of Sophocles". The Classical Review. 41 (2): 299–301. JSTOR 711369. Academic offices Preceded byCarl Ferdinand Friedrich Lehmann-Haupt Gladstone Professor of Greek Liverpool University 1919–1921 Succeeded byA. Y. Campbell Preceded byHenry Jackson Regius Professor of Greek Cambridge University 1921–1928 Succeeded byDonald Struan Robertson Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Australia Greece Netherlands Poland Vatican Academics CiNii People Trove Other IdRef

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He was the only child of the merchant Robert Henry Pearson and his wife Georgina, née Boswood. Georgina Pearson died during Alfred's childhood.[1]After education at King's College School and Highgate School, Pearson went up to Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1879,[1] on a scholarship.[2]: 449  He read classics, and was taught by John Peile, from whom he learned Sanskrit.[1] Pearson graduated with a double first in 1883,[3][4] and married Edith Maud Green,[2]: 449  the daughter of a solicitor,[1] on 15 October 1885.[2]: 450  The same year, he became a barrister at Lincoln's Inn.[1] The Pearsons moved to Cambridge Gardens in London, and had a daughter in 1886 and a son, Robert, in 1888.[2]: 450, 455  During this time, Pearson supplemented his income by tutoring pupils in classics.[2]: 450From 1890,[4] Pearson spent ten years as a schoolmaster, teaching in Bury St Edmunds between 1890 and 1892, at Ipswich School in Suffolk as a sixth-form master in the 1892–1893 academic year,[2]: 450  and, from 1893, at Dulwich College in London.[1] His younger daughter, Margaret,[2]: 455  was born in 1897.[2]: 451  In 1900, following the death of his father in 1893 and that of his uncle in 1898,[2]: 451  he moved to Warlingham in Surrey to take over the family business.[1] From 1900, he served as an examiner for the Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board; from 1914, he was also an examiner for the Civil Service Commission.[2]: 452During and after his period as a teacher, Pearson produced school editions of Greek tragedies, including some of the plays of Sophocles, culminating in 1917 with his magnum opus, an edition of the Fragments of Sophocles, a work left unfinished Richard Claverhouse Jebb on his death.[1] Pearson joined the council of the Classical Association in 1917.[2]: 456  His first book, The Fragments of Zeno and Cleanthes, was awarded the Hare Prize at Cambridge in 1889 prior to its publication in 1891.[1] His elder daughter died in 1918.[2]: 450At the age of 58, and despite a life spent outside academia, Pearson was elected in 1919 as the Gladstone Professor of Greek at the University of Liverpool.[1] He had been invited to apply by John Percival Postgate, the university's professor of Latin,[2]: 455  and obtained a Doctor of Letters degree from Cambridge upon his appointment.[2]: 457  In 1920, Pearson became the secretary of the Classical Association.[2]: 456  He subsequently became in 1921 the Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Cambridge and a fellow of Trinity College.[1] Shortly after his appointment, he became a governor of Dulwich College, a public school in London, and an honorary fellow of his alma mater, Christ's.[2]: 458  In 1924, the year of his election as a Fellow of the British Academy,[5] he published his edition of the works of Sophocles in the Oxford Classical Texts series,[1] which remained in print until superseded in 1990 by the edition of Hugh Lloyd-Jones and N. G. Wilson.[6]From 1926, Pearson began to suffer from what his obituarist George Chatterton Richards called a \"nervous condition\", following the death of Postgate in a bicycle accident. In the same year, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree by the University of Manchester.[2]: 459  He resigned his professorship in 1928 on the grounds of ill health. His wife, Edith, died in 1930: Pearson's biographer and successor as Regius Professor, Donald Struan Robertson, states that he remained in \"total incapacity\" from that year until his death.[1] In 1932, Pearson moved in with his son, Robert,[2]: 459  at Hunstanton in Norfolk, in 1934, he moved again to 61 Queen's Gate, Kensington, where he died on 2 January 1935.[1]Pearson and his wife had a son and two daughters, one of whom died during Pearson's lifetime. He was a member of the National Liberal Club from the early 1900s, but had resigned his membership by 1923, saying that he expected to become \"a crusted Tory\" in his old age.[1] He subsequently joined the Athenaeum. In 1914, he wrote to Robert that the First World War was \"a terrible crime against humanity\", but that Britain's involvement in it was required by \"the cause of freedom and relief from military despotism\".[2]: 460  An inscription in his honour in the chapel of Trinity College commemorates him as \"an exemplar of the Porsonian method\".[4]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Fragments of Zeno and Cleanthes: With Introduction and Explanatory Notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cu31924079584771/page/n5/mode/2up"}],"text":"The Fragments of Zeno and Cleanthes: With Introduction and Explanatory Notes, A. C. Pearson, ed., London: C. J. Clay and Sons and Cambridge University Press: 1891 (The Pitt Press Series).\nThe Helena of Euripides, edited by A. C. Pearson, Cambridge University Press: 1903 (The Pitt Press Series)\nEuripides: The Heraclidae, edited by A. C. Pearson, Cambridge University Press: 1903 (The Pitt Press Series)\nEuripides: The Phoenissae, edited by A. C. Pearson, Cambridge University Press: 1909 (The Pitt Press Series)\nThe Ajax of Sophocles, edited by A. C. Pearson based on the edition of R. C. Jebb, Cambridge University Press, 1912\nFragments of Sophocles – Edited With Additional Notes From the Papers of Sir R. C. Jebb and W. G. Headlam, 3 volumes, Cambridge University Press, 1917\nSophoclis Fabulae recognovit brevique adnotatione critica instruxit A.C. Pearson – Oxford Classical Text, Clarendon Press, 1924","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-14"},{"link_name":"\"Pearson, 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a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Robertson, D. S.; Pottle, Mark (23 September 2004). \"Pearson, Alfred Chilton\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35439. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Richards, George Chatterton (1935). \"Alfred Chilton Pearson, 1861–1935\" (PDF). Proceedings of the British Academy. 21: 449–463.\n\n^ \"Pearson, Alfred Chilton (PR879AC)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.\n\n^ a b c \"Alfred Chilton Pearson, FBA\". Trinity College Chapel. Trinity College, Cambridge. Retrieved 31 May 2024.\n\n^ \"Professor Alfred Chilton Pearson FBA\". The British Academy. Retrieved 31 May 2024.\n\n^ West, Martin L. (1991). \"Review: The New OCT of Sophocles\". The Classical Review. 41 (2): 299–301. JSTOR 711369.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nSweden\nAustralia\nGreece\nNetherlands\nPoland\nVatican\nAcademics\nCiNii\nPeople\nTrove\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorias_spongiosa

Scorias spongiosa

["1 Overview","2 Life cycle","3 Similar species","4 References"]

Species of fungus Scorias spongiosa Scorias spongiosa Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Subphylum: Pezizomycotina Class: Dothideomycetes Subclass: Dothideomycetidae Order: Capnodiales Family: Capnodiaceae Genus: Scorias Species: S. spongiosa Binomial name Scorias spongiosaSchweinitz, 1822 Scorias spongiosa is a sooty mold fungus that grows on aphid honeydew. It is a member of the Capnodiaceae family of ascomycete fungi. It is found only on American beech trees, Fagus grandifolia. Overview Scorias spongiosa is a specialist and grows exclusively on the honeydew formed by colonies of the beech blight aphid, Grylloprociphilus imbricator. This aphid is found only on one host plant, the American beech tree, Fagus grandifolia, where it congregates on branches and twigs, creating copious amounts of honeydew that drip onto vegetation below. The large quantity of honeydew enables this fungus to grow to a large size, much bigger than other sooty mould fungi, which produce only a thin black layer on the surface of leaves. On tree trunks this fungus has been known to grow into a mass of hyphae as big as a football, but it is more usual for the agglomeration on branches or twigs to reach a diameter of about fifteen centimetres. Life cycle The aphids accumulate in late summer and autumn, forming large colonies. Spores of Scorias spongiosa are borne by wind and rain and fall on the honeydew secretions found below the aphids. The first hyphal growth is straw coloured and unpigmented. The hyphae adhere to each other for short distances, diverging and re-adhering to form a loose stranded structure. Pigmentation begins to occur on the surfaces of outer strands and the stroma begins to darken. The hyphae coalesce and form mycelial strands which radiate outward and upward from the supporting structure. Flask-shaped, spore-bearing pycnidia appear on the mycelia, which have a waxlike appearance: the matrix turns from brittle to soft as it absorbs moisture. As further quantities of honeydew accumulate, the fungus grows larger until it resembles a gelatinous sponge resting on the branches or leaves of the beech tree. Fully pigmented strands in the mature stoma produce bowl-shaped pseudothecia and these outermost hyphae cease to grow. The inner strands continue growth and force their way to the exterior. Asexual conidia are extruded in a slimy matrix in liquid droplets from the pycnidia. As time passes the stroma becomes a spongy black mass and produces sexual spores called ascospores in the pseudothecia, which remain embedded in the stroma. Beech branch covered in beech blight aphids and S. spongiosa Young, unpigmented S. spongiosa specimen growing on a beech branch Patches of S. spongiosa growing on a beech trunk S. spongiosa growing on the base of a beech tree covered in honey dew Mature S. spongiosa stroma Similar species Apiosporina morbosa appears on cherry and plum trees and their relatives. References ^ UMass Extension: The Beech Blight Aphid ^ a b Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month Archived 2010-07-30 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Reynolds DR. 1978. Foliicolous ascomycetes 1: The capnodiaceous genus Scorias, reproduction ^ Fries, E. 1829. Systema mycologicum 3:291 ^ Audubon (2023). Mushrooms of North America. Knopf. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-593-31998-7. Taxon identifiersScorias spongiosa Wikidata: Q7435345 CoL: 4VWMB EoL: 1029455 EPPO: SCOSSG Fungorum: 165515 GBIF: 2620019 iNaturalist: 144013 IRMNG: 10650368 ITIS: 14083 MycoBank: 165515 NCBI: 62139 NZOR: 2dab0e9e-2664-40bb-90d9-c7e123b2316c Open Tree of Life: 920436 Botrytis spongiosa Wikidata: Q59578643 CoL: MQPF Fungorum: 244176 GBIF: 2620020 IRMNG: 11422741 MycoBank: 244176 NZOR: ce19a795-ae4e-4f4c-9224-fc0fb373e911 Authority control databases: National Israel

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It is found only on American beech trees, Fagus grandifolia.","title":"Scorias spongiosa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Grylloprociphilus imbricator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech_blight_aphid"},{"link_name":"Fagus grandifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_grandifolia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"hyphae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypha"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV-2"}],"text":"Scorias spongiosa is a specialist and grows exclusively on the honeydew formed by colonies of the beech blight aphid, Grylloprociphilus imbricator. This aphid is found only on one host plant, the American beech tree, Fagus grandifolia, where it congregates on branches and twigs, creating copious amounts of honeydew that drip onto vegetation below.[1] The large quantity of honeydew enables this fungus to grow to a large size, much bigger than other sooty mould fungi, which produce only a thin black layer on the surface of leaves. On tree trunks this fungus has been known to grow into a mass of hyphae as big as a football, but it is more usual for the agglomeration on branches or twigs to reach a diameter of about fifteen centimetres.[2]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore"},{"link_name":"stroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroma_(animal_tissue)"},{"link_name":"mycelial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycelium"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RR-3"},{"link_name":"pycnidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pycnidium"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"pseudothecia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascocarp"},{"link_name":"Asexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction"},{"link_name":"ascospores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascospore"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RR-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_Beech_-_Flickr_-_treegrow.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scorias_spongiosa_242909144.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scorias_spongiosa_229994938.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scorias_spongiosa_243108750.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scorias_spongiosa_(Schwein.)_Fr_856841.jpg"}],"text":"The aphids accumulate in late summer and autumn, forming large colonies. Spores of Scorias spongiosa are borne by wind and rain and fall on the honeydew secretions found below the aphids. The first hyphal growth is straw coloured and unpigmented. The hyphae adhere to each other for short distances, diverging and re-adhering to form a loose stranded structure. Pigmentation begins to occur on the surfaces of outer strands and the stroma begins to darken. The hyphae coalesce and form mycelial strands which radiate outward and upward from the supporting structure.[3] Flask-shaped, spore-bearing pycnidia appear on the mycelia, which have a waxlike appearance: the matrix turns from brittle to soft as it absorbs moisture.[4] As further quantities of honeydew accumulate, the fungus grows larger until it resembles a gelatinous sponge resting on the branches or leaves of the beech tree. Fully pigmented strands in the mature stoma produce bowl-shaped pseudothecia and these outermost hyphae cease to grow. The inner strands continue growth and force their way to the exterior. Asexual conidia are extruded in a slimy matrix in liquid droplets from the pycnidia. As time passes the stroma becomes a spongy black mass and produces sexual spores called ascospores in the pseudothecia, which remain embedded in the stroma.[2][3]Beech branch covered in beech blight aphids and S. spongiosa\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tYoung, unpigmented S. spongiosa specimen growing on a beech branch\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPatches of S. spongiosa growing on a beech trunk\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tS. spongiosa growing on the base of a beech tree covered in honey dew\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMature S. spongiosa stroma","title":"Life cycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apiosporina morbosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiosporina_morbosa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Apiosporina morbosa appears on cherry and plum trees and their relatives.[5]","title":"Similar species"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_Sphere_Woodrow_Wilson_Memorial

Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial

["1 History","2 Process","3 A place for the Celestial Sphere","4 Concerns","4.1 Dysfunctional rotation system and illumination","4.2 Deteriorating conditions","5 Symbol of Peace - Pax Universalis","6 Gallery","7 References","8 External links"]

Coordinates: 46°13′34″N 6°08′32″E / 46.22609°N 6.14223°E / 46.22609; 6.14223Sculpture This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial, Ariana Park, Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland, 2010 The grounds of the Palais des Nations (seat of the United Nations Office at Geneva) contain many fine objects donated by member states of the United Nations, private sponsors and artists. The Celestial Sphere (also known as the Armillary Sphere) in the Ariana Park of the Palais des Nations is the best-known of these. The huge—over four-meter-diameter—Celestial Sphere is the chef d'oeuvre of the American sculptor Paul Manship (1885–1966). It was donated in 1939 by the Woodrow Wilson Foundation to what was then the League of Nations building. Known also as the Woodrow Wilson Memorial Sphere of the Palais des Nations it is today a symbol of Geneva International and of Geneva as the centre of dialogue and peace. History Contacted in late 1935 by the Board of the Woodrow Wilson Foundation, Manship was asked to provide an idea for a memorial to President of the United States Woodrow Wilson as the founding father of the League of Nations. At that time the Palais des Nations was still under construction. The Aero Memorial in Philadelphia The first idea for Manship's contribution to the new buildings was to have him design two doors to the Assembly Hall from the Halle des Pas Perdus. Both the artist and the donor, the Woodrow Wilson Foundation, rejected this idea because doors would not be suitable for a memorial. Manship then proposed a large-scale version of the present celestial sphere, which he had developed after years of study. It is based upon several earlier versions, including the Aero Memorial in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It differs from these in that the Sphere is supported upon the backs of four tortoises, taken from his models for the gates to the New York Bronx Zoo, which in turn rest upon a stepped socle bearing a cast representation of the Chinese "celestial sea" (Hai Shui Jiang Ya). The tortoises may therefore be thought to represent the Chinese tortoise of immortality (Ao) - an auspicious symbol from Tang times on. Other zodiac signs come from the world's major civilizations, both past and present. Manship described this sphere in the following words: The representation of the heavenly constellations is derived from Babylonia and Assyria: the Greeks and Latins added their names and gave the constellations a local significance in some cases and I have adhered as closely as possible to the ancient forms. Thus the star, Aldebaran, which represents the eye of Taurus, dictates the character of the design, as is also the case of Regulus, Leo's Heart, and so with all the constellations. The forms and attitudes of the figures have been made to correspond firstly with the positions and the meanings of the emblems themselves. After that the inter-relationship of the constellations was designed to create a harmonious ensemble. In a letter written by Ham Armstrong to Arthus Sweetser dated 30 June 1935, we read that the building committee considered the Celestial Sphere, which they had seen in Paris, superb, not only in originality of conception, but in delicacy of execution and in spirituality of meaning. However, two obstacles were foreseen; first, that it would cost more than the budget available and, second, that it would be difficult to obtain the approval of committee in New York and Geneva on anything so novel and non-utilitarian. Nonetheless, Manship's proposal for a monumental celestial sphere was accepted and a commission for the project was awarded to him in April 1936. Process In spring of 1936, immediately after the approval by the committee, Manship began working on a large-scale model in wax. At his atelier, he gathered a team of sculptors and other artists to work on the various aspects of the design. The team included such famous names as Angelo Colombo, Giuseppe Massari, and Richard Pousette-Dart, the renowned painter who collaborated with Herbert Kammerer on the sphere's lettering. The original plaster moulds, executed by Flitzer, were ready in 1938 and were sent to the Bruno Bearzi Atelier in Florence for casting. Bearzi cast the sphere's elements from these plaster moulds using a cire-perdu process from a bronze/zinc high-tin alloy with added lead. The constellations were originally gilded, with chrome-silvered starts. The meridians and architectural elements of the composition have been variously nielloed. The Celestial Sphere measures 410 cm. in diameter and weighs some 5,800 kg. The spherical frame is adorned with constellations and stars. The Sphere represents 85 constellations of the universe and shows four stars of the first four magnitudes. The constellations are gilded and the 840 stars are silvered. As his signature, it bears Manship's self-portrait with his tools, in profile, hidden among the constellations. A place for the Celestial Sphere One of the main difficulties was to find a location for the sphere. Even though Manship designed it for the Court of Honour in front of the Assembly Hall, the question was raised in 1937 whether this space should be left completely open for a full panorama. When neither the Woodrow Wilson Foundation nor the artist wanted to hear of a change in 1938, it was decided to put the sphere in the middle of the Park, not too close to the building and not too close to the trees. The sphere was placed in a small reservoir that would reflect the image of the sphere and the building in the water. The sphere was installed in its present location, in the Court d'Honneur of the Ariana park of the Palais des Nations by the Bearzi Atelier in August 1939. The official inauguration of what has become a United Nations symbol took place in September 1939. The sphere is equipped with a motor. In the words of the artist it was designed "so that it would rotate slowly" around an axis turned to the Pole star, and it was intended to be illuminated at night. Concerns Dysfunctional rotation system and illumination Due to the outbreak of the Second World War the rotation motor of the Celestial Sphere was used for several months only. In the files of the Woodrow Wilson Foundation, the following brief description was found: "A complex silence and solitude reigned; the great ceremony of dedication, with the 30th Assembly in session, had become impossible: only an occasional chance visitor and a few especially interested Americans watched the Italians putting the great sphere, representative of universal comity, into its place of high honour." The rotation motor of the Celestial Sphere was not used during 1940–1945 and ceased to function in the early 1960s. Deteriorating conditions The sphere began to have significant problems as early as 1942. The alloy used by the Bearzi Atelier contracted so sharply during the winter that a considerable amount of water could and did enter the hollow constellations. The freezing of that water caused the metal to crack. Already several of the constellations had to be repaired in 1942–43 and at least one cover of a meridian had to be replaced after falling off. "Weep holes" were drilled in all the constellations at that time to allow the water to drain out. The socle, which bears the whole of the 5,800 kg weight, has cracked. Large areas of corrosion and uneven natural patina are seen. The 840 chrome-plated stars, once present in four sizes, have been widely lost. The sphere cage is at the limit of its weight bearing load. Metal fatigue, cracks and corrosion have increasingly added to its deterioration. Symbol of Peace - Pax Universalis Today the Celestial Sphere stands in the Court d’Honneur of the Palais des Nations, itself an important landmark of the City of Geneva. It serves as a vivid reminder that despite all cultural and religious differences we are inhabitants of one and the same planet of the galaxy, the Earth. The time has come to think in terms of Pax Universalis rather than of other Paxes, and one of the contributors to a Pax Universalis is an action-oriented dialogue, based on common human values and the ideals of the United Nations. Gallery The Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial in the Ariana Park with Lake Geneva in the background. The Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial with the Assembly Hall in the background. Palais des Nations, Geneva, 2010. Open day at the Palais des Nations in the Ariana Park, 5 June 2010. Portion of the Celestial Sphere, 2010. Portion of the Celestial Sphere, upper part 2010. Critical state of the Celestial Sphere, portion with signs of corrosion, 2010. Portion of the Celestial Sphere with the turtles, 2010. Critical state of the Celestial Sphere, 2010. References Jean-Claude Pallas (2001). Histoire et architecture des Palais des Nations, 1924-2001: l'art déco au service des relations internationales, Nations Unies, pp. 48, 65, 100, 111, 354. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Edgar Burkhardt Nixon, Donald B. Schewe (1979)Franklin D. Roosevelt and foreign affairs, second series, January 1937-August 1939. Ernest Willian Watson, Arthur Leighton Guptill (1951), American artist, Watson-Guptil Publications. Janis C. Conner, Joel Rosenkranz, David Finn (1989). Rediscoveries in American sculpture: studio works, 1893-1939. (2006).Encyclopedia Americana, Scholastic Library Publishing, p. 264. I.Dembinski (2009). International Geneva Yearbook 2008, Dominique Dembinski-Goumard, p. 341. Harry Rand (1989). Paul Manship Smithsonian Institution Press, p. 124-126. (1949). United Nations world, UN World Inc., p. 63. Albert Picot (1965). Le rayonnement international de Genève, Editions du Griffon. Laure De Gonneville (2009). Suisse 2009 Edition Petite Futé. (2006). Geneva - centre for new dialogue among civilizations, UN Special Magazine, No. 652 (www.unspecial.org) (2008). Pax Universalis Aeternaque, UN Special Magazine, No. 671 (www.unspecial.org) Christian David and Evelina Rioukhina (2010). The Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial, UN Special (magazine), No. 699 Tom Armstrong (1976). 200 years of American sculpture, Whitney Museum of American Art (1985) Paul Manship: changing taste in America: 19 May to 18 August 1985, Minnesota Museum of Art, Landmark Center. (2000). Booklet “The Dutch 17th Century in Etchings” for the exhibition of Rembrandt at the United Nations by Museum Geelvinck Hinlopen Huis (with the project proposals by Maecenas World Patrimony Foundation ((www.maecenasworldpatrimony.org) “Contribute to the Cycle of Life – the restoration of the Armillary Sphere”, Geneva. Alastair Duncan (1986). American art deco, Abrams. Carol Hynning Smith (1987). Drawings by Paul Manship: the Minnesota Museum of Art collection, Minnesota Museum of Art. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial. Genève tourisme La Genève internationale Peace monuments in Switzerland UN Special magazine Maecenas World Patrimony Foundation vteWoodrow Wilson 28th President of the United States (1913–1921) 34th Governor of New Jersey (1911–1913) 13th President of Princeton University (1902–1910) Presidency(timeline) Transition 1913 inauguration 1917 inauguration Roosevelt desk Judicial appointments Supreme Court nominees Louis Brandeis Supreme Court nomination Cabinet 1919 Nobel Peace Prize 19th Amendment Silent Sentinels Woman Suffrage Procession State of the Union Address 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1920 Foreign policy Wilsonianism Bryan–Chamorro Treaty (1914) Occupation of Haiti (1915–1934) Occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924) Army Appropriations Act of 1916 Council of National Defense Philippine Autonomy Act (1916) World War I 1917–1918; entry campaigns home front Committee on Public Information Four Minute Men Fourteen Points The Inquiry American Commission to Negotiate Peace Armistice of 11 November 1918 Espionage Act of 1917 Immigration Act of 1917 Selective Service Act of 1917 Immigration Act of 1918 Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 National War Labor Board (1918) Sedition Act of 1918 Wartime Measure Act of 1918 Paris Peace Conference 1919–1920; Racial Equality Proposal Pueblo speech (1919) Treaty of Versailles 1919; Big Four League of Nations 1920; charter Wilsonian Armenia (1920) New Freedom Federal racial segregation Federal Reserve Act 1913; Federal Reserve Newlands Labor Act 1913; Board of Mediation and Conciliation Raker Act (1913) Revenue Act of 1913 Federal income tax Rivers and Harbors Acts 1913 1914 1915 1916 Sabath Act (1913) Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 Cotton Futures Act of 1914 Cutter Service Act (1914) Emergency Internal Revenue Tax Act (1914) Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 Federal Trade Commission Glacier National Park Act of 1914 Legislative Reference Service (1914) Smith–Lever Act of 1914 War Risk Insurance Act (1914) Locomotive Inspection Act (1915) National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (1915) Occupancy Permits Act (1915) Adamson Act (1916) Brush Disposal Act of 1916 Cotton Futures Act of 1916 Federal Aid Road Act of 1916 Federal Employees' Compensation Act (1916) Federal Farm Loan Act 1916; Farm Credit System Federal Farm Loan Board Flag Day (1916) Fraudulent Advertising Act of 1916 Keating–Owen Act (1916) National Park Service Organic Act 1916; National Park Service Revenue Act of 1916 Rural Post Roads Act of 1916 Smith Act (1916) Stock-Raising Homestead Act (1916) United States Grain Standards Act of 1916 Warehouse Act of 1916 Wildlife Game Refuges Act of 1916 Flood Control Act of 1917 Smith–Hughes Act 1917; U.S. Federal Board for Vocational Education United States Railroad Administration 1917; USRA standard War Revenue Act of 1917 Revenue Act of 1918 Acadia National Park Act of 1919 Grand Canyon Park Act of 1919 Red Summer (1919) Wheat Price Guarantee Act (1919) Esch–Cummins Act 1920; Railroad Labor Board Federal Power Act 1920; Federal Power Commission Merchant Marine Act of 1920 Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 Life Birthplace and Presidential Library papers and manuscripts Boyhood home in Georgia Boyhood home in South Carolina Princeton University president Summer White House (Harlakenden Shadow Lawn) Woodrow Wilson House Gravesite Books Congressional Government (1900) When a Man Comes to Himself (1901) The New Freedom (1913) Elections 1910 New Jersey gubernatorial election 1912 Democratic National Convention 1912 U.S. presidential election 1916 Democratic National Convention 1916 U.S. presidential election Legacy(memorials) Bibliography Woodrow Wilson Awards Woodrow Wilson Foundation Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars The Wilson Quarterly Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs High schools Woodrow Wilson Junior College Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial Woodrow Wilson (Austin statue) Wilson Square (Warsaw) Woodrow Wilson Monument (Prague) Woodrow Wilson Bridge Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation U.S. Postage stamps U.S. Currency Popularculture Wilson (1944 film) Profiles in Courage (1965 series) Backstairs at the White House (1979 miniseries) Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century (2002 documentary) Wilson (2013 book) Suffs (2022 musical) Family Ellen Axson Wilson (wife, 1885–1914, death) Edith Bolling Wilson (wife, 1915–1924) Margaret Wilson (daughter, acting first lady) Jessie Wilson Sayre (daughter) Eleanor Wilson McAdoo (daughter) Francis Sayre Jr. (grandson) Joseph Ruggles Wilson (father) James Wilson (grandfather) Helen Woodrow Bones (cousin, secretary) William McAdoo (son-in-law) Related Progressive Era Jefferson Literary and Debating Society Woodrow Wilson and race ← William Howard Taft Warren G. Harding → Category vtePaul ManshipSculptures Duck Girl (1911) Indian Hunter (1917) The Flight of Europa (1925) Abraham Lincoln: The Hoosier Youth (1932) Group of Bears (1932) Prometheus (1934) Rainey Memorial Gates (1934) Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial (1938) Aero Memorial (1948) Other works Seal of New York City (1915) Merchant Marine Distinguished Service Medal (1943) Merchant Marine Mariner's Medal (1943) Merchant Marine Meritorious Service Medal (1944) George Davidson Medal (1951) North Carolina Award (c. 1964) vteUnited Nations Secretary-General: António Guterres Deputy Secretary-General: Amina J. Mohammed General Assembly President: Dennis Francis UN SystemCharter Preamble Principal organs Secretariat Secretary-General (selections) Deputy Secretary-General Under-Secretary-General General Assembly President International Court of Justice Statute Security Council Elections Members President Economic and Social Council President Trusteeship Council Funds, programmes,and other bodies Culture of Peace ITC IPCC IAEA MINURSO UNAIDS SCSL UNCTAD UNCITRAL UNCDF UNDGC UNDP UNDPO peacekeeping UNEP OzonAction UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNEP-WCMC UNFPA UN-HABITAT OHCHR UNHCR UNHRC UNICEF UNICRI UNIDIR UNITAR UN-Oceans UNODC UNOPS UNOSAT UNRISD UNRWA UNSDG UNSSC UNU UNU-OP UNU-CRIS UNV UN Women WFP Specialized agencies FAO ICAO IFAD ILO IMF IMO IOM ITU UNESCO UNIDO UN Tourism UPU WFEO WHO WIPO WMO World Bank Group IBRD IDA IFC Secretariat officesand departments Headquarters Secretariat Building Conference Building General Assembly Building Envoy on Youth Spokesperson for the Secretary-General Geneva Palace of Nations Nairobi Vienna Economic and Social Affairs Political and Peacebuilding Affairs Dag Hammarskjöld Library Safety and Security Palestinian Rights Peace Operations Internal Oversight Legal Affairs Developing Countries Sport for Development and Peace Disarmament Affairs Outer Space Affairs Partnerships Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UN organizations by location Sexual Violence in Conflict Membersand observers Full members Founding members Security Council Permanent members Permanent representatives to the UN list General Assembly Observers European Union HistoryPreceding years International Telegraph Union Universal Postal Union International Peace Conference Permanent Court of Arbitration Office international d'hygiène publique League of Nations archives charter organization members Preparatory years London Declaration (1941) Atlantic Charter (1941) Declaration by United Nations (1942) Moscow Conference (1943) Tehran Conference (1943) Dumbarton Oaks Conference (1944) Yalta Conference (1945) Conference on International Organization (1945) Activities Peacekeeping missions timeline governed territories UNPOL Universal Declaration of Human Rights drafting Human Rights Day Enlargement Convention on the Rights of the Child committee Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples World Heritage Convention Resolutions Security Council vetoes General Assembly 66th 67th Security Council Cyprus Iran Iraq Israel Lebanon Nagorno-Karabakh North Korea Palestine Syria Western Sahara Yemen Elections Secretary-General 2021 2016 International Court of Justice 2023 2022 2021 2020 2017 2014 2011 General Assembly President (2016) Security Council (2016) Related Bretton Woods system CCISUA Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Criticism Delivering as One Drug control treaties Expulsion from the United Nations FICSA Flag Honour Flag Four Nations Initiative Genocide Convention UN Global Compact International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights International Criminal Court International Narcotics Control Board International Day of Peace International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World International Years Interpreters UN laissez-passer Military Staff Committee Official languages Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Peacekeeping Canada Ralph Bunche Park SDG Publishers Compact Sustainable Development Goals United Nations Postal Administration UN Block By Block Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules) Treaty Series Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons UN Advisory Committee of Local Authorities UN Day Millennium Declaration Millennium Summit Security Council veto power UN reform Security Council reform UN Art Collection Security Council mural UN Federal Credit Union UN International School Hanoi UN Mandate UN Memorial Cemetery Korea UN Sacco University for Peace Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action Woodrow Wilson Memorial World Federation of United Nations Associations Other Outline United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights United Nations Medal United Nations Radio UN television film series (1964–1966) UN Special magazine Ex Tempore magazine United Nations in popular culture UNICEF club Model UN Withdrawal from the United Nations Women in peacekeeping World portal 46°13′34″N 6°08′32″E / 46.22609°N 6.14223°E / 46.22609; 6.14223

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CelestialSphere_P8260337.jpg"},{"link_name":"Palais des Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_des_Nations"},{"link_name":"United Nations Office at Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Geneva"},{"link_name":"member states of the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_UN"},{"link_name":"Ariana Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ariana_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paul Manship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Manship"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Foundation"},{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Geneva International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_organizations_based_in_Geneva"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"}],"text":"SculptureThe Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial, Ariana Park, Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland, 2010The grounds of the Palais des Nations (seat of the United Nations Office at Geneva) contain many fine objects donated by member states of the United Nations, private sponsors and artists. The Celestial Sphere (also known as the Armillary Sphere) in the Ariana Park of the Palais des Nations is the best-known of these. The huge—over four-meter-diameter—Celestial Sphere is the chef d'oeuvre of the American sculptor Paul Manship (1885–1966). It was donated in 1939 by the Woodrow Wilson Foundation to what was then the League of Nations building. Known also as the Woodrow Wilson Memorial Sphere of the Palais des Nations it is today a symbol of Geneva International and of Geneva as the centre of dialogue and peace.","title":"Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aero_Memorial_by_Paul_Manship,_Philadelphia_-_DSC06532.JPG"},{"link_name":"Aero Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aero_Memorial_(Manship)"},{"link_name":"Aero Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aero_Memorial_(Manship)"},{"link_name":"zodiac signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrological_sign"}],"text":"Contacted in late 1935 by the Board of the Woodrow Wilson Foundation, Manship was asked to provide an idea for a memorial to President of the United States Woodrow Wilson as the founding father of the League of Nations. At that time the Palais des Nations was still under construction.The Aero Memorial in PhiladelphiaThe first idea for Manship's contribution to the new buildings was to have him design two doors to the Assembly Hall from the Halle des Pas Perdus. Both the artist and the donor, the Woodrow Wilson Foundation, rejected this idea because doors would not be suitable for a memorial. Manship then proposed a large-scale version of the present celestial sphere, which he had developed after years of study. It is based upon several earlier versions, including the Aero Memorial in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It differs from these in that the Sphere is supported upon the backs of four tortoises, taken from his models for the gates to the New York Bronx Zoo, which in turn rest upon a stepped socle bearing a cast representation of the Chinese \"celestial sea\" (Hai Shui Jiang Ya). The tortoises may therefore be thought to represent the Chinese tortoise of immortality (Ao) - an auspicious symbol from Tang times on. Other zodiac signs come from the world's major civilizations, both past and present.Manship described this sphere in the following words:The representation of the heavenly constellations is derived from Babylonia and Assyria: the Greeks and Latins added their names and gave the constellations a local significance in some cases and I have adhered as closely as possible to the ancient forms. Thus the star, Aldebaran, which represents the eye of Taurus, dictates the character of the design, as is also the case of Regulus, Leo's Heart, and so with all the constellations. The forms and attitudes of the figures have been made to correspond firstly with the positions and the meanings of the emblems themselves. After that the inter-relationship of the constellations was designed to create a harmonious ensemble.In a letter written by Ham Armstrong to Arthus Sweetser dated 30 June 1935, we read that the building committee considered the Celestial Sphere, which they had seen in Paris, superb, not only in originality of conception, but in delicacy of execution and in spirituality of meaning. However, two obstacles were foreseen; first, that it would cost more than the budget available and, second, that it would be difficult to obtain the approval of committee in New York and Geneva on anything so novel and non-utilitarian. Nonetheless, Manship's proposal for a monumental celestial sphere was accepted and a commission for the project was awarded to him in April 1936.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angelo Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Colombo"},{"link_name":"Richard Pousette-Dart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pousette-Dart"}],"text":"In spring of 1936, immediately after the approval by the committee, Manship began working on a large-scale model in wax. At his atelier, he gathered a team of sculptors and other artists to work on the various aspects of the design. The team included such famous names as Angelo Colombo, Giuseppe Massari, and Richard Pousette-Dart, the renowned painter who collaborated with Herbert Kammerer on the sphere's lettering.The original plaster moulds, executed by Flitzer, were ready in 1938 and were sent to the Bruno Bearzi Atelier in Florence for casting. Bearzi cast the sphere's elements from these plaster moulds using a cire-perdu process from a bronze/zinc high-tin alloy with added lead. The constellations were originally gilded, with chrome-silvered starts. The meridians and architectural elements of the composition have been variously nielloed.The Celestial Sphere measures 410 cm. in diameter and weighs some 5,800 kg. The spherical frame is adorned with constellations and stars. The Sphere represents 85 constellations of the universe and shows four stars of the first four magnitudes. The constellations are gilded and the 840 stars are silvered. As his signature, it bears Manship's self-portrait with his tools, in profile, hidden among the constellations.","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Pole star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_star"}],"text":"One of the main difficulties was to find a location for the sphere. Even though Manship designed it for the Court of Honour in front of the Assembly Hall, the question was raised in 1937 whether this space should be left completely open for a full panorama. When neither the Woodrow Wilson Foundation nor the artist wanted to hear of a change in 1938, it was decided to put the sphere in the middle of the Park, not too close to the building and not too close to the trees. The sphere was placed in a small reservoir that would reflect the image of the sphere and the building in the water. The sphere was installed in its present location, in the Court d'Honneur of the Ariana park of the Palais des Nations by the Bearzi Atelier in August 1939. The official inauguration of what has become a United Nations symbol took place in September 1939.The sphere is equipped with a motor. In the words of the artist it was designed \"so that it would rotate slowly\" around an axis turned to the Pole star, and it was intended to be illuminated at night.","title":"A place for the Celestial Sphere"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Concerns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"}],"sub_title":"Dysfunctional rotation system and illumination","text":"Due to the outbreak of the Second World War the rotation motor of the Celestial Sphere was used for several months only. In the files of the Woodrow Wilson Foundation, the following brief description was found: \"A complex silence and solitude reigned; the great ceremony of dedication, with the 30th Assembly in session, had become impossible: only an occasional chance visitor and a few especially interested Americans watched the Italians putting the great sphere, representative of universal comity, into its place of high honour.\" The rotation motor of the Celestial Sphere was not used during 1940–1945 and ceased to function in the early 1960s.","title":"Concerns"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Deteriorating conditions","text":"The sphere began to have significant problems as early as 1942. The alloy used by the Bearzi Atelier contracted so sharply during the winter that a considerable amount of water could and did enter the hollow constellations. The freezing of that water caused the metal to crack. Already several of the constellations had to be repaired in 1942–43 and at least one cover of a meridian had to be replaced after falling off. \"Weep holes\" were drilled in all the constellations at that time to allow the water to drain out. The socle, which bears the whole of the 5,800 kg weight, has cracked. Large areas of corrosion and uneven natural patina are seen. The 840 chrome-plated stars, once present in four sizes, have been widely lost. The sphere cage is at the limit of its weight bearing load. Metal fatigue, cracks and corrosion have increasingly added to its deterioration.","title":"Concerns"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Today the Celestial Sphere stands in the Court d’Honneur of the Palais des Nations, itself an important landmark of the City of Geneva. It serves as a vivid reminder that despite all cultural and religious differences we are inhabitants of one and the same planet of the galaxy, the Earth. The time has come to think in terms of Pax Universalis rather than of other Paxes, and one of the contributors to a Pax Universalis is an action-oriented dialogue, based on common human values and the ideals of the United Nations.","title":"Symbol of Peace - Pax Universalis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sculpture_flag_onu_geneve.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assembly_Hall_background_DSC_1052.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OpendayDSC_1014.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fragment_near_the_axe_DSC_1053.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Upper_sideDSC_1050.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fragmentcorrosion_DSC_1045.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turtles_fragment_P8260339.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fragment_criticalDSC_1040.jpg"}],"text":"The Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial in the Ariana Park with Lake Geneva in the background.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial with the Assembly Hall in the background. Palais des Nations, Geneva, 2010.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOpen day at the Palais des Nations in the Ariana Park, 5 June 2010.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPortion of the Celestial Sphere, 2010.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPortion of the Celestial Sphere, upper part 2010.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCritical state of the Celestial Sphere, portion with signs of corrosion, 2010.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPortion of the Celestial Sphere with the turtles, 2010.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCritical state of the Celestial Sphere, 2010.","title":"Gallery"}]

[{"image_text":"The Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial, Ariana Park, Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland, 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/CelestialSphere_P8260337.jpg/260px-CelestialSphere_P8260337.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Aero Memorial in Philadelphia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Aero_Memorial_by_Paul_Manship%2C_Philadelphia_-_DSC06532.JPG/260px-Aero_Memorial_by_Paul_Manship%2C_Philadelphia_-_DSC06532.JPG"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motilal_Roy

Motilal Roy

["1 Early life","2 Activities","3 References"]

For the 19th century Bengali actor, director, writer and Jatra artist, see Motilal Ray. Motilal RoyBornJanuary 5, 1883Borai Chanditala, Chandannagore, Hooghly district, British India ( Now in West Bengal, India)DiedApril 10, 1959(1959-04-10) (aged 76)Occupation(s)Revolutionary leader, journalist, social reformer Motilal Roy (January 5, 1883 — April 10, 1959) was a Bengali revolutionary, journalist, social reformer. He founded the Prabartak Sangha, a nationalist organisation for social works. Early life Statue of Motilal Roy in Prabartak Sangha Motilal Roy was born at Borai Chanditala, Chandannagore, Hooghly district in British India. His father was Biharilal Singha Roy. Their family was originated from Chettri Rajput of Uttar Pradesh. Roy completed his schooling from Free Church Institution. After the sad demise of his only girl child, Roy attracted to Vaishnavism and in 1920 he organised a group to serve the poor people. Activities Motilal joined in the movement against Partition of Bengal (1905) in 1905. Latter he was attached with armed revolutionaries of Bengal. He collected that revolver and supplied to Kanailal Dutta by Shrish Chandra Ghosh for the assassination of Naren Goswami in 1908. Roy established the Prabartak Sangha under the inspiration of Sri Aurobindo. Roy's home as well as the Sangha were the important safe house of Indian freedom fighters. Hundreds of Indian independence activists took shelter in Roy's house. Being a senior member of the revolutionary group he provided money and arms to the revolutionaries. in 21 February, 1910 Aurobindo reached at Chandannagar and stayed in Roy's house for 42 days safely before going Pondicherry. Roy assumed the title of Sangha Guru or the chief spiritual leader of the organization. He also established school, library, students hostel publication house and Khadi business for people. A fortnightly journal of his organisation named Prabartak was edited by another senior revolutionary Manindra Nath Nayak. References ^ Sangha, Prabartak (1970). "Message and Mission of Prabartak Samgha". Retrieved December 3, 2017. ^ a b Volume 1, Subhodh Chandra Sengupta & Anjali Basu (2002). Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan (Bibliographical Dictionary) (in Bengali). Kolkata: Sahitya Samsad. pp. 390–391. ISBN 81-85626-65-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Next weekend you can be at Chandernagore". telegraphindia.com. February 6, 2005. Archived from the original on April 20, 2005. Retrieved December 3, 2017. ^ Peter Heehs (2008). The Lives of Sri Aurobindo. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231140980. Retrieved December 3, 2017. ^ Kaushal Kishore (January 2016). The Life and Times of Sri Aurobindo Ghosh. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9788184303681. Retrieved December 3, 2017. ^ Sailendra Nath Sen (2012). Chandernagore: From Boundage to Freedom, 1900-1955. Primus Books. ISBN 9789380607238. Retrieved December 4, 2017. vteIndian Revolutionary MovementOrganizations Abhinav Bharat Society Anushilan Samiti Bengal Volunteers Berlin Committee Communist Consolidation Dhaka Anushilan Samiti Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association India House Jugantar (Yugantar) Naujawan Bharat Sabha Paris Indian Society Workers and Peasants Party People Abinash Chandra Bhattacharya Ambika Chakrabarty Ajoy Ghosh Alluri Sitarama Raju Anant Laxman Kanhere Ananta Singh Anantahari Mitra Ashfaqulla Khan Atul Krishna Ghosh Badal Gupta Bagha Jatin Baikuntha Shukla Banwari Lal Basanta Kumar Biswas Basawon Singh Batukeshwar Dutt Benoy Basu Bhagat Singh Bhagwan Singh Gyanee Bhagwati Charan Vohra Bhai Balmukund Bhai Parmanand Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bhupendranath Datta Bhavabhushan Mitra Bina Das Binod Bihari Chowdhury Bipin Behari Ganguli Chempakaraman Pillai Chandra Shekhar Azad Chittapriya Ray Chaudhuri Deba Gupta Dinesh Gupta Durgawati Devi Ganesh Damodar Savarkar Ganesh Ghosh Gaya Prasad Katiyar Gulab Kaur Guran Ditt Kumar Har Dayal Hare Krishna Konar Haridas Dutta Harigopal Bal Hari Kishan Talwar Harnam Singh Saini Hemchandra Kanungo Hemu Kalani Jadugopal Mukherjee Jatindra Nath Das Jiban Ghoshal Jnanendra Das Gupta Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee Kanailal Dutta Kalpana Datta Kalyani Das Krishnaji Gopal Karve Kartar Singh Sarabha Kishori Lal Khudiram Bose Kunwar Pratap Singh Barhath Kushal Konwar Lokenath Bal Madan Lal Dhingra Mahavir Singh Manmath Nath Gupta Manoranjan Bhattacharya Matangini Hazra Mohit Moitra Mohan Kishore Namadas Motilal Roy M. P. T. Acharya Mukundi Lal Munsha Singh Dukhi Narendra Mohan Sen Niralamba Swami Niranjan Sengupta Nirmal Jibon Ghosh Pandit Kanshi Ram Panchanan Chakraborty Pandurang Mahadev Bapat Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje Prafulla Chaki Pramod Ranjan Choudhury Pratul Chandra Ganguli Pradyot Kumar Bhattacharya Prem Krishna Khanna Pritilata Waddedar Pulin Behari Das P. V. Kurian Rajat Sen Rajendra Lahiri Ram Chandra Bharadwaj Ramakrishna Biswas Ram Prasad Bismil Ram Rakha Rash Behari Bose Roshan Singh Sachindra Bakshi Sachindra Nath Sanyal Santosh Kumar Mitra Satyendranath Bosu Satish Sardar Shiv Verma Shivaram Rajguru Shrish Chandra Ghosh Shyamji Krishna Varma Sohan Singh Bhakna Sohanlal Pathak Sri Aurobindo Srish Pal Subodh Roy Sukhdev Thapar Suniti Choudhury Surya Sen Tarak Nath Das Tarakeswar Dastidar Tarakeswar Sengupta Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath Thakur Zorawar Singh Barhath Udham Singh Ullaskar Dutta V. V. S. Aiyar Vanchinathan Veer Bhai Kotwal Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Vishnu Ganesh Pingle Vishwanath Vaishampayan Yogendra Shukla Publications Bande Mataram Bande Mataram (Paris) Hindustan Ghadar Jugantar Patrika Events Alipore Bomb case Barisal Conspiracy Case Chittagong Armoury Raid Christmas Day Plot Delhi conspiracy case Delhi Conspiracy Commission Ghadar Mutiny Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case Kakori conspiracy Lahore Conspiracy Case trial Rodda company arms heist

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Motilal Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motilal_Ray"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalis"},{"link_name":"Prabartak Sangha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabartak_Sangha"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the 19th century Bengali actor, director, writer and Jatra artist, see Motilal Ray.Motilal Roy (January 5, 1883 — April 10, 1959) was a Bengali revolutionary, journalist, social reformer. He founded the Prabartak Sangha, a nationalist organisation for social works.[1]","title":"Motilal Roy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prabartak_Sangha_buildings_07.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chandannagore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandannagar"},{"link_name":"Hooghly district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooghly_district"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"},{"link_name":"Chettri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chettri"},{"link_name":"Rajput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajput"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Vaishnavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Statue of Motilal Roy in Prabartak SanghaMotilal Roy was born at Borai Chanditala, Chandannagore, Hooghly district in British India. His father was Biharilal Singha Roy. Their family was originated from Chettri Rajput of Uttar Pradesh. Roy completed his schooling from Free Church Institution. After the sad demise of his only girl child, Roy attracted to Vaishnavism and in 1920 he organised a group to serve the poor people.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Partition of Bengal (1905)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)"},{"link_name":"Kanailal Dutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanailal_Dutta"},{"link_name":"Shrish Chandra Ghosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrish_Chandra_Ghosh"},{"link_name":"Sri Aurobindo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo"},{"link_name":"Indian independence activists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pondicherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondicherry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Khadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Manindra Nath Nayak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manindra_Nath_Nayak"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Motilal joined in the movement against Partition of Bengal (1905) in 1905. Latter he was attached with armed revolutionaries of Bengal. He collected that revolver and supplied to Kanailal Dutta by Shrish Chandra Ghosh for the assassination of Naren Goswami in 1908. Roy established the Prabartak Sangha under the inspiration of Sri Aurobindo. Roy's home as well as the Sangha were the important safe house of Indian freedom fighters. Hundreds of Indian independence activists took shelter in Roy's house. Being a senior member of the revolutionary group he provided money and arms to the revolutionaries.[3] in 21 February, 1910 Aurobindo reached at Chandannagar and stayed in Roy's house for 42 days safely before going Pondicherry. Roy assumed the title of Sangha Guru or the chief spiritual leader of the organization.[4][5] He also established school, library, students hostel publication house and Khadi business for people.[2] A fortnightly journal of his organisation named Prabartak was edited by another senior revolutionary Manindra Nath Nayak.[6]","title":"Activities"}]

[{"image_text":"Statue of Motilal Roy in Prabartak Sangha","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Prabartak_Sangha_buildings_07.jpg/220px-Prabartak_Sangha_buildings_07.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Sangha, Prabartak (1970). \"Message and Mission of Prabartak Samgha\". Retrieved December 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ihgaAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Message and Mission of Prabartak Samgha\""}]},{"reference":"Volume 1, Subhodh Chandra Sengupta & Anjali Basu (2002). Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan (Bibliographical Dictionary) (in Bengali). Kolkata: Sahitya Samsad. pp. 390–391. ISBN 81-85626-65-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85626-65-0","url_text":"81-85626-65-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Next weekend you can be at Chandernagore\". telegraphindia.com. February 6, 2005. Archived from the original on April 20, 2005. Retrieved December 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050420043337/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050206/asp/calcutta/story_4342475.asp","url_text":"\"Next weekend you can be at Chandernagore\""},{"url":"https://www.telegraphindia.com/1050206/asp/calcutta/story_4342475.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Peter Heehs (2008). The Lives of Sri Aurobindo. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231140980. Retrieved December 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hlasAgAAQBAJ&q=motilal+roy+prabartak+sangha&pg=PA333","url_text":"The Lives of Sri Aurobindo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231140980","url_text":"9780231140980"}]},{"reference":"Kaushal Kishore (January 2016). The Life and Times of Sri Aurobindo Ghosh. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9788184303681. Retrieved December 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8qOaDAAAQBAJ&q=motilal+roy&pg=PA71","url_text":"The Life and Times of Sri Aurobindo Ghosh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184303681","url_text":"9788184303681"}]},{"reference":"Sailendra Nath Sen (2012). Chandernagore: From Boundage to Freedom, 1900-1955. Primus Books. ISBN 9789380607238. Retrieved December 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cjAweaCPLD0C&q=Manindra+Nath+Nayak+Prabartak&pg=PA349","url_text":"Chandernagore: From Boundage to Freedom, 1900-1955"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789380607238","url_text":"9789380607238"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaga_(wine)

Malaga (wine)

["1 References","2 External links"]

Spanish sweet fortified wine For the Spanish wine region, see Málaga and Sierras de Málaga. Malaga Malaga is a sweet fortified wine originating in the Spanish city of Málaga made from Pedro Ximénez and Moscatel grapes. The center of Malaga production is Sierra de Almijara, along with Antequera, Archidona, San Pedro Alcantara, Velez Malaga and Competa, in the Spanish wine region of Málaga DOP. The winemaking history in Malaga and the nearby mountains is one of the oldest in Europe. However, like many of the world's great dessert wines, demand fell dramatically in the 20th century and it was feared that this wine would soon become extinct. There has been a recent surge in interest in sweet wines, and Malaga wines are finding their place on the world stage. The main wine villages of this appellation include Frigiliana and Vélez. There are many red and white varietals grown, but the only ones used for dessert wines are the Pedro Ximénez and Moscatel. Malagas classically come in three distinctions (denominación de origen): Malaga (mostly sweet white wines) Sierra de Malaga (white, rose and red wines) Pasas de Málaga (raisins) References ^ "The Museum of wine Malaga". Archived from the original on 2015-07-10. Retrieved 2011-11-10. ^ "Wines of Malaga | Winemaking in Malaga | Andalucia.com". www.andalucia.com. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 2016-07-25. External links Official website vteSpanish wine regionsPDO: Protected Denominations of Origin Major regions Cava Navarra Priorat Rías Baixas Ribera del Duero Rioja Rueda Jerez-Xeres-Sherry Denominación de origen calificada (DOCa)Basque Country Rioja Catalonia Priorat La Rioja Rioja Navarre Rioja Denominación de origen (DO)Andalusia Condado de Huelva Granada Jerez-Xeres-Sherry Málaga Manzanilla-Sanlúcar de Barrameda Montilla-Moriles Sierras de Málaga Aragon Calatayud Campo de Borja Cariñena Somontano Cava Balearic Islands Binissalem Pla i Llevant Basque Country Txakoli de Álava Txakoli de Bizkaia Txakoli de Getaria Cava Canary Islands Abona El Hierro Gran Canaria La Gomera La Palma Lanzarote Tacoronte-Acentejo Valle de Güímar Valle de la Orotava Ycoden-Daute-Isora Castile and León Arlanza Arribes Bierzo Cigales Ribera del Duero Rueda Tierra de León Tierra del Vino de Zamora Toro Cava Castile–La Mancha Almansa Jumilla La Mancha Manchuela Méntrida Mondéjar Ribera del Júcar Uclés Valdepeñas Catalonia Alella Catalunya Conca de Barberà Costers del Segre Empordà Montsant Penedès Pla de Bages Tarragona Terra Alta Cava Extremadura Ribera del Guadiana Cava Galicia Monterrei Rías Baixas Ribeira Sacra Ribeiro Valdeorras La Rioja Cava Madrid Vinos de Madrid Murcia Bullas Jumilla Yecla Navarre Navarra Cava Valencia Alicante Utiel-Requena Valencia Cava Vino de PagoAragon Pago Aylés Castile–La Mancha Campo de La Guardia Casa del Blanco Dehesa del Carrizal Dominio de Valdepusa El Vicario Finca Élez Guijoso La Jaraba Los Cerrillos Pago Calzadilla Pago Florentino Vallegarcía Navarre Arínzano Otazu Prado de Irache Valencia El Terrerazo Pago de Los Balagueses Vera de Estenas Vino de calidadAndalusia Lebrija Asturias Cangas Canary Islands Islas Canarias Castile and León Sierra de Salamanca Valles de Benavente Valtiendas PGI: Protected Geographical IndicationsVino de la tierraAndalusia Altiplano de Sierra Nevada Bailén Cádiz Córdoba Cumbres del Guadalfeo Desierto de Almería Laderas del Genil Laujar-Alpujarra Los Palacios Norte de Almería Ribera del Andarax Sierra Norte de Sevilla Sierra Sur de Jaén Sierras de las Estancias y los Filabres Torreperogil Villaviciosa de Córdoba Aragon Bajo Aragón Ribera del Gállego-Cinco Villas Ribera del Jiloca Ribera del Queiles Valdejalón Valle del Cinca Balearic Islands Formentera Ibiza Illes Balears Isla de Menorca Mallorca Serra de Tramuntana-Costa Nord Cantabria Costa de Cantabria Liébana Castile and León Castile and León Castile–La Mancha Castilla Extremadura Extremadura Galicia Barbanza e Iria Betanzos Ribeiras do Morrazo Val do Miño-Ourense La Rioja Valles de Sadacia Murcia Abanilla Murcia Campo de Cartagena Navarre Ribera del Queiles 3 Riberas Valencia Castelló Multi-regional wine regions: Cava · Jumilla · Ribera del Queiles · Rioja See also Spanish wine Catalan wine Galician wine Txakoli Malaga Authority control databases: National Czech Republic

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Málaga and Sierras de Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1laga_and_Sierras_de_M%C3%A1laga"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%A1laga_Virgen_wines.jpg"},{"link_name":"fortified wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortified_wine"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"Pedro Ximénez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Xim%C3%A9nez"},{"link_name":"Moscatel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscatel"},{"link_name":"grapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape"},{"link_name":"Sierra de Almijara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_de_Almijara"},{"link_name":"Antequera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antequera"},{"link_name":"Málaga DOP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1laga_and_Sierras_de_M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"dessert wines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessert_wine"},{"link_name":"Frigiliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigiliana"},{"link_name":"Vélez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9lez-M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"Pedro Ximénez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Xim%C3%A9nez"},{"link_name":"Moscatel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscatel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pasas de Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasas_de_M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"raisins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_wine"}],"text":"For the Spanish wine region, see Málaga and Sierras de Málaga.MalagaMalaga is a sweet fortified wine originating in the Spanish city of Málaga made from Pedro Ximénez and Moscatel grapes. The center of Malaga production is Sierra de Almijara, along with Antequera, Archidona, San Pedro Alcantara, Velez Malaga and Competa, in the Spanish wine region of Málaga DOP. The winemaking history in Malaga and the nearby mountains is one of the oldest in Europe. However, like many of the world's great dessert wines, demand fell dramatically in the 20th century and it was feared that this wine would soon become extinct. There has been a recent surge in interest in sweet wines, and Malaga wines are finding their place on the world stage. The main wine villages of this appellation include Frigiliana and Vélez. There are many red and white varietals grown, but the only ones used for dessert wines are the Pedro Ximénez and Moscatel.[1]Malagas classically come in three distinctions (denominación de origen):[2]Malaga (mostly sweet white wines)\nSierra de Malaga (white, rose and red wines)\nPasas de Málaga (raisins)","title":"Malaga (wine)"}]

[{"image_text":"Malaga","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/M%C3%A1laga_Virgen_wines.jpg/220px-M%C3%A1laga_Virgen_wines.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowbaran

Nowbaran

["1 Demographics","1.1 Population","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References"]

Coordinates: 35°07′55″N 49°42′33″E / 35.13194°N 49.70917°E / 35.13194; 49.70917City in Markazi province, Iran For the administrative division, see Nowbaran District. City in Markazi, IranNowbaran Persian: نوبرانCityLandscape near the city of NowbaranNowbaranCoordinates: 35°07′55″N 49°42′33″E / 35.13194°N 49.70917°E / 35.13194; 49.70917CountryIranProvinceMarkaziCountySavehDistrictNowbaranPopulation (2016) • Total3,334Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) Nowbaran (Persian: نوبران) is a city in, and the capital of, Nowbaran District of Saveh County, Markazi province, Iran. It also serves as the administrative center for Bayat Rural District. Demographics Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 1,931 in 577 households. The following census in 2011 counted 2,170 people in 631 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 3,334 people in 1,018 households. See also Iran portal Notes ^ Also romanized as Nowbarān and Nūbarān References ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (1 September 2023). "Nowbaran, Saveh County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 1 September 2023. ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 00. Archived from the original (Excel) on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Nowbaran can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3077155" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of Markazi province's divisions to the citizenship of Arak city". Lamtakam (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Political Commission of Defense of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024. ^ Mousavi, Mirhosein (18 May 1366). "Creation and formation of 12 rural districts including villages, farms and places in Saveh County under Markazi province". Islamic Parliament Research Center (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Board of Ministers. Archived from the original on 18 October 2011. Retrieved 18 January 2024. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 00. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 00. Archived from the original (Excel) on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022. vteMarkazi Province, IranCapital Arak Counties and citiesArak County Arak Davudabad Karahrud Senjan Ashtian County Ashtian Delijan County Delijan Naraq Farahan County Farmahin Saruq Khomeyn County Khomeyn Qurchi Bashi Khondab County Khondab Komijan County Komijan Milajerd Mahallat County Mahallat Nimvar Saveh County Saveh Gharqabad Nowbaran Shazand County Shazand Astaneh Bazneh Hendudur Tureh Tafresh County Tafresh Zarandieh County Khoshkrud Mamuniyeh Parandak Razeghi Zaviyeh Sights Chal nakhjir cave, Delijan Khorheh Atashkoh fire temple, Nimvar Mausoleum of Mahmoud Hessaby ,Tafresh Arak's grand Bazzar Mahallat's flower and plant festival Aveh ancient cite, Saveh Chaharfasl bath museum, Arak Hezaveh village Jameh Mosque of Saveh Panzdah khordad dam Emarat lake, Shazand Azadkhan cave, Mahallat Miqan Wetland Mostufi-al-mamalek's castle, Ashtian Dudahak caravansary, Delijan Naragh's historical complex Sepahdar school, Arak Sheshnaveh mosque Mahdiabad's Yakhchal populated places List of cities, towns and villages in Markazi Province vte Saveh CountyCapital Saveh DistrictsCentralCities Saveh Aveh Rural Districts and villagesNur Ali Beyk Aliabad-e Band Asiabak-e Band Bagh-e Shadi Band-e Chay Charmak Dinarabad Hasanabad-e Band Holul Lalain Mahmudabad Malekabad Maraq Maraq Kan Nur Ali Beyk Olusjerd Qardin Qeshlaq-e Chalablu Qeshlaq-e Qiyujik Qeshlaq-e Sialeh Qiz Qaleh Quch-e Emam Selijerd Seqanliq Sharaflu Sorkheh Deh Yalabad Yevlaq Yusefabad Qareh Chay Abbasabad Akbarabad Andis Chichiabad Dalestan Emamabad Ghazemabad Harisan Hesar Qelij Mazraeh-ye Banak Keshavarzi Moradkhanli Ostuj Owjan Qalandariyeh Qaleh-ye Shir Khan Qareh Chay Qeshlaq-e Hoseynabad Safiabad Salehabad Seydabad Seyfabad Tarkhuran Shahsavan Kandi Akbarabad-e Nivesht Arjrud Ashianak Azizabad Band-e Naqin Chenar Dasht Luyin Integrated Agricultural Complex Deh-e Aqa Emamzadeh Khuraq Esmailabad Haqaniyeh Jamshidabad Nivesht Noshveh Palangabad Qaleh-ye Aqdarreh Qeytaniyeh Qiajik Razin Safiabad Samavak Shahsavan Kandi-ye Sofla Sulab Susan Naqin Varak Bar-e Sofla Yekeh Bagh-e Sofla Zamanabad Taraznahid Afghan Refugee Camp Ahmadabad Ahmadabad-e Shadjerd Anjilavand-e Olya Bagh-e Sheykh Bolagh Istgah-e Kuh Pank Jafarabad Kaveh Industrial City Khorramabad Mazraeh-ye Seh Chah Qaleh-ye Abdollah Qeshlaq-e Anjilavand-e Sofla Rezaabad Sarshekaf Sherkat-e Gol Nama Sinak Taraznahid Valman NowbaranCities Gharqabad Nowbaran Rural Districts and villagesAq Kahriz Akbarabad-e Qushchi Ali Darzi, Saveh Aq Kahriz Askin Atolen Badam Chaloq Baleqlu Bivaran Chamran Dowlatabad Ghazemabad Kahak Kalleh Dasht Kashkevar Mar Michak Ordmin Piman Qezel Qash Sangak Sari Qash Visman Zambar Bayat Aqcheh Qaleh Ara Qaleh Baghcheh Ghaz Chah Bar Dakhan Damurchi Darband Dowruzan Ebrahimabad Estijak Fastaq Gujeh Menar Khalifeh Kandi Khorramabad Kord Khvord-e Olya Kord Khvord-e Sofla Kordak Machinak Maragheh Mazlaqan Meymah Moslemabad Qaleh-ye Ahmad Beyk Qaleh-ye Teyn Quch Bolaghi Setaq Tahereh Khatun Tajareh Teymur Qash Towhidlu Kuhpayeh Aq Qaleh Aqdash Chalfakhreh Gozal Darreh Hamidiyeh Hariqan Jalakbar Jushqan Kamalu Khaneqah Koreh Bar Maqsudabad Qarloq Qermezin Saman Sangestan Sari-ye Sofla Shad Baghi Varkbar-e Olya Yatan Yengi Qaleh This Saveh County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"Iran portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Brant

Brant (goose)

["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Habitat","4 Conservation status","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]

Species of bird "Black Brant" redirects here. For the rocket, see Black Brant (rocket). This article cites its sources but does not provide page references. You can help providing page numbers for existing citations. (September 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Brant Calls recorded in West Sussex, England Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae Genus: Branta Species: B. bernicla Binomial name Branta bernicla(Linnaeus, 1758) Global map of range   Winter non-breeding range  Summer breeding range Synonyms Anas bernicla Linnaeus, 1758 The brant or brent goose (Branta bernicla) is a small goose of the genus Branta. There are three subspecies, all of which winter along temperate-zone sea-coasts and breed on the high-Arctic tundra. The Brent oilfield was named after the species. Taxonomy The brant was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Anas bernicla. Linnaeus specified the type locality as Europe but in 1761 restricted it to Sweden. The brant is now one of six species placed in the genus Branta that was introduced in 1769 by the Austrian naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli. The genus name Branta is a Latinised form of Old Norse brandgás, "burnt (black) goose". The specific epithet bernicla is Medieval Latin for barnacle. The brant and the similar barnacle goose were previously considered to be the same species and believed to be the same creature as the barnacle. That myth can be dated back to at least the 12th century. Gerald of Wales claimed to have seen these birds hanging down from pieces of timber, William Turner accepted the theory, and John Gerard claimed to have seen the birds emerging from their shells. This myth arose because in the 1100s the migration of birds was unknown, but it was known that none of these birds was ever seen nesting, nor were eggs found, nor were goslings seen. The legend persisted until the end of the 18th century. In County Kerry, until relatively recently, Catholics could eat this bird on a Friday because it counted as fish. Three subspecies are recognised: B. b. nigricans (Lawrence, 1846) – northeast Siberia, Alaska and northwest Canada B. b. bernicla (Linnaeus, 1758) – northwest, central north Russia B. b. hrota (Müller, OF, 1776) – northeast Canada, Greenland and Svalbard Description Wintering at the Wadden Sea, Germany Feeding in Long Island Sound, Connecticut Eggs, Collection Museum Wiesbaden The brant is a small goose with a short, stubby bill. It measures 55–66 cm (22–26 in) long, 106–121 cm (42–48 in) across the wings and weighs 0.88–2.2 kg (1.9–4.9 lb). The under-tail is pure white, and the tail black and very short (the shortest of any goose). The body of the dark-bellied nominate subspecies B. b. bernicla is fairly uniformly dark grey-brown all over, the flanks and belly not significantly paler than the back. The head and neck are black, with a small white patch on either side of the neck. With a population of about 250000, it breeds on the Arctic coasts of central and western Siberia and winters in coastal areas of western Europe, with over half the population in southern England, the rest between northern Germany and south-western France. The pale-bellied form B. b. hrota appears blackish-brown and light grey in colour. The body is different shades of grey-brown all over, the flanks and belly are significantly paler than the back and present a marked contrast. The head and neck are black, with a small white patch on either side of the neck. The total population is about 250,000, with the main population breeding in northeastern Canada and wintering along the Atlantic coast of the U.S. from Maine to Georgia, and two smaller populations, one breeding in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, and northeastern Greenland and wintering in Denmark, northeast England, and Scotland, and the other breeding in the far-northeastern Canadian islands and wintering in Ireland, southwest England, and in a small but significant area, le havre de Regnéville, centered on the Sienne Estuary in Manche (Northern France). In Ireland it is recorded in winter from a number of areas including Lough Foyle, Strangford Lough, Tralee Bay and Castlemaine Harbour. The black form B. b. nigricans appears blackish-brown and white in colour. This form is a very contrastingly black and white bird, with a uniformly dark sooty-brown back, similarly coloured underparts (with the dark colour extending furthest back of the three forms) and a prominent white flank patch; it also has larger white neck patches, forming a near-complete collar. The population of about 125,000 breeds in northwestern Canada, Alaska and eastern Siberia, and winters mostly on the west coast of North America from southern Alaska to California, but also some in east Asia, mainly Japan, also Korea and China. The population has been as high as 200,000 in 1981, and as low as 100,000 in 1987. The Asian populations of the black brant populations had previously been regarded as a separate subspecies B. b. orientalis based on purported paler upperparts coloration; however, it is generally now believed that this is not correct, and they are assigned to B. b. nigricans. A fourth form (sometimes known as the 'gray-bellied brant) has been proposed, although no formal subspecies description has been made as yet, for a population of birds breeding in central Arctic Canada (mainly Melville Island), and wintering on Puget Sound on the American west coast around the U.S./Canada border. These birds are intermediate in appearance between black brant and pale-bellied brant, having brown upperparts and grey underparts which give less of a contrast with the white flank patch. It has also been proposed that, rather than being a separate subspecies, it is actually a result of interbreeding between these two forms, given that this population exhibits mixed characters. Individual birds when wintering generally remain in loose family-groups, together with others of the same sub-species, but there is overlap in some areas (for example Western Europe, see above); and this is also true in the breeding colonies. Outside the breeding season, individuals with characteristics of any subspecies may occasionally turn up with regular migrants, and there has been debate as to whether this is related to migration routing accidents, or to breeding range overlap, or even interbreeding. Habitat In a defensive position The brant goose was strictly coastal bird in winter, rarely leaving tidal estuaries, where it feeds on eelgrass (Zostera marina) and the seaweed, sea lettuce (Ulva). On the east coast of North America, the inclusion of sea lettuce is a recent change to their diet, brought about by a blight on eelgrass in 1931. This resulted in the near-extirpation of the brant. The few that survived changed their diet to include sea lettuce until the eelgrass eventually began to return. Brants have maintained this diet ever since as a survival strategy. A similar collapse in eelgrass in Ireland in the 1930s also negatively impacted the population. In recent decades, it has started using agricultural land a short distance inland, feeding extensively on grass and winter-sown cereals. It has been suggested that they learnt this behaviour by following other species of geese. Food resource pressure may also be important in forcing this change, as the world population increased over 10-fold to 400,000-500,000 by the mid-1980s, possibly reaching the carrying capacity of the estuaries. In the breeding season, it uses low-lying wet coastal tundra for both breeding and feeding. The nest is bowl-shaped, lined with grass and down, in an elevated location, often near a small pond. Conservation status The brant is listed as a species of "Least Concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies. References ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Branta bernicla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22679946A85966135. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679946A85966135.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021. ^ Lewis, Tyler L.; Ward, David H.; Sedinger, James S.; Reed, Austin; Derksen, Dirk V.; Carboneras, Carles; Christie, David; Kirwan, Guy M. (4 March 2020). Billerman, Shawn M (ed.). "Brant (Branta bernicla)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.brant.01. ^ "UK Brent Oil". One Financial Markets. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2014. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 124. ^ a b Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 444–445. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1761). Fauna svecica, sistens animalia sveciae regni mammalia, aves amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes (in Latin) (2nd ed.). Stockholmiae: Sumtu & Literis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. p. 41. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Screamers, ducks, geese & swans". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 15 June 2024. ^ a b Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 77, 70. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. ^ Goose Barnacles: Undulating Creatures Retrieved 2011-11-28. ^ Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005). Birds Britannica. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 78–80. ISBN 0-7011-6907-9. ^ a b c "Norsk Polarinstitutt". Norsk Polarinstitutt. Retrieved 17 September 2020. ^ "Brant". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 18 October 2011. ^ "Brent Goose". Oiseaux-birds.com. Retrieved 18 October 2011. ^ Dunning, John Barnard (2007). CRC handbook of avian body masses (2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4200-6445-2. OCLC 310154556. ^ Maheo, Roger (1976). "The Brent Geese of France, with special reference to the Golfe du Morbihan". Wildfowl. 27: 45–53. ^ Ruttledge, R.F. 1966 Ireland's Birds their Distribution and Migration. H.F. & G. Witherby Ltd ^ "Brent Goose (Light-bellied)". BirdWatch Ireland. Retrieved 17 September 2020. ^ "Branta bernicla hrota Pale-bellied Brent Goose". habitas.org.uk. Retrieved 17 September 2020. ^ Slimbridge: Black Brant ^ Lewis, T.L.; Ward, D.H. (2020). Billerman, S.M. (ed.). "Brant (Branta bernicla), version 1.0". Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 15 June 2024. ^ Ganter, Barbara (2000). "Seagrass (Zostera spp.) as food for brent geese (Branta bernicla): an overview" (PDF). Helgoland Marine Research. 54 (2–3): 63–70. Bibcode:2000HMR....54...63G. doi:10.1007/s101520050003. S2CID 3832705. Retrieved 8 December 2021. (subspecies, breeding/wintering ranges with flyway maps, diet) ^ "Brant". Audubon. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2020. ^ Book of North American Birds. 1990. ^ "Where wild geese fly". The Irish Times. 17 August 2002. Retrieved 17 September 2020. ^ "AEWA Agreement and Text Annexes" (PDF). Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird. 10 August 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2024. Further reading Millington, Richard (1997). Separation of Black Brant, Dark-bellied Brent Goose and Pale-bellied Brent Goose Birding World 10(1):11–15; an identification paper Shields, Gerald F. (July 1990). "Analysis of mitochondrial DNA of Pacific Black Brant". The Auk. 107 (3). American Ornithologists' Union: 620–623. Syroechkovski, E.E.; Zöckler, C.; Lappo, E. (December 1998). "Status of Brent Goose in northwestern Yakutia, East Siberia" (PDF). British Birds. 91 (12). British Birds Rarities Committee: 565–572. (this paper presented claims that Black Brant and Dark-bellied Brent Goose were interbreeding extensively in the Russian Arctic) Sangster, George (2000). Taxonomic status of bernicla and nigricans Brent Goose British Birds 91(12):565–572 (a critical re-evaluation of the claims made in the above paper by Syroechkovski et al.) Ebels, E.B. (1997). "Identification of brent geese: a new feature" (PDF). Dutch Birding. 19 (5). Dutch Birding Association: 232–236 (highlights the differences in belly colour between the various forms. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Branta bernicla. Wikispecies has information related to Branta bernicla. BirdGuides Brent Goose Page Brent Goose at RSPB: Birds and Wildlife BBC Nature – Brent Goose Archived 9 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine Stamps from Canada, Germany, and Jersey at bird-stamps.org (the Brent goose has also featured on stamps from Eire, Finland, and Oman; these can easily be found via any internet search-engine). "Brent Goose media". Internet Bird Collection. Brant photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University) Brant Goose, B.C. Outdoor Wilderness Guide Taxon identifiersBranta bernicla Wikidata: Q27050 Wikispecies: Branta bernicla ABA: brant ADW: Branta_bernicla Avibase: 3E04020B54C14FCC BioLib: 8443 BirdLife: 22679946 BOLD: 17392 BOW: brant BTO: bob1680 CoL: N749 CMS: branta-bernicla eBird: brant EPPO: BRNTBE EURING: 1680 Fauna Europaea: 96485 Fauna Europaea (new): 939d725d-5925-4de8-bf31-892a4726a78a GBIF: 5232446 GNAB: brant IBC: brent-goose-branta-bernicla iNaturalist: 7087 IRMNG: 11345921 ITIS: 175011 IUCN: 22679946 NatureServe: 2.103759 NBN: NBNSYS0000000260 NCBI: 184712 Observation.org: 172 OBIS: 159175 ODNR: brant Open Tree of Life: 135287 Paleobiology Database: 83428 SeaLifeBase: 155250 TSA: 2821 WoRMS: 159175 Xeno-canto: Branta-bernicla Anas bernicla Wikidata: Q107055479 CoL: DGN5 EUNIS: 15994 GBIF: 2498203 ITIS: 714071 WoRMS: 1300848 Authority control databases: National Germany

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Brant (rocket)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Brant_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Branta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branta"},{"link_name":"Brent oilfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_oilfield"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onefinancialmarkets-3"}],"text":"\"Black Brant\" redirects here. For the rocket, see Black Brant (rocket).The brant or brent goose (Branta bernicla) is a small goose of the genus Branta. There are three subspecies, all of which winter along temperate-zone sea-coasts and breed on the high-Arctic tundra.The Brent oilfield was named after the species.[3]","title":"Brant (goose)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"formally described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"Carl Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"tenth edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae"},{"link_name":"Systema Naturae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_Naturae"},{"link_name":"binomial name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mayr-5"},{"link_name":"type locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_locality_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mayr-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Branta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branta"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Antonio Scopoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Scopoli"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-7"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"Medieval Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Latin"},{"link_name":"barnacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnacle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-job-8"},{"link_name":"barnacle goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnacle_goose"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-job-8"},{"link_name":"myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnacle_goose_myth"},{"link_name":"Gerald of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"William Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Turner_(naturalist)"},{"link_name":"John Gerard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gerard"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBUC-9"},{"link_name":"County Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Kerry"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocker-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-7"},{"link_name":"Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Newbold_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"Müller, OF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Friedrich_M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"Svalbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard"}],"text":"The brant was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Anas bernicla.[4][5] Linnaeus specified the type locality as Europe but in 1761 restricted it to Sweden.[5][6] The brant is now one of six species placed in the genus Branta that was introduced in 1769 by the Austrian naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli.[7] The genus name Branta is a Latinised form of Old Norse brandgás, \"burnt (black) goose\". The specific epithet bernicla is Medieval Latin for barnacle.[8]The brant and the similar barnacle goose were previously considered to be the same species and believed to be the same creature as the barnacle.[8] That myth can be dated back to at least the 12th century. Gerald of Wales claimed to have seen these birds hanging down from pieces of timber, William Turner accepted the theory, and John Gerard claimed to have seen the birds emerging from their shells. This myth arose because in the 1100s the migration of birds was unknown, but it was known that none of these birds was ever seen nesting, nor were eggs found, nor were goslings seen.[9] The legend persisted until the end of the 18th century. In County Kerry, until relatively recently, Catholics could eat this bird on a Friday because it counted as fish.[10]Three subspecies are recognised:[7]B. b. nigricans (Lawrence, 1846) – northeast Siberia, Alaska and northwest Canada\nB. b. bernicla (Linnaeus, 1758) – northwest, central north Russia\nB. b. hrota (Müller, OF, 1776) – northeast Canada, Greenland and Svalbard","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brantgeese_jadebay.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wadden Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadden_Sea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brant-geese-milford-ct-20181225.jpg"},{"link_name":"Long Island Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Sound"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Branta_bernicla_MWNH_0971.JPG"},{"link_name":"Museum Wiesbaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_Wiesbaden"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAB-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oiseaux-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"nominate subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominate_subspecies"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_(ocean)"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"Franz Josef Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_Land"},{"link_name":"Svalbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"Manche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manche"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Lough Foyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Foyle"},{"link_name":"Strangford Lough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangford_Lough"},{"link_name":"Tralee Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tralee_Bay"},{"link_name":"Castlemaine Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlemaine_Harbour"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Melville Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_Island_(Northwest_Territories_and_Nunavut)"},{"link_name":"Puget Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget_Sound"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bow-20"}],"text":"Wintering at the Wadden Sea, GermanyFeeding in Long Island Sound, ConnecticutEggs, Collection Museum WiesbadenThe brant is a small goose with a short, stubby bill. It measures 55–66 cm (22–26 in) long, 106–121 cm (42–48 in) across the wings and weighs 0.88–2.2 kg (1.9–4.9 lb).[11][12][13][14] The under-tail is pure white, and the tail black and very short (the shortest of any goose).The body of the dark-bellied nominate subspecies B. b. bernicla is fairly uniformly dark grey-brown all over, the flanks and belly not significantly paler than the back. The head and neck are black, with a small white patch on either side of the neck. With a population of about 250000, it breeds on the Arctic coasts of central and western Siberia and winters in coastal areas of western Europe, with over half the population in southern England, the rest between northern Germany and south-western France.The pale-bellied form B. b. hrota appears blackish-brown and light grey in colour. The body is different shades of grey-brown all over, the flanks and belly are significantly paler than the back and present a marked contrast. The head and neck are black, with a small white patch on either side of the neck. The total population is about 250,000, with the main population breeding in northeastern Canada and wintering along the Atlantic coast of the U.S. from Maine to Georgia,[11] and two smaller populations, one breeding in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, and northeastern Greenland and wintering in Denmark, northeast England, and Scotland, and the other breeding in the far-northeastern Canadian islands and wintering in Ireland, southwest England, and in a small but significant area, le havre de Regnéville, centered on the Sienne Estuary in Manche (Northern France).[15] In Ireland it is recorded in winter from a number of areas including Lough Foyle, Strangford Lough, Tralee Bay and Castlemaine Harbour.[16][17][18]The black form B. b. nigricans appears blackish-brown and white in colour. This form is a very contrastingly black and white bird, with a uniformly dark sooty-brown back, similarly coloured underparts (with the dark colour extending furthest back of the three forms) and a prominent white flank patch; it also has larger white neck patches, forming a near-complete collar. The population of about 125,000 breeds in northwestern Canada, Alaska and eastern Siberia, and winters mostly on the west coast of North America from southern Alaska to California, but also some in east Asia, mainly Japan, also Korea and China. The population has been as high as 200,000 in 1981, and as low as 100,000 in 1987.[19]The Asian populations of the black brant populations had previously been regarded as a separate subspecies B. b. orientalis based on purported paler upperparts coloration; however, it is generally now believed that this is not correct, and they are assigned to B. b. nigricans.A fourth form (sometimes known as the 'gray-bellied brant) has been proposed, although no formal subspecies description has been made as yet, for a population of birds breeding in central Arctic Canada (mainly Melville Island), and wintering on Puget Sound on the American west coast around the U.S./Canada border. These birds are intermediate in appearance between black brant and pale-bellied brant, having brown upperparts and grey underparts which give less of a contrast with the white flank patch. It has also been proposed that, rather than being a separate subspecies, it is actually a result of interbreeding between these two forms, given that this population exhibits mixed characters.[20]Individual birds when wintering generally remain in loose family-groups, together with others of the same sub-species, but there is overlap in some areas (for example Western Europe, see above); and this is also true in the breeding colonies. Outside the breeding season, individuals with characteristics of any subspecies may occasionally turn up with regular migrants, and there has been debate as to whether this is related to migration routing accidents, or to breeding range overlap, or even interbreeding.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brent_Goose_-_defensive_position.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Branta_bernicla_bernicla_-_Brent_Goose.jpg"},{"link_name":"estuaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary"},{"link_name":"eelgrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zostera"},{"link_name":"Zostera marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zostera_marina"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ganter2000-21"},{"link_name":"seaweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaweed"},{"link_name":"sea lettuce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_lettuce"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass"},{"link_name":"cereals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal"},{"link_name":"carrying capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrying_capacity"},{"link_name":"tundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra"}],"text":"In a defensive positionThe brant goose was strictly coastal bird in winter, rarely leaving tidal estuaries, where it feeds on eelgrass (Zostera marina)[21] and the seaweed, sea lettuce (Ulva).[11][22] On the east coast of North America, the inclusion of sea lettuce is a recent change to their diet, brought about by a blight on eelgrass in 1931. This resulted in the near-extirpation of the brant. The few that survived changed their diet to include sea lettuce until the eelgrass eventually began to return. Brants have maintained this diet ever since as a survival strategy.[23] A similar collapse in eelgrass in Ireland in the 1930s also negatively impacted the population.[24] In recent decades, it has started using agricultural land a short distance inland, feeding extensively on grass and winter-sown cereals. It has been suggested that they learnt this behaviour by following other species of geese. Food resource pressure may also be important in forcing this change, as the world population increased over 10-fold to 400,000-500,000 by the mid-1980s, possibly reaching the carrying capacity of the estuaries. In the breeding season, it uses low-lying wet coastal tundra for both breeding and feeding. The nest is bowl-shaped, lined with grass and down, in an elevated location, often near a small pond.","title":"Habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Conservation_of_African-Eurasian_Migratory_Waterbirds"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"The brant is listed as a species of \"Least Concern\" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).[1] It is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.[25]","title":"Conservation status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Millington, Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Millington"},{"link_name":"Birding World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birding_World"},{"link_name":"The Auk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Auk"},{"link_name":"American Ornithologists' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ornithologists%27_Union"},{"link_name":"\"Status of Brent Goose in northwestern Yakutia, East Siberia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.britishbirds.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/article_files/V91/V91_N12/V91_N12_P565_572_A134.pdf"},{"link_name":"British Birds Rarities Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Birds_Rarities_Committee"},{"link_name":"Sangster, George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sangster"},{"link_name":"\"Identification of brent geese: a new feature\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dutchbirding.nl/journal/pdf/DB_1997_19_5.pdf"},{"link_name":"Dutch Birding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Birding"}],"text":"Millington, Richard (1997). Separation of Black Brant, Dark-bellied Brent Goose and Pale-bellied Brent Goose Birding World 10(1):11–15; an identification paper\nShields, Gerald F. (July 1990). \"Analysis of mitochondrial DNA of Pacific Black Brant\". The Auk. 107 (3). American Ornithologists' Union: 620–623.\nSyroechkovski, E.E.; Zöckler, C.; Lappo, E. (December 1998). \"Status of Brent Goose in northwestern Yakutia, East Siberia\" (PDF). British Birds. 91 (12). British Birds Rarities Committee: 565–572. (this paper presented claims that Black Brant and Dark-bellied Brent Goose were interbreeding extensively in the Russian Arctic)\nSangster, George (2000). Taxonomic status of bernicla and nigricans Brent Goose British Birds 91(12):565–572 (a critical re-evaluation of the claims made in the above paper by Syroechkovski et al.)\nEbels, E.B. (1997). \"Identification of brent geese: a new feature\" (PDF). Dutch Birding. 19 (5). Dutch Birding Association: 232–236 (highlights the differences in belly colour between the various forms.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Calls recorded in West Sussex, England"},{"image_text":"Wintering at the Wadden Sea, Germany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Brantgeese_jadebay.jpg/220px-Brantgeese_jadebay.jpg"},{"image_text":"Feeding in Long Island Sound, Connecticut","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Brant-geese-milford-ct-20181225.jpg/220px-Brant-geese-milford-ct-20181225.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eggs, Collection Museum Wiesbaden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Branta_bernicla_MWNH_0971.JPG/220px-Branta_bernicla_MWNH_0971.JPG"},{"image_text":"In a defensive position","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Brent_Goose_-_defensive_position.jpg/220px-Brent_Goose_-_defensive_position.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Branta_bernicla_bernicla_-_Brent_Goose.jpg/220px-Branta_bernicla_bernicla_-_Brent_Goose.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2016). \"Branta bernicla\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22679946A85966135. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679946A85966135.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22679946/85966135","url_text":"\"Branta bernicla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679946A85966135.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679946A85966135.en"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Tyler L.; Ward, David H.; Sedinger, James S.; Reed, Austin; Derksen, Dirk V.; Carboneras, Carles; Christie, David; Kirwan, Guy M. (4 March 2020). Billerman, Shawn M (ed.). \"Brant (Branta bernicla)\". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.brant.01.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2173%2Fbow.brant.01","url_text":"10.2173/bow.brant.01"}]},{"reference":"\"UK Brent Oil\". One Financial Markets. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160215234059/http://www.onefinancialmarkets.com/market-library/uk-brent-oil","url_text":"\"UK Brent Oil\""},{"url":"http://www.onefinancialmarkets.com/market-library/uk-brent-oil","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 124.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus","url_text":"Linnaeus, Carl"},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727029","url_text":"Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis"}]},{"reference":"Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 444–445.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mayr","url_text":"Mayr, Ernst"},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54612","url_text":"Check-List of Birds of the World"}]},{"reference":"Linnaeus, Carl (1761). Fauna svecica, sistens animalia sveciae regni mammalia, aves amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes (in Latin) (2nd ed.). Stockholmiae: Sumtu & Literis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. p. 41.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus","url_text":"Linnaeus, Carl"},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32170510","url_text":"Fauna svecica, sistens animalia sveciae regni mammalia, aves amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes"}]},{"reference":"Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). \"Screamers, ducks, geese & swans\". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 15 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)","url_text":"Gill, Frank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_C._Rasmussen","url_text":"Rasmussen, Pamela"},{"url":"http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/waterfowl/","url_text":"\"Screamers, ducks, geese & swans\""}]},{"reference":"Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 77, 70. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n77/mode/1up","url_text":"77"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n70/mode/1up","url_text":"70"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4","url_text":"978-1-4081-2501-4"}]},{"reference":"Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005). Birds Britannica. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 78–80. ISBN 0-7011-6907-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7011-6907-9","url_text":"0-7011-6907-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Norsk Polarinstitutt\". Norsk Polarinstitutt. Retrieved 17 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npolar.no/en/species/brent-goose/","url_text":"\"Norsk Polarinstitutt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brant\". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 18 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Brant/id","url_text":"\"Brant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Lab_of_Ornithology","url_text":"Cornell Lab of Ornithology"}]},{"reference":"\"Brent Goose\". Oiseaux-birds.com. Retrieved 18 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-brent-goose.html","url_text":"\"Brent Goose\""}]},{"reference":"Dunning, John Barnard (2007). CRC handbook of avian body masses (2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4200-6445-2. OCLC 310154556.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/310154556","url_text":"CRC handbook of avian body masses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-6445-2","url_text":"978-1-4200-6445-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/310154556","url_text":"310154556"}]},{"reference":"Maheo, Roger (1976). \"The Brent Geese of France, with special reference to the Golfe du Morbihan\". Wildfowl. 27: 45–53.","urls":[{"url":"https://wildfowl.wwt.org.uk/index.php/wildfowl/article/view/512","url_text":"\"The Brent Geese of France, with special reference to the Golfe du Morbihan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brent Goose (Light-bellied)\". BirdWatch Ireland. Retrieved 17 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://birdwatchireland.ie/birds/brent-goose-light-bellied/","url_text":"\"Brent Goose (Light-bellied)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Branta bernicla hrota Pale-bellied Brent Goose\". habitas.org.uk. Retrieved 17 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.habitas.org.uk/priority/species.asp?item=40798","url_text":"\"Branta bernicla hrota Pale-bellied Brent Goose\""}]},{"reference":"Lewis, T.L.; Ward, D.H. (2020). Billerman, S.M. (ed.). \"Brant (Branta bernicla), version 1.0\". Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 15 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.brant.01","url_text":"\"Brant (Branta bernicla), version 1.0\""}]},{"reference":"Ganter, Barbara (2000). \"Seagrass (Zostera spp.) as food for brent geese (Branta bernicla): an overview\" (PDF). Helgoland Marine Research. 54 (2–3): 63–70. Bibcode:2000HMR....54...63G. doi:10.1007/s101520050003. S2CID 3832705. Retrieved 8 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s101520050003.pdf","url_text":"\"Seagrass (Zostera spp.) as food for brent geese (Branta bernicla): an overview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000HMR....54...63G","url_text":"2000HMR....54...63G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs101520050003","url_text":"10.1007/s101520050003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3832705","url_text":"3832705"}]},{"reference":"\"Brant\". Audubon. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/brant","url_text":"\"Brant\""}]},{"reference":"Book of North American Birds. 1990.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Where wild geese fly\". The Irish Times. 17 August 2002. Retrieved 17 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/where-wild-geese-fly-1.1092344","url_text":"\"Where wild geese fly\""}]},{"reference":"\"AEWA Agreement and Text Annexes\" (PDF). Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird. 10 August 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unep-aewa.org/sites/default/files/uploads/aewa_agreement_text_2023-2025_corrected%20version%20as%20of%2010%20August%202023_EN.pdf","url_text":"\"AEWA Agreement and Text Annexes\""}]},{"reference":"Shields, Gerald F. (July 1990). \"Analysis of mitochondrial DNA of Pacific Black Brant\". The Auk. 107 (3). American Ornithologists' Union: 620–623.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Auk","url_text":"The Auk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ornithologists%27_Union","url_text":"American Ornithologists' Union"}]},{"reference":"Syroechkovski, E.E.; Zöckler, C.; Lappo, E. (December 1998). \"Status of Brent Goose in northwestern Yakutia, East Siberia\" (PDF). British Birds. 91 (12). British Birds Rarities Committee: 565–572.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishbirds.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/article_files/V91/V91_N12/V91_N12_P565_572_A134.pdf","url_text":"\"Status of Brent Goose in northwestern Yakutia, East Siberia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Birds_Rarities_Committee","url_text":"British Birds Rarities Committee"}]},{"reference":"Ebels, E.B. (1997). \"Identification of brent geese: a new feature\" (PDF). Dutch Birding. 19 (5). Dutch Birding Association: 232–236 (highlights the differences in belly colour between the various forms.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dutchbirding.nl/journal/pdf/DB_1997_19_5.pdf","url_text":"\"Identification of brent geese: a new feature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Birding","url_text":"Dutch Birding"}]},{"reference":"\"Brent Goose media\". Internet Bird Collection.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hbw.com/ibc/species/brent-goose-branta-bernicla","url_text":"\"Brent Goose media\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Bird_Collection","url_text":"Internet Bird Collection"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyodectes

Ichthyodectes

["1 Description","2 Species","3 References"]

Extinct genus of fishes IchthyodectesTemporal range: Coniacian-Campanian~89–70 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Ichthyodectes ctenodon Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: †Ichthyodectiformes Family: †Ichthyodectidae Subfamily: †Ichthyodectinae Genus: †IchthyodectesCope, 1870 Species See text Ichthyodectes is an extinct genus of ichthyodectid fish which lived during the Late Cretaceous. Fossils of the species included have been found from Canada to Texas. Description Ichthyodectes ctenodon ("fish biter with comb teeth") was an ichthyodectid over 3 m (9.8 ft) in length. It lived in the Western Interior Seaway of North America during the late Cretaceous. It was closely related to the 4–6 m (13–20 ft) long Xiphactinus audax, and the 2 m (6 ft 7 in) long Gillicus arcuatus, and like other ichthyodectids, I. ctenodon is presumed to have been a swift predator of smaller fish. As its species name suggests, I. ctenodon had small, uniformly sized teeth, as did its smaller relative, G. arcuatus, and may have simply sucked suitably sized prey into its mouth. Species Ichthyodectes anaides, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. I. acanthicus I. anaides I. arcuatus I. cruentus I. ctenodon I. elegans I. goodeanus I. hamatus I. libanicus I. minor I. multidentatus I. parvus I. perniciosus I. prognathus I. tenuidens References ^ "Huge Ichthyodectes Fish Fossil from Kansas". The Virtual Fossil Museum. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. vteTeleostei sensu de Pinna, 1996 (= Teleosteomorpha) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Subclass: Neopterygii Actinopterygii see Actinopterygii Neopterygii see Neopterygii Teleostei see below↓ TeleosteiTeleostei †Atacamichthys †Baleiichthys †Barschichthys †Bunoderma †Ceramurus †Dorsetichthys †Elpistoichthys †Eurycormus †Galkinia †Grimmenichthys †Hengnania †Hulettia? †Hungkiichthys †Ichthyokentema †Jialingichthys †Koonwarria †Ligulella †Luxembourgichthys †Majokia †Marcopoloichthys †Neobaleiichthys †Oligopleurus? †Pholidophorichthys †Pholidophoroides †Pholidophoropsis †Prohalecites †Ruedersdorfia †Seefeldia †Seinstedtia †Signeuxella †Pachycormidae Asthenocormus Australopachycormus Bonnerichthys Eugnathides? Euthynotus Germanostomus Haasichthys Hypsocormus Kaykay Leedsichthys Martillichthys Notodectes Ohmdenia Orthocormus Pachycormus Protosphyraena Pseudoasthenocormus Rhinconichthys Sauropsis Saurostomus Simocormus †Aspidorhynchidae Aspidorhynchus Belonostomus Jonoichthys Pseudovinctifer Richmondichthys Vinctifer †Pholidophoridaesensu stricto Annaichthys Ceneichthys Eopholidophorus Knerichthys Lombardichthys Malingichthys Parapholidophorus Pholidoctenus Pholidophoretes Pholidophorus Pholidorhynchodon Pseudopholidoctenus Zambellichthys †Archaeomaenidae Aphnelepis Archaeomaene Gurvanichthys Oreochima Wadeichthys Zaxilepis †Siyuichthyidae Bogdaichthys Dsungarichthys Manasichthys Siyuichthys Wukangia †Pleuropholidae Austropleuropholis Gondwanapleuropholis Parapleuropholis Pleuropholis Zurupleuropholis †Ankylophoridae Ankylophorus Lehmanophorus Neopholidophoropsis Pholidophoristion Siemensichthys Songaichthys Steurbautichthys †Catervariolidae Catervariolus Kisanganichthys Songanella Teleosts withcycloid scales see below↓ Otolith taxa †Archengraulis †Bicavolithus †Doggerichthys †Sphaeronchus †Xenoleptolepis Teleosts with cycloid scalesTeleosts with cycloid scales †Antofagastaichthys †Araripichthys †Paraclupavus †Pholidolepis †Todiltia †Leptolepidae Leptolepis Longileptolepis Proleptolepis †Luisiellidae Cavenderichthys? Luisiella Waldmanichthys? †Ascalaboidae Ascalabos Ebertichthys Tharsis †Crossognathiformes Bavarichthys Chongichthys Salminops? Varasichthyidae? Bobbichthys Domeykos Luisichthys Protoclupea Varasichthys Notelopidae Bavarichthys? Michin? Notelops Nusaviichthys Crossognathidae Apsopelix Crossognathus Pachyrhizodontidae Apricenapiscis Aquilopiscis Cavinichthys Chongichthys? Elopopsis Goulmimichthys Greenwoodella Kradimus Lebrunichthys Michin? Motlayoichthys Nardopiscis Pachyrhizodus Platinx Polcynichthys Rhacolepis Stanhopeichthys Tingitanichthys †Ichthyodectiformes Africathrissops Allothrissops Altamuraichthys Antarctithrissops Ascalabothrissops? Capassoichthys Carsothrissops Dugaldia Faugichthys Furloichthys Garganoichthys Gillicus Occithrissops Ogunichthys Pachythrissops? Prymnetes Sultanuvaisia Thrissops Verraesichthys Chuhsiungichthyidae Chuhsiungichthys Jinjuichthys Mesoclupea Bardackichthyidae Amakusaichthys? Bardackichthys Heckelichthys? Cladocyclidae Aidachar Chirocentrites Chiromystus Cladocyclus Cladocynodon Eubiodectes Ichthyodectidae Cooyoo Ghrisichthys Ichthyodectes Postredectes Xiphactinus Saurodontidae Gwawinapterus Prosaurodon Saurocephalus Saurodon Unamichthys Vallecillichthys Crown-Teleostei see below↓ Crown-TeleosteiElopomorpha see Elopomorpha †Orthogonikleithridae Cavenderichthys? Leptolepides Orthogonikleithrus Waldmanichthys? Osteoglossomorpha see Osteoglossomorpha †Tselfatiiformes Eoplethodus Protobramidae Abisaadichthys Eusebichthys Protobrama Plethodidae Bachea Bananogmius Concavotectum Dixonanogmius Enischnorhynchus Luxilites Martinichthys Moorevillia Niobrara Paranogmius Pentanogmius Plethodus Pseudonogmius Pseudothryptodus Rhamphoichthys Syntegmodus Thryptodus Tselfatia Zanclites Clupeocephala Otocephala Euteleostei Taxon identifiersIchthyodectes Wikidata: Q143700 EoL: 4653883 GBIF: 4838917 IRMNG: 1053043 Paleobiology Database: 35262 This article about a prehistoric ray-finned fish is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_in_Northern_Ireland

1938 in Northern Ireland

["1 Incumbents","2 Events","3 Arts and literature","4 Sport","4.1 Football","5 Births","6 Deaths","7 See also","8 References"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1938 in Northern Ireland" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) List of events ← 1937 1936 1935 1938 in Northern Ireland → 1939 1940 1941 Centuries: 20th 21st Decades: 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s See also: 1938 in the United Kingdom 1938 in Ireland Other events of 1938 List of years in Northern Ireland Events during the year 1938 in Northern Ireland. Incumbents Governor - The Duke of Abercorn Prime Minister - James Craig Events 16 March – Belfast Harbour Airport at Sydenham is opened, with the inaugural commercial flight to Glasgow. 17 March – British Royal Navy cruiser HMS Belfast (C35) is launched at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. 24 May – The new Anti-Partition Party takes eight seats in a Unionist-controlled Londonderry Corporation. Arts and literature April – Louis MacNeice publishes I Crossed the Minch and his poetry The Earth Compels. Sport Football Irish League Winners: Belfast Celtic Irish Cup Winners: Belfast Celtic 2 - 0 Bangor Births 20 January – Derek Dougan, footballer (died 2007). 21 January – Ken Maginnis, Baron Maginnis of Drumglass, Ulster Unionist Party politician. 16 February – Sammy Chapman, footballer and football manager. 17 March – Keith Michael Patrick O'Brien, Archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh (died 2018 in Scotland. 3 April – Raymond Hunter, cricketer and rugby player (died 2020). 7 May – John Caldwell, boxer. 26 May – May Blood, Baroness Blood, community activist. 1 June – Desmond Boyd, community activist. 19 June – John Sheil, lawyer and judge. 25 July – Ken Kirkpatrick, cricketer. 28 August – Dick Creith, motorcycle road racer. Deaths 12 December – James McNeill, politician and second Governor-General of the Irish Free State (born 1869). See also 1938 in Scotland 1938 in Wales References ^ "Airport History". George Best Belfast City Airport. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2012. ^ Cox, Michael, ed. (2004). The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860634-6. This Northern Ireland–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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0 Bangor","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Derek Dougan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Dougan"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Ken Maginnis, Baron Maginnis of Drumglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Maginnis,_Baron_Maginnis_of_Drumglass"},{"link_name":"Ulster Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"Sammy Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Chapman"},{"link_name":"Keith Michael Patrick O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Saint_Andrews_and_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"2018 in Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Raymond Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Hunter"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"John Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Caldwell_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"May Blood, Baroness Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Blood,_Baroness_Blood"},{"link_name":"Desmond Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desmond_Boyd&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Sheil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sheil"},{"link_name":"Ken Kirkpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Kirkpatrick"},{"link_name":"Dick Creith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Creith"}],"text":"20 January – Derek Dougan, footballer (died 2007).\n21 January – Ken Maginnis, Baron Maginnis of Drumglass, Ulster Unionist Party politician.\n16 February – Sammy Chapman, footballer and football manager.\n17 March – Keith Michael Patrick O'Brien, Archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh (died 2018 in Scotland.\n3 April – Raymond Hunter, cricketer and rugby player (died 2020).\n7 May – John Caldwell, boxer.\n26 May – May Blood, Baroness Blood, community activist.\n1 June – Desmond Boyd, community activist.\n19 June – John Sheil, lawyer and judge.\n25 July – Ken Kirkpatrick, cricketer.\n28 August – Dick Creith, motorcycle road racer.","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James McNeill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McNeill"},{"link_name":"Governor-General of the Irish Free State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Irish_Free_State"},{"link_name":"1869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_in_Ireland"}],"text":"12 December – James McNeill, politician and second Governor-General of the Irish Free State (born 1869).","title":"Deaths"}]

[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/NIShape_blue.png/110px-NIShape_blue.png"}]

[{"title":"1938 in Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_in_Scotland"},{"title":"1938 in Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_in_Wales"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawa_(tree)

Beilschmiedia tawa

["1 Uses","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]

Species of tree For other uses, see Tawa. Tawa Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Magnoliids Order: Laurales Family: Lauraceae Genus: Beilschmiedia Species: B. tawa Binomial name Beilschmiedia tawa(A.Cunn.) Kirk Beilschmiedia tawa, the tawa, is a New Zealand broadleaf tree common in the central parts of the country. Tawa is often the dominant canopy tree species in lowland forests in the North Island and the north east of the South Island, but will also often form the subcanopy in primary forests throughout the country in these areas, beneath podocarps such as kahikatea, matai, miro and rimu. Individual specimens may grow up to 30 metres or more in height with trunks up to 1.2 metres in diameter, and they have smooth dark bark. The Māori word "tawa" is the name for the tree. Tawa produce small inconspicuous flowers followed by 2–3.5 cm long fruit of a dark red plum colour. With such large fruits, tawa is notable for the fact that it relies solely on the New Zealand pigeon (kererū) and (where present) the North Island kokako for dispersal of its seed. These are the only remaining birds from New Zealand's original biota large enough to eat the fruits of this tree and pass the seeds through their guts and excrete them unharmed. Tawa can also support significant epiphyte gardens in their canopies, which are one of the few habitats known to be frequented by the enigmatic, arboreal striped skink. This tree gives its name to a northern suburb of Wellington, Tawa. Uses Tawa foliage The wood of this tree can be used for attractive and resilient floorboarding. Although largely protected in conservation areas and by robust environmental legislation, licences are occasionally granted for the odd fallen tree to be milled for its timber. The kernel of the tawa berry was used by Māori as food. The berries were steamed in a hangi (earth oven) for two days, then washed to remove the turpentine-flavoured pulp. The dried kernels were stored. When required, they were soaked in hot water and pounded, sometimes flavouring being added to the mashed meal. See also Beilschmiedia tarairi (taraire) References ^ de Kok, R. 2022. Beilschmiedia tawa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T62020024A62020027. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T62020024A62020027.en. Accessed on 13 April 2023. ^ McLintock, A.H. (1966). 'PLANTS, EDIBLE NATIVE', from An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 16 October 2018. H.H. Allan, 1961. Flora of New Zealand Vol. 1. Government printer. J. Dawson and R. Lucas, 2000. Nature guide to the New Zealand Forest. Godwit. W. Mary McEwen, 1978."The food of the New Zealand Pigeon (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae novaeseelandiae)" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 1: 99–108. Retrieved 29 June 2007. A. E. Wright, 1984. Wright, A. E. (1984). "Beilschmiedia Nees (Lauraceae) in New Zealand" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Botany. 22: 109–125. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1984.10425238. Retrieved 7 October 2010. External links Knowles, Barbara and A. E. Beveridge (1982). "Biological flora of New Zealand 9: Beilschmiedia tawa" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Botany. 20: 37–54. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1982.10426403. Retrieved 5 June 2007. Kelly, Dave (1987). "Slow Recovery of Bielschmiedia tawa after severe frosts in inland Taranaki, New Zealand" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 10: 137–140. Retrieved 5 June 2007. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beilschmiedia tawa. Taxon identifiersBeilschmiedia tawa Wikidata: Q1955922 Wikispecies: Beilschmiedia tawa CoL: L9CG GBIF: 4182938 GRIN: 6712 iNaturalist: 366613 IPNI: 462962-1 IUCN: 62020024 NCBI: 136110 NZOR: b3d6eedd-53b8-4ef3-80ae-1de10a9b4482 NZPCN: 1541 Open Tree of Life: 634476 PfaF: Beilschmiedia tawa Plant List: kew-2672672 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:462962-1 Tropicos: 17802105 uBio: 5826072 WFO: wfo-0000562123 Laurus tawa Wikidata: Q39097453 CoL: 3SN7K GBIF: 4176042 GRIN: 21671 IPNI: 465180-1 NZOR: 70175451-d85a-4cd4-99d6-f415ffee4acc POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:465180-1 Tropicos: 50048646 WFO: wfo-0001226458

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[{"image_text":"Tawa foliage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/BeilschmiediaTawaKing.jpg/220px-BeilschmiediaTawaKing.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Beilschmiedia tarairi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beilschmiedia_tarairi"}]

[{"reference":"McLintock, A.H. (1966). 'PLANTS, EDIBLE NATIVE', from An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 16 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/plants-edible-native","url_text":"'PLANTS, EDIBLE NATIVE', from An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"The food of the New Zealand Pigeon (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae novaeseelandiae)\" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 1: 99–108. Retrieved 29 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzes.org.nz/nzje/free_issues/NZJEcol1_99.pdf","url_text":"\"The food of the New Zealand Pigeon (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae novaeseelandiae)\""}]},{"reference":"Wright, A. E. (1984). \"Beilschmiedia Nees (Lauraceae) in New Zealand\" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Botany. 22: 109–125. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1984.10425238. Retrieved 7 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/media/publications-journals-nzjb-1984-010.pdf","url_text":"\"Beilschmiedia Nees (Lauraceae) in New Zealand\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0028825x.1984.10425238","url_text":"10.1080/0028825x.1984.10425238"}]},{"reference":"Knowles, Barbara and A. E. Beveridge (1982). \"Biological flora of New Zealand 9: Beilschmiedia tawa\" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Botany. 20: 37–54. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1982.10426403. Retrieved 5 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjb/1982/4.pdf","url_text":"\"Biological flora of New Zealand 9: Beilschmiedia tawa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0028825x.1982.10426403","url_text":"10.1080/0028825x.1982.10426403"}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Dave (1987). \"Slow Recovery of Bielschmiedia tawa after severe frosts in inland Taranaki, New Zealand\" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 10: 137–140. Retrieved 5 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzes.org.nz/nzje/free_issues/NZJEcol10_137.pdf","url_text":"\"Slow Recovery of Bielschmiedia tawa after severe frosts in inland Taranaki, New Zealand\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Hal%C3%A9vy

Léon Halévy

["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life and death","4 Bibliography","5 Sources","6 External links"]

French civil servant, historian and dramatist This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Léon HalévyBorn4 January 1802Paris, FranceDied2 September 1883(1883-09-02) (aged 81)Occupation(s)Historian, dramatistSpouseAlexandrine LebasChildrenLudovic HalévyLucien-Anatole Prévost-ParadolParentÉlie HalévyRelativesJacques François Fromenthal Halévy (brother)Louis-Hippolyte Lebas (father-in-law)Élie Halévy (grandson)Daniel Halévy (grandson) Léon Halévy (4 January 1802 – 2 September 1883) was a French civil servant, historian, and dramatist. Early life Born to a Jewish family in Paris, Léon was the son of the writer and chazzan Élie Halévy and the younger brother of the composer Jacques François Fromenthal Halévy. He was educated at the Lycée Charlemagne. Career Halévy became a disciple and collaborator of Saint-Simon, aiding in the foundation of his journal, Le Producteur, and writing the introduction to his work, Opinions Littéraires, Philosophiques et Industrielles, in which Olinde Rodrigues and Étienne-Martin Bailly also assisted. In 1828 he wrote a History of the Jews in Modern Times, one of the earliest works on this topic. In 1831, Halévy became an assistant professor of French literature at the Ecole Polytechnique, where there was some discrimination against Jews. However he abandoned the position three years later. In 1837, Halévy was attached to the Ministry of Public Instruction as chief of the bureau of scientific societies, and remained there until his retirement in 1853, after which he devoted the remainder of his life to literature, writing a large number of poems, translations, plays, and other works. Few of these are read today, although he was well regarded in his time. Amongst them was a biography of his brother Fromental, published after the latter's death in 1864. Personal life and death This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Léon Halévy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Halévy became baptised in order to marry the daughter of the architect Louis-Hippolyte Lebas. Their son Ludovic Halévy was one of the leading librettists of mid-century France. Ludovic's own children, Élie Halévy and Daniel Halévy, were noted academics. Another son, sired by Léon's liaison with an opera singer, was the politician Lucien-Anatole Prévost-Paradol. Léon Halévy died, aged 81, at Saint Germain-en-Laye. Bibliography La Grande Encyclopédie Larousse, Dict. Sources Profile, jewishencyclopedia.com. Accessed 15 February 2024. External links Works by or about Léon Halévy at Internet Archive Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Australia Greece Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other RISM SNAC IdRef

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVP3_Opole

TVP3 Opole

["1 External links"]

Television channel TVP3 OpoleLogo used since from January 2016CountryPolandProgrammingPicture format16:9OwnershipOwnerTelewizja PolskaHistoryLaunched1 January 2005 -split from TVP3 KatowiceLinksWebsitewww.tvp.pl/opoleAvailabilityTerrestrialPolish DigitalMUX 3 TVP3 Opole is one of the regional branches of the TVP, Poland's public television broadcaster. It serves the entire Opole Voivodeship. External links Official website vte Telewizja PolskaGeneralist channels TVP1 (HD) TVP2 (HD) TVP3 (HD) Speciality channels TVP Info (HD) TVP Sport (HD) TVP Historia (HD) TVP Kultura (HD) TVP Dokument (HD) TVP Nauka (HD) TVP ABC (HD) Alfa TVP (HD) TVP Rozrywka (HD) TVP Kobieta (HD) TVP Seriale (HD) TVP HD (HD) TVP Historia 2 (HD) TVP Kultura 2 (HD) TVP ABC 2 (HD) Local branches (TVP3) Białystok (HD) Bydgoszcz (HD) Gdańsk (HD) Gorzów Wielkopolski (HD) Katowice (HD) Kielce (HD) Kraków (HD) Lublin (HD) Łódź (HD) Olsztyn (HD) Opole (HD) Poznań (HD) Rzeszów (HD) Szczecin (HD) Warszawa (HD) Wrocław (HD) International channelsOutside Poland TVP Polonia (HD) TVP World (HD) Regional Belsat (HD) TVP Wilno (HD) Defunct channels Tylko Muzyka TVP eSzkoła TVP Żagle Other servicesCurrent TVP VOD TVP GO TVP Stream Agencja Informacji (TAI) TVP Parlament Vot Tak Kraina ABC Biuro Reklamy Telegazeta Defunct iTVP Platforma cyfrowa TVP TVP Tygodnik SwipeTo

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Richardson_King

André Richardson King

["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Recognition","4 References"]

African American designer and architect This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "André Richardson King" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "André Richardson King" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) André Richardson King is an African American designer and architect. After completing his education at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, he worked at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill before beginning his own firm. King was part of a group of African American designers who had successful careers throughout major Chicago firms after taking advantage of the G.I. Bill to attend local design and art schools. Early life and education A Chicago native, King was born in 1931. After completing his military service is the United States Air Force, King took advantage of the G.I. bill to attend local design and art schools. After receiving a diploma in architecture from Chicago Technical College, King continued on the University of Chicago and the School of the Art Institute of Chicago where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in education in 1959. Career After graduation King joined the architecture firm Skidmore Owing & Merrill where he designed graphics, signage and informational systems. Primarily focusing on environmental design and architectural graphics, his work for clients including Harris Trust Bank and O'Hare airport made him a pioneer in this newly developing field. In addition to designing symbols for Harris Trust Bank and O'Hare airport, King also provided design services for the federal highway system Triangle Plaza off I-90, and Northwest Point Business Park in Elk Grove Village where his gateway signs still stands today. After nearly three decades with SOM where he rose to the level of Associate Partner, King left and began his own firm ARK Andre´ Richardson King Designers. In addition to his own firm, King is a longtime member of the Society of Experiential Graphic Design and a member of the American Institute of Architects. King is currently an Honorary Consul of Barbados and has served as an honorary consul since 1974. Recognition King was featured in the 2018 exhibition African American Designers in Chicago: Art, Commerce and the Politics of Race which took place at the Chicago Cultural Center. References ^ a b c d "African American Designers in Chicago: Art, Commerce and the Politics of Race" (PDF). Retrieved 2022-10-23. ^ a b c d e f "Andre´ Richardson King". The Chicago Design Archive. Retrieved 2022-10-24. ^ "Barbados Consulate in Chicago". www.consulate-info.com. Retrieved 2022-10-24.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleoni_Chapel

Cappella Colleoni

["1 Overview","2 Bartolomeo Colleoni's remains","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 45°42′12.3″N 9°39′44″E / 45.703417°N 9.66222°E / 45.703417; 9.66222Chapel and mausoleum in Bergamo, Italy This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 45°42′12.3″N 9°39′44″E / 45.703417°N 9.66222°E / 45.703417; 9.66222 Colleoni Chapel The Cappella Colleoni (Italian: "Colleoni Chapel") is a chapel and mausoleum attached to the Basilica of St. Mary Major in the northern Italian city of Bergamo. Dedicated to the saints Bartholomew, Mark and John the Baptist, it was built between 1472 and 1476 as the personal shrine for the condottiere Bartolomeo Colleoni, a member of one of the city's most notable families, and his beloved daughter Medea. The site chosen was that of the church's sacristy, which was demolished by Colleoni's soldiers. Whether or not the demolition was authorized by church administrators remains the subject of scholarly debate among Italian historians. The design was entrusted to Giovanni Antonio Amadeo, whose plan respected the style of the church, as can be seen from the octagonal tambour of the dome and in the lantern cusp, as well as in the use of polychrome marbles. Overview The façade is characterized by the use of inlaying and polychrome marble decoration in white, red and black lozenges. Over the main portal is a rose window, flanked by two medallions portraying Julius Caesar and Trajan. The upper part of the basement has nine plaques with reliefs of biblical stories, and four bas-reliefs depicting the labors of Hercules. The four pilasters of the windows flanking the portal are surmounted by statues of the Virtues. The upper part of the façade has a loggia in Romanesque style. The interior includes a square hall and a smaller room housing the high altar. The tomb of Bartolomeo Colleoni (who died on November 2, 1475) is on the wall facing the entrance. It is decorated with reliefs of Episodes from the Life of Christ, statues, heads of lions, and an equestrian statue of the condottiere in gilded wood, finished by German masters from Nuremberg in 1501. The whole complex is surrounded by a triumphal arch. Amadeo himself executed the funerary monument of Medea Colleoni (died March 6, 1470). Located on the left wall, it has a statue of the Deposition from the Cross in high relief. The tomb was transferred here in 1892 from Basella di Urgnano. The presbytery has a high altar sculpted by Bartolomeo Manni in 1676, housing statues of the three saints to whom the chapel is dedicated—John, Mark, and Bartholomew—by Pietro Lombardo. The upswept cornice is supported by Solomonic columns. The altar table, to a design by Leopoldo Pollack, is supported by angels carved by Grazioso Rusca. The altar by Bartolomeo Manni, incorporating earlier sculptures of saints by Pietro Lombardo Notable are the frescoes of the dome, depicting Episodes of the Lives of St. Mark, John the Baptist and Bartholomew, executed by Giambattista Tiepolo in 1732–1733. Bartolomeo Colleoni's remains For centuries it was believed that the condottiere's remains had been buried elsewhere, as the sarcophagus appeared empty. On November 21, 1969, however, they were discovered in Colleoni's tomb in a wooden coffin, hidden under a plaster cover. See also History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes History of Italian Renaissance domes History of early modern period domes References Kohl, Jeanette (2004): Fama und Virtus. Bartolomeo Colleonis Grabkapelle. Akademie-Verlag Berlin https://arthistory.ucr.edu/fama-and-virtus/ External links Complete description (in Italian) Tiepolo's frescoes (in Italian) vteLandmarks of Lombardy Accademia Carrara di Belle Arti di Bergamo Basilica of Sant'Andrea, Mantua Bellagio Cappella Colleoni Castelseprio Certosa di Pavia Como Cathedral Cremona Cathedral Crespi d'Adda Ducal palace, Mantua Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, Milan Lake Como Lake Garda Milan Cathedral Monastery of San Salvatore, Brescia Monte Isola Monza Cathedral Palazzo del Te Porta Nuova, Milan Rock Drawings in Valcamonica Royal Villa of Monza Sacri Monti of Lombardy San Michele Maggiore, Pavia San Siro Stadium Stelvio National Park Torrazzo of Cremona Villa Toeplitz (Varese) vteBergamoHistory of Bergamo Timeline Kingdom of the Lombards Lombard League Republic of Venice Republic of Bergamo Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia Il Risorgimento Italian resistance movement Monuments and places Accademia Carrara Cappella Colleoni Duomo di Bergamo Santa Maria Maggiore Teatro Donizetti Personalities Alexander of Bergamo Evaristo Baschenis Filippo Della Vite Gaetano Donizetti Giuseppe Donizetti Gianandrea Gavazzeni Sofia Goggia Lorenzo Lotto Giacomo Manzù Michela Moioli Giovanni Battista Moroni Palma il Vecchio Filippo Maria Pandolfi Carlo Alfredo Piatti Andrea Previtali Giacomo Quarenghi Enrico Rastelli Gianluigi Trovesi Andrew Viterbi Neighborhoods Colognola Redona Valtesse Valverde Transportation Il Caravaggio International Airport A4-E64 motorway Bergamo railway station Bergamo–Albino light rail Category Commons Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National Germany Israel United States Geographic Structurae

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Located on the left wall, it has a statue of the Deposition from the Cross in high relief. The tomb was transferred here in 1892 from Basella di Urgnano.The presbytery has a high altar sculpted by Bartolomeo Manni in 1676, housing statues of the three saints to whom the chapel is dedicated—John, Mark, and Bartholomew—by Pietro Lombardo. The upswept cornice is supported by Solomonic columns. The altar table, to a design by Leopoldo Pollack, is supported by angels carved by Grazioso Rusca.The altar by Bartolomeo Manni, incorporating earlier sculptures of saints by Pietro LombardoNotable are the frescoes of the dome, depicting Episodes of the Lives of St. Mark, John the Baptist and Bartholomew, executed by Giambattista Tiepolo in 1732–1733.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"For centuries it was believed that the condottiere's remains had been buried elsewhere, as the sarcophagus appeared empty. On November 21, 1969, however, they were discovered in Colleoni's tomb in a wooden coffin, hidden under a plaster cover.","title":"Bartolomeo Colleoni's remains"}]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcade

Barcade

["1 History","2 Notable patrons","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 40°42′43.3″N 73°57′04″W / 40.712028°N 73.95111°W / 40.712028; -73.95111American company BarcadeBarcade in BrooklynIndustryBar, restaurant, and classic arcade gamesFoundedOctober 1, 2004 in Brooklyn, NYWebsitebarcade.com Barcade is a chain of arcade bars with locations in the northeastern United States, Los Angeles, and Detroit. First opened in Brooklyn on October 1, 2004, the venues feature a mix of classic video games and pinball and serve American craft beers. History The first Barcade opened in 2004 in a former metal shop at 388 Union Avenue in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn, and features a combination of vintage arcade games and American craft beers. The company is owned and operated by four long-time friends: brothers Kevin Beard and Scott Beard, Pete Langway and Paul Kermizian (director of American Beer). The combination of classic video games and craft beer proved successful, and the brand expanded into Jersey City, New Jersey, and the Fishtown neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Barcade later opened two locations in Manhattan, including a location in St. Mark's Place. Over the next two years, locations opened in New Haven, Connecticut and Newark, New Jersey. In the summer of 2017 plans were announced for two new locations that would expand the company to Detroit, Michigan and Los Angeles, California. The Los Angeles location opened in May 2019. After a long delay due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Detroit location opened in August 2021. The location in Newark, New Jersey became the first in the company's history to close, when it shuttered in September, 2022. The company opened a second Philadelphia location in Center City, Philadelphia in December 2023 in the ground floor of the ornate, Gothic-style Hale Building, designed by Willis G. Hale in 1887. Barcade registered its name as a federal trademark in 2007, and has successfully defended it in court, while also becoming well known for aggressively pursuing any infringements on the mark. Notable patrons A number of world record holders for classic games frequent the Brooklyn Barcade location, including Hank Chien, who set the world record in Donkey Kong with a score of 1,061,700 in March 2010. George Leutz set the world record on Q*bert in February 2013 with a score of 37,163,080 after spending years practicing on the machine in Brooklyn's Barcade. Joshua Lombay set the world record for the 1984 Midway game Timber in June 2013 with a score of 9,767,550 after having discovered the game and playing for the first time at Barcade in Brooklyn. In June 2021, the Barcade location on St. Mark's Place in Manhattan was the site of a rare public date between Rhianna and ASAP Rocky. The bar received some unwanted attention for checking the couple's IDs before eventually allowing them entry. References ^ Simon Parkin. "Drink and Revive: The rise of Barcade". Polygon. Retrieved February 12, 2016. ^ "Dining Briefs". ^ "Best Bars in America 2008". Esquire. Retrieved February 12, 2016. ^ "For Arcades, Survival Hinges on Alcohol". WSJ. Retrieved February 12, 2016. ^ "Building a Retro Nightlife Empire - Inc.com". Inc.com. Retrieved February 12, 2016. ^ Owen S. Good. "Nostalgic video game bar adding two more locations". Polygon. Retrieved February 12, 2016. ^ "Barcade Brings Retro Arcade Games, Craft Beer To New Haven". ^ "Barcade Planning to Open in Newark". ^ "'Up North'-Themed Restaurant and Barcade Drop Anchor on Selden Street". ^ "Barcade Is Opening in L.A., and Our Joystick Thumbs Are Trembling". ^ "'Barcade Opens in L.A." Replay Magazine. Retrieved May 6, 2019. ^ "A Look Inside the New Barcade Detroit, Open Now in Midtown". The Detroit News. Retrieved August 23, 2021. ^ "Barcade Newark Closes After 5 Years". Patch. Retrieved September 13, 2022. ^ "Barcade to open second Philly location in Center City". Philly Voice. Retrieved December 26, 2023. ^ "Barcade Solicits New Name After Cease and Desist". Washington City Paper. Retrieved February 12, 2016. ^ "Tennent's Rebrands Campaign After US Firm Claims Trademark Infringement". PR Week. ^ "Why You Can't Call It a Barcade". Eater. Retrieved March 14, 2019. ^ "N.Y. surgeon sets world record at Donkey Kong - ESPN". ESPN.com. Retrieved February 12, 2016. ^ "The Kings of Q*bert" Archived March 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Joshua Lombay: Timber World Record Falls" Archived July 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Rihanna Wore a Pink Thigh-High Leg Slit Dress for a Kissing-Filled Date Night With A$AP Rocky" ^ "Imagine Denying Rihanna Entry Anywhere" External links Official website Barcade official Twitter page Barcade official Tumblr page 40°42′43.3″N 73°57′04″W / 40.712028°N 73.95111°W / 40.712028; -73.95111

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First opened in Brooklyn on October 1, 2004, the venues feature a mix of classic video games and pinball and serve American craft beers.","title":"Barcade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"American Beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Beer_(film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best_Bars_in_America_2008_-_Esquire-3"},{"link_name":"Jersey City, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Fishtown neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishtown,_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"St. Mark's Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Street_/_St._Mark%27s_Place_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"New Haven, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Newark, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Detroit, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Newark, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Center City, Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Willis G. Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_G._Hale"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The first Barcade opened in 2004[1] in a former metal shop at 388 Union Avenue in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn, and features a combination of vintage arcade games and American craft beers.[2] The company is owned and operated by four long-time friends: brothers Kevin Beard and Scott Beard, Pete Langway and Paul Kermizian (director of American Beer).[3]The combination of classic video games and craft beer proved successful, and the brand expanded into Jersey City, New Jersey,[4] and the Fishtown neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[5] Barcade later opened two locations in Manhattan, including a location in St. Mark's Place.[6] Over the next two years, locations opened in New Haven, Connecticut[7] and Newark, New Jersey.[8] In the summer of 2017 plans were announced for two new locations that would expand the company to Detroit, Michigan[9] and Los Angeles, California.[10] The Los Angeles location opened in May 2019.[11] After a long delay due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Detroit location opened in August 2021.[12] The location in Newark, New Jersey became the first in the company's history to close, when it shuttered in September, 2022.[13] The company opened a second Philadelphia location in Center City, Philadelphia in December 2023 in the ground floor of the ornate, Gothic-style Hale Building, designed by Willis G. Hale in 1887.[14]Barcade registered its name as a federal trademark in 2007, and has successfully defended it in court,[15][16] while also becoming well known for aggressively pursuing any infringements on the mark.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hank Chien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Chien"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Q*bert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q*bert"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Timber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Rhianna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhianna"},{"link_name":"ASAP Rocky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASAP_Rocky"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"A number of world record holders for classic games frequent the Brooklyn Barcade location, including Hank Chien, who set the world record in Donkey Kong with a score of 1,061,700 in March 2010.[18] George Leutz set the world record on Q*bert in February 2013 with a score of 37,163,080 after spending years practicing on the machine in Brooklyn's Barcade.[19] Joshua Lombay set the world record for the 1984 Midway game Timber in June 2013 with a score of 9,767,550 after having discovered the game and playing for the first time at Barcade in Brooklyn.[20]In June 2021, the Barcade location on St. Mark's Place in Manhattan was the site of a rare public date between Rhianna and ASAP Rocky.[21] The bar received some unwanted attention for checking the couple's IDs before eventually allowing them entry.[22]","title":"Notable patrons"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Walton_Culture

Fort Walton culture

["1 Origin and definition of term","2 History","2.1 Local chronology","3 Archaeology sites","4 References","5 External links"]

Late prehistoric Native American archaeological culture Geographic extent of Fort Walton Culture The Fort Walton culture is the term used by archaeologists for a late prehistoric Native American archaeological culture that flourished in southeastern North America from approximately 1200~1500 CE and is associated with the historic Apalachee people. Origin and definition of term Mississippian culture pottery from the Fort Walton site The Fort Walton culture was named by archaeologist Gordon Willey for the Fort Walton Mound site near Fort Walton Beach, Florida, based on his work at the site. Through more work in the area archaeologist have now come to believe the Ft. Walton site was actually built and used by people of the contemporaneous Pensacola culture. The peoples of the Ft. Walton culture used mostly sand, grit, grog, or combinations of these materials as tempering agents in their pottery, whereas the Pensacola culture peoples used the more typical Mississippian culture shell tempering for their pottery. Using this unique combination of sand/grit/grog tempering as its criterion Fort Walton culture is now defined within the geographical area stretching from the Aucilla River in the east to a Pensacola–Fort Walton transitional area around Choctawhatchee Bay in the west and north into the interior of south Alabama and Georgia, 107 miles (172 km) up the Apalachicola River and 50 miles (80 km) up the Chattahoochee River. History Approximately 1000 to 1200 CE local Weeden Island peoples began adapting and adopting intensive maize agriculture, the building of platform mounds for ceremonial, political and religious purposes and making a new variety of ceramics, changes likely influenced by contact with the major Mississippian culture centers to the north and west. Early archaeologists thought that the Fort Walton culture represented the intrusion of peoples from Mexico or Mississippian cultures from the northwest replacing the indigenous Weeden Island peoples, but by the late 1970s this theory was generally discounted. Layouts and locations for Fort Walton sites are similar to other Mississippian culture sites, with the exception of sites in the Tallahassee Hills area which because of the local geography are located around lakes and swamps instead of rivers. Settlement types include single family homesteads, multi family hamlets, small single mound centers, and large multimound centers. The hierarchical settlement patterns suggests the area may have had one or more paramount chiefdoms. By the Late Fort Walton period increased contact with Lamar phase peoples from central Georgia saw another change in styles of decoration and manufacture of ceramics. This new phase is known as the Leon-Jefferson culture. This period sees the collapse of the chiefdoms as aboriginal populations declined following contact with European explorers and colonizers, such as the Hernando de Soto Expedition in 1539. The Fort Walton and later Leon-Jefferson peoples are the direct ancestors of the Apalachee peoples. Local chronology Period Dates Weeden Island Culture 4-500 - 1200 CE Fort Walton culture 1200 - 1500 CE Leon-Jefferson culture 1500 - 1704 CE Spanish Mission Period 1633 -1704 CE Creek-Seminole 1704 - 1850 CE Archaeology sites The Lake Jackson Mounds site in Leon County is the largest known ceremonial center of the Fort Walton culture, although there are eight other known ceremonial sites in the Apalachee Province. It was occupied during the entire Fort Walton period, but abandoned at about 1500 CE when the capital of the chiefdom was moved to nearby Anhaica, the capital when the de Soto entrada encamped there in the winter of 1539. Another large site located nearby is the Velda Mound, which was occupied from approximately 1450 to 1625. Other sites include the Yon Mound and Village Site in Liberty County, and the Thick Greenbriar Site in Jackson County. References ^ a b c d e Frank Keel (September 2003). "An archaeological assessment of the Bradfordville Commercial Tract in Leon County, Florida" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 14, 2005. ^ a b Rochelle A. Marrinan; Nancy Marie White (2007). "Modeling Fort Walton Culture in Northwest Florida" (PDF). Southeastern Archaeology. 26 (2–Winter). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2013. ^ a b Payne, Claudine (1994). Mississippian capitals : an archaeological investigation of Precolumbian political structure (PDF) (doctoral thesis). University of Florida. ^ Jameson, John H. Jr. "SEAC Reviews : The Apalachee Indians and Mission San Luis, by John H. Hann and Bonnie G. McEwan". SEAC. Archived from the original on June 11, 2007. Retrieved April 16, 2012. ^ "Archaeological Stabilization Guide" (PDF). The Florida Department of State, Division of Historical Resources, Bureau of Archaeological Research. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2012. ^ "Prehistoric and Protohistoric Fort Walton at the Thick Greenbriar Site (8JA417), Northwest Florida" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 7, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2012. External links Woodville Karst Plain Project Gabrielle Shahramfar (2008). Determining Fort Walton burial patterns and their relationship within the greater Mississippian world (Thesis). University of South Florida. vte Mississippian and related cultures List of Mississippian sites Timeline of Mississippi valley MiddleMississippianAmerican Bottomand Upper Mississippi Aztalan Big Eddy Cahokia Monks Mound Mound 34 Mound 72 Ramey state Woodhenge Cloverdale Dickson Mounds Emerald Acropolis Emmons Cemetery Horseshoe Lake John Chapman Kuhn Station Larson Lunsford-Pulcher McCune Mitchell Orendorf Sleeth Starr Steed-Kisker culture Sugarloaf Mound Lower Ohio River and Confluence area Adams site Dogtooth Bend Mounds Kincaid Mounds Marshall Site Millstone Bluff Orr-Herl Rowlandton Mound Towosahgy Turk Site Twin Mounds Ware Mounds Wickliffe Mounds Middle Ohio River Angel Mounds Angel phase Annis Mound Bone Bank Caborn-Welborn culture Ellerbusch Hovey Lake-Klein Hovey Lake District Murphy Prather Slack Farm Tolu Welborn Village Yankeetown Tennessee andCumberland Backusburg Beasley Mounds Brentwood Library Brick Church Castalian Springs Dunbar Cave Fewkes Group Hiwassee Island Link Farm Mound Bottom Riverview Sellars Obion Old Town Swallow Bluff Central and Lower Mississippi Belle Meade Boone's Boyd Campbell Carson Chucalissa Denmark Eaker Janet's Menard-Hodges Murphy Nodena Nodena phase Owl Creek Parkin Quigualtam Tipton phase Tunica Koroa Yazoo Walls phase South AppalachianMississippian Adamson Avery Beaverdam Creek Bell Field Mound Bessemer Biltmore Blair Bussell Island Chauga Chiaha Chota Citico Coosa Dallas phase Dyar Etowah Garden Creek Hoojah Branch Irene Jere Shine Joara Joe Bell King Lamar Lamar phase Liddell Little Egypt Long Swamp Mabila Mandeville McMahan Moccasin Bend Moundville Mouse Creek phase Mulberry Muscogee (Creek) Nacoochee Nikwasi Ocmulgee Park Mound Pisgah phase Punk Rock Shelter Rembert Roods Landing Rucker's Bottom Savannah Shiloh Sixtoe Summerour Taskigi Tomotley Toqua Town Creek Waddells Mill Pond Wilbanks Fort Walton culture Anhaica Apalachee Apalachee Province Cayson Corbin–Tucker Fort Walton Mound Lake Jackson Leon-Jefferson culture Letchworth Velda Yon Pensacola culture Bottle Creek Dauphin Island Fort Walton Hickory Ridge Cemetery Naval Live Oaks Cemetery Pensacola people PlaquemineMississippian Anna Atchafalaya Basin Emerald Fitzhugh Flowery Fosters Ghost Glass Grand Village of the Natchez Holly Bluff Jaketown Jordan Julice Mangum Mazique Medora Mott Natchez Taensa Pocahontas Routh Scott Place Sims Transylvania Venable Winterville CaddoanMississippian Battle Belcher Blue Spring Shelter Bluffton Caddo Caddoan Mounds Gahagan Hughes Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village Keller Spiro Upper MississippianculturesOneota Anker Beattie Park Blood Run Carcajou Point Fifield Fisher Mound Group Gentleman Farm Grand Village of the Illinois Griesmer Hartley Fort Hotel Plaza Hoxie Farm Huber Juntunen Knoll Spring Mero site Moccasin Bluff Oak Forest Palos Plum Island Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs Schwerdt Summer Island Fort Ancient culture Alligator Effigy Mound Clover Dodge Leo Petroglyph Serpent Mound SunWatch Indian Village CultureAgriculture Beans Chenopodium Little barley Maize Marshelder Pumpkin Squash Sunflower Three Sisters Tobacco Artwork Emmons mask Copper plates Rogan plates Spiro plates Wulfing cache Duck River cache Long-nosed god maskette Mill Creek chert Pottery Shell gorget Stone statuary Languages Caddoan Central Algonquian Cherokee Mobilian Jargon Muskogean Natchez Taensa Siouan Timucuan Tunican Yuchi Religion Ballgame (Southeastern) Northern Black drink Burial mound Ceremonial pipe Chanunpa Chunkey Earth/fertility cult Green Corn Ceremony Horned Serpent Platform mound Red Horn Sacred bundle Village bundle Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Stone box grave Thunderbird Underwater panther Related topics Chevron bead Clarksdale bell Mound Builders de Soto Expedition vte Indigenous peoples of Pre-Columbian Florida Periods Paleoindians Archaic period Post-Archaic period Archaeological cultures Alachua Belle Glade Cades Pond Caloosahatchee Clovis Deptford Fort Walton Glades Leon-Jefferson Manasota Mount Taylor Norwood Orange period Paleo-Indians Pensacola Safety Harbor Santa Rosa-Swift Creek St. Johns Suwannee Valley Swift Creek Weeden Island McKeithen North peninsular Gulf coast Archaeologicalsites Aqui Esta Burial Mound Bay Pines Bear Lake Mounds Big Heart West Big Mound City Big Mound Key-Boggess Ridge Bird Hammock Blueberry Bowers Bluff Middens Bubba Midden Burns Lake Butcherpen Mound Cayo Pelau Cayson Mound and Village C. J. Ostl Crystal River Cutler Demere Key Devil's Den Cave Dismal Key Douglass Beach Fort Center Fort Walton Mound Galt Island Garden Patch Green Mound Halfway Creek Helen Blazes Hickory Ridge Cemetery Hinson Mounds Horr's Island Indian Fields J&J Hunt Josslyn Island Jungle Prada Key Marco Kimball Island Midden Lake Jackson Mounds Lake Pithlachocco Letchworth-Love Mounds Little Salt Spring Madira Bickel Mound Manasota Key Offshore Mark Pardo Shellworks Miami Circle Mill Cove Monroe Lake Mound Key Mount Elizabeth Mount Royal Mount Taylor Mullet Key Myakkahatchee Creek Naval Live Oaks Cemetery Nocoroco Ormond Mound Ortona Prehistoric Village Otis Hare Page-Ladson Persimmon Mound Pierce Pineland Platt Island Plaza Pompano Beach Mound Portavant Mound Porter's Bar Princess Mound River Styx Roberts Island Rock Mound Rookery Mound Ross Hammock Safety Harbor Shark River Slough Shell Bluff Landing Spruce Creek Third Gulf Breeze Thomas Creek Turner River Turtle Mound Twin Mounds Upper Tampa Bay Useppa Island Velda Mound Waddells Mill Pond Wakulla Springs Warm Mineral Springs Windover Yent Mound Yon Mound and VillageHumanremains Manasota Key Offshore Melbourne Man Vero man Warm Mineral Springs Windover Miscellaneous Beaver Lake point Indigenous peoples of the Everglades region Protection of Native American sites in Florida Shell ring List of shell ring sites#Florida Shell works Simpson point Suwannee point Related Pre-Columbian era vte Pre-Columbian North America Periods Lithic Archaic Formative Classic Post-Classic Archaeological cultures Adena Alachua Ancient Beringian Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) Avonlea Baytown Belle Glade Buttermilk Creek complex Caborn-Welborn Cades Pond Calf Creek Caloosahatchee Clovis Coles Creek Comondú Deptford Folsom Fort Ancient Fort Walton Fremont Glacial Kame Glades Hohokam Hopewell List of Hopewell sites La Jolla Las Palmas Maritime Archaic Mississippian List of Mississippian sites Mogollon Monongahela Old Cordilleran Oneota Paleo-Arctic Paleo-Indians Patayan Plano Plaquemine Poverty Point Red Ocher Safety Harbor Santa Rosa-Swift Creek St. Johns Steed-Kisker Suwannee Valley Tchefuncte Troyville Weeden Island Archaeologicalsites Angel Mounds Anzick site Bandelier National Monument Bastian Benson Blue Spring Shelter Bluefish Caves The Bluff Point Stoneworks Brewster Cahokia Candelaria Cave Casa Grande Chaco Canyon Coso Rock Art District Crystal River Cuarenta Casas Cueva de la Olla Cutler Eaker El Fin del Mundo El Vallecito Effigy Mounds Etowah Indian Mounds Eva Folsom Fort Ancient Fort Center Fort Juelson Four Mounds Gila Cliff Dwellings Glenwood Grimes Point Helen Blazes Holly Bluff Hopewell Culture National Historical Park Horr's Island Huápoca Key Marco Kimball Village Kincaid Mounds Kolomoki Mounds Lake Jackson Mounds Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site L'Anse aux Meadows Lynch Quarry Site Marksville Marmes Rockshelter Meadowcroft Rockshelter Mesa Verde Moaning Cavern Moorehead Circle Morrison Mounds Moundville Mummy Cave Nodena site Ocmulgee Mounds Old Stone Fort Orwell site Paquime Painted Bluff Parkin Park Pinson Mounds Plum Bayou Mounds Portsmouth Earthworks Poverty Point Pueblo Bonito Recapture Canyon River Styx Roberts Island Rock Eagle Rock Hawk Rosenstock Village Russell Cave Salmon Ruins Serpent Mound Sierra de San Francisco Shell ring sites Spiro Mounds Stallings Island SunWatch Taos Pueblo Town Creek Indian Mound Turkey River Mounds Upward Sun River Velda Mound West Oak Forest Earthlodge Wickiup Hill Windover Winterville WupatkiHumanremains Anzick-1 Arlington Springs Man Buhl Woman Kennewick Man La Brea Woman Leanderthal Lady Melbourne Man Minnesota Woman Peñon woman Spirit Cave mummy Vero man Miscellaneous Aridoamerica Ballgame Black drink Ceremonial pipe Chanunpa Chunkey Clovis point Container Revolution Eastern Agricultural Complex Eden point Effigy mound Falcon dancer Folsom point Green Corn Ceremony Horned Serpent Kiva Medicine wheel Metallurgy Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing Mound Builders N.A.G.P.R.A. Norse colonization of North America Oasisamerica Piasa Projectile point Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Stickball Three Sisters agriculture Thunderbird Transoceanic contact Underwater panther Water glyphs Related Genetic history Pre-Columbian era

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Walton_and_Leon-Jefferson_cultures_map_HRoe_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"archaeological culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_culture"},{"link_name":"CE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era"},{"link_name":"Apalachee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KEEL2002-1"}],"text":"Geographic extent of Fort Walton CultureThe Fort Walton culture is the term used by archaeologists for a late prehistoric Native American archaeological culture that flourished in southeastern North America from approximately 1200~1500 CE and is associated with the historic Apalachee people.[1]","title":"Fort Walton culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FortWaltonPottery1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mississippian culture pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_culture_pottery"},{"link_name":"Gordon Willey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Willey"},{"link_name":"Fort Walton Mound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Walton_Mound"},{"link_name":"Fort Walton Beach, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Walton_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Pensacola culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola_culture"},{"link_name":"grog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grog_(clay)"},{"link_name":"tempering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temper_(pottery)"},{"link_name":"shell tempering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_tempered_pottery"},{"link_name":"Aucilla River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aucilla_River"},{"link_name":"Choctawhatchee Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choctawhatchee_Bay"},{"link_name":"Apalachicola River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachicola_River"},{"link_name":"Chattahoochee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattahoochee_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MARRINAN2007-2"}],"text":"Mississippian culture pottery from the Fort Walton siteThe Fort Walton culture was named by archaeologist Gordon Willey for the Fort Walton Mound site near Fort Walton Beach, Florida, based on his work at the site. Through more work in the area archaeologist have now come to believe the Ft. Walton site was actually built and used by people of the contemporaneous Pensacola culture. The peoples of the Ft. Walton culture used mostly sand, grit, grog, or combinations of these materials as tempering agents in their pottery, whereas the Pensacola culture peoples used the more typical Mississippian culture shell tempering for their pottery. Using this unique combination of sand/grit/grog tempering as its criterion Fort Walton culture is now defined within the geographical area stretching from the Aucilla River in the east to a Pensacola–Fort Walton transitional area around Choctawhatchee Bay in the west and north into the interior of south Alabama and Georgia, 107 miles (172 km) up the Apalachicola River and 50 miles (80 km) up the Chattahoochee River.[2]","title":"Origin and definition of term"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weeden Island peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture"},{"link_name":"maize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"platform mounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_mound"},{"link_name":"Mississippian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_culture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KEEL2002-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MARRINAN2007-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KEEL2002-1"},{"link_name":"hierarchical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy"},{"link_name":"paramount chiefdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_chief"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PAYNE1994-3"},{"link_name":"Lamar phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_phase"},{"link_name":"Leon-Jefferson culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon-Jefferson_culture"},{"link_name":"Hernando de Soto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto"},{"link_name":"Apalachee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KEEL2002-1"}],"text":"Approximately 1000 to 1200 CE local Weeden Island peoples began adapting and adopting intensive maize agriculture, the building of platform mounds for ceremonial, political and religious purposes and making a new variety of ceramics, changes likely influenced by contact with the major Mississippian culture centers to the north and west.[1] Early archaeologists thought that the Fort Walton culture represented the intrusion of peoples from Mexico or Mississippian cultures from the northwest replacing the indigenous Weeden Island peoples, but by the late 1970s this theory was generally discounted.[2]Layouts and locations for Fort Walton sites are similar to other Mississippian culture sites, with the exception of sites in the Tallahassee Hills area which because of the local geography are located around lakes and swamps instead of rivers. Settlement types include single family homesteads, multi family hamlets, small single mound centers, and large multimound centers.[1] The hierarchical settlement patterns suggests the area may have had one or more paramount chiefdoms.[3]By the Late Fort Walton period increased contact with Lamar phase peoples from central Georgia saw another change in styles of decoration and manufacture of ceramics. This new phase is known as the Leon-Jefferson culture. This period sees the collapse of the chiefdoms as aboriginal populations declined following contact with European explorers and colonizers, such as the Hernando de Soto Expedition in 1539. The Fort Walton and later Leon-Jefferson peoples are the direct ancestors of the Apalachee peoples.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KEEL2002-1"}],"sub_title":"Local chronology","text":"[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Jackson Mounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Apalachee Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachee_Province"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PAYNE1994-3"},{"link_name":"Anhaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhaica"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Velda Mound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velda_Mound"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Yon Mound and Village Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yon_Mound_and_Village_Site"},{"link_name":"Liberty County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Thick Greenbriar Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thick_Greenbriar_Site&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jackson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Lake Jackson Mounds site in Leon County is the largest known ceremonial center of the Fort Walton culture, although there are eight other known ceremonial sites in the Apalachee Province. It was occupied during the entire Fort Walton period, but abandoned at about 1500 CE[3] when the capital of the chiefdom was moved to nearby Anhaica, the capital when the de Soto entrada encamped there in the winter of 1539.[4] Another large site located nearby is the Velda Mound, which was occupied from approximately 1450 to 1625.[5] Other sites include the Yon Mound and Village Site in Liberty County, and the Thick Greenbriar Site in Jackson County.[6]","title":"Archaeology sites"}]

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[{"reference":"Frank Keel (September 2003). \"An archaeological assessment of the Bradfordville Commercial Tract in Leon County, Florida\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 14, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050214151047/http://bannermancrossings.com/ArchaeologyAssessment.pdf","url_text":"\"An archaeological assessment of the Bradfordville Commercial Tract in Leon County, Florida\""},{"url":"http://bannermancrossings.com/ArchaeologyAssessment.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rochelle A. Marrinan; Nancy Marie White (2007). \"Modeling Fort Walton Culture in Northwest Florida\" (PDF). Southeastern Archaeology. 26 (2–Winter). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130403084151/http://www.trailoffloridasindianheritage.org/pdf/fw1.pdf","url_text":"\"Modeling Fort Walton Culture in Northwest Florida\""},{"url":"http://www.trailoffloridasindianheritage.org/pdf/fw1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Payne, Claudine (1994). Mississippian capitals : an archaeological investigation of Precolumbian political structure (PDF) (doctoral thesis). University of Florida.","urls":[{"url":"http://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/00/09/73/79/00001/mississippiancap00paynrich.pdf","url_text":"Mississippian capitals : an archaeological investigation of Precolumbian political structure"}]},{"reference":"Jameson, John H. Jr. \"SEAC Reviews : The Apalachee Indians and Mission San Luis, by John H. Hann and Bonnie G. McEwan\". SEAC. Archived from the original on June 11, 2007. Retrieved April 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070611141938/http://www.cr.nps.gov/seac/apalachee.htm","url_text":"\"SEAC Reviews : The Apalachee Indians and Mission San Luis, by John H. Hann and Bonnie G. McEwan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Archaeological_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"SEAC"},{"url":"http://www.cr.nps.gov/seac/apalachee.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archaeological Stabilization Guide\" (PDF). The Florida Department of State, Division of Historical Resources, Bureau of Archaeological Research. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121006000533/http://www.flheritage.com/archaeology/education/culturalmgmt/stab_guide.pdf","url_text":"\"Archaeological Stabilization Guide\""},{"url":"http://www.flheritage.com/archaeology/education/culturalmgmt/stab_guide.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Prehistoric and Protohistoric Fort Walton at the Thick Greenbriar Site (8JA417), Northwest Florida\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 7, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121207011353/http://www.trailoffloridasindianheritage.org/pdf/fw2.pdf","url_text":"\"Prehistoric and Protohistoric Fort Walton at the Thick Greenbriar Site (8JA417), Northwest Florida\""},{"url":"http://www.trailoffloridasindianheritage.org/pdf/fw2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gabrielle Shahramfar (2008). Determining Fort Walton burial patterns and their relationship within the greater Mississippian world (Thesis). University of South Florida.","urls":[{"url":"http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1491&context=etd","url_text":"Determining Fort Walton burial patterns and their relationship within the greater Mississippian world"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chore_(band)

Chore (band)

["1 History","2 Discography","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Canadian post-hardcore band ChoreOriginDunnville, Ontario, CanadaGenresPost-hardcore, hard rock, alternative rockYears active1995–2004, 2010LabelsSonic UnyonPast membersChris BellMike BellDavid DunhamMitch BowdenBrian Pettigrew Chore were a Canadian post-hardcore band from Dunnville, Ontario. History Chore formed in January 1995. They released three albums on the Sonic Unyon indie label in Hamilton, Ontario: Another Plebeian came out in 1997 and Take My Mask and Breathe in 1999. They also contributed an exclusive recording to Redstar Records' 1999 Various Artists compilation The Sound and the Fury. Chore was approached by Revelation Records and took part in NXNE in 2000, but decided to remain with Sonic Unyon. In 2001, they played in Toronto at Lee's Palace with other Sonic Unyon bands. The Coastaline Fire was released in 2002 to positive reviews, and was also sold in Japan beginning in 2003. Their video for the single "General Warning" won a "Best of the Wedge 1999" award from broadcaster MuchMusic, while the video for "The Hitchhiker" saw airplay on MuchLOUD and MTV's 120 Minutes. The songs "The Hitchhiker" and "Burr" were both featured in an episode from the first season of Fox's 24. Chore disbanded in April 2004. Lead vocalist Chris Bell continued to produce music under the moniker Alive and Living, until recently joining Mitch Bowden and David Dunham to perform in Don Vail and The Priddle Concern, along with Bill Priddle (formerly of Treble Charger). The band reunited in December 2010 for a string of shows, including opening slots for Billy Talent, Alexisonfire, and Wintersleep. Discography Another Plebeian (1997) Take My Mask and Breathe (1999) The Coastaline Fire (2002) See also Music portalCanada portal Music of Canada Canadian rock List of bands from Canada List of Canadian musicians Category:Canadian musical groups References ^ a b "Chore Are Between the Rock and a Soft Place". Exclaim!, by Chris Gramlich Jan 01, 2006 ^ a b Julien, Alexandre (November 3, 2011). "Redstar Records Interview". Abridged Pause Blog. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2020. ^ "LIVE: SOUNDS OF SONIC UNYON 2001 w/ Mayor McCa, Rocket Science, Chore and SectorSeven". Chart Attack, November 05, 2001 ^ " "Chore The Coastline Fire Sonic Unyon". Ink19, May 21, 2002. Stein Haukland. ^ "New and Notable Releases". NOW Toronto, by Sarah Liss February 28, 2002 ^ "Chore: Take My Mask and Breathe". AllMusic review by Gina Boldman External links Chore's entry at the Canadian Indie Band Database Chore's entry at garageband.com Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Artists MusicBrainz

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicamina_Faciei_Femineae

Medicamina Faciei Femineae

["1 Background","2 Form","3 Contents","4 Notes","5 External links"]

Poem written by Ovid Amphorae, scented body oil, perfume bottles (unguentarium), rose petals and a figurine, all from Ancient Rome. Medicamina Faciei Femineae (Cosmetics for the Female Face, also known as The Art of Beauty) is a didactic poem written in elegiac couplets by the Roman poet Ovid. In the hundred extant verses, Ovid defends the use of cosmetics by Roman women and provides five recipes for facial treatments. Other writers at the time condemned women's usage of cosmetics. Background The title and approximate date of the poem are known from a brief mention in another of Ovid's works, Ars Amatoria, in the third book of which the poet states that he has already written "a small work, a little book" on medicamina, or cosmetics. The Medicamina must then predate the third book of Ars Amatoria, a work whose composition has been variously placed between 1 BC and AD 8, the year of Ovid's exile. Only one hundred of an estimated five to eight hundred original lines survive. These fall neatly into sections, each exactly fifty lines long. The first section is an elaborate introduction in which Ovid introduces and defends his subject matter; the second comprises five recipes for cosmetic treatments which include common ingredients and precise measurements. Form The poem is Ovid's first attempt at didactic elegy. This poetic genre, perfected by Ovid in his Ars Amatoria, was a curious amalgam of the moralizing and pedagogical tone of didactic poetry and the frivolous subject matter common to Latin elegiac. In the earliest known example of didactic poetry, Works and Days, the Greek poet Hesiod admonishes a dissolute brother to lead a life of honest labor. Centuries later in 29 BC, the Roman poet Vergil, writing in Latin while taking his inspiration in part from Hesiod, published the Georgics, a work whose ostensible purpose was to provide advice on agriculture. Ovid, writing a generation later for an audience to whom the Georgics were well known, used Vergil's sober language to instruct girls on "what care can enhance your looks, and how your beauty may be preserved". Rather than using the dactylic hexameters of Hesiod and Vergil, Ovid casts his advice in elegiac couplets, the traditional meter of love poetry. The contrast of serious tone and light-hearted meter transforms the Medicamina Faciei Femineae into a parody of Vergil's Georgics. Contents Before going into detail about ancient Roman cosmetics, Ovid emphasizes manners as a timeless feature of beauty and attractiveness. In the second half of the Medicamina Faciei Femineae, Ovid displays his command of the poet's art in taking a practical manual replete with technical details and transforming it into effective verse. Despite the facetious nature of the introduction, the five recipes included in the final 50 lines seem to be genuine, or at least plausible, cosmetic treatments. A representative example is a mixture of barley, vetch, egg, hartshorn, narcissus bulb, gum, Tuscan spelt, and honey. Ovid promises that any woman who uses this concoction on her face "will shine smoother than her own mirror." The majority of the ingredients Ovid prescribes are in fact effective skin treatments, and several, such as oatmeal, wheat germ and egg white, are still used in the manufacture of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals today. On this point, Ovid contrasts favorably with the Roman natural philosopher Pliny the Elder, whose compendious treatment of facial remedies often includes exotic, poisonous, or disgusting ingredients. Notes ^ Ovid Ars Amatoria 3.205–6 ^ Murgia, Charles E. (Spring 1986). "The Date of Ovid's Ars Amatoria 3". American Journal of Philology. 107 (1). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press: 74–86. doi:10.2307/294856. ISSN 0002-9475. JSTOR 294856. ^ Watson, Patricia A. (August 2001). "Parody and Subversion in Ovid's Medicamina Faciei Femineae". Mnemosyne. 54 (Fasc. 4). Brill: 457–471. doi:10.1163/15685250152902973. ISSN 0026-7074. JSTOR 4433241. ^ Watson, p. 457 ^ Medicamina Faciei Femineae 1–2 ^ Watson, p. 471 ^ "Medic" ^ Watson, p. 470–1 ^ Medic. 53–66 ^ Medic. 67–8 ^ Green, Peter (Autumn 1979). "Ars Gratia Cultus: Ovid as Beautician" (PDF). American Journal of Philology. 100 (3). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press: 383. doi:10.2307/293934. hdl:2152/31029. ISSN 0002-9475. JSTOR 293934. PMID 11620116. ^ Green, pp. 390–1 External links  Latin Wikisource has original text related to this article: Medicamina Faciei Femineae The Art of Beauty, translated by J. Lewis May in prose form (with verses in Latin). vtePoems by Ovid Metamorphoses Amores Ars Amatoria Remedia Amoris Heroides Fasti Tristia Epistulae ex Ponto Ibis Medicamina Faciei Femineae Double Heroides (authorship uncertain) Category Authority control databases International VIAF 2 3 National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Poland Vatican Other IdRef 2

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Other writers at the time condemned women's usage of cosmetics.","title":"Medicamina Faciei Femineae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ars Amatoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Amatoria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The title and approximate date of the poem are known from a brief mention in another of Ovid's works, Ars Amatoria, in the third book of which the poet states that he has already written \"a small work, a little book\" on medicamina, or cosmetics.[1] The Medicamina must then predate the third book of Ars Amatoria, a work whose composition has been variously placed between 1 BC and AD 8, the year of Ovid's exile.[2] Only one hundred of an estimated five to eight hundred original lines survive.[3] These fall neatly into sections, each exactly fifty lines long. The first section is an elaborate introduction in which Ovid introduces and defends his subject matter; the second comprises five recipes for cosmetic treatments which include common ingredients and precise measurements.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Works and Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_and_Days"},{"link_name":"Hesiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"Vergil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil"},{"link_name":"Georgics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"dactylic hexameters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter"},{"link_name":"elegiac couplets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegiac_couplet"},{"link_name":"meter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"parody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The poem is Ovid's first attempt at didactic elegy.[4] This poetic genre, perfected by Ovid in his Ars Amatoria, was a curious amalgam of the moralizing and pedagogical tone of didactic poetry and the frivolous subject matter common to Latin elegiac. In the earliest known example of didactic poetry, Works and Days, the Greek poet Hesiod admonishes a dissolute brother to lead a life of honest labor. Centuries later in 29 BC, the Roman poet Vergil, writing in Latin while taking his inspiration in part from Hesiod, published the Georgics, a work whose ostensible purpose was to provide advice on agriculture. Ovid, writing a generation later for an audience to whom the Georgics were well known, used Vergil's sober language to instruct girls on \"what care can enhance your looks, and how your beauty may be preserved\".[5] Rather than using the dactylic hexameters of Hesiod and Vergil, Ovid casts his advice in elegiac couplets, the traditional meter of love poetry. The contrast of serious tone and light-hearted meter transforms the Medicamina Faciei Femineae into a parody of Vergil's Georgics.[6]","title":"Form"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"vetch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicia"},{"link_name":"hartshorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartshorn"},{"link_name":"narcissus bulb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus_(genus)"},{"link_name":"gum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_arabic"},{"link_name":"spelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelt"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Before going into detail about ancient Roman cosmetics, Ovid emphasizes manners as a timeless feature of beauty and attractiveness. [7]In the second half of the Medicamina Faciei Femineae, Ovid displays his command of the poet's art in taking a practical manual replete with technical details and transforming it into effective verse.[8] Despite the facetious nature of the introduction, the five recipes included in the final 50 lines seem to be genuine, or at least plausible, cosmetic treatments. A representative example is a mixture of barley, vetch, egg, hartshorn, narcissus bulb, gum, Tuscan spelt, and honey.[9] Ovid promises that any woman who uses this concoction on her face \"will shine smoother than her own mirror.\"[10]The majority of the ingredients Ovid prescribes are in fact effective skin treatments, and several, such as oatmeal, wheat germ and egg white, are still used in the manufacture of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals today.[11] On this point, Ovid contrasts favorably with the Roman natural philosopher Pliny the Elder, whose compendious treatment of facial remedies often includes exotic, poisonous, or disgusting ingredients.[12]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Ars Amatoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Amatoria"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/294856","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F294856"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0002-9475","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9475"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"294856","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/294856"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/15685250152902973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F15685250152902973"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0026-7074","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-7074"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4433241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/4433241"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Green, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Green_(historian)"},{"link_name":"\"Ars Gratia Cultus: Ovid as Beautician\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/31029/1/ArsGratiaCultus.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/293934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F293934"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2152/31029","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2152%2F31029"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0002-9475","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9475"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"293934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/293934"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11620116","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11620116"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"}],"text":"^ Ovid Ars Amatoria 3.205–6\n\n^ Murgia, Charles E. (Spring 1986). \"The Date of Ovid's Ars Amatoria 3\". American Journal of Philology. 107 (1). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press: 74–86. doi:10.2307/294856. ISSN 0002-9475. JSTOR 294856.\n\n^ Watson, Patricia A. (August 2001). \"Parody and Subversion in Ovid's Medicamina Faciei Femineae\". Mnemosyne. 54 (Fasc. 4). Brill: 457–471. doi:10.1163/15685250152902973. ISSN 0026-7074. JSTOR 4433241.\n\n^ Watson, p. 457\n\n^ Medicamina Faciei Femineae 1–2\n\n^ Watson, p. 471\n\n^ \"Medic\" \n\n^ Watson, p. 470–1\n\n^ Medic. 53–66\n\n^ Medic. 67–8\n\n^ Green, Peter (Autumn 1979). \"Ars Gratia Cultus: Ovid as Beautician\" (PDF). American Journal of Philology. 100 (3). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press: 383. doi:10.2307/293934. hdl:2152/31029. ISSN 0002-9475. JSTOR 293934. PMID 11620116.\n\n^ Green, pp. 390–1","title":"Notes"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Clark_(FFG-11)

ORP Gen. K. Pułaski

["1 History","1.1 US service","1.2 Polish service","2 Awards as USS Clark","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

"USS Clark (FFG-11)" redirects here. For ships with a similar name, see USS Clark. ORP Generał Kazimierz Pułaski moored in Gdynia History United States NameUSS Clark NamesakeAdmiral Joseph James "Jocko" Clark (1893–1971) Ordered27 February 1976 BuilderBath Iron Works, Bath, Maine Laid down17 July 1978 Launched24 March 1979 Sponsored byMrs. Olga Clark, widow of Admiral Clark Commissioned9 May 1980 Decommissioned15 March 2000 Stricken15 March 2000 HomeportNorfolk, Virginia (former) Identification Hull symbol:FFG-11 Code letters:NJJC Motto"Determined Warrior" FateDisposed of through the Security Assistance Program (SAP) Sold to Polish Navy Badge Complement15 officers and 190 enlisted, plus SH-60 LAMPS detachment of roughly six officer pilots and 15 enlisted maintainers Sensors and processing systems AN/SPS-49 air-search radar AN/SPS-55 surface-search radar CAS and STIR fire-control radar AN/SQS-56 sonar. Electronic warfare & decoysAN/SLQ-32 Armament As built: 1 × OTO Melara Mk 75 76 mm/62 caliber naval gun 2 × Mk 32 triple-tube (324 mm) launchers for Mark 46 torpedoes 1 × Vulcan Phalanx CIWS 4 × .50-cal (12.7 mm) machine guns. 1 × Mk 13 Mod 4 single-arm launcher for Harpoon anti-ship missiles and SM-1MR Standard anti-ship/air missiles (40 round magazine) Note: As of 2004, Mk 13 systems removed from all active US vessels of this class. Aircraft carried1 × SH-60 LAMPS III helicopter Poland NameORP Generał Kazimierz Pułaski NamesakeCasimir Pulaski Acquired15 March 2000 Commissioned25 June 2000 Identification Pennant number: 272 MMSI number: 261268000 Callsign: SNWR StatusActive Complement17 officers and 198 enlisted Armament 2 × double tube anti-submarine torpedo mounts 1 × 76 mm (3.0 in) Rapid Fire Dual Purpose Gun 1 × Vulcan Phalanx system 1 × Guided missile launching system with Standard surface-to-air missiles Boeing Harpoon surface-to-surface missiles Aircraft carriedASW Kaman SH-2G Super Seasprite helicopter General characteristics Class and typeOliver Hazard Perry-class frigate Displacement4,100 long tons (4,200 t), full load Length445 feet (136 m), overall Beam45 feet (14 m) Draft22 feet (6.7 m) Propulsion 2 × General Electric LM2500-30 gas turbines generating 41,000 shp (31 MW) through a single shaft and variable pitch propeller 2 × Auxiliary Propulsion Units, 350 hp (260 kW) retractable electric azimuth thrusters for maneuvering and docking. Speedover 29 knots (54 km/h) Range5,000 nautical miles at 18 knots (9,300 km at 33 km/h) ORP Generał Kazimierz Pułaski is one of two Oliver Hazard Perry-class guided-missile frigates of the Polish Navy. Formerly serving in the United States Navy as the USS Clark (FFG-11), after her transfer to Poland she was named for Kazimierz Pułaski, who fought in both the War of the Bar Confederation in Poland and later the American Revolutionary War. As the USS Clark, she was the US Navy's fifth ship of the Oliver Hazard Perry class, and was named for Admiral Joseph James "Jocko" Clark (1893–1971). The ship is propelled by two General Electric LM-2500 gas turbines and two 350 horsepower (261 kW) electric drive auxiliary propulsion units. The Gen K. Pułaski is currently homeported at Gdynia (Oksywie). History US service Ordered by the US Navy from Bath Iron Works on 27 February 1976 as part of the FY76 program, Clark was laid down on 17 July 1978 and launched on 24 March 1979. The frigate commissioned on 9 May 1980. She was the second US Navy ship commissioned with the name USS Clark. The ship sponsor was Mrs. Olga Clark, the widow of the ship's namesake. In July 1982, Clark recovered three sailors that were washed overboard from the aircraft carrier John F. Kennedy in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Spain. A fourth sailor was not recovered and was lost at sea. In December 1992, Clark was nearby when the crew of an F-14 was forced to eject during training operations off the coast of Virginia. Clark's helicopter rescued the radar intercept officer and a United States Coast Guard helicopter rescued the pilot. In April 1994, Clark changed homeports from Newport, Rhode Island, to Norfolk, Virginia. The ship had previously been homeported in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from the mid-1980s to 1992 and Mayport, Florida before that. Decommissioned and stricken from the US Navy list on 15 March 2000, she was transferred to the Polish Navy that same day. Polish service The ship was commissioned as ORP Generał Kazimierz Pułaski (after Kazimierz Pułaski) on 25 June 2000, at a ceremony attended by US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright. Commander Marian Ambroziak was the first Polish commanding officer. Since her transfer to Poland, Generał Kazimierz Pułaski has participated in numerous NATO exercises in the Baltic Sea. Awards as USS Clark A starboard bow view of the guided missile frigate USS Clark underway. USS Clark and her crew received the following unit awards, according to the US Navy unit awards website: Humanitarian Service Medal for the evacuation of Lebanon, 23 to 25 June 1982 Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal for Lebanon from 11 December 1983 to 21 January 1984 US Coast Guard Unit Commendation, 31 October 1984 to 31 December 1984 Meritorious Unit Commendation, 1 February 1984 to 21 April 1984 US Coast Guard Special Operations Service Ribbon, three awards, for April to June 1989, July to September 1989 and 19 January 1990 to 24 February 1990. Navy E Ribbon, two awards, for the years of 1992 and 1995 Joint Meritorious Unit Award for the year of 1997. USS Clark was also nominated for the United States Public Health Service Outstanding Unit Citation for operations from 24 June 1994 to 12 July 1994, but did not receive the award. The ship was reported near Haiti in mid-July 1994 around the time many refugees were fleeing Haiti in small boats. See also USS Pulaski for US Navy ships of a similar name. References  This article includes information collected from the Naval Vessel Register, which, as a U.S. government publication, is in the public domain. The entry can be found here. ^ "Sailor Missing from Carrier". Daily News Record. Harrisonburg, Virginia. Associated Press. 7 July 1982. ^ "Man Overboard: Sailor Recalls Ordeal". The Winchester Star. Winchester, Virginia. 15 July 1982. ^ "Navy Jet Crashes into Ocean". Daily Press. Hampton Roads, Virginia. 16 December 1992. ^ "Underway for Good". Pacific Stars And Stripes. Associated Press. 18 April 1994. ^ "Unit Awards". US Navy. Archived from the original on 14 October 2004. ^ "Haitian Crisis Deepens". European Stars And Stripes. Associated Press. 16 July 1994. ^ "Haitians to go to Guantanamo". Syracuse Herald-Journal. Syracuse, New York. Associated Press. 29 June 1994. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to USS Clark (FFG-11) (ship, 1979) and ORP Gen. K. Pułaski (ship, 1979). Polish Navy official site about Perry class in English Polish Navy official web about ORP Pulaski in Polish vteOliver Hazard Perry-class frigates United States Navy Oliver Hazard Perry McInerney Wadsworth Duncan Clark George Philip Samuel Eliot Morison Sides Estocin Clifton Sprague John A. Moore Antrim Flatley Fahrion Lewis B. Puller Jack Williams Copeland Gallery Mahlon S. Tisdale Boone Stephen W. Groves Reid Stark John L. Hall Jarrett Aubrey Fitch Underwood Crommelin Curts Doyle Halyburton McClusky Klakring Thach De Wert Rentz Nicholas Vandegrift Robert G. Bradley Taylor Gary Carr Hawes Ford Elrod Simpson Reuben James Samuel B. Roberts Kauffman Rodney M. Davis Ingraham  Royal Australian NavyAdelaide class Adelaide Canberra Sydney Darwin Melbourne Newcastle  Republic of China NavyCheng Kung class Cheng Kung Cheng Ho Chi Kuang Yueh Fei Tzu I Pan Chao Chang Chien Tian Dan  Spanish NavySanta María class Santa María Victoria Numancia Reina Sofía Navarra Canarias Other operators Royal Bahrain Naval Force Sabha (ex-Jack Williams) Khalid Bin Ali (ex-Robert G. Bradley)  Egyptian NavyMubarak class / Alexandria class Sharm El-Sheik (ex-Fahrion) Toushka (ex-Lewis B. Puller) Mubarak / Alexandria (ex-Copeland) Taba (ex-Gallery)  Pakistan Navy Alamgir (ex-McInerney)  Polish Navy Gen. K. Pułaski (ex-Clark) Generał Tadeusz Kościuszko (ex-Wadsworth)  Turkish Naval ForcesG class Gaziantep (ex-Clifton Sprague) Giresun (ex-Antrim) Gemlik (ex-Flatley) Gelibolu (ex-Reid) Gökçeada (ex-Mahlon S. Tisdale) Gediz (ex-John A. Moore) Gökova (ex-Samuel Eliot Morison) Göksu (ex-Estocin)  Republic of China Navy Ming Chuan (ex-Taylor) Feng Jia (ex-Gary) Preceded by: Knox class Followed by: Constellation class List of frigates of the United States Navy List of frigates of the Royal Australian Navy List of frigates of the Republic of China Navy List of frigates of the Spanish Navy

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Clark"},{"link_name":"Oliver Hazard Perry-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Hazard_Perry_class_frigate"},{"link_name":"Polish Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Navy"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Kazimierz Pułaski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski"},{"link_name":"War of the Bar Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Bar_Confederation"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Joseph James \"Jocko\" Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_James_Clark"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbines"},{"link_name":"Gdynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gdynia"},{"link_name":"Oksywie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksywie"}],"text":"\"USS Clark (FFG-11)\" redirects here. For ships with a similar name, see USS Clark.ORP Generał Kazimierz Pułaski is one of two Oliver Hazard Perry-class guided-missile frigates of the Polish Navy. Formerly serving in the United States Navy as the USS Clark (FFG-11), after her transfer to Poland she was named for Kazimierz Pułaski, who fought in both the War of the Bar Confederation in Poland and later the American Revolutionary War. As the USS Clark, she was the US Navy's fifth ship of the Oliver Hazard Perry class, and was named for Admiral Joseph James \"Jocko\" Clark (1893–1971). The ship is propelled by two General Electric LM-2500 gas turbines and two 350 horsepower (261 kW) electric drive auxiliary propulsion units. The Gen K. Pułaski is currently homeported at Gdynia (Oksywie).","title":"ORP Gen. K. Pułaski"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bath Iron Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Iron_Works"},{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel_laying"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_ship_launching"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ship_commisisoning&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ship sponsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_sponsor"},{"link_name":"Olga Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Clark"},{"link_name":"aircraft carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CV-67)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"F-14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Newport, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mayport, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Mayport"},{"link_name":"Polish Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Navy"}],"sub_title":"US service","text":"Ordered by the US Navy from Bath Iron Works on 27 February 1976 as part of the FY76 program, Clark was laid down on 17 July 1978 and launched on 24 March 1979. The frigate commissioned on 9 May 1980. She was the second US Navy ship commissioned with the name USS Clark. The ship sponsor was Mrs. Olga Clark, the widow of the ship's namesake.In July 1982, Clark recovered three sailors that were washed overboard from the aircraft carrier John F. Kennedy in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Spain.[1] A fourth sailor was not recovered and was lost at sea.[2]In December 1992, Clark was nearby when the crew of an F-14 was forced to eject during training operations off the coast of Virginia. Clark's helicopter rescued the radar intercept officer and a United States Coast Guard helicopter rescued the pilot.[3]In April 1994, Clark changed homeports from Newport, Rhode Island, to Norfolk, Virginia.[4] The ship had previously been homeported in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from the mid-1980s to 1992 and Mayport, Florida before that. Decommissioned and stricken from the US Navy list on 15 March 2000, she was transferred to the Polish Navy that same day.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazimierz Pułaski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_Pulaski"},{"link_name":"Madeleine Albright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Albright"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"}],"sub_title":"Polish service","text":"The ship was commissioned as ORP Generał Kazimierz Pułaski (after Kazimierz Pułaski) on 25 June 2000, at a ceremony attended by US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright. Commander Marian Ambroziak was the first Polish commanding officer. Since her transfer to Poland, Generał Kazimierz Pułaski has participated in numerous NATO exercises in the Baltic Sea.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Clark_(FFG-11)_underway_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean_on_1_October_1981.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Humanitarian Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_Expeditionary_Medal"},{"link_name":"Coast Guard Unit Commendation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Guard_Unit_Commendation"},{"link_name":"Meritorious Unit Commendation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritorious_Unit_Commendation"},{"link_name":"Special Operations Service Ribbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Service_Ribbon"},{"link_name":"Navy E Ribbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_E_Ribbon"},{"link_name":"Joint Meritorious Unit Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Meritorious_Unit_Award"},{"link_name":"United States Public Health Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee#Boat_people"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"A starboard bow view of the guided missile frigate USS Clark underway.USS Clark and her crew received the following unit awards, according to the US Navy unit awards website:[5]Humanitarian Service Medal for the evacuation of Lebanon, 23 to 25 June 1982\nArmed Forces Expeditionary Medal for Lebanon from 11 December 1983 to 21 January 1984\nUS Coast Guard Unit Commendation, 31 October 1984 to 31 December 1984\nMeritorious Unit Commendation, 1 February 1984 to 21 April 1984\nUS Coast Guard Special Operations Service Ribbon, three awards, for April to June 1989, July to September 1989 and 19 January 1990 to 24 February 1990.\nNavy E Ribbon, two awards, for the years of 1992 and 1995\nJoint Meritorious Unit Award for the year of 1997.USS Clark was also nominated for the United States Public Health Service Outstanding Unit Citation for operations from 24 June 1994 to 12 July 1994, but did not receive the award. The ship was reported near Haiti in mid-July 1994[6] around the time many refugees were fleeing Haiti in small boats.[7]","title":"Awards as USS Clark"}]

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[{"title":"USS Pulaski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pulaski"},{"title":"US Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Navy"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshmyansky_Uyezd

Oshmyansky Uyezd

["1 Demographics","2 References","3 External links"]

Coordinates: 54°25′30″N 25°56′15″E / 54.42500°N 25.93750°E / 54.42500; 25.93750Oshmyansky Uyezd (Ошмянский уезд) was one of the seven subdivisions of the Vilna Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the southern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Ashmyany (Oshmyany). Demographics At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Oshmyansky Uyezd had a population of 233,559. Of these, 80.0% spoke Belarusian, 12.1% Yiddish, 3.7% Lithuanian, 2.3% Russian and 1.7% Polish as their native language. References ^ Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей External links Ašmiany district (Vilnia Governorate). Administrative map 54°25′30″N 25°56′15″E / 54.42500°N 25.93750°E / 54.42500; 25.93750 This Lithuanian location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_canonised_popes

List of canonised popes

["1 Saints","2 Blesseds","3 Venerables","4 Servants of God","5 See also","5.1 Lists","5.2 Related topics","6 References"]

This article lists the popes who have been canonised. A total of 83 out of 265 deceased popes have been recognised universally as canonised saints, including all of the first 35 popes (31 of whom were martyrs) and 52 of the first 54. If Pope Liberius is numbered amongst the saints as in Eastern Christianity, all of the first 49 popes become recognised as saints, of whom 31 are martyr-saints, and 53 of the first 54 pontiffs would be acknowledged as saints. In addition, 13 other popes are in the process of becoming canonised saints: as of December 2018, two are recognised as being Servants of God, one is recognised as being Venerable, and 10 have been declared Blessed or Beati, making a total of 95 (97 if Pope Liberius and Pope Adeodatus II are recognised to be saints) of the 266 Roman pontiffs being recognised and venerated for their heroic virtues and inestimable contributions to the Church. The most recently reigning Pope to have been canonised was Pope John Paul II, whose cause for canonisation was opened in May 2005. John Paul II was beatified on 1 May 2011, by Pope Benedict XVI and later canonised, along with Pope John XXIII, by Pope Francis on 27 April 2014. Pope Francis also canonised Pope Paul VI on 14 October 2018. Saints # Name Papacy began Notes 1 Pope Adeodatus I 615 2 Pope Adrian III 884 3 Pope Agapetus I 535 4 Pope Agatho 678 5 Pope Alexander I 107 6 Pope Anacletus 79 7 Pope Anastasius I 399 8 Pope Anicetus 157 9 Pope Anterus 235 10 Pope Benedict II 684 11 Pope Boniface I 418 12 Pope Boniface IV 608 13 Pope Caius 283 14 Pope Callixtus I 218 15 Pope Celestine I 422 16 Pope Celestine V 1294 17 Pope Clement I 88 18 Pope Cornelius 251 19 Pope Damasus I 366 20 Pope Dionysius 259 21 Pope Eleuterus 174 22 Pope Eugene I 654 23 Pope Eusebius 310 24 Pope Eutychian 275 25 Pope Evaristus 99 26 Pope Fabian 236 27 Pope Felix I 269 28 Pope Felix III 483 29 Pope Felix IV 526 30 Pope Gelasius I 492 31 Pope Gregory I (the Great) 590 32 Pope Gregory II 715 33 Pope Gregory III 731 34 Pope Gregory VII 1073 35 Pope Hilarius 461 36 Pope Hormisdas 514 37 Pope Hyginus 136 38 Pope Innocent I 401 39 Pope John I 523 40 Pope John XXIII 1958 41 Pope John Paul II 1978 42 Pope Julius I 337 43 Pope Leo I (the Great) 440 44 Pope Leo II 682 45 Pope Leo III 795 46 Pope Leo IV 847 47 Pope Leo IX 1049 48 Pope Linus 67 49 Pope Lucius I 253 50 Pope Marcellinus 296 51 Pope Marcellus I 308 52 Pope Mark 336 53 Pope Martin I 649 54 Pope Miltiades 311 55 Pope Nicholas I (the Great) 858 56 Pope Paschal I 817 57 Pope Paul I 757 58 Pope Paul VI 1963 Canonised on 14 October 2018. 59 Pope Peter (Apostle) 30/33 60 Pope Pius I 140 61 Pope Pius V 1566 62 Pope Pius X 1903 63 Pope Pontian 230 64 Pope Sergius I 687 65 Pope Silverius 536 66 Pope Simplicius 468 67 Pope Siricius 384 68 Pope Sixtus I 115 69 Pope Sixtus II 257 70 Pope Sixtus III 432 71 Pope Soter 167 72 Pope Stephen I 254 73 Pope Sylvester I 314 74 Pope Symmachus 498 75 Pope Telesphorus 126 76 Pope Urban I 222 77 Pope Victor I 189 78 Pope Vitalian 657 79 Pope Zachary 741 80 Pope Zephyrinus 199 81 Pope Zosimus 417 Blesseds # Name Papacy began Notes 1 Pope Benedict XI 1303 2 Pope Eugene III 1145 3 Pope Gregory X 1271 4 Pope Innocent V 1276 5 Pope Innocent XI 1676 6 Pope Pius IX 1846 7 Pope Urban II 1088 8 Pope Urban V 1362 9 Pope Victor III 1086 10 Pope John Paul I 1978 Venerables # Name Papacy began Notes 1 Pope Pius XII 1939 Servants of God # Name Papacy began Notes 1 Pope Benedict XIII 1724 2 Pope Pius VII 1800 See also Lists List of popes List of popes by length of reign List of popes who died violently List of popes sorted alphabetically List of Sovereigns of the Vatican City State Related topics Annuario Pontificio History of the papacy Index of Vatican City-related articles Legends surrounding the papacy Liber Pontificalis Prophecy of the Popes References ^ "Pentin, Edward. "It's Official: John Paul II and John XXIII to Be Canonized April 27", National Catholic Register, Oct 14, 2013". Archived from the original on March 9, 2014. Retrieved October 24, 2013. ^ Kelly, Leo. "Pope St. Deusdedit." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. April 2, 2016 ^ Loughlin, James. "Pope St. Adrian III." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. April 2, 2016 ^ Declaration of the heroic virtue of the servant of God, Paul VI ^ Biography of Bl. Pope Pius IX ^ Webster, Douglas Raymund. "Pope Bl. Urban V." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 13 Feb. 2013 ^ Webster, Douglas Raymund. "Pope Blessed Victor III." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 13 Feb. 2013 ^ "Pope beatifies John Paul I: May he obtain for us the 'smile of the soul' - Vatican News". September 4, 2022. ^ "Miranda, Salvador. "Orsini, O.P., Vincenzo Maria", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, August 18, 2015". Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2017. vteSaints of the Catholic ChurchDicastery for the Causes of SaintsStages of canonization: Servant of God   →   Venerable   →   Blessed   →   SaintVirgin Mary Mother of God (Theotokos) Immaculate Conception Perpetual virginity Assumption Marian apparition Titles of Mary Joseph (husband) Apostles Andrew Barnabas Bartholomew James of Alphaeus James the Great John Jude Matthew Matthias Paul Peter Philip Simon Thomas Archangels Gabriel Michael  in the Catholic Church Raphael Confessors Anatolius Anthony of Kiev Athanasius the Confessor Chariton the Confessor Dominic Edward the Confessor Francis of Assisi Francis Borgia Homobonus Lazarus Zographos Louis Bertrand Maximus the Confessor Michael of Synnada Paphnutius the Confessor Paul I of Constantinople Peter Claver Salonius Sergius of Radonezh Theophanes the Confessor Pio of Pietrelcina Disciples Apollos Mary of Bethany Mary Magdalene Priscilla and Aquila Silvanus Stephen Timothy Titus Seventy disciples Doctors of the Church Gregory the Great Ambrose Augustine of Hippo Jerome John Chrysostom Basil of Caesarea Gregory of Nazianzus Athanasius of Alexandria Cyril of Alexandria Cyril of Jerusalem John of Damascus Bede the Venerable Ephrem the Syrian Thomas Aquinas Bonaventure Anselm of Canterbury Isidore of Seville Peter Chrysologus Leo the Great Peter Damian Bernard of Clairvaux Hilary of Poitiers Alphonsus Liguori Francis de Sales Peter Canisius John of the Cross Robert Bellarmine Albertus Magnus Anthony of Padua Lawrence of Brindisi Teresa of Ávila Catherine of Siena Thérèse of Lisieux John of Ávila Hildegard of Bingen Gregory of Narek Irenaeus Evangelists Matthew Mark Luke John ChurchFathers Alexander of Alexandria Alexander of Jerusalem Ambrose of Milan Anatolius Athanasius of Alexandria Augustine of Hippo Caesarius of Arles Caius Cappadocian Fathers Clement of Alexandria Clement of Rome Cyprian of Carthage Cyril of Alexandria Cyril of Jerusalem Damasus I Desert Fathers Desert Mothers Dionysius of Alexandria Dionysius of Corinth Dionysius Ephrem the Syrian Epiphanius of Salamis Fulgentius of Ruspe Gregory the Great Gregory of Nazianzus Gregory of Nyssa Hilary of Poitiers Hippolytus of Rome Ignatius of Antioch Irenaeus of Lyons Isidore of Seville Jerome of Stridonium John Chrysostom John of Damascus Maximus the Confessor Melito of Sardis Quadratus of Athens Papias of Hierapolis Peter Chrysologus Polycarp of Smyrna Theophilus of Antioch Victorinus of Pettau Vincent of Lérins Zephyrinus Martyrs Abda and Abdisho Boris and Gleb Charles de Foucauld Canadian Martyrs Carthusian Martyrs Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala Christina of Persia Devasahayam Pillai Dismas the Good Thief Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Four Crowned Martyrs Gerard of Csanád Great Martyr The Holy Innocents Irish Martyrs John Fisher Korean Martyrs Lorenzo Ruiz Martyrs of Lübeck Luigi Versiglia Martyrology Martyrs of Albania Martyrs of Algeria Martyrs of Cajonos Martyrs of Drina Martyrs of China Martyrs of Gorkum Martyrs of Japan 21 Martyrs of Libya Martyrs of La Rioja Martyrs of Laos Martyrs of Natal Martyrs of Otranto Martyrs of Prague Martyrs of Sandomierz Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War Martyrs of Zenta Maximilian Kolbe Óscar Romero Pedro Calungsod Perpetua and Felicity Peter Chanel Pietro Parenzo Philomena Saints of the Cristero War Stephen Teresa Benedicta of the Cross Titus Brandsma 17 Thomasian Martyrs Thomas Becket Thomas More Three Martyrs of Chimbote Ulma Family Uganda Martyrs Vietnamese Martyrs Valentine of Rome Victor and Corona Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia Missionaries Augustine of Canterbury Boniface Damien of Molokai Evermode of Ratzeburg Francis Xavier François de Laval Gregory the Illuminator Junípero Serra Nino of Georgia Patrick of Ireland Remigius Patriarchs Adam Abel Abraham Isaac Jacob Joseph Joseph (father of Jesus) David Noah Solomon Matriarchs Popes Adeodatus I Adeodatus II Adrian III Agapetus I Agatho Alexander I Anacletus Anastasius I Anicetus Anterus Benedict II Boniface I Boniface IV Caius Callixtus I Celestine I Celestine V Clement I Cornelius Damasus I Dionysius Eleuterus Eugene I Eusebius Eutychian Evaristus Fabian Felix I Felix III Felix IV Gelasius I Gregory I Gregory II Gregory III Gregory VII Hilarius Hormisdas Hyginus Innocent I John I John XXIII John Paul II Julius I Leo I Leo II Leo III Leo IV Leo IX Linus Lucius I Marcellinus Marcellus I Mark Martin I Miltiades Nicholas I Paschal I Paul I Paul VI Peter Pius I Pius V Pius X Pontian Sergius I Silverius Simplicius Siricius Sixtus I Sixtus II Sixtus III Soter Stephen I Stephen IV Sylvester I Symmachus Telesphorus Urban I Victor I Vitalian Zachary Zephyrinus Zosimus Prophets Agabus Amos Anna Baruch ben Neriah David Elijah Ezekiel Habakkuk Haggai Hosea Isaiah Jeremiah Job Joel John the Baptist Jonah Judas Barsabbas Malachi Melchizedek Micah Moses Nahum Obadiah Samuel Seven Maccabees and their mother Simeon Zechariah (prophet) Zechariah (NT) Zephaniah Virgins Agatha of Sicily Agnes of Rome Angela of the Cross Æthelthryth Bernadette Soubirous Catherine of Bologna Brigid of Kildare Catherine Labouré Catherine of Siena Cecilia Clare of Assisi Eulalia of Mérida Euphemia Faustina Kowalska Faustina and Liberata of Como Genevieve Hiltrude of Liessies Joan of Arc Kateri Tekakwitha Lucy of Syracuse Maria Goretti María de las Maravillas de Jesús Narcisa de Jesús Patricia of Naples Rosalia Rose of Lima Teresa of the Andes Teresa of Calcutta Trasilla and Emiliana Ubaldesca Taccini See also Calendar of saints Four Holy Marshals Fourteen Holy Helpers Martyr of charity Military saints Athleta Christi Miles Christianus Church Militant Seven Champions Virtuous pagan Catholic Church portal Saints portal vtePopes of the Catholic Church List of popes graphical canonised Papal names Tombs extant non-extant Antipope Pope emeritus papal resignation Pope-elect 1st–4th centuries Peter Linus Anacletus Clement I Evaristus Alexander I Sixtus I Telesphorus Hyginus Pius I Anicetus Soter Eleutherius Victor I Zephyrinus Callixtus I Urban I Pontian Anterus Fabian Cornelius Lucius I Stephen I Sixtus II Dionysius Felix I Eutychian Caius Marcellinus Marcellus I Eusebius Miltiades Sylvester I Mark Julius I Liberius Damasus I Siricius Anastasius I 5th–8th centuries Innocent I Zosimus Boniface I Celestine I Sixtus III Leo I Hilarius Simplicius Felix III Gelasius I Anastasius II Symmachus Hormisdas John I Felix IV Boniface II John II Agapetus I Silverius Vigilius Pelagius I John III Benedict I Pelagius II Gregory I Sabinian Boniface III Boniface IV Adeodatus I Boniface V Honorius I Severinus John IV Theodore I Martin I Eugene I Vitalian Adeodatus II Donus Agatho Leo II Benedict II John V Conon Sergius I John VI John VII Sisinnius Constantine Gregory II Gregory III Zachary Stephen II Paul I Stephen III Adrian I Leo III 9th–12th centuries Stephen IV Paschal I Eugene II Valentine Gregory IV Sergius II Leo IV Benedict III Nicholas I Adrian II John VIII Marinus I Adrian III Stephen V Formosus Boniface VI Stephen VI Romanus Theodore II John IX Benedict IV Leo V Sergius III Anastasius III Lando John X Leo VI Stephen VII John XI Leo VII Stephen VIII Marinus II Agapetus II John XII Benedict V Leo VIII John XIII Benedict VI Benedict VII John XIV John XV Gregory V Sylvester II John XVII John XVIII Sergius IV Benedict VIII John XIX Benedict IX Sylvester III Gregory VI Clement II Damasus II Leo IX Victor II Stephen IX Nicholas II Alexander II Gregory VII Victor III Urban II Paschal II Gelasius II Callixtus II Honorius II Innocent II Celestine II Lucius II Eugene III Anastasius IV Adrian IV Alexander III Lucius III Urban III Gregory VIII Clement III Celestine III Innocent III 13th–16th centuries Honorius III Gregory IX Celestine IV Innocent IV Alexander IV Urban IV Clement IV Gregory X Innocent V Adrian V John XXI Nicholas III Martin IV Honorius IV Nicholas IV Celestine V Boniface VIII Benedict XI Clement V John XXII Benedict XII Clement VI Innocent VI Urban V Gregory XI Urban VI Boniface IX Innocent VII Gregory XII Martin V Eugene IV Nicholas V Callixtus III Pius II Paul II Sixtus IV Innocent VIII Alexander VI Pius III Julius II Leo X Adrian VI Clement VII Paul III Julius III Marcellus II Paul IV Pius IV Pius V Gregory XIII Sixtus V Urban VII Gregory XIV Innocent IX Clement VIII 17th–21st centuries Leo XI Paul V Gregory XV Urban VIII Innocent X Alexander VII Clement IX Clement X Innocent XI Alexander VIII Innocent XII Clement XI Innocent XIII Benedict XIII Clement XII Benedict XIV Clement XIII Clement XIV Pius VI Pius VII Leo XII Pius VIII Gregory XVI Pius IX Leo XIII Pius X Benedict XV Pius XI Pius XII John XXIII Paul VI John Paul I John Paul II Benedict XVI Francis History of the papacyAntiquity and Early Middle Ages During the Roman Empire (until 493) Under Constantine (312–337) Ostrogothic Papacy (493–537) Byzantine Papacy (537–752) Frankish Papacy (756–857) Saeculum obscurum (904–964) Crescentii era (974–1012) High and LateMiddle Ages Tusculan Papacy (1012–1044 / 1048) Conflicts with the HRE (1048–1257) Wandering Papacy Viterbo, 1257–1281 Orvieto, 1262–1297 Perugia, 1228–1304 Avignon Papacy (1309–1378) Western Schism (1378–1417) Early Modern and Modern Era Renaissance Papacy (1417–1534) Reformation Papacy (1534–1585) Baroque Papacy (1585–1689) Age of Enlightenment (c. 1640–1740) Revolutionary Papacy (1775–1848) Roman Question (1870–1929) Vatican City (1929–present) World War II (1939–1945) Cold War (1945–1991) Category Catholic Church Portal vtePapacyEpiscopate of the bishop of RomeJurisdictionHoly See(Full communion) Pope Francis as bishop of the Diocese of Rome Primacy History Vatican City(index, outline) Enclaved in Rome, Italy Lateran Treaty, 1929 along with extraterritorial properties of the Holy See Headquarters Vatican City: Apostolic Palace Papal apartments Sistine Chapel Italy: Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran (cathedra) Major basilicas Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran St. Peter's Basilica Basilica of Saint Mary Major Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls TitlesPapal names His Holiness Bishop of Rome Vicar of Jesus Christ Successor of the Prince of the Apostles Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church Patriarch of the West Primate of Italy Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province Sovereign of the Vatican City State Servant of the servants of God Symbols Coats of arms Coat of arms of the Holy See Cross Keys of Heaven Regalia and insignia Rota Umbraculum Proclamations Infallibility Apostolic constitution Bull List Encyclical Apostolic exhortation Ecclesiastical letter Interdict Activities Arbitration Deposition Blessing "Pontifical" Urbi et Orbi Conclave List Coronation Consistory Diplomacy Inauguration Mass High Mass Travel Vestments Camauro Falda Fanon Ferula Flabellum Mantle Mitre Mozzetta Pallium Ring of the Fisherman Shoes Slippers Sub-cinctorium Tiara List Zucchetto Transportation Popemobile Sedia gestatoria Shepherd One Household Camerlengo Commander of the Swiss Guard Chaplain Palatinus Papal majordomo Gentlemen Preacher Prefect Prelate of Honour Prince assistant Theologian Staff College of Cardinals cardinals list Roman Curia Apostolic Camera Commissions for Vatican City State Councils Congregations Dicasteries Synods Cappella Giulia Sistine Chapel Choir Related Papal nobility "Black" Orders of chivalry Pontifical academy Pontifical university in Rome Pontifical colleges in Rome Major Seminary Swiss Guard Papabile Canonised popes Legends Popes by nationality Sexually active popes Antipope Western Schism Vatican City portal Catholic Church portal Portals: Christianity Religion History

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_o%27_Kent

Jack o' Kent

["1 History","2 Legends","2.1 Geographical interpretations","3 References"]

English folkloric character in the Welsh Marches "Jack of Kent" redirects here. For other uses, see Jack of Kent (disambiguation). Jack o' Kent or Jack-a-Kent is a Welsh folkloric character based in the Welsh Marches. He is alternately referred to as either a cleric or wizard who regularly beats the Devil in bets and games. He is most well known around Herefordshire and Monmouthshire, and his legends are used to tell the origin of many of the geological formations around the region. History Jack o' Kent appears in print for the first time in a sixteenth-century play, so it may be assumed that he was well known in local culture before this time. He is said to have been used as a bogeyman figure until at least the early twentieth century. There is speculation that Jack could be Siôn Cent, and other suggestions are that he was Owain Glyndŵr, but it is more likely that he was an amalgamation of a number of people and myths. Legends Jack often outsmarted the Devil by entering into bargains and then fulfilling the letter of the bargain but not the spirit. In one instance he made a deal with the Devil so that his crops would prosper - Jack would plant the crops, and the devil would make sure that the sun and rain came in proper amounts. Jack asked the Devil which part of the crops he wanted, the "tops" or the "butts" (bottoms), and the Devil picked "tops" thinking that come harvest he would receive a lot of wheat, but Jack planted turnips and left the Devil with the useless leaves. The next year the Devil thought he would get the better of Jack and picked "butts", so Jack planted wheat, and once again the Devil was cheated. In another story, Jack asks the Devil to help him build a bridge, promising him the first soul that crosses it. They build the bridge and then Jack tosses a bone over the bridge and a hungry dog runs across. Geographical interpretations Jack o' Kent legends are used to explain a number of geographical formations in the Welsh border region. Jack is said to have bet the Devil that the Sugar Loaf Mountain was higher than the Malvern Hills. When Jack proved the Devil wrong, the Devil tried to put more soil on top of the Malvern Hills, but his carrier broke and dropped at the end of the island forming a lump. The cleft in the western part of Skirrid is said to have been caused by Jack's heel as he jumped onto it from the Sugar Loaf Mountain. The standing stones at Trelleck are said to have been thrown there by Jack, the result of a stone-throwing competition held on Trelleck Beacon between him and the Devil. Another version has Jack flinging the stones from Skirrid. References ^ a b c Seal, Graham (2001). Encyclopedia of Folk Heroes. ABC-CLIO. p. 121. ISBN 1-57607-216-9. ^ Greene, William Henry (1974). Jack O' Kent and the Devil: Stories of a Welsh Border Hero Told in Verse. Chepstow Society. ISBN 0-900278-21-8. ^ Simpson, Jacqueline; Roud, Steve (2000). A Dictionary Of English Folklore. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-210019-1. ^ Gibbon, Alex (2007). The mystery of Jack of Kent & the fate of Owain Glyndŵr. Stroud: Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-3320-9. ^ a b Westwood, Jennifer (1985). Albion: A Guide to Legendary Britain. Granada. pp. 278–280. ISBN 0-246-11789-3. ^ Hando, F., (1944), The Pleasant Land of Gwent, Newport: R. H. Johns

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric_Borel

Éric Borel

["1 Biography","1.1 Childhood","1.2 Later years and motive","2 Attacks","2.1 Familicide","2.2 Shooting spree","2.3 Victims","3 References"]

French Spree Killer Éric BorelBornEric Borel(1978-12-11)11 December 1978Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, FranceDied24 September 1995(1995-09-24) (aged 16)Cuers, Var, FranceCause of deathSuicide by gunshot wound to the headOccupationStudent (electromechanics)DetailsDate23–24 September 1995Location(s)Solliès-Pont and Cuers, FranceKilled16 (including himself)Injured4Weapons Anschütz .22-caliber hunting rifle Hammer Baseball bat Éric Borel (French: ; 11 December 1978 – 24 September 1995) was a French high school student and spree killer who, at the age of 16, murdered his family in Solliès-Pont in the arrondissement of Toulon on 23 September 1995, and afterwards shot dead twelve other people and injured four more in the village of Cuers the next day. When police arrived at the scene, Borel shot himself. Biography Childhood Éric Borel was the son of Marie-Jeanne Parenti and Jacques Borel, who were both working in the military at the time of his birth. However, their liaison was rather short, and after they separated, Borel was sent to Jacques' parents in Limoges, where he stayed until he was five. When his mother, who had visited Borel only occasionally up to that time, began to live with Yves Bichet, she again took care of her son and brought him to their home in Solliès-Pont. Borel's mother was an authoritarian and – at least outwardly – a devoutly religious member of the Secours catholique. She mistreated and beat her son, who she believed to be a "child of sin". Borel never developed a close relationship with his mother's new companion, with whom he was said to have frequent rows and who reportedly also beat him on occasions. However, Franck and Jean-Luc Bichet, Yves Bichet's sons, stated that their father had always been nice to Borel, even building him a shack for his chickens and other animals he took home. When Borel broke his arm at the age of eight, he preferred to run away and hide rather than go home; he was eventually found shivering from pain. In this type of situation, Borel, who was known as a quiet and taciturn boy who kept to himself, grew up and developed an increasing admiration for the military. He told lies about the heroic deeds of his father during the Indochina War and adored his stepbrother Franck Bichet, who served in the army. He had an affection for weapons and used to shoot sparrows with an air gun. Later years and motive Until his death, Borel attended the lycée professionnel Georges-Cisson in Toulon, where he studied electromechanics and did well academically. He was said to be a disciplined and quiet student. However, in his last year at school, there was a radical change in Borel's behavior. He skipped classes without explanation and became unaffable. He also regularly said that he could not bear it anymore at home, that he had had enough of doing housework and being called names, and often stated his wish to join the military like his father and grandfather. Apparently, the week prior to the shooting, Borel also told one of his classmates that he would kill himself, but not before killing two or three people. Borel's only known friend at school was 17-year-old Alan Guillemette, an outgoing and popular classmate. Many reports erroneously stated that Borel's room was full of Nazi paraphernalia, and rumors he was fascist sympathizer were spurred even more by the fact that his stepfather had attended several meetings of the Front National in 1989. But besides a picture of Adolf Hitler cut out from a newspaper, graffiti displaying a swastika on his door, a few books on World War II, as well as a documentary about the Waco siege, no evidence was found after his death that he was interested in any kind of politics. A girl from Cuers spread a story that Borel had told her about his relationship with his half-sister Caroline, who was supposed to be his pregnant girlfriend. However, the sister in question did not exist, nor was it true that his father had died of cancer shortly before his rampage. Attacks Familicide The series of attacks started on 23 September 1995, at about 6:00 p.m. CET, when Borel killed his stepfather, Yves Bichet, in the kitchen by shooting him four times with an Anschütz .22-caliber rifle, before smashing his head with a hammer. Police assumed that they had a quarrel beforehand, when Borel tried to run away from home. Next, Borel assaulted his half-brother, 11-year-old Jean-Yves Bichet, who was watching television, in a similar manner. After wiping up the blood trails, Borel waited for his mother to come home. As soon as Borel's mother, Marie-Jeanne Parenti, arrived at home from church at about 8:30 p.m., he immediately killed her with a single shot to the head. In contrast to her husband and stepson, no blunt force was used on Parenti, although some reports have suggested that he beat her as well with either the hammer or a baseball bat. When his mother lay dead, Borel once again started to clean the house from blood, covered the bodies with sheets and closed all shutters, as well as the steel gate. Carrying a bag packed with food, money, a raincoat, a map of Limoges, and a pistol shooting rubber bullets, and armed with the rifle and pockets full of ammunition, Borel made his way towards Cuers. He initially travelled by car, but eventually he crashed it into a wall; he continued his path by foot. He presumably spent the night between vines. The bodies of the Borel's murdered family were found at approximately 1 a.m. by Yves Bichet's son Jean-Luc, a student living in Antibes who only occasionally visited his father on weekends. After calling police, Jean-Luc was first considered a suspect in the murders when giving contradictory information. The absence of Borel remained undetected until about three hours later. Shooting spree On the day following the familicide, at 7:15 a.m., Borel arrived at the home of his friend Alan Guillemette. When Guillemette's mother opened the door, Borel asked her to wake him. The two had a lengthy discussion in the garden. Borel apparently wanted something from Guillemette, but when he declined and turned to go back into the house, Borel shot him in the back and mortally wounded him. From 7:30 a.m. onwards, Borel started shooting people at random. No one grew suspicious of his rifle until he started his rampage, since it was hunting season and the sight of rifles outside was to be expected. First Borel shot at Ginette Vialette through an open window, mortally wounding her, as well as Denise Otto, whom he killed as she was bringing the trash out. He also hit Otto's husband, Jean, in the shoulder. Subsequently, Borel injured an elderly woman who was walking in the streets with her husband, and shot and wounded two brothers who were crossing his path. The shots he fired at Rodolphe Incorvala, once again through an open window, were eventually lethal; he later died in a hospital. Borel crossed the street to shoot and kill shopkeeper Mario Pagani, who was out buying a newspaper, with shots in the abdomen and head, as well as Mohammed Maarad in front of the "Café du Commerce". Marius Boudon and André Touret were killed while they were drawing money from an ATM, and Andrée Coletta while she was taking her poodle for a walk. Finally he shot Pascal Mostacchi to death at Place Peyssoneau. By 8:00 a.m., police arrived at the scene. Realizing that he was surrounded, Borel fatally shot himself in the head under a cypress tree in front of a school. Observers of the rampage stated he had been poised and calm all the while, taking great care at aiming and shooting, hitting most of his victims in the head and returning when he did not hit properly the first time. In total, Borel had fired about forty shots. On 23 October 1995, Jeanne Laugiero, 68, died in hospital from injuries sustained in the shooting, raising the death toll to fourteen victims. The last death in the killing spree was 68-year-old Pierre Marigliano, who succumbed to his wounds on 2 March 1996, bringing the death toll to fifteen. Borel's shooting spree was the deadliest act of mass murder in France since Christian Dornier killed fourteen people in Luxiol on 12 July 1989. Victims Yves Bichet, Eric Borel's stepfather Marie-Jeanne Parenti, Eric Borel's mother Jean-Yves Bichet, 11, Eric Borel's half brother Alan Guillemette, 17, a friend of Eric Borel Marius Boudon, 59 Andrée Coletta, 65 Rodolphe Incorvala, 59 Jeanne Laugiero, 68 Mohammed Maarad, 41 Pierre Marigliano, 68 Pascal Mostacchi, 15 Denise Otto, 77 Mario Pagani, 81 André Touret, 62 Ginette Vialette, 48 Among the wounded were Jean Otto and Jean Boursereau. References ^ Dossier : La tuerie de Cuers 14 ans après Mystère sur une folie meurtrière "Éric Borel, le meurtrier de 16 ans, a emporté dans sa tombe son lourd secret." ^ Il y a 14 ans à Cuers, la folie meurtrière d'un jeune homme de 16 ans faisait 17 morts "La folie meurtrière d’Éric Borel, un adolescent de 16 ans, est sans précédent en France" ^ a b c d e La tuerie de Cuers Archived 2008-03-10 at the Wayback Machine (in French), affaires-criminelles.com ^ a b c d e f g h Eine Art von Rache (in German), Der Spiegel (41/1995) ^ Plongés dans le traumatisme deux villages veulent comprendre, L'Humanité (September 26, 1995) ^ a b c d e f g h A black day in Provence, The Independent (September 29, 1995) ^ a b c Teen-Age Gunman Kills Himself and 12 Others in France, The New York Times (September 25, 1995) ^ Death brings rampage toll to 13, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (September 26, 1995) ^ Death toll in gun massacre rises to 13, The Independent (September 26, 1995) ^ a b Murdering rampage shocks small town, Ocala Star-Banner (September 26, 1995) ^ Un joven neonazi mata a 12 personas en Francia, El Mundo (September 25, 1995) ^ Le Monde (26 October 1995) ^ Le Monde (March 6, 1996)

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However, their liaison was rather short, and after they separated, Borel was sent to Jacques' parents in Limoges, where he stayed until he was five. When his mother, who had visited Borel only occasionally up to that time, began to live with Yves Bichet, she again took care of her son and brought him to their home in Solliès-Pont.[3][4]Borel's mother was an authoritarian and – at least outwardly – a devoutly religious member of the Secours catholique.[5] She mistreated and beat her son, who she believed to be a \"child of sin\". Borel never developed a close relationship with his mother's new companion, with whom he was said to have frequent rows and who reportedly also beat him on occasions.[6] However, Franck and Jean-Luc Bichet, Yves Bichet's sons, stated that their father had always been nice to Borel, even building him a shack for his chickens and other animals he took home.[4]When Borel broke his arm at the age of eight, he preferred to run away and hide rather than go home; he was eventually found shivering from pain. In this type of situation, Borel, who was known as a quiet and taciturn boy who kept to himself, grew up and developed an increasing admiration for the military. He told lies about the heroic deeds of his father during the Indochina War and adored his stepbrother Franck Bichet, who served in the army. 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He was said to be a disciplined and quiet student. However, in his last year at school, there was a radical change in Borel's behavior. He skipped classes without explanation and became unaffable. He also regularly said that he could not bear it anymore at home, that he had had enough of doing housework and being called names, and often stated his wish to join the military like his father and grandfather. Apparently, the week prior to the shooting, Borel also told one of his classmates that he would kill himself, but not before killing two or three people.[3][6] Borel's only known friend at school was 17-year-old Alan Guillemette, an outgoing and popular classmate.[6]Many reports erroneously stated that Borel's room was full of Nazi paraphernalia, and rumors he was fascist sympathizer were spurred even more by the fact that his stepfather had attended several meetings of the Front National in 1989. But besides a picture of Adolf Hitler cut out from a newspaper, graffiti displaying a swastika on his door, a few books on World War II, as well as a documentary about the Waco siege, no evidence was found after his death that he was interested in any kind of politics.[6] A girl from Cuers spread a story that Borel had told her about his relationship with his half-sister Caroline, who was supposed to be his pregnant girlfriend. However, the sister in question did not exist, nor was it true that his father had died of cancer shortly before his rampage.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Attacks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time"},{"link_name":"Anschütz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._G._Ansch%C3%BCtz"},{"link_name":".22-caliber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.22_Long_Rifle"},{"link_name":"rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle"},{"link_name":"hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dossier-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ind29-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ind29-6"},{"link_name":"baseball bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_bat"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-7"},{"link_name":"pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"vines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_vinifera"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spiegel-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ind29-6"},{"link_name":"Antibes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spiegel-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ocala-10"}],"sub_title":"Familicide","text":"The series of attacks started on 23 September 1995, at about 6:00 p.m. CET, when Borel killed his stepfather, Yves Bichet, in the kitchen by shooting him four times with an Anschütz .22-caliber rifle, before smashing his head with a hammer. Police assumed that they had a quarrel beforehand, when Borel tried to run away from home. Next, Borel assaulted his half-brother, 11-year-old Jean-Yves Bichet, who was watching television, in a similar manner. After wiping up the blood trails, Borel waited for his mother to come home.[3][6]As soon as Borel's mother, Marie-Jeanne Parenti, arrived at home from church at about 8:30 p.m., he immediately killed her with a single shot to the head. In contrast to her husband and stepson, no blunt force was used on Parenti,[6] although some reports have suggested that he beat her as well with either the hammer or a baseball bat.[7] When his mother lay dead, Borel once again started to clean the house from blood, covered the bodies with sheets and closed all shutters, as well as the steel gate. Carrying a bag packed with food, money, a raincoat, a map of Limoges, and a pistol shooting rubber bullets,[8][9] and armed with the rifle and pockets full of ammunition, Borel made his way towards Cuers. He initially travelled by car, but eventually he crashed it into a wall; he continued his path by foot. He presumably spent the night between vines.[4][6]The bodies of the Borel's murdered family were found at approximately 1 a.m. by Yves Bichet's son Jean-Luc, a student living in Antibes who only occasionally visited his father on weekends. After calling police, Jean-Luc was first considered a suspect in the murders when giving contradictory information. The absence of Borel remained undetected until about three hours later.[4][10]","title":"Attacks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dossier-3"},{"link_name":"hunting season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting_season"},{"link_name":"ATM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dossier-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spiegel-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"cypress tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_tree"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ind29-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spiegel-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"mass murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_murder"},{"link_name":"Christian Dornier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Dornier"},{"link_name":"Luxiol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxiol"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-7"}],"sub_title":"Shooting spree","text":"On the day following the familicide, at 7:15 a.m., Borel arrived at the home of his friend Alan Guillemette. When Guillemette's mother opened the door, Borel asked her to wake him. The two had a lengthy discussion in the garden. Borel apparently wanted something from Guillemette, but when he declined and turned to go back into the house, Borel shot him in the back and mortally wounded him.[3] From 7:30 a.m. onwards, Borel started shooting people at random. No one grew suspicious of his rifle until he started his rampage, since it was hunting season and the sight of rifles outside was to be expected.First Borel shot at Ginette Vialette through an open window, mortally wounding her, as well as Denise Otto, whom he killed as she was bringing the trash out. He also hit Otto's husband, Jean, in the shoulder. Subsequently, Borel injured an elderly woman who was walking in the streets with her husband, and shot and wounded two brothers who were crossing his path. The shots he fired at Rodolphe Incorvala, once again through an open window, were eventually lethal; he later died in a hospital. Borel crossed the street to shoot and kill shopkeeper Mario Pagani, who was out buying a newspaper, with shots in the abdomen and head, as well as Mohammed Maarad in front of the \"Café du Commerce\". Marius Boudon and André Touret were killed while they were drawing money from an ATM, and Andrée Coletta while she was taking her poodle for a walk. Finally he shot Pascal Mostacchi to death at Place Peyssoneau.[3][4][11]By 8:00 a.m., police arrived at the scene. Realizing that he was surrounded, Borel fatally shot himself in the head under a cypress tree in front of a school.[6] Observers of the rampage stated he had been poised and calm all the while, taking great care at aiming and shooting, hitting most of his victims in the head and returning when he did not hit properly the first time. In total, Borel had fired about forty shots.[4][7]On 23 October 1995, Jeanne Laugiero, 68, died in hospital from injuries sustained in the shooting, raising the death toll to fourteen victims.[12] The last death in the killing spree was 68-year-old Pierre Marigliano, who succumbed to his wounds on 2 March 1996, bringing the death toll to fifteen.[13] Borel's shooting spree was the deadliest act of mass murder in France since Christian Dornier killed fourteen people in Luxiol on 12 July 1989.[7]","title":"Attacks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ocala-10"}],"sub_title":"Victims","text":"Among the wounded were Jean Otto and Jean Boursereau.[10]","title":"Attacks"}]

[]

[]

[{"Link":"http://www.varmatin.com/article/var/dossier-la-tuerie-de-cuers-14-ans-apres-mystere-sur-une-folie-meurtriere.17086.html","external_links_name":"Dossier : La tuerie de Cuers 14 ans après Mystère sur une folie meurtrière"},{"Link":"http://www.au-troisieme-oeil.com/index.php?page=actu&type=skr&news=31132","external_links_name":"Il y a 14 ans à Cuers, la folie meurtrière d'un jeune homme de 16 ans faisait 17 morts"},{"Link":"http://www.affaires-criminelles.com/dossier_19-1.php","external_links_name":"La tuerie de Cuers"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080310175406/http://www.affaires-criminelles.com/dossier_19-1.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-9225846.html?name=Eine+Art+von+Rache","external_links_name":"Eine Art von Rache"},{"Link":"https://www.humanite.fr/1995-09-26_Articles_-Plonges-dans-le-traumatisme-deux-villages-veulent-comprendre","external_links_name":"Plongés dans le traumatisme deux villages veulent comprendre"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/a-black-day-in-provence-1603338.html","external_links_name":"A black day in Provence"},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CEFD6143AF936A1575AC0A963958260","external_links_name":"Teen-Age Gunman Kills Himself and 12 Others in France"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/death-toll-in-gun-massacre-rises-to-13-1602941.html","external_links_name":"Death toll in gun massacre rises to 13"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pDUVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0AcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6899,5582669&dq=","external_links_name":"Murdering rampage shocks small town"},{"Link":"http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/09/25/sociedad/66470.html","external_links_name":"Un joven neonazi mata a 12 personas en Francia"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Strong

Henry A. Strong

["1 Early life and family","2 Business ventures","3 Legacy","4 References","4.1 Bibliography","5 External links"]

American photography businessman (1838–1919) Henry A. StrongBornHenry Alvah Strong(1838-08-30)August 30, 1838Rochester, New York, USDiedJuly 26, 1919(1919-07-26) (aged 80)Rochester, New York, USOccupation(s)Photography businessman, inventorSpouses Helen Phoebe Griffin ​ ​(m. 1859; died 1904)​ Hattie Maria (Corrin) Lockwood ​ ​(m. 1905)​ Children Gertrude Achilles Helen Carter Henry G. Strong Signature Henry Alvah Strong (August 30, 1838 – July 26, 1919) was an American photography businessman. He was the first president of the Eastman Kodak Company. Early life and family Bas-relief in Strong Auditorium on the University of Rochester River Campus Henry Strong was born on August 30, 1838, in Rochester, New York. He graduated from Wyoming Academy in 1858. On August 30, 1859, he married Helen Phoebe Griffin. They had three children: Gertrude Achilles, Helen Carter, and Henry G. Strong. After Helen's death in 1904 from diabetes, he married Hattie (Corrin) Lockwood on June 14, 1905. He adopted her son, Corrin, and the family returned to Rochester, New York. Business ventures 1887 ad for Strong and Woodbury Lashes Strong held a lead position in his family's buggy whip manufacturing company prior to meeting George Eastman in 1870. The two entered a partnership in 1880 and the Eastman Dry Plate Company was founded on January 1, 1881, with Strong as president and Eastman as treasurer. It would later become Eastman Kodak Company. Strong died at his home in Rochester on July 26, 1919. Legacy Numerous buildings in Rochester, notably Strong Memorial Hospital and Strong Auditorium at the University of Rochester were built from his philanthropy. References ^ Jeffries, Elizabeth "The Strong Family of Rochester, New York", Epitaph: The Friends of the Mount Hope Cemetery, vol 27, No. 3 (2007) ^ a b Linsay, David. "Henry Strong". PBS.org. PBS. Retrieved January 1, 2015. ^ Fitch, Charles E. (1916). Encyclopedia of biography of New York, a life record of men and women whose sterling character and energy and industry have made them preëminent in their own and many other states. The American historical society, inc. pp. 120–121 – via HathiTrust. ^ a b "Henry A. Strong, Long Business Associate of George Eastman, Dead in His Eighty-first Year". Democrat and Chronicle. July 27, 1919. p. 38. Retrieved May 10, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Mrs. Henry Alvah Strong Dies – Gave Buildings, Funds to Keuka College". Chronicle-Express. Penn Yan, New York. June 8, 1950. p. 2. Retrieved May 10, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "A Most Remarkable Collaboration". Augusta Magazine. February 1, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2023. ^ Brayer 1996, p. 37. Bibliography Brayer, Elizabeth (1996). George Eastman : a biography. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-1580464246. External links The Strong Family of Rochester, New York Business positions New office President of Eastman Kodak 1884 – July 26, 1919 VacantTitle next held byGeorge Eastman This article about an American businessperson born in the 1830s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_Industriarbeidermuseum

Norwegian Industrial Workers Museum

["1 Premise","2 History","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Industrial museum in Rjukan, NorwayNorwegian Industrial Workers MuseumThe museum located at VemorkEstablishedJune 20, 1988LocationVemork, Rjukan, NorwayCoordinates59°52′19″N 8°29′40″E / 59.87203°N 8.49457°E / 59.87203; 8.49457TypeIndustrial museumWebsitevisitvemork.com Norwegian Industrial Workers Museum (Norwegian: Norsk Industriarbeidermuseum) is an industrial museum located at Rjukan in Tinn, Norway. Located in the Vemork power station, it was established in 1988 to allow the preservation of industrial society created by Norsk Hydro when they established themselves in Rjukan in 1907. The museum is an anchor point on the European Route of Industrial Heritage. Premise The research and exhibitions of the museum span the history of power-intensive industry in Norway after 1900; including hydroelectricity, electrochemical industry and the premise for the workers. In particular local heritage from Tinn and the Norwegian heavy water sabotage are given high priority. History The foundation running the museum was established on November 3, 1983 by the municipality, the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate and the labour unions Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions, Norwegian Workers Education Association, Norwegian Union of Chemical Industry Workers and EL & IT Forbundet. Later this was supplemented by the United Federation of Trade Unions, Statkraft and Statnett, but the latter two have since left. The museum moved into the Vemork power station, since Norsk Hydro had abandoned the hydrogen plant in 1971—and the first plant in the world to mass-produce heavy water. The first curator was hired in 1984, followed by two more employees in 1985. This phase of the establishing had a widespread goal, attempting to preserve both pre- and post-industrial heritage from Rjukan, including the establishment of Tinn Museum, a heritage village dedicated to the preindustrial society, in 1984. The permanent exhibition at Vemork was opened on June 20, 1988. In 2004 Tinn Museum was integrated into the Norwegian Industrial Workers Museum; which has the responsibilities for preserving local history from Tinn. This includes a digitalized collection of more than 30,000 photographs. The industry at Rjukan had its own railway, Rjukanbanen, that connected to the Tinnsjø railway ferry. In 2004 the foundation running the heritage railway was discontinued, and in 2007 the Norwegian Industry Workers Museum was launched as the new operator by the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage. This would allow the plants and Rjukan along with the railway, and equivalent closed plants at Odda to be nominated as a World Heritage Site by the directorate. In 2007 the Norwegian Ministry of Culture announced they would give NOK 8 million for the expansion of the museum. See also Heddal Open Air Museum References ^ Norwegian Industry Workers Museum. "Welcome to Norwegian Industryworkers Museum". Archived from the original on 2008-06-17. Retrieved 2008-06-21. ^ "Norwegian Industrial Workers Museum". European Route of Industrial Heritage. Retrieved September 1, 2017. ^ Norwegian Industry Workers Museum. "Formål/oppgaver" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2008-06-21. ^ Norwegian Industry Workers Museum. "Stiftelsen" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2008-06-21. ^ Norwegian Industry Workers Museum. "Atomkappløpet" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2008-06-21. ^ Norwegian Industry Workers Museum. "History". Retrieved 2008-06-21. ^ Norwegian Industry Workers Museum. "Tinn museum" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2008-06-21. ^ Varden (2006-11-09). "Verdensarv-forslag med Tinnsjø-fergene" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2008-06-30. Retrieved 2008-06-21. ^ Norwegian Ministry of Culture (2007-10-05). "Kraftig auke i løyvinga til nasjonale kulturbygg" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2008-06-21. External links Official site Authority control databases International VIAF Artists KulturNav

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum"},{"link_name":"Rjukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rjukan"},{"link_name":"Tinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinn"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Vemork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vemork"},{"link_name":"Norsk Hydro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_Hydro"},{"link_name":"European Route of Industrial Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Route_of_Industrial_Heritage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Norwegian Industrial Workers Museum (Norwegian: Norsk Industriarbeidermuseum) is an industrial museum located at Rjukan in Tinn, Norway. Located in the Vemork power station, it was established in 1988 to allow the preservation of industrial society created by Norsk Hydro when they established themselves in Rjukan in 1907. The museum is an anchor point on the European Route of Industrial Heritage.[1][2]","title":"Norwegian Industrial Workers Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydroelectricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity"},{"link_name":"Norwegian heavy water sabotage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_heavy_water_sabotage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The research and exhibitions of the museum span the history of power-intensive industry in Norway after 1900; including hydroelectricity, electrochemical industry and the premise for the workers. In particular local heritage from Tinn and the Norwegian heavy water sabotage are given high priority.[3]","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Water_Resources_and_Energy_Directorate"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Confederation_of_Trade_Unions"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Workers Education Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_Workers_Education_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Union of Chemical Industry Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Union_of_Chemical_Industry_Workers"},{"link_name":"EL & IT Forbundet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EL_%26_IT_Forbundet"},{"link_name":"United Federation of Trade Unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Federation_of_Trade_Unions"},{"link_name":"Statkraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statkraft"},{"link_name":"Statnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statnett"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Vemork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vemork"},{"link_name":"hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"heavy water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_water"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"curator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curator"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rjukanbanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rjukanbanen"},{"link_name":"Tinnsjø railway ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinnsj%C3%B8_railway_ferry"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Directorate_for_Cultural_Heritage"},{"link_name":"Odda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odda"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Ministry of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Ministry_of_Culture"},{"link_name":"NOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_krone"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The foundation running the museum was established on November 3, 1983 by the municipality, the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate and the labour unions Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions, Norwegian Workers Education Association, Norwegian Union of Chemical Industry Workers and EL & IT Forbundet. Later this was supplemented by the United Federation of Trade Unions, Statkraft and Statnett, but the latter two have since left.[4] The museum moved into the Vemork power station, since Norsk Hydro had abandoned the hydrogen plant in 1971—and the first plant in the world to mass-produce heavy water.[5] The first curator was hired in 1984, followed by two more employees in 1985. This phase of the establishing had a widespread goal, attempting to preserve both pre- and post-industrial heritage from Rjukan, including the establishment of Tinn Museum, a heritage village dedicated to the preindustrial society, in 1984. The permanent exhibition at Vemork was opened on June 20, 1988.[6]In 2004 Tinn Museum was integrated into the Norwegian Industrial Workers Museum;[7] which has the responsibilities for preserving local history from Tinn. This includes a digitalized collection of more than 30,000 photographs. The industry at Rjukan had its own railway, Rjukanbanen, that connected to the Tinnsjø railway ferry. In 2004 the foundation running the heritage railway was discontinued, and in 2007 the Norwegian Industry Workers Museum was launched as the new operator by the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage. This would allow the plants and Rjukan along with the railway, and equivalent closed plants at Odda to be nominated as a World Heritage Site by the directorate.[8] In 2007 the Norwegian Ministry of Culture announced they would give NOK 8 million for the expansion of the museum.[9]","title":"History"}]

[]

[{"title":"Heddal Open Air Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heddal_Open_Air_Museum"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Swords

Isle of Swords

["1 Plot summary","2 Characters","3 Setting","4 Sequel","5 Sources"]

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for books. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Isle of Swords" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Isle of Swords" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Isle of Swords is a pirate novel for young adults by Wayne Thomas Batson, also author of The Door Within Trilogy. First published in 2007, it tells of sailors, pirates, and a mysterious group of monks all working to get a great treasure, the treasure of Constantine. A sequel, Isle of Fire, was published in 2008. Plot summary The fates of the crew of the William Wallace are dramatically altered when Anne, daughter of the pirate Captain Declan Ross, finds a young man unconscious on a deserted island. The young boy had been nearly whipped to death and, when the kind crew of the William Wallace revives him, he has no memory at all of his past. He soon becomes friends with the crew members, particularly Anne. All they can determine of the boy's past is that, judging from his confident, daring sailing skills, he was once a pirate. They dub him Cat based on both his ability to survive his violent whipping and the instrument that probably did it: the cat o'nine tails. Later, when stopping briefly at a monastery, Captain Ross agrees to the request of the monks dwelling there: to take one of their number, Padre Dominguez, aboard and keep him safe. Their reason is the priceless map tattooed on Dominguez's back, a map leading to the Isle of Swords, where the legendary Treasure of Constantine awaits. The monks know that Bartholomew Thorne is after the great riches and, hence, after Dominguez. On their route to the Isle of Swords, the ship docks temporarily at an island that seems vaguely familiar to Cat. Though both he and Anne were ordered to stay aboard, Anne encourages her friend to come with her and sneak away from the ship for a time. Cat reluctantly agrees to the mutinous act, and they steal ashore to search for clues to his past. They discover an abandoned pirate stronghold that holds signs of a gruesome past, and, to Cat's horror, the place seems slightly familiar. While trying to flee the place he and Anne are captured by a group of British soldiers headed by Commodore Blake. They believe the two young pirates know something about the fort and the whereabouts of its former inhabitant: Bartholomew Thorne. Anne manages to escape and tells Declan of Cat's plight. Ross rallies a group of men to help him and, together with local friend Jacques St. Pierre, they heroically spring Cat from the island's British jail. Taking Jacques with them, the crew of the William Wallace sets off again. After being punished for their mutinous behavior, Cat and Anne sign the ship's articles and become official members of the crew. When Ross later stops at another island to pick up some final supplies, in his absence Thorne attacks the William Wallace. He burns the ship and takes Anne and Padre Dominguez as prisoner. When Ross discovers this he is devastated, but quickly harnesses his emotions into hard resolve to get Anne back. With the help of his remaining crew members, including Cat, he buys a ship to chase after Thorne. In the prison of one of Bartholomew's strongholds, two of Thorne's crewmen make the fatal error of whipping Dominguez without their captain's permission. Now that some of the map is destroyed, Thorne resorts to torturing the monk to make him explain what is broken on the map. When this fails, Bartholomew turns his torture instruments on Anne, and at this Dominguez breaks down and tells everything. Thorne, satisfied, leaves Padre in his cell to bleed to death and takes Anne with him, on to the Isle of Swords. Ross, close behind Thorne, is not close enough to save Dominguez. When he discovers Bartholomew's deserted fort, Padre is almost dead. The monk manages to assure Ross that Anne is still alive, and then Dominguez dies. In a final confrontation in the treasure chamber on the Isle of Swords, Thorne and Ross's crews face off. The battle ends when Thorne, after identifying with shock Cat as his son, gains the upper hand. He ties Cat, Ross, and Anne to pillars in the chamber, which is beginning to become unstable due to the eruption of a nearby volcano. The rest of Ross's crew is forced to join Thorne and he leads them down to his ships, where they begin loading treasure. Due to some secret help from Stede, Cat, Anne, and Ross escape, though the latter is injured. They escape to their ship and a sea battle begins. Ross's crew in the enemy ships sabotage them and then escape to Declan's side. Commodore Blake, too, joins the fray, having been carefully tipped off earlier by Ross of Thorne's whereabouts. Thorne is captured and Ross is invited to meet with the British for a parlay. At the meeting with the Commodore, Ross begins to work out a peaceable offer with Blake about offering a pardon to pirates who stop their ways. Suddenly, however, a vast tidal wave strikes the town, completely submerging the prison where Thorne was held. The Commodore, Declan and his group rush to the jails and find, to their horror, that Bartholomew has disappeared. Characters Declan Ross - Pirate captain of the William Wallace. He is a brave, kind man who, even though a pirate, discourages violence and promotes mercy. Ross's wife Abigail died under mysterious circumstances when their daughter, Anne, was very young. Anne Ross - Declan's daughter. Red-headed, feisty and proud, she adores the perilous sailing life. Cat - A friendly young lad who is fond of Anne. Though he lost most of his life's memories because of an injury, he is proving himself an adept seaman and a valiant fighter. Bartholomew Thorne - The villain of this story. His cruelty on land and at sea had earned him the reputation of one of the most notorious pirates of the Caribbean. Because of a fire set by the English, Thorne's hands and voice were scarred and his favorite wife Heather was killed. Chiefly because of the death of his wife, Thorne harbors a deadly, vengeful hatred against the British. Padre Dominguez - A quiet, tall monk who is nonetheless an extraordinary fighter. On his back is tattooed a map to the Isle of Swords. Commodore Blake - A brave Commodore in British Navy, who, though technically Ross's enemy, holds a grudging respect for the honorable pirate. Nigel - Blake's right-hand man, and the inside man in the British navy for Thorne Stede - Declan Ross's quartermaster, an intensely loyal man with a pronounced accent and a fierce "thunder gun". Scully - A ratlike little man who works for Thorne, chiefly as a messenger and spy. Red Eye - A "powder monkey" on the William Wallace. He is so named because of a reddish-tinged, blinded eye, the result of a past incident involving some gunpowder. Though equipped with a fierce passion for all things sharp and dangerous, he a good friend and very faithful to Ross. Jacques St. Pierre - Master of all things explosive. With a passion for "things that go BOOM!", this elegant yet naturally dangerous Frenchman joins Declan's crew midway through the book. Jules - Ross's largest and physically strongest crew member. Like nearly all of the men on the William Wallace, he is very devoted to his captain and shipmates. Nubby - The fierce, one-armed cook of the William Wallace. Drake- The oldest crew member on the William Wallace, and one who adheres closely to the laws of the sea and its superstitions. Setting The story takes place mostly in the real-world Caribbean and in the North Atlantic. No specific dates are given in the novel, but muskets have been invented, and slavery is still around, though only mentioned once with distaste in the book, so the estimated time period is the 18th century. Sequel The sequel, Isle of Fire, was released on Sept. 9th, 2008. Sources Isle of Swords, by Wayne Thomas Batson The author's blog thedoorwithin.com

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isle_of_Swords_cover.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Door Within Trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Door_Within_Trilogy"},{"link_name":"sailors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailors"},{"link_name":"pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate"},{"link_name":"monks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monks"},{"link_name":"Isle of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Fire"}],"text":"Isle of Swords is a pirate novel for young adults by Wayne Thomas Batson, also author of The Door Within Trilogy. First published in 2007, it tells of sailors, pirates, and a mysterious group of monks all working to get a great treasure, the treasure of Constantine. A sequel, Isle of Fire, was published in 2008.","title":"Isle of Swords"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The fates of the crew of the William Wallace are dramatically altered when Anne, daughter of the pirate Captain Declan Ross, finds a young man unconscious on a deserted island. The young boy had been nearly whipped to death and, when the kind crew of the William Wallace revives him, he has no memory at all of his past. He soon becomes friends with the crew members, particularly Anne. All they can determine of the boy's past is that, judging from his confident, daring sailing skills, he was once a pirate. They dub him Cat based on both his ability to survive his violent whipping and the instrument that probably did it: the cat o'nine tails.Later, when stopping briefly at a monastery, Captain Ross agrees to the request of the monks dwelling there: to take one of their number, Padre Dominguez, aboard and keep him safe. Their reason is the priceless map tattooed on Dominguez's back, a map leading to the Isle of Swords, where the legendary Treasure of Constantine awaits. The monks know that Bartholomew Thorne is after the great riches and, hence, after Dominguez.On their route to the Isle of Swords, the ship docks temporarily at an island that seems vaguely familiar to Cat. Though both he and Anne were ordered to stay aboard, Anne encourages her friend to come with her and sneak away from the ship for a time. Cat reluctantly agrees to the mutinous act, and they steal ashore to search for clues to his past. They discover an abandoned pirate stronghold that holds signs of a gruesome past, and, to Cat's horror, the place seems slightly familiar. While trying to flee the place he and Anne are captured by a group of British soldiers headed by Commodore Blake. They believe the two young pirates know something about the fort and the whereabouts of its former inhabitant: Bartholomew Thorne.Anne manages to escape and tells Declan of Cat's plight. Ross rallies a group of men to help him and, together with local friend Jacques St. Pierre, they heroically spring Cat from the island's British jail. Taking Jacques with them, the crew of the William Wallace sets off again.After being punished for their mutinous behavior, Cat and Anne sign the ship's articles and become official members of the crew. When Ross later stops at another island to pick up some final supplies, in his absence Thorne attacks the William Wallace. He burns the ship and takes Anne and Padre Dominguez as prisoner.When Ross discovers this he is devastated, but quickly harnesses his emotions into hard resolve to get Anne back. With the help of his remaining crew members, including Cat, he buys a ship to chase after Thorne.In the prison of one of Bartholomew's strongholds, two of Thorne's crewmen make the fatal error of whipping Dominguez without their captain's permission. Now that some of the map is destroyed, Thorne resorts to torturing the monk to make him explain what is broken on the map. When this fails, Bartholomew turns his torture instruments on Anne, and at this Dominguez breaks down and tells everything. Thorne, satisfied, leaves Padre in his cell to bleed to death and takes Anne with him, on to the Isle of Swords.Ross, close behind Thorne, is not close enough to save Dominguez. When he discovers Bartholomew's deserted fort, Padre is almost dead. The monk manages to assure Ross that Anne is still alive, and then Dominguez dies.In a final confrontation in the treasure chamber on the Isle of Swords, Thorne and Ross's crews face off. The battle ends when Thorne, after identifying with shock Cat as his son, gains the upper hand. He ties Cat, Ross, and Anne to pillars in the chamber, which is beginning to become unstable due to the eruption of a nearby volcano. The rest of Ross's crew is forced to join Thorne and he leads them down to his ships, where they begin loading treasure.Due to some secret help from Stede, Cat, Anne, and Ross escape, though the latter is injured. They escape to their ship and a sea battle begins. Ross's crew in the enemy ships sabotage them and then escape to Declan's side. Commodore Blake, too, joins the fray, having been carefully tipped off earlier by Ross of Thorne's whereabouts. Thorne is captured and Ross is invited to meet with the British for a parlay.At the meeting with the Commodore, Ross begins to work out a peaceable offer with Blake about offering a pardon to pirates who stop their ways. Suddenly, however, a vast tidal wave strikes the town, completely submerging the prison where Thorne was held. The Commodore, Declan and his group rush to the jails and find, to their horror, that Bartholomew has disappeared.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thunder gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blunderbuss"}],"text":"Declan Ross - Pirate captain of the William Wallace. He is a brave, kind man who, even though a pirate, discourages violence and promotes mercy. Ross's wife Abigail died under mysterious circumstances when their daughter, Anne, was very young.Anne Ross - Declan's daughter. Red-headed, feisty and proud, she adores the perilous sailing life.Cat - A friendly young lad who is fond of Anne. Though he lost most of his life's memories because of an injury, he is proving himself an adept seaman and a valiant fighter.Bartholomew Thorne - The villain of this story. His cruelty on land and at sea had earned him the reputation of one of the most notorious pirates of the Caribbean. Because of a fire set by the English, Thorne's hands and voice were scarred and his favorite wife Heather was killed. Chiefly because of the death of his wife, Thorne harbors a deadly, vengeful hatred against the British.Padre Dominguez - A quiet, tall monk who is nonetheless an extraordinary fighter. On his back is tattooed a map to the Isle of Swords.Commodore Blake - A brave Commodore in British Navy, who, though technically Ross's enemy, holds a grudging respect for the honorable pirate.Nigel - Blake's right-hand man, and the inside man in the British navy for ThorneStede - Declan Ross's quartermaster, an intensely loyal man with a pronounced accent and a fierce \"thunder gun\".Scully - A ratlike little man who works for Thorne, chiefly as a messenger and spy.Red Eye - A \"powder monkey\" on the William Wallace. He is so named because of a reddish-tinged, blinded eye, the result of a past incident involving some gunpowder. Though equipped with a fierce passion for all things sharp and dangerous, he a good friend and very faithful to Ross.Jacques St. Pierre - Master of all things explosive. With a passion for \"things that go BOOM!\", this elegant yet naturally dangerous Frenchman joins Declan's crew midway through the book.Jules - Ross's largest and physically strongest crew member. Like nearly all of the men on the William Wallace, he is very devoted to his captain and shipmates.Nubby - The fierce, one-armed cook of the William Wallace.Drake- The oldest crew member on the William Wallace, and one who adheres closely to the laws of the sea and its superstitions.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic"},{"link_name":"muskets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskets"},{"link_name":"slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"}],"text":"The story takes place mostly in the real-world Caribbean and in the North Atlantic. No specific dates are given in the novel, but muskets have been invented, and slavery is still around, though only mentioned once with distaste in the book, so the estimated time period is the 18th century.","title":"Setting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isle of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Fire"}],"text":"The sequel, Isle of Fire, was released on Sept. 9th, 2008.","title":"Sequel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The author's blog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//enterthedoorwithin.blogspot.com"},{"link_name":"thedoorwithin.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//thedoorwithin.com"}],"text":"Isle of Swords, by Wayne Thomas Batson\nThe author's blog\nthedoorwithin.com","title":"Sources"}]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_low-shear-velocity_provinces

Large low-shear-velocity provinces

["1 Seismological modeling","2 Origins","3 Dynamics","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Structures of the Earth's mantle Animation showing LLSVPs as inferred using seismic tomography Large low-shear-velocity provinces (LLSVPs), also called large low-velocity provinces (LLVPs) or superplumes, are characteristic structures of parts of the lowermost mantle, the region surrounding the outer core deep inside the Earth. These provinces are characterized by slow shear wave velocities and were discovered by seismic tomography of deep Earth. There are two main provinces: the African LLSVP and the Pacific LLSVP, both extending laterally for thousands of kilometers and possibly up to 1,000 kilometres vertically from the core–mantle boundary. These have been named Tuzo and Jason respectively, after Tuzo Wilson and W. Jason Morgan, two geologists acclaimed in the field of plate tectonics. The Pacific LLSVP is 3,000 kilometers (1,900 miles) across and underlies four hotspots on Earth's crust that suggest multiple mantle plumes underneath. These zones represent around 8% of the volume of the mantle, or 6% of the entire Earth. Other names for LLSVPs and their superstructures include superswells, superplumes, thermo-chemical piles, or hidden reservoirs, mostly describing their proposed geodynamical or geochemical effects. For example, the name "thermo-chemical pile" interprets LLSVPs as lower-mantle piles of thermally hot and/or chemically distinct material. LLSVPs are still relatively mysterious, and many questions remain about their nature, origin, and geodynamic effects. Seismological modeling Directly above the core–mantle boundary is a 200 kilometers (120 miles) thick layer of the lower mantle. This layer is known as the D″ ("D double-prime" or "D prime prime") or degree two structure. LLSVPs were discovered in full mantle seismic tomographic models of shear velocity as slow features at the D″ layer beneath Africa and the Pacific. The global spherical harmonics of the D″ layer are stable throughout most of the mantle but anomalies appear along the two LLSVPs. By using shear wave velocities, the locations of the LLSVPs can be verified, and a stable pattern for mantle convection emerges. This stable configuration is responsible for the geometry of plate motions at the surface. The LLSVPs lie around the equator, but mostly on the Southern Hemisphere. Global tomography models inherently result in smooth features; local waveform modeling of body waves, however, has shown that the LLSVPs have sharp boundaries. The sharpness of the boundaries makes it difficult to explain the features by temperature alone; the LLSVPs need to be compositionally distinct to explain the velocity jump. Ultra-low velocity zones at smaller scales have been discovered mainly at the edges of these LLSVPs. By using the solid Earth tide, the density of these regions has been determined. The bottom two thirds are 0.5% denser than the bulk of the mantle. However, tidal tomography cannot determine how the excess mass is distributed; the higher density may be caused by primordial material or subducted ocean slabs. The African LLSVP may be a potential cause for the South Atlantic Anomaly. Origins Several hypotheses have been proposed for the origin and persistence of LLSVPs, depending on whether the provinces represent purely thermal unconformities (i.e. are isochemical in nature, of the same chemical composition as the surrounding mantle) or represent chemical unconformities as well (i.e. are thermochemical in nature, of different chemical composition from the surrounding mantle). If LLSVPs represent purely thermal unconformities, then they may have formed as large mantle plumes of hot, upwelling mantle. However, geodynamical studies predict that isochemical upwelling of a hotter, lower viscosity material should produce long, narrow plumes, unlike the large, wide plumes seen in LLSVPs. It is important to remember, however, that the resolution of geodynamical models and seismic images of Earth's mantle are very different. The current leading hypothesis for the LLSVPs is the accumulation of subducted oceanic slabs. This corresponds with the locations of known slab graveyards surrounding the Pacific LLSVP. These graveyards are thought to be the reason for the high velocity zone anomalies surrounding the Pacific LLSVP and are thought to have formed by subduction zones that were around long before the dispersion—some 750 million years ago—of the supercontinent Rodinia. Aided by the phase transformation, the temperature would partially melt the slabs to form a dense melt that pools and forms the ultra-low velocity zone structures at the bottom of the core-mantle boundary closer to the LLSVP than the slab graveyards. The rest of the material is then carried upwards via chemical-induced buoyancy and contributes to the high levels of basalt found at the mid-ocean ridge. The resulting motion forms small clusters of small plumes right above the core-mantle boundary that combine to form larger plumes and then contribute to superplumes. The Pacific and African LLSVP, in this scenario, are originally created by a discharge of heat from the core (4000 K) to the much colder mantle (2000 K); the recycled lithosphere is fuel that helps drive the superplume convection. Since it would be difficult for the Earth's core to maintain this high heat by itself, it gives support for the existence of radiogenic nuclides in the core, as well as the indication that if fertile subducted lithosphere stops subducting in locations preferable for superplume consumption, it will mark the demise of that superplume. Another proposed origin for the LLSVPs is that their formation is related to the giant-impact hypothesis, which states that the Moon formed after the Earth collided with a planet-sized body called Theia. The hypothesis suggests that the LLSVPs may represent fragments of Theia's mantle which sank through to Earth's core-mantle boundary. The higher density of the mantle fragments is due to their enrichment in iron(II) oxide with respect to the rest of Earth's mantle. This higher iron(II) oxide composition would also be consistent with the isotope geochemistry of lunar samples, as well as that of the ocean island basalts overlying the LLSVPs. Dynamics Geodynamic mantle convection models have included compositional distinctive material. The material tends to get swept up in ridges or piles. When including realistic past plate motions into the modeling, the material gets swept up in locations that are remarkably similar to the present day location of the LLSVPs. These locations also correspond with known slab graveyard locations. These types of models, as well as the observation that the D″ structure of the LLSVPs is orthogonal to the path of true polar wander, suggest these mantle structures have been stable over large amounts of time. This geometrical relationship is consistent with the position of Pangaea and the formation of the current geoid pattern due to continental break-up from the superswell below. However, the heat from the core is not enough to sustain the energy needed to fuel the superplumes located at the LLSVPs. There is a phase transition from perovskite to post-perovskite from the down welling slabs that causes an exothermic reaction. This exothermic reaction helps to heat the LLSVP, but it is not sufficient to account for the total energy needed to sustain it. So it is hypothesized that the material from the slab graveyard can become extremely dense and form large pools of melt concentrate enriched in uranium, thorium, and potassium. These concentrated radiogenic elements are thought to provide the high temperatures needed. So, the appearance and disappearance of slab graveyards predicts the birth and death of an LLSVP, potentially changing the dynamics of all plate tectonics. See also Low-velocity zone Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis Inner core super-rotation Intermediate axis theorem References ^ a b Cottaar; Lekic (2016). "Morphology of lower mantle structures". Geophysical Journal International. 207 (2): 1122–1136. Bibcode:2016GeoJI.207.1122C. doi:10.1093/gji/ggw324. ^ Garnero, Edward J.; McNamara, Allen K.; Shim, Sang-Heon (2016). "Continent-sized anomalous zones with low seismic velocity at the base of Earth's mantle". Nature Geoscience. 9 (7): 481–489. Bibcode:2016NatGe...9..481G. doi:10.1038/ngeo2733. ^ Lau, Harriet; Al-Attar, David (2021-12-01). "Weighing TUZO and JASON individually". 2021: DI13A–05. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ a b c Maruyama; Santosh; Zhao (January 2007). "Superplume, supercontinent, and post-perovskite: Mantle dynamis and anti-plate tectonics on the Core-Mantle Boundary". Gondwana Research. 11 (1–2): 7–37. Bibcode:2007GondR..11....7M. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2006.06.003. ^ Davies, D. R.; Goes, S.; Lau, H. C. P. (2015), Khan, Amir; Deschamps, Frédéric (eds.), "Thermally Dominated Deep Mantle LLSVPs: A Review", The Earth's Heterogeneous Mantle: A Geophysical, Geodynamical, and Geochemical Perspective, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 441–477, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15627-9_14, ISBN 978-3-319-15627-9, retrieved 2024-04-09 ^ Peltier, W.R. (2007). "Mantle dynamics and the D″ layer implications of the post-perovskite phase" (PDF). In Kei Hirose; John Brodholt; Thome Lay; David Yuen (eds.). Post-Perovskite: The Last Mantle Phase Transition. AGU Geophysical Monographs. Vol. 174. American Geophysical Union. pp. 217–227. ISBN 978-0-87590-439-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-05-05. ^ Lekic, V.; Cottaar, S.; Dziewonski, A. & Romanowicz, B. (2012). "Cluster analysis of global lower mantle". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 357–358. EPSL: 68–77. Bibcode:2012E&PSL.357...68L. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.09.014. ^ a b Dziewonski, A.M.; Lekic, V.; Romanowicz, B. (2010). "Mantle Anchor Structure: An argument for bottom up tectonics" (PDF). EPSL. ^ To, A.; Romanowicz, B.; Capdeville, Y.; Takeuchi, N. (2005). "3D effects of sharp boundaries at the borders of the African and Pacific Superplumes: Observation and modeling". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 233 (1–2). EPSL: 137–153. Bibcode:2005E&PSL.233..137T. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.037. ^ a b McNamara, A.M.; Garnero, E.J.; Rost, S. (2010). "Tracking deep mantle reservoirs with ultra-low velocity zones" (PDF). EPSL. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-18. Retrieved 2013-06-22. ^ Lau, Harriet C. P.; Mitrovica, Jerry X.; Davis, James L.; Tromp, Jeroen; Yang, Hsin-Ying; Al-Attar, David (15 November 2017). "Tidal tomography constrains Earth's deep-mantle buoyancy". Nature. 551 (7680): 321–326. Bibcode:2017Natur.551..321L. doi:10.1038/nature24452. PMID 29144451. S2CID 4147594. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2019. ^ Jackie Appel (March 31, 2023). "Scientists Are Getting Kinda Anxious About a Pothole in Space". Archived from the original on 2023-04-01. Retrieved 2023-04-01. ^ Campbell, Ian H.; Griffiths, Ross W. (1990). "Implications of mantle plume structure for the evolution of flood basalts". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 99 (1–2): 79–93. Bibcode:1990E&PSL..99...79C. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(90)90072-6. ^ Davies, D. Rhodri; Goes, S.; Davies, J.H.; Schuberth, B.S.A.; Bunge, H.-P.; Ritsema, J. (November 2012). "Reconciling dynamic and seismic models of Earth's lower mantle: The dominant role of thermal heterogeneity". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 353–354: 253–269. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.08.016. ^ a b Yuan, Qian; Li, Mingming; Desch, Steven J.; Ko, Byeongkwan; Deng, Hongping; Garnero, Edward J.; Gabriel, Travis S. J.; Kegerreis, Jacob A.; Miyazaki, Yoshinori; Eke, Vincent; Asimow, Paul D. (November 2023). "Moon-forming impactor as a source of Earth's basal mantle anomalies". Nature. 623 (7985): 95–99. Bibcode:2023Natur.623...95Y. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06589-1. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 37914947. S2CID 264869152. ^ Yuan, Qian; Li, Mingming; Desch, Steven J.; Ko, Byeongkwan (2021). "Giant impact origin for the large low shear velocity provinces" (PDF). 52nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021. ^ Zaria Gorvett (12 May 2022). "Why are there continent-sized 'blobs' in the deep Earth?". BBC Future. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022. ^ Steinberger, B.; Torsvik, T.H. (2012). "A geodynamic model of plumes from the margins of Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces" (PDF). G^3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-08-15. Retrieved 2013-06-22. External links Garnero, E. (21–23 March 2013). Possible reservoirs of radioactivity in the deep mantle (PDF). Neutrino Geoscience 2013. Takayama, Japan. McNamara, A. K. (5 June 2019). "A review of large low shear velocity provinces and ultra low velocity zones". Tectonophysics. 760: 199–220. Bibcode:2019Tectp.760..199M. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2018.04.015. S2CID 134501105. Andrews, R. G. (7 May 2022). "What are the mysterious continent-sized lumps deep inside Earth?". New Scientist (3385).

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LLSVP.gif"},{"link_name":"seismic tomography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_tomography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"mantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle"},{"link_name":"outer core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_outer_core"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"shear wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-wave"},{"link_name":"seismic tomography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_tomography"},{"link_name":"core–mantle boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core%E2%80%93mantle_boundary"},{"link_name":"Tuzo Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuzo_Wilson"},{"link_name":"W. Jason Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Jason_Morgan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"hotspots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)"},{"link_name":"crust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crust_(geology)"},{"link_name":"mantle plumes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_plume"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MantleD-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"superswells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superswell"},{"link_name":"geodynamical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodynamics"},{"link_name":"geochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochemistry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Animation showing LLSVPs as inferred using seismic tomography[1]Large low-shear-velocity provinces (LLSVPs), also called large low-velocity provinces (LLVPs) or superplumes, are characteristic structures of parts of the lowermost mantle, the region surrounding the outer core deep inside the Earth.[2] These provinces are characterized by slow shear wave velocities and were discovered by seismic tomography of deep Earth. There are two main provinces: the African LLSVP and the Pacific LLSVP, both extending laterally for thousands of kilometers and possibly up to 1,000 kilometres vertically from the core–mantle boundary. These have been named Tuzo and Jason respectively, after Tuzo Wilson and W. Jason Morgan, two geologists acclaimed in the field of plate tectonics.[3] The Pacific LLSVP is 3,000 kilometers (1,900 miles) across and underlies four hotspots on Earth's crust that suggest multiple mantle plumes underneath.[4] These zones represent around 8% of the volume of the mantle, or 6% of the entire Earth.[1]Other names for LLSVPs and their superstructures include superswells, superplumes, thermo-chemical piles, or hidden reservoirs, mostly describing their proposed geodynamical or geochemical effects. For example, the name \"thermo-chemical pile\" interprets LLSVPs as lower-mantle piles of thermally hot and/or chemically distinct material. LLSVPs are still relatively mysterious, and many questions remain about their nature, origin, and geodynamic effects.[5]","title":"Large low-shear-velocity provinces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"core–mantle boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core%E2%80%93mantle_boundary"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peltier-6"},{"link_name":"tomographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomography"},{"link_name":"shear velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_velocity"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lekic2012-7"},{"link_name":"spherical harmonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_harmonics"},{"link_name":"mantle convection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_convection"},{"link_name":"plate motions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dziewonski2010-8"},{"link_name":"body waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_wave"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-To2005-9"},{"link_name":"Ultra-low velocity zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-low_velocity_zone"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McNamara2010-10"},{"link_name":"Earth tide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_tide"},{"link_name":"subducted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduction"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"South Atlantic Anomaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_Anomaly"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Directly above the core–mantle boundary is a 200 kilometers (120 miles) thick layer of the lower mantle. This layer is known as the D″ (\"D double-prime\" or \"D prime prime\") or degree two structure.[6] LLSVPs were discovered in full mantle seismic tomographic models of shear velocity as slow features at the D″ layer beneath Africa and the Pacific.[7] The global spherical harmonics of the D″ layer are stable throughout most of the mantle but anomalies appear along the two LLSVPs. By using shear wave velocities, the locations of the LLSVPs can be verified, and a stable pattern for mantle convection emerges. This stable configuration is responsible for the geometry of plate motions at the surface.[8]The LLSVPs lie around the equator, but mostly on the Southern Hemisphere. Global tomography models inherently result in smooth features; local waveform modeling of body waves, however, has shown that the LLSVPs have sharp boundaries.[9] The sharpness of the boundaries makes it difficult to explain the features by temperature alone; the LLSVPs need to be compositionally distinct to explain the velocity jump. Ultra-low velocity zones at smaller scales have been discovered mainly at the edges of these LLSVPs.[10]By using the solid Earth tide, the density of these regions has been determined. The bottom two thirds are 0.5% denser than the bulk of the mantle. However, tidal tomography cannot determine how the excess mass is distributed; the higher density may be caused by primordial material or subducted ocean slabs.[11] The African LLSVP may be a potential cause for the South Atlantic Anomaly.[12]","title":"Seismological modeling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unconformities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconformity"},{"link_name":"thermochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermochemistry"},{"link_name":"mantle plumes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_plume"},{"link_name":"geodynamical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodynamics"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"slab graveyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustal_recycling#Historical_and_theoretical_context"},{"link_name":"Rodinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodinia"},{"link_name":"phase transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transition"},{"link_name":"mid-ocean ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge"},{"link_name":"lithosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithosphere"},{"link_name":"radiogenic nuclides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiogenic_nuclide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MantleD-4"},{"link_name":"giant-impact hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"Theia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theia_(planet)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"iron(II) oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide"},{"link_name":"ocean island basalts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_island_basalt"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Several hypotheses have been proposed for the origin and persistence of LLSVPs, depending on whether the provinces represent purely thermal unconformities (i.e. are isochemical in nature, of the same chemical composition as the surrounding mantle) or represent chemical unconformities as well (i.e. are thermochemical in nature, of different chemical composition from the surrounding mantle). If LLSVPs represent purely thermal unconformities, then they may have formed as large mantle plumes of hot, upwelling mantle. However, geodynamical studies predict that isochemical upwelling of a hotter, lower viscosity material should produce long, narrow plumes,[13] unlike the large, wide plumes seen in LLSVPs. It is important to remember, however, that the resolution of geodynamical models and seismic images of Earth's mantle are very different.[14]The current leading hypothesis for the LLSVPs is the accumulation of subducted oceanic slabs. This corresponds with the locations of known slab graveyards surrounding the Pacific LLSVP. These graveyards are thought to be the reason for the high velocity zone anomalies surrounding the Pacific LLSVP and are thought to have formed by subduction zones that were around long before the dispersion—some 750 million years ago—of the supercontinent Rodinia. Aided by the phase transformation, the temperature would partially melt the slabs to form a dense melt that pools and forms the ultra-low velocity zone structures at the bottom of the core-mantle boundary closer to the LLSVP than the slab graveyards. The rest of the material is then carried upwards via chemical-induced buoyancy and contributes to the high levels of basalt found at the mid-ocean ridge. The resulting motion forms small clusters of small plumes right above the core-mantle boundary that combine to form larger plumes and then contribute to superplumes. The Pacific and African LLSVP, in this scenario, are originally created by a discharge of heat from the core (4000 K) to the much colder mantle (2000 K); the recycled lithosphere is fuel that helps drive the superplume convection. Since it would be difficult for the Earth's core to maintain this high heat by itself, it gives support for the existence of radiogenic nuclides in the core, as well as the indication that if fertile subducted lithosphere stops subducting in locations preferable for superplume consumption, it will mark the demise of that superplume.[4]Another proposed origin for the LLSVPs is that their formation is related to the giant-impact hypothesis, which states that the Moon formed after the Earth collided with a planet-sized body called Theia.[15] The hypothesis suggests that the LLSVPs may represent fragments of Theia's mantle which sank through to Earth's core-mantle boundary.[15] The higher density of the mantle fragments is due to their enrichment in iron(II) oxide with respect to the rest of Earth's mantle. This higher iron(II) oxide composition would also be consistent with the isotope geochemistry of lunar samples, as well as that of the ocean island basalts overlying the LLSVPs.[16][17]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McNamara2010-10"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steinberger2012-18"},{"link_name":"true polar wander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_polar_wander"},{"link_name":"geoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dziewonski2010-8"},{"link_name":"perovskite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite"},{"link_name":"post-perovskite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-perovskite"},{"link_name":"exothermic reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exothermic_reaction"},{"link_name":"uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium"},{"link_name":"thorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium"},{"link_name":"potassium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MantleD-4"}],"text":"Geodynamic mantle convection models have included compositional distinctive material. The material tends to get swept up in ridges or piles.[10] When including realistic past plate motions into the modeling, the material gets swept up in locations that are remarkably similar to the present day location of the LLSVPs.[18] These locations also correspond with known slab graveyard locations.These types of models, as well as the observation that the D″ structure of the LLSVPs is orthogonal to the path of true polar wander, suggest these mantle structures have been stable over large amounts of time. This geometrical relationship is consistent with the position of Pangaea and the formation of the current geoid pattern due to continental break-up from the superswell below.[8]However, the heat from the core is not enough to sustain the energy needed to fuel the superplumes located at the LLSVPs. There is a phase transition from perovskite to post-perovskite from the down welling slabs that causes an exothermic reaction. This exothermic reaction helps to heat the LLSVP, but it is not sufficient to account for the total energy needed to sustain it. So it is hypothesized that the material from the slab graveyard can become extremely dense and form large pools of melt concentrate enriched in uranium, thorium, and potassium. These concentrated radiogenic elements are thought to provide the high temperatures needed. So, the appearance and disappearance of slab graveyards predicts the birth and death of an LLSVP, potentially changing the dynamics of all plate tectonics.[4]","title":"Dynamics"}]

[{"image_text":"Animation showing LLSVPs as inferred using seismic tomography[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/LLSVP.gif/381px-LLSVP.gif"}]

[{"title":"Low-velocity zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-velocity_zone"},{"title":"Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis"},{"title":"Inner core super-rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_core_super-rotation"},{"title":"Intermediate axis theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_axis_theorem"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Fran%C3%A7oise_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1844%E2%80%931925)

Princess Françoise of Orléans (1844–1925)

["1 Princess of Orléans","2 Duchess of Chartres","3 Issue","4 Ancestry","5 Bibliography"]

French princess; Duchess of Chartres This article is about the duchess consort of Chartres. For her granddaughter and wife of Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark, see Princess Françoise of Orléans (1902–1953). Françoise of OrléansDuchess of ChartresBorn(1844-08-14)14 August 1844Neuilly-sur-Seine, FranceDied28 October 1925(1925-10-28) (aged 81)Château de Saint-Firmin, FranceBurialChapelle royale de DreuxSpouse Prince Robert, Duke of Chartres ​ ​(m. 1863; died 1910)​IssueMarie, Princess Valdemar of DenmarkPrince RobertPrince Henri Marguerite, Duchess of MagentaPrince Jean, Duke of GuiseNamesFrançoise Marie Amélie d'OrléansHouseOrléansFatherFrançois, Prince of JoinvilleMotherFrancisca of BrazilSignature Princess Françoise Marie Amélie of Orléans (14 August 1844 – 28 October 1925) was a member of the House of Orléans and by marriage Duchess of Chartres. Princess of Orléans Françoise d'Orléans was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine the daughter of Prince François, Prince of Joinville (son of King Louis Philippe I), and of Princess Francisca of Brazil (daughter of Emperor Peter I of Brazil). Duchess of Chartres On 11 June 1863 at Saint Raphael's Church in Kingston upon Thames, England, she married her first cousin Prince Robert, Duke of Chartres. They had five children. Princess Françoise died in Château de Saint-Firmin. Issue The Duchess of Chartres and her husband Princess Marie of Orléans (1865–1909), who in 1885 married Prince Valdemar of Denmark, son of King Christian IX of Denmark. Prince Robert of Orléans (1866–1885) Prince Henri of Orléans (1867–1901) Princess Marguerite of Orléans (1869–1940), who in 1896 married Marie-Armand-Patrice de Mac-Mahon, Duke of Magenta, son of Patrice de Mac-Mahon, Duke of Magenta. Prince Jean of Orléans (1874–1940), Duke of Guise, and Orléanist pretender to the throne of France as "Jean III", who, in 1899, married his first cousin Princess Isabelle of Orléans and had issue. Ancestry Ancestors of Princess Françoise of Orléans (1844–1925) 8. Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans 4. Louis Philippe I of France 9. Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon 2. François, Prince of Joinville 10. Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 5. Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily 11. Maria Carolina of Austria 1. Françoise of Orléans 12. John VI of Portugal and Brazil 6. Pedro I of Brazil and IV of Portugal 13. Carlota Joaquina of Spain 3. Princess Francisca of Brazil 14. Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 7. Maria Leopoldina of Austria 15. Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily Bibliography (in French) Dominique Paoli, Fortunes et infortunes des princes d'Orléans 1848-1918, Artena, Paris, 2006. (in French) Jean-Charles Volkmann, Généalogie des rois et des princes, Éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot, Paris, 1998. vtePrincesses of OrléansGenerations descend from Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orleans, father of King Louis Philippe I of France1st generation Princess Adélaïde 2nd generation Louise, Queen of the Belgians Marie, Duchess Alexander of Württemberg Clémentine, Princess August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 3rd generation Marguerite, Princess Władysław Czartoryski Princess Françoise, Duchess of Chartres Princess Marie Isabelle, Countess of Paris Princess Maria Amelia of Orléans Princess Marie Christine of Orléans Mercedes, Queen of Spain 4th generation Amélie, Queen of Portugal Princess Hélène, Duchess of Aosta Princess Isabelle, Duchess of Guise Louise, Princess Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies Marie, Princess Valdemar of Denmark Louise, Princess Alfons of Bavaria 5th generation Isabelle, Princess Pierre Murat Françoise, Princess Christopher of Greece and Denmark Princess Anne, Duchess of Aosta Marie Louise, Princess Philip of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 6th generation Princess Anne, Duchess of Calabria Diane, Duchess of Württemberg Claude, Duchess of Aosta 7th generation Marie, Princess Gundakar of Liechtenstein vtePrincesses of Orléans by marriage1st generation Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Princess Francisca of Brazil Princess Maria Carolina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies Infanta Luisa Fernanda of Spain 2nd generation Princess Marie Isabelle of Orléans* Princess Françoise of Orléans* Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil Duchess Sophie Charlotte in Bavaria Infanta Eulalia of Spain 3rd generation Archduchess Maria Dorothea of Austria Princess Isabelle of Orléans* Princess Henriette of Belgium Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Marie Constance Say** 4th generation Isabelle, Countess of Paris 5th generation Duchess Marie-Thérèse of Württemberg Micaëla Cousiño y Quiñones de León** 6th generation Philomena de Tornos Steinhart** Diana Álvares Pereira de Melo, 11th Duchess of Cadaval * also a princess of Orléans in her own right ** did not belong by birth to a dynastic or titled noble family Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data

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For her granddaughter and wife of Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark, see Princess Françoise of Orléans (1902–1953).Princess Françoise Marie Amélie of Orléans (14 August 1844 – 28 October 1925) was a member of the House of Orléans and by marriage Duchess of Chartres.","title":"Princess Françoise of Orléans (1844–1925)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neuilly-sur-Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine"},{"link_name":"Prince François, Prince of Joinville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Prince_of_Joinville"},{"link_name":"Louis Philippe I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I"},{"link_name":"Princess Francisca of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Francisca_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Peter I of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_of_Brazil"}],"text":"Françoise d'Orléans was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine the daughter of Prince François, Prince of Joinville (son of King Louis Philippe I), and of Princess Francisca of Brazil (daughter of Emperor Peter I of Brazil).","title":"Princess of Orléans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Raphael's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Raphael%27s_Church,_Surbiton"},{"link_name":"Kingston upon Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Prince Robert, Duke of Chartres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Robert,_Duke_of_Chartres"},{"link_name":"Château de Saint-Firmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Firmin,_Hautes-Alpes"}],"text":"On 11 June 1863 at Saint Raphael's Church in Kingston upon Thames, England, she married her first cousin Prince Robert, Duke of Chartres. They had five children. Princess Françoise died in Château de Saint-Firmin.","title":"Duchess of Chartres"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duc_e_Duchess_de_Chartres.jpg"},{"link_name":"Princess Marie of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Marie_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1865%E2%80%931909)"},{"link_name":"Prince Valdemar of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Valdemar_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Christian IX of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_IX_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Prince Henri of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Henri_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Princess Marguerite of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Marguerite_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Patrice de Mac-Mahon, Duke of Magenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_de_Mac-Mahon,_Duke_of_Magenta"},{"link_name":"Prince Jean of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Jean,_Duke_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"Princess Isabelle of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Isabelle_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1878%E2%80%931961)"}],"text":"The Duchess of Chartres and her husbandPrincess Marie of Orléans (1865–1909), who in 1885 married Prince Valdemar of Denmark, son of King Christian IX of Denmark.\nPrince Robert of Orléans (1866–1885)\nPrince Henri of Orléans (1867–1901)\nPrincess Marguerite of Orléans (1869–1940), who in 1896 married Marie-Armand-Patrice de Mac-Mahon, Duke of Magenta, son of Patrice de Mac-Mahon, Duke of Magenta.\nPrince Jean of Orléans (1874–1940), Duke of Guise, and Orléanist pretender to the throne of France as \"Jean III\", who, in 1899, married his first cousin Princess Isabelle of Orléans and had issue.","title":"Issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Louis Philippe I of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I"},{"link_name":"Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Marie_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_de_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"François, Prince of Joinville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Prince_of_Joinville"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies"},{"link_name":"Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Naples_and_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Maria Carolina of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"John VI of Portugal and Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Pedro I of Brazil and IV of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Carlota Joaquina of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlota_Joaquina_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Princess Francisca of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Francisca_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Maria Leopoldina of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Naples_and_Sicily"}],"text":"Ancestors of Princess Françoise of Orléans (1844–1925) 8. Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans 4. Louis Philippe I of France 9. Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon 2. François, Prince of Joinville 10. Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 5. Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily 11. Maria Carolina of Austria 1. Françoise of Orléans 12. John VI of Portugal and Brazil 6. Pedro I of Brazil and IV of Portugal 13. Carlota Joaquina of Spain 3. Princess Francisca of Brazil 14. Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 7. Maria Leopoldina of Austria 15. Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Princesses_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Princesses_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princesses_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Princesses of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orleans"},{"link_name":"King Louis Philippe I of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Louis_Philippe_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"Princess Adélaïde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Louise, Queen of the Belgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Marie, Duchess Alexander of 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Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Amélie, Queen of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Princess Hélène, Duchess of Aosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Princess Isabelle, Duchess of Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Isabelle_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1878%E2%80%931961)"},{"link_name":"Louise, Princess Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Marie, Princess Valdemar of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Marie_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1865%E2%80%931909)"},{"link_name":"Louise, Princess Alfons of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_(1869%E2%80%931952)"},{"link_name":"Isabelle, Princess Pierre Murat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Isabelle_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1900%E2%80%931983)"},{"link_name":"Françoise, Princess Christopher of Greece and Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Fran%C3%A7oise_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1902%E2%80%931953)"},{"link_name":"Princess Anne, Duchess of Aosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Anne_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Marie Louise, Princess Philip of Bourbon-Two Sicilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Marie_Louise_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1896%E2%80%931973)"},{"link_name":"Princess Anne, Duchess of Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Anne,_Duchess_of_Calabria"},{"link_name":"Diane, Duchess of Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane,_Duchess_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Claude, Duchess of Aosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Claude_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Marie, Princess Gundakar of Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Marie_of_Liechtenstein_(born_1959)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Princesses_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_by_marriage"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Princesses_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_by_marriage"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princesses_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_by_marriage"},{"link_name":"Princesses of Orléans by marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_consorts_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_Helene_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin"},{"link_name":"Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha"},{"link_name":"Princess Francisca of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Francisca_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Princess Maria Carolina of Bourbon-Two 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Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Dorothea_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Princess Isabelle of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Isabelle_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1878%E2%80%931961)"},{"link_name":"Princess Henriette of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Henriette_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha"},{"link_name":"Marie Constance Say","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Say"},{"link_name":"Isabelle, Countess of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle,_Countess_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Duchess Marie-Thérèse of Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Micaëla Cousiño y Quiñones de León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micaela,_Countess_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Philomena de Tornos Steinhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philomena,_Countess_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Diana Álvares Pereira de Melo, 11th Duchess of Cadaval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_%C3%81lvares_Pereira_de_Melo,_11th_Duchess_of_Cadaval"},{"link_name":"dynastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty#Dynasts"},{"link_name":"titled noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_title"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q619063#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000080742784"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/122350308"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16135413f"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16135413f"}],"text":"(in French) Dominique Paoli, Fortunes et infortunes des princes d'Orléans 1848-1918, Artena, Paris, 2006.\n(in French) Jean-Charles Volkmann, Généalogie des rois et des princes, Éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot, Paris, 1998.vtePrincesses of OrléansGenerations descend from Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orleans, father of King Louis Philippe I of France1st generation\nPrincess Adélaïde\n2nd generation\nLouise, Queen of the Belgians\nMarie, Duchess Alexander of Württemberg\nClémentine, Princess August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha\n3rd generation\nMarguerite, Princess Władysław Czartoryski\nPrincess Françoise, Duchess of Chartres\nPrincess Marie Isabelle, Countess of Paris\nPrincess Maria Amelia of Orléans\nPrincess Marie Christine of Orléans\nMercedes, Queen of Spain\n4th generation\nAmélie, Queen of Portugal\nPrincess Hélène, Duchess of Aosta\nPrincess Isabelle, Duchess of Guise\nLouise, Princess Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies\nMarie, Princess Valdemar of Denmark\nLouise, Princess Alfons of Bavaria\n5th generation\nIsabelle, Princess Pierre Murat\nFrançoise, Princess Christopher of Greece and Denmark\nPrincess Anne, Duchess of Aosta\nMarie Louise, Princess Philip of Bourbon-Two Sicilies\n6th generation\nPrincess Anne, Duchess of Calabria\nDiane, Duchess of Württemberg\nClaude, Duchess of Aosta\n7th generation\nMarie, Princess Gundakar of LiechtensteinvtePrincesses of Orléans by marriage1st generation\nDuchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin\nPrincess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha\nPrincess Francisca of Brazil\nPrincess Maria Carolina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies\nInfanta Luisa Fernanda of Spain\n2nd generation\nPrincess Marie Isabelle of Orléans*\nPrincess Françoise of Orléans*\nIsabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil\nDuchess Sophie Charlotte in Bavaria\nInfanta Eulalia of Spain\n3rd generation\nArchduchess Maria Dorothea of Austria\nPrincess Isabelle of Orléans*\nPrincess Henriette of Belgium\nPrincess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha\nMarie Constance Say**\n4th generation\nIsabelle, Countess of Paris\n5th generation\nDuchess Marie-Thérèse of Württemberg\nMicaëla Cousiño y Quiñones de León**\n6th generation\nPhilomena de Tornos Steinhart**\nDiana Álvares Pereira de Melo, 11th Duchess of Cadaval\n\n* also a princess of Orléans in her own right\n** did not belong by birth to a dynastic or titled noble familyAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data","title":"Bibliography"}]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrel_Base

Petrel Base

["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 63°28′41″S 56°13′44″W / 63.477947°S 56.228753°W / -63.477947; -56.228753This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Petrel Base" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2017) Antarctic basePetrel Station Base PetrelAntarctic basePetrel StationLocation of Petrel Base in AntarcticaCoordinates: 63°28′41″S 56°13′44″W / 63.477947°S 56.228753°W / -63.477947; -56.228753Country ArgentinaLocation in AntarcticaDundee IslandJoinville GroupGraham LandAntarcticaEstablished22 February 1967 (1967-02-22)Named forPetrel / ProcellariidaeElevation18 m (59 ft)Population (2017) • Summer25 • Winter0Time zoneUTC-3 (ART)TypeSeasonalPeriodSummerStatusOperationalActivitiesGeology Airport in Dundee IslandPetrel SkiwayIATA: noneICAO: SA47SummaryAirport typePrivateServesPetrel BaseLocationDundee IslandTime zone(-4)Elevation AMSL15 ft / 5 mCoordinates63°28′44″S 56°13′53″W / 63.478971°S 56.231277°W / -63.478971; -56.231277MapPetrel SkiwayLocation of airfield in AntarcticaRunways Direction Length Surface ft m 08/26 3,485 1,062 Ice The Petrel Base (Spanish: Base Petrel) is a non-permanent Argentine scientific station located on Dundee Island, in the Joinville Group, in Graham Land, part of the Argentinian claim on Antarctica. History Opened as a permanent base on 22 February 1967, it is being used as a temporary base since 1978. See also Argentine Antarctica List of Antarctic research stations List of Antarctic field camps List of airports in Antarctica References ^ a b Antarctic Station Catalogue (PDF) (catalogue). Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs. August 2017. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-473-40409-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 22, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2023. ^ "Petrel". Airport Nav Finder. Retrieved October 16, 2018. External links Fundación Marambio – Base Petrel (in Spanish) Portals: Earth sciences Geography Argentina vteResearch stations in AntarcticaYear-roundArgentina Belgrano II Carlini Esperanza Marambio Orcadas San Martín Australia Casey Davis Mawson Chile Captain Prat General O'Higgins Presidente Frei Professor Escudero China Great Wall Zhongshan Qinling Europe Czech Republic Eco-Nelson France Concordia Dumont d'Urville Germany Neumayer III Italy Concordia Norway Troll Poland Arctowski Ukraine Vernadsky United Kingdom Halley Rothera India Bharati Maitri Russia Bellingshausen Mirny Novolazarevskaya Progress Vostok South Korea Jang Bogo King Sejong United States Amundsen-Scott McMurdo Palmer Others Brazil Comandante Ferraz Japan Showa New Zealand Scott South Africa SANAE IV Turkey TARS Uruguay Artigas Summer Argentina Almirante Brown Cámara Decepción Matienzo Melchior Petrel Primavera Belarus Vechernyaya Belgium Princess Elisabeth Bulgaria St. Kliment Ohridski Chile Carvajal Collins González Videla Guillermo Mann Jorge Boonen Julio Ripamonti Risopatrón Union Glacier Yelcho China Kunlun Taishan Czech Republic Mendel Ecuador Maldonado Finland Aboa Germany Kohnen Gondwana Italy Zucchelli New Zealand Vanda Norway Tor Pakistan Jinnah Peru Machu Picchu Poland Dobrowolski Romania Law-Racoviță Russia Leningradskaya Molodyozhnaya Progress Russkaya Soyuz Spain Gabriel de Castilla Juan Carlos I Sweden Svea Wasa Turkey ITU PolReC United Kingdom Fossil Bluff Signy United States Lenie Shirreff Uruguay Elichiribehety Closed Argentina Belgrano I Belgrano III Ellsworth Sobral Australia Wilkes Belgium King Baudouin Chile Aguirre Cerda Arturo Parodi France Charcot Port Martin Germany Drescher Ice Camp Georg Forster Filchner Neumayer I  Neumayer II India Dakshin Gangotri Italy Giacomo Bove Japan Asuka Dome Fuji Mizuho New Zealand Hallett Vanda Norway Norway Maudheim Poland Dobrowolski South Africa Borga Base SANAE I SANAE II SANAE III Sarie Marais Soviet Union Druzhba  Druzhnaya I Druzhnaya II Druzhnaya III Druzhnaya IV Komsomolskaya Lazarev Mir  Oasis Pionerskaya Pobeda  Pole of Inaccessibility Salyut Station  Sodruzhestvo  Sovetskaya Vostok I  United Kingdom South Ice Port Lockroy Station B Station C Station D Station E Station F Station G Station J Station N Station O Station P Station T Station V Station W United States Brockton Byrd East Base Eights Ellsworth Hallett Little America Little Rockford Plateau Siple Other World Park Base Joint Stations Weddell-1  vteAirports in Antarctica Bharati Browning Pass Casey Concordia D10 Davis Plateau Dome Fuji Enigma Lake Fossil Bluff Halley King George Island Kohnen Maitri Marambio Marble Point Mawson McMurdo Ice McMurdo Phoenix McMurdo Williams Mid Point Molodyozhnaya Neumayer Novolazarevskaya Odell Glacier O'Higgins Palmer Patriot Hills Pegasus Petrel Plateau Princess Elisabeth Progress Rothera Rumdoodle SANAE IV Showa Siple Dome Sitry Sky Blu South Pole Thiel Mountains Troll Union WAIS Divide Wilkins Wolf's Fang Vostok Zucchelli vteAntarcticaGeography Antarctic sea ice Climate Climate change Ice shelves Geology Glaciers Mountains Tundra Volcanoes Regions Biogeographic realm Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica ice sheet shield Extreme points Floristic Kingdom Islands South Pole South magnetic pole West Antarctica ice sheet Bodies of Water Antarctic/Southern Ocean Lake CECs Lake Mercer Lake Vostok List of rivers McMurdo Sound Ross Sea Weddell Sea Life Flora Microorganisms Wildlife Birds Mammals Krill History Expeditions Heroic Age World War II Colonization COVID-19 pandemic Years Politics Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs Military activity National programs Territorial claims Treaty System Society Antarctica Day Crime Demographics Economy Field camps Firefighting Flags Gateway cities Midwinter Day Protected areas Religion Research stations Telecommunications Time Tourism Transport Women Famous explorers Roald Amundsen Richard E. Byrd Douglas Mawson Ui-te-Rangiora James Clark Ross Robert Falcon Scott Ernest Shackleton Category Commons Index vteArgentine permanent bases in Antarctica operated by Instituto Antártico Argentino Esperanza Belgrano II Carlini Marambio Orcadas San Martín This Joinville Island group location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsnes

Bremsnes

["1 History","1.1 Name","2 Government","2.1 Municipal council","3 See also","4 References"]

Coordinates: 63°05′18″N 07°39′40″E / 63.08833°N 7.66111°E / 63.08833; 7.66111Former municipality in Norway This article is about the former municipality in Nordmøre, Norway. For the village in Averøy, see Bremsnes, Møre og Romsdal. Former municipality in Møre og Romsdal, NorwayBremsnes Municipality Bremsnes herredFormer municipalityChurch in BremsnesMøre og Romsdal within NorwayBremsnes within Møre og RomsdalCoordinates: 63°05′18″N 07°39′40″E / 63.08833°N 7.66111°E / 63.08833; 7.66111CountryNorwayCountyMøre og RomsdalDistrictNordmøreEstablished1 Jan 1897 • Preceded byKvernes MunicipalityDisestablished1 Jan 1964 • Succeeded byAverøy MunicipalityAdministrative centreBremsnesArea (upon dissolution) • Total120 km2 (50 sq mi)Population (1964) • Total4,116 • Density34/km2 (89/sq mi)DemonymBremsnesingTime zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)ISO 3166 codeNO-1554Data from Statistics Norway Bremsnes is a former municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The 120-square-kilometre (46 sq mi) municipality existed from 1897 until its dissolution in 1964. Bremsnes municipality surrounded the Bremsnesfjorden and it included parts of the islands of Averøya, Frei, and Nordlandet. Bremsnes essentially encircled the town of Kristiansund on the west, south, and east sides. The administrative centre of Bremsnes was the village of Bremsnes, where Bremsnes Church is located. History The municipality of Bremsnes was established on 1 January 1897 when the large municipality of Kvernes was divided into four municipalities: Kvernes, Kornstad, Eide, and Bremsnes. Initially, Bremsnes had a population of 2,917. On 8 July 1903, an uninhabited part of Bremsnes was transferred back to Kvernes. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, Bremsnes municipality was dissolved. The Bolga and Valen areas on the island of Frei (population: 884) became a part of Frei Municipality. The Dale area on the island of Nordlandet (population: 963) was incorporated into Kristiansund Municipality. The rest of Bremsnes (population: 3,153) was merged with Kvernes Municipality and most of Kornstad Municipality to create the new Averøy Municipality. Name The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Bremsnes farm (Old Norse: Brymsnes) since the first Bremsnes Church was built there. The first element is brim which means "surf" or "the surface of the sea". The last element is nes which means "headland". Government While it existed, this municipality was responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment, social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. During its existence, this municipality was governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor was indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council. Municipal council The municipal council (Herredsstyre) of Bremsnes was made up of 29 representatives that were elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the final municipal council was as follows: Bremsnes herredsstyre 1960–1963    Party name (in Norwegian) Number ofrepresentatives   Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 15   Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 5   Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3   Liberal Party (Venstre) 6 Total number of members:29 Bremsnes herredsstyre 1956–1959    Party name (in Norwegian) Number ofrepresentatives   Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 15   Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 7   Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 3   Liberal Party (Venstre) 4 Total number of members:29 Bremsnes herredsstyre 1952–1955    Party name (in Norwegian) Number ofrepresentatives   Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 9   Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 6   Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 2   Liberal Party (Venstre) 3 Total number of members:20 Bremsnes herredsstyre 1948–1951    Party name (in Norwegian) Number ofrepresentatives   Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 9   Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 6   Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 2   Liberal Party (Venstre) 2  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 1 Total number of members:20 Bremsnes herredsstyre 1945–1947    Party name (in Norwegian) Number ofrepresentatives   Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 8   Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 1   Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 7   Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 2   Liberal Party (Venstre) 2 Total number of members:20 Bremsnes herredsstyre 1938–1941*    Party name (in Norwegian) Number ofrepresentatives   Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 11   Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 3   Liberal Party (Venstre) 4   Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgerlige Felleslister) 2 Total number of members:20Note: Due to the German occupation of Norway during World War II, no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945. See also List of former municipalities of Norway References ^ "Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet. ^ Bolstad, Erik; Thorsnæs, Geir, eds. (26 January 2023). "Kommunenummer". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. ^ Helland, Amund (1911). "Bremsnes herred". XV Romsdals amt. Anden del. Norges land og folk (in Norwegian). Kristiania, Norway: H. Aschehoug & Company. p. 905. Retrieved 3 July 2022. ^ a b Thorsnæs, Geir, ed. (20 February 2018). "Bremsnes - tidligere kommune". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 25 May 2019. ^ a b Jukvam, Dag (1999). Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå. ISBN 9788253746845. ^ Rygh, Oluf (1908). Norske gaardnavne: Romsdals amt (in Norwegian) (13 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. pp. 329–330. ^ Hansen, Tore; Vabo, Signy Irene, eds. (20 September 2022). "kommunestyre". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 1 January 2023. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1960. Retrieved 24 April 2020. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1957. Retrieved 24 April 2020. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1952. Retrieved 24 April 2020. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1948. Retrieved 24 April 2020. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1947. Retrieved 24 April 2020. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1938. Retrieved 24 April 2020. vteMøre og Romsdal county, Norway Main article: Møre og Romsdal Capital: Molde County government: Møre og Romsdal County Municipality County lists: County Governors Villages Churches Towns & cities Kristiansund (1742) Molde (1742) Ålesund (1824) Åndalsnes (1996) Fosnavåg (2000) Ulsteinvik (2000) MunicipalitiesNordmøre Aure Averøy Gjemnes Kristiansund Smøla Sunndal Surnadal Tingvoll Romsdal Aukra Hustadvika Molde Rauma Vestnes Sunnmøre Fjord Haram Hareid Herøy Giske Sande Stranda Sula Sykkylven Ulstein Vanylven Volda Ørsta Ålesund Former Municipalities in Møre og Romsdal Bolsøy (1838-1964) Borgund (1838-1968) Brattvær (1915-1960) Bremsnes (1897-1964) Bud (1838-1964) Dalsfjord (1924-1964) Edøy (1838-1960) Eid (1874-1964) Eid og Voll (1840-1874) Eide (1897-2020) Eresfjord og Vistdal (1890-1964) Frei (1838-2008) Fræna (1840-2020) Grip (1897-1964) Grytten (1838-1964) Halsa (1838-2020) Haram (2020-2024) Hen (1902-1964) Hjørundfjord (1838-1964) Hopen (1915-1960) Hustad (1918-1964) Kornstad (1897-1964) Kvernes (1838-1964) Midsund (1965-2020) Nesset (1838-2020) Norddal (1838-2020) Rovde (1905-1964) Sandøy (1867-2020) Skodje (1849-1965, 1977-2020) Stangvik (1838-1965) Stemshaug (1914-1965) Stordal (1892-1965, 1977-2020) Straumsnes (1866-1964) Sunnylven (1838-1965) Syvde (1918-1964) Sør-Aukra (1924-1965) Tresfjord (1899-1964) Tustna (1874-2006) Valsøyfjord (1894-1965) Vartdal (1895-1965) Vatne (1902-1965) Veøy (1838-1964) Vigra (1890-1964) Voll (1874-1964) Øksendal (1854-1960) Øre (1838-1965) Ørskog (1838-2020) Ålvundeid (1899-1960) Åsskard (1895-1965)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bremsnes, Møre og Romsdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsnes,_M%C3%B8re_og_Romsdal"},{"link_name":"former municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_municipalities_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Møre og Romsdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B8re_og_Romsdal"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLF-3"},{"link_name":"Bremsnesfjorden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bremsnesfjorden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Averøya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aver%C3%B8ya"},{"link_name":"Frei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_(island)"},{"link_name":"Nordlandet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordlandet"},{"link_name":"town of Kristiansund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansund_(town)"},{"link_name":"administrative centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_centre"},{"link_name":"Bremsnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsnes,_M%C3%B8re_og_Romsdal"},{"link_name":"Bremsnes Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsnes_Church"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-4"}],"text":"Former municipality in NorwayThis article is about the former municipality in Nordmøre, Norway. For the village in Averøy, see Bremsnes, Møre og Romsdal.Former municipality in Møre og Romsdal, NorwayBremsnes is a former municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The 120-square-kilometre (46 sq mi) municipality[3] existed from 1897 until its dissolution in 1964. Bremsnes municipality surrounded the Bremsnesfjorden and it included parts of the islands of Averøya, Frei, and Nordlandet. Bremsnes essentially encircled the town of Kristiansund on the west, south, and east sides. The administrative centre of Bremsnes was the village of Bremsnes, where Bremsnes Church is located.[4]","title":"Bremsnes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kvernes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvernes_(municipality)"},{"link_name":"Kornstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornstad"},{"link_name":"Eide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eide"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dag-5"},{"link_name":"Schei Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schei_Committee"},{"link_name":"Frei Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Nordlandet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordlandet"},{"link_name":"Kristiansund Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansund_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Kvernes Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvernes"},{"link_name":"Kornstad Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornstad"},{"link_name":"Averøy Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aver%C3%B8y_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dag-5"}],"text":"The municipality of Bremsnes was established on 1 January 1897 when the large municipality of Kvernes was divided into four municipalities: Kvernes, Kornstad, Eide, and Bremsnes. Initially, Bremsnes had a population of 2,917. On 8 July 1903, an uninhabited part of Bremsnes was transferred back to Kvernes.[5]During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, Bremsnes municipality was dissolved. The Bolga and Valen areas on the island of Frei (population: 884) became a part of Frei Municipality. The Dale area on the island of Nordlandet (population: 963) was incorporated into Kristiansund Municipality. The rest of Bremsnes (population: 3,153) was merged with Kvernes Municipality and most of Kornstad Municipality to create the new Averøy Municipality.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestegjeld"},{"link_name":"Bremsnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsnes,_M%C3%B8re_og_Romsdal"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_language"},{"link_name":"Bremsnes Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsnes_Church"},{"link_name":"brim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brim#Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"surf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surf_zone"},{"link_name":"nes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nes#Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"headland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Name","text":"The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Bremsnes farm (Old Norse: Brymsnes) since the first Bremsnes Church was built there. The first element is brim which means \"surf\" or \"the surface of the sea\". The last element is nes which means \"headland\".[4][6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_education"},{"link_name":"health services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care"},{"link_name":"senior citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_age"},{"link_name":"unemployment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment"},{"link_name":"social services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_work"},{"link_name":"zoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoning"},{"link_name":"economic development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development"},{"link_name":"roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road"},{"link_name":"municipal council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_council_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"directly elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_election"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"indirectly elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_election"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ks-7"}],"text":"While it existed, this municipality was responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment, social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. During its existence, this municipality was governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor was indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council.[7]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipal council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_council_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Centre Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Farmers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Farmers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Farmers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Local List(s)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygdeliste"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Farmers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Farmers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygdeliste"},{"link_name":"German occupation of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"sub_title":"Municipal council","text":"The municipal council (Herredsstyre) of Bremsnes was made up of 29 representatives that were elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the final municipal council was as follows:Bremsnes herredsstyre 1960–1963 [8]  \n\n\nParty name (in Norwegian)\nNumber ofrepresentatives\n\n\n \nLabour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)\n15\n \nChristian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)\n5\n \nCentre Party (Senterpartiet)\n3\n \nLiberal Party (Venstre)\n6\nTotal number of members:29\n\n\nBremsnes herredsstyre 1956–1959 [9]  \n\n\nParty name (in Norwegian)\nNumber ofrepresentatives\n\n\n \nLabour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)\n15\n \nChristian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)\n7\n \nFarmers' Party (Bondepartiet)\n3\n \nLiberal Party (Venstre)\n4\nTotal number of members:29\n\n\nBremsnes herredsstyre 1952–1955 [10]  \n\n\nParty name (in Norwegian)\nNumber ofrepresentatives\n\n\n \nLabour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)\n9\n \nChristian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)\n6\n \nFarmers' Party (Bondepartiet)\n2\n \nLiberal Party (Venstre)\n3\nTotal number of members:20\n\n\nBremsnes herredsstyre 1948–1951 [11]  \n\n\nParty name (in Norwegian)\nNumber ofrepresentatives\n\n\n \nLabour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)\n9\n \nChristian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)\n6\n \nFarmers' Party (Bondepartiet)\n2\n \nLiberal Party (Venstre)\n2 \nLocal List(s) (Lokale lister)\n1\nTotal number of members:20\n\n\nBremsnes herredsstyre 1945–1947 [12]  \n\n\nParty name (in Norwegian)\nNumber ofrepresentatives\n\n\n \nLabour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)\n8\n \nCommunist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)\n1\n \nChristian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)\n7\n \nFarmers' Party (Bondepartiet)\n2\n \nLiberal Party (Venstre)\n2\nTotal number of members:20\n\n\nBremsnes herredsstyre 1938–1941* [13]  \n\n\nParty name (in Norwegian)\nNumber ofrepresentatives\n\n\n \nLabour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)\n11\n \nFarmers' Party (Bondepartiet)\n3\n \nLiberal Party (Venstre)\n4\n \nJoint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgerlige Felleslister)\n2\nTotal number of members:20Note: Due to the German occupation of Norway during World War II, no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945.","title":"Government"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of former municipalities of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_municipalities_of_Norway"}]

[{"reference":"\"Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn\" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sprakradet.no/sprakhjelp/Skriverad/navn-pa-steder-og-personer/Innbyggjarnamn/","url_text":"\"Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn\""}]},{"reference":"Bolstad, Erik; Thorsnæs, Geir, eds. (26 January 2023). \"Kommunenummer\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget.","urls":[{"url":"https://snl.no/kommunenummer","url_text":"\"Kommunenummer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunnskapsforlaget","url_text":"Kunnskapsforlaget"}]},{"reference":"Helland, Amund (1911). \"Bremsnes herred\". XV Romsdals amt. Anden del. Norges land og folk (in Norwegian). Kristiania, Norway: H. Aschehoug & Company. p. 905. Retrieved 3 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://runeberg.org/norgeslof/15-2/0925.html","url_text":"XV Romsdals amt. Anden del"}]},{"reference":"Thorsnæs, Geir, ed. (20 February 2018). \"Bremsnes - tidligere kommune\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 25 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://snl.no/Bremsnes_-_tidligere_kommune","url_text":"\"Bremsnes - tidligere kommune\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunnskapsforlaget","url_text":"Kunnskapsforlaget"}]},{"reference":"Jukvam, Dag (1999). Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå. ISBN 9788253746845.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ssb.no/emner/00/90/rapp_9913/rapp_9913.pdf","url_text":"Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Norway","url_text":"Statistisk sentralbyrå"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788253746845","url_text":"9788253746845"}]},{"reference":"Rygh, Oluf (1908). Norske gaardnavne: Romsdals amt (in Norwegian) (13 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. pp. 329–330.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oluf_Rygh","url_text":"Rygh, Oluf"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=691LAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Norske gaardnavne: Romsdals amt"}]},{"reference":"Hansen, Tore; Vabo, Signy Irene, eds. (20 September 2022). \"kommunestyre\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 1 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://snl.no/kommunestyre","url_text":"\"kommunestyre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunnskapsforlaget","url_text":"Kunnskapsforlaget"}]},{"reference":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1960. Retrieved 24 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_xii_022.pdf","url_text":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1957. Retrieved 24 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_xi_252.pdf","url_text":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1952. Retrieved 24 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_xi_120.pdf","url_text":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1948. Retrieved 24 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_x_165.pdf","url_text":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1947. Retrieved 24 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_x_133.pdf","url_text":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1938. Retrieved 24 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_ix_133.pdf","url_text":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covering_set

Covering set

["1 Sierpinski and Riesel numbers","2 Other covering sets","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]

This article is about meaning in the number theory. For other uses, see Covering. In mathematics, a covering set for a sequence of integers refers to a set of prime numbers such that every term in the sequence is divisible by at least one member of the set. The term "covering set" is used only in conjunction with sequences possessing exponential growth. Sierpinski and Riesel numbers The use of the term "covering set" is related to Sierpinski and Riesel numbers. These are odd natural numbers k for which the formula k 2n + 1 (Sierpinski number) or k 2n − 1 (Riesel number) produces no prime numbers. Since 1960 it has been known that there exists an infinite number of both Sierpinski and Riesel numbers (as solutions to families of congruences based upon the set {3, 5, 17, 257, 641, 65537, 6700417} but, because there are an infinitude of numbers of the form k 2n + 1 or k 2n − 1 for any k, one can only prove k to be a Sierpinski or Riesel number through showing that every term in the sequence k 2n + 1 or k 2n − 1 is divisible by one of the prime numbers of a covering set. These covering sets form from prime numbers that in base 2 have short periods. To achieve a complete covering set, Wacław Sierpiński showed that a sequence can repeat no more frequently than every 24 numbers. A repeat every 24 numbers give the covering set {3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 241}, while a repeat every 36 terms can give several covering sets: {3, 5, 7, 13, 19, 37, 73}; {3, 5, 7, 13, 19, 37, 109}; {3, 5, 7, 13, 19, 73, 109} and {3, 5, 7, 13, 37, 73, 109}. Riesel numbers have the same covering sets as Sierpinski numbers. Other covering sets Covering sets (thus Sierpinski numbers and Riesel numbers) also exists for bases other than 2. b smallest k such that gcd(k+1, b−1) = 1 and k×bn+1 has covering set covering set for k×bn+1 smallest k such that gcd(k−1, b−1) = 1 and k×bn−1 has covering set covering set for k×bn−1 2 78557 {3, 5, 7, 13, 19, 37, 73} 509203 {3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 241} 3 125050976086 {5, 7, 13, 17, 19, 37, 41, 193, 757} 63064644938 {5, 7, 13, 17, 19, 37, 41, 193, 757} 4 66741 {5, 7, 13, 17, 241} 39939 {5, 7, 13, 19, 73, 109} 5 159986 {3, 7, 13, 31, 601} 346802 {3, 7, 13, 31, 601} 6 174308 {7, 13, 31, 37, 97} 84687 {7, 13, 31, 37, 97} 7 1112646039348 {5, 13, 19, 43, 73, 181, 193, 1201} 408034255082 {5, 13, 19, 43, 73, 181, 193, 1201} 8 47 {3, 5, 13} 14 {3, 5, 13} 9 2344 {5, 7, 13, 73} 74 {5, 7, 13, 73} 10 9175 {7, 11, 13, 37} 10176 {7, 11, 13, 37} 11 1490 {3, 7, 19, 37} 862 {3, 7, 19, 37} 12 521 {5, 13, 29} 376 {5, 13, 29} 13 132 {5, 7, 17} 302 {5, 7, 17} 14 4 {3, 5} 4 {3, 5} 15 91218919470156 {13, 17, 113, 211, 241, 1489, 3877} 36370321851498 {13, 17, 113, 211, 241, 1489, 3877} 16 66741 {7, 13, 17, 241} 33965 {7, 13, 17, 241} 17 278 {3, 5, 29} 86 {3, 5, 29} 18 398 {5, 13, 19} 246 {5, 13, 19} 19 765174 {5, 7, 13, 127, 769} 1119866 {5, 7, 13, 127, 181} 20 8 {3, 7} 8 {3, 7} Covering sets are also used to prove the existence of composite generalized Fibonacci sequences with first two terms coprime (primefree sequence), such as the sequence starting with 20615674205555510 and 3794765361567513. The concept of a covering set can easily be generalised to other sequences which turn out to be much simpler. In the following examples + is used as it is in regular expressions to mean 1 or more. For example, 91+3 means the set {913, 9113, 91113, 911113, …}. An example are the following eight sequences: (29·10n − 191) / 9 or 32+01 (37·10n + 359) / 9 or 41+51 (46·10n + 629) / 9 or 51+81 (59·10n − 293) / 9 or 65+23 (82·10n + 17) / 9 or 91+3 (85·10n + 41) / 9 or 94+9 (86·10n + 31) / 9 or 95+9 (89·10n + 593) / 9 or 98+23 In each case, every term is divisible by one of the primes from the set {3, 7, 11, 13}. These primes can be said to form a covering set exactly analogous to Sierpinski and Riesel numbers. The covering set {3, 7, 11, 37} is found for several similar sequences, including: (38·10n − 137) / 9 or 42+07 (4·10n − 337) / 9 or 4+07 (73·10n + 359) / 9 or 81+51 9175·10n + 1 or 91750+1 10176·10n − 1 or 101759+ (334·10n − 1)/9 or 371+ (12211·10n − 1)/3 or 40703+ (8026·10n − 7)/9 or 8917+ Also for bases other than 10: 521·12n + 1 or 3750+1 in duodecimal (1288·12n − 1)/11 or 991+ in duodecimal (4517·12n − 7)/11 or 2X27+ in duodecimal 376·12n − 1 or 273E+ in duodecimal The covering set of them is {5, 13, 29} An even simpler case can be found in the sequence: (76·10n − 67) / 99 (n must be odd) or (76)+7 (Sequence: 7, 767, 76767, 7676767, 767676767 etc.) Here, it can be shown that if: w is of form 3k (n = 6k + 1): (76)+7 is divisible by 7 w is of form 3k + 1 (n = 6k + 3): (76)+7 is divisible by 13 w is of form 3k + 2 (n = 6k + 5): (76)+7 is divisible by 3 Thus we have a covering set with only three primes {3, 7, 13}. This is only possible because the sequence gives integer terms only for odd n. A covering set also occurs in the sequence: (343·10n − 1) / 9 or 381+. Here, it can be shown that: If n = 3k + 1, then (343·10n − 1) / 9 is divisible by 3. If n = 3k + 2, then (343·10n − 1) / 9 is divisible by 37. If n = 3k, then (343·10n − 1) / 9 algebraically factors as ((7·10k − 1) / 3)·((49·102k + 7·10k + 1) / 3). Since (7·10k − 1) / 3 can be written as 23+, for the sequence 381+, we have a covering set of {3, 37, 23+} – a covering set with infinitely many terms. The status for (343×10n − 1)/9 is like that for 3511808×63n + 1: If n = 3k + 1, then 3511808·63n + 1 is divisible by 37. If n = 3k + 2, then 3511808·63n + 1 is divisible by 109. If n = 3k, then 3511808·63n + 1 algebraically factors as (152·63k + 1)·(23104·632k − 152·63k + 1) Thus we have a covering of {37, 109, 152×63 + 1, 152×632 + 1, 152×633 + 1, ...} or {37, 109, 2Q0+1 in base 63} – a covering set with infinitely many terms. A more simple example is 4×9n − 1, it is equal to (2×3n − 1) × (2×3n + 1), thus its covering sets are {5, 17, 53, 161, 485, ...} and {7, 19, 55, 163, 487, ...}, more generally, if k and b are both r-th powers for an odd r > 1, then k×bn + 1 cannot be prime, and if k and b are both r-th powers for an r > 1 then k×bn − 1 cannot be prime. Another example is 1369×30n − 1, its covering is {7, 13, 19, 37×30k − 1 (k = 1, 2, 3, ...)} See also Covering system Notes ^ These are of course the only known Fermat primes and the two prime factors of F5. References ^ Guy, Richard; Unsolved Problems in Number Theory; pp. 119–121. ISBN 0387208607 ^ Wells, David; Prime Numbers: The Most Mysterious Figures in Math; pp. 212, 219. ISBN 1118045718 ^ Sierpiński, Wacław (1960); ‘Sur un problème concernant les nombres’; Elemente der Mathematik, 15(1960); pp. 73–96 ^ Covering Sets for Sierpiński Numbers ^ Sierpinski conjectures and proofs ^ Riesel conjectures and proofs ^ Generalized Sierpinski number base b ^ Plateau and Depression Primes ^ a b c List of near-repdigit-related (probable) prime numbers, sorted by difficulty ^ Smoothly Undulating Palindromic Primes External links Problem 49: Sierpinski-like numbers

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Covering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covering_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"sequence of integers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_sequence"},{"link_name":"set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"prime numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number"},{"link_name":"sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence"},{"link_name":"divisible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisible"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"exponential growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growth"}],"text":"This article is about meaning in the number theory. For other uses, see Covering.In mathematics, a covering set for a sequence of integers refers to a set of prime numbers such that every term in the sequence is divisible by at least one member of the set.[1] The term \"covering set\" is used only in conjunction with sequences possessing exponential growth.","title":"Covering set"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sierpinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpinski_number"},{"link_name":"Riesel numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesel_number"},{"link_name":"odd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even_and_odd_numbers"},{"link_name":"natural numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_number"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"infinite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity"},{"link_name":"congruences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congruence_relation"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"prove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_proof"},{"link_name":"base 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_2"},{"link_name":"Wacław Sierpiński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Sierpi%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The use of the term \"covering set\" is related to Sierpinski and Riesel numbers. These are odd natural numbers k for which the formula k 2n + 1 (Sierpinski number) or k 2n − 1 (Riesel number) produces no prime numbers.[2] Since 1960 it has been known that there exists an infinite number of both Sierpinski and Riesel numbers (as solutions to families of congruences based upon the set {3, 5, 17, 257, 641, 65537, 6700417}[a] but, because there are an infinitude of numbers of the form k 2n + 1 or k 2n − 1 for any k, one can only prove k to be a Sierpinski or Riesel number through showing that every term in the sequence k 2n + 1 or k 2n − 1 is divisible by one of the prime numbers of a covering set.These covering sets form from prime numbers that in base 2 have short periods. To achieve a complete covering set, Wacław Sierpiński showed that a sequence can repeat no more frequently than every 24 numbers. A repeat every 24 numbers give the covering set {3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 241}, while a repeat every 36 terms can give several covering sets: {3, 5, 7, 13, 19, 37, 73}; {3, 5, 7, 13, 19, 37, 109}; {3, 5, 7, 13, 19, 73, 109} and {3, 5, 7, 13, 37, 73, 109}.[4]Riesel numbers have the same covering sets as Sierpinski numbers.","title":"Sierpinski and Riesel numbers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"generalized Fibonacci sequences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalizations_of_Fibonacci_numbers#Fibonacci_integer_sequences"},{"link_name":"coprime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprime"},{"link_name":"primefree sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primefree_sequence"},{"link_name":"regular expressions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-difficulty-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-difficulty-10"},{"link_name":"duodecimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodecimal"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-difficulty-10"}],"text":"Covering sets (thus Sierpinski numbers and Riesel numbers) also exists for bases other than 2.[5][6][7]Covering sets are also used to prove the existence of composite generalized Fibonacci sequences with first two terms coprime (primefree sequence), such as the sequence starting with 20615674205555510 and 3794765361567513.The concept of a covering set can easily be generalised to other sequences which turn out to be much simpler.In the following examples + is used as it is in regular expressions to mean 1 or more. For example, 91+3 means the set {913, 9113, 91113, 911113, …}.An example are the following eight sequences:(29·10n − 191) / 9 or 32+01\n(37·10n + 359) / 9 or 41+51\n(46·10n + 629) / 9 or 51+81\n(59·10n − 293) / 9 or 65+23\n(82·10n + 17) / 9 or 91+3\n(85·10n + 41) / 9 or 94+9\n(86·10n + 31) / 9 or 95+9\n(89·10n + 593) / 9 or 98+23In each case, every term is divisible by one of the primes from the set {3, 7, 11, 13}.[8] These primes can be said to form a covering set exactly analogous to Sierpinski and Riesel numbers.[9] The covering set {3, 7, 11, 37} is found for several similar sequences,[9] including:(38·10n − 137) / 9 or 42+07\n(4·10n − 337) / 9 or 4+07\n(73·10n + 359) / 9 or 81+519175·10n + 1 or 91750+1\n10176·10n − 1 or 101759+\n(334·10n − 1)/9 or 371+\n(12211·10n − 1)/3 or 40703+\n(8026·10n − 7)/9 or 8917+Also for bases other than 10:521·12n + 1 or 3750+1 in duodecimal\n(1288·12n − 1)/11 or 991+ in duodecimal\n(4517·12n − 7)/11 or 2X27+ in duodecimal\n376·12n − 1 or 273E+ in duodecimalThe covering set of them is {5, 13, 29}An even simpler case can be found in the sequence:(76·10n − 67) / 99 (n must be odd) or (76)+7 (Sequence: 7, 767, 76767, 7676767, 767676767 etc.)Here, it can be shown that if:w is of form 3k (n = 6k + 1): (76)+7 is divisible by 7\nw is of form 3k + 1 (n = 6k + 3): (76)+7 is divisible by 13\nw is of form 3k + 2 (n = 6k + 5): (76)+7 is divisible by 3Thus we have a covering set with only three primes {3, 7, 13}.[10] This is only possible because the sequence gives integer terms only for odd n.A covering set also occurs in the sequence:(343·10n − 1) / 9 or 381+.Here, it can be shown that:If n = 3k + 1, then (343·10n − 1) / 9 is divisible by 3.\nIf n = 3k + 2, then (343·10n − 1) / 9 is divisible by 37.\nIf n = 3k, then (343·10n − 1) / 9 algebraically factors as ((7·10k − 1) / 3)·((49·102k + 7·10k + 1) / 3).Since (7·10k − 1) / 3 can be written as 23+, for the sequence 381+, we have a covering set of {3, 37, 23+} – a covering set with infinitely many terms.[9]The status for (343×10n − 1)/9 is like that for 3511808×63n + 1:If n = 3k + 1, then 3511808·63n + 1 is divisible by 37.\nIf n = 3k + 2, then 3511808·63n + 1 is divisible by 109.\nIf n = 3k, then 3511808·63n + 1 algebraically factors as (152·63k + 1)·(23104·632k − 152·63k + 1)Thus we have a covering of {37, 109, 152×63 + 1, 152×632 + 1, 152×633 + 1, ...} or {37, 109, 2Q0+1 in base 63} – a covering set with infinitely many terms.A more simple example is 4×9n − 1, it is equal to (2×3n − 1) × (2×3n + 1), thus its covering sets are {5, 17, 53, 161, 485, ...} and {7, 19, 55, 163, 487, ...}, more generally, if k and b are both r-th powers for an odd r > 1, then k×bn + 1 cannot be prime, and if k and b are both r-th powers for an r > 1 then k×bn − 1 cannot be prime.Another example is 1369×30n − 1, its covering is {7, 13, 19, 37×30k − 1 (k = 1, 2, 3, ...)}","title":"Other covering sets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Fermat primes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat_prime"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"^ These are of course the only known Fermat primes and the two prime factors of F5.[3]","title":"Notes"}]

[]

[{"title":"Covering system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covering_system"}]

[]

[{"Link":"http://irvinemclean.com/maths/siercvr.htm","external_links_name":"Covering Sets for Sierpiński Numbers"},{"Link":"http://www.noprimeleftbehind.net/crus/Sierp-conjectures.htm","external_links_name":"Sierpinski conjectures and proofs"},{"Link":"http://www.noprimeleftbehind.net/crus/Riesel-conjectures.htm","external_links_name":"Riesel conjectures and proofs"},{"Link":"https://www.utm.edu/staff/caldwell/preprints/2to100.pdf","external_links_name":"Generalized Sierpinski number base b"},{"Link":"http://www.worldofnumbers.com/deplat.htm","external_links_name":"Plateau and Depression Primes"},{"Link":"https://stdkmd.net/nrr/prime/primedifficulty.txt","external_links_name":"List of near-repdigit-related (probable) prime numbers, sorted by difficulty"},{"Link":"http://www.worldofnumbers.com/undulat.htm","external_links_name":"Smoothly Undulating Palindromic Primes"},{"Link":"http://www.primepuzzles.net/problems/prob_049.htm","external_links_name":"Problem 49: Sierpinski-like numbers"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebecair_Flight_255

Quebecair Flight 255

["1 Crash","2 Investigation","3 References"]

1979 aviation accident Quebecair Flight 255A Fairchild F-27 similar to the aircraft involved in the accidentAccidentDate29 March 1979SummaryUncontained engine failure leading to engine separation and loss of controlSiteQuebec CityAircraftAircraft typeFairchild F-27OperatorQuebecairRegistrationCF-QBLFlight originJean Lesage International AirportDestinationMontrealPassengers21Crew3Fatalities17Survivors7 Quebecair Flight 255 was a scheduled flight from Quebec City to Montreal. On March 29, 1979, the Fairchild F-27, registered CF-QBL, that was operating the flight crashed minutes after takeoff when an engine exploded. All three crew and 14 of the 21 passengers died. Crash Following takeoff from Jean Lesage International Airport, the flight crew advised the control tower of a problem with their right engine. The plane was given clearance for an emergency landing. It circled the airport twice with flames emanating from one engine. The plane began the final turn in its landing sequence before crashing into a hillside. "I heard a loud explosion and rushed out and saw the plane in flames" one witness said. Firemen arrived at the scene within minutes, but it was reported they were "unable to approach the burning wreckage for some time because of the extreme heat." Ambulances had difficulty reaching the accident site because they had to cross a railway line. "Most of the people were not dead. Several died during the first half-hour after the accident. There were limbs cut off. We had to be careful when we were moving them," one woman told journalists. Investigation The flight data recorders were recovered soon after the crash. Canadian investigators concluded that shortly after the twin-turboprop airliner lifted off, the low pressure impeller from the no. 2 engine burst, causing the forward part of the engine to separate. The flight crew were unable to raise the landing gear because debris from the engine damaged the electronic gear selection circuitry. This, together with the exposed engine, increased the aerodynamic drag dramatically, and the aircraft was unable to climb or maintain altitude during its final turn. The center of gravity shifted beyond its aft limit due to the engine separation and passenger movement, causing the airspeed to drop below the minimum control speed shortly before the aircraft struck the hillside. References ^ St. Foy, QB Plane Crash, Mar 1979 | GenDisasters ... Genealogy in Tragedy, Disasters, Fires, Floods ^ ASN Aircraft accident Fairchild F-27 CF-QBL Quebec, QC vteAviation accidents and incidents in 1979 (1979) Jan 30 Varig Flight 967Feb 12 Air Rhodesia Flight 827Feb 17 Air New Zealand Flight 4374Mar 14 Alia Flight 600Mar 17 Aeroflot Flight 1691Mar 26 1979 Interflug Ilyushin Il-18 crashMar 29 Quebecair Flight 255Apr 4 TWA Flight 841Apr 23 SAETA Flight 011May 25 American Airlines Flight 191May 30 Downeast Airlines Flight 46Jun 17 Air New England Flight 248Jun 20 American Airlines Flight 293Jul 11 Garuda Fokker F28 crashJul 26 Lufthansa Cargo Flight 527Jul 31 Dan-Air Flight 0034Aug 11 Dniprodzerzhynsk mid-air collisionAug 29 Aeroflot Flight 5484Sep 14 Aero Trasporti Italiani Flight 12Oct 7 Swissair Flight 316Oct 31 Western Airlines Flight 2605Nov 11 Manises UFO incidentNov 15 American Airlines Flight 444Nov 26 Pakistan International Airlines Flight 740Nov 28 Air New Zealand Flight 901Dec 18 Mosfellsheiði air crashesDec 23 Turkish Airlines Ankara crash 1978   ◄    ►   1980 vteAviation accidents and incidents in Canada1940s American Airlines Flight 1 (October 1941) Saint-Donat RCAF Liberator III crash (October 1943) 1946 American Overseas Airlines Douglas DC-4 crash (October 1946) Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 108 (September 1949) 1950s Douglas C-54D disappearance (January 1950) British Columbia B-36 crash (February 1950) Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 9 (May 1954) Convent Crash (May 1956) Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 810 (December 1956) Maritime Central Airways Flight 315 (August 1957) Pan Am Flight 115 (February 1959) 1960s Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 831 (November 1963) Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 21 (July 1965) ČSA Flight 523 (September 1967) 1970s Air Canada Flight 621 (July 1970) American Airlines Flight 96 (June 1972) Panarctic Oils Flight 416 (October 1974) TWA Flight 355 (September 1976) Pacific Western Airlines Flight 314 (February 1978) Air Canada Flight 189 (June 1978) Quebecair Flight 255 (March 1979) 1980s Gimli Glider (July 1983) Pacific Western Airlines Flight 501 (March 1984) Arrow Air Flight 1285R (December 1985) Air Ontario Flight 1363 (March 1989) 1990s Air Canada Flight 646 (December 1997) Propair Flight 420 (June 1998) Swissair Flight 111 (September 1998) 2000s Korean Air Flight 085 (September 2001) MK Airlines Flight 1602 (October 2004) Air France Flight 358 (August 2005) Cougar Helicopters Flight 91 (March 2009) Northwest Airlines Flight 253 (December 2009) 2010s Conair CV-580 crash (July 2010) First Air Flight 6560 (August 2011) Air Canada Flight 624 (March 2015) West Wind Aviation Flight 282 (December 2017) Sky Lease Cargo Flight 4854 (November 2018) 2020s Toronto Pearson International Airport heist (April 2023) Northwestern Air Flight 738 (January 2024)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quebec City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Fairchild F-27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_F-27"}],"text":"Quebecair Flight 255 was a scheduled flight from Quebec City to Montreal. On March 29, 1979, the Fairchild F-27, registered CF-QBL, that was operating the flight crashed minutes after takeoff when an engine exploded. All three crew and 14 of the 21 passengers died.","title":"Quebecair Flight 255"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Lesage International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_City_Jean_Lesage_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"control tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_tower"},{"link_name":"emergency landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_landing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Following takeoff from Jean Lesage International Airport, the flight crew advised the control tower of a problem with their right engine. The plane was given clearance for an emergency landing. It circled the airport twice with flames emanating from one engine. The plane began the final turn in its landing sequence before crashing into a hillside. \"I heard a loud explosion and rushed out and saw the plane in flames\" one witness said.Firemen arrived at the scene within minutes, but it was reported they were \"unable to approach the burning wreckage for some time because of the extreme heat.\" Ambulances had difficulty reaching the accident site because they had to cross a railway line. \"Most of the people were not dead. Several died during the first half-hour after the accident. There were limbs cut off. We had to be careful when we were moving them,\" one woman told journalists.[1]","title":"Crash"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flight data recorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_recorder"},{"link_name":"turboprop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboprop"},{"link_name":"engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboprop_engine"},{"link_name":"landing gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_gear"},{"link_name":"aerodynamic drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic_drag"},{"link_name":"altitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude"},{"link_name":"center of gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_gravity"},{"link_name":"aft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aft"},{"link_name":"airspeed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed"},{"link_name":"minimum control speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_speeds#VMC"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The flight data recorders were recovered soon after the crash. Canadian investigators concluded that shortly after the twin-turboprop airliner lifted off, the low pressure impeller from the no. 2 engine burst, causing the forward part of the engine to separate. The flight crew were unable to raise the landing gear because debris from the engine damaged the electronic gear selection circuitry. This, together with the exposed engine, increased the aerodynamic drag dramatically, and the aircraft was unable to climb or maintain altitude during its final turn. The center of gravity shifted beyond its aft limit due to the engine separation and passenger movement, causing the airspeed to drop below the minimum control speed shortly before the aircraft struck the hillside.[2]","title":"Investigation"}]

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[{"Link":"https://www.gendisasters.com/air-disasters/8624/st-foy-qb-plane-crash-mar-1979","external_links_name":"St. Foy, QB Plane Crash, Mar 1979 | GenDisasters ... Genealogy in Tragedy, Disasters, Fires, Floods"},{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19790329-0","external_links_name":"ASN Aircraft accident Fairchild F-27 CF-QBL Quebec, QC"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Smith_(footballer_born_1989)

Jamie Smith (footballer, born 1989)

["1 Career","2 Honours","3 References","4 External links"]

English footballer For other people named Jamie Smith, see Jamie Smith (disambiguation). Jamie Smith Personal informationFull name Jamie Peter SmithDate of birth (1989-09-12) 12 September 1989 (age 34)Place of birth Leytonstone, London, EnglandHeight 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)Position(s) MidfielderYouth career1997–1999 Interwood1999–2008 Crystal PalaceSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2008–2009 Crystal Palace 0 (0)2009–2012 Brighton & Hove Albion 24 (0)2011–2012 Eastbourne Borough 3 (0)2012 Leyton Orient 1 (0)2012 Dover Athletic 13 (0)2012–2013 Eastbourne Borough 22 (1)2013–2015 Harlow Town 62 (14)Total 125 (15) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Jamie Peter Smith (born 16 September 1989 in Leytonstone) is an English former professional footballer who most recently played for Harlow Town. Career Smith played for Walthamstow youth team Interwood. His former coach at Interwood, Trevor Bailey, brought him to Crystal Palace at the age of nine. Smith progressed through the youth ranks at Crystal Palace and was awarded a one-year contract in the summer of 2008. After failing to make an appearance for Crystal Palace, Smith was released from the club in the summer of 2009. His former coach at Palace, Gary Issott, said; "Jamie Smith is a diminutive attacking central midfielder in the mould of Eyal Berkovic. He is very clever and improved after a frustrating first year. He started this season well and, up until Christmas, his form was electric." On 3 August 2009, Smith signed a one-year contract with Brighton & Hove Albion after impressing during a trial with the club. Smith made his professional debut for Brighton during the 7–1 defeat to Huddersfield Town on 18 August 2009. He was substituted in the first half after goalkeeper Michel Kuipers was sent off; Smith made way for the replacement goalkeeper Graeme Smith. Smith signed a six-month contract extension in May 2011 After being released by the Seagulls, Smith went on to train and eventually sign a contract until the end of the 2011–12 season with Leyton Orient. He made his only Orient appearance as a late substitute in the 3–0 defeat at Exeter City on 9 April 2012. On 15 May he was one of three players released by Orient manager Russell Slade. Following a brief period at Dover Athletic, Smith joined Eastbourne Borough in November 2012. Honours Brighton & Hove Albion Football League One: 2010–11 References ^ "List of Players under Written Contract Registered Between 01/08/2009 and 31/08/2009" (PDF). The Football Association. Retrieved 23 November 2010. ^ a b Jamie S Smith ^ Eaglets sign pro forms ^ Ifill and Oster let go ^ "Navarro Signs Deal". Archived from the original on 6 August 2009. Retrieved 19 August 2009. ^ Report:Huddersfield 7–1 Brighton ^ "New Deals for Development Trio". Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. 19 May 2011. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012. ^ "Leyton Orient sign former Brighton & Hove Albion midfielder Jamie Smith". guardian-series.co.uk. 8 March 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012. ^ "Exeter 3–0 Leyton Orient". BBC Sport. 9 April 2012. ^ "Lobjoit signs Os deal". Leyton Orient F.C. 15 May 2012. ^ "Squad Update : Smith Signs Up From Dover". Eastbourne Borough F.C. 26 November 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2012. ^ Rollin, Glenda; Rollin, Jack, eds. (2011). Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2011–2012. London: Headline Publishing Group. pp. 39, 104–105. ISBN 978-0-7553-6231-8. External links Profile on Holmesdale.net Soccerbase Information Jamie Smith at Soccerway

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamie Smith (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Smith_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Leytonstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leytonstone"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Harlow Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlow_Town_F.C."}],"text":"For other people named Jamie Smith, see Jamie Smith (disambiguation).Jamie Peter Smith (born 16 September 1989 in Leytonstone) is an English former professional footballer who most recently played for Harlow Town.","title":"Jamie Smith (footballer, born 1989)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walthamstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holmesdale-2"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Eyal Berkovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyal_Berkovic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holmesdale-2"},{"link_name":"Brighton & Hove Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Michel Kuipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Kuipers"},{"link_name":"Graeme Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Smith"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2011–12 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Football_League_One"},{"link_name":"Leyton Orient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton_Orient_F.C."},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Exeter City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Russell Slade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Slade"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dover Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Eastbourne Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastbourne_Borough_F.C."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Squad_Update:_Smith_Signs_Up_From_Dover-11"}],"text":"Smith played for Walthamstow youth team Interwood. His former coach at Interwood, Trevor Bailey, brought him to Crystal Palace at the age of nine.[2]Smith progressed through the youth ranks at Crystal Palace and was awarded a one-year contract in the summer of 2008.[3] After failing to make an appearance for Crystal Palace, Smith was released from the club in the summer of 2009.[4] His former coach at Palace, Gary Issott, said; \"Jamie Smith is a diminutive attacking central midfielder in the mould of Eyal Berkovic. He is very clever and improved after a frustrating first year. He started this season well and, up until Christmas, his form was electric.\"[2]On 3 August 2009, Smith signed a one-year contract with Brighton & Hove Albion after impressing during a trial with the club.[5] Smith made his professional debut for Brighton during the 7–1 defeat to Huddersfield Town on 18 August 2009.[6] He was substituted in the first half after goalkeeper Michel Kuipers was sent off; Smith made way for the replacement goalkeeper Graeme Smith.[citation needed]Smith signed a six-month contract extension in May 2011[7]\nAfter being released by the Seagulls, Smith went on to train and eventually sign a contract until the end of the 2011–12 season with Leyton Orient.[8] He made his only Orient appearance as a late substitute in the 3–0 defeat at Exeter City on 9 April 2012.[9] On 15 May he was one of three players released by Orient manager Russell Slade.[10]Following a brief period at Dover Athletic, Smith joined Eastbourne Borough in November 2012.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_One"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Football_League_One"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Brighton & Hove AlbionFootball League One: 2010–11[12]","title":"Honours"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"List of Players under Written Contract Registered Between 01/08/2009 and 31/08/2009\" (PDF). The Football Association. Retrieved 23 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/RulesandRegulations/~/media/Files/PDF/TheFA/PlayerRegistrations/RegList_August09.ashx/RegList_August09.pdf","url_text":"\"List of Players under Written Contract Registered Between 01/08/2009 and 31/08/2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Navarro Signs Deal\". Archived from the original on 6 August 2009. Retrieved 19 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090806013946/http://www.seagulls.co.uk/page/Latest/0%2C%2C10433~1742247%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Navarro Signs Deal\""},{"url":"http://www.seagulls.co.uk/page/Latest/0,,10433~1742247,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New Deals for Development Trio\". Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. 19 May 2011. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120910234453/http://www.seagulls.co.uk/page/Latest/0%2C%2C10433~2363096%2C00.html","url_text":"\"New Deals for Development Trio\""},{"url":"http://www.seagulls.co.uk/page/Latest/0,,10433~2363096,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Leyton Orient sign former Brighton & Hove Albion midfielder Jamie Smith\". guardian-series.co.uk. 8 March 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guardian-series.co.uk/sport/leytonorient/9579089.O_s_bring_in_Smith/","url_text":"\"Leyton Orient sign former Brighton & Hove Albion midfielder Jamie Smith\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exeter 3–0 Leyton Orient\". BBC Sport. 9 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17581372","url_text":"\"Exeter 3–0 Leyton Orient\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lobjoit signs Os deal\". Leyton Orient F.C. 15 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leytonorient.com/page/NewsDetail/0,,10439~2768017,00.html","url_text":"\"Lobjoit signs Os deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Squad Update : Smith Signs Up From Dover\". Eastbourne Borough F.C. 26 November 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ebfc.co.uk/news/squad-update-smith-signs-up-784281.html","url_text":"\"Squad Update : Smith Signs Up From Dover\""}]},{"reference":"Rollin, Glenda; Rollin, Jack, eds. (2011). Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2011–2012. London: Headline Publishing Group. pp. 39, 104–105. ISBN 978-0-7553-6231-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7553-6231-8","url_text":"978-0-7553-6231-8"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_Airways

Air Mikisew

["1 History","2 Destinations","3 Fleet","4 See also","5 References"]

Air Mikisew IATA ICAO Callsign V8 N/A AURORA Founded1960 (as Contact Airways)Ceased operations2011HubsFort McMurray AirportFocus citiesEdmonton City Centre (Blatchford Field) Airport Fort Chipewyan AirportFleet size10Destinations3Parent companyAir Mikisew Ltd.HeadquartersFort McMurray, AlbertaKey peopleGraham Davis (General & Operations Manager), Tom Tays (Chief Pilot) Air Mikisew was a regional airline based in Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada. Its main base was the Fort McMurray Airport. Mikisew is the Cree word for eagle. History The airline was established as Contact Airways in 1960 with a Class 4C operating license, based in Fort McMurray. It was sold in the 1960s and later became wholly owned by the Mikisew Cree First Nation in 1995. It had 63 employees as of at March 2007. It was awarded the Fort McMurray Business of the Year award in 2005. The airline was grounded in 2010, and permanently closed by 2011. Destinations Air Mikisew provided scheduled flights between Fort Chipewyan, Fort McMurray, and Edmonton. It also provided aero-medical flights for the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo area and charter flights throughout western Canada. Fleet In June 2010, the Air Mikisew fleet consisted of the following aircraft until its audit by Transport Canada: 2 - British Aerospace Jetstream 31 (one Executive and one Commuter configuration) 1 - Raytheon Beech 1900D 1 - Raytheon Beech B99 1 - Raytheon Beech King Air B200 Medevac 1 - Cessna 208 Caravan (Amphibious in the summer) 2 - Piper PA-31-350 Navajo Chieftains 1 - Cessna 207 1 - Cessna 206 1 - Cessna 185 (on floats) See also List of defunct airlines of Canada References ^ a b c "Directory: World Airlines". Flight International. 2007-03-27. p. 63. ^ McDougall, Margaret: Tar on the Floats, Prince George BC, Canada, 2005. Page 90. ISBN 0-9738666-0-8 ^ Fort McMurray Chamber of Commerce Wall of Fame Alumni ^ "Mikisew restarting Fort Chipewyan flights". Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2012-05-04. ^ "(Schedule) Air Mikisw website - schedule". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2005-12-09. Portals: Canada Companies Aviation vteDefunct airlines of Canada 30000 Island Air Aero Activities Limited Aéro Golfe Aero Trades Western Aeropro Air 500 Air 2000 Canada Air Alliance Air Atlantic Air Atonabee Air Baffin Air BC Air Canada Jazz Air Canada Regional Air Canada Tango Air Caribou Air Charter Systems Air Club International Air Fecteau Air Gaspé Air Georgian Air Labrador Air Mikisew Air Norterra Air Nova Air Ontario Air Saguenay Air Sask Air Satellite Air Schefferville Air Southwest Air Toronto Airspeed Aviation Airtransit Aklavik Flying Services Alberta Citylink Alberta Express Alert Bay Air Services AllCanada Express Alta Flights Arctic Sunwest Charters Arctic Wings Arrow Airways Ashuanipi Aviation Associated Air Taxi Associated Airways Associated Helicopters Athabaska Airways Atonabee Airways Austin Airways Avionair B.C. Air Lines Bar XH Air Baxter Aviation BCWest Air Bearskin Lake Air Service Boreal Airways Bow Helicopters Bradley Air Services Brock Air Services Brooker-Wheaton Aviation Calumet Air Service Canada 3000 Canada 3000 Cargo Canada West Airlines Canadian Airlines Canadian Airways Canadian Colonial Airways Canadian Pacific Air Lines Canadian Regional Airlines CanJet CanJet Airlines Capreol and Austin Air Services Cargo North Carl Millard Cassidair Services Central British Columbia Airlines Central Northern Airways Chaparal Charters Cherry Red Airline Chimo Air Service City Express Contact Airways Corporate Express Curtiss-Reid Flying Service Deraps Aviation Discovery Air Dominion Pegasus Helicopters Eastern Canada Air Lines Eastern Flying Service Eastern Provincial Airways Eldorado Radium Silver Express Enerjet Expeditair Fecteau Transport Aerien First Air First Nations Transportation Flair Air FlyToo Fortunair Gagnon Air Service Georgian Express Ginger Coote Airways Globemaster Air Cargo Grand Island Aviation Great Lakes Airlines Great Western Airways Greater Toronto Airways Greyhound Air Gulf Air Aviation Haida Airlines Harmony Airways Hawkair Helijet Airways HMY Airways Holidair ICC Air Cargo Canada Innu Mikun Airlines Intair Integra Air Inter-Canadien Island Express Air Jetsgo Johanneson Flying Services Kamloops Air Service KD Air Kelner Airways Kelowna Flightcraft Air Charter Kenting Atlas Aviation Keystone Air Service Knighthawk Air Express Kootenay Direct Airlines La Ronge Aviation La Sarre Air Services Labrador Air Safari Labrador Airways Lac Saint-Jean Aviation Lamb Air Latham Island Airways Laurentide Air Services Leavens Bros Air Services Lethbridge Air Services Lethbridge Aircraft Company Lethbridge Commercial Airways Little Red Air Service Lynx Air M&C Aviation MacKenzie Air Services Maestro Maritime Central Airways Matane Air Services Millardair Minerve Canada Mont Laurier Aviation Montmagny Air Service Montreal & Dominion Skyways NAC Air Nahanni Air Services Nationair New Air & Tours Newfoundland Airways Newfoundland Aero Sales and Services NewLeaf NextJet Canada Nolisair Norcanair Nordair NorOntair North Canada Air North Cariboo Flying Service North Pacific Seaplanes North Vancouver Air North-Wright Air Northern Mountain Airlines Northern Wings Nunasi-Central Airlines NWT Air Odyssey International Okanagan Air Services Omineca Air Services Ontario Central Airlines Ontario Express Orca Airways Otonabee Airways Owen Sound Air Services Pacific Spirit Air Pacific Western Airlines Pat Bay Air Peace Air Pem-Air Polaris Charter Company Port Alberni Airways Powell Air Prairie Airways Prince Edward Air Pronto Airways Provincial Airlines Ptarmigan Airways Purple Label Airlines Quebec Airways Quebec Aviation Quebecair Quebecair Express Queen Charlotte Airlines QuikAir QuikAire Cargo Regency Express Regionair Regional 1 Airlines Rimouski Airlines Roots Air Royal Aviation Royal Cargo Airlines RoyalAir Salt Spring Air Saskatchewan Government Airways Sealand Helicopters Saguenay Air Service Sept-Iles Helicopter Services Skeena Air Transport Sky Regional Airlines Skycraft Air Transport Skyservice Skyxpress Slave Air Sonicblue Airways Soundair Soundair Express Southern Air Transport Southern Alberta Air Lines Southern Alberta Airlines Southern Frontier Airlines Starratt Airways Sunwest Home Aviation Swanberg Air Swoop Thomas Cook Airlines Canada Time Air Toronto Helicopters Trans-Canada Air Lines Trans-Gaspesian Air Lines Trans-Provincial Airlines Transair Transwest Air Trillium Air Trinity Helicopters Triton Airlines Universal Helicopters Vacationair Val Air Vic Turner Ltd Wilderness Seaplanes Vision Airways Corporation Vistajet Wardair West Coast Air West Wind Aviation Western Express Airlines Wilderness Seaplanes Windoak Air Service Winnport Whitehorse Flying Services World-Wide Airways Worldways Canada Yellowknife Airways Zip Zoom Airlines See also: List of airlines of Canada This article relating to a Canadian airline is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about transport in Alberta is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"List of defunct airlines of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_Canada"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Anderson_(British_politician)

David Anderson (British politician)

["1 Early life","2 Parliamentary career","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]

British Labour politician Dave AndersonAnderson in 2007Shadow Secretary of State for ScotlandIn office1 July 2016 – 14 June 2017LeaderJeremy CorbynPreceded byIan MurraySucceeded byLesley LairdShadow Secretary of State for Northern IrelandIn office27 June 2016 – 14 June 2017LeaderJeremy CorbynPreceded byVernon CoakerSucceeded byOwen SmithMember of Parliamentfor BlaydonIn office5 May 2005 – 3 May 2017Preceded byJohn McWilliamSucceeded byLiz Twist Personal detailsBorn (1953-12-02) 2 December 1953 (age 70)Sunderland, England, UKPolitical partyLabourSpouse Eva Anderson ​(m. 1973)​Alma materNew College DurhamDoncaster CollegeDurham UniversityWebsiteOfficial websiteCommons website David Anderson (born 2 December 1953) is a British politician who served as Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland and Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland from 2016 to 2017. A member of the Labour Party, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for Blaydon from 2005 to 2017. Early life Anderson was born in Sunderland. He was educated at Maltby Grammar School, Durham Technical College, Doncaster Technical College and Durham University. He worked as a miner from 1969 until 1989 at Eppleton Colliery near Hetton-le-Hole, then as a care worker until he entered Parliament. During his time as a care worker, he was also an activist in the public sector trade union UNISON and served as its president from 2003 until 2004. Parliamentary career Anderson was first elected at the 2005 general election, after the sitting Labour MP for Blaydon John David McWilliam stood down. In Parliament, Anderson was a member of the Northern Ireland Affairs Committee from 2005 onward, having long been interested in the peace process in Northern Ireland, and was also a member of the House of Commons Procedure Committee for a year. In 2006 he was appointed as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Education and Skills Minister Bill Rammell. Until 2014, Anderson served as chair of the Labour Friends of Iraq group, a body dedicated to supporting ordinary Iraqis as they attempt to rebuild their lives. In a 2008 interview with SOMA Digest Anderson urged the implementation of article 140 of the Iraqi constitution regarding the normalisation process of Kirkuk and other formerly Arabised towns. He also called for solving the Kurdish issue in Turkey in a democratic way. Anderson was nominated as the Parliamentary Champion for Education and Sport by the anti-racist group Show Racism The Red Card. He has been active in the campaign to overturn a House of Lords ruling that would have had a devastating impact on people suffering from asbestosis, pleural mesothelioma and peritoneal mesothelioma, all crippling diseases caused by exposure to asbestos. Although Labour lost the 2010 general election, Anderson's majority in the Blaydon constituency rose from 5,335 in 2005 to 9,117, on a turnout of 44,913 (66.2%). He was one of 16 signatories of an open letter to Ed Miliband in January 2015, calling on the party to commit to oppose further austerity, take rail franchises back into public ownership and strengthen collective bargaining arrangements. He was appointed on 27 June 2016 as Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland by Jeremy Corbyn, following resignations. On 1 July he was made Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland, replacing Ian Murray who had resigned five days earlier. With the snap general election in June 2017, Anderson decided not to seek re-election. Labour retained his seat at the election. Personal life He married Eva Anderson in 1973. References ^ "Dave Anderson MP -official constituency website". Dave Anderson website. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015. ^ Labour Friends of Iraq - Who we are Archived 24 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ SOMA Digest Interview Archived 13 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine ^ Eaton, George (26 January 2015). "The Labour left demand a change of direction - why their intervention matters". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015. ^ "Jeremy Corbyn unveils new top team after resignations". BBC News. 27 June 2016. Archived from the original on 26 June 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2018. ^ "English MP Dave Anderson is shadow Scottish Secretary". BBC News. 1 July 2016. Archived from the original on 4 July 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016. ^ "Blaydon MP to stand down in wake of snap election". ITV News. 20 April 2017. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2017. External links Profile at Parliament of the United Kingdom Contributions in Parliament at Hansard Contributions in Parliament at Hansard 1803–2005 Voting record at Public Whip Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou David Anderson Profile at New Statesman Your Democracy Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byJohn McWilliam Member of Parliamentfor Blaydon 2005–2017 Succeeded byLiz Twist Political offices Preceded byVernon Coaker Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland 2016–2017 Succeeded byOwen Smith Preceded byIan Murray Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland 2016–2017 Succeeded byLesley Laird Trade union offices Preceded byNancy Coull President of Unison 2003–2004 Succeeded byPauline Thorne Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Czech Republic People UK Parliament Other IdRef

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A member of the Labour Party, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for Blaydon from 2005 to 2017.","title":"David Anderson (British politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland,_Tyne_and_Wear"},{"link_name":"Maltby Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltby_Academy"},{"link_name":"Durham Technical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College_Durham"},{"link_name":"Doncaster Technical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_College"},{"link_name":"Durham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hetton-le-Hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetton-le-Hole"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Parliament"},{"link_name":"UNISON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNISON"}],"text":"Anderson was born in Sunderland. He was educated at Maltby Grammar School, Durham Technical College, Doncaster Technical College and Durham University.[1] He worked as a miner from 1969 until 1989 at Eppleton Colliery near Hetton-le-Hole, then as a care worker until he entered Parliament. During his time as a care worker, he was also an activist in the public sector trade union UNISON and served as its president from 2003 until 2004.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2005 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"John David McWilliam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McWilliam_(Labour_politician)"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Affairs Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Affairs_Committee"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Procedure Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedure_Committee"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Private Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Private_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Education and Skills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Education_and_Skills_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Bill Rammell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Rammell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"SOMA Digest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOMA_Digest"},{"link_name":"article 140 of the Iraqi constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_140_of_the_Iraqi_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Kirkuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkuk"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kurdish issue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Show Racism The Red Card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_Racism_The_Red_Card"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"asbestosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestosis"},{"link_name":"pleural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleural"},{"link_name":"peritoneal mesothelioma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneal_mesothelioma"},{"link_name":"asbestos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos"},{"link_name":"2010 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Ed Miliband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Miliband"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Corbyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Ian Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Murray_(British_politician)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Anderson was first elected at the 2005 general election, after the sitting Labour MP for Blaydon John David McWilliam stood down.In Parliament, Anderson was a member of the Northern Ireland Affairs Committee from 2005 onward, having long been interested in the peace process in Northern Ireland, and was also a member of the House of Commons Procedure Committee for a year. In 2006 he was appointed as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Education and Skills Minister Bill Rammell.Until 2014, Anderson served as chair of the Labour Friends of Iraq group, a body dedicated to supporting ordinary Iraqis as they attempt to rebuild their lives.[2] In a 2008 interview with SOMA Digest Anderson urged the implementation of article 140 of the Iraqi constitution regarding the normalisation process of Kirkuk and other formerly Arabised towns.[3] He also called for solving the Kurdish issue in Turkey in a democratic way.Anderson was nominated as the Parliamentary Champion for Education and Sport by the anti-racist group Show Racism The Red Card. He has been active in the campaign to overturn a House of Lords ruling that would have had a devastating impact on people suffering from asbestosis, pleural mesothelioma and peritoneal mesothelioma, all crippling diseases caused by exposure to asbestos.Although Labour lost the 2010 general election, Anderson's majority in the Blaydon constituency rose from 5,335 in 2005 to 9,117, on a turnout of 44,913 (66.2%).He was one of 16 signatories of an open letter to Ed Miliband in January 2015, calling on the party to commit to oppose further austerity, take rail franchises back into public ownership and strengthen collective bargaining arrangements.[4]He was appointed on 27 June 2016 as Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland by Jeremy Corbyn, following resignations.[5] On 1 July he was made Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland, replacing Ian Murray who had resigned five days earlier.[6] With the snap general election in June 2017, Anderson decided not to seek re-election.[7] Labour retained his seat at the election.","title":"Parliamentary career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"He married Eva Anderson in 1973.","title":"Personal life"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_Muhip_D%C4%B1ranas

Ahmet Muhip Dıranas

["1 Biography","2 Bibliography","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Turkish poet Ahmet Muhip DıranasAhmet Muhip DıranasBorn1909Sinop, Ottoman EmpireDied27 June 1980(1980-06-27) (aged 70–71)Ankara, TurkeyOccupationPlaywright, poet, author Ahmet Muhip Dıranas (1909 – 27 June 1980) was a leading Turkish poet and writer. Biography He was born in Sinop, Ottoman Empire in 1909. Having completed his primary education in Sinop, he moved to Ankara and graduated from Ankara High School. He then went to Istanbul for a university degree and studied philosophy at Istanbul University. He returned to Ankara in 1938, and worked as a director in the CHP headquarters. Having completed his military service, he continued his career as a publication director in the Society for the Protection of Children (Turkish: Çocuk Esirgeme Kurumu) in Ankara. In the 1950s he was a regular contributor of the Democrat Party newspaper Zafer. Bibliography Poetry "Şiirler" (1974) "Kırık Saz" (1975) Plays "Gölgeler" (1947) "O Böyle İstemezdi" (1948) Translated plays "Aptal" (1940 - translated from Dostoevski's Idiot) Research "Fransa'da Müstakil Resim" (1937 - with Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı) See also List of contemporary Turkish poets References ^ Kadri Unat. "Zafer Gazetesi". Atatürk Encyclopedia (in Turkish). ^ Sinan Ekim (2022). Towards a “new” Turkishness? Islam, education and the “ideal” Turk in the 1950s (Ph.D thesis). London School of Economics. p. 65. doi:10.21953/lse.00004459. Culture and Tourism Ministry of Turkey - Biography of Ahmet Muhip Dıranas (in Turkish) Ykykultur.com.tr - Biography and bibliography of Ahmet Muhip Dıranas (in Turkish) External links Ahmet Muhip Dıranas - On his life and poetry vteTurkish literatureFolk Aşık Mahzuni Şerif Âşık Veysel Dadaloğlu Erzurumlu Emrah Gevheri Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli Karacaoğlan Kaygusuz Abdal Nasreddin Neşet Ertaş Pir Sultan Abdal Seyrani Yunus Emre Medieval and Ottoman Abdülhak Hâmid Tarhan Ahdi of Baghdad Ahmet Mithat Ahmet Rasim Ali Canip Yöntem Ali Çelebi Aşık Çelebi Bâkî Cenâb Şehâbeddîn Evliya Çelebi Fatma Aliye Topuz Fitnat Hanım Fuzuli Habib Esfahani Imadaddin Nasimi İbrahim Şinasi İsa Necati Katib Çelebi Kınalızâde Hasan Çelebi Latifî Mehmet Emin Yurdakul Mercimek Ahmed Mesihi Mihri Hatun Muallim Naci Namık Kemal Nedîm Nef'i Nergisî Ömer Seyfettin Recaizade Mahmud Ekrem Riyazi Samipaşazade Sezai Sehi Bey Şemsettin Sami Sultan Veled Prizrenli Suzi Çelebi Süleyman Nazif Şeyh Gâlib Tâcîzâde Cafer Çelebi Tevfik Fikret Yahya bey Dukagjini Yirmisekiz Mehmed Çelebi Zafer Hanım Ziya Pasha Republican era Abdülhak Şinasi Hisar Adalet Ağaoğlu Ahmet Altan Ahmet Haşim Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Ahmet Muhip Dıranas Ahmet Kutsi Tecer Aslı Erdoğan Attilâ İlhan Ayfer Tunç Ayşe Kulin Aziz Nesin Behçet Necatigil Bilge Karasu Buket Uzuner Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı Can Yücel Cemal Süreya Cemil Meriç Cevat Şakir Kabaağaçlı Cevdet Kudret Ece Ayhan Çağlar Edip Cansever Elif Shafak Emine Işınsu Enis Behiç Koryürek Ercüment Ekrem Talu Fakir Baykurt Faruk Nafiz Çamlıbel Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca Güven Turan Haldun Taner Halide Edib Adıvar Halide Nusret Zorlutuna Halit Fahri Ozansoy Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar İlhan Berk İnci Aral İsmet Özel Kemal Bilbaşar Kemal Tahir Kenan Hulusi Koray Küçük İskender Mehmet Fuat Köprülü Mehmet Emin Yurdakul Melih Cevdet Anday Memduh Şevket Esendal Murat Gülsoy Murathan Mungan N. Abbas Sayar Nâzım Hikmet Necati Cumalı Necip Fazıl Kısakürek Neyzen Tevfik Nezihe Araz Nihal Atsız Nihal Yeğinobalı Nurullah Ataç Oğuz Atay Orhan Hançerlioğlu Orhan Kemal Oktay Rıfat Horozcu Orhan Pamuk Orhan Seyfi Orhon Orhan Şaik Gökyay Orhan Veli Kanık Özdemir Asaf Peyami Safa Refik Halit Karay Reşat Nuri Güntekin Rıfat Ilgaz Ruşen Eşref Ünaydın Sabahattin Ali Sabri Esat Siyavuşgil Sait Faik Abasıyanık Salah Birsel Samiha Ayverdi Samim Kocagöz Sezai Karakoç Suut Kemal Yetkin Şevket Süreyya Aydemir Tarık Buğra Tomris Uyar Turgut Özakman Turgut Uyar Ülkü Tamer Vasfi Mahir Kocatürk Yahya Kemal Beyatlı Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu Yaşar Kemal Yaşar Nabi Nayır Yılmaz Onay Yusuf Atılgan Yusuf Ziya Ortaç Ziya Gökalp Ziya Osman Saba Zülfü Livaneli Turkey portal Category Authority control databases International FAST ISNI 2 VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Netherlands Other IdRef İslâm Ansiklopedisi This article about a Turkish poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"List of contemporary Turkish poets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_contemporary_Turkish_poets"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_European_Film_Festival

South East European Film Festival

["1 Awards","2 History","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]

South East European Film FestivalLocationLos Angeles, CAFounded2006Artistic directorVera MijojlićWebsitewww.seefilmla.org The South East European Film Festival, also known as SEEfest, is an annual (non-profit) film festival held during the first week of May in various venues throughout Los Angeles, California. The festival presents feature films, documentaries and shorts produced in or thematically related to South East Europe and the Caucasus. The annual film festival includes a business conference, year-round screenings and programs, all showcasing the cultural diversity of South East Europe through themes, stories and visual artistry. It seeks to establish intercultural connections between artistic communities in the United States and South East Europe. Awards Awards are given in the following categories at the conclusion of the festival: Best Feature Film Best Cinematography in a Feature Film Best Debut Feature Best Documentary Film Best Cinematography in a Documentary Film Best Short Fiction Best Short Documentary Best Animation Short Audience Award for Best Narrative Film Audience Award for Best Documentary Film Additional awards have also been presented to honor cinema of the region and individuals who have made an impact. In 2015, Academy Award-winning actor George Chakiris (West Side Story) was honored with the Legacy Award, and Romanian actor Victor Rebengiuc (Medal of Honor) received the Lifetime Achievement Award.... In 2016, Croatian film director Veljko Bulajic was honored as the 2016 SEE Film Legend. History SEEfest was founded in 2006 by Vera Mijojlić, long-time film critic and cultural entrepreneur. Special curatorial effort is dedicated to SEEfest retrospectives and screenings of archival treasures. In 2011, the festival collaborated with the UCLA Film and Television Archive to organize retrospectives of Slovenian cinema spanning from 1950 to 2010. In 2012, SEEfest presented the tenth anniversary celebration of the Academy Award-winning film from Bosnia Herzegovina, No Man’s Land, directed by Danis Tanović, and it also collaborated with the Austin Film Society on a program of South East European films from the 21st century. That same year, it collaborated with the Los Angeles Filmforum and Harvard Film Archive on a retrospective of landmark 1960-70s short films from Serbia by the internationally acclaimed director Vlatko Gilić. The retrospective was subsequently screened at the Pacific Film Archive in Berkeley, California in 2013, and at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC in 2014 The world premiere of Andreas Prochaska’s Sarajevo, an Austrian-German-Czech co-production, opened the 9th annual SEEfest on May 1, 2014 at the Writers Guild Theater in Beverly Hills, marking the 100th anniversary of the events in Sarajevo in 1914 that led to World War I Reception In 2012, SEEfest was voted by staffers of Flavorwire as one of the 10 best “under-the-radar” film festivals in America. In 2013, SEEfest received recognitions from the California Assembly, County of Los Angeles and City of Los Angeles “for enhancing the cultural life and creating opportunities for cultural exchange between Southern California and South East Europe” and “contribution to the cultural vitality of Los Angeles.” In 2015, on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the festival, SEEfest received commendation from the Board of Supervisors of the Los Angeles County for “ American audiences a cinematic view of the people, cultures and dynamics of the 18 participating countries and ethnic groups from Southeastern Europe. SEEfest promotes this region by showcasing its best feature films, documentaries, shorts and animation.” SEEfest was awarded the Festival Grant from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 2012 and 2014. References ^ Papapostolou, Anastasios (28 Apr 2015). “South East European Film Festival to Honor Oscar-Winner George Chakiris”. Hollywood Greek Reporter. Retrieved 18 July 2015. ^ "Veljko Bulajic - SEE Film Legend 2016". ^ “South East European Film Festival Press Releases”. Retrieved 18 July 2015. ^ Kelly, Shannon and Vera Mijojlić. “Slovenia Begs to Differ: September 9 - 26, 2011”. UCLA Film and Television Archive. ^ Nafus, Chale and Vera Mijojlić (22 May 2012). “SEEfest Austin: Films of Southeast Europe”. Austin Film Society. Retrieved 18 July 2015. ^ Raczynska, Joanna and Ksenya Gurshtein (May 2014). "Artists, Amateurs, Alternative Spaces: Experimental Cinema in Eastern Europe”. National Gallery of Art, Washington DC. Retrieved 18 July 2015. ^ Geritz, Kathy (5 Mar 2013). “Documentary Voices Program: Poetic Vision of Vlatko Gilić”. University of California, Berkeley Art Museum & Pacific Film Archive. ^ Gettell, Oliver (1 May 2014). “South East European Film Fest to Open with ‘Sarajevo’ Thursday Night”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 18 July 2015. ^ Van Hoeij, Boyd (13 April 2014). “Sarajevo (Das Attentat: Sarajevo 2014): Film Review”. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 18 July 2015. ^ Holdsworth, Nick (15 Aug 2013). “Director Bela Tarr, Film Exec Robert Olla to be Honored at Sarajevo Film Festival”. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 18 July 2015. ^ Bailey, Jason (22 Oct 2012). “The Best Under-the-Radar Film Festivals in America”. Flavorwire. Retrieved 18 July 2015. External links South East European Film Festival

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lorax_(play)

The Lorax (musical)

["1 Productions","1.1 The Old Vic, London (2015 & 17)","1.2 North America (2017–18)","1.3 Old Vic, virtual (2021)","2 Synopsis","2.1 Act I","2.2 Act II","3 Musical numbers[7]","4 Critical reception","5 References","6 External links"]

Musical by Charlie FinkThe LoraxPromotional image for production, featuring the puppet of The Lorax.MusicCharlie FinkLyricsCharlie FinkBookDavid GreigBasisThe Lorax by Dr. SeussProductions2015 London The Lorax is a stage adaptation of the children's novel of the same name by Dr. Seuss, with the Television Special And The 2012 Film Adaptation adapted by David Greig and featuring songs by Charlie Fink. The play made its world premiere on 4 December 2015 at The Old Vic in London. Productions The Old Vic, London (2015 & 17) A stage adaptation of Dr. Seuss' The Lorax was scheduled for Christmas in 2015 as part of Matthew Warchus' first season as artistic director at The Old Vic. It was adapted by David Greig and directed by Max Webster. The production began on 4 December and finished on 16 January 2016. The production's creative team also consisted of Noah and the Whale frontman Charlie Fink writing music and lyrics, Drew McOnie as choreographer, Rob Howell as designer, John Clark as lighting designer, Tom Gibbons as sound designer, Phil Bateman as musical director/arranger and Nick Barnes and Finn Caldwell as puppetry designers. The cast included Simon Lipkin as the title role of 'The Lorax' (assisted by Laura Cubitt and Ben Thompson as puppeteers) and Simon Paisley Day as 'The Once-ler'. The production returned to The Old Vic for three weeks only from 15 October to 7 November 2017. North America (2017–18) The production was transferred to the Royal Alexandra Theatre in Toronto, Canada for a Christmas run from December 9 to January 21, 2018. Following the Toronto run, the show was produced in partnership with The Old Vic and Children's Theatre Company in Minneapolis where it was performed from April 17 to June 10, 2018, before transferring to the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego from July 3 to August 12. Old Vic, virtual (2021) From 14 to 17 April 2021 an "inventively transformed ... semi-staged pint-size version" was streamed live from the Old Vic stage, during the UK's COVID-19 lockdown. Synopsis Act I On a gray street at the end of town, there is a house where the Once-ler lives. Nearby there’s a broken statue of the Lorax with the word 'unless' engraved into it ("Life is Tough"). A kid wants to find out more about the Lorax. After being paid, the Once-ler who is now very old tells her a story, starting with his own childhood… His family used to run a mill, but the Once-ler used to daydream about things he could invent instead. His family are poor and have to rent out the Once-ler's room to a lodger, so he decides to go and find his fortune elsewhere. While travelling, the Once-ler dreams that he'll become rich as long as he has just one good idea ("I Could Be a Great Man"). He arrives in Paradise Valley and is delighted by all the new things he sees there. He sets to work, but when he cuts down a truffula tree the Lorax appears. The Lorax speaks for the trees and is angry one has been cut down. The Once-ler explains it was to make a "thneed", which the Lorax thinks is useless ("It's a Thneed"). He shows the Once-ler the beauty of the valley, and how he doesn't need to create anything new, everything he needs to live is in abundance in the valley ("Everything You Need’s Right Here"). The Lorax leaves on his summer break after planting a new truffula tree seed. The Once-ler begins to see how silly his thneed idea is, until a businessman buys one. He throws himself into creating a new thneed business, and invites his family to join him and set up a thneed knitting factory. They are all very excited about becoming rich ("When We Get Rich"). The Lorax returns to find half the forest has been chopped down and confronts the Once-ler, arguing that the wildlife needs the trees to live as well. They agree that only trees in the area called "Once-ler Nook" will be cut down. Soon after, the factory runs out of trees. At first, the Once-ler says they must stop making thneeds, but his family and the people of the town pressure him into starting work again and cut down other trees in the valley ("Great Man"). They say he also made a promise to them that they'd be rich, and persuade the Once-ler that if he continues he'll become a powerful man. As a compromise, the Once-ler creates a nature reserve. The Lorax hates the idea and is upset about the pollution which is killing the animals, he just wants the forest to return to how it was before. Instead of stopping, the Once-ler creates a super axe hacker which cuts down trees even faster ("Super Axe Hacker"). Act II Two factory workers are opening the factory, meanwhile the Lorax sneaks inside with the animals of the forest. They start a protest to save the trees, and a TV news crew turns up to report it. The Once-ler tries to impress Samelore the reporter with his machinery, but the Lorax exposes all the pollution the factory is creating and how it's affecting the wildlife ("We Are One"). The Once-ler starts to apologize to the viewers at home. Just as he agrees to shut the factory, he announces the new version of the thneed which makes it even more popular ("Thneed 2.0"). The Lorax sits alone on a stump and watches all the animals leave the area. The Once-ler treks up to visit him, to ask if they can still be friends. The Lorax says he's leaving because the forest has gone. He leaves the Once-ler with one word that he doesn't understand – "unless". At that moment, the last truffula tree is cut down. The Once-ler's family pack up their things and leave along with the rest of the town ("When We Get Rich" (reprise)). The Once-ler is left on his own, the story ends. The kid who has been listening to the story says that it can't be the end – she wants to know what "unless" means. The old Once-ler has been thinking about it for years, but doesn't understand and can't think of a way to bring the Lorax back when there's no forest. The kid has an idea, they need to plant a new truffula tree. The Once-ler says it won't work without a Lorax, but the kid persuades him to let her try. She plants the seed, waters it and waits, and finally it begins to grow ("Take It Wherever You Go"). The Once-ler is thrilled, and the kid asks if the Lorax will come back now. They finally realise that a Lorax is just someone, anyone, who looks after trees. His last word meant that nothing will get better unless someone like the kid cares enough to protect them and keep planting ("Take It Wherever You Go" (reprise)). Musical numbers Act I "Life is Tough" – Ensemble "I Could Be a Great Man" – The Once-ler and Ensemble "It's a Thneed" – The Once-ler "Everything You Need's Right Here" – The Lorax, The Once-ler and Ensemble "When We Get Rich" – The Once-ler and Once-ler Family "Great Man" – Von Goo, McGee, and McGann "Super Axe Hacker" – The Once-ler and Ensemble Act II "We Are One" – The Lorax and Ensemble "Thneed 2.0" – The Once-ler and Ensemble "When We Get Rich" (reprise) – Once-ler Family "Take It Wherever You Go" – The Lorax "Take It Wherever You Go" (reprise) – Ensemble Critical reception The production received rave reviews and was nominated for Best Entertainment and Family at the 2016 Laurence Olivier Awards. References ^ "See Tickets News". See Tickets. Retrieved 2016-10-30. ^ "Simon Lipkin to star in Dr Seuss's The Lorax". WhatsOnStage.com. Retrieved 2016-10-30. ^ "The Old Vic announces 2016–2017 season". London Theatre 1. 2016-05-04. Retrieved 2016-10-30. ^ "Mirvish | Dr. Seuss's The Lorax". www.mirvish.com. Retrieved 2017-05-07. ^ Company, Children's Theatre. "Dr. Seuss's The Lorax". www.childrenstheatre.org. Retrieved 2017-05-07. ^ "Press Release: 2017–2018 Season Announcement | The Old Globe". www.theoldglobe.org. Retrieved 2017-05-07. ^ "Performances, The Old Globe, The Lorax" (PDF). The Old Globe. July 2018. Retrieved 2019-01-31. ^ Billington, Michael (2015-12-17). "Dr Seuss's The Lorax review – the best family show since Matilda". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-10-30. ^ Clapp, Susannah (2015-12-20). "Dr Seuss's The Lorax review – a joyful mix of flesh and fabric". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-10-30. ^ "Olivier Awards 2016: the nominations in full | News | The Stage". The Stage. 2016-02-29. Retrieved 2016-10-30. External links Page for premiere on The Old Vic site vteDr. SeussCharacters The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot's Pool Thidwick the Big-Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super! Horton Hears a Who! On Beyond Zebra! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You! One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish Green Eggs and Ham The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss's ABC Hop on Pop Fox in Socks I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew I Wish That I Had Duck Feet 1 Come over to My House 1 The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today! and Other Stories My Book about ME Mr. Brown Can Moo! Can You?: Dr. Seuss's Book of Wonderful Noises! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are? The Shape of Me and Other Stuff There's a Wocket in My Pocket Great Day for Up! Wacky Wednesday 1 Oh, the Thinks You Can Think! The Cat's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut! Oh Say Can You Say? Hunches in Bunches The Butter Battle Book You're Only Old Once! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today! Oh, the Places You'll Go! Daisy-Head Mayzie 2 My Many Colored Days 2 Hooray for Diffendoofer Day! 2 The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories 2 Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories 2 What Pet Should I Get? 2 Horse Museum 2 AdaptationsTelevision series The Gerald McBoing-Boing Show (1956–1957) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss (1996–1998) Gerald McBoing-Boing (2005–2007) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That! (2010–2018) episodes Green Eggs and Ham (2019–2022) Television specials Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (1966) Horton Hears a Who! (1970) The Cat in the Hat (1971) The Lorax (1972) Dr. Seuss on the Loose (1973) The Hoober-Bloob Highway (1975) Halloween Is Grinch Night (1977) Pontoffel Pock, Where Are You? (1980) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat (1982) The Butter Battle Book (1989) In Search of Dr. Seuss (1994) Daisy-Head Mayzie (1995) Film Horton Hatches the Egg (short; 1942) Gerald McBoing-Boing (short; 1950) How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000) The Cat in the Hat (2003) Horton Hears a Who! (2008) The Lorax (2012) The Grinch (2018) The Mean One (2022) Video games Dr. Seuss' Fix-Up the Mix-Up Puzzler (1984) The Grinch (2000) The Cat in the Hat (2003) Dr. Seuss: Green Eggs and Ham (2003) Dr. Seuss: How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (2007) Other media Welcome (Russian short film) Seussical (musical) Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical "You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch" (song) The Cat in the Hat (play) The Lorax (musical) Dr. Seuss' The Grinch Musical Live! (musical) Dr. Seuss's ABC (musical) Green Eggs and Ham (musical) The Cat in the Hat (musical) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T. Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related Helen Palmer (first wife) A Fish Out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc. Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing 1 as "Theo. LeSieg".   2 Posthumous.    vteDr. Seuss' The LoraxMedia The Lorax (1972 TV special) The Lorax (2012 film) soundtrack Theatre The Lorax (musical)

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It was adapted by David Greig and directed by Max Webster.[1]The production began on 4 December and finished on 16 January 2016. The production's creative team also consisted of Noah and the Whale frontman Charlie Fink writing music and lyrics, Drew McOnie as choreographer, Rob Howell as designer, John Clark as lighting designer, Tom Gibbons as sound designer, Phil Bateman as musical director/arranger and Nick Barnes and Finn Caldwell as puppetry designers. The cast included Simon Lipkin as the title role of 'The Lorax' (assisted by Laura Cubitt and Ben Thompson as puppeteers) and Simon Paisley Day as 'The Once-ler'.[2]The production returned to The Old Vic for three weeks only from 15 October to 7 November 2017.[3]","title":"Productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Children's Theatre Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Theatre_Company"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Old Globe Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Globe_Theatre"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"North America (2017–18)","text":"The production was transferred to the Royal Alexandra Theatre in Toronto, Canada for a Christmas run from December 9 to January 21, 2018.[4]Following the Toronto run, the show was produced in partnership with The Old Vic and Children's Theatre Company in Minneapolis where it was performed from April 17 to June 10, 2018,[5] before transferring to the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego from July 3 to August 12.[6]","title":"Productions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Old Vic, virtual (2021)","text":"From 14 to 17 April 2021 an \"inventively transformed ... semi-staged pint-size version\" was streamed live from the Old Vic stage, during the UK's COVID-19 lockdown.","title":"Productions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Act I","text":"On a gray street at the end of town, there is a house where the Once-ler lives. Nearby there’s a broken statue\nof the Lorax with the word 'unless' engraved into it (\"Life is Tough\"). A kid wants to find out more about the Lorax. After being paid, the Once-ler who is now very old tells her a story, starting with his own childhood…His family used to run a mill, but the Once-ler used to daydream about things he could invent instead. His family\nare poor and have to rent out the Once-ler's room to a lodger, so he decides to go and find his fortune elsewhere. While travelling, the Once-ler dreams that he'll become rich as long as he has just one good idea (\"I Could Be a Great Man\").He arrives in Paradise Valley and is delighted by all the new things he sees there. He sets to work, but when he cuts down a truffula tree the Lorax appears. The Lorax speaks for the trees and is angry one has been cut down. The Once-ler explains it was to make a \"thneed\", which the Lorax thinks is useless (\"It's a Thneed\"). He shows the Once-ler the beauty of the valley, and how he doesn't need to create anything new, everything he needs to live is in abundance in the valley (\"Everything You Need’s Right Here\").The Lorax leaves on his summer break after planting a new truffula tree seed. The Once-ler begins to see how silly\nhis thneed idea is, until a businessman buys one. He throws himself into creating a new thneed business, and invites\nhis family to join him and set up a thneed knitting factory. They are all very excited about becoming rich (\"When We Get Rich\").The Lorax returns to find half the forest has been chopped down and confronts the Once-ler, arguing that the wildlife needs the trees to live as well. They agree that only trees in the area called \"Once-ler Nook\" will be cut down. Soon after, the factory runs out of trees. At first, the Once-ler says they must stop making thneeds, but his family\nand the people of the town pressure him into starting work again and cut down other trees in the valley (\"Great Man\").They say he also made a promise to them that they'd be rich, and persuade the Once-ler that if he continues he'll become a\npowerful man. As a compromise, the Once-ler creates a nature reserve. The Lorax hates the idea and is upset about the pollution which is killing the animals, he just wants the forest to return to how it was before. Instead of stopping,\nthe Once-ler creates a super axe hacker which cuts down trees even faster (\"Super Axe Hacker\").","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Act II","text":"Two factory workers are opening the factory, meanwhile the Lorax sneaks inside with the animals of the forest. They start a protest to save the trees, and a TV news crew turns up to report it. The Once-ler tries to impress Samelore the reporter with his machinery, but the Lorax exposes all the pollution the factory is creating and how it's affecting the wildlife (\"We Are One\").The Once-ler starts to apologize to the viewers at home. Just as he agrees to shut the factory, he announces the new version of the thneed which makes it even more popular (\"Thneed 2.0\"). The Lorax sits alone on a stump and watches all the animals leave the area. The Once-ler treks up to visit him, to ask if they can still be friends. The Lorax says he's leaving because the forest has gone. He leaves the Once-ler with one word that he doesn't understand – \"unless\". At that moment, the last truffula tree is cut down.The Once-ler's family pack up their things and leave along with the rest of the town (\"When We Get Rich\" (reprise)). The Once-ler is left on his own, the story ends. The kid who has been listening to the story says that it can't be the end – she wants to know what \"unless\" means. The old Once-ler has been thinking about it for years, but doesn't understand and can't think of a way to bring the Lorax back when there's no forest. The kid has an idea, they need to plant a new truffula tree. The Once-ler says it won't work without a Lorax, but the kid persuades him to let her try. She plants the seed, waters it and waits, and finally it begins to grow (\"Take It Wherever You Go\"). The Once-ler is thrilled, and the kid asks if the Lorax will come back now. They finally realise that a Lorax is just someone, anyone, who looks after trees. His last word meant that nothing will get better unless someone like the kid cares enough to protect them and keep planting (\"Take It Wherever You Go\" (reprise)).","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Act I\n\"Life is Tough\" – Ensemble\n\"I Could Be a Great Man\" – The Once-ler and Ensemble\n\"It's a Thneed\" – The Once-ler\n\"Everything You Need's Right Here\" – The Lorax, The Once-ler and Ensemble\n\"When We Get Rich\" – The Once-ler and Once-ler Family\n\"Great Man\" – Von Goo, McGee, and McGann\n\"Super Axe Hacker\" – The Once-ler and Ensemble\n\n\nAct II\n\"We Are One\" – The Lorax and Ensemble\n\"Thneed 2.0\" – The Once-ler and Ensemble\n\"When We Get Rich\" (reprise) – Once-ler Family\n\"Take It Wherever You Go\" – The Lorax\n\"Take It Wherever You Go\" (reprise) – Ensemble","title":"Musical numbers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Best Entertainment and Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award_for_Best_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"2016 Laurence Olivier Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Laurence_Olivier_Awards"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The production received rave reviews and was nominated for Best Entertainment and Family at the 2016 Laurence Olivier Awards.[8][9][10]","title":"Critical reception"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"See Tickets News\". See Tickets. Retrieved 2016-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seetickets.com/news/the-old-vic-s-new-artistic-/1920","url_text":"\"See Tickets News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Simon Lipkin to star in Dr Seuss's The Lorax\". WhatsOnStage.com. Retrieved 2016-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.whatsonstage.com/london-theatre/news/simon-lipkin-to-star-in-dr-seusss-the-lorax_38913.html","url_text":"\"Simon Lipkin to star in Dr Seuss's The Lorax\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Old Vic announces 2016–2017 season\". London Theatre 1. 2016-05-04. Retrieved 2016-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.londontheatre1.com/news/137472/the-old-vic-2016-2017-season/","url_text":"\"The Old Vic announces 2016–2017 season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mirvish | Dr. Seuss's The Lorax\". www.mirvish.com. Retrieved 2017-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirvish.com/shows/the-lorax","url_text":"\"Mirvish | Dr. Seuss's The Lorax\""}]},{"reference":"Company, Children's Theatre. \"Dr. Seuss's The Lorax\". www.childrenstheatre.org. Retrieved 2017-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.childrenstheatre.org/plays/2017-2018-season/dr-seuss-s-the-lorax","url_text":"\"Dr. Seuss's The Lorax\""}]},{"reference":"\"Press Release: 2017–2018 Season Announcement | The Old Globe\". www.theoldglobe.org. Retrieved 2017-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theoldglobe.org/news--media/latest-news/press-release-page/2017-2018/press-release-2017-2018-season-announcement/?id=25753","url_text":"\"Press Release: 2017–2018 Season Announcement | The Old Globe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Performances, The Old Globe, The Lorax\" (PDF). The Old Globe. July 2018. Retrieved 2019-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://theoldglobe.org/globalassets/pdfs/programs/17-18/thelorax-spreadsweb-july.pdf?id=30830","url_text":"\"Performances, The Old Globe, The Lorax\""}]},{"reference":"Billington, Michael (2015-12-17). \"Dr Seuss's The Lorax review – the best family show since Matilda\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2015/dec/17/dr-seuss-the-lorax-old-vic-london-family-show-david-greig","url_text":"\"Dr Seuss's The Lorax review – the best family show since Matilda\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Clapp, Susannah (2015-12-20). \"Dr Seuss's The Lorax review – a joyful mix of flesh and fabric\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2015/dec/20/the-lorax-dr-seuss-old-vic-review","url_text":"\"Dr Seuss's The Lorax review – a joyful mix of flesh and fabric\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"Olivier Awards 2016: the nominations in full | News | The Stage\". The Stage. 2016-02-29. Retrieved 2016-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestage.co.uk/news/2016/olivier-awards-2016-the-nominations-in-full/","url_text":"\"Olivier Awards 2016: the nominations in full | News | The Stage\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemisotidae

Shovelnose frog

["1 Species","2 References"]

Genus of amphibians Shovelnose frogs Marbled snout-burrower Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Amphibia Order: Anura Clade: Afrobatrachia Family: HemisotidaeCope, 1867 Genus: HemisusGünther, 1859 Species Hemisus barotseensis Hemisus brachydactylus Hemisus guineensis Hemisus guttatus Hemisus marmoratus Hemisus microscaphus Hemisus olivaceus Hemisus perreti Hemisus wittei Distribution of Hemisotidae (in black) The shovelnose frogs are the species of frogs in the genus, Hemisus, the only genus in the family Hemisotidae. They are found in tropical and subtropical sub-Saharan Africa. The shovelnose frogs are moderate-sized frogs, reaching a length of 8 cm (3.1 in). They are round-bodied, with short legs. Their heads are small and narrow, with hard, upturned noses. The shovelnose frogs are burrowing frogs, living most of their lives underground. The female digs underground while in amplexus, and lays her eggs in an underground cavity. The male leaves through the tunnel, and the female remains with the eggs. Once sufficient rain has fallen, the female burrows with her nose towards a water source, where the tadpoles will remain until metamorphosis. The tadpoles may remain out of water up to a few days. Unlike most burrowing frogs, the shovelnose frogs burrow head-first, as opposed to rear-first, hence their other common names - snout-burrowers. Some species are kept as pets. Species Family HEMISOTIDAE Genus Hemisus H. barotseensis - Mongu shovelnose frog (Channing & Broadley, 2002) H. brachydactylus - Masiliwa snout-burrower or Masiliwa shovelnose frog (Laurent, 1963) H. guineensis - Guinea snout-burrower or Guinea shovelnose frog (Cope, 1865) H. guttatus - spotted snout-burrower or spotted shovelnose frog (Rapp, 1842) H. marmoratus - marbled snout-burrower, mottled shovelnose frog, or marbled shovelnose frog (Steindachner, 1863) H. microscaphus - Ethiopian snout-burrower, Lake Zwai snout-burrower or Lake Zwai shovelnose frog (Laurent, 1972) H. olivaceus - olive snout-burrower or olive shovelnose frog (Laurent, 1963) H. perreti - Perret's shovelnose frog (Laurent, 1972) H. wittei - De Witte's snout-burrower or Witte's shovelnose frog (Laurent, 1963) References ^ a b Zweifel, Robert G. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN 0-12-178560-2. Cogger, H.G.; R.G. Zweifel; D. Kirschner (2004). Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians Second Edition. Fog City Press. ISBN 1-877019-69-0. Amphibian Species of the World: Hemisus vteExtant anuran families by suborder Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Craniata Superclass Tetrapoda Class Amphibia Archaeobatrachia Ascaphidae Bombinatoridae Discoglossidae Leiopelmatidae Mesobatrachia Megophryidae Pelobatidae Pelodytidae Pipidae Scaphiopodidae Rhinophrynidae Neobatrachia Amphignathodontidae Aromobatidae Arthroleptidae Brachycephalidae Brevicipitidae Bufonidae Centrolenidae Craugastoridae Dendrobatidae Heleophrynidae Hemiphractidae Hemisotidae Hylidae Hyperoliidae Leptodactylidae Mantellidae Microhylidae Myobatrachidae Petropedetidae Pyxicephalidae Ranidae Rhacophoridae Rhinodermatidae Sooglossidae Frogs portal Taxon identifiersHemisus Wikidata: Q55472 Wikispecies: Hemisus ADW: Hemisotidae ASW: Hemisus BOLD: 65580 CoL: 4VF5 EoL: 39819 GBIF: 2423953 iNaturalist: 24453 IRMNG: 1297526 ITIS: 207041 NCBI: 83970 Open Tree of Life: 968536 uBio: 31785

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1719_in_Canada

1719 in Canada

["1 Incumbents","1.1 Governors","2 Events","3 Births","4 Deaths","5 References"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1719 in Canada" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ← 1718 1717 1716 1719 in Canada → 1720 1721 1722 Decades: 1690s 1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s See also: History of Canada Timeline of Canadian history List of years in Canada Part of a series on theHistory of CanadaBenjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe Timeline (list) Pre-colonization 1534–1763 1764–1867 1867–1914 1914–1945 1945–1960 1960–1981 1982–present Significant Events Sites People Topics Agricultural Cultural Constitutional Economic Former colonies Immigration Indigenous Medicine Military Monarchical Peacekeeping Population Sports Religion Territorial evolution Women Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nunavut Northwest Territories Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon Cities Brampton Charlottetown Edmonton Fredericton Halifax Hamilton Lethbridge Markham Moncton Montreal Northwest Territories capital cities Ottawa Quebec City Saint John Regina Richmond Hill Saskatoon Toronto Vancouver Winnipeg (Name etymologies) Research Bibliography Historiography Historians Surveys Canada portalvte Events from the year 1719 in Canada. Incumbents French Monarch: Louis XV British and Irish Monarch: George I Governors Governor General of New France: Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville Governor of Nova Scotia: John Doucett Governor of Placentia: Samuel Gledhill Events Construction of Fortress Louisbourg by the French begins on Ile Royale (Cape Breton Island). Births This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010) Deaths This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (December 2010) References ^ Guéganic (2008), p. 13. ^ Gibbs, G. C. (September 2004; online edn, January 2006) "George I (1660–1727)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10538. Retrieved 30 July 2007 (subscription required). ^ Fergusson, Charles Bruce (1979) . "Doucett, John". In Hayne, David (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. vteHistory of CanadaYear list (Timeline) 18000 BCE–1500 CE 1534–1763 1763–1867 1867–1914 1914–1945 1945–1960 1960–1981 1982–present Topics Canadians - (Persons of significance) Constitutional Crown and Indigenous peoples Cultural Economic Etymology Events of significance Former colonies and territories Heritage Minutes Historic Sites Immigration Chinese immigration Military Conflicts Operations Peacekeeping Victories Monarchical Population history Sports Territorial evolution Women Provincesand territories Alberta British Columbia Manitoba Ontario New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Northwest Territories Nova Scotia Nunavut Quebec Prince Edward Island Saskatchewan Yukon (Name etymologies) Cities Brampton Charlottetown Edmonton Fredericton Halifax Hamilton Lethbridge Markham Moncton Montreal Northwest Territories capital cities Ottawa Quebec City Saint John Regina Richmond Hill Saskatoon Toronto Vancouver Winnipeg (Name etymologies) Research Bibliography Historiography Historians Surveys Category Canada portal vteList of years in CanadaPre-Confederation Prehistory–1866 Prehistory to 1 BC 1st millennium 1000s 1100s 1400s 1500s 1600s 1610s 1620s 1630s 1640s 1650s 1660s 1670s 1680s 1690s 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 Post-Confederation1867–present 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Quebec 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1635 Canadian electoralcalendars 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Related List of Canadian monarchs List of governors general of Canada List of prime ministers of Canada Population of Canada by year Timeline Research Bibliography Historiography Category Canada portal vte1719 in North AmericaSovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies andother territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands   This Canadian history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sell_Out_(Reel_Big_Fish_song)

Sell Out (Reel Big Fish song)

["1 Reception","2 Video","3 Popularity","4 Charts","5 References"]

1996 single by Reel Big Fish"Sell Out"Single by Reel Big Fishfrom the album Turn the Radio Off Released1996Genre Ska punk alternative rock Length3:47LabelMojoSongwriter(s) Aaron Barrett Scott Klopfenstein Producer(s) Jay Rifkin John Avila Reel Big Fish singles chronology "Sell Out" (1996) "Take On Me" (1999) "Sell Out" is the debut single by American ska punk band Reel Big Fish. Released as the first track on the group's second album Turn the Radio Off in 1996, the song has proven Reel Big Fish's most popular release. Reception "Sell Out" was released in 1996 and gained the band a distinct amount of attention, becoming a hit in that year. It received regular radio airplay in America and competed favourably on the charts in the UK, consequently, the video (see below) soon gained regular rotation on MTV, much to the surprise of Reel Big Fish bassist, Matt Wong. The band has since largely used it to close its live shows, referring to it as " big hit from the '90s"; Aaron Barrett can be heard on Our Live Album Is Better than Your Live Album yelling at the crowd that the band cannot play the song until the end because of the song's status. It also appeared on the soundtrack to the video games FIFA 2000, Aggressive Inline, and Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure. The song also appeared in the season three finale of My Name Is Earl. Video A video clip was released some time later, which starts out as a soap opera parody called As the Fish Turns featuring the members of the band working at a roadside fast food outlet (conforming to the lyrics), complete with Matt Wong as the mascot in a giant French Fries outfit. They are recruited by a man played by their agent into the world of music at Mojo Records. They compete against several other types of bands, such as 'Rap', 'Rock' and 'Metal' for the rights to a contract (the band members themselves wear jackets emblazoned with the words 'Ska Band'), but Matt must be pulled out of his costume. In the end, the people trying to extract him resort to dynamite, which he tosses away and runs for his life. The building explodes, and the last scene shows Matt back at the fast food outlet. The film clip references the popular Star Wars movies (in that their agent's car makes a TIE fighter noise as it drives). Also, Goldfinger, a band known to tour with Reel Big Fish, appear briefly in the clip throwing the group menacing looks. Matt has stated that, upon first seeing the music video on MTV, he had not expected it and the sandwich he was eating fell out of his mouth in astonishment; he was then unable to talk to anyone about his response as the other band members were all at work. Popularity The song is Reel Big Fish's most successful single, peaking at number 10 on the US alternative songs chart. It was the band's only single to ever make the US charts. This is addressed by the band in the song "One Hit Wonderful" from the album We're Not Happy 'til You're Not Happy, in which the band members complain that their career is ignored in favor of one of their classics. Although "Sell Out" is not mentioned by name, "One Hit Wonderful" opens and closes with radio static in which short excerpts from "Sell Out" can be heard. This song has become a sort of running joke amongst the band members and fan base. In 2006, the best-of album Greatest Hit...and More was released by former label Jive and titled to refer to the fact that "Sell Out" was, at least on the charts, the band's only hit. The band, in particular frontman Aaron Barrett, have experienced frustration trying to one-up the song. In an interview, Barrett was asked if he felt that "Sell Out" was the band's biggest accomplishment and everything else was downhill. He responded that "Sometimes you feel like that, like your band is around for a long time and you wonder if you're going to get bigger. You wonder if radio will ever play you again, or if you're ever going to have a hit bigger than the novelty song you had in the '90s. You're thirty, make a living playing music, and can't do anything else. There is a lot to worry about." The band notes, however, that although the song remains its greatest hit, it is not the song that has kept its popularity alive since the group began playing. Barrett instead credits that to another song originally from Everything Sucks and re-recorded for Turn the Radio Off, "Beer", a song which, the band asserts, did not receive the same amount of media attention as "Sell Out" because of its suggestiveness. The song is also referenced in The Aquabats' cover of Operation Ivy's "Knowledge", in which The MC Bat Commander leads a chorus of children in the song. At the beginning of the song, when the Commander tells the kids, "it's time to sing that song we learned today", the children all shout in unison, "Sell Out!", to which the Commander replies, "No, not that song, the other one!" The song appeared on Take Warning, an Operation Ivy tribute album which also included a cover of "Unity" by Reel Big Fish. This song also plays during Philadelphia Flyers home games at the Wells Fargo Center while public address announcer Lou Nolan announces the attendance, except for the rare occasions where the attendance is not a sellout. The song was played extensively during the 1997 Florida Marlins MLB Playoffs run which culminated in the franchise's first World Series title. In the Beijing 2008 Olympics, the song was used in-between plays of beach volleyball. Charts Chart (1997) Peakposition US Modern Rock Tracks 10 US Hot 100 Airplay 69 References ^ Conaton, Chris (2021-11-19). "LESS THAN JAKE'S SKA-PUNK CLASSIC 'LOSING STREAK' STILL HAS A KICK 25 YEARS LATER". PopMatters. Retrieved 2021-12-31. The mid-'90s are filled with ska-punk hits, both major (The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, "The Impression That I Get") and minor (Reel Big Fish, "Sell Out") ^ Ygelsias, Matthew (21 May 2007). "The Ultimate Nineties Alt-Rock Playlist". The Atlantic. ^ a b c You're All In This Together Audio Commentary, Orange County California, 2006. ^ Reel Big Fish, Our Live Album Is Better Than Your Live Album, 2006 ^ "Reel Big Fish - Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved 1 October 2013. ^ In Music We Trust interview, July 2005 vteReel Big Fish Aaron Barrett Derek Gibbs Edward Larsen John Christianson Matt Appleton Brian Robertson Billy Kottage Dan Regan Scott Klopfenstein Matt Wong Ryland Steen Justin Ferreira Tyler Jones Carlos de la Garza Tavis Werts Grant Barry Andrew Gonzales Adam Polakoff Robert Quimby Lisa Smith Zach Gilltrap Ben Guzman Studio albums Everything Sucks ("Beer") Turn the Radio Off ("Sell Out") Why Do They Rock So Hard? Cheer Up! We're Not Happy 'til You're Not Happy Monkeys for Nothin' and the Chimps for Free Fame, Fortune and Fornication Candy Coated Fury Life Sucks...Let's Dance! Associated acts The Forces of Evil The Littlest Man Band Jeffries Fan Club Suburban Rhythm The Scholars Nuckle Brothers Related articles Discography Members Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work ^ https://www.billboard.com/artist/reel-big-fish/chart-history/tlp/

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It received regular radio airplay in America and competed favourably on the charts in the UK, consequently, the video (see below) soon gained regular rotation on MTV, much to the surprise of Reel Big Fish bassist, Matt Wong.[3] The band has since largely used it to close its live shows, referring to it as \"[the band's] big hit from the '90s\"; Aaron Barrett can be heard on Our Live Album Is Better than Your Live Album yelling at the crowd that the band cannot play the song until the end because of the song's status.[4] It also appeared on the soundtrack to the video games FIFA 2000, Aggressive Inline, and Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure. The song also appeared in the season three finale of My Name Is Earl.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mojo Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo_Records"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"},{"link_name":"TIE fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIE_fighter"},{"link_name":"Goldfinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfinger_(band)"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LiveAlbumCommentary-3"}],"text":"A video clip was released some time later, which starts out as a soap opera parody called As the Fish Turns featuring the members of the band working at a roadside fast food outlet (conforming to the lyrics), complete with Matt Wong as the mascot in a giant French Fries outfit. They are recruited by a man played by their agent into the world of music at Mojo Records. They compete against several other types of bands, such as 'Rap', 'Rock' and 'Metal' for the rights to a contract (the band members themselves wear jackets emblazoned with the words 'Ska Band'), but Matt must be pulled out of his costume. In the end, the people trying to extract him resort to dynamite, which he tosses away and runs for his life. The building explodes, and the last scene shows Matt back at the fast food outlet.The film clip references the popular Star Wars movies (in that their agent's car makes a TIE fighter noise as it drives). Also, Goldfinger, a band known to tour with Reel Big Fish, appear briefly in the clip throwing the group menacing looks.Matt has stated that, upon first seeing the music video on MTV, he had not expected it and the sandwich he was eating fell out of his mouth in astonishment; he was then unable to talk to anyone about his response as the other band members were all at work.[3]","title":"Video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"We're Not Happy 'til You're Not Happy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%27re_Not_Happy_%27til_You%27re_Not_Happy"},{"link_name":"radio static","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_(radio)"},{"link_name":"Greatest Hit...and More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hit...and_More"},{"link_name":"Jive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jive_Records"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMWT-6"},{"link_name":"Everything Sucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_Sucks_(Reel_Big_Fish_album)"},{"link_name":"Turn the Radio Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_the_Radio_Off"},{"link_name":"Beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_(song)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LiveAlbumCommentary-3"},{"link_name":"The Aquabats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aquabats"},{"link_name":"Operation Ivy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ivy_(band)"},{"link_name":"The MC Bat Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Flyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers"},{"link_name":"Wells Fargo Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells_Fargo_Center_(Philadelphia)"},{"link_name":"Lou Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Nolan"},{"link_name":"Florida Marlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Marlins"},{"link_name":"MLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB"},{"link_name":"Playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playoffs"},{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series"},{"link_name":"Beijing 2008 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_2008_Olympics"},{"link_name":"beach volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_volleyball"}],"text":"The song is Reel Big Fish's most successful single, peaking at number 10 on the US alternative songs chart. It was the band's only single to ever make the US charts.[5] This is addressed by the band in the song \"One Hit Wonderful\" from the album We're Not Happy 'til You're Not Happy, in which the band members complain that their career is ignored in favor of one of their classics. Although \"Sell Out\" is not mentioned by name, \"One Hit Wonderful\" opens and closes with radio static in which short excerpts from \"Sell Out\" can be heard.This song has become a sort of running joke amongst the band members and fan base. In 2006, the best-of album Greatest Hit...and More was released by former label Jive and titled to refer to the fact that \"Sell Out\" was, at least on the charts, the band's only hit. The band, in particular frontman Aaron Barrett, have experienced frustration trying to one-up the song. In an interview, Barrett was asked if he felt that \"Sell Out\" was the band's biggest accomplishment and everything else was downhill. He responded that \"Sometimes you feel like that, like your band is around for a long time and you wonder if you're going to get bigger. You wonder if radio will ever play you again, or if you're ever going to have a hit bigger than the novelty song you had in the '90s. You're thirty, make a living playing music, and can't do anything else. There is a lot to worry about.\"[6]The band notes, however, that although the song remains its greatest hit, it is not the song that has kept its popularity alive since the group began playing. Barrett instead credits that to another song originally from Everything Sucks and re-recorded for Turn the Radio Off, \"Beer\", a song which, the band asserts, did not receive the same amount of media attention as \"Sell Out\" because of its suggestiveness.[3]The song is also referenced in The Aquabats' cover of Operation Ivy's \"Knowledge\", in which The MC Bat Commander leads a chorus of children in the song. At the beginning of the song, when the Commander tells the kids, \"it's time to sing that song we learned today\", the children all shout in unison, \"Sell Out!\", to which the Commander replies, \"No, not that song, the other one!\" The song appeared on Take Warning, an Operation Ivy tribute album which also included a cover of \"Unity\" by Reel Big Fish.This song also plays during Philadelphia Flyers home games at the Wells Fargo Center while public address announcer Lou Nolan announces the attendance, except for the rare occasions where the attendance is not a sellout.The song was played extensively during the 1997 Florida Marlins MLB Playoffs run which culminated in the franchise's first World Series title.In the Beijing 2008 Olympics, the song was used in-between plays of beach volleyball.","title":"Popularity"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImaginOn

ImaginOn

["1 Tech Central, the Loft, and Studio I","2 Spangler Children's Library","3 McColl Family Theatre","4 Wells Fargo Playhouse","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 35°13′38.00″N 80°50′15.85″W / 35.2272222°N 80.8377361°W / 35.2272222; -80.8377361ImaginOn: The Joe and Joan Martin CenterSeventh Street Entrance35°13′38.00″N 80°50′15.85″W / 35.2272222°N 80.8377361°W / 35.2272222; -80.8377361Location300 East Seventh Street Charlotte, North Carolina 28202 Mecklenburg County, United StatesTypePartnership of the Charlotte Mecklenburg Library and Children's Theatre of CharlotteEstablished2005Branch ofCharlotte Mecklenburg LibraryOther informationDirectorMarcellus "MT" Turner (Library) Adam Burke & Nao Tsurumaki (Theater)WebsiteImaginOn ImaginOn: The Joe and Joan Martin Center is a collaborative venture of Charlotte Mecklenburg Library and the Children's Theatre of Charlotte located in Charlotte, North Carolina. This 102,000-square-foot (9,500 m2) landmark learning center opened on October 8, 2005. ImaginOn was designed by Gantt Huberman Architects and Holzman Moss Bottino Architecture, and is owned by the Charlotte Mecklenburg Library. ImaginOn hosts the Spangler Children's Library; the Teen Loft, a library for the teens of Mecklenburg County; Time Warner Tech Central; the Story Lab, a collection of interactive multimedia workstations exploring the arts of narrative; Studio I, an audio/video recording and animation studio; the Hugh McColl Family Theatre (seating capacity 570); and the Wells Fargo Playhouse (seating capacity 250), as well as administrative offices for the Children's Theatre of Charlotte and library staff. ImaginOn is notable as the first LEED-certified public facility in Mecklenburg County. ImaginOn is certified as a 'green' building at the silver level by the U.S. Green Building Council. Tech Central, the Loft, and Studio I The Loft is a 4,000-square-foot (370 m2) space on the third floor of ImaginOn dedicated to teens. Also on the third floor is Studio I, an animation and sound studio that teens can use to produce stop-motion and computer-generated animations as well as accompanying sound tracks. The national winners of the 2007 and the 2008 Young Adult Public Service Announcement contests sponsored by the Collaborative Summer Reading Program were produced by teens using Studio I. The Loft also contains collaborative spaces for teens to work together on projects and a library with the latest in DVDs, books, graphic novels, and CDs of interest to teens. Tech Central is a computer lab for teens with over thirty computers and a wide variety of activities for visitors under 19 years, and adults accompanied by a child. Spangler Children's Library The Spangler Children's Library is located on the first floor of ImaginOn and contains a large collection of books and materials appealing to children from birth through fifth grade. The Spangler Library also hosts collections of special interest to teachers, parents, and caregivers. McColl Family Theatre The McColl Family Theatre is a proscenium theater with trapped stage and single purchase fly system. There are 420 seats in the orchestra and an additional 150 seats on the balcony level. Children's Theatre of Charlotte uses the McColl Family Theatre (as well as the Wells Fargo Playhouse) to stage a full season of professional theatre for families. "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe" opened the 2005 season. Wells Fargo Playhouse The Wells Fargo Playhouse is designed as a theater with a modified thrust configuration and a reconfigurable proscenium. Its 250 seats are regularly filled for performances by Children's Theatre of Charlotte, as well as film series and other programs sponsored by either the Library or the Children's Theatre of Charlotte. References ^ "Combined children's library, theater set to open". Philanthropy Journal. August 2, 2005. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-24. ^ a b "Holzman Moss Bottino Architecture Official Website". ^ Jones, Harry (March 17, 2008). "2008 State of the County Address". charmeck.org. Archived from the original on July 29, 2003. Retrieved 2008-10-24. ^ "ImaginOn - The Joe & Joan Martin Center, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States". World Architecture News. 2 November 2005. Retrieved 2008-10-24. ^ Hoyle, Amanda Jones (March 9, 2007). "Duke aims high on 'green' meter". Triangle Business Journal. Retrieved 2008-10-24. ^ Swope, Chris (June 2008). "Revolution in the Stacks". Governing Magazine. Archived from the original on 2008-12-03. Retrieved 2008-10-24. ^ "Collaborative Summer Reading Project website". Archived from the original on August 7, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-24. ^ a b c "ImaginOn Web Site". Retrieved 2008-10-24. External links ImaginOn Public Library of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County Children's Theatre of Charlotte Holzman Moss Bottino Architecture vte City of Charlotte, North CarolinaMain Charlotteans Mecklenburg County Metrolina North Carolina Piedmont Flag Neighborhoods Tallest buildings History Timeline Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence Mecklenburg Resolves Battle of Charlotte Charlotte Mint Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education Flight 212 Flight 1016 Government Mayor of Charlotte: Vi Lyles Charlotte City Council Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools Public Library System Charlotte Fire CMPD Colleges anduniversities University of North Carolina at Charlotte Central Piedmont Community College Charlotte School of Law (Defunct) Johnson C. Smith University Johnson & Wales University Queens University of Charlotte Attractions Convention centers: Charlotte Convention Center Museums: Bechtler Museum of Modern Art Billy Graham Library Carolinas Aviation Museum Discovery Place Harvey B. Gantt Center Levine Museum of the New South Mint Museum NASCAR Hall of Fame Performing arts: AvidxChange Music Factory Carolina Theatre (Charlotte) Charlotte Symphony Orchestra ImaginOn North Carolina Blumenthal Performing Arts Center PNC Music Pavilion Parks: First Ward Park Freedom Park The Green Independence Park Little Sugar Creek Greenway Reedy Creek Park Romare Bearden Park Sports arenas and fields: American Legion Memorial Stadium Bank of America Stadium Spectrum Center Truist Field See also: Levine Center for the Arts Queen City Quarter Sports teams Carolina Panthers (NFL) Charlotte Hornets (NBA) Charlotte FC (MLS) Charlotte Hounds (MLL) (defunct) Charlotte Checkers (AHL) Charlotte Independence (USLC) Charlotte Eagles (USL2) Charlotte Knights (IL) Charlotte Rugby Club (RSL) Charlotte 49ers (NCAA Division I) Johnson C. Smith Golden Bulls and Lady Golden Bulls (NCAA Division II) Queens Royals (NCAA Division II) JWU Charlotte Wildcats (USCAA) Media Newspapers: The Charlotte Observer The Charlotte Post Creative Loafing Q-Notes Charlotte Weekly Television: 3 WBTV (CBS) 9 WSOC (ABC) 14 WWJS (Ind.) 18 WCCB (CW) 30 WNSC (PBS/ETV) 36 WCNC (NBC) 42 WTVI (PBS) 46 WJZY (Fox) 55 WMYT (MNT) 58 WUNG (PBS/UNC-TV) 64 WAXN (Ind.) Economy Uptown (Center city) Companies Convention Center Charlotte Regional Business Alliance Transportation Charlotte Area Transit System Lynx Blue Line CityLynx Gold Line Gateway Station Charlotte Douglas International Airport Roads: I-77 I-85 I-277 I-485 US 21 US 29 US 74 US 521 NC 16 NC 49 NC 51 NC 115 Route 4 Rail: Carolinian Crescent Piedmont Healthcare Atrium Health Mecklenburg County Health Department MEDIC Novant Health Category

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacaembu

Pacaembu

["1 Media","2 References"]

Coordinates: 21°33′44″S 51°15′38″W / 21.56222°S 51.26056°W / -21.56222; -51.26056For the stadium in São Paulo, see Pacaembu Stadium. Municipality in Southeast, BrazilPacaembuMunicipality FlagLocation in São Paulo statePacaembuLocation in BrazilCoordinates: 21°33′44″S 51°15′38″W / 21.56222°S 51.26056°W / -21.56222; -51.26056CountryBrazilRegionSoutheastStateSão PauloArea • Total339 km2 (131 sq mi)Population (2020 ) • Total14,263 • Density42/km2 (110/sq mi)Time zoneUTC−3 (BRT) Pacaembu (Portuguese pronunciation: ) is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 14,263 (2020 est.) in an area of 339 km². The elevation is 415 m. Media In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable). References ^ IBGE 2020 ^ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística ^ "Creation of Telesp - April 12, 1973". www.imprensaoficial.com.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-06-14. ^ "Our History - Telefônica RI". Telefônica. Retrieved 2024-06-14. Authority control databases International VIAF Geographic MusicBrainz area This geographical article relating to the state of São Paulo is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Capps

Carter Capps

["1 Amateur career","2 Professional career","2.1 Seattle Mariners","2.2 Miami Marlins","2.3 San Diego Padres","2.4 Pitching style","3 Coaching career","4 References","5 External links"]

American baseball pitcher (born 1990) Baseball player Carter CappsCapps with the Miami MarlinsSeattle Redhawks Pitcher / CoachBorn: (1990-08-07) August 7, 1990 (age 33)Kinston, North Carolina, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutAugust 3, 2012, for the Seattle MarinersLast MLB appearanceSeptember 8, 2017, for the San Diego PadresMLB statisticsWin–loss record4–3Earned run average4.21Strikeouts184 TeamsAs player Seattle Mariners (2012–2013) Miami Marlins (2014–2015) San Diego Padres (2017) As coach Seattle Redhawks (2021–present) Carter Lewis Capps (born August 7, 1990) is an American former professional baseball pitcher, and current pitching coach for the Seattle Redhawks. Capps played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres, Seattle Mariners, and Miami Marlins from 2012 to 2017. Amateur career Capps in 2013 Capps attended North Lenoir High School in LaGrange, North Carolina. He played for the school's baseball team as a backup catcher. He enrolled at Mount Olive College and played for the baseball team as a pitcher. He posted a 24–1 win–loss record after two years (including an NCAA Division II-record of 24 straight wins). In 2011, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod League as a relief pitcher for the Harwich Mariners, and was named a league all-star. He earned attention for a three-inning, five-strikeout performance on July 13, 2010, against Team USA's collegiate all-star team. Professional career Seattle Mariners Capps was drafted by the Seattle Mariners in the third round of the 2011 Major League Baseball draft out of Mount Olive. After a poor 2011 debut with the Clinton LumberKings of the Single–A Midwest League, in which he had a 1–1 record and a 6.00 earned run average (ERA) in 18 innings, Capps improved dramatically with his performance as the closer for the Jackson Generals of the Double–A Southern League in 2012. Before being promoted to the Tacoma Rainiers of the Triple–A Pacific Coast League Capps struck out 72 hitters in 50 innings and posted 19 saves, along with a 1.26 ERA. He pitched only 1+1⁄3 innings in Triple–A. For his performance with the Generals, Capps was named the best relief pitcher in the Southern League in 2012. Capps was called up to the majors for the first time on July 31, 2012. He made his major league debut against the New York Yankees on August 3. His first recorded out was against Derek Jeter. Capps was recalled by the Mariners on August 6, 2013. Miami Marlins On December 13, 2013, the Mariners traded Capps to the Miami Marlins for Logan Morrison. In 2015, Capps pitched to a 1.16 ERA. On March 8, 2016, in Gulf Breeze, Florida, Dr. James Andrews performed Tommy John surgery on Capps, ruling him out for the 2016 season. Capps had entered spring training expecting to compete with A. J. Ramos for the role of Marlins closer. San Diego Padres On July 29, 2016, the Marlins traded Capps, Josh Naylor, Jarred Cosart, and Luis Castillo to the San Diego Padres for Andrew Cashner, Colin Rea, Tayron Guerrero, and cash considerations. Capps began the 2017 season on the disabled list, to continue rehabbing from his previous Tommy John surgery. He was outrighted to Triple-A on March 26, 2018. Capps declared free agency on October 9, 2018. Pitching style Although his four-seam fastball was in the low 90s as a starter in college, it averaged 99 mph out of the bullpen in the majors, as-well at times 100-101 MPH. He paired the hard fastball with a sweeping curveball at 81–85 mph and an occasional changeup against left-handed hitters. With his tall frame, Capps releases the ball at a low three-quarters arm angle far to the side of the pitching rubber, making it difficult for right-handed hitters to pick up the ball out of his hand. He was notable for having a unique leaping hitch in his delivery, which was described as a "slide skip", a "hop-step", and a "crow-hop". The delivery shortened the distance between him and the batter before he released the ball. The delivery was reviewed by MLB and deemed legal, despite a rule change concerning pitching before the 2017 season. Coaching career On January 12, 2021, Capps joined the New York Mets organization as a minor league pitching coach and coordinator. On November 23, 2021, Capps was announced as the new pitching coach for the Seattle Redhawks, Seattle University's men's baseball team which competes in the NCAA's Division I as a member institution of the Western Athletic Conference, returning him to the city where he began his major league career. References ^ a b c d Kudialis, Chris (August 8, 2012). "Kinston's Capps reaches major leagues a year after being drafted". News & Observer. Charlotte, NC. Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2012. ^ Randall, Rick (May 19, 2012). "SeattleClubhouse Q&A: Carter Capps". Scout.com. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2012. ^ "#25 Carter Capps". pointstreak.com. Retrieved August 12, 2021. ^ "Mariners sign third-round selection Carter Capps". MLB.com (Press release). August 9, 2011. Retrieved September 26, 2012. ^ "Carter Capps Minor League Statistics & History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 26, 2012. ^ Harris, Chris (September 14, 2012). "Generals Update (SLCS Gm4 – Friday, September 14)". Inside the Jackson Generals. MLBlogs Network. Retrieved September 26, 2012. ^ Divish, Ryan (July 31, 2012). "More pregame notes & lineups: Carter Capps and Stephen Pryor officially called up, Peguero sent down". The News Tribune. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2012. ^ Johns, Greg (August 6, 2013). "Mariners option Wilhelmsen, recall Capps". mlb.com. Retrieved August 6, 2013. ^ Rodriguez, Juan C. (December 13, 2013). "Marlins make Morrison trade official". Sun Sentinel. Retrieved April 14, 2015. ^ Petriello, Mike. "Game of thrown: Carter Capps is king?". mlb.com. Retrieved January 10, 2016. ^ Fernandez, Andre C. (March 8, 2016). "Marlins' Carter Capps undergoes Tommy John surgery". Miami Herald. Retrieved August 26, 2016. ^ "Padres acquire four players from Miami Marlins in seven-player trade". MLB.com (Press release). July 29, 2016. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved July 29, 2016. ^ Cassavell, AJ (March 29, 2017). "Capps to begin 2017 season on DL". MLB.com. Retrieved March 30, 2017. ^ Byrne, Connor (March 26, 2018). "Padres Outright Carter Capps". mlbtraderumors.com. Retrieved March 26, 2018. ^ Sickels, John (August 8, 2012). "Prospect Notes: Carter Capps and Stephen Pryor, Seattle Mariners - Minor League Ball". Minor League Ball. SBNation.com. Retrieved September 26, 2012. ^ "Brooks Baseball · Home of the PitchFX Tool - Player Card: Carter Capps". Brooks Baseball. Retrieved September 26, 2012. ^ Sullivan, Jeff (August 9, 2012). "Carter Capps, Visualized". Lookout Landing. SBNation.com. Retrieved September 26, 2012. ^ Traina, Jimmy (April 17, 2015). "MLB re-examines weirdest pitching delivery in game". Fox Sports. Retrieved August 20, 2015. ^ Castrovince, Anthony (August 20, 2015). "Best Under-the-Radar Seasons". Sports on Earth. Retrieved August 20, 2015. ^ McKenna, Henry (July 8, 2015). "Watch Xander Bogaerts's game-winning hit against MLB's strangest pitcher". Boston.com. Retrieved August 20, 2015. ^ McKenna, Henry (July 9, 2015). "Is Carter Capps's bizarre throwing motion illegal?". Boston.com. Retrieved August 20, 2015. ^ Schoenfield, David (April 14, 2015). "Carter Capps' delivery is strange and apparently legal". ESPN. Retrieved August 20, 2015. ^ Lin, Dennis (March 2, 2017). "Carter Capps' delivery still expected to be legal after MLB rule addition". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved March 29, 2017. ^ @CarterCapps (November 23, 2021). "So thankful for the opportunity Seattle U has given my family and I. I am very excited to be joining the Redhawks!…" (Tweet) – via Twitter. External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors) Carter Capps on X

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Seattle Redhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Redhawks"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"San Diego Padres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Padres"},{"link_name":"Seattle Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Mariners"},{"link_name":"Miami Marlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Marlins"}],"text":"Baseball playerCarter Lewis Capps (born August 7, 1990) is an American former professional baseball pitcher, and current pitching coach for the Seattle Redhawks. Capps played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres, Seattle Mariners, and Miami Marlins from 2012 to 2017.","title":"Carter Capps"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carter_Capps_pitching.JPG"},{"link_name":"North Lenoir High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Lenoir_High_School"},{"link_name":"LaGrange, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaGrange,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"catcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catcher"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kudialis-1"},{"link_name":"Mount Olive College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Olive_College"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"win–loss record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win%E2%80%93loss_record_(pitching)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kudialis-1"},{"link_name":"collegiate summer baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_summer_baseball"},{"link_name":"Cape Cod League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod_League"},{"link_name":"relief pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_pitcher"},{"link_name":"Harwich Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harwich_Mariners"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-randall-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Team USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Baseball"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kudialis-1"}],"text":"Capps in 2013Capps attended North Lenoir High School in LaGrange, North Carolina. He played for the school's baseball team as a backup catcher.[1] He enrolled at Mount Olive College and played for the baseball team as a pitcher. He posted a 24–1 win–loss record after two years (including an NCAA Division II-record of 24 straight wins).[1] In 2011, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod League as a relief pitcher for the Harwich Mariners, and was named a league all-star.[2][3]He earned attention for a three-inning, five-strikeout performance on July 13, 2010, against Team USA's collegiate all-star team.[1]","title":"Amateur career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Mariners"},{"link_name":"2011 Major League Baseball draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Major_League_Baseball_draft"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Clinton LumberKings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_LumberKings"},{"link_name":"Single–A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Midwest League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_League"},{"link_name":"earned run average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average"},{"link_name":"closer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closer_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Jackson Generals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Generals"},{"link_name":"Double–A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_AA"},{"link_name":"Southern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_League_(1964%E2%80%932020)"},{"link_name":"Tacoma Rainiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma_Rainiers"},{"link_name":"Triple–A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_AAA"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Southern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_League_(1964%E2%80%932020)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"Derek Jeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Jeter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kudialis-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Seattle Mariners","text":"Capps was drafted by the Seattle Mariners in the third round of the 2011 Major League Baseball draft out of Mount Olive.[4]After a poor 2011 debut with the Clinton LumberKings of the Single–A Midwest League, in which he had a 1–1 record and a 6.00 earned run average (ERA) in 18 innings, Capps improved dramatically with his performance as the closer for the Jackson Generals of the Double–A Southern League in 2012. Before being promoted to the Tacoma Rainiers of the Triple–A Pacific Coast League Capps struck out 72 hitters in 50 innings and posted 19 saves, along with a 1.26 ERA. He pitched only 1+1⁄3 innings in Triple–A.[5] For his performance with the Generals, Capps was named the best relief pitcher in the Southern League in 2012.[6]Capps was called up to the majors for the first time on July 31, 2012.[7] He made his major league debut against the New York Yankees on August 3. His first recorded out was against Derek Jeter.[1]Capps was recalled by the Mariners on August 6, 2013.[8]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miami Marlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Marlins"},{"link_name":"Logan Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Morrison"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Gulf Breeze, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Breeze,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Dr. James Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._James_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Tommy John surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_John_surgery"},{"link_name":"spring training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_training"},{"link_name":"A. J. Ramos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Ramos"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Miami Marlins","text":"On December 13, 2013, the Mariners traded Capps to the Miami Marlins for Logan Morrison.[9] In 2015, Capps pitched to a 1.16 ERA.[10] On March 8, 2016, in Gulf Breeze, Florida, Dr. James Andrews performed Tommy John surgery on Capps, ruling him out for the 2016 season. Capps had entered spring training expecting to compete with A. J. Ramos for the role of Marlins closer.[11]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josh Naylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Naylor"},{"link_name":"Jarred Cosart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarred_Cosart"},{"link_name":"Luis Castillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Castillo_(pitcher,_born_1992)"},{"link_name":"San Diego Padres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Padres"},{"link_name":"Andrew Cashner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cashner"},{"link_name":"Colin Rea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Rea"},{"link_name":"Tayron Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayron_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"San Diego Padres","text":"On July 29, 2016, the Marlins traded Capps, Josh Naylor, Jarred Cosart, and Luis Castillo to the San Diego Padres for Andrew Cashner, Colin Rea, Tayron Guerrero, and cash considerations.[12]Capps began the 2017 season on the disabled list, to continue rehabbing from his previous Tommy John surgery.[13] He was outrighted to Triple-A on March 26, 2018.[14] Capps declared free agency on October 9, 2018.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"four-seam fastball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-seam_fastball"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"curveball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curveball"},{"link_name":"changeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changeup"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Pitching style","text":"Although his four-seam fastball was in the low 90s as a starter in college,[15] it averaged 99 mph out of the bullpen in the majors, as-well at times 100-101 MPH. He paired the hard fastball with a sweeping curveball at 81–85 mph and an occasional changeup against left-handed hitters.[16]With his tall frame, Capps releases the ball at a low three-quarters arm angle far to the side of the pitching rubber, making it difficult for right-handed hitters to pick up the ball out of his hand.[17]He was notable for having a unique leaping hitch in his delivery, which was described as a \"slide skip\",[18] a \"hop-step\",[19] and a \"crow-hop\".[20] The delivery shortened the distance between him and the batter before he released the ball.[21] The delivery was reviewed by MLB and deemed legal,[22] despite a rule change concerning pitching before the 2017 season.[23]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"Seattle Redhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Redhawks"},{"link_name":"Seattle University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_University"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA"},{"link_name":"Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I"},{"link_name":"Western Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"On January 12, 2021, Capps joined the New York Mets organization as a minor league pitching coach and coordinator.On November 23, 2021, Capps was announced as the new pitching coach for the Seattle Redhawks, Seattle University's men's baseball team which competes in the NCAA's Division I as a member institution of the Western Athletic Conference,[24] returning him to the city where he began his major league career.","title":"Coaching career"}]

[{"image_text":"Capps in 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Carter_Capps_pitching.JPG/170px-Carter_Capps_pitching.JPG"}]

[{"reference":"Kudialis, Chris (August 8, 2012). \"Kinston's Capps reaches major leagues a year after being drafted\". News & Observer. Charlotte, NC. Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131218130357/http://www.newsobserver.com/2012/08/08/2249609/kinstons-capps-reaches-major-leagues.html","url_text":"\"Kinston's Capps reaches major leagues a year after being drafted\""},{"url":"http://www.newsobserver.com/2012/08/08/2249609/kinstons-capps-reaches-major-leagues.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Randall, Rick (May 19, 2012). \"SeattleClubhouse Q&A: Carter Capps\". Scout.com. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131213215812/http://mariners.scout.com/2/1187209.html","url_text":"\"SeattleClubhouse Q&A: Carter Capps\""},{"url":"http://mariners.scout.com/2/1187209.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"#25 Carter Capps\". pointstreak.com. Retrieved August 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://baseball.pointstreak.com/player.html?playerid=142730&seasonid=532","url_text":"\"#25 Carter Capps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mariners sign third-round selection Carter Capps\". MLB.com (Press release). August 9, 2011. Retrieved September 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://seattle.mariners.mlb.com/news/press_releases/press_release.jsp?ymd=20110809&content_id=22984076&vkey=pr_sea&fext=.jsp&c_id=sea","url_text":"\"Mariners sign third-round selection Carter Capps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carter Capps Minor League Statistics & History\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=capps-000car","url_text":"\"Carter Capps Minor League Statistics & History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Chris (September 14, 2012). \"Generals Update (SLCS Gm4 – Friday, September 14)\". Inside the Jackson Generals. MLBlogs Network. Retrieved September 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://chrisharris.mlblogs.com/2012/09/14/generals-update-slcs-gm4-friday-september-14/","url_text":"\"Generals Update (SLCS Gm4 – Friday, September 14)\""}]},{"reference":"Divish, Ryan (July 31, 2012). \"More pregame notes & lineups: Carter Capps and Stephen Pryor officially called up, Peguero sent down\". The News Tribune. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131211225053/http://blog.thenewstribune.com/mariners/2012/07/31/more-pregame-notes-lineups-carter-capps-and-stephen-pryor-officially-called-up-peguero-sent-down/","url_text":"\"More pregame notes & lineups: Carter Capps and Stephen Pryor officially called up, Peguero sent down\""},{"url":"http://blog.thenewstribune.com/mariners/2012/07/31/more-pregame-notes-lineups-carter-capps-and-stephen-pryor-officially-called-up-peguero-sent-down/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Johns, Greg (August 6, 2013). \"Mariners option Wilhelmsen, recall Capps\". mlb.com. Retrieved August 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20130806&content_id=56054858&vkey=news_mlb&c_id=mlb","url_text":"\"Mariners option Wilhelmsen, recall Capps\""}]},{"reference":"Rodriguez, Juan C. (December 13, 2013). \"Marlins make Morrison trade official\". Sun Sentinel. Retrieved April 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-12-13/sports/fl-marlins-1214-20131213_1_logan-morrison-baseball-operations-michael-hill-seattle-mariners","url_text":"\"Marlins make Morrison trade official\""}]},{"reference":"Petriello, Mike. \"Game of thrown: Carter Capps is king?\". mlb.com. Retrieved January 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://mlb.com/","url_text":"\"Game of thrown: Carter Capps is king?\""}]},{"reference":"Fernandez, Andre C. (March 8, 2016). \"Marlins' Carter Capps undergoes Tommy John surgery\". Miami Herald. Retrieved August 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.miamiherald.com/sports/mlb/miami-marlins/article64728937.html","url_text":"\"Marlins' Carter Capps undergoes Tommy John surgery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Herald","url_text":"Miami Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Padres acquire four players from Miami Marlins in seven-player trade\". MLB.com (Press release). July 29, 2016. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved July 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160801070923/http://m.mlb.com/news/article/192421780/padres-acquire-four-players-from-miami-marlins-in-seven-player-trade/","url_text":"\"Padres acquire four players from Miami Marlins in seven-player trade\""},{"url":"http://m.mlb.com/news/article/192421780/padres-acquire-four-players-from-miami-marlins-in-seven-player-trade/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cassavell, AJ (March 29, 2017). \"Capps to begin 2017 season on DL\". MLB.com. Retrieved March 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.padres.mlb.com/news/article/221415632/padres-carter-capps-works-back-from-surgery/?topicId=27118400","url_text":"\"Capps to begin 2017 season on DL\""}]},{"reference":"Byrne, Connor (March 26, 2018). \"Padres Outright Carter Capps\". mlbtraderumors.com. Retrieved March 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2018/03/padres-outright-carter-capps.html","url_text":"\"Padres Outright Carter Capps\""}]},{"reference":"Sickels, John (August 8, 2012). \"Prospect Notes: Carter Capps and Stephen Pryor, Seattle Mariners - Minor League Ball\". Minor League Ball. SBNation.com. Retrieved September 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.minorleagueball.com/2012/8/8/3228261/prospect-notes-carter-capps-and-stephen-pryor-seattle-mariners","url_text":"\"Prospect Notes: Carter Capps and Stephen Pryor, Seattle Mariners - Minor League Ball\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brooks Baseball · Home of the PitchFX Tool - Player Card: Carter Capps\". Brooks Baseball. Retrieved September 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://brooksbaseball.net/player_cards/player_card.php?player=605169","url_text":"\"Brooks Baseball · Home of the PitchFX Tool - Player Card: Carter Capps\""}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Jeff (August 9, 2012). \"Carter Capps, Visualized\". Lookout Landing. SBNation.com. Retrieved September 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lookoutlanding.com/2012/8/9/3231201/carter-capps-seattle-mariners-mechanics","url_text":"\"Carter Capps, Visualized\""}]},{"reference":"Traina, Jimmy (April 17, 2015). \"MLB re-examines weirdest pitching delivery in game\". Fox Sports. Retrieved August 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxsports.com/buzzer/story/carter-capps-delivery-041715","url_text":"\"MLB re-examines weirdest pitching delivery in game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Sports","url_text":"Fox Sports"}]},{"reference":"Castrovince, Anthony (August 20, 2015). \"Best Under-the-Radar Seasons\". Sports on Earth. Retrieved August 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportsonearth.com/article/144159348/goldschmidt-mlb-best-lost-seasons-2015-gray","url_text":"\"Best Under-the-Radar Seasons\""}]},{"reference":"McKenna, Henry (July 8, 2015). \"Watch Xander Bogaerts's game-winning hit against MLB's strangest pitcher\". Boston.com. Retrieved August 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/2015/07/08/watch-xander-bogaerts-game-winning-hit-against-mlb-strangest-pitcher/aAFdxrNbYPWwmF2za3nnnJ/story.html?story_hp","url_text":"\"Watch Xander Bogaerts's game-winning hit against MLB's strangest pitcher\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston.com","url_text":"Boston.com"}]},{"reference":"McKenna, Henry (July 9, 2015). \"Is Carter Capps's bizarre throwing motion illegal?\". Boston.com. Retrieved August 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/sports/baseball/2015/07/09/carter-capps-bizarre-throwing-motion-illegal/c9Hd6I0q8vLVSFxx7CfYRM/story.html","url_text":"\"Is Carter Capps's bizarre throwing motion illegal?\""}]},{"reference":"Schoenfield, David (April 14, 2015). \"Carter Capps' delivery is strange and apparently legal\". ESPN. Retrieved August 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/blog/sweetspot/post/_/id/56955/carter-capps-delivery-is-strange-and-apparently-legal","url_text":"\"Carter Capps' delivery is strange and apparently legal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"Lin, Dennis (March 2, 2017). \"Carter Capps' delivery still expected to be legal after MLB rule addition\". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved March 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sports/padres/sd-sp-padnotes-20170302-story.html","url_text":"\"Carter Capps' delivery still expected to be legal after MLB rule addition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune","url_text":"The San Diego Union-Tribune"}]},{"reference":"@CarterCapps (November 23, 2021). \"So thankful for the opportunity Seattle U has given my family and I. I am very excited to be joining the Redhawks!…\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/CarterCapps/status/1463228021775605766","url_text":"\"So thankful for the opportunity Seattle U has given my family and I. I am very excited to be joining the Redhawks!…\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]}]

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Minor League Ball\""},{"Link":"http://brooksbaseball.net/player_cards/player_card.php?player=605169","external_links_name":"\"Brooks Baseball · Home of the PitchFX Tool - Player Card: Carter Capps\""},{"Link":"http://www.lookoutlanding.com/2012/8/9/3231201/carter-capps-seattle-mariners-mechanics","external_links_name":"\"Carter Capps, Visualized\""},{"Link":"http://www.foxsports.com/buzzer/story/carter-capps-delivery-041715","external_links_name":"\"MLB re-examines weirdest pitching delivery in game\""},{"Link":"http://www.sportsonearth.com/article/144159348/goldschmidt-mlb-best-lost-seasons-2015-gray","external_links_name":"\"Best Under-the-Radar Seasons\""},{"Link":"http://www.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/2015/07/08/watch-xander-bogaerts-game-winning-hit-against-mlb-strangest-pitcher/aAFdxrNbYPWwmF2za3nnnJ/story.html?story_hp","external_links_name":"\"Watch Xander Bogaerts's game-winning hit against MLB's strangest pitcher\""},{"Link":"http://www.boston.com/sports/baseball/2015/07/09/carter-capps-bizarre-throwing-motion-illegal/c9Hd6I0q8vLVSFxx7CfYRM/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Is Carter Capps's bizarre throwing motion illegal?\""},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/blog/sweetspot/post/_/id/56955/carter-capps-delivery-is-strange-and-apparently-legal","external_links_name":"\"Carter Capps' delivery is strange and apparently legal\""},{"Link":"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sports/padres/sd-sp-padnotes-20170302-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Carter Capps' delivery still expected to be legal after MLB rule addition\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/CarterCapps/status/1463228021775605766","external_links_name":"\"So thankful for the opportunity Seattle U has given my family and I. I am very excited to be joining the Redhawks!…\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/player/605169","external_links_name":"MLB"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/player/stats/_/id/32469","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/c/cappsca01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/statss.aspx?playerid=12803","external_links_name":"Fangraphs"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=capps-000car","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"https://x.com/CarterCapps","external_links_name":"Carter Capps"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Smbatyan

Karen Smbatyan

["1 Life","2 Abstract","3 Quotes","4 International exhibitions","5 Personal exhibitions","6 Gallery","7 References","8 External links"]

This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Karen Smbatyan" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Karen SmbatyanԿարեն ՍմբատյանBorn(1932-04-21)21 April 1932Gyumri, ArmeniaDied27 December 2008(2008-12-27) (aged 76)Yerevan, ArmeniaNationalityArmenianKnown forPainter DrawingNotable work"Castle In The Air", "Indian wapor", "The Midday"Websitekarensmbatyan.com Karen Smbatyan (Armenian: Կարեն Սմբատյան) was born on April 21, 1932, in Gyumri, Shirak, Armenia, and passed on December 27, 2008, in Yerevan, the capital city of Armenia, and lived most of his life as an Armenian painter. Life Smbatyan was born into an Armenian family in Gyumri. He studied at the State Academy of Fine Arts of Armenia under Panos Terlemezyan. Smbatyan's paintings can be found in multiple galleries internationally, including the National Gallery of Armenia, the Richard Manukean Gallery in Detroit, Michigan, Zimmerli Art Museum in New Brunswick, New Jersey, and in private collections in various countries. Abstract Castle In The Air by Karen Smbatyan, 1994 Throughout his life, Smbatyan's art focused on themes of the destiny of Armenian people and his national identity. Smbatyan was born in 1932 in Gyumri. He studied at the Panos Terlemezyan College, but quit his studies to join the Soviet army (Estonia, Doko island). While serving in the army, Smbatyan continued to work and create art. Smbatyan's art in the 1950s and 1960s is characterized by authentic representations of objects through nature, life and people, adhering to forms of high realism ("Makuyk" 1954, "The sailor Nikolay Blokhin", 1954, "Ian Paulianki", 1959, portraits). From 1966-80, Smbatyan was the editor of "Pioner" and "Tsitsarnak" children's periodicals. During that period, he created the illustrations of "Jelsomino in The Land of Cheaters" and "Jan Polat" folktales by Gianni Rodari and authored the images of the periodicals with demonstrating a new fresh approach in the field. (Grigor Tatevaci, Toros Taronatsi). Smbatyan's diary entries from the 1970s reveal that he was concerned with the exploration of color and form in his art. ("Shell" 1975, "Amulet", 1977, "Indian jug" 1975). Smbatyan's art is characterized by vibrant colors and simplicity of composition. ("Varuzhan Vardanyan", 1983 "The portrait of Mshetsi", 1989, "The Garden", 1994, "Autumn", 1999). Smbatyan noted, on his simplistic compositions, "The most luxurious luxury is simplicity," and "The painting is complete only when the unnecessary things are removed". Quotes Penetrating and tens, especially by inner clairvoyance characteristic of an individual, he has discovered and reveled-within himself, not from the outside. Other architonic coatings, achieving an apocryphal level where the artist exposes spirited characters and objects, vital in everyone, both indigenous and common to all mankind. Only big artists can see them and show them. On the other hand, the inner world is resuscitated and made viable by the robust power of potential individuality, represented as a whole image due to the brilliance and energy of an artist named Karen Smbatyan, who has acquired the gifts of nature so abundantly. Ilya Kabakov Painter, Moscow 1976 International exhibitions 1974 Bologna, Italy 1975 Poznan, Poland 1976 Izmir, Turkey 1970 Beirut, Lebanon 1970 Paris, France Personal exhibitions 1966 "Komsomolec" newspaper editorial, Yerevan 1972 Armenian Architects' House, Yerevan 1979 Painter's House, Yerevan 1981 Museum of Modern Art, Yerevan 1981 Vilnius Art Academy 1987 Exhibition to 80th anniversary of martyrdom of Gevorg Chaush, Talin region, Ashnak village 1988 Moscow Lazarian Seminary 1989 "Neringa" Rest House, Palanga 1994 Writer's House, Yerevan 1996 Exhibition or foundation "Tatron" /Theatre/, Yerevan 1997 Heimstetten Art House, Munchen 1998 Exhibition to Bash-Aparan battle. Aparan, 1999 "Beshketuryan" Art Gallery, Los Angeles 2000 Garching Municipal Art Gallery, Munchen 2001 Exhibition of "Sun MicroSystems Firm", Munchen 2002 Painter's House, Yerevan 2004 "Academia" Gallery, Yerevan 2007 National Art Museum, Yerevan 2008 Artists' Union of Armenia Gallery Classwork, 1948. Canoe, 1954. Self Portrait, 1957. The Island, 1973. The Palace, 1974. Shell, 1975. Spring, 1999. Composition with Flowers and Bottles, 2000. The Autumn in Hrazdan Valley, 2000. Midday, 2005. Bowman, 2005. Equestrian , 2005. Northern Sun, 2006. Still life in the Landscape, 2006. Autumn Alley, 2006. Illusion, 2006. Apricot Trees, 2008. References ^ "Смбатян Карен Ваганович". Энциклопедия фонда «Хайазг». ^ "ВОИНА ДОЛЖНЫ ФОРМИРОВАТЬ ЦЕРКОВЬ, ШКОЛА И НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ДУХ". ООО "Голос". Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2012. ^ "О Рыцаре цвета". «Медиафабрика "Аракс"». Retrieved 20 August 2012. ^ "В Ереванском РЦНК открыта выставка известного армянского художника Карена Смбатяна". официальный сайт Россотрудничества. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012. ^ "МУЗЫКА ТИШИНЫ В ПОЛОТНАХ КАРЕНА СМБАТЯНА". ООО «Голос». Archived from the original on 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2012-08-20. ^ "Выставка художника Карена Смбатяна". ARMEDIA IAA Inc. Retrieved 20 August 2012. ^ "В Ереванском РЦНК открыта выставка армянского художника Карена Смбатяна". НДП «Альянс Медиа». Retrieved 20 August 2012. ^ "Կարեն Սմբատյանի մոլորակը". Retrieved 20 August 2012. ^ "ԳԵՂԱՆԿԱՐԻՉ ԿԱՐԵՆ ՍՄԲԱՏՅԱՆԻ ԳՈՒՅՆԻ ԱԶԴԵՑՈՒԹՅԱՄԲ". © 2012 Արմթաուն. Archived from the original on 1 June 2006. Retrieved 20 August 2012. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karen Smbatyan. Official site slaq.am «Ցուցադրություն նկարիչների միությունում» on YouTube Карен Смбатян - Шохакат 2007 Карен Смбатян, Фильм "Пять Минут С Тобой" on YouTube Կարեն Սմբատյան,Karen Smbatyan,Карен Смбатян by bagnik on YouTube Armenian Painters,Karen Smbatyan by bagnik on YouTube ARMENIAN PAINTERS, KAREN SMBATYAN on YouTube The classic of Armenian Art, KAREN SMBATYAN on YouTube Կ. Սմբատյան. մարդ, ով երբեք չխոսեց իր տխրության մասին on YouTube КРАСНЫЙ ЦВЕТ ПОСТОЯНСТВА Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Gyumri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyumri"},{"link_name":"Shirak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirak_Province"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Yerevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians"},{"link_name":"painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Karen Smbatyan (Armenian: Կարեն Սմբատյան) was born on April 21, 1932, in Gyumri, Shirak, Armenia, and passed on December 27, 2008, in Yerevan, the capital city of Armenia, and lived most of his life as an Armenian painter.[1][2]","title":"Karen Smbatyan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gyumri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyumri"},{"link_name":"State Academy of Fine Arts of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Academy_of_Fine_Arts_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Panos Terlemezyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panos_Terlemezian"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Zimmerli Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmerli_Art_Museum_at_Rutgers_University"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Smbatyan was born into an Armenian family in Gyumri. He studied at the State Academy of Fine Arts of Armenia under Panos Terlemezyan. Smbatyan's paintings can be found in multiple galleries internationally, including the National Gallery of Armenia, the Richard Manukean Gallery in Detroit, Michigan, Zimmerli Art Museum in New Brunswick, New Jersey, and in private collections in various countries.[3][4]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castle_In_The_Air.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gianni Rodari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianni_Rodari"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Castle In The Air by Karen Smbatyan, 1994Throughout his life, Smbatyan's art focused on themes of the destiny of Armenian people and his national identity.[5]Smbatyan was born in 1932 in Gyumri. He studied at the Panos Terlemezyan College, but quit his studies to join the Soviet army (Estonia, Doko island). While serving in the army, Smbatyan continued to work and create art. Smbatyan's art in the 1950s and 1960s is characterized by authentic representations of objects through nature, life and people, adhering to forms of high realism (\"Makuyk\" 1954, \"The sailor Nikolay Blokhin\", 1954, \"Ian Paulianki\", 1959, portraits).[6][7]From 1966-80, Smbatyan was the editor of \"Pioner\" and \"Tsitsarnak\" children's periodicals. During that period, he created the illustrations of \"Jelsomino in The Land of Cheaters\" and \"Jan Polat\" folktales by Gianni Rodari and authored the images of the periodicals with demonstrating a new fresh approach in the field. (Grigor Tatevaci, Toros Taronatsi).Smbatyan's diary entries from the 1970s reveal that he was concerned with the exploration of color and form in his art. (\"Shell\" 1975, \"Amulet\", 1977, \"Indian jug\" 1975).Smbatyan's art is characterized by vibrant colors and simplicity of composition. (\"Varuzhan Vardanyan\", 1983 \"The portrait of Mshetsi\", 1989, \"The Garden\", 1994, \"Autumn\", 1999).[8] Smbatyan noted, on his simplistic compositions, \"The most luxurious luxury is simplicity,\" and \"The painting is complete only when the unnecessary things are removed\".[9]","title":"Abstract"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Penetrating and tens, especially by inner clairvoyance characteristic of an individual, he has discovered and reveled-within himself, not from the outside. Other architonic coatings, achieving an apocryphal level where the artist exposes spirited characters and objects, vital in everyone, both indigenous and common to all mankind. Only big artists can see them and show them. On the other hand, the inner world is resuscitated and made viable by the robust power of potential individuality, represented as a whole image due to the brilliance and energy of an artist named Karen Smbatyan, who has acquired the gifts of nature so abundantly.\nIlya Kabakov\nPainter, Moscow 1976","title":"Quotes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1974 Bologna, Italy\n1975 Poznan, Poland\n1976 Izmir, Turkey\n1970 Beirut, Lebanon\n1970 Paris, France","title":"International exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1966 \"Komsomolec\" newspaper editorial, Yerevan\n1972 Armenian Architects' House, Yerevan\n1979 Painter's House, Yerevan\n1981 Museum of Modern Art, Yerevan\n1981 Vilnius Art Academy\n1987 Exhibition to 80th anniversary of martyrdom of Gevorg Chaush, Talin region, Ashnak village\n1988 Moscow Lazarian Seminary\n1989 \"Neringa\" Rest House, Palanga\n1994 Writer's House, Yerevan\n1996 Exhibition or foundation \"Tatron\" /Theatre/, Yerevan\n1997 Heimstetten Art House, Munchen\n1998 Exhibition to Bash-Aparan battle. Aparan,\n1999 \"Beshketuryan\" Art Gallery, Los Angeles\n2000 Garching Municipal Art Gallery, Munchen\n2001 Exhibition of \"Sun MicroSystems Firm\", Munchen\n2002 Painter's House, Yerevan\n2004 \"Academia\" Gallery, Yerevan\n2007 National Art Museum, Yerevan\n2008 Artists' Union of Armenia","title":"Personal exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Classwork_1948.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canoe_Karen_Smbatyan_1954.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Self_Portrait_1957.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Island_1973.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Palace_1974.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shell_1975.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spring_1999.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Composition_with_Flowers_and_Bottles_2000.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Autumn_in_Hrazdan_Valley_2000.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Midday_2005.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bowman_Karen_Smbatyan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Equestrian_Karen_Smbatyan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_Sun_2006.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Still_life_in_the_Landscape_2006.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Autumn_Alley_Karen_Smbatyan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illusion_2006.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apricot_Trees_2008.jpg"}],"text":"Classwork, 1948.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCanoe, 1954.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSelf Portrait, 1957.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Island, 1973.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Palace, 1974.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShell, 1975.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSpring, 1999.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tComposition with Flowers and Bottles, 2000.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Autumn in Hrazdan Valley, 2000.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMidday, 2005.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBowman, 2005.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEquestrian , 2005.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorthern Sun, 2006.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStill life in the Landscape, 2006.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAutumn Alley, 2006.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIllusion, 2006.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tApricot Trees, 2008.","title":"Gallery"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadigjan

Sadigjan

["1 Biography","1.1 Childhood and youth","1.2 Success","1.3 Shiri-Khurshid","1.4 Sadigjan's ensemble","2 Performance technique","3 Creation of the Azerbaijani tar","3.1 Strings","4 Contribution to the Azerbaijani music","5 The memory about the musician","6 References"]

Azerbaijani folk musician and tar player SadigBackground informationBirth nameMirza SadigBorn1846Shusha, Russian EmpireOriginShusha, AzerbaijanDied1902GenresAzerbaijani Folk Music, MughamInstrument(s)Primary: TarMembersOğlu: Sadıqov Bahadur Nəvəsi: Sadıqov Rəhim Nəticəsi: Sadıqov Elçin Kötücəsi: Sadıqov Afər Mirza Sadig, more commonly known as Sadigjan (Azerbaijani: Sadıqcan), was an Azerbaijani folk musician, tar player, and the creator of the Azerbaijani tar (also known as upgraded tar). Sadigjan is one of the famous Azerbaijani tar players. By improving this instrument, Sadigjan expanded the possibilities of virtuoso playing on this instrument. He increased the number of strings from 5 to 13, made additional changes to the body of the instrument, and completely changed the system of frets on the tar's neck reducing their number from 27–28 to 22. Sadigjan introduced significant innovations in the Azerbaijani mugham improving the "Segah", "Mirza Huseyn Segah" and the "Mahur" mughams. The appearance in Azerbaijani music of "Mahur-Hindi", "Orta Mahur", "Zabul Segah", "Kharij Segah", "Yetim Segah", "Choban Bayati" mughams is associated with the work of Sadigjan and the Azerbaijani tar. In the 90s of the 19th century, under the leadership of Sadigjan, an ensemble was created in Shusha. This included famous singers and musicians of that time. Among the students of tar were such famous musicians as Gurban Primov, Mashadi Zeynal, Arsen Yaramishev, Mardi Janibekov, Malibeyli Hamid, Mashadi Jamil Amirov, Shirin Akhundov and others. Biography Childhood and youth Sadikh Mirza Asad oghlu was born in the family of a watchman in the city of Shusha, according to most sources, in 1846 (according to other sources - in 1842) in a one- story house consisting of two rooms. Later, when the fame came to him, Mirza Sadikh built a three-story house on one of the best streets of Shusha and himself took part in its construction as a worker for several days. From childhood, Sadikh showed a great interest in art, and wonderfully sang folk songs. His father, Asadullah, took him to the school of the famous musicologist Harrat Gulu. After checking his vocal abilities, Sadikh was accepted there. The graduates of this school, besides Sadigjan, were the most famous mugham performers of Shusha - Haji Husi, Mashadi Isi, Deli Ismail, Shahnaz Abbas, Bulbuljan, Keshtazly Hashim, Kechachioglu Mahammad, Jabbar Garyaghdioghlu. This school had a great influence on the formation of Sadikh as a musician. At the age of 18, Sadigjan lost his voice and after that he learned to play various musical instruments such as: kamancha, flute, nai, and tar. He was taught to play tar by the famous Shusha tarist Mirza Ali Asgar, who, being impressed by his play, said: I would like Sadikh to have my wealth, and I could have his fingers. In the ensemble of Mirza Ali Asgar, Mirza Sadikh was a kemanchist. But one day, when Mirza Ali Asgar fell ill, Sadigjan, replaced him as a tar player and managed to demonstrate his abilities in playing this instrument. Inspired by his success, Sadigjan devoted himself entirely to tar, and since then he has been constantly honing his skills. Success To the beginning of the 19th century, Shusha was one of the cultural centers. Poets, playwrights, famous musicians and artists from all over the Caucasus came here where theatrical performances were staged and musical meetings were held. The musical meetings were the most famous in Azerbaijan and played an important role in the recognition of Sadigjan as a tar player. Among these majlises organized by Mir Mohsun Navvab "Mejlisi- Faramushan" ("Mejlis of the forgotten"), "Mejlisi-khananda" ("society of musicians") and Majlises arranged by Khurshidbanu Natavan, where singers and musicians demonstrated their art, discussions were held on the problems of the music theory, the works of poets were performed, and competitions were organized. Sadikh took part in such Majlis events, thanks to which his name became known in the neighboring countries. The excellent performance of Sadigjan attracted the attention of Mahmud Agha from Shamakhi. He is known by the work "Karabakh-nama" by the poet and musicologist Muhammed-agha Muzhtehidzade, in which he tells that "Mahmud-agha of Shirvan, having heard about the glory of Sadigjan, asked him to visit Shirvan." At the invitation of Mahmud Agha, Sadigjan visited Shamakhi and took part in a musical meeting. Once Mahmud-agha sent Seyid Azim Shirvani to Shusha after Mirza Sadikh, he dedicated to Sadigjan one of his muhammas. Being an admirer of Mirza Sadikh's creation, Mahmud-agha often invited him to his place together with Haji Husi and even gave him a tar, the body of which was made of gold. Since that time, the musical meetings at Mahmud-agha could not take place without Sadigjan. This greatly irritated Khurshidbanu Natavan since the performance of Sadikh was an adornment at the "Majlisi-Uns" organized by her, as well as at the celebrations in the Khan's palace which did not take place without his participation. It is assumed that due to him, Natavan and Mahmud-agha corresponded for a long time. In addition to the participation in celebrations and musical meetings, Sadikh gave concerts during the breaks of performances held in Shusha and Tiflis. So, on 29 December 1886, in the building of the Artsruni Theater in Tiflis, the play “Monsieur Jourdan - a botanist and dervish Mastalishah”, based on the play of Mirza Fatali Akhundov, was staged, and during the intermissions Mirza Sadikh and the famous khanende (mugham performer) Mirzali were expected to perform. The “Caucasian Review” issued in Tiflis, wrote about Sadikh in the heading “Theater and Music”: From the memoirs of contemporaries of Mirza Sadikh follows that he spent most of his life on the road participating in the festivities that took place in the Caucasus, Iran, Central Asia and Turkey. In March 1872, on the occasion of the celebration of Novruz, he was invited by the Iranian ambassador to Russia to St. Petersburg where he performed with the famous khanende Sattar. It is known that starting from the 18th century in the countries of the Middle East, including Azerbaijan, singers and performers who gained recognition and fame among people were given a name or pseudonym with using “jan” (“soul”). Among people, Mirza Sadikh also received the name Sadigjan. Such an honor, besides him, was given only to the famous singer - Abdul-Bagi Zulalov, who was called Bulbuljan. Shiri-Khurshid In the beginning, Sadigjan, accompanying Haji Husi, made up a trio together with him and the kemanchist Ata Bagdagul oglu. Later, he moved to the Shusha khanende Mashadi Isi trio. In 1880, as part of it, he received an invitation to Tabriz for the wedding of Mozafereddin Qajar Mirza, the son of Nasreddin Shah Qajar. Many other musicians and singers also performed at the wedding, but Haji Husi and Sadikh were recognized as the best khanende and tar player and were awarded the Shiri-Khurshid order. According to Aghalarbey Aliverdibeyov, the author of the “Harun al-Rashid” opera and a connoisseur of Azerbaijani musical history, at the mentioned above wedding, a well-known tar player challenged Sadigjan to a musical duel. He also stated that the good performance of Mirza Sadikh was possible thanks to the changes made on the fretboard of the instrument, in the fret system of the tar. Sadigjan accepted the challenge, but at the same time cut all the pointers on the instrument's neck. Seeing this, the opponent refused to participate and kissed the fingers of Mirza Sadikh. Sadigjan's ensemble In the 90s of the 19th century, under the leadership of Sadigjan, an ensemble was created in Shusha, which included famous singers and musicians of that time. Among them were Haji Husu, Mashadi Isi, Jabbar Garyaghdioglu, Deli Ismail, Khanlyg Shukur, Bulbuljan, Kechachioghlu Muhammed, the tar player Ter-Vartanesov, Mashadi Zeynal and others. Two girls also participated in the ensemble performing Azerbaijani, Georgian, Armenian dances, as well as the belly dance. Among the participants was the mutrub Mirza Ismail, who played a prominent role in the ensemble. Although it was not necessary for his role, he was not only a good tar player, but also had an excellent voice. Among the ensemble's musicians, in addition to Azerbaijanis, were Georgians, Armenians, and Lezgins. The ensemble's performance took place in the concert halls of Shusha, Baku, Ganja, Ashgabat, Tehran, Istanbul, Derbent, Vladikavkaz, at the musical meetings of Khurshidbanu Natavan, Mahmud-agha, Mashadi Melik, in the gardens of Tiflis ("Mushtekhid") and İravan ("Khurrem"). Sadigjan also showed himself as a teacher. Among his students were such famous musicians as Gurban Pirimov, Mashadi Zeynal, Arsen Yaramyshev, Mardi Janibekov, Hamid Malybeyli, Tatevos Artyunyan, Mashadi Jamil Amirov, Shirin Akhundov and others. Sadigjan died in 1902 in Shusha at the age of 56. Performance technique Sadigjan at one time was recognized as "the first tar player in the entire Caucasus". According to the Honored Artist of Azerbaijan Sahib Pashazade, "the possibilities of his performance technique surpass all boundaries". From a young age, Sadigjan studied the performance techniques with great persistence. According to the composer and musicologist Afrasiyab Badalbeyli, he sometimes achieved various sounds without using his right hand (without mizrab), only with the fingers of his left hand, hitting the strings in a special way or pressing the strings, pulling them along the frets to lengthen various sounds reminiscent of glissando. In addition to these, Mirza Sadikh created such performance techniques as the “khun” effect (based on the resonation of the entire body of the tar obtained by shaking the neck of the instrument in accordance with the nature of the performance), the use of a small body or pressing the string to the neck of the tar, extracting sounds by plucking up to change the timbre of the instrument, etc. In order to make the fingertips of his left hand harder, Mirza Sadikh lubricated them with a liquid of his own preparation, holding them also over a burning candle. It is known that the use of mizrab leads to the damage of the frets over time. To avoid this, Sadikh covered them with a special solution. The Baku musical meeting organizer's son, Mashadi Melik, a famous tar player and the father of Bahram Mansurov, Mashadi Suleyman Mansurov, when firstly saw Mirza Sadikh in Tiflis, recalled that “his amazing playing on the tar had some kind of incomprehensible power over people”. He played virtuoso without a mizrab raising the instrument to his chin, and sometimes played with the tar leaning it to his neck. Sometimes, like ashigs, he raised the tar over his head. According to eyewitnesses, Sadikhjan was able to teach the thrush several small tesnifs and songs by playing the tar. According to a story of his student Gurban Pirimov, Mirza Sadikh asked him to catch a nightingale from Gulably for him. Pirimov, along with the nightingale, brought and a thrush. Once, having come to Sadigjan again, he saw that he had put a mirror in front of the thrush, while he himself was playing tesnif on the tar, similar in sound to the singing of thrushes in the wild. The thrush, having seen the reflection in the mirror, begun to sing. Creation of the Azerbaijani tar In the second half of the 19th century, the performance capabilities of the five-stringed tar no longer met the requirements of the rapidly developing Azerbaijani mugham art, and a need arose for a radical reconstruction of the instrument. Sadikhjan, for the first time, made a number of significant and bold innovations in the tar's performance and in the structure of the instrument. These were fundamental changes in the body, strings and frets of the instrument. The time has shown that this innovation paid off. The body of the five-stringed tar is large in volume, and this does not allow lifting it to the chest. It is played on the knees, sometimes using a footstool. The length of a standard tar in Iran is 950 mm, the maximum width is 250 mm, with the depth of 200 mm, the length of the neck is 600 mm. The large dimensions reduce the possibilities of execution technique. The sound is soft and quiet. Strings Sadikhan firstly increased the number of strings from 5 to 18, then reduced their number to 13 - two three-choir ones at the bottom (“kok” - white, yellow main strings), in the middle - a single one (“bem kok” - tone thick red string used for a richer sound, as well as for chords) and a steam room (“dem” - the main strings for playing a melody) are bass, and on the upper side of the fretboard there are two paired sonorous ones (“zeng simler”, “jingene simler” - white resonant strings). The aliquot strings (resonant strings not used during the performance) — sonorous and tonal — added by Mirza Sadikh made the sound of the timbre effects of the instrument richer and increased the performance technique's possibilities. The presence of these strings contributed to the emergence of a special interpretation of the mugham on the tar. During the accompaniment of the khanende, aliquot strings create an organ point with the help of the vibrational effect “khun”, making mugham melodies more varied and brighter. They play a big role in the performance of the complex pieces, ensuring the perfection of the sound. So, in the process of performing mughams, as well as concerts, and plays written for tar, the richness of the sound is achieved thanks to these strings. In the course of his work on improving the instrument, Sadikhjan used the theoretical knowledge of the musicologists Safiaddin Urmavi and Mir Mohsun Navvab. After the death of Sadikhjan, the number of strings was reduced to 11. Contribution to the Azerbaijani music Improving the tar opened a new page in the history of both the instrument itself and of the Azerbaijani mugham art in general. The changes made in the frets' location and, in general, in the structure of the instrument influenced the mugham fret system. This, in turn, led to changes in the art of mugham singing. The new style of the instrumental performance had an impact on the very manner of the khanende singing, since its performance was always accompanied by tar and kemancha. Sadigjan made significant innovations in the Azerbaijani mugham. He improved the “Segah” mugham by adding the tones of “Zabul”, and to the mugham “Mirza Huseyn Segah” - adding the tones of the “Mukhalif” mugham. He significantly improved the mugham "Mahur". According to some data, we are allowed to talk about him as a composer. To the mughams "Orta Segah" and "Bayaty Shiraz", Mirza Sadikh wrote the instrumental additions (ryang). The ryangs reached their highest development precisely after the reconstruction of the instrument carried out by Mirza Sadikh. Sadigjan and his students became the authors of many famous examples of this genre later being classified as classic. According to the art critic Fikret Abulgasimov, the songs he wrote, tesnifs, ryangs, those dedicated to the homeland, demonstrate the power of the folk art, this is clearly seen thanks to their aesthetic power of influence and deep vitality. In 1897, in Shusha, Mirza Sadikh taling an active part in the production of the “Leyli and Majnun” play, based on Fuzuli's poem with adaptations in the religious style “Shabeh”, he also engaged in its musical arrangement. The performance was staged at the Khandamirov Theater according to the script of Abdurrahim bey Hagverdiyev, the writer. The ensemble of Sadigjan performed the composition "Shebi-Hijran" for the choir. Many years later, Uzeyir Hajibeyov, who sang in the choir of this performance, recalled: I started working on the opera in 1907, however I had this idea much earlier, around 1897-1898, when being a thirteen-year-old child, I saw the scene "Majnun over the grave of Leyli" performed by amateur actors in my native city Shusha. This scene impressed me so much that when I arrived to Baku a few years later, I decided to write something like an opera. Sadigjan is also known as the creator of several mughams. Before him, there was only one dastgah (the largest form of mugham) of the mugham "Mahur", later two forms of its performance appeared - "Mahur-Hindi" and "Orta Mahur". From the memoirs of the famous mugham performer Jabbar Garyaghdioglu: In the second half of the 19th century, "Mahur-Hindi" was created by the famous tarist of Azerbaijan Sadykhjan for the singers singing in a low voice. The appearance in the Azerbaijani music of such mughams as "Mahur-Hindi", "Orta Mahur", "Zabul Segah", "Kharij Segah", "Mirza Huseyn Segahy", "Etim Segah", "Choban Bayaty" is associated with the creation of Mirza Sadikh and with the Azerbaijani tar. The famous Azerbaijani composer and musicologist Afrasiyab Badalbeyli, speaking about the innovations brought to Azerbaijani music by Sadikhjan, wrote that “starting with Mirza Sadikh, the essence of mughamat, the means of its expression, its power of influence and style of performance have risen to a new level. Mirza Sadikh opened a new page of the Azerbaijani music”. In 1901, Sadikhjan took part in the first Oriental concert held in Shusha performing solo the mugham "Mahur". The memory about the musician Concert dedicated to the 170th anniversary of Sadigjan at the International Mugham Center in Baku Before the start of the Karabakh conflict, there was a memorial plaque installed by the Ministry of Culture of the Azerbaijan SSR on the wall of Sadigjan's house in Shusha. In Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, a street in the Khatai region was named after Sadigjan. Ilyas Efendiyev's story the "Tale of the Khan's Daughter Gyulsanuber and the Tar Player Sadigjan" is dedicated to Sadigjan. In October 1997, a competition of folk instrument performers dedicated to the 150th anniversary of Mirza Sadikh was held at the Azerbaijan State Musical Academy. In 2005, by the artist Bayram Gasimkhanli, a portrait of Sadigjan was painted. On 10 November 2006, an event was held at the Museum of Musical Culture in Baku on the occasion of the 160th anniversary of Sadigjan. There were performed works by tar players, as well as the mugam "Dilkesh" by Mansum Ibragimov and "Segah" - performed by Tayar Bayramov. At the initiative of the National Archival Administration under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan, in 2007, by the Honored Art Worker of Azerbaijan Firudin Shushinsky, there was published the book "Sadigjan" - dedicated to the life and work of Mirza Sadikh. On 22 November 2016, a jubilee evening dedicated to the 170th anniversary of the birth of Sadigjan was held at the International Mugham Center in Baku. At this celebration, famous musicians performed mugham compositions, folk and author's songs on the music of the Khatire ensemble. References ^ Садых / Большой энциклопедический словарь. Музыка. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 1998. p. 480. ^ под ред. Ю. В. Келдыша (1978). Садых М. А. // Музыкальная энциклопедия. Vol. IV. Moscow: Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор. ^ Firudin Shushinski (1979). Народные певцы и музыканты Азербайджана. Moscow: Советский композитор. p. 41. ^ Firudin Shushinski (1968). Shusha. Baku: Azernashr. p. 111. ^ Под ред. И. А. Гусейнова (1960). История Азербайджана. Vol. II. Baku: Издательство Академии наук Азербайджанской ССР. p. 415. ^ Elmira Abbasova (1985). Узеир Гаджибеков: путь жизни и творчества. Baku: Elm. p. 64. ^ Садых М. А. (1978). Курбан Примов. Vol. IV. Moscow: Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор. p. 111. ^ Elmira Abbasova (1963). Курбан Примов. Moscow: Советский композитор. p. 6. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani tar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_(Azerbaijani_instrument)"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani tar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_tar"},{"link_name":"mugham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugham"},{"link_name":"Segah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segah"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Shusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shusha"},{"link_name":"Gurban Primov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurban_Pirimov"},{"link_name":"Mashadi Zeynal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashadi_Zeynal"},{"link_name":"Malibeyli Hamid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malibeyli_Hamid"},{"link_name":"Mashadi Jamil Amirov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashadi_Jamil_Amirov"}],"text":"Mirza Sadig, more commonly known as Sadigjan (Azerbaijani: Sadıqcan), was an Azerbaijani folk musician,[1][2] tar player, and the creator of the Azerbaijani tar (also known as upgraded tar).Sadigjan is one of the famous Azerbaijani tar players. By improving this instrument, Sadigjan expanded the possibilities of virtuoso playing on this instrument. He increased the number of strings from 5 to 13, made additional changes to the body of the instrument, and completely changed the system of frets on the tar's neck reducing their number from 27–28 to 22.Sadigjan introduced significant innovations in the Azerbaijani mugham improving the \"Segah\", \"Mirza Huseyn Segah\" and the \"Mahur\" mughams. The appearance in Azerbaijani music of \"Mahur-Hindi\", \"Orta Mahur\", \"Zabul Segah\", \"Kharij Segah\", \"Yetim Segah\", \"Choban Bayati\" mughams is associated with the work of Sadigjan and the Azerbaijani tar.In the 90s of the 19th century, under the leadership of Sadigjan, an ensemble was created in Shusha. This included famous singers and musicians of that time. Among the students of tar were such famous musicians as Gurban Primov, Mashadi Zeynal, Arsen Yaramishev, Mardi Janibekov, Malibeyli Hamid, Mashadi Jamil Amirov, Shirin Akhundov and others.","title":"Sadigjan"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shusha"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-musicenc-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bulbuljan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbuljan"},{"link_name":"Kechachioglu Mahammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kechachioghlu_Muhammed"},{"link_name":"Jabbar Garyaghdioghlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabbar_Garyaghdioglu"},{"link_name":"kamancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamancheh"},{"link_name":"tar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_tar"},{"link_name":"Mirza Ali Asgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ali_Asgar_Karabaghi"}],"sub_title":"Childhood and youth","text":"Sadikh Mirza Asad oghlu was born in the family of a watchman in the city of Shusha, according to most sources, in 1846[3][4][5][6] (according to other sources - in 1842[7][8]) in a one-\nstory house consisting of two rooms. Later, when the fame came to him, Mirza Sadikh built a three-story house on one of the best streets of Shusha and himself took part in its construction as a worker for several days.From childhood, Sadikh showed a great interest in art, and wonderfully sang folk songs. His father, Asadullah, took him to the school of the famous musicologist Harrat Gulu. After checking his vocal abilities, Sadikh was accepted there. The graduates of this school, besides Sadigjan, were the most famous mugham performers of Shusha - Haji Husi, Mashadi Isi, Deli Ismail, Shahnaz Abbas, Bulbuljan, Keshtazly Hashim, Kechachioglu Mahammad, Jabbar Garyaghdioghlu. This school had a great influence on the formation of Sadikh as a musician. At the age of 18, Sadigjan lost his voice and after that he learned to play various musical instruments such as: kamancha, flute, nai, and tar. He was taught to play tar by the famous Shusha tarist Mirza Ali Asgar, who, being impressed by his play, said:I would like Sadikh to have my wealth, and I could have his fingers.In the ensemble of Mirza Ali Asgar, Mirza Sadikh was a kemanchist. But one day, when Mirza Ali Asgar fell ill, Sadigjan, replaced him as a tar player and managed to demonstrate his abilities in playing this instrument. Inspired by his success, Sadigjan devoted himself entirely to tar, and since then he has been constantly honing his skills.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Success","text":"To the beginning of the 19th century, Shusha was one of the cultural centers. Poets, playwrights, famous musicians and artists from all over the Caucasus came here where\ntheatrical performances were staged and musical meetings were held. The musical meetings were the most famous in Azerbaijan and played an important role in the recognition of Sadigjan as a tar player. [15] Among these majlises organized by Mir Mohsun Navvab \"Mejlisi- Faramushan\" (\"Mejlis of the forgotten\"), \"Mejlisi-khananda\" (\"society of musicians\") and Majlises arranged by Khurshidbanu Natavan, where singers and musicians demonstrated their art, discussions were held on the problems of the music theory, the works of poets were performed, and competitions were organized. Sadikh took part in such Majlis events, thanks to which his name became known in the neighboring countries.The excellent performance of Sadigjan attracted the attention of Mahmud Agha from Shamakhi. He is known by the work \"Karabakh-nama\" by the poet and musicologist\nMuhammed-agha Muzhtehidzade, in which he tells that \"Mahmud-agha of Shirvan, having heard about the glory of Sadigjan, asked him to visit Shirvan.\" At the invitation of Mahmud Agha, Sadigjan visited Shamakhi and took part in a musical meeting. Once Mahmud-agha sent Seyid Azim Shirvani to Shusha after Mirza Sadikh, he dedicated to Sadigjan one of his muhammas. Being an admirer of Mirza Sadikh's creation, Mahmud-agha often invited him to his place together with Haji Husi and even gave him a tar, the body of which was made of gold. Since that time, the musical meetings at Mahmud-agha could not take place without Sadigjan. This greatly irritated Khurshidbanu Natavan since the performance of Sadikh was an adornment at the \"Majlisi-Uns\" organized by her, as well as at the celebrations in the Khan's palace which did not take place without his participation. It is assumed that due to him, Natavan and Mahmud-agha corresponded for a long time.In addition to the participation in celebrations and musical meetings, Sadikh gave concerts during the breaks of performances held in Shusha and Tiflis. So, on 29 December 1886, in the building of the Artsruni Theater in Tiflis, the play “Monsieur Jourdan - a botanist and dervish Mastalishah”, based on the play of Mirza Fatali Akhundov, was staged, and during the intermissions Mirza Sadikh and the famous khanende (mugham performer) Mirzali were expected to perform. The “Caucasian Review” issued in Tiflis, wrote about Sadikh in the heading “Theater and Music”:From the memoirs of contemporaries of Mirza Sadikh follows that he spent most of his life on the road participating in the festivities that took place in the Caucasus, Iran, Central Asia and Turkey. In March 1872, on the occasion of the celebration of Novruz, he was invited by the Iranian ambassador to Russia to St. Petersburg where he performed with the famous khanende Sattar.It is known that starting from the 18th century in the countries of the Middle East, including Azerbaijan, singers and performers who gained recognition and fame among people were given a name or pseudonym with using “jan” (“soul”). Among people, Mirza Sadikh also received the name Sadigjan. Such an honor, besides him, was given only to the famous singer - Abdul-Bagi Zulalov, who was called Bulbuljan.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Shiri-Khurshid","text":"In the beginning, Sadigjan, accompanying Haji Husi, made up a trio together with him and the kemanchist Ata Bagdagul oglu. Later, he moved to the Shusha khanende Mashadi Isi trio. In 1880, as part of it, he received an invitation to Tabriz for the wedding of Mozafereddin Qajar Mirza, the son of Nasreddin Shah Qajar. Many other musicians and singers also performed at the wedding, but Haji Husi and Sadikh were recognized as the best khanende and tar player and were awarded the Shiri-Khurshid order.According to Aghalarbey Aliverdibeyov, the author of the “Harun al-Rashid” opera and a connoisseur of Azerbaijani musical history, at the mentioned above wedding, a well-known tar player challenged Sadigjan to a musical duel. He also stated that the good performance of Mirza Sadikh was possible thanks to the changes made on the fretboard of the instrument, in the fret system of the tar. Sadigjan accepted the challenge, but at the same time cut all the pointers on the instrument's neck. Seeing this, the opponent refused to participate and kissed the fingers of Mirza Sadikh.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shusha"},{"link_name":"Haji Husu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haji_Husu"},{"link_name":"Jabbar Garyaghdioglu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabbar_Garyaghdioglu"},{"link_name":"Bulbuljan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbuljan"},{"link_name":"Kechachioghlu Muhammed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kechachioghlu_Muhammed"},{"link_name":"Shusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shusha"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"link_name":"Ganja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Ashgabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgabat"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Derbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbent"},{"link_name":"Vladikavkaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladikavkaz"},{"link_name":"Khurshidbanu Natavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khurshidbanu_Natavan"},{"link_name":"Tiflis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"İravan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan"},{"link_name":"Gurban Pirimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurban_Pirimov"},{"link_name":"Mashadi Jamil Amirov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashadi_Jamil_Amirov"}],"sub_title":"Sadigjan's ensemble","text":"In the 90s of the 19th century, under the leadership of Sadigjan, an ensemble was created in Shusha, which included famous singers and musicians of that time. Among them were Haji Husu, Mashadi Isi, Jabbar Garyaghdioglu, Deli Ismail, Khanlyg Shukur, Bulbuljan, Kechachioghlu Muhammed, the tar player Ter-Vartanesov, Mashadi Zeynal and others. Two girls also participated in the ensemble performing Azerbaijani, Georgian, Armenian dances, as well as the belly dance. Among the participants was the mutrub Mirza Ismail, who played a prominent role in the ensemble. Although it was not necessary for his role, he was not only a good tar player, but also had an excellent voice. Among the ensemble's musicians, in addition to Azerbaijanis, were Georgians, Armenians, and Lezgins. The ensemble's performance took place in the concert halls of Shusha, Baku, Ganja, Ashgabat, Tehran, Istanbul, Derbent, Vladikavkaz, at the musical meetings of Khurshidbanu Natavan, Mahmud-agha, Mashadi Melik, in the gardens of Tiflis (\"Mushtekhid\") and İravan (\"Khurrem\").Sadigjan also showed himself as a teacher. Among his students were such famous musicians as Gurban Pirimov, Mashadi Zeynal, Arsen Yaramyshev, Mardi Janibekov, Hamid Malybeyli, Tatevos Artyunyan, Mashadi Jamil Amirov, Shirin Akhundov and others.Sadigjan died in 1902 in Shusha at the age of 56.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Sadigjan at one time was recognized as \"the first tar player in the entire Caucasus\". According to the Honored Artist of Azerbaijan Sahib Pashazade, \"the possibilities of his performance technique surpass all boundaries\". From a young age, Sadigjan studied the performance techniques with great persistence. According to the composer and musicologist Afrasiyab Badalbeyli, he sometimes achieved various sounds without using his right hand (without mizrab), only with the fingers of his left hand, hitting the strings in a special way or pressing the strings, pulling them along the frets to lengthen various sounds reminiscent of glissando. In addition to these, Mirza Sadikh created such performance techniques as the “khun” effect (based on the resonation of the entire body of the tar obtained by shaking the neck of the instrument in accordance with the nature of the performance), the use of a small body or pressing the string to the neck of the tar, extracting sounds by plucking up to change the timbre of the instrument, etc.In order to make the fingertips of his left hand harder, Mirza Sadikh lubricated them with a liquid of his own preparation, holding them also over a burning candle. It is known that the use of mizrab leads to the damage of the frets over time. To avoid this, Sadikh covered them with a special solution.The Baku musical meeting organizer's son, Mashadi Melik, a famous tar player and the father of Bahram Mansurov, Mashadi Suleyman Mansurov, when firstly saw Mirza Sadikh in Tiflis, recalled that “his amazing playing on the tar had some kind of incomprehensible power over people”. He played virtuoso without a mizrab raising the instrument to his chin, and sometimes played with the tar leaning it to his neck. Sometimes, like ashigs, he raised the tar over his head.According to eyewitnesses, Sadikhjan was able to teach the thrush several small tesnifs and songs by playing the tar. According to a story of his student Gurban Pirimov, Mirza Sadikh asked him to catch a nightingale from Gulably for him. Pirimov, along with the nightingale, brought and a thrush. Once, having come to Sadigjan again, he saw that he had put a mirror in front of the thrush, while he himself was playing tesnif on the tar, similar in sound to the singing of thrushes in the wild. The thrush, having seen the reflection in the mirror, begun to sing.","title":"Performance technique"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In the second half of the 19th century, the performance capabilities of the five-stringed tar no longer met the requirements of the rapidly developing Azerbaijani mugham art, and a need arose for a radical reconstruction of the instrument. Sadikhjan, for the first time, made a number of significant and bold innovations in the tar's performance and in the structure of the instrument. These were fundamental changes in the body, strings and frets of the instrument. The time has shown that this innovation paid off.The body of the five-stringed tar is large in volume, and this does not allow lifting it to the chest. It is played on the knees, sometimes using a footstool. The length of a standard tar in Iran is 950 mm, the maximum width is 250 mm, with the depth of 200 mm, the length of the neck is 600 mm. The large dimensions reduce the possibilities of execution technique. The sound is soft and quiet.","title":"Creation of the Azerbaijani tar"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Strings","text":"Sadikhan firstly increased the number of strings from 5 to 18, then reduced their number to 13 - two three-choir ones at the bottom (“kok” - white, yellow main strings), in the middle - a single one (“bem kok” - tone thick red string used for a richer sound, as well as for chords) and a steam room (“dem” - the main strings for playing a melody) are bass, and on the upper side of the fretboard there are two paired sonorous ones (“zeng simler”, “jingene simler” - white resonant strings). The aliquot strings (resonant strings not used during the performance) — sonorous and tonal — added by Mirza Sadikh made the sound of the timbre effects of\nthe instrument richer and increased the performance technique's possibilities. The presence of these strings contributed to the emergence of a special interpretation of the mugham on the tar. During the accompaniment of the khanende, aliquot strings create an organ point with the help of the vibrational effect “khun”, making mugham melodies more varied and brighter. They play a big role in the performance of the complex pieces, ensuring the perfection of the sound. So, in the process of performing mughams, as well as concerts, and plays written for tar, the richness of the sound is achieved thanks to these strings. In the course of his work on improving the instrument, Sadikhjan used the theoretical knowledge of the musicologists Safiaddin Urmavi and Mir Mohsun Navvab. After the death of Sadikhjan, the number of strings was reduced to 11.","title":"Creation of the Azerbaijani tar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abdurrahim bey Hagverdiyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdurrahim_bey_Hagverdiyev"},{"link_name":"Uzeyir Hajibeyov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzeyir_Hajibeyov"},{"link_name":"Jabbar Garyaghdioglu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabbar_Garyaghdioglu"},{"link_name":"Afrasiyab Badalbeyli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrasiyab_Badalbeyli"}],"text":"Improving the tar opened a new page in the history of both the instrument itself and of the Azerbaijani mugham art in general. The changes made in the frets' location and, in general, in the structure of the instrument influenced the mugham fret system. This, in turn, led to changes in the art of mugham singing. The new style of the instrumental performance had an impact on the very manner of the khanende singing, since its performance was always accompanied by tar and kemancha.Sadigjan made significant innovations in the Azerbaijani mugham. He improved the “Segah” mugham by adding the tones of “Zabul”, and to the mugham “Mirza Huseyn Segah” - adding the tones of the “Mukhalif” mugham. He significantly improved the mugham \"Mahur\". According to some data, we are allowed to talk about him as a composer. To the mughams \"Orta Segah\" and \"Bayaty Shiraz\", Mirza Sadikh wrote the instrumental additions (ryang). The ryangs reached their highest development precisely after the reconstruction of the instrument carried out by Mirza Sadikh. Sadigjan and his students became the authors of many famous examples of this genre later being classified as classic. According to the art critic Fikret Abulgasimov, the songs he wrote, tesnifs, ryangs, those dedicated to the homeland, demonstrate the power of the folk art, this is clearly seen thanks to their aesthetic power of influence and deep vitality.In 1897, in Shusha, Mirza Sadikh taling an active part in the production of the “Leyli and Majnun” play, based on Fuzuli's poem with adaptations in the religious style “Shabeh”, he also engaged in its musical arrangement. The performance was staged at the Khandamirov Theater according to the script of Abdurrahim bey Hagverdiyev, the writer. The ensemble of Sadigjan performed the composition \"Shebi-Hijran\" for the choir. Many years later, Uzeyir Hajibeyov, who sang in the choir of this performance, recalled:I started working on the opera in 1907, however I had this idea much earlier, around 1897-1898, when being a thirteen-year-old child, I saw the scene \"Majnun over the grave of Leyli\" performed by amateur actors in my native city Shusha. This scene impressed me so much that when I arrived to Baku a few years later, I decided to write something like an opera.Sadigjan is also known as the creator of several mughams. Before him, there was only one dastgah (the largest form of mugham) of the mugham \"Mahur\", later two forms of its performance appeared - \"Mahur-Hindi\" and \"Orta Mahur\". From the memoirs of the famous mugham performer Jabbar Garyaghdioglu:In the second half of the 19th century, \"Mahur-Hindi\" was created by the famous tarist of Azerbaijan Sadykhjan for the singers singing in a low voice.The appearance in the Azerbaijani music of such mughams as \"Mahur-Hindi\", \"Orta Mahur\", \"Zabul Segah\", \"Kharij Segah\", \"Mirza Huseyn Segahy\", \"Etim Segah\", \"Choban Bayaty\" is\nassociated with the creation of Mirza Sadikh and with the Azerbaijani tar. The famous Azerbaijani composer and musicologist Afrasiyab Badalbeyli, speaking about the innovations\nbrought to Azerbaijani music by Sadikhjan, wrote that “starting with Mirza Sadikh, the essence of mughamat, the means of its expression, its power of influence and style of performance have risen to a new level. Mirza Sadikh opened a new page of the Azerbaijani music”.In 1901, Sadikhjan took part in the first Oriental concert held in Shusha performing solo the mugham \"Mahur\".","title":"Contribution to the Azerbaijani music"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Concert_dedicated_to_170th_anniversary_of_Sadigjan_2.jpg"}],"text":"Concert dedicated to the 170th anniversary of Sadigjan at the International Mugham Center in BakuBefore the start of the Karabakh conflict, there was a memorial plaque installed by the Ministry of Culture of the Azerbaijan SSR on the wall of Sadigjan's house in Shusha.\nIn Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, a street in the Khatai region was named after Sadigjan.\nIlyas Efendiyev's story the \"Tale of the Khan's Daughter Gyulsanuber and the Tar Player Sadigjan\" is dedicated to Sadigjan.\nIn October 1997, a competition of folk instrument performers dedicated to the 150th anniversary of Mirza Sadikh was held at the Azerbaijan State Musical Academy.\nIn 2005, by the artist Bayram Gasimkhanli, a portrait of Sadigjan was painted.\nOn 10 November 2006, an event was held at the Museum of Musical Culture in Baku on the occasion of the 160th anniversary of Sadigjan. There were performed works by tar players, as well as the mugam \"Dilkesh\" by Mansum Ibragimov and \"Segah\" - performed by Tayar Bayramov.\nAt the initiative of the National Archival Administration under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan, in 2007, by the Honored Art Worker of Azerbaijan Firudin\nShushinsky, there was published the book \"Sadigjan\" - dedicated to the life and work of Mirza Sadikh.\nOn 22 November 2016, a jubilee evening dedicated to the 170th anniversary of the birth of Sadigjan was held at the International Mugham Center in Baku. At this celebration, famous musicians performed mugham compositions, folk and author's songs on the music of the Khatire ensemble.","title":"The memory about the musician"}]

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[{"reference":"Садых / Большой энциклопедический словарь. Музыка. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 1998. p. 480.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow","url_text":"Moscow"}]},{"reference":"под ред. Ю. В. Келдыша (1978). Садых М. А. // Музыкальная энциклопедия. Vol. IV. Moscow: Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow","url_text":"Moscow"}]},{"reference":"Firudin Shushinski (1979). Народные певцы и музыканты Азербайджана. Moscow: Советский композитор. p. 41.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firudin_Shushinski","url_text":"Firudin Shushinski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow","url_text":"Moscow"}]},{"reference":"Firudin Shushinski (1968). Shusha. Baku: Azernashr. p. 111.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firudin_Shushinski","url_text":"Firudin Shushinski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku","url_text":"Baku"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azernashr","url_text":"Azernashr"}]},{"reference":"Под ред. И. А. Гусейнова (1960). История Азербайджана. Vol. II. Baku: Издательство Академии наук Азербайджанской ССР. p. 415.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku","url_text":"Baku"}]},{"reference":"Elmira Abbasova (1985). Узеир Гаджибеков: путь жизни и творчества. Baku: Elm. p. 64.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku","url_text":"Baku"}]},{"reference":"Садых М. А. (1978). Курбан Примов. Vol. IV. Moscow: Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор. p. 111.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow","url_text":"Moscow"}]},{"reference":"Elmira Abbasova (1963). Курбан Примов. Moscow: Советский композитор. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow","url_text":"Moscow"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Minnesota_Wild_season

2013–14 Minnesota Wild season

["1 Standings","2 Schedule and results","2.1 Pre-season","2.2 Regular season","3 Playoffs","4 Player statistics","5 Transactions","5.1 Trades","5.2 Free agents signed","5.3 Free agents lost","5.4 Claimed via waivers","5.5 Lost via waivers","5.6 Player signings","6 Draft picks","7 References"]

National Hockey League team season 2013–14 Minnesota WildDivision4th CentralConference7th Western2013–14 record43–27–12Home record26–10–5Road record17–17–7Goals for207Goals against206Team informationGeneral managerChuck FletcherCoachMike YeoCaptainMikko KoivuAlternate captainsZach PariseRyan SuterArenaXcel Energy CenterAverage attendance18,505 (103.1%)(41 games)Minor league affiliate(s)Iowa Wild (AHL)Orlando Solar Bears (ECHL)Quad City Mallards (CHL)Team leadersGoalsJason Pominville (30)AssistsMikko Koivu (43)PointsJason Pominville (60)Penalty minutesClayton Stoner (84)Plus/minusJared SpurgeonRyan Suter (+15)WinsJosh Harding (18)Goals against averageJosh Harding (1.66)← 2012–132014–15 → The 2013–14 Minnesota Wild season was the 14th season for the National Hockey League franchise that was established on June 25, 1997. Standings Central Division Pos Team v t e GP W L OTL ROW GF GA GD Pts 1 y – Colorado Avalanche 82 52 22 8 47 250 220 +30 112 2 x – St. Louis Blues 82 52 23 7 43 248 191 +57 111 3 x – Chicago Blackhawks 82 46 21 15 40 267 220 +47 107 4 Minnesota Wild 82 43 27 12 35 207 206 +1 98 5 Dallas Stars 82 40 31 11 36 235 228 +7 91 6 Nashville Predators 82 38 32 12 36 216 242 −26 88 7 Winnipeg Jets 82 37 35 10 29 227 237 −10 84 Source: National Hockey Leaguex – Clinched playoff spot; y – Clinched division Western Conference Wild Card Pos Div Team v t e GP W L OTL ROW GF GA GD Pts 1 CE x – Minnesota Wild 82 43 27 12 35 207 206 +1 98 2 CE x – Dallas Stars 82 40 31 11 36 235 228 +7 91 3 PA Phoenix Coyotes 82 37 30 15 31 216 231 −15 89 4 CE Nashville Predators 82 38 32 12 36 216 242 −26 88 5 CE Winnipeg Jets 82 37 35 10 29 227 237 −10 84 6 PA Vancouver Canucks 82 36 35 11 31 196 223 −27 83 7 PA Calgary Flames 82 35 40 7 28 209 241 −32 77 8 PA Edmonton Oilers 82 29 44 9 25 203 270 −67 67 Source: National Hockey Leaguex – Clinched playoff spot Schedule and results Pre-season 2013 Pre-Season Game Log: 4–2–0 (Home: 2–1–0 ; Road: 2–1–0) # Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Record Recap 1 September 17 Columbus 3–1 Minnesota Backstrom 17,784 0–1–0 2 September 19 Minnesota 4–1 Winnipeg Harding 15,004 1–1–0 3 September 21 Winnipeg 3–4 Minnesota SO Backstrom 16,179 2–1–0 4 September 23 Minnesota 2–1 Columbus SO Harding 10,089 3–1–0 5 September 25 St. Louis 1–3 Minnesota Backstrom 15,183 4–1–0 6 September 27 Minnesota 1–4 St. Louis Gustafsson 13,233 4–2–0 Regular season 2013–14 Game Log October: 6–4–3 (Home: 4–1–2 ; Road: 2–3–1) # Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Record Pts Recap 1 October 3 Los Angeles 3–2 Minnesota SO Backstrom 18,511 0–0–1 1 2 October 5 Anaheim 4–3 Minnesota OT Backstrom 18,213 0–0–2 2 3 October 8 Minnesota 2–3 Nashville Harding 17,196 0–1–2 2 4 October 10 Winnipeg 1–2 Minnesota Harding 17,366 1–1–2 4 5 October 12 Dallas 1–5 Minnesota Harding 18,278 2–1–2 6 6 October 14 Minnesota 2–1 Buffalo Harding 18,111 3–1–2 8 7 October 15 Minnesota 1–4 Toronto Kuemper 19,283 3–2–2 8 8 October 17 Minnesota 1–3 Tampa Bay Harding 16,454 3–3–2 8 9 October 19 Minnesota 1–2 Florida SO Harding 13,081 3–3–3 9 10 October 22 Nashville 0–2 Minnesota Harding 17,651 4–3–3 11 11 October 24 Carolina 1–3 Minnesota Harding 17,668 5–3–3 13 12 October 26 Minnesota 5–3 Chicago Backstrom 21,521 6–3–3 15 13 October 28 Chicago 5–1 Minnesota Backstrom 18,685 6–4–3 15 November: 9–4–2 (Home: 6–2–0 ; Road: 3–2–2) # Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Record Pts Recap 14 November 1 Montreal 3–4 Minnesota Harding 18,207 7–4–3 17 15 November 3 New Jersey 0–4 Minnesota Harding 17,571 8–4–3 19 16 November 5 Calgary 1–5 Minnesota Harding 17,708 9–4–3 21 17 November 7 Minnesota 2–3 Washington SO Harding 18,506 9–4–4 22 18 November 9 Minnesota 3–2 Carolina SO Harding 14,704 10–4–4 24 19 November 13 Toronto 1–2 Minnesota SO Harding 17,897 11–4–4 26 20 November 15 Florida 2–3 Minnesota Harding 18,102 12–4–4 28 21 November 17 Winnipeg 1–2 Minnesota Harding 18,283 13–4–4 30 22 November 19 Minnesota 2–6 Montreal Harding 21,273 13–5–4 30 23 November 20 Minnesota 4–3 Ottawa Harding 16,642 14–5–4 32 24 November 23 Minnesota 3–2 Winnipeg SO Backstrom 15,004 15–5–4 34 25 November 25 Minnesota 0–3 St. Louis Backstrom 15,832 15–6–4 34 26 November 27 Phoenix 3–1 Minnesota Backstrom 18,265 15–7–4 34 27 November 29 Colorado 3–1 Minnesota Harding 19,081 15–8–4 34 28 November 30 Minnesota 2–3 Colorado SO Harding 17,857 15–8–5 35 December: 5–9–0 (Home: 4–2–0 ; Road: 1–7–0) # Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Record Pts Recap 29 December 2 Philadelphia 0–2 Minnesota Harding 17,676 16–8–5 37 30 December 5 Chicago 3–4 Minnesota Harding 18,852 17–8–5 39 31 December 6 Minnesota 0–4 Columbus Backstrom 11,319 17–9–5 39 32 December 8 San Jose 1–3 Minnesota Harding 18,411 18–9–5 41 33 December 11 Minnesota 1–2 Anaheim Harding 15,252 18–10–5 41 34 December 12 Minnesota 1–3 San Jose Backstrom 17,562 18–11–5 41 35 December 14 Minnesota 2–1 Colorado SO Harding 16,188 19–11–5 43 36 December 17 Vancouver 2–3 Minnesota SO Harding 18,531 20–11–5 45 37 December 19 Minnesota 2–5 Pittsburgh Backstrom 18,623 20–12–5 45 38 December 22 Minnesota 1–4 NY Rangers Backstrom 18,006 20–13–5 45 39 December 23 Minnesota 1–4 Philadelphia Backstrom 19,872 20–14–5 45 40 December 27 Minnesota 4–6 Winnipeg Backstrom 15,004 20–15–5 45 41 December 29 NY Islanders 5–4 Minnesota Harding 18,851 20–16–5 45 42 December 31 St. Louis 2–1 Minnesota Harding 18,919 20–17–5 45 January: 9–4–1 (Home: 5–2–0 ; Road: 4–2–1) # Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Record Pts Recap 43 January 2 Buffalo 1–4 Minnesota Backstrom 18,229 21–17–5 47 44 January 4 Washington 3–5 Minnesota Backstrom 19,022 22–17–5 49 45 January 7 Minnesota 2–1 Los Angeles SO Kuemper 18,118 23–17–5 51 46 January 9 Minnesota 4–1 Phoenix Backstrom 10,075 24–17–5 53 47 January 11 Colorado 4–2 Minnesota Backstrom 19,117 24–18–5 53 48 January 12 Minnesota 4–0 Nashville Kuemper 16,221 25–18–5 55 49 January 14 Ottawa 3–0 Minnesota Kuemper 18,117 25–19–5 55 50 January 16 Edmonton 1–4 Minnesota Kuemper 18,037 26–19–5 57 51 January 18 Dallas 2–3 Minnesota OT Kuemper 19,192 27–19–5 59 52 January 21 Minnesota 0–4 Dallas Kuemper 11,191 27–20–5 59 53 January 23 Chicago 1–2 Minnesota Kuemper 19,226 28–20–5 61 54 January 25 Minnesota 2–3 San Jose OT Kuemper 17,562 28–20–6 62 55 January 28 Minnesota 4–2 Anaheim Kuemper 15,020 29–20–6 64 56 January 30 Minnesota 4–5 Colorado Backstrom 14,697 29–21–6 64 February: 4–0–1 (Home: 2–0–0 ; Road: 2–0–1) # Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Record Pts Recap 57 February 1 Minnesota 3–4 Calgary OT Kuemper 19,289 29–21–7 65 58 February 4 Tampa Bay 1–2 Minnesota Kuemper 18,454 30–21–7 67 59 February 6 Nashville 2–3 Minnesota OT Kuemper 18,766 31–21–7 69 60 February 27 Minnesota 3–0 Edmonton Kuemper 16,839 32–21–7 71 61 February 28 Minnesota 2–1 Vancouver SO Kuemper 18,910 33–21–7 73 March: 6–5–4 (Home: 2–2–3 ; Road: 4–3–1) # Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Record Pts Recap 62 March 3 Calgary 2–3 Minnesota Kuemper 18,543 34–21–7 75 63 March 8 Minnesota 3–4 Dallas Kuemper 19,109 34–22–7 75 64 March 9 St. Louis 3–2 Minnesota SO Bryzgalov 18,909 34–22–8 76 65 March 11 Edmonton 4–3 Minnesota SO Kuemper 18,650 34–22–9 77 66 March 13 NY Rangers 1–2 Minnesota Kuemper 18,885 35–22–9 79 67 March 15 Columbus 2–1 Minnesota SO Kuemper 19,042 35–22–10 80 68 March 17 Minnesota 1–4 Boston Kuemper 17,565 35–23–10 80 69 March 18 Minnesota 6–0 NY Islanders Bryzgalov 14,888 36–23–10 82 70 March 20 Minnesota 3–4 New Jersey OT Bryzgalov 14,772 36–23–11 83 71 March 22 Detroit 3–2 Minnesota Kuemper 19,176 36–24–11 83 72 March 23 Minnesota 4–3 Detroit OT Bryzgalov 20,066 37–24–11 85 73 March 26 Vancouver 5–2 Minnesota Kuemper 19,014 37–25–11 85 74 March 27 Minnesota 1–5 St. Louis Kuemper 19,646 37–26–11 85 75 March 29 Minnesota 3–1 Phoenix Bryzgalov 16,691 38–26–11 87 76 March 31 Minnesota 3–2 Los Angeles Bryzgalov 18,118 39–26–11 89 April: 4–1–1 (Home: 3–1–0 ; Road: 1–0–1) # Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Record Pts Recap 77 April 3 Minnesota 2–3 Chicago SO Bryzgalov 21,791 39–26–12 90 78 April 5 Pittsburgh 0–4 Minnesota Bryzgalov 19,409 40–26–12 92 79 April 7 Minnesota 1–0 Winnipeg Bryzgalov 15,004 41–26–12 94 80 April 8 Boston 3–4 Minnesota SO Bryzgalov 18,893 42–26–12 96 81 April 10 St. Louis 2–4 Minnesota Curry 18,664 43–26–12 98 82 April 13 Nashville 7–3 Minnesota Bryzgalov 18,658 43–27–12 98 Legend:   Win (2 points)   Loss (0 points)   Overtime/shootout loss (1 point) Playoffs Main article: 2014 Stanley Cup Playoffs The Minnesota Wild entered the playoffs as the Western Conference's first wild card. They defeated the Central Division champion Colorado Avalanche in seven games in the first round, winning all three games at the Xcel Energy Center while losing the first three at the Pepsi Center until winning game seven there on a goal by Nino Niederreiter in overtime. The Wild fell to the Chicago Blackhawks in the second round, losing in game six on an overtime goal by Patrick Kane. It was the Wild's first (and only) loss at home of the 2014 post-season. 2014 Stanley Cup Playoffs Western Conference First Round vs. (C1) Colorado Avalanche: Minnesota won series 4–3 # Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Series Recap 1 April 17 Minnesota 4–5 Colorado OT Bryzgalov 18,074 0–1 Recap 2 April 19 Minnesota 2–4 Colorado Bryzgalov 18,402 0–2 Recap 3 April 21 Colorado 0–1 Minnesota OT Kuemper 19,221 1–2 Recap 4 April 24 Colorado 1–2 Minnesota Kuemper 19,396 2–2 Recap 5 April 26 Minnesota 3–4 Colorado OT Kuemper 18,418 2–3 Recap 6 April 28 Colorado 2–5 Minnesota Kuemper 19,314 3–3 Recap 7 April 30 Minnesota 5–4 Colorado OT Bryzgalov 18,511 4–3 Recap Western Conference Second Round vs. (C3) Chicago Blackhawks: Chicago won series 4–2 # Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Series Recap 1 May 2 Minnesota 2–5 Chicago Bryzgalov 22,116 0–1 Recap 2 May 4 Minnesota 1–4 Chicago Bryzgalov 22,018 0–2 Recap 3 May 6 Chicago 0–4 Minnesota Bryzgalov 19,416 1–2 Recap 4 May 9 Chicago 2–4 Minnesota Bryzgalov 19,405 2–2 Recap 5 May 11 Minnesota 1–2 Chicago Bryzgalov 22,016 2–3 Recap 6 May 13 Chicago 2–1 Minnesota OT Bryzgalov 19,396 2–4 Recap Legend:   Win   Loss Player statistics Final Stats Skaters Regular Season Player GP G A Pts +/− PIM Jason Pominville 82 30 30 60 3 16 Zach Parise 67 29 27 56 10 30 Mikko Koivu 65 11 43 54 0 24 Ryan Suter 82 8 35 43 15 34 Mikael Granlund 63 8 33 41 −3 22 Nino Niederreiter 81 14 22 36 12 44 Charlie Coyle 70 12 18 30 −7 33 Dany Heatley 76 12 16 28 −18 18 Matt Cooke 82 10 18 28 8 54 Jared Spurgeon 67 5 21 26 15 16 Kyle Brodziak 81 8 16 24 0 61 Justin Fontaine 66 13 8 21 6 26 Jonas Brodin 79 8 11 19 0 22 Marco Scandella 76 3 14 17 10 20 Erik Haula 46 6 9 15 14 29 Matt Moulson† 20 6 7 13 7 8 Keith Ballard 45 2 7 9 −7 37 Torrey Mitchell‡ 58 1 8 9 −3 21 Nate Prosser 53 2 6 8 2 58 Jason Zucker 21 4 1 5 2 2 Clayton Stoner 63 1 4 5 −6 84 Stephane Veilleux 34 3 0 3 −2 21 Cody McCormick† 14 1 1 2 2 7 Mathew Dumba 13 1 1 2 −5 2 Zenon Konopka‡ 36 1 1 2 −5 55 Michael Rupp 13 0 1 1 1 23 Jonathon Blum 15 0 1 1 −1 0 Christian Folin 1 0 1 1 3 0 Jake Dowell 1 0 0 0 −1 0 Carson McMillan 1 0 0 0 0 0 Brett Bulmer 5 0 0 0 −2 2 Playoffs Player GP G A Pts +/− PIM Zach Parise 13 4 10 14 −3 6 Jason Pominville 13 2 7 9 −3 0 Mikael Granlund 13 4 3 7 3 2 Erik Haula 13 4 3 7 2 0 Charlie Coyle 13 3 4 7 −2 6 Ryan Suter 13 1 6 7 −5 4 Mikko Koivu 13 1 6 7 −4 10 Jared Spurgeon 13 3 3 6 0 2 Nino Niederreiter 13 3 3 6 0 8 Kyle Brodziak 12 3 3 6 −2 2 Dany Heatley 11 1 5 6 6 4 Marco Scandella 13 2 1 3 4 0 Matt Moulson 10 1 2 3 0 4 Clayton Stoner 13 1 2 3 2 26 Matt Cooke 6 0 3 3 1 8 Justin Fontaine 9 1 1 2 0 2 Jonas Brodin 13 0 2 2 3 12 Cody McCormick 13 1 0 1 1 14 Stephane Veilleux 4 0 0 0 1 4 Keith Ballard 3 0 0 0 −2 0 Nate Prosser 10 0 0 0 2 12 Goaltenders Regular Season Player GP GS TOI W L OT GA GAA SA SV% SO G A PIM Josh Harding 29 26 1668 18 7 3 46 1.65 690 .933 3 0 0 0 Darcy Kuemper 26 25 1480 12 8 4 60 2.43 702 .915 2 0 0 0 Niklas Backstrom 21 19 1094 5 11 2 55 3.02 546 .899 0 0 0 0 Ilya Bryzgalov† 12 11 679 7 1 3 24 2.12 269 .911 3 0 0 0 John Curry 2 1 80 1 0 0 4 3.00 57 .930 0 0 0 0 Playoffs Player GP GS TOI W L GA GAA SA SV% SO G A PIM Ilya Bryzgalov 9 8 479 3 6 21 2.63 182 .885 1 0 0 0 Darcy Kuemper 6 5 325 3 1 11 2.03 127 .913 1 0 0 0 †Denotes player spent time with another team before joining the Wild. Stats reflect time with the Wild only. ‡Traded mid-season Bold/italics denotes franchise record Transactions The Wild have been involved in the following transactions during the 2013–14 season. Trades Date Details June 30, 2013 To New York Rangers Justin Falk To Minnesota WildBenn FerrieroCBJ's 6th-round pick in 2014 June 30, 2013 To New York Islanders Cal ClutterbuckNJD's 3rd-round pick in 2013 To Minnesota WildNino Niederreiter July 5, 2013 To Winnipeg Jets Devin Setoguchi To Minnesota Wild2nd-round pick in 2014 February 5, 2014 To San Jose Sharks Chad Rau To Minnesota WildCurt Gogol February 26, 2014 To Chicago Blackhawks Brian Connelly To Minnesota WildBrad Winchester March 4, 2014 To Edmonton Oilers BUF's 4th-round pick in 2014 To Minnesota WildIlya Bryzgalov March 5, 2014 To Buffalo Sabres Torrey MitchellWPG's 2nd-round pick in 20142nd-round pick in 2016 To Minnesota WildMatt MoulsonCody McCormick Free agents signed Player Former team Contract terms Keith Ballard Vancouver Canucks 2 years, $3 million Matt Cooke Pittsburgh Penguins 3 years, $7.5 million Jonathon Blum Nashville Predators 1 year, $650,000 Jon Landry Bridgeport Sound Tigers 1 year, $625,000 John Curry Iowa Wild 1 year, $550,000 Brady Brassart Calgary Hitmen 3 years, $2.51 million entry-level contract Zack Mitchell Guelph Storm 3 years, $1.845 million entry-level contract Christian Folin UMass Lowell 2 years, $1.85 million entry-level contract Michael Keranen Ilves 1 year, $925,000 entry-level contract Free agents lost Player New team Contract terms Matt Cullen Nashville Predators 2 years, $7 million Pierre-Marc Bouchard New York Islanders 1 year, $2 million Benn Ferriero Vancouver Canucks 1 year, $550,000 Tom Gilbert Florida Panthers 1 year, $900,000 Claimed via waivers Player Former team Date claimed off waivers Lost via waivers Player New team Date claimed off waivers Zenon Konopka Buffalo Sabres January 3, 2014 Player signings Player Date Contract terms Jared Spurgeon July 5, 2013 3 years, $8 million Tyler Cuma July 30, 2013 1 year, $575,000 Jason Pominville October 3, 2013 5 years, $28 million contract extension Kurtis Gabriel October 3, 2013 3 years, $2 million entry-level contract Gustav Olofsson March 24, 2013 3 years, $2.385 million entry-level contract Draft picks See also: List of Minnesota Wild draft picks Minnesota Wild's picks at the 2013 NHL Entry Draft, to be held in Newark, New Jersey on June 30, 2013. Round # Player Pos Nationality College/Junior/Club team (League) 2 46 Gustav Olofsson D Sweden Green Bay Gamblers (USHL) 3 81 Kurtis Gabriel RW Canada Owen Sound Attack (OHL) 4 107 Dylan Labbe D Canada Shawinigan Cataractes (QMJHL) 5 137 Carson Soucy D Canada Spruce Grove Saints (AJHL) 6 167 Avery Peterson C United States Grand Rapids Thunderhawks (MSHSL) 7 197 Nolan De Jong D Canada Victoria Grizzlies (BCHL) 7 200 Alexandre Belanger G Canada Rouyn-Noranda Huskies (QMJHL) Draft notes The Minnesota Wild's first-round pick went to the Buffalo Sabres as the result of an April 3, 2013 trade that sent Jason Pominville and a 2014 fourth-round pick to the Wild in exchange for Johan Larsson, Matt Hackett, a 2014 second-round pick and this pick. The New Jersey Devils' third-round pick went to the New York Islanders as the result of a trade on June 30, 2013 that sent Nino Niederreiter to Minnesota in exchange for Cal Clutterbuck and this pick.     Minnesota previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on February 24, 2012 that sent Marek Zidlicky to New Jersey in exchange for Kurtis Foster, Nick Palmieri, Stephane Veilleux, Washington's second-round pick in 2012 and this pick (being conditional at the time of the trade). The conditions – New Jersey make the Eastern Conference Finals of the 2012 Stanley Cup playoffs, Zidlicky plays in 75 percent of New Jersey's games in the first two rounds – were converted on May 9. 2012. The Minnesota Wild's third-round pick went to the Pittsburgh Penguins (via Philadelphia and Dallas), the Wild traded this pick to the Philadelphia Flyers as the result of a June 27, 2011 trade that sent Darroll Powe to the Wild in exchange for this pick. b The San Jose Sharks' third-round pick went to the Minnesota Wild as a result of an August 7, 2011 trade that sent James Sheppard to the Sharks in exchange for this pick. c The New York Rangers' seventh-round pick went to the Minnesota Wild as a result of a February 3, 2012 trade that sent Casey Wellman to the Rangers in exchange for Erik Christensen and this pick. References ^ "2013–2014 NHL Attendance – National Hockey League – ESPN". ESPN. ^ National Hockey League (2010). The National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book/2011. Triumph Books. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-60078-422-4. ^ "2013–2014 Regular Season Stats – Points – Minnesota Wild – Statistics". Minnesota Wild. Retrieved May 1, 2014. ^ Wild Draft Day Wrap ^ Wild Acquires Niederreiter ^ Wild Acquires Second-Round Pick From Winnipeg For Setoguchi ^ Wild Acquires Gogol ^ Wild Acquires Winchester From Blackhawks ^ Wild Acquires Bryzgalov ^ Wild Taps Buffalo For Moulson, McCormick ^ Wild Agrees To Terms With Defenseman Keith Ballard ^ Wild Signs Forward Matt Cooke ^ a b Wild Agrees To Terms With FA Defensemen ^ Wild Signs Curry To Two-Way Deal ^ Wild Inks Brassart To Entry-Level Deal ^ Wild Inks Mitchell To Entry-Level Deal ^ Wild Signs Folin To Entry-Level Deal ^ Wild Inks Keranen To One-Year Deal ^ Nashville Predators Sign Matt Cullen To A Two-Year Contract ^ "New York Islanders - Islanders Agree to Terms with Pierre-Marc Bouchard - New York Islanders - News". New York Islanders. July 5, 2013. ^ "Vancouver Canucks - Canucks sign Ben Ferriero & Brandon DeFazio - Vancouver Canucks - News". Vancouver Canucks. July 12, 2013. ^ Florida Panthers Agree To Terms With D Tom Gilbert ^ KONOPKA CLAIMED OFF WAIVERS BY BUFFALO ^ Wild Re-Signs Spurgeon ^ Wild Re-Signs Cuma ^ Wild Signs Pominville To Extension ^ Wild Signs Gabriel To Entry Level Contract ^ Wild Inks Olofsson To Entry-Level Deal ^ "2013 NHL Entry Draft Pending Transactions". Pro Sports Transactions. Retrieved June 15, 2013. ^ Doyle, Mike (April 3, 2013). "Wild Acquires Pominville From Buffalo - Minnesota Wild - News". Minnesota Wild. ^ "WILD DEAL F CLUTTERBUCK, PICK TO ISLANDERS FOR F NIEDERREITER". TSN. June 30, 2013. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2013. ^ a b NHL.com (February 24, 2012). "Devils acquire Zidlicky from Wild". NHL. Retrieved February 24, 2012. ^ Kimelman, Adam. "Devils advance by beating Flyers 3-1". National Hockey League. Retrieved May 9, 2012. ^ "Marek Zidlicky, Devils – Game log". National Hockey League. Retrieved May 9, 2012. ^ "Wild Acquires Darroll Powe from Philadelphia - Minnesota Wild - News". Minnesota Wild. June 27, 2011. ^ Andresen, Glen (February 3, 2012). "Wild Ships Sheppard To San Jose For Pick - Minnesota Wild - News". Minnesota Wild. ^ Andresen, Glen (August 7, 2011). "Wild Acquires Christensen From Rangers - Minnesota Wild - News". Minnesota Wild. vteMinnesota Wild Founded in 2000 Based in Saint Paul, Minnesota Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Expansion draft Seasons Current season History Records Award winners Retired numbers Broadcasters Personnel Owner(s) Minnesota Sports & Entertainment (Craig Leipold, chairman) General manager Bill Guerin Head coach John Hynes Team captain Jared Spurgeon Current roster Arena Xcel Energy Center Affiliates AHL Iowa Wild ECHL Iowa Heartlanders Media TV Bally Sports North Radio KFAN (100.3 FM) Culture and lore Nordy 2016 NHL Stadium Series TRIA Rink 2022 NHL Winter Classic Category Commons vteMinnesota Wild seasons2000s 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010s 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020s 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 vte2013–14 NHL seasonPacific Anaheim Calgary Edmonton Los Angeles Phoenix San Jose Vancouver Central Chicago Colorado Dallas Minnesota Nashville St. Louis Winnipeg Atlantic Boston Buffalo Detroit Florida Montreal Ottawa Tampa Bay Toronto Metropolitan Carolina Columbus New Jersey NY Islanders NY Rangers Philadelphia Pittsburgh Washington See also Draft Winter Classic Stadium Series Heritage Classic Oil Change Transactions Three Star Awards Suspensions and fines Stanley Cup Playoffs Stanley Cup Finals

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"14th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Wild_seasons"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The 2013–14 Minnesota Wild season was the 14th season for the National Hockey League franchise that was established on June 25, 1997.[2]","title":"2013–14 Minnesota Wild season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nhl.com/ice/standings.htm?season=20132014&type=DIV"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nhl.com/ice/standings.htm?season=20132014&type=WC"}],"text":"Source: National Hockey Leaguex – Clinched playoff spot; y – Clinched divisionSource: National Hockey Leaguex – Clinched playoff spot","title":"Standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schedule and results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pre-season","title":"Schedule and results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season","title":"Schedule and results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colorado Avalanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Colorado_Avalanche_season"},{"link_name":"Xcel Energy Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcel_Energy_Center"},{"link_name":"Pepsi Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepsi_Center"},{"link_name":"Nino Niederreiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nino_Niederreiter"},{"link_name":"Chicago Blackhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Chicago_Blackhawks_season"},{"link_name":"Patrick Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Kane"}],"text":"The Minnesota Wild entered the playoffs as the Western Conference's first wild card. They defeated the Central Division champion Colorado Avalanche in seven games in the first round, winning all three games at the Xcel Energy Center while losing the first three at the Pepsi Center until winning game seven there on a goal by Nino Niederreiter in overtime. The Wild fell to the Chicago Blackhawks in the second round, losing in game six on an overtime goal by Patrick Kane. It was the Wild's first (and only) loss at home of the 2014 post-season.","title":"Playoffs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jason Pominville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Pominville"},{"link_name":"Zach Parise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Parise"},{"link_name":"Mikko Koivu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikko_Koivu"},{"link_name":"Ryan Suter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Suter"},{"link_name":"Mikael Granlund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Granlund"},{"link_name":"Nino Niederreiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nino_Niederreiter"},{"link_name":"Charlie Coyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Coyle"},{"link_name":"Dany Heatley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dany_Heatley"},{"link_name":"Matt Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Cooke"},{"link_name":"Jared Spurgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Spurgeon"},{"link_name":"Kyle Brodziak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Brodziak"},{"link_name":"Justin Fontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Fontaine_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Jonas Brodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Brodin"},{"link_name":"Marco Scandella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Scandella"},{"link_name":"Erik Haula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Haula"},{"link_name":"Matt Moulson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Moulson"},{"link_name":"Keith Ballard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Ballard"},{"link_name":"Torrey Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrey_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Nate Prosser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Prosser"},{"link_name":"Jason Zucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Zucker"},{"link_name":"Clayton Stoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Stoner"},{"link_name":"Stephane Veilleux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Veilleux_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Cody McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cody_McCormick"},{"link_name":"Mathew Dumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathew_Dumba"},{"link_name":"Zenon Konopka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenon_Konopka"},{"link_name":"Michael Rupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rupp"},{"link_name":"Jonathon Blum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathon_Blum"},{"link_name":"Christian Folin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Folin"},{"link_name":"Jake Dowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Dowell"},{"link_name":"Carson McMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_McMillan"},{"link_name":"Brett Bulmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Bulmer"},{"link_name":"Zach Parise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Parise"},{"link_name":"Jason Pominville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Pominville"},{"link_name":"Mikael Granlund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Granlund"},{"link_name":"Erik Haula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Haula"},{"link_name":"Charlie Coyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Coyle"},{"link_name":"Ryan Suter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Suter"},{"link_name":"Mikko Koivu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikko_Koivu"},{"link_name":"Jared Spurgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Spurgeon"},{"link_name":"Nino Niederreiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nino_Niederreiter"},{"link_name":"Kyle Brodziak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Brodziak"},{"link_name":"Dany Heatley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dany_Heatley"},{"link_name":"Marco Scandella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Scandella"},{"link_name":"Matt Moulson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Moulson"},{"link_name":"Clayton Stoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Stoner"},{"link_name":"Matt Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Cooke"},{"link_name":"Justin Fontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Fontaine_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Jonas Brodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Brodin"},{"link_name":"Cody McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cody_McCormick"},{"link_name":"Stephane Veilleux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Veilleux_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Keith Ballard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Ballard"},{"link_name":"Nate Prosser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Prosser"}],"text":"Final Stats[3]SkatersRegular Season\n\n\nPlayer\n\nGP\n\nG\n\nA\n\nPts\n\n+/−\n\nPIM\n\n\nJason Pominville\n82\n30\n30\n60\n3\n16\n\n\nZach Parise\n67\n29\n27\n56\n10\n30\n\n\nMikko Koivu\n65\n11\n43\n54\n0\n24\n\n\nRyan Suter\n82\n8\n35\n43\n15\n34\n\n\nMikael Granlund\n63\n8\n33\n41\n−3\n22\n\n\nNino Niederreiter\n81\n14\n22\n36\n12\n44\n\n\nCharlie Coyle\n70\n12\n18\n30\n−7\n33\n\n\nDany Heatley\n76\n12\n16\n28\n−18\n18\n\n\nMatt Cooke\n82\n10\n18\n28\n8\n54\n\n\nJared Spurgeon\n67\n5\n21\n26\n15\n16\n\n\nKyle Brodziak\n81\n8\n16\n24\n0\n61\n\n\nJustin Fontaine\n66\n13\n8\n21\n6\n26\n\n\nJonas Brodin\n79\n8\n11\n19\n0\n22\n\n\nMarco Scandella\n76\n3\n14\n17\n10\n20\n\n\nErik Haula\n46\n6\n9\n15\n14\n29\n\n\nMatt Moulson†\n20\n6\n7\n13\n7\n8\n\n\nKeith Ballard\n45\n2\n7\n9\n−7\n37\n\n\nTorrey Mitchell‡\n58\n1\n8\n9\n−3\n21\n\n\nNate Prosser\n53\n2\n6\n8\n2\n58\n\n\nJason Zucker\n21\n4\n1\n5\n2\n2\n\n\nClayton Stoner\n63\n1\n4\n5\n−6\n84\n\n\nStephane Veilleux\n34\n3\n0\n3\n−2\n21\n\n\nCody McCormick†\n14\n1\n1\n2\n2\n7\n\n\nMathew Dumba\n13\n1\n1\n2\n−5\n2\n\n\nZenon Konopka‡\n36\n1\n1\n2\n−5\n55\n\n\nMichael Rupp\n13\n0\n1\n1\n1\n23\n\n\nJonathon Blum\n15\n0\n1\n1\n−1\n0\n\n\nChristian Folin\n1\n0\n1\n1\n3\n0\n\n\nJake Dowell\n1\n0\n0\n0\n−1\n0\n\n\nCarson McMillan\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\nBrett Bulmer\n5\n0\n0\n0\n−2\n2\n\n\n\n\nPlayoffs\n\n\nPlayer\n\nGP\n\nG\n\nA\n\nPts\n\n+/−\n\nPIM\n\n\nZach Parise\n13\n4\n10\n14\n−3\n6\n\n\nJason Pominville\n13\n2\n7\n9\n−3\n0\n\n\nMikael Granlund\n13\n4\n3\n7\n3\n2\n\n\nErik Haula\n13\n4\n3\n7\n2\n0\n\n\nCharlie Coyle\n13\n3\n4\n7\n−2\n6\n\n\nRyan Suter\n13\n1\n6\n7\n−5\n4\n\n\nMikko Koivu\n13\n1\n6\n7\n−4\n10\n\n\nJared Spurgeon\n13\n3\n3\n6\n0\n2\n\n\nNino Niederreiter\n13\n3\n3\n6\n0\n8\n\n\nKyle Brodziak\n12\n3\n3\n6\n−2\n2\n\n\nDany Heatley\n11\n1\n5\n6\n6\n4\n\n\nMarco Scandella\n13\n2\n1\n3\n4\n0\n\n\nMatt Moulson\n10\n1\n2\n3\n0\n4\n\n\nClayton Stoner\n13\n1\n2\n3\n2\n26\n\n\nMatt Cooke\n6\n0\n3\n3\n1\n8\n\n\nJustin Fontaine\n9\n1\n1\n2\n0\n2\n\n\nJonas Brodin\n13\n0\n2\n2\n3\n12\n\n\nCody McCormick\n13\n1\n0\n1\n1\n14\n\n\nStephane Veilleux\n4\n0\n0\n0\n1\n4\n\n\nKeith Ballard\n3\n0\n0\n0\n−2\n0\n\n\nNate Prosser\n10\n0\n0\n0\n2\n12Goaltenders†Denotes player spent time with another team before joining the Wild. Stats reflect time with the Wild only.\n‡Traded mid-season\nBold/italics denotes franchise record","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_NHL_transactions"}],"text":"The Wild have been involved in the following transactions during the 2013–14 season.","title":"Transactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2013%E2%80%9314_Minnesota_Wild_season&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"Keith Ballard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Ballard"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Canucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks"},{"link_name":"Matt Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Cooke"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins"},{"link_name":"Jonathon Blum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathon_Blum"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BlumLandry-13"},{"link_name":"Nashville Predators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Predators"},{"link_name":"Jon Landry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Landry_(ice_hockey,_born_1983)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BlumLandry-13"},{"link_name":"Bridgeport Sound Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeport_Sound_Tigers"},{"link_name":"John Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curry_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Iowa Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Wild"},{"link_name":"Brady Brassart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brady_Brassart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Calgary Hitmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Hitmen"},{"link_name":"Zack Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zack_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Guelph Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelph_Storm"},{"link_name":"Christian Folin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Folin"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"UMass Lowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMass_Lowell_River_Hawks_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Michael Keranen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ker%C3%A4nen"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ilves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilves"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2013%E2%80%9314_Minnesota_Wild_season&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"Matt Cullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Cullen"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Nashville Predators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Predators"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Marc Bouchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Marc_Bouchard"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"New York Islanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Islanders"},{"link_name":"Benn Ferriero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benn_Ferriero"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Canucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks"},{"link_name":"Tom Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Gilbert_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Florida Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Panthers"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2013%E2%80%9314_Minnesota_Wild_season&action=edit&section=11"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2013%E2%80%9314_Minnesota_Wild_season&action=edit&section=12"},{"link_name":"Zenon Konopka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenon_Konopka"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Sabres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Buffalo_Sabres_season"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2013%E2%80%9314_Minnesota_Wild_season&action=edit&section=13"},{"link_name":"Jared Spurgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Spurgeon"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Tyler Cuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Cuma"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Jason Pominville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Pominville"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Kurtis Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurtis_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Gustav Olofsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Olofsson"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Trades","text":"Free agents signed[edit]\n\n\n\nPlayer\nFormer team\nContract terms\n\n\nKeith Ballard[11]\nVancouver Canucks\n2 years, $3 million\n\n\nMatt Cooke[12]\nPittsburgh Penguins\n3 years, $7.5 million\n\n\nJonathon Blum[13]\nNashville Predators\n1 year, $650,000\n\n\nJon Landry[13]\nBridgeport Sound Tigers\n1 year, $625,000\n\n\nJohn Curry[14]\nIowa Wild\n1 year, $550,000\n\n\nBrady Brassart[15]\nCalgary Hitmen\n3 years, $2.51 million entry-level contract\n\n\nZack Mitchell[16]\nGuelph Storm\n3 years, $1.845 million entry-level contract\n\n\nChristian Folin[17]\nUMass Lowell\n2 years, $1.85 million entry-level contract\n\n\nMichael Keranen[18]\nIlves\n1 year, $925,000 entry-level contract\n\n\n\nFree agents lost[edit]\n\n\n\nPlayer\nNew team\nContract terms\n\n\nMatt Cullen[19]\nNashville Predators\n2 years, $7 million\n\n\nPierre-Marc Bouchard[20]\nNew York Islanders\n1 year, $2 million\n\n\nBenn Ferriero[21]\nVancouver Canucks\n1 year, $550,000\n\n\nTom Gilbert[22]\nFlorida Panthers\n1 year, $900,000Claimed via waivers[edit]\n\n\n\nPlayer\nFormer team\nDate claimed off waivers\n\n\n\n\nLost via waivers[edit]\n\n\n\nPlayer\nNew team\nDate claimed off waivers\n\n\nZenon Konopka[23]\nBuffalo Sabres\nJanuary 3, 2014Player signings[edit]\n\n\n\nPlayer\nDate\nContract terms\n\n\nJared Spurgeon[24]\nJuly 5, 2013\n3 years, $8 million\n\n\nTyler Cuma[25]\nJuly 30, 2013\n1 year, $575,000\n\n\nJason Pominville[26]\nOctober 3, 2013\n5 years, $28 million contract extension\n\n\nKurtis Gabriel[27]\nOctober 3, 2013\n3 years, $2 million entry-level contract\n\n\nGustav Olofsson[28]\nMarch 24, 2013\n3 years, $2.385 million entry-level contract","title":"Transactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Minnesota Wild draft picks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Minnesota_Wild_draft_picks"},{"link_name":"2013 NHL Entry Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"Newark, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Sabres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres"},{"link_name":"Jason Pominville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Pominville"},{"link_name":"2014 fourth-round pick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_NHL_Entry_Draft#Round_four"},{"link_name":"Johan Larsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Larsson_(ice_hockey,_born_1992)"},{"link_name":"Matt Hackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hackett"},{"link_name":"2014 second-round pick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_NHL_Entry_Draft#Round_two"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Devils"},{"link_name":"New York Islanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Islanders"},{"link_name":"Nino Niederreiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nino_Niederreiter"},{"link_name":"Cal Clutterbuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_Clutterbuck"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Marek Zidlicky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek_%C5%BDidlick%C3%BD"},{"link_name":"Kurtis Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurtis_Foster"},{"link_name":"Nick Palmieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Palmieri"},{"link_name":"Stephane Veilleux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Veilleux_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZidlickyDevils-32"},{"link_name":"2012 Stanley Cup playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Stanley_Cup_playoffs"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZidlickyDevils-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Flyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers"},{"link_name":"Darroll Powe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darroll_Powe"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Note1b"},{"link_name":"San Jose Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks"},{"link_name":"James 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Wild as a result of an August 7, 2011 trade that sent James Sheppard to the Sharks in exchange for this pick.[36]\nc The New York Rangers' seventh-round pick went to the Minnesota Wild as a result of a February 3, 2012 trade that sent Casey Wellman to the Rangers in exchange for Erik Christensen and this pick.[37]","title":"Draft picks"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Military_Academy

Rogers State University

["1 History","2 Academics","3 Athletics","3.1 Mascot","3.2 Athletic director","3.3 Accomplishments","4 Media","5 Greek life","6 Controversy","7 References","8 External links"]

Coordinates: 36°19′09″N 95°38′21″W / 36.31917°N 95.63917°W / 36.31917; -95.63917Public university in Claremore, Oklahoma, US Rogers State UniversityFormer namesEastern University Preparatory School (1909–1917)Oklahoma Military Academy (1919–1971)Claremore Junior College (1971–1982)Rogers State College (1982–1996)Rogers University (1996–1998)MottoTradition Innovation ExcellenceTypePublic universityEstablished1909AffiliationBoard of Regents of the University of OklahomaPresidentLarry RiceAcademic staff196Students4,300LocationClaremore, Oklahoma, U.S.CampusSuburbanColorsNavy and red   NicknameHillcatsSporting affiliationsNCAA Division II – The MIAAMascotHunter the HillcatWebsitewww.rsu.edu Rogers State University (RSU) is a public university in Claremore, Oklahoma. It also has branch campuses in Bartlesville and Pryor Creek. History A statue of a soldier dating from RSU's time as Oklahoma Military Academy overlooks Claremore from the school's entrance. The institution that is now RSU has gone through several stages, from its foundation as a state-sponsored preparatory school to its transition to a military academy, and finally to its current incarnation as a four-year regional university. It has its roots in the Eastern University Preparatory School, which was founded in 1909. During the construction of the famous "Preparatory Hall", Eastern University Preparatory School held its classes in the old Claremont building until 1911. The institution was closed in 1917. In 1919 it was restarted as the Oklahoma Military Academy (OMA), to meet the growing educational and training needs of the United States armed forces. In 1923 it became a six-year program, providing a high school and junior college education. The school received an Army ROTC Honor School rating in 1932, and the junior college division became fully accredited in 1950. Graduates of the program became second lieutenants in the United States Army Reserve; more than 2,500 OMA graduates served in the military, and more than 100 alumni died serving their country during World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War. OMA's enrollment declined during the later 1960s, due in part to the unpopularity of the Vietnam War, and in 1971, the Oklahoma Legislature replaced OMA with an institution to grant two-year associate degrees to the public known as Claremore Junior College. In 1982, it became Rogers State College, named after Rogers County where the main campus is located; the county in turn is named in honor of Clement Vann Rogers, not Clem's son, Will Rogers. In 1996, Rogers State College and the University Center at Tulsa (UCAT)–an extension center operated by the University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University, Northeastern State University and Langston University–merged to form Rogers University, with campuses in Claremore and Tulsa. The merged school operated for two years before being separated by the state Legislature. The Tulsa campus–the former University Center–became Oklahoma State University–Tulsa. The Claremore campus–the former Rogers State College–became a member of the OU Board of Regents and was renamed Rogers State University. RSU was given permission to seek accreditation as a four-year, bachelor's-degree-granting university. In 2000, RSU became the institution it is today, a public four-year, residential university. On August 16, 2006, Rogers State's Stratton Taylor Library was named a Federal depository library, the 20th in the state of Oklahoma. The university celebrated its centennial anniversary in 2009 with a series of special events, lectures and celebrations, culminating with the dedication of the Centennial Center building that serves as a student services center. In 2005, RSU acquired a historic nine-story building to serve as its campus in downtown Bartlesville and the facility is a major anchor in the downtown Bartlesville redevelopment. In 2014, RSU celebrated the opening of its new Pryor campus at the MidAmerica Industrial Park in Mayes County, Oklahoma. The $10 million construction project and 83-acre site were provided to the university by the Oklahoma Ordnance Works Authority, which operates the park as a public trust. The donation represents the largest gift in the university's history. Academics Stratton Taylor Library RSU currently offers bachelor's degrees in 17 disciplines and associate degrees in 13 disciplines. In conjunction with Cameron University, RSU also offers a "2+2" program in Elementary Education, in which students can earn an associate degree in elementary education from RSU and then transition to the final two years of a bachelor's degree in elementary education from Cameron, with all classes taught at RSU's campus in Claremore. Three bachelor's degrees, in Applied Technology, Business Information Technology and Liberal Arts, and four associate degrees are available completely online. In 2013, the university was granted approval to offer its first graduate degree program, a Master of Business Administration that was to begin in fall 2014. Athletics Main article: Rogers State Hillcats The Rogers State athletic teams are called the Hillcats. The university is a member of the NCAA Division II ranks, primarily competing in the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association (MIAA) for most of its sports as an associate member since the 2019–20 academic year (before achieving full member status in 2022–23); while its men's soccer team competes in the Great American Conference (GAC). The Hillcats previously competed in the D-II Heartland Conference from 2013–14 to 2018–19; and in the Sooner Athletic Conference (SAC) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 2007–08 to 2012–13. Rogers State competes in 14 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, soccer and track & field (indoor and outdoor); women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball and track & field (indoor and outdoor). Mascot Their mascot, a fictional animal based on a bobcat and named for the hill that the school sits upon, was chosen in 2005 by a group of students. Athletic director Wren Baker, current vice president and director of athletics for North Texas Mean Green, served as the first director of athletics at RSU. After his departure to Northwest Missouri State for a similar position Baker was replaced by Ryan Bradley, previously the associate athletic director for external relations. Bradley departed for the University of Memphis to work for Baker, then deputy athletic director for the Tigers. In 2013, Ryan Erwin joined Rogers State as the director of athletics from Dallas Baptist University. On August 1, 2016, Erwin announced his resignation to accept the vice president and director of athletics position at East Texas Baptist University (NCAA D-III). On November 18, 2016, President Dr. Larry Rice announced that Chris Ratcliff, director of athletics at the University of Arkansas - Monticello, would assume the role of director of athletics. Accomplishments The Hillcats' women's softball team became the first RSU athletic team to be nationally ranked on March 28, 2007, entering the NAIA softball ratings at No. 22. The men's basketball team earned the school's first number one ranking on January 26, 2009. On May 31, 2022, the Hillcats' women's softball team won the NCAA Div II National Championship in Denver, Colorado. Media A sculpture of George Washington is part of a collection of statues depicting U.S. Presidents on RSU's grounds. RSU's radio station, KRSC, is broadcast on 91.3 FM and over the Internet. It began in 1980 as a 10-watt station, and is now 3000 watts, reaching an audience of more than 1.2 million in northeastern Oklahoma. The station's programming consists mainly of indie rock and pop, with specialty rock, blues, punk and Native American music shows. KRSC also provides coverage of Hillcat basketball, baseball and softball. The station is staffed by students, faculty and area media personalities. KRSC broadcasts 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The facilities are in Markham Hall. RSU's television station, KRSU-TV 35, is the only full-powered public station licensed to a public university in the state. It broadcasts cultural and educational programming on UHF Channel 35 and digital channel 36 from its 2.75-million-watt tower 24 hours a day. The station is also carried on local cable systems and is available on Cox Cable Channel 19 in Claremore and Tulsa. The station is home to many telecourses and interactive courses, part of RSU's distance-learning programs. It also produces in-house documentaries and regular programming. It is operated by a paid staff, with assistance from RSU students. The station reaches an audience of 1.2 million in the northeastern Oklahoma and southeastern Kansas areas. The independent student newspaper The Hillpost was originally established as a print newspaper in 2009 and re-established as an online news publication in 2020. It was produced in collaboration with the Claremore Daily Progress which allowed the student editors to print their newspaper for distribution on all three of Rogers State University's campuses and allowed for the newspaper to be inserted within regular issues of the Claremore Daily Progress. Greek life Rogers State University hosts two sororities: the Epsilon Delta chapter of Alpha Sigma Tau, initiated in November 2005, and the Theta Eta chapter of Alpha Sigma Alpha. In early 2023, the Oklahoma Epsilon chapter of Phi Delta Theta was inducted, marking the establishment of the first official fraternity at Rogers State University. Although there were emerging chapters of Kappa Sigma and Tau Kappa Epsilon on campus, they are presently inactive. Controversy In 2003, then Rogers State University President Joe Wiley was sued by a former university employee. Former university controller Ryan Parris alleged he was terminated for not approving travel claims. In the lawsuit, Parris claimed he was pressured to approve non-business travel as university expenses and refused to do so. Parris alleged that both Wiley and the university's vice president for business affairs attempted to coerce him. Parris later claimed that falsified documents were submitted. In 2004, a student club at Rogers State University encountered issues in organizing on campus. According to the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, the Organization for Advocating the Rights of Students experienced "administrative restrictions" while attempting to organize and promote itself on campus. Former RSU student and club member Renee Morse-Heenan established the club after observing what she called a “culture of fear” at the institution. The student club was later officially recognized by the university and an administrator left from their position. Previously, Rogers State University operated an equine-assisted therapy program on its campus. In 2004, the university stated its intentions to begin a $2 million capital campaign to support the program. That year, a local resident, Wanda Sanders, donated 20 acres to support the program and later gave an additional 40 acres four years later. In a lawsuit filed in 2017, Sanders alleged that the land donations were not used to their donated intent and that university transferred the land to another organization in 2013. The land was then sold, again, to the university's foundation, a separate, tax-exempt organization. The university later attempted to mediate the lawsuit in 2017. References ^ "Dr. Larry Rice Named Rogers State University President". Rogers State University. Archived from the original on July 16, 2008. Retrieved July 2, 2008. ^ "Rogers State University Faculty & List". Rogers State University. Archived from the original on March 9, 2008. Retrieved March 17, 2008. ^ RSU Fact Book 2013 ^ "Logo Samples & Usage - Rogers State University". September 30, 2022. Retrieved October 19, 2022. ^ a b Paul B. Hatley, "Oklahoma Military Academy" Archived October 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine at Oklahoma Historical Society Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture Archived January 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (accessed October 18, 2010). ^ Manny Gamallo, "Oklahoma Military Academy reunion set", Tulsa World, May 16, 2010. ^ "History of Rogers State University". Rogers State University. Archived from the original on March 15, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2008. ^ "Clem Rogers". Will Rogers Memorial Museums. Archived from the original on May 20, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2008. ^ "RSU and Will Rogers Museum to Discuss Possible Merger". Rogers State University. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved April 2, 2008. ^ "Hillcat". Rogers State University. Archived from the original on October 13, 2008. ^ "Erwin Accepts Athletics Position at East Texas Baptist University". Rogers State University. Retrieved August 3, 2016. ^ "RSU Names Chris Ratcliff as New Director of Athletics". Rogers State University. Retrieved December 8, 2017. ^ "NAIA Softball Rating No. 2 :: Cal Baptist Hangs on to No. 1 With 12 First-Place Votes". National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics. Retrieved April 2, 2008. ^ "Rogers State (Okla.) Becomes Sixth New No. 1 Team in 2008-09 Division I MBB Coaches' Top 25 Poll". National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics. Retrieved January 26, 2009. ^ "RSU Public Television - Programming Spotlight". RSU Public Television. Archived from the original on December 10, 2007. Retrieved February 13, 2009. ^ Tulsa World. "Learning from Scratch: A Print Newspaper Debuts". ^ Rogers State University. "RSU Announces New Student Newspaper". ^ "Former RSU controller files suit over his firing | Archive | tulsaworld.com". ^ "Rogers State ex-official files lawsuit over firing". ^ "Rogers State University: First Amendment Violations". ^ "Student whistleblower keeps testing limits". ^ "RSU official gone after student rights controversy". ^ "RSU Launches Equestrian Center, Bit by Bit Fundraising Campaign". January 27, 2004. ^ "Nonprofit charges fraud in sale of donated land". ^ "Nonprofit accuses Rogers State University Foundation of fraud". ^ "Mediation set for Bit by Bit Riding Center lawsuit". External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rogers State University. Official website Rogers State athletics website vteColleges and universities in OklahomaPublic institutionsThe University of Oklahoma system Cameron University Rogers State University University of Oklahoma Oklahoma Agricultural & Mechanical Colleges system Connors State College Langston University Northeastern Oklahoma A&M College Oklahoma Panhandle State University Oklahoma State University–Stillwater Regional University System of Oklahoma University of Central Oklahoma East Central University Northeastern State University Northwestern Oklahoma State University Southeastern Oklahoma State University Southwestern Oklahoma State University Independent University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma Private institutions Bacone College Randall University Mid-America Christian University Oklahoma Baptist University Oklahoma Christian University Oklahoma City University Oklahoma Wesleyan University Oral Roberts University Phillips Theological Seminary St. Gregory's University Southern Nazarene University Southwestern Christian University Spartan College of Aeronautics and Technology University of Tulsa Community colleges Carl Albert State College Eastern Oklahoma State College Murray State College Northern Oklahoma College Oklahoma City Community College Redlands Community College Rose State College Seminole State College Tulsa Community College Western Oklahoma State College vteMid-America Intercollegiate Athletics AssociationFull members Central Missouri Mules & Jennies Central Oklahoma Bronchos Emporia State Hornets Fort Hays State Tigers Lincoln Blue Tigers (leaving 2024) Missouri Southern Lions Missouri Western Griffons Nebraska–Kearney Lopers Newman Jets Northeastern State RiverHawks Northwest Missouri Bearcats Pittsburg State Gorillas Rogers State Hillcats Washburn Ichabods Future member Arkansas–Fort Smith Lions (joining 2024) Men's tennis associates Augustana Vikings Harding Bisons Ouachita Baptist Tigers Southeastern Oklahoma Savage Storm Southern Arkansas Muleriders Men's wrestling associate Ouachita Baptist Tigers Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States 36°19′09″N 95°38′21″W / 36.31917°N 95.63917°W / 36.31917; -95.63917

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university"},{"link_name":"Claremore, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claremore,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Bartlesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartlesville,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Pryor Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pryor_Creek,_Oklahoma"}],"text":"Public university in Claremore, Oklahoma, USRogers State University (RSU) is a public university in Claremore, Oklahoma. It also has branch campuses in Bartlesville and Pryor Creek.","title":"Rogers State University"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RSUsoldierstatue.JPG"},{"link_name":"university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University"},{"link_name":"ROTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROTC"},{"link_name":"United States Army Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OMAOKEncyc-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OMAOKEncyc-5"},{"link_name":"Rogers County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_County,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Will Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Rogers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"University of Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_University"},{"link_name":"Northeastern State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_State_University"},{"link_name":"Langston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_University"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma State University–Tulsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_University%E2%80%93Tulsa"},{"link_name":"Federal depository library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_depository_library"},{"link_name":"MidAmerica Industrial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MidAmerica_Industrial_Park"}],"text":"A statue of a soldier dating from RSU's time as Oklahoma Military Academy overlooks Claremore from the school's entrance.The institution that is now RSU has gone through several stages, from its foundation as a state-sponsored preparatory school to its transition to a military academy, and finally to its current incarnation as a four-year regional university.It has its roots in the Eastern University Preparatory School, which was founded in 1909. During the construction of the famous \"Preparatory Hall\", Eastern University Preparatory School held its classes in the old Claremont building until 1911. The institution was closed in 1917.In 1919 it was restarted as the Oklahoma Military Academy (OMA), to meet the growing educational and training needs of the United States armed forces. In 1923 it became a six-year program, providing a high school and junior college education. The school received an Army ROTC Honor School rating in 1932, and the junior college division became fully accredited in 1950. Graduates of the program became second lieutenants in the United States Army Reserve; more than 2,500 OMA graduates served in the military, and more than 100 alumni died serving their country during World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War.[5][6]OMA's enrollment declined during the later 1960s, due in part to the unpopularity of the Vietnam War,[5] and in 1971, the Oklahoma Legislature replaced OMA with an institution to grant two-year associate degrees to the public known as Claremore Junior College. In 1982, it became Rogers State College, named after Rogers County where the main campus is located;[7] the county in turn is named in honor of Clement Vann Rogers, not Clem's son, Will Rogers.[8][9] In 1996, Rogers State College and the University Center at Tulsa (UCAT)–an extension center operated by the University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University, Northeastern State University and Langston University–merged to form Rogers University, with campuses in Claremore and Tulsa. The merged school operated for two years before being separated by the state Legislature. The Tulsa campus–the former University Center–became Oklahoma State University–Tulsa. The Claremore campus–the former Rogers State College–became a member of the OU Board of Regents and was renamed Rogers State University. RSU was given permission to seek accreditation as a four-year, bachelor's-degree-granting university. In 2000, RSU became the institution it is today, a public four-year, residential university.On August 16, 2006, Rogers State's Stratton Taylor Library was named a Federal depository library, the 20th in the state of Oklahoma.The university celebrated its centennial anniversary in 2009 with a series of special events, lectures and celebrations, culminating with the dedication of the Centennial Center building that serves as a student services center. In 2005, RSU acquired a historic nine-story building to serve as its campus in downtown Bartlesville and the facility is a major anchor in the downtown Bartlesville redevelopment. In 2014, RSU celebrated the opening of its new Pryor campus at the MidAmerica Industrial Park in Mayes County, Oklahoma. The $10 million construction project and 83-acre site were provided to the university by the Oklahoma Ordnance Works Authority, which operates the park as a public trust. The donation represents the largest gift in the university's history.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rogersstate-strattontaylorlibrary.JPG"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degrees"},{"link_name":"associate degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_degrees"},{"link_name":"Cameron University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_University"},{"link_name":"Elementary Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_Education"}],"text":"Stratton Taylor LibraryRSU currently offers bachelor's degrees in 17 disciplines and associate degrees in 13 disciplines. In conjunction with Cameron University, RSU also offers a \"2+2\" program in Elementary Education, in which students can earn an associate degree in elementary education from RSU and then transition to the final two years of a bachelor's degree in elementary education from Cameron, with all classes taught at RSU's campus in Claremore. Three bachelor's degrees, in Applied Technology, Business Information Technology and Liberal Arts, and four associate degrees are available completely online.In 2013, the university was granted approval to offer its first graduate degree program, a Master of Business Administration that was to begin in fall 2014.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NCAA Division II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_II"},{"link_name":"Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-America_Intercollegiate_Athletics_Association"},{"link_name":"Great American Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Conference"},{"link_name":"Heartland Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartland_Conference"},{"link_name":"Sooner Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooner_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics"}],"text":"The Rogers State athletic teams are called the Hillcats. The university is a member of the NCAA Division II ranks, primarily competing in the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association (MIAA) for most of its sports as an associate member since the 2019–20 academic year (before achieving full member status in 2022–23); while its men's soccer team competes in the Great American Conference (GAC). The Hillcats previously competed in the D-II Heartland Conference from 2013–14 to 2018–19; and in the Sooner Athletic Conference (SAC) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 2007–08 to 2012–13.Rogers State competes in 14 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, soccer and track & field (indoor and outdoor); women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball and track & field (indoor and outdoor).","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bobcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobcat"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Mascot","text":"Their mascot, a fictional animal based on a bobcat and named for the hill that the school sits upon, was chosen in 2005 by a group of students.[10]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wren Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wren_Baker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"North Texas Mean Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Texas_Mean_Green"},{"link_name":"East Texas Baptist University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Texas_Baptist_University"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"University of Arkansas - Monticello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arkansas_at_Monticello"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Athletic director","text":"Wren Baker, current vice president and director of athletics for North Texas Mean Green, served as the first director of athletics at RSU. After his departure to Northwest Missouri State for a similar position Baker was replaced by Ryan Bradley, previously the associate athletic director for external relations. Bradley departed for the University of Memphis to work for Baker, then deputy athletic director for the Tigers.In 2013, Ryan Erwin joined Rogers State as the director of athletics from Dallas Baptist University. On August 1, 2016, Erwin announced his resignation to accept the vice president and director of athletics position at East Texas Baptist University (NCAA D-III).[11] On November 18, 2016, President Dr. Larry Rice announced that Chris Ratcliff, director of athletics at the University of Arkansas - Monticello, would assume the role of director of athletics.[12]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Accomplishments","text":"The Hillcats' women's softball team became the first RSU athletic team to be nationally ranked on March 28, 2007, entering the NAIA softball ratings at No. 22.[13]\nThe men's basketball team earned the school's first number one ranking on January 26, 2009.[14]\nOn May 31, 2022, the Hillcats' women's softball team won the NCAA Div II National Championship in Denver, Colorado.","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RSUGeogreWashingtonstatue.JPG"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"indie rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_pop"},{"link_name":"KRSU-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRSU-TV"},{"link_name":"Cox Cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox_Cable"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Claremore Daily Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claremore_Daily_Progress"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSU1-17"}],"text":"A sculpture of George Washington is part of a collection of statues depicting U.S. Presidents on RSU's grounds.RSU's radio station, KRSC, is broadcast on 91.3 FM and over the Internet. It began in 1980 as a 10-watt station, and is now 3000 watts, reaching an audience of more than 1.2 million in northeastern Oklahoma. The station's programming consists mainly of indie rock and pop, with specialty rock, blues, punk and Native American music shows. KRSC also provides coverage of Hillcat basketball, baseball and softball. The station is staffed by students, faculty and area media personalities. KRSC broadcasts 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The facilities are in Markham Hall.RSU's television station, KRSU-TV 35, is the only full-powered public station licensed to a public university in the state. It broadcasts cultural and educational programming on UHF Channel 35 and digital channel 36 from its 2.75-million-watt tower 24 hours a day. The station is also carried on local cable systems and is available on Cox Cable Channel 19 in Claremore and Tulsa. The station is home to many telecourses and interactive courses, part of RSU's distance-learning programs. It also produces in-house documentaries and regular programming.[15] It is operated by a paid staff, with assistance from RSU students. The station reaches an audience of 1.2 million in the northeastern Oklahoma and southeastern Kansas areas.The independent student newspaper The Hillpost was originally established as a print newspaper in 2009 and re-established as an online news publication in 2020. It was produced in collaboration with the Claremore Daily Progress which allowed the student editors to print their newspaper for distribution on all three of Rogers State University's campuses and allowed for the newspaper to be inserted within regular issues of the Claremore Daily Progress.[16][17]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alpha Sigma Tau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Sigma_Tau"},{"link_name":"Alpha Sigma Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Sigma_Alpha"},{"link_name":"Phi Delta Theta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Delta_Theta"},{"link_name":"Kappa Sigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Sigma"},{"link_name":"Tau Kappa Epsilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_Kappa_Epsilon"}],"text":"Rogers State University hosts two sororities: the Epsilon Delta chapter of Alpha Sigma Tau, initiated in November 2005, and the Theta Eta chapter of Alpha Sigma Alpha.In early 2023, the Oklahoma Epsilon chapter of Phi Delta Theta was inducted, marking the establishment of the first official fraternity at Rogers State University.Although there were emerging chapters of Kappa Sigma and Tau Kappa Epsilon on campus, they are presently inactive.","title":"Greek life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Foundation for Individual Rights in Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Individual_Rights_in_Education"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"equine-assisted therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine-assisted_therapy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"university's foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsu.edu/development-foundation/"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"In 2003, then Rogers State University President Joe Wiley was sued by a former university employee. Former university controller Ryan Parris alleged he was terminated for not approving travel claims.[18] In the lawsuit, Parris claimed he was pressured to approve non-business travel as university expenses and refused to do so. Parris alleged that both Wiley and the university's vice president for business affairs attempted to coerce him. Parris later claimed that falsified documents were submitted.[19]In 2004, a student club at Rogers State University encountered issues in organizing on campus. According to the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, the Organization for Advocating the Rights of Students experienced \"administrative restrictions\" while attempting to organize and promote itself on campus.[20] Former RSU student and club member Renee Morse-Heenan established the club after observing what she called a “culture of fear” at the institution.[21]\nThe student club was later officially recognized by the university and an administrator left from their position.[22]Previously, Rogers State University operated an equine-assisted therapy program on its campus. In 2004, the university stated its intentions to begin a $2 million capital campaign to support the program.[23] That year, a local resident, Wanda Sanders, donated 20 acres to support the program and later gave an additional 40 acres four years later.[24] In a lawsuit filed in 2017, Sanders alleged that the land donations were not used to their donated intent and that university transferred the land to another organization in 2013. The land was then sold, again, to the university's foundation, a separate, tax-exempt organization.[25] The university later attempted to mediate the lawsuit in 2017.[26]","title":"Controversy"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohammad_Ali

Z-Ro

["1 Early life and career","2 Legal case","3 Discography","3.1 Solo albums","4 References"]

American rapper from Texas Z-RoBackground informationBirth nameJoseph Wayne McVey IVAlso known asThe Mo City DonBorn (1977-01-19) January 19, 1977 (age 47)Houston, United StatesOriginMissouri City, Texas, U.S.GenresHip hopOccupation(s) Rapper songwriter record producer Years active1994–presentLabels1DeepJ PrinceRap-a-LotAsylumKMJPresidentialStraight ProfitFisherboy EMPIREMusical artist Joseph Wayne McVey IV (born January 19, 1977), better known by his stage names Z-Ro and the Mo City Don, is an American rapper from Houston, Texas. He was named one of America's most underrated rappers by The New York Times in 2007. Early life and career Z-Ro was born Joseph Wayne McVey IV in Houston's South Park neighborhood on January 19, 1977. When he was six, his mother died, and he was shuttled from household to household in search of stability, eventually settling in the Ridgemont area, a middle-class neighborhood in Southwest Houston near the suburb of Missouri City. When Z-Ro reached his late teens he was unemployed and resorted to drug dealing and hustling on the streets. According to Z-Ro, listening to the music of 2Pac, Geto Boys, Bone Thugs-N-Harmony, Street Military, K-Rino and Klondike Kat inspired him to work harder for his goal of leaving the streets. Z-Ro discovered his talent of freestyle rapping and after going through a couple of recording studios to make a demo, the CEO of a local label discovered and signed him. Z-Ro released his critically acclaimed Rap-a-Lot debut titled The Life of Joseph W. McVey. The record was a huge success and helped expand Z-Ro's fan base beyond the South. In 2005, Z-Ro released Let the Truth Be Told, which was well received. Z-Ro's 2006 album I'm Still Livin' was released while he was imprisoned for drug possession, to positive reviews. It was called "a great album... powerful" but "relentlessly bleak" by The Village Voice and "one of the best rap albums to come out of Houston" by the Houston Chronicle. In 2010 he released the album titled Heroin, which was followed by an album titled Meth in 2011 and then Angel Dust in 2012. Z-Ro released his first EP under The Mo City Don titled Tripolar on August 25, 2013, via One Deep Ent. Z-Ro then followed up with The Crown in June 2014. In February 2015, Z-Ro released his first proper studio album in three years, titled Melting the Crown. In 2016, Z-Ro released Drankin & Drivin in August and Legendary in November under his label One Deep Entertainment. In 2017, Z-Ro announced he was retiring and released No Love Boulevard in June as his final album. He came out of retirement 6 months later and released Codeine in December. In 2018, Z-Ro released Sadism on November 16 under One Deep Entertainment and was distributed by EMPIRE. In 2020, Z-Ro released an EP titled Quarantine, The Social Distancing EP with appearances from rapper Boosie Badazz, Slim Thug, Lanlawd and late rapper Wicket Cricket. He then later released an album titled Rohammad Ali on June 26. In 2021, Z-Ro along with S.U.C. rapper Mike D released a collaboration album titled 2 The Hardway with appearances from Slim Thug, Lil' Keke, Beanz from the production duo, Beanz N Kornbread, Klondike Kat, Grace from Grace Boys, Duke Gutta, Oticia Redmond, C-Note, Big Pokey, and Lil' O. In 2022, in a statement to XXL, Z-Ro claims Trae Tha Truth asked to talk to him outside a Houston Restaurant before he allegedly sucker punched him. After that, several men jumped in and continued to assault him. Legal case This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: What happened with the misdemeanour charges?. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2023) On July 26, 2017, Z-Ro was arrested after his ex-girlfriend, Just Brittany, accused him of beating her three months earlier. Z-Ro told the media that Brittany was using this accusation to get more publicity for herself as she is also appearing in a reality show on television. On October 10, a grand jury dropped the felony charges. The next day, the Harris County, Texas, district attorney filed misdemeanor charges against Z-Ro on the same alleged incident. Discography Main article: Z-Ro discography Solo albums + List of albums, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name Year Title Chart positions US U.S. R&B 1998 Look What You Did to Me — — 2000 Z-Ro vs. the World — 90 2001 King of da Ghetto — — 2002 Screwed Up Click Representa — 58 2002 Z-Ro — — 2002 Life — 57 2003 Z-Ro Tolerance — — 2004 The Life of Joseph W. McVey 170 27 2005 Let the Truth Be Told 69 14 2006 I'm Still Livin' 75 14 2007 King of tha Ghetto: Power 197 32 2008 Crack 48 12 2009 Cocaine 147 19 2010 Heroin 142 29 2011 Meth 90 12 2012 Angel Dust 120 17 2014 The Crown — — 2015 Melting the Crown — 16 2016 Drankin' & Drivin' 99 7 2016 Legendary — 15 2017 No Love Boulevard 135 46 2017 Codeine — 41 2018 Sadism — 24 2020 Rohammad Ali — — 2022 Pressure — — 2024 The Ghetto Gospel — — References ^ a b "Texas Birth Index, 1903–1997". FamilySearch. ^ a b Amazon.com: Tripolar: The Mo City Don: MP3 Downloads. Amazon.com. Retrieved August 1, 2016. ^ Z-Ro Biography Archived July 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Rapartists.com (January 19, 1977). Retrieved June 21, 2011. ^ Sanneh, Kelefa. (May 27, 2007) "A Hip-Hop Hurricane and Other Phenomena" Archived August 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine The New York Times. Retrieved June 21, 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h "Z-Ro Biography". Artist Direct. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2012. ^ "Z-Ro – Biography & History". AllMusic. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018. ^ a b Breihan, Tom (December 7, 2006). "Project Pat and Z-Ro: The Unsung Heroes of Southern Rap". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on September 22, 2008. Retrieved September 7, 2008. ^ Sanneh, Kelefa (May 27, 2007). "A Hip-Hop Hurricane and Other Phenomena". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 14, 2011. Retrieved September 7, 2008. ^ Peralita, Eyder (November 6, 2006). "Z-Ro breaks ground, visits the past on new CD". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 25, 2008. Retrieved September 7, 2008. ^ "The Crown – Z-Ro – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved July 3, 2018. ^ "Various Artists: Gqom Oh! x Crudo Volta Mixtape Album Review – Pitchfork". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2018. ^ Caldwell, Brandon (July 7, 2017). "Z-Ro Is Done With Rap; We're Not Better Off For It". Houston Press. Retrieved May 10, 2021. ^ "Review: Z-Ro's "Sadism" Speaks To Day 1 Houston Fans". HipHopDX. December 10, 2018. Retrieved May 10, 2021. ^ "New Album: Z-Ro 'Rohammad Ali'". Rap Radar. June 26, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2021. ^ 2 The Hardway, retrieved May 10, 2021 ^ Fitzgerald, Trent (August 30, 2022). "Z-Ro Claims Trae Tha Truth Asked to Talk and Then Sucker Punched Him". XXL Mag. Retrieved September 6, 2022. ^ "Rapper Z-Ro Claims Arrest Was a Publicity Stunt, Won't Address Recording". tmz.com. July 28, 2017. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2018. ^ "Rapper Z-RO Dodges Indictment in Just Brittany Beating Case". tmz.com. October 11, 2017. Archived from the original on February 19, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2018. ^ "Rapper Z-RO Charged by D.A. in Just Brittany Beating Case After Grand Jury Passes". tmz.com. October 11, 2017. Archived from the original on February 20, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2018. ^ allmusic ((( Z-Ro > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums ))) vteZ-Ro Discography Studio albums The Life of Joseph W. McVey Let the Truth Be Told I'm Still Livin' King of tha Ghetto: Power Crack Cocaine Heroin Meth Angel Dust The Crown Melting the Crown Drankin' & Drivin' Legendary No Love Boulevard Collaborative albums Kings of the South Featured singles "City of Syrup" "Draped Up" (Remix) "Get Throwed" "No Help" Related articles ABN Screwed Up Click Rap-A-Lot Records vteScrewed Up ClickGroups ABN Botany Boyz Members Big Floyd Big Hawk Big Mello Big Moe Big Pokey C-Note DJ Screw E.S.G. Fat Pat Lil' Flip Lil' Keke Lil' O Trae tha Truth Z-Ro Mr. 3-2 Albums Blockbleeders (1999) See also Chopped and screwed E.S.G. discography Lil' Flip discography Lil Keke discography Trae tha Truth discography Z-Ro discography Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists MusicBrainz Wikiquote has quotations related to Z-Ro.

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He was named one of America's most underrated rappers by The New York Times in 2007.[4]","title":"Z-Ro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park,_Houston"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A.D._Bio-5"},{"link_name":"Missouri City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A.D._Bio-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A.D._Bio-5"},{"link_name":"2Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Pac"},{"link_name":"Geto Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geto_Boys"},{"link_name":"Bone Thugs-N-Harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_Thugs-N-Harmony"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A.D._Bio-5"},{"link_name":"freestyle rapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_rap"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A.D._Bio-5"},{"link_name":"The Life of Joseph W. McVey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Life_of_Joseph_W._McVey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A.D._Bio-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A.D._Bio-5"},{"link_name":"Let the Truth Be Told","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_the_Truth_Be_Told_(Z-Ro_album)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A.D._Bio-5"},{"link_name":"I'm Still Livin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Still_Livin%27"},{"link_name":"drug possession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_possession"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-villagevoice-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-8"},{"link_name":"The Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-villagevoice-7"},{"link_name":"Houston Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-houstonchronicle-9"},{"link_name":"Heroin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin_(album)"},{"link_name":"Meth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meth_(album)"},{"link_name":"Angel Dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Dust_(Z-Ro_album)"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tripolar-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Crown-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"No Love Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Love_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Codeine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeine_(Z-Ro_Album)"},{"link_name":"Sadism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadism_(Z-Ro_album)"},{"link_name":"EMPIRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Distribution"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Boosie Badazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosie_Badazz"},{"link_name":"Slim Thug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slim_Thug"},{"link_name":"Rohammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohammad_Ali"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"S.U.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwed_Up_Click"},{"link_name":"Mike D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_D_(rapper)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Slim Thug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slim_Thug"},{"link_name":"Lil' Keke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil%27_Keke"},{"link_name":"Beanz N Kornbread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Johnson_(musician)#Production"},{"link_name":"C-Note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-Note_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Big Pokey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Pokey"},{"link_name":"Lil' O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil%27_O"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"XXL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXL_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Trae Tha Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trae_tha_Truth"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Z-Ro was born Joseph Wayne McVey IV in Houston's South Park neighborhood on January 19, 1977.[5] When he was six, his mother died, and he was shuttled from household to household in search of stability, eventually settling in the Ridgemont area, a middle-class neighborhood in Southwest Houston near the suburb of Missouri City.[5] When Z-Ro reached his late teens he was unemployed and resorted to drug dealing and hustling on the streets.[5] According to Z-Ro, listening to the music of 2Pac, Geto Boys, Bone Thugs-N-Harmony, Street Military, K-Rino and Klondike Kat inspired him to work harder for his goal of leaving the streets.[5] Z-Ro discovered his talent of freestyle rapping and after going through a couple of recording studios to make a demo,[5] the CEO of a local label discovered and signed him.Z-Ro released his critically acclaimed Rap-a-Lot debut titled The Life of Joseph W. McVey.[5][6] The record was a huge success and helped expand Z-Ro's fan base beyond the South.[5] In 2005, Z-Ro released Let the Truth Be Told, which was well received.[5] Z-Ro's 2006 album I'm Still Livin' was released while he was imprisoned for drug possession, to positive reviews.[7][8] It was called \"a great album... powerful\" but \"relentlessly bleak\" by The Village Voice[7] and \"one of the best rap albums to come out of Houston\" by the Houston Chronicle.[9] In 2010 he released the album titled Heroin, which was followed by an album titled Meth in 2011 and then Angel Dust in 2012.Z-Ro released his first EP under The Mo City Don titled Tripolar on August 25, 2013, via One Deep Ent.[2] Z-Ro then followed up with The Crown in June 2014.[10] In February 2015, Z-Ro released his first proper studio album in three years, titled Melting the Crown.In 2016, Z-Ro released Drankin & Drivin in August[11] and Legendary in November under his label One Deep Entertainment.In 2017, Z-Ro announced he was retiring and released No Love Boulevard in June as his final album.[12] He came out of retirement 6 months later and released Codeine in December.In 2018, Z-Ro released Sadism on November 16 under One Deep Entertainment and was distributed by EMPIRE.[13]In 2020, Z-Ro released an EP titled Quarantine, The Social Distancing EP with appearances from rapper Boosie Badazz, Slim Thug, Lanlawd and late rapper Wicket Cricket. He then later released an album titled Rohammad Ali on June 26.[14]In 2021, Z-Ro along with S.U.C. rapper Mike D released a collaboration album titled 2 The Hardway with appearances from Slim Thug, Lil' Keke, Beanz from the production duo, Beanz N Kornbread, Klondike Kat, Grace from Grace Boys, Duke Gutta, Oticia Redmond, C-Note, Big Pokey, and Lil' O.[15]In 2022, in a statement to XXL, Z-Ro claims Trae Tha Truth asked to talk to him outside a Houston Restaurant before he allegedly sucker punched him. After that, several men jumped in and continued to assault him.[16]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Harris County, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"On July 26, 2017, Z-Ro was arrested after his ex-girlfriend, Just Brittany, accused him of beating her three months earlier. Z-Ro told the media that Brittany was using this accusation to get more publicity for herself as she is also appearing in a reality show on television.[17] On October 10, a grand jury dropped the felony charges.[18] The next day, the Harris County, Texas, district attorney filed misdemeanor charges against Z-Ro on the same alleged incident.[19]","title":"Legal case"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Solo albums","text":"+ List of albums, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name","title":"Discography"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Texas Birth Index, 1903–1997\". FamilySearch.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:V82C-M8S","url_text":"\"Texas Birth Index, 1903–1997\""}]},{"reference":"\"Z-Ro Biography\". Artist Direct. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artistdirect.com/artist/bio/z-ro/664377","url_text":"\"Z-Ro Biography\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121025002453/http://www.artistdirect.com/artist/bio/z-ro/664377","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Z-Ro – Biography & History\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. 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Retrieved September 7, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.villagevoice.com/statusainthood/archives/2006/12/project_pat_and.php","url_text":"\"Project Pat and Z-Ro: The Unsung Heroes of Southern Rap\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice","url_text":"The Village Voice"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080922055817/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/statusainthood/archives/2006/12/project_pat_and.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sanneh, Kelefa (May 27, 2007). \"A Hip-Hop Hurricane and Other Phenomena\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 14, 2011. Retrieved September 7, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/27/arts/music/27play.html","url_text":"\"A Hip-Hop Hurricane and Other Phenomena\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110414161833/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/27/arts/music/27play.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Peralita, Eyder (November 6, 2006). \"Z-Ro breaks ground, visits the past on new CD\". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 25, 2008. Retrieved September 7, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/headline/entertainment/4314522.html","url_text":"\"Z-Ro breaks ground, visits the past on new CD\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle","url_text":"Houston Chronicle"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080925151037/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/headline/entertainment/4314522.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Crown – Z-Ro – Songs, Reviews, Credits\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved July 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-crown-mw0002673451","url_text":"\"The Crown – Z-Ro – Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170913000129/http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-crown-mw0002673451","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Various Artists: Gqom Oh! x Crudo Volta Mixtape Album Review – Pitchfork\". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/22126-gqom-oh-x-crudo-volta-mixtape/","url_text":"\"Various Artists: Gqom Oh! x Crudo Volta Mixtape Album Review – Pitchfork\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180614194603/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/22126-gqom-oh-x-crudo-volta-mixtape/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Caldwell, Brandon (July 7, 2017). \"Z-Ro Is Done With Rap; We're Not Better Off For It\". Houston Press. Retrieved May 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstonpress.com/music/z-ro-is-done-with-rap-after-his-stellar-no-love-boulevard-9586817","url_text":"\"Z-Ro Is Done With Rap; We're Not Better Off For It\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review: Z-Ro's \"Sadism\" Speaks To Day 1 Houston Fans\". HipHopDX. December 10, 2018. Retrieved May 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hiphopdx.com/reviews/id.3324/title.review-z-ros-sadism-speaks-to-day-1-houston-fans","url_text":"\"Review: Z-Ro's \"Sadism\" Speaks To Day 1 Houston Fans\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Album: Z-Ro 'Rohammad Ali'\". Rap Radar. June 26, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://rapradar.com/2020/06/26/new-album-z-ro-rohammad-ali/","url_text":"\"New Album: Z-Ro 'Rohammad Ali'\""}]},{"reference":"2 The Hardway, retrieved May 10, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://open.spotify.com/album/5OMDvLVGBUhIQM0BwuEXag","url_text":"2 The Hardway"}]},{"reference":"Fitzgerald, Trent (August 30, 2022). \"Z-Ro Claims Trae Tha Truth Asked to Talk and Then Sucker Punched Him\". XXL Mag. Retrieved September 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.xxlmag.com/z-ro-trae-the-truth-sucker-punched-fight/","url_text":"\"Z-Ro Claims Trae Tha Truth Asked to Talk and Then Sucker Punched Him\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rapper Z-Ro Claims Arrest Was a Publicity Stunt, Won't Address Recording\". tmz.com. July 28, 2017. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tmz.com/2017/07/28/rapper-z-ro-arrest-publicity-stunt/","url_text":"\"Rapper Z-Ro Claims Arrest Was a Publicity Stunt, Won't Address Recording\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180309201430/http://www.tmz.com/2017/07/28/rapper-z-ro-arrest-publicity-stunt/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rapper Z-RO Dodges Indictment in Just Brittany Beating Case\". tmz.com. October 11, 2017. Archived from the original on February 19, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tmz.com/2017/10/10/rapper-z-ro-no-indictment-felony-assault-charges/","url_text":"\"Rapper Z-RO Dodges Indictment in Just Brittany Beating Case\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180219020330/http://www.tmz.com/2017/10/10/rapper-z-ro-no-indictment-felony-assault-charges/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rapper Z-RO Charged by D.A. in Just Brittany Beating Case After Grand Jury Passes\". tmz.com. October 11, 2017. Archived from the original on February 20, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tmz.com/2017/10/11/rapper-z-ro-misdemeanor-charge-just-brittany-beating/","url_text":"\"Rapper Z-RO Charged by D.A. in Just Brittany Beating Case After Grand Jury Passes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180220161358/http://www.tmz.com/2017/10/11/rapper-z-ro-misdemeanor-charge-just-brittany-beating/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Johnston_(soldier)

David Johnston (soldier)

["1 Biography","2 Legacy","3 Medal of Honor Citation","4 External links","5 References"]

American Civil War soldier David H. JohnstonBornAugust 19, 1838Indiana County, PennsylvaniaDiedSeptember 12, 1931Central City, NebraskaBuriedPierce Chapel Bureau Cemetery, Clarks, NebraskaAllegianceUnited States of AmericaService/branchUnion ArmyRankPrivateUnitCompany K, 8th Missouri Volunteer InfantryBattles/warsBattle of Vicksburg, MississippiAwardsMedal of HonorSpouse(s)Nancy Jane (m.1872)ChildrenEight David H. Johnston (August 19, 1838 – September 12, 1931) was an American soldier and recipient of the Medal of Honor who received the medal for his actions in the American Civil War. Biography Johnston was born in Indiana County, Pennsylvania on August 19, 1838, to David Johnston and Margaret Johnston. He served as a private in Company K of the 8th Missouri Volunteer Infantry during the American Civil War. He earned his medal in action at the Battle of Vicksburg, Mississippi on May 22, 1863. Johnston received his medal on August 16, 1884, but the U.S. War Department mistakenly listed the recipient of the award as David A. Johnston from Missouri in their files. The mix-up happened after A. Johnston's pension check was mistaken by the War Department for H. Johnston's pension check, who had not applied for a pension that year. Johnston only requested a pension in 1907. The mistake was discovered in 1966 when a newspaper published a list of recipients and Johnston was absent. Johnston married Nancy Jane in 1872. The couple had eight children. Johnston died on September 12, 1931, in Central City Merrick County, Nebraska and is now buried in Pierce Chapel Bureau Cemetery, Clarks, Nebraska. Legacy Johnson and other Nebraska associated Medal of Honor recipients were inducted into the Nebraska Hall of Fame in the 1970s and a Medal of Honor memorial gravestone was placed at Johnston's grave on Sunday, October 25, 1992, in a large family gathering to dedicate Johnston's life. His medal is also on display at the Merrick County Historical Society Museum. Medal of Honor Citation For gallantry in the charge of the volunteer storming party on 22 May 1863, in action at Vicksburg, Mississippi. External links Photograph of Johnston and his gravestone as well as information on parents and children References ^ a b "David Johnston - Recipient -". valor.militarytimes.com. Retrieved 2022-02-24. ^ Caldwell, J.A. (1880). 1745-1880 History of Indiana County, Penn'a. p. 429. ^ a b c d "David H Johnston | U.S. Civil War | U.S. Army | Medal of Honor Recipient". Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Retrieved 2022-02-24. ^ "Johnston, David". The National Medal of Honor Museum. Retrieved 2022-02-24. ^ a b "Soldier's award brings together family". The Salina Journal. Associated Press. October 26, 1992. p. 8. Retrieved February 23, 2022. ^ a b "Civil War medal recipient honored by descendants". The Lincoln Star. October 26, 1992. p. 15. Retrieved February 23, 2022. ^ "8th Missouri Volunteer Infantry (US) - David H. Johnston". www.infantry8thmo.org. Retrieved 2022-02-24. ^ "Hall Of Fame Includes Medal Of Honor Winners". The Banner-Press. February 5, 1970. p. 8. Retrieved February 23, 2022. ^ "Civil War Medal of Honor winner finally honored". Beatrice Daily Sun. October 27, 1992. p. 3. Retrieved February 23, 2022.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabushiki_Kaisha

Kabushiki gaisha

["1 Usage in language","2 History","3 Formation","3.1 Receipt of capital","4 Structure","4.1 Board of directors","4.2 Auditing and reporting","4.3 Officers","5 Other legal issues","5.1 Taxation","5.2 Derivative litigation","6 See also","7 Footnotes","8 External links"]

Company with limited liability established under Japanese law This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kabushiki gaisha" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article is part of a series onCorporate law By jurisdiction Anguilla Australia BVI Canada Cayman Islands India South Africa UK United States Vietnam European Union France Germany General corporate forms Company Conglomerate Cooperative Corporation Holding company Joint-stock Partnership General Limited Limited liability Private limited Shell corporation Shelf corporation Sole proprietorship Corporate formsby jurisdiction European Union Societas (SE) Societas cooperativa (SCE) Societas privata (SPE) Societas unius personae (SUP) Economic interest grouping (EEIG) UK / Ireland / Commonwealth Charitable incorporated organisation (England and Wales) (CIO) Scottish charitable incorporated organisation (SCIO) Community interest company (CIC) Industrial and provident society (IPS) Limited company (Ltd.) by guarantee by shares proprietary public Unlimited company United States Benefit corporation C corporation Limited liability company (LLC) Low-profit LLC Series LLC Limited liability limited partnership (LLLP) S corporation Delaware corporation / statutory trust Massachusetts business trust Nevada corporation Others Aktiebolag (AB) Aktiengesellschaft (AG) Ansvarlig selskap (ANS) Aktieselskab (A/S) Aksjeselskap (AS) Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH) Kabushiki gaisha (K.K.) Naamloze vennootschap (N.V.) Osakeyhtiö (Oy) S.A. Société à responsabilité limitée (SARL) more... Doctrines Business judgment rule Corporate governance De facto and estoppel corporations Internal affairs doctrine Limited liability Tag-along right Drag-along right Piercing the corporate veil Rochdale Principles Ultra vires Related areas Beneficial ownership Civil procedure Contract Corporate registers Registered agent Company portal Law portalvte A kabushiki gaisha (Japanese: 株式会社, pronounced ; lit. 'share company') or kabushiki kaisha, commonly abbreviated K.K. or KK, is a type of company (会社, kaisha) defined under the Companies Act of Japan. The term is often translated as "stock company", "joint-stock company" or "stock corporation". The term kabushiki gaisha in Japan refers to any joint-stock company regardless of country of origin or incorporation; however, outside Japan the term refers specifically to joint-stock companies incorporated in Japan. Usage in language In Latin script, kabushiki kaisha, with a ⟨k⟩, is often used, but the original Japanese pronunciation is kabushiki gaisha, with a ⟨g⟩, owing to rendaku. A kabushiki gaisha must include "株式会社" in its name (Article 6, paragraph 2 of the Companies Act). In a company name, "株式会社" can be used as a prefix (e.g. 株式会社電通, kabushiki gaisha Dentsū, a style called 前株, mae-kabu) or as a suffix (e.g. トヨタ自動車株式会社, Toyota Jidōsha kabushiki gaisha, a style called 後株, ato-kabu). Many Japanese companies translate the phrase "株式会社" in their name as "Company, Limited"—this is very often abbreviated as "Co., Ltd."—but others use the more Americanized translations "Corporation" or "Incorporated". Texts in England often refer to kabushiki kaisha as "joint stock companies". While that is close to a literal translation of the term, the two are not precisely the same. The Japanese government once endorsed "business corporation" as an official translation but now uses more literal translation "stock company." Japanese often abbreviate "株式会社" in a company name on signage (including the sides of their vehicles) to 株 in parentheses, as, for example, "ABC㈱." The full, formal name would then be "ABC株式会社". 株式会社 is also combined into one Unicode character at code point U+337F ㍿ SQUARE CORPORATION, while the parenthesized form can also be represented with a single character, U+3231 ㈱ PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH STOCK as well as parentheses around U+682A 株 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-682A and its romanization U+33CD ㏍ SQUARE KK. These forms, however, only exist for backward compatibility with older Japanese character encodings and Unicode and should be avoided when possible in new text. History The first kabushiki gaisha was the Dai-ichi Bank, incorporated in 1873. Rules regarding kabushiki gaisha were set out in the Commercial Code of Japan, and was originally based on laws regulating German Aktiengesellschaft (which also means share company). However, during the United States-led Allied Occupation of Japan following World War II, the occupation authorities introduced revisions to the Commercial Code based on the Illinois Business Corporation Act of 1933, giving kabushiki gaisha many traits of American corporations, and to be more exact, Illinois corporations. Over time, Japanese and U.S. corporate law diverged, and K.K. assumed many characteristics not found in U.S. corporations. For instance, a K.K. could not repurchase its own stock (a restriction lifted by the amendment of the Commercial Code in 2001), issue stock for a price of less than ¥50,000 per share (effective 1982-2003), or operate with paid-in capital of less than ¥10 million (effective 1991–2005). On June 29, 2005, the Diet of Japan passed a new Companies Act (会社法, kaisha-hō), which took effect on May 1, 2006. Formation A kabushiki gaisha may be started with capital as low as ¥1, making the total cost of a K.K. incorporation approximately ¥240,000 (about US$2,500) in taxes and notarization fees. Under the old Commercial Code, a K.K. required starting capital of ¥10 million (about US$105,000); a lower capital requirement was later instituted, but corporations with under ¥3 million in assets were barred from issuing dividends, and companies were required to increase their capital to ¥10 million within five years of formation. The main steps in incorporation are the following: Preparation and notarization of articles of incorporation Receipt of capital, either directly or through an offering The incorporation of a K.K. is carried out by one or more incorporators (発起人, hokkinin, sometimes referred to as "promoters"). Although seven incorporators were required as recently as the 1980s, a K.K. now only needs one incorporator, which may be an individual or a corporation. If there are multiple incorporators, they must sign a partnership agreement before incorporating the company. The value or minimum amount of assets received in exchange for the initial issuance of shares The name and address of the incorporator(s) The purpose statement requires some specialized knowledge, as Japan follows an ultra vires doctrine and does not allow a K.K. to act beyond its purposes. Judicial or administrative scriveners are often hired to draft the purposes of a new company. Additionally, the articles of incorporation must contain the following if applicable: Any non-cash assets contributed as capital to the company, the name of the contributor and the number of shares issued for such assets Any assets promised to be purchased after the incorporation of the company and the name of the provider Any compensation to be paid to the incorporator(s) Non-routine incorporation expenses that will be borne by the company Other matters may also be included, such as limits on the number of directors and auditors. The Corporation Code allows a K.K. to be formed as a "stock company that is not a public company" (公開会社でない株式会社, kōkai gaisha denai kabushiki gaisha), or a (so-called) "close company" (非公開会社, hi-kōkai gaisha), in which case the company (e.g. its board of directors or a shareholders' meeting, as defined in the articles of incorporation) must approve any transfer of shares between shareholders; this designation must be made in the articles of incorporation. The articles must be sealed by the incorporator(s) and notarized by a civil law notary, then filed with the Legal Affairs Bureau in the jurisdiction where the company will have its head office. Receipt of capital In a direct incorporation, each incorporator receives a specified amount of stock as designated in the articles of incorporation. Each incorporator must then promptly pay its share of the starting capital of the company, and if no directors have been designated in the articles of incorporation, meet to determine the initial directors and other officers. The other method is an "incorporation by offering," in which each incorporator becomes the stock underwriter of a specified number of shares (at least one each), and the other shares are offered to other investors. As in a direct incorporation, the incorporators must then hold an organizational meeting to appoint the initial directors and other officers. Any person wishing to receive shares must submit an application to the incorporator, and then make payment for his or her shares by a date specified by the incorporator(s). Capital must be received in a commercial bank account designated by the incorporator(s), and the bank must provide certification that payment has been made. Once the capital has been received and certified, the incorporation may be registered at the Legal Affairs Bureau. Structure Further information: Corporate title § Japan and South Korea Board of directors Under present law, a K.K. must have a board of directors (取締役会, torishimariyaku kai) consisting of at least three individuals. Directors have a statutory term of office of two years, and auditors have a term of four years. Small companies can exist with only one or two directors, with no statutory term of office, and without a board of directors (取締役会非設置会社, torishimariyaku-kai hi-setchi-gaisha). In such companies, decisions are made via shareholder meeting and the decision-making power of the directors is relatively limited. As soon as a third director is designated such companies must form a board. At least one director is designated as a Representative Director (代表取締役, daihyō-torishimariyaku), holds the corporate seal and is empowered to represent the company in transactions. The Representative Director must "report" to the board of directors every three months; the exact meaning of this statutory provision is unclear, but some legal scholars interpret it to mean that the board must meet every three months. In 2015, the requirement that at least one director and one Representative Director must be a resident of Japan was changed. It is not required to have a resident Representative Director although it can be convenient to do so. Directors are mandatories (agents) of the shareholders, and the Representative Director is a mandatory of the board. Any action outside of these mandates is considered a breach of mandatory duty. Auditing and reporting Every K.K. with multiple directors must have at least one statutory auditor (監査役, kansayaku). Statutory auditors report to the shareholders, and are empowered to demand financial and operational reports from the directors. K.K.s with capital of over ¥500m, liabilities of over ¥2bn and/or publicly traded securities are required to have three statutory auditors, and must also have an annual audit performed by an outside CPA. Public K.K.s must also file securities law reports with the Ministry of Finance. Under the new Company Law, public and other non-close K.K.s may either have a statutory auditor, or a nominating committee (指名委員会, shimei-iin-kai), auditing committee (監査委員会, kansa-iin-kai) and compensation committee (報酬委員会, hōshū-iin kai) structure similar to that of American public corporations. If the company has an auditing committee, it is referred to as a company with a board of statutory auditors (監査役会設置会社, kansayaku-kai setchi-gaisha). Close K.K.s may also have a single person serving as director and statutory auditor, regardless of capital or liabilities. A statutory auditor may be any person who is not an employee or director of the company. In practice, the position is often filled by a very senior employee close to retirement, or by an outside attorney or accountant. Officers Japanese law does not designate any corporate officer positions. Most Japanese-owned kabushiki gaisha do not have "officers" per se, but are directly managed by the directors, one of whom generally has the title of president (社長, sha-chō). The Japanese equivalent of a corporate vice president is a department chief (部長, bu-chō). Traditionally, under the lifetime employment system, directors and department chiefs begin their careers as line employees of the company and work their way up the management hierarchy over time. This is not the case in most foreign-owned companies in Japan, and some native companies have also abandoned this system in recent years in favor of encouraging more lateral movement in management. Corporate officers often have the legal title of shihainin, which makes them authorized representatives of the corporation at a particular place of business, in addition to a common-use title. Other legal issues Taxation Kabushiki gaisha are subject to double taxation of profits and dividends, as are corporations in most countries. In contrast to many other countries, however, Japan also levies double taxes on close corporations (yugen gaisha and gōdō gaisha). This makes taxation a minor issue when deciding how to structure a business in Japan. As all publicly traded companies follow the K.K. structure, smaller businesses often choose to incorporate as a K.K. simply to appear more prestigious. In addition to income taxes, K.K.s must also pay registration taxes to the national government and may be subject to local taxes. Derivative litigation Generally, the power to bring actions against the directors on the corporation's behalf is granted to the statutory auditor. Historically, derivative suits by shareholders were rare in Japan. Shareholders have been permitted to sue on the corporation's behalf since the postwar Americanization of the Commercial Code; however, this power was severely limited by the nature of court costs in Japan. Because the cost to file a civil action is proportional to the amount of damages being claimed, shareholders rarely had the motivation to sue on the company's behalf. In 1993, the Commercial Code was amended to reduce the filing fee for all shareholder derivative suits to ¥8,200 per claim. This led to a rise in the number of derivative suits heard by Japanese courts, from 31 pending cases in 1992 to 286 in 1999, and to a number of very high-profile shareholder actions, such as those against Daiwa Bank and Nomura Securities See also Japan portalCompanies portal Gōdō gaisha Gōmei gaisha Gōshi gaisha Yūgen gaisha Footnotes ^ "法令用語「日英対訳辞書」まとまる　政府検討委", 朝日新聞(Asahi Shimbun), March 18, 2006. (summary) ^ Standard Bilingual Dictionary of Legal Terminology. ^ a b "22.10 Enclosed Square, § CJK Compatibility". The Unicode® Standard Core Specification (PDF) (13th ed.). Mountain View, California: Unicode Consortium. March 2020. pp. 877–878. ISBN 978-1-936213-26-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 11, 2020. ^ Japan Company Laws and Regulations Handbook. Int'l Business Publications. 2010. ISBN 9781433070051. ^ Ramseyer, Mark, and Minoru Nakazato, Japanese Law: An Economic Approach (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), p. 111. ^ Z Japan ^ Janssen, Markus; Koma, Fumio; Kuroda, Shintaro; Schimmann, Peter (2002-04-01). "New Rules for Share Structure and Governance of Japanese Corporations". Journal of Japanese Law. 13: 254. ^ Ramseyer, op. cit., p. 123. ^ Professor Shosaku Masai (2 February 2009). "Review of 2005 Companies Act: Recent discussions". Waseda University Institute of Comparative Law. Retrieved 2011-02-26. ^ Lloyd, Terrie. "One Yen Companies – Part Two". Work in Japan.com. Archived from the original on May 10, 2006. ^ "How to Set Up Business in Japan". Japan External Trade Organization. Archived from the original on 2011-05-25. Retrieved 2011-02-26. ^ Yamazaki Bakery K.K. v. Iijima, 1015 Hanrei Jiho 27 (Tokyo Dist. Ct., March 26, 1981). ^ "Company with Board of Statutory Auditors — Corporate Governance — Management Policy". Shinsei Bank. Retrieved 2022-06-23. ^ West, Mark D. "Why Shareholders Sue: The Evidence from Japan," Journal of Legal Studies 30:351 (2001). doi:10.1086/322056 External links "Difference between Corporate Governance Practices in Japan and in U.S." – Nomura Group

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"株式会社","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A0%AA%E5%BC%8F%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE#Japanese"},{"link_name":"[kabɯɕi̥ki ɡaꜜiɕa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese"},{"link_name":"Companies Act of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_Act_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"joint-stock company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint-stock_company"}],"text":"A kabushiki gaisha (Japanese: 株式会社, pronounced [kabɯɕi̥ki ɡaꜜiɕa]; lit. 'share company') or kabushiki kaisha, commonly abbreviated K.K. or KK, is a type of company (会社, kaisha) defined under the Companies Act of Japan. The term is often translated as \"stock company\", \"joint-stock company\" or \"stock corporation\". The term kabushiki gaisha in Japan refers to any joint-stock company regardless of country of origin or incorporation; however, outside Japan the term refers specifically to joint-stock companies incorporated in Japan.","title":"Kabushiki gaisha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rendaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendaku"},{"link_name":"kabushiki gaisha Dentsū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentsu"},{"link_name":"Toyota Jidōsha kabushiki gaisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota"},{"link_name":"joint stock companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint-stock_company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"parentheses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parentheses"},{"link_name":"Unicode character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_character"},{"link_name":"code point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_point"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"backward compatibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_compatibility"},{"link_name":"character encodings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encodings"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"In Latin script, kabushiki kaisha, with a ⟨k⟩, is often used, but the original Japanese pronunciation is kabushiki gaisha, with a ⟨g⟩, owing to rendaku.A kabushiki gaisha must include \"株式会社\" in its name (Article 6, paragraph 2 of the Companies Act). In a company name, \"株式会社\" can be used as a prefix (e.g. 株式会社電通, kabushiki gaisha Dentsū, a style called 前株, mae-kabu) or as a suffix (e.g. トヨタ自動車株式会社, Toyota Jidōsha kabushiki gaisha, a style called 後株, ato-kabu).Many Japanese companies translate the phrase \"株式会社\" in their name as \"Company, Limited\"—this is very often abbreviated as \"Co., Ltd.\"—but others use the more Americanized translations \"Corporation\" or \"Incorporated\". Texts in England often refer to kabushiki kaisha as \"joint stock companies\". While that is close to a literal translation of the term, the two are not precisely the same. The Japanese government once endorsed \"business corporation\" as an official translation[1] but now uses more literal translation \"stock company.\"[2]Japanese often abbreviate \"株式会社\" in a company name on signage (including the sides of their vehicles) to 株 in parentheses, as, for example, \"ABC㈱.\" The full, formal name would then be \"ABC株式会社\". 株式会社 is also combined into one Unicode character at code point U+337F ㍿ SQUARE CORPORATION, while the parenthesized form can also be represented with a single character, U+3231 ㈱ PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH STOCK as well as parentheses around U+682A 株 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-682A[3] and its romanization U+33CD ㏍ SQUARE KK.\nThese forms, however, only exist for backward compatibility with older Japanese character encodings and Unicode and should be avoided when possible in new text.[3]","title":"Usage in language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dai-ichi Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai-Ichi_Kangyo_Bank"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Commercial Code of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Codes"},{"link_name":"Aktiengesellschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft"},{"link_name":"Occupation of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"American corporations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_corporate_law"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ramseyer1-5"},{"link_name":"further explanation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"repurchase its own stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_buyback"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ramseyer2-8"},{"link_name":"Diet of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The first kabushiki gaisha was the Dai-ichi Bank, incorporated in 1873.[4]Rules regarding kabushiki gaisha were set out in the Commercial Code of Japan, and was originally based on laws regulating German Aktiengesellschaft (which also means share company). However, during the United States-led Allied Occupation of Japan following World War II, the occupation authorities introduced revisions to the Commercial Code based on the Illinois Business Corporation Act of 1933, giving kabushiki gaisha many traits of American corporations, and to be more exact, Illinois corporations.[5][further explanation needed]Over time, Japanese and U.S. corporate law diverged, and K.K. assumed many characteristics not found in U.S. corporations. For instance, a K.K. could not repurchase its own stock (a restriction lifted by the amendment of the Commercial Code in 2001),[6] issue stock for a price of less than ¥50,000 per share (effective 1982-2003[7]), or operate with paid-in capital of less than ¥10 million (effective 1991–2005).[8]On June 29, 2005, the Diet of Japan passed a new Companies Act (会社法, kaisha-hō), which took effect on May 1, 2006.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"notarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_notary"},{"link_name":"dividends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dividend"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Terrie-10"},{"link_name":"articles of incorporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_incorporation"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_capital"},{"link_name":"incorporators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incorporator&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ultra vires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_vires"},{"link_name":"Judicial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_scrivener"},{"link_name":"administrative scriveners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_scrivener"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"civil law notary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_notary"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A kabushiki gaisha may be started with capital as low as ¥1, making the total cost of a K.K. incorporation approximately ¥240,000 (about US$2,500) in taxes and notarization fees. Under the old Commercial Code, a K.K. required starting capital of ¥10 million (about US$105,000); a lower capital requirement was later instituted, but corporations with under ¥3 million in assets were barred from issuing dividends, and companies were required to increase their capital to ¥10 million within five years of formation.[10]The main steps in incorporation are the following:Preparation and notarization of articles of incorporation\nReceipt of capital, either directly or through an offeringThe incorporation of a K.K. is carried out by one or more incorporators (発起人, hokkinin, sometimes referred to as \"promoters\"). Although seven incorporators were required as recently as the 1980s, a K.K. now only needs one incorporator, which may be an individual or a corporation. If there are multiple incorporators, they must sign a partnership agreement before incorporating the company.[citation needed]The value or minimum amount of assets received in exchange for the initial issuance of shares\nThe name and address of the incorporator(s)The purpose statement requires some specialized knowledge, as Japan follows an ultra vires doctrine and does not allow a K.K. to act beyond its purposes. Judicial or administrative scriveners are often hired to draft the purposes of a new company.[citation needed]Additionally, the articles of incorporation must contain the following if applicable:Any non-cash assets contributed as capital to the company, the name of the contributor and the number of shares issued for such assets\nAny assets promised to be purchased after the incorporation of the company and the name of the provider\nAny compensation to be paid to the incorporator(s)\nNon-routine incorporation expenses that will be borne by the companyOther matters may also be included, such as limits on the number of directors and auditors. The Corporation Code allows a K.K. to be formed as a \"stock company that is not a public company\" (公開会社でない株式会社, kōkai gaisha denai kabushiki gaisha), or a (so-called) \"close company\" (非公開会社, hi-kōkai gaisha), in which case the company (e.g. its board of directors or a shareholders' meeting, as defined in the articles of incorporation) must approve any transfer of shares between shareholders; this designation must be made in the articles of incorporation.[citation needed]The articles must be sealed by the incorporator(s) and notarized by a civil law notary, then filed with the Legal Affairs Bureau in the jurisdiction where the company will have its head office.[citation needed]","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"stock underwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_underwriter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"commercial bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_bank"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Receipt of capital","text":"In a direct incorporation, each incorporator receives a specified amount of stock as designated in the articles of incorporation. Each incorporator must then promptly pay its share of the starting capital of the company, and if no directors have been designated in the articles of incorporation, meet to determine the initial directors and other officers.[citation needed]The other method is an \"incorporation by offering,\" in which each incorporator becomes the stock underwriter of a specified number of shares (at least one each), and the other shares are offered to other investors. As in a direct incorporation, the incorporators must then hold an organizational meeting to appoint the initial directors and other officers. Any person wishing to receive shares must submit an application to the incorporator, and then make payment for his or her shares by a date specified by the incorporator(s).[citation needed]Capital must be received in a commercial bank account designated by the incorporator(s), and the bank must provide certification that payment has been made. Once the capital has been received and certified, the incorporation may be registered at the Legal Affairs Bureau.[citation needed]","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corporate title § Japan and South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_title#Japan_and_South_Korea"}],"text":"Further information: Corporate title § Japan and South Korea","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Representative Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_Director_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_(law)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yamazaki-12"}],"sub_title":"Board of directors","text":"Under present law, a K.K. must have a board of directors (取締役会, torishimariyaku kai) consisting of at least three individuals. Directors have a statutory term of office of two years, and auditors have a term of four years.[citation needed]Small companies can exist with only one or two directors, with no statutory term of office, and without a board of directors (取締役会非設置会社, torishimariyaku-kai hi-setchi-gaisha). In such companies, decisions are made via shareholder meeting and the decision-making power of the directors is relatively limited. As soon as a third director is designated such companies must form a board.[citation needed]At least one director is designated as a Representative Director (代表取締役, daihyō-torishimariyaku), holds the corporate seal and is empowered to represent the company in transactions. The Representative Director must \"report\" to the board of directors every three months; the exact meaning of this statutory provision is unclear, but some legal scholars interpret it to mean that the board must meet every three months. In 2015, the requirement that at least one director and one Representative Director must be a resident of Japan was changed. It is not required to have a resident Representative Director although it can be convenient to do so.[11]Directors are mandatories (agents) of the shareholders, and the Representative Director is a mandatory of the board. Any action outside of these mandates is considered a breach of mandatory duty.[12]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_public_accountant"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"nominating committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominating_committee"},{"link_name":"auditing committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auditing_committee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"compensation committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compensation_committee"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"company with a board of statutory auditors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_auditor"},{"link_name":"監査役会設置会社","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A3%E6%9F%BB%E5%BD%B9%E4%BC%9A%E8%A8%AD%E7%BD%AE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Auditing and reporting","text":"Every K.K. with multiple directors must have at least one statutory auditor (監査役, kansayaku). Statutory auditors report to the shareholders, and are empowered to demand financial and operational reports from the directors.K.K.s with capital of over ¥500m, liabilities of over ¥2bn and/or publicly traded securities are required to have three statutory auditors, and must also have an annual audit performed by an outside CPA. Public K.K.s must also file securities law reports with the Ministry of Finance.[citation needed]Under the new Company Law, public and other non-close K.K.s may either have a statutory auditor, or a nominating committee (指名委員会, shimei-iin-kai), auditing committee (監査委員会, kansa-iin-kai) and compensation committee (報酬委員会, hōshū-iin kai) structure similar to that of American public corporations.[citation needed] If the company has an auditing committee, it is referred to as a company with a board of statutory auditors (監査役会設置会社, kansayaku-kai setchi-gaisha).[13]Close K.K.s may also have a single person serving as director and statutory auditor, regardless of capital or liabilities.A statutory auditor may be any person who is not an employee or director of the company. In practice, the position is often filled by a very senior employee close to retirement, or by an outside attorney or accountant.[citation needed]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vice president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_president"},{"link_name":"lifetime employment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifetime_employment"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"shihainin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihainin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Officers","text":"Japanese law does not designate any corporate officer positions. Most Japanese-owned kabushiki gaisha do not have \"officers\" per se, but are directly managed by the directors, one of whom generally has the title of president (社長, sha-chō). The Japanese equivalent of a corporate vice president is a department chief (部長, bu-chō). Traditionally, under the lifetime employment system, directors and department chiefs begin their careers as line employees of the company and work their way up the management hierarchy over time. This is not the case in most foreign-owned companies in Japan, and some native companies[which?] have also abandoned this system in recent years in favor of encouraging more lateral movement in management.[citation needed]Corporate officers often have the legal title of shihainin, which makes them authorized representatives of the corporation at a particular place of business, in addition to a common-use title.[citation needed]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"double taxation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_taxation"},{"link_name":"yugen gaisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugen_gaisha"},{"link_name":"gōdō gaisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%8Dd%C5%8D_gaisha"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Taxation","text":"Kabushiki gaisha are subject to double taxation of profits and dividends, as are corporations in most countries. In contrast to many other countries, however, Japan also levies double taxes on close corporations (yugen gaisha and gōdō gaisha). This makes taxation a minor issue when deciding how to structure a business in Japan. As all publicly traded companies follow the K.K. structure, smaller businesses often choose to incorporate as a K.K. simply to appear more prestigious.[citation needed]In addition to income taxes, K.K.s must also pay registration taxes to the national government and may be subject to local taxes.[citation needed]","title":"Other legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"derivative suits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_suit"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Daiwa Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiwa_Bank"},{"link_name":"Nomura Securities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomura_Securities"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West-14"}],"sub_title":"Derivative litigation","text":"Generally, the power to bring actions against the directors on the corporation's behalf is granted to the statutory auditor.[citation needed]Historically, derivative suits by shareholders were rare in Japan. Shareholders have been permitted to sue on the corporation's behalf since the postwar Americanization of the Commercial Code; however, this power was severely limited by the nature of court costs in Japan. Because the cost to file a civil action is proportional to the amount of damages being claimed, shareholders rarely had the motivation to sue on the company's behalf.[citation needed]In 1993, the Commercial Code was amended to reduce the filing fee for all shareholder derivative suits to ¥8,200 per claim. This led to a rise in the number of derivative suits heard by Japanese courts, from 31 pending cases in 1992 to 286 in 1999, and to a number of very high-profile shareholder actions, such as those against Daiwa Bank and Nomura Securities[14]","title":"Other legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Asahi Shimbun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun"},{"link_name":"summary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//kiyotani.at.webry.info/200603/article_26.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Standard Bilingual Dictionary of Legal Terminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legal-astray.jp/sbdic_lt/en/?q=%B3%F4%BC%B0%B2%F1%BC%D2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-1"},{"link_name":"The Unicode® Standard Core Specification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/UnicodeStandard-13.0.pdf"},{"link_name":"Mountain View, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California"},{"link_name":"Unicode Consortium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_Consortium"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-936213-26-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-26-9"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200311192828/http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/UnicodeStandard-13.0.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Japan Company Laws and Regulations Handbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=230dSQYIhocC&q=The+first+kabushiki+gaisha+was+the+First+National+Bank+of+Japan%2C+incorporated+in+1873&pg=PA29"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781433070051","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781433070051"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ramseyer1_5-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Z Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.zjapanr.de/index.php/zjapanr/article/download/65/62/"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"New Rules for Share Structure and Governance of Japanese Corporations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.zjapanr.de/index.php/zjapanr/article/download/663/686"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ramseyer2_8-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Review of 2005 Companies Act: Recent discussions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.waseda.jp/hiken/en/jalaw_inf/topics/005masai.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Terrie_10-0"},{"link_name":"\"One Yen Companies – Part Two\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060510034652/http://www.daijob.com/dj4/en/column/terrie/column.jsp?id=321"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.daijob.com/dj4/en/column/terrie/column.jsp?id=321"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"How to Set Up Business in Japan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110525184428/http://www.jetro.go.jp/en/invest/setting_up/laws/section1/page2.html"},{"link_name":"Japan External Trade Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_External_Trade_Organization"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jetro.go.jp/en/invest/setting_up/laws/section1/page2.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Yamazaki_12-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Company with Board of Statutory Auditors — Corporate Governance — Management Policy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.shinseibank.com/corporate/en/policy/governance/auditors.html"},{"link_name":"Shinsei Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinsei_Bank"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-West_14-0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/322056","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F322056"}],"text":"^ \"法令用語「日英対訳辞書」まとまる　政府検討委\", 朝日新聞(Asahi Shimbun), March 18, 2006. (summary)\n\n^ Standard Bilingual Dictionary of Legal Terminology.\n\n^ a b \"22.10 Enclosed Square, § CJK Compatibility\". The Unicode® Standard Core Specification (PDF) (13th ed.). Mountain View, California: Unicode Consortium. March 2020. pp. 877–878. ISBN 978-1-936213-26-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 11, 2020.\n\n^ Japan Company Laws and Regulations Handbook. Int'l Business Publications. 2010. ISBN 9781433070051.\n\n^ Ramseyer, Mark, and Minoru Nakazato, Japanese Law: An Economic Approach (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), p. 111.\n\n^ Z Japan [dead link]\n\n^ Janssen, Markus; Koma, Fumio; Kuroda, Shintaro; Schimmann, Peter (2002-04-01). \"New Rules for Share Structure and Governance of Japanese Corporations\". Journal of Japanese Law. 13: 254.\n\n^ Ramseyer, op. cit., p. 123.\n\n^ Professor Shosaku Masai (2 February 2009). \"Review of 2005 Companies Act: Recent discussions\". Waseda University Institute of Comparative Law. Retrieved 2011-02-26.\n\n^ Lloyd, Terrie. \"One Yen Companies – Part Two\". Work in Japan.com. Archived from the original on May 10, 2006.\n\n^ \"How to Set Up Business in Japan\". Japan External Trade Organization. Archived from the original on 2011-05-25. Retrieved 2011-02-26.\n\n^ Yamazaki Bakery K.K. v. Iijima, 1015 Hanrei Jiho 27 (Tokyo Dist. Ct., March 26, 1981).\n\n^ \"Company with Board of Statutory Auditors — Corporate Governance — Management Policy\". Shinsei Bank. Retrieved 2022-06-23.\n\n^ West, Mark D. \"Why Shareholders Sue: The Evidence from Japan,\" Journal of Legal Studies 30:351 (2001). doi:10.1086/322056","title":"Footnotes"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Go_Down_to_the_Sea%3F

Five Go Down to the Sea?

["1 History","1.1 Cork","1.2 London","1.3 Beethoven","2 Legacy and influence","3 Band members","4 Discography","5 References","5.1 Footnotes","5.2 Citations","5.3 Sources","6 External links"]

Irish band For the Enid Blyton novel, see Five Go Down to the Sea. Five Go Down to the Sea?Ricky Dineen and Finbarr Donnelly in the late 1970sBackground informationOriginCork, IrelandGenresPost-punkYears active1978–1989LabelsReekus RecordsAbstract SoundsKabuki RecordsCreation RecordsSetanta RecordsPast membersFinbarr DonnellyRicky DineenMick FinneganPhilip O'ConnellKeith O'ConnellGiordaí Ua LaoghaireMick StackÚna Ní ChanainnDaniel StrittmatterMaurice CarterWebsitenunfivebeethoven Five Go Down to the Sea? were an Irish post-punk band from Cork, active between 1978 and 1989. Vocalist and lyricist Finbarr Donnelly, guitarist Ricky Dineen and brothers Philip (bass) and Keith "Smelly" O'Connell (drums) formed the band as Nun Attax while teenagers. They became known for Donnelly's absurdist, surreal lyrics and stage presence, Dineen's angular guitar and their Captain Beefheart-style rhythm section. The group changed their name to Five Go Down to the Sea? after moving to London in 1983. Their line-up has at times included guitarists Mick Finnegan, Giordaí Ua Laoghaire, Mick Stack, and the cellist Úna Ní Chanainn. Dineen was influenced by bands such as the Mekons and the Fire Engines and wrote most of the riffs. After achieving a following in Ireland in the early 1980s, they changed their name in 1983 and recorded the Knot a Fish EP. Five Go Down to the Sea? moved to London later that year, where they developed a live following. Although they never secured a recording contract for an album, they released further EPs. They found no commercial success or manager; in 1985, disillusioned with the music scene, they split up. Donnelly and Dineen re-formed in 1988 as Beethoven, and released the EP Him Goolie Goolie Man, Dem the following year. Their re-formation was short-lived, as Donnelly drowned accidentally on 18 June 1989, aged 27. Although Five Go Down to the Sea? only released four EPs and did not sell many records, their reputation has grown over time. They influenced later generations of Irish musicians, especially a number of later dryly humorous Cork bands. In 2001, broadcaster Paul McDermott produced Get That Monster Off the Stage, a radio documentary about Finbarr Donnelly and his bands. In a 2017 interview, writer Mark McAvoy acknowledged that Donnelly "probably would have been the most influential musician and songwriter in terms of the Cork music scene and the bands that stemmed from it." A compilation album Hiding from the Landlord was released in 2020. History Cork The band was formed by childhood friends Ricky Dineen and brothers Philip and Keith O'Connell, who grew up in Churchfield, Gurranabraher, on Cork city's north side. Dineen met Finbarr Donnelly in 1978, and introduced him to the other members of the fledgling group. Donnelly had moved from Belfast to The Glen, Cork, aged 12, yet spoke with a heavy Cork accent. Dineen had been a fan of hard rock and Pink Floyd until Donnelly introduced him to post-punk and John Peel's BBC radio show. Donnelly named the band Nun Attax, and they began playing covers of punk rock songs such as "Teenage Kicks", "Pretty Vacant" and tracks by the Damned in Keith O'Connell's bedroom. According to Philip O'Connell, "The punk thing was about doing your own thing and not following what went before, not doing the 12-bar blues that everybody else seemed to be doing ... Loads of people around us were into Status Quo, but we thought they were a bunch of muppets." Finbarr Donnelly in the late 1980s While other emerging Cork bands centred on University College Cork, the members of Nun Attax mostly came from the working-class north side, having attended what they sardonically termed "University College Churchfield". They developed a following among Cork's students and residents of the middle-class south-side suburbs. According to Dineen, their fans "were from college and everything like that. We were actually ... working-class snobs ... we thought we were above all them kind of people ... and they were trying to be like us. they were all probably being collected by their daddies at the end of the night." Most of the early Nun Attax material was written in Ballinora, Cork; according to Sean O'Hagan of fellow Cork band Microdisney, they rehearsed in a Gaelic Athletic Association hall in the countryside, and people would "pile into a bus" to go and watch them rehearse. Nun Attax played their first gig in February 1979 at Mayfield community school. They soon became leaders in a punk movement that grew around the Arcadia ballroom, next to Kent station. Also known as the Arch or the Downtown Kampus, the Arcadia was one of the few Irish venues that favoured punk over blues bands, and was managed by Elvera Butler and Andy Foster. Soon after, Nun Attax began playing at Sir Henry's on South Main Street, Cork. They later began to perform nationwide, including gigs in Dublin and Dundalk. Mostly under Dineen's guidance, who was influenced by bands such as the Mekons and the Fire Engines, Gang of Four and Siouxsie and the Banshees, the band formed a densely structured and noisy sound that developed from their punk influences. Typically, Dineen would bring a riff that the band would jam on, before Donnelly added vocals. Donnelly was the sole lyricist, and developed a capacity for spontaneous, vernacular and surreal lyrics. Although the band members were self-taught musicians, Dineen was an inventive guitarist, while Keith O'Connell's drumming added a Captain Beefheart influence. Mick Finnegan joined in early in 1979 as a second guitarist, but left after a few months. He was replaced that September by Giordaí Ua Laoghaire, originally from Ovens, County Cork. According to Dineen, Ua Laoghaire was a more accomplished musician and took the band forward in their sound; Dineen has said that until then, the band had been "playing to their abilities". Ua Laoghaire was hired in part because Dineen, who wanted to improve the band's musicianship, had seen him attend an XTC concert at the Arcadia, and noticed that he did not dress like a typical punk fan. Ua Laoghaire recalled of his first rehearsal with the band, "Nun Attax walked in and there was Donnelly. I'd been avoiding him around town for ages because I was afraid of him." Ua Laoghaire left in May 1980 to join Microdisney. In 1981 three of Nun Attax's songs were featured on the live compilation album Kaught at the Kampus, alongside tracks by Mean Features, Urban Blitz and Microdisney. The album was recorded at the Arcadia on 30 August 1980, and released by Reekus Records. Philip O'Connell left in 1980; after which Dineen temporarily played bass on recordings. They hired guitarist Mick Stack in 1982 and renamed as Five Go Down to the Sea? They made radical changes to their sound, recruiting cellist Úna Ní Chanainn, from Glanmire and later of the RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra, who took over the bass parts from Dinnen. They recorded the 1983 EP Knot a Fish released on Garreth Ryan's London-Irish label Kabuki, best known for the tracks "Elephants For Fun And Profit" and "There's a fish on top of Shandon (swears he's Elvis)". Ní Chanainn was with the band for around a year, but stayed in Cork when the group moved to England, becoming again a four-piece. London Five Go Down To The Sea? moved to Rotherhithe, London, in 1983. This was in part due to the lack of job prospects resulting from the economic recession that hit Cork in the early 1980s, which lead to high levels of emigration from the city. Their first year was difficult. They lived on the breadline, staying in squats and working as manual labourers. They signed a record contract with Abstract Sounds in 1984 and released the Glee Club EP, produced by Jon Langford and described by McDermott as "an incredibly powerful record that captures the band at the height of its powers". Langford later said of the recordings that "they were hugely entertaining. I thought they were smart and really clever, they all had an amazing wit. A razor sharp, surreal fucking wit. It was like being within someone else's world, they were their own family." Abstract arranged a series of gigs, including a night where the Jesus and Mary Chain played support. The tour helped them develop a cult following, especially in the North of England. Photograph of the life-size Five Go Down To The Sea? mural placed on Cork's Grand Parade in August 2020. Left to right: Finbarr Donnelly, Keith O'Connell, Ricky Dineen, Philip O'Connell. In 1985, they met Alan McGee and producer Joe Foster of Creation Records, a label which the band admired. McGee asked them to play a number of gigs at his Living Room club night on Conway Street, Camden. He remembered; "They were bananas. They would bite Joe's head, Donnelly would lick my ears. But they were good to have in the club if there was ever any threat of violence." According to writer David Cavanagh, during band's gigs at the Living Room, "Donnelly...snatched pints from the hands of people in the crowd, and shouted surreal, Flann O'Brien-esque lyrics while his colleagues clonked out ramshackle, all-elbows rhythms." The EP Singing in Braille was released on Creation in August 1985, but sold only 600 copies. Cavanagh believes that a long term relationship with Creation was never likely, and that doing business with them would have been extremely difficult. The label's art director Peter Fowler remembers visiting them in Rotherhithe where he said "they were living with ten builders...They invited us around for tea, and they brought out a tray of jelly babies. Then they turned the TV and sat down. thought 'this is a joke – the hamburgers will be coming out any minute.' But they just sat there with a knife and fork and ate jelly babies. I've spoken since to people who've said "No they weren't doing it for show. That's what they did." Nevertheless, Dineen was unhappy with the Creation recording and said in 2014 that while he liked Foster, the band was trying to do something that they weren't suited to and "were trying to be over the top a bit...and it was a disappointment". The band members often had difficulty interacting with English record labels. Dineen recalled that they found it hard to compromise artistically and "couldn't talk to these people, in the way they wanted us to talk to them, because it wasn't in our way. These record people, they wanted a certain way ... and I couldn't, definitely Donnelly couldn't." Ua Laoghaire suggests that Donnelly may have secretly wanted success, but was unwilling to let other people know. Coughlan believes that they were primed for success and could have been as commercially successful as Echo & the Bunnymen, but were too hesitant to talk to people they did not know, including A&R contacts. He described them as a "bit of a closed shop", which hindered their dealings with record companies. Journalist Fergal Keane agrees, and suggests they would have been more successful with a manager who Donnelly would listen to and who would take care of their business needs. Keane, however, reflects that Donnelly was drinking heavily at the time and "wasn't going to listen to anyone". The band split up at the end of 1985. They were frustrated that they had not secured a longer record contract, disillusioned with the live circuit, and tired of living in poverty. Stack had tired of the constant heavy drinking, and wanted to move to America, while Keith O'Connell disliked life on the road and wanted to move back to Ireland. Donnelly and Dineen played a number of gigs with a drum machine early in 1986, but did not attract industry interest. Beethoven Donnelly and Dineen remained in London after the split. Early in 1988 they recruited Dublin-born bassist Maurice Carter and Swiss drummer Daniel Strittmatter and reformed under the name Beethoven Fucking Beethoven, later abbreviated as simply Beethoven. After a debut gig at the Mean Fiddler, the band came to the attention of Keith Cullen, owner of Setanta Records, and for a period he acted as their manager and booked their gigs. The band released an EP, Him Goolie Goolie Man, Dem, in early June 1989, produced by Jon Langford of the Mekons and the Three Johns. It was Setanta's first release, and contained five tracks, including a cover of "Day Tripper" by the Beatles. The EP was the NME's "Single of the Week" in their 3 June 1989 edition. In his review, NME writer Steven Wells called it a "jewel of a record" and wrote that "the centre-stone....is the kidnapping, tarring and feathering, mugging, shagging and destruction of "Day Tripper"." Melody Maker journalist David Stubbs gave a less favourable review, describing Donnelly's vocals as "a wail of 'WHOOOAAAS', like brickies on a roller coaster". Ua Laoghaire found that the new songs lacked the outward humour of Five Go Down To The Sea?, reflecting the bitterness of Donnelly and Dineen's experience with the music industry, but felt they had retained their edge. Cullen later said that while he liked the band, by then "it was all about drinking really. Donnelly and Ricky were always drunk. It was a laugh basically. I think that's the best way to put it." A few weeks later, on 18 June 1989, Donnelly drowned while swimming in Hyde Park's Serpentine Pond, aged 27. Dineen was there with two other friends. He said "It was just an accident. It was one of those boiling hot days that you get in London...and it was a natural thing for Donnelly to take of his clothes down to his jocks and go for a swim. He took off and the lifeguard people came out on a boat and tried to get him out. Mischievous person that Finbarr was, he tried to go under the boat, and he didn't come up. I think he got caught in the undergrowth underneath the water." Dineen had been drinking with him earlier that day, and they had planned to meet at a pub later in the evening. He was deeply affected by his friend's death, and later said: "If you went out for the craic with your friends on a Sunday afternoon and one of them didn't come back, it's surreal-like. Even though we were both 27, you're still young. It changes your whole life because we went from planning our future, thinking we were going to be in England for a while, to the next minute being on the flight back to Ireland." A second EP, planned to feature a cover of Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody", was never recorded. Grief-stricken and with his career at a sudden end, Dineen returned to Cork, where he said he "drank way through the 90s". Legacy and influence Donnelly has been described as charismatic and having a magnetic personality, but was sometimes intimidating in person. Membranes vocalist John Robb said of Donnelly's eccentric stage persona: "Over the years I've heard all manner of tedious bastard bands yapping on about how they broke all the rules and how wild they were – perhaps they never saw Five Go Down to the Sea?". According to Keith O'Connell, Donnelly "was fine during rehearsals, but he used to go off on his own then, especially in London ... We wouldn't know what he was getting up to. He was a big bloke ... people used to be afraid of him." Cathal Coughlan, songwriter and vocalist for Microdisney and the Fatima Mansions, said that he would "not have ended up doing music if I hadn't met Donnelly, and ... would have ended up as a malcontented alcoholic civil servant working in a food factory somewhere in County Offaly". In 2020, Quietus critic Eoin Murray wrote that "listening ... now, almost 40 years later, it's with a mixture of nausea and awe that we hear so much of young Ireland's modern experience in Donnelly's words – in his frustration and frantic determination". Five Go Down to the Sea?, and Donnelly in particular, are credited for influencing the dry humour of Cork bands in later decades. According to critic Des O'Driscoll, Donnelly "helped unleash the quirky originality that became a feature of the Cork music scene". Mick Lynch of Stump agreed, saying that "he gave the rest of us permission to be loopy". Morty McCarthy of The Sultans Of Ping also agreed, saying in 2020 that the band are "the sacred cow of Cork music; they're almost the untouchable band. Every band whose heard of them looks up to ." In 2020, Sally Timms of the Mekons said the band were "so funny and so talented and strange", and that Donnelly was the "funniest, most talented and strangest of them all". The English songwriter Pete Astor wrote the song "Donnelly" in memory of the singer. It appears on his album Paradise, released on Danceteria records. Astor said in 2016 that he wrote the song because he had "an incredibly strong memory of Donnelly and the band. The song had to do with the idea that Donnelly was the unsung hero. He was like a complete hero, a total legend, just like Shaun Ryder was and is, and years later just like Richie Edwards was and is. But Finbarr was unsung." Ricky Dineen by Cork City Hall in 2019 In 2001, radio documentary producer and broadcaster Paul McDermott with the assistance of Kieran Hurley and Conor O'Toole produced "Get That Monster off the Stage", a radio documentary about Finbarr Donnelly and his bands. First broadcast on Cork Campus Radio 98.3FM, it has since been revised to include additional contributions and music, and broadcast on RTÉ. To mark the 20th anniversary of Donnelly's death, a tribute night was held at the Pavilion in Cork on 18 June 2009. Featuring covers of their songs, the lineup included Mick Lynch and John Spillane. As of 2020, Dineen is the guitarist and co-songwriter in Big Boy Foolish. A 24-track compilation album, Hiding from the Landlord, was released in April 2020 on Allchival Records, an imprint of AllCity Records. It contains the first official release of "Knocknaheeny Shuffle", which was recorded live during the Knot a Fish sessions, but had only survived on cassette copies. The album was accompanied by a 20-page fanzine with contributions from musicians including Cathal Coughlan, Pete Astor, John Robb, and Virgin Prunes singer Gavin Friday, and writers Kevin Barry, Declan Lynch and Cónal Creedon. Five Go Down to the Sea? were commemorated in August 2020 by a mural on Cork's Grand Parade. The installation was a collaboration between Cork City Libraries and Cork City Council to mark the 40th anniversary of the recording of "Kaught at the Kampus". The two panel mural contained a full size photograph of the band, as well as a reprint of a fanzine interview with them. Writing for the Irish Examiner, Mike McGrath-Bryan said that the mural recognises a "record that has come to be regarded as a document of the Cork music scene at an important juncture, helping to set the tone for the city's subsequent musical reputation, with many of the musicians and personalities involved becoming cult figures in their own right." Band members Finbarr Donnelly – lead vocals, lyrics (1978–1989) Ricky Dineen – guitar, bass (1978–1989) Philip O'Connell – bass (1978–1980) Keith "Smelly" O'Connell – drums (1978–1985) Mick Finnegan – guitar (1979) Giordaí Ua Laoghaire – guitar (1979–1980) Mick Stack – guitar and bass (1982–1985) Úna Ní Chanainn – cello (1982–1983) Maurice Carter – bass (1988–1989) Daniel Strittmatter – drums (1988–1989) Discography The following are the band's official releases. They also recorded three Fanning sessions for RTÉ between 1982 and 1984. Nun Attax Kaught at the Kampus, various artists recorded live at the Arcadia ballroom on 30 August 1980, Reekus Records, 1981 Five Go Down to the Sea? Knot a Fish, Kabuki Records, 1983. EP The Glee Club, Abstract Sounds, 1984. EP Singing in Braille, Creation Records, August 1985, EP Hiding from the Landlord, All City Records, 2020, career retrospective album Beethoven Him Goolie Goolie Man, Dem, Setanta Records, June 1989. EP References Footnotes ^ According to Dineen, the other members of the Donnelly family retained their Belfast accents, but Finbarr sought to "out-Cork Cork". ^ Managed by Elvera Butler and Andy Foster, the Arcadia closed in the aftermath of the 1981 Stardust fire, in part due to increased insurance costs. In addition, Butler said, "The hunger strikes in the north were also happening and all the visiting bands were cancelling Belfast. It became less viable for them to come over". Citations ^ McAvoy 2009, p. 56. ^ a b Roy 2017. ^ a b c d e f O'Driscoll 2014. ^ a b c d "Corks first punk icon to be honoured". Cork Independent. 12 June 2014. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i McDermott 2001. ^ a b McAvoy 2009, p. 49. ^ a b c d e f Murray 2020. ^ a b c d McAvoy 2009, p. 51. ^ a b c d e f g McDermott 2016. ^ McAvoy 2009, p. 57. ^ McKenna 2014. ^ a b McAvoy 2009, p. 52. ^ O'Hare 2012. ^ McCarthy 2017. ^ a b c O'Neill 2019. ^ a b c d e f g h i O'Byrne 2020. ^ a b Smyth 2005, p. 63. ^ McAvoy 2009, p. 48. ^ McDermott & Byrne 2020, p. 5. ^ a b McDermott & Byrne 2020, p. 2. ^ a b McAvoy 2009, p. 58. ^ McAvoy 2009, p. 41. ^ a b Power 2020a. ^ Power 2020b. ^ a b c d e f g McDermott 2020. ^ a b c Browne 2014. ^ a b c d McAvoy 2009, p. 126. ^ a b c Clark 2020. ^ Roche 2011. ^ a b Howe 2015. ^ a b O'Dwyer 2020. ^ a b McDermott & Byrne 2020, p. 7. ^ Bonner 2015. ^ a b c d Cavanagh 2000, p. 148. ^ Left of the Dial 2014. ^ McAvoy 2009, p. 125. ^ McAvoy 2009, pp. 125–126. ^ Murray, Enda (26 February 1988). "Corkonians make Good". London Irish Newspaper. ^ McDermott & Byrne 2020, p. 17. ^ Wells 1989. ^ Stubbs 1989. ^ a b McAvoy 2009, p. 127. ^ McAvoy 2009, pp. 126, 128. ^ a b c McGrath-Bryan 2019. ^ McDermott 2015. ^ McDermott & Byrne 2020, p. 16. ^ "New Finbarr Donnelly oral history". Hot Press. 31 May 2016. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020. ^ "EL writer wins journalism prize". The Irish Times. 23 April 2002. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2020. ^ "Get That Monster Off The Stage tribute to Cork legend". Hot Press. 14 May 2009. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2020. ^ a b McGrath-Bryan 2020. Sources Cavanagh, David (2000). The Creation Records Story: My Magpie Eyes Are Hungry for the Prize. London: Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0645-5. Bonner, Michael (8 July 2015). "Creation Records box set due for release". Uncut. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020. O'Byrne, Eilie (1 April 2020). "B-Side the Leeside: Nun Attax and the Knocknaheeny Shuffle". Irish Examiner. Archived from the original on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020. Browne, Bill (22 May 2014). "Gig Remembering Cork's original punk music icon". Southern Star. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020. Clark, Stuart (17 April 2020). "Cork musical legend Finbarr Donnelly celebrated on Hiding From The Landlord compilation". Hot Press. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020. Left of the Dial (10 July 2014). "Ricky Dineen (Nun Attax / Five Go Down to the Sea? / Beethoveen )". Near FM. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020. O'Driscoll, Des (13 June 2014). "Recalling the great nights of Cork's Arcadia". Irish Examiner. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020. O'Dwyer, Sarah (26 August 2020). "Artwork marks Cork's post-punk scene". The Echo. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2020. O'Hare, Colm (11 January 2012). "Reekus In The Years". Hot Press. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2020. Howe, Zoë (2015). Barbed Wire Kisses: The Jesus and Mary Chain Story. London: Polygon. ASIN B00JTJE8N8. O'Neill, Ryan (12 June 2019). "Cork remembers post-punk icon Finbarr Donnelly". Cork Independent. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020. McAvoy, Mark (2009). Cork Rock: From Rory Gallagher to the Sultans of Ping. Cork: Mercier Press. ISBN 978-1-8563-5655-8. McCarthy, Tony (20 July 2017). "U2 Agus An Arc (TV documentary)". RTÉ One. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2020. McDermott, Paul; Byrne, John (2020), Hiding From The Landlord (sleeve notes), Dublin: AllCity Records. McDermott, Paul (25 April 2020). "The sounds of Finbarr Donnelly – Cork's cult hero remembered". RTÉ. Archived from the original on 29 April 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020. McDermott, Paul (2016). "The story of Finbarr Donnelly and his bands Nun Attax, Five Go Down To the Sea? and Beethoven". Medium. Archived from the original on 5 May 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2020. McDermott, Paul (20 December 2015). "Lights! Camel! Action! Stump's bright spark bows out". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020. McDermott, Paul (2001). Get That Monster Off The Stage (audio documentary). Raidió Teilifís Éireann. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. McGrath-Bryan, Mike (25 August 2020). "'Kaught at the Kampus' gig remembered 40 years later with Grand Parade mural". Irish Examiner. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020. McGrath-Bryan, Mike (22 May 2019). "Red on Red – Episode Sixty Eight – Big Boy Foolish". redfm.ie. Cork's Red FM. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2020. McKenna, David (20 February 2014). "An Improbable History: Microdisney Interviewed". The Quietus. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2020. Murray, Eoin (31 March 2020). "Anois, Os Ard: March In Irish Underground". The Quietus. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2020. Power, Ed (27 August 2020). "Nun Attax on Grand Parade jacks". Irish Examiner. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2020. Power, Ed (29 July 2020). "B-Side the Leeside: Kaught at the Kampus". Irish Examiner. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020. Roche, Barry (21 June 2011). "Emigration today 'not comparable with 1980s'". Irish Times. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2020. Roy, David (10 February 2017). "A real Corker: Author Mark McAvoy on his Cork Rock music bible". The Irish News. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2020. Smyth, Gerry (2005). Noisy Island: A Short History of Irish Rock: A Short History of Irish Popular Music. Cork University Press. ISBN 978-1-8591-8387-8. Stubbs, David (6 May 1989). "Beethoven: Him Goolie Goolie Man, Dem (Setanta)". Melody Maker. p. 32. Wells, Steven (3 June 1989). "Single of the week". NME. p. 21. External links Five Go Down To The Sea?, Facebook page Nun Attax / Five Go Down To The Sea? / Beethoven, Bandcamp page Elephants for Fun and Profit, official video vteFive Go Down to the Sea? Finbarr Donnelly Ricky Dineen Mick Finnegan Philip O'Connell Keith O'Connell Giordaí Ua Laoghaire Mick Stack Úna Ní Chanainn Daniel Strittmatter Maurice Carter Studio albums Kaught at the Kampus Knot a Fish The Glee Club Singing in Braille Hiding from the Landlord As "Beethoven Fucking Beethoven" Him Goolie Goolie Man, Dem Related articles Reekus Records

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Five Go Down to the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Go_Down_to_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"post-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk"},{"link_name":"Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(city)"},{"link_name":"Finbarr Donnelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finbarr_Donnelly"},{"link_name":"Ricky Dineen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Dineen"},{"link_name":"absurdist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absurdism"},{"link_name":"Captain Beefheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Beefheart"},{"link_name":"Giordaí Ua Laoghaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorda%C3%AD_Ua_Laoghaire"},{"link_name":"the Mekons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mekons"},{"link_name":"the Fire Engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fire_Engines"},{"link_name":"riffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riff"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAvoy200956-1"},{"link_name":"Knot a Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_a_Fish"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Play"},{"link_name":"recording contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_contract"},{"link_name":"Him Goolie Goolie Man, Dem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Him_Goolie_Goolie_Man,_Dem"},{"link_name":"Paul McDermott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McDermott_(documentarian)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2017-2"},{"link_name":"compilation album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"Hiding from the Landlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiding_from_the_Landlord"}],"text":"Irish bandFor the Enid Blyton novel, see Five Go Down to the Sea.Five Go Down to the Sea? were an Irish post-punk band from Cork, active between 1978 and 1989. Vocalist and lyricist Finbarr Donnelly, guitarist Ricky Dineen and brothers Philip (bass) and Keith \"Smelly\" O'Connell (drums) formed the band as Nun Attax while teenagers. They became known for Donnelly's absurdist, surreal lyrics and stage presence, Dineen's angular guitar and their Captain Beefheart-style rhythm section. The group changed their name to Five Go Down to the Sea? after moving to London in 1983. Their line-up has at times included guitarists Mick Finnegan, Giordaí Ua Laoghaire, Mick Stack, and the cellist Úna Ní Chanainn.Dineen was influenced by bands such as the Mekons and the Fire Engines and wrote most of the riffs.[1] After achieving a following in Ireland in the early 1980s, they changed their name in 1983 and recorded the Knot a Fish EP. Five Go Down to the Sea? moved to London later that year, where they developed a live following. Although they never secured a recording contract for an album, they released further EPs. They found no commercial success or manager; in 1985, disillusioned with the music scene, they split up. Donnelly and Dineen re-formed in 1988 as Beethoven, and released the EP Him Goolie Goolie Man, Dem the following year. Their re-formation was short-lived, as Donnelly drowned accidentally on 18 June 1989, aged 27.Although Five Go Down to the Sea? only released four EPs and did not sell many records, their reputation has grown over time. They influenced later generations of Irish musicians, especially a number of later dryly humorous Cork bands. In 2001, broadcaster Paul McDermott produced Get That Monster Off the Stage, a radio documentary about Finbarr Donnelly and his bands. In a 2017 interview, writer Mark McAvoy acknowledged that Donnelly \"probably would have been the most influential musician and songwriter in terms of the Cork music scene and the bands that stemmed from it.\"[2] A compilation album Hiding from the Landlord was released in 2020.","title":"Five Go Down to the Sea?"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gurranabraher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurranabraher"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Driscoll2014-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ci-4"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"The Glen, Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glen,_Cork"},{"link_name":"Cork accent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiberno-English"},{"link_name":"[A]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"hard rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"post-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk"},{"link_name":"John Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Peel"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2020-8"},{"link_name":"punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"Teenage Kicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Kicks"},{"link_name":"Pretty Vacant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Vacant"},{"link_name":"the Damned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Damned_(band)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAvoy200951-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2016-10"},{"link_name":"12-bar blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-bar_blues"},{"link_name":"Status Quo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_Quo_(band)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Driscoll2014-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Finbarr_Donnelly.jpeg"},{"link_name":"University College Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_Cork"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Driscoll2014-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001-5"},{"link_name":"Ballinora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballinora"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAvoy200957-11"},{"link_name":"Sean O'Hagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_O%27Hagan"},{"link_name":"Microdisney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microdisney"},{"link_name":"Gaelic Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKenna2014-12"},{"link_name":"Mayfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfield,_Cork"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAvoy200951-9"},{"link_name":"Kent station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_Kent_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[B]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2016-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2017-16"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Henry%27s"},{"link_name":"South Main 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Banshees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth200563-19"},{"link_name":"riff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riff"},{"link_name":"jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam_session"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Byrne2020-18"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAvoy200951-9"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAvoy200948-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott_&_Byrne20205-21"},{"link_name":"Captain Beefheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Beefheart"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001-5"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Byrne2020-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott_&_Byrne20202-22"},{"link_name":"Giordaí Ua Laoghaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorda%C3%AD_Ua_Laoghaire"},{"link_name":"Ovens, County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovens,_County_Cork"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAvoy200958-23"},{"link_name":"XTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XTC"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAvoy200941-24"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAvoy200952-13"},{"link_name":"compilation album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"Kaught at the Kampus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaught_at_the_Kampus"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPower2020a-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPower2020b-26"},{"link_name":"Reekus Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reekus_Records"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2020-27"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2020-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001-5"},{"link_name":"cellist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellist"},{"link_name":"Glanmire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glanmire"},{"link_name":"RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_National_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Knot a Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_a_Fish"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2020-8"},{"link_name":"Shandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Anne,_Shandon"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne2014-28"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2016-10"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAvoy2009126-29"}],"sub_title":"Cork","text":"The band was formed by childhood friends Ricky Dineen and brothers Philip and Keith O'Connell, who grew up in Churchfield, Gurranabraher, on Cork city's north side.[3] Dineen met Finbarr Donnelly in 1978,[4] and introduced him to the other members of the fledgling group. Donnelly had moved from Belfast to The Glen, Cork, aged 12, yet spoke with a heavy Cork accent.[A] Dineen had been a fan of hard rock and Pink Floyd until Donnelly introduced him to post-punk and John Peel's BBC radio show.[7] Donnelly named the band Nun Attax, and they began playing covers of punk rock songs such as \"Teenage Kicks\", \"Pretty Vacant\" and tracks by the Damned[8] in Keith O'Connell's bedroom.[9] According to Philip O'Connell, \"The punk thing was about doing your own thing and not following what went before, not doing the 12-bar blues that everybody else seemed to be doing ... Loads of people around us were into Status Quo, but we thought they were a bunch of muppets.\"[3]Finbarr Donnelly in the late 1980sWhile other emerging Cork bands centred on University College Cork, the members of Nun Attax mostly came from the working-class north side, having attended what they sardonically termed \"University College Churchfield\".[3] They developed a following among Cork's students and residents of the middle-class south-side suburbs. According to Dineen, their fans \"were from college and everything like that. We were actually ... working-class snobs ... we thought we were above all them kind of people ... and they were trying to be like us. [But] they were all probably being collected by their daddies at the end of the night.\"[5] Most of the early Nun Attax material was written in Ballinora, Cork;[10] according to Sean O'Hagan of fellow Cork band Microdisney, they rehearsed in a Gaelic Athletic Association hall in the countryside, and people would \"pile into a bus\" to go and watch them rehearse.[11]Nun Attax played their first gig in February 1979 at Mayfield community school.[8] They soon became leaders in a punk movement that grew around the Arcadia ballroom, next to Kent station. Also known as the Arch or the Downtown Kampus, the Arcadia was one of the few Irish venues that favoured punk over blues bands, and was managed by Elvera Butler and Andy Foster.[B][9][14] Soon after, Nun Attax began playing at Sir Henry's on South Main Street, Cork.[7][15] They later began to perform nationwide, including gigs in Dublin and Dundalk.[16]Mostly under Dineen's guidance, who was influenced by bands such as the Mekons and the Fire Engines, Gang of Four and Siouxsie and the Banshees, the band formed a densely structured and noisy sound that developed from their punk influences.[17] Typically, Dineen would bring a riff that the band would jam on, before Donnelly added vocals.[16] Donnelly was the sole lyricist, and developed a capacity for spontaneous, vernacular and surreal lyrics.[8][18][19] Although the band members were self-taught musicians, Dineen was an inventive guitarist, while Keith O'Connell's drumming added a Captain Beefheart influence.[5][16]Mick Finnegan joined in early in 1979 as a second guitarist, but left after a few months.[20] He was replaced that September by Giordaí Ua Laoghaire, originally from Ovens, County Cork. According to Dineen, Ua Laoghaire was a more accomplished musician and took the band forward in their sound; Dineen has said that until then, the band had been \"playing to their abilities\".[21] Ua Laoghaire was hired in part because Dineen, who wanted to improve the band's musicianship, had seen him attend an XTC concert at the Arcadia, and noticed that he did not dress like a typical punk fan. Ua Laoghaire recalled of his first rehearsal with the band, \"Nun Attax walked in and there was Donnelly. I'd been avoiding him around town for ages because I was afraid of him.\"[22] Ua Laoghaire left in May 1980 to join Microdisney.[12] In 1981 three of Nun Attax's songs were featured on the live compilation album Kaught at the Kampus, alongside tracks by Mean Features, Urban Blitz and Microdisney.[23][24] The album was recorded at the Arcadia on 30 August 1980, and released by Reekus Records.[25] Philip O'Connell left in 1980; after which Dineen temporarily played bass on recordings.[5]They hired guitarist Mick Stack in 1982 and renamed as Five Go Down to the Sea?[7] They made radical changes to their sound,[5] recruiting cellist Úna Ní Chanainn, from Glanmire and later of the RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra, who took over the bass parts from Dinnen. They recorded the 1983 EP Knot a Fish released on Garreth Ryan's London-Irish label Kabuki,[7] best known for the tracks \"Elephants For Fun And Profit\" and \"There's a fish on top of Shandon (swears he's Elvis)\".[26] Ní Chanainn was with the band for around a year,[9] but stayed in Cork when the group moved to England, becoming again a four-piece.[27]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotherhithe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherhithe"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAvoy2009126-29"},{"link_name":"economic recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2020-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoche2011-31"},{"link_name":"squats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Byrne2020-18"},{"link_name":"record contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_contract"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2020-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2020-27"},{"link_name":"the Jesus and Mary Chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jesus_and_Mary_Chain"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2015-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2015-32"},{"link_name":"North of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_England"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Five_Go_Down_to_the_Sea_Grand_Parade_Mural_Sept_2020.JPG"},{"link_name":"Grand Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Parade,_Cork"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Dwyer2020-33"},{"link_name":"Alan McGee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_McGee"},{"link_name":"Joe Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughter_Joe"},{"link_name":"Creation Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_Records"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott_&_Byrne20207-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2015-35"},{"link_name":"Conway Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_Street"},{"link_name":"Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Camden"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavanagh2000148-36"},{"link_name":"David Cavanagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cavanagh"},{"link_name":"Flann O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_O%27Nolan"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavanagh2000148-36"},{"link_name":"Singing in Braille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing_in_Braille"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavanagh2000148-36"},{"link_name":"jelly babies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Babies"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavanagh2000148-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeft_of_the_Dial2014-37"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001-5"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAvoy200958-23"},{"link_name":"Echo & the Bunnymen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_%26_the_Bunnymen"},{"link_name":"A&R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAvoy2009125-38"},{"link_name":"Fergal Keane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergal_Keane"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Byrne2020-18"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAvoy200949-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2020-8"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAvoy2009125%E2%80%93126-39"},{"link_name":"drum machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_machine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001-5"}],"sub_title":"London","text":"Five Go Down To The Sea? moved to Rotherhithe, London, in 1983.[27] This was in part due to the lack of job prospects resulting from the economic recession that hit Cork in the early 1980s, which lead to high levels of emigration from the city.[28][29] Their first year was difficult. They lived on the breadline, staying in squats[16] and working as manual labourers. They signed a record contract with Abstract Sounds in 1984 and released the Glee Club EP, produced by Jon Langford and described by McDermott as \"an incredibly powerful record that captures the band at the height of its powers\".[25] Langford later said of the recordings that \"they were hugely entertaining. I thought they were smart and really clever, they all had an amazing wit. A razor sharp, surreal fucking wit. It was like being within someone else's world, they were their own family.\"[25] Abstract arranged a series of gigs, including a night where the Jesus and Mary Chain played support.[30] The tour helped them develop a cult following,[30] especially in the North of England.[5]Photograph of the life-size Five Go Down To The Sea? mural placed on Cork's Grand Parade in August 2020.[31] Left to right: Finbarr Donnelly, Keith O'Connell, Ricky Dineen, Philip O'Connell.In 1985, they met Alan McGee and producer Joe Foster of Creation Records, a label which the band admired.[32][33] McGee asked them to play a number of gigs at his Living Room club night on Conway Street, Camden. He remembered; \"They were bananas. They would bite Joe's head, Donnelly would lick my ears. But they were good to have in the club if there was ever any threat of violence.\"[34] According to writer David Cavanagh, during band's gigs at the Living Room, \"Donnelly...snatched pints from the hands of people in the crowd, and shouted surreal, Flann O'Brien-esque lyrics while his colleagues clonked out ramshackle, all-elbows rhythms.\"[34]The EP Singing in Braille was released on Creation in August 1985, but sold only 600 copies.[34] Cavanagh believes that a long term relationship with Creation was never likely, and that doing business with them would have been extremely difficult. The label's art director Peter Fowler remembers visiting them in Rotherhithe where he said \"they were living with ten builders...They invited us around for tea, and they brought out a tray of jelly babies. Then they turned the TV and sat down. [We] thought 'this is a joke – the hamburgers will be coming out any minute.' But they just sat there with a knife and fork and ate jelly babies. I've spoken since to people who've said \"No they weren't doing it for show. That's what they did.\"[34] Nevertheless, Dineen was unhappy with the Creation recording and said in 2014 that while he liked Foster, the band was trying to do something that they weren't suited to and \"were trying to be over the top a bit...and it was a disappointment\".[35]The band members often had difficulty interacting with English record labels. Dineen recalled that they found it hard to compromise artistically and \"couldn't talk to these people, in the way they wanted us to talk to them, because it wasn't in our way. These record people, they wanted a certain way ... and I couldn't, definitely Donnelly couldn't.\"[5] Ua Laoghaire suggests that Donnelly may have secretly wanted success, but was unwilling to let other people know.[21] Coughlan believes that they were primed for success and could have been as commercially successful as Echo & the Bunnymen, but were too hesitant to talk to people they did not know, including A&R contacts. He described them as a \"bit of a closed shop\", which hindered their dealings with record companies.[36] Journalist Fergal Keane agrees, and suggests they would have been more successful with a manager who Donnelly would listen to and who would take care of their business needs. Keane, however, reflects that Donnelly was drinking heavily at the time and \"wasn't going to listen to anyone\".[16]The band split up at the end of 1985. They were frustrated that they had not secured a longer record contract,[6] disillusioned with the live circuit, and tired of living in poverty. Stack had tired of the constant heavy drinking,[7] and wanted to move to America, while Keith O'Connell disliked life on the road and wanted to move back to Ireland.[37] Donnelly and Dineen played a number of gigs with a drum machine early in 1986, but did not attract industry interest.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAvoy2009126-29"},{"link_name":"Mean Fiddler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_Fiddler"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Setanta Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setanta_Records"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ci-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2016-10"},{"link_name":"Jon Langford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Langford"},{"link_name":"the Three Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Johns"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAvoy2009126-29"},{"link_name":"Day Tripper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_Tripper"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott_&_Byrne202017-41"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill2019-17"},{"link_name":"Steven Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Wells"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1989-42"},{"link_name":"Melody Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Maker"},{"link_name":"David Stubbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stubbs"},{"link_name":"brickies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricklayer"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStubbs1989-43"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2016-10"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAvoy2009127-44"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London"},{"link_name":"Serpentine Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Serpentine"},{"link_name":"aged 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27_Club"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2017-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Byrne2020-18"},{"link_name":"jocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergarment"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAvoy2009127-44"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Byrne2020-18"},{"link_name":"craic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ci-4"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"Bohemian Rhapsody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemian_Rhapsody"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne2014-28"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAvoy2009126,_128-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath-Bryan2019-46"}],"sub_title":"Beethoven","text":"Donnelly and Dineen remained in London after the split.[27] Early in 1988 they recruited Dublin-born bassist Maurice Carter and Swiss drummer Daniel Strittmatter and reformed under the name Beethoven Fucking Beethoven, later abbreviated as simply Beethoven. After a debut gig at the Mean Fiddler,[38] the band came to the attention of Keith Cullen, owner of Setanta Records,[4] and for a period he acted as their manager and booked their gigs.[9] The band released an EP, Him Goolie Goolie Man, Dem, in early June 1989, produced by Jon Langford of the Mekons and the Three Johns.[27] It was Setanta's first release, and contained five tracks, including a cover of \"Day Tripper\" by the Beatles.[39]The EP was the NME's \"Single of the Week\" in their 3 June 1989 edition.[15] In his review, NME writer Steven Wells called it a \"jewel of a record\" and wrote that \"the centre-stone....is the kidnapping, tarring and feathering, mugging, shagging and destruction of \"Day Tripper\".\"[40] Melody Maker journalist David Stubbs gave a less favourable review, describing Donnelly's vocals as \"a wail of 'WHOOOAAAS', like brickies on a roller coaster\".[41] Ua Laoghaire found that the new songs lacked the outward humour of Five Go Down To The Sea?, reflecting the bitterness of Donnelly and Dineen's experience with the music industry, but felt they had retained their edge.[9] Cullen later said that while he liked the band, by then \"it was all about drinking really. Donnelly and Ricky were always drunk. It was a laugh basically. I think that's the best way to put it.\"[42]A few weeks later, on 18 June 1989, Donnelly drowned while swimming in Hyde Park's Serpentine Pond, aged 27.[2][16] Dineen was there with two other friends. He said \"It was just an accident. It was one of those boiling hot days that you get in London...and it was a natural thing for Donnelly to take of his clothes down to his jocks and go for a swim. He took off and the lifeguard people came out on a boat and tried to get him out. Mischievous person that Finbarr was, he tried to go under the boat, and he didn't come up. I think he got caught in the undergrowth underneath the water.\"[42]Dineen had been drinking with him earlier that day, and they had planned to meet at a pub later in the evening.[16] He was deeply affected by his friend's death, and later said: \"If you went out for the craic with your friends on a Sunday afternoon and one of them didn't come back, it's surreal-like. Even though we were both 27, you're still young. It changes your whole life because we went from planning our future, thinking we were going to be in England for a while, to the next minute being on the flight back to Ireland.\"[4] A second EP, planned to feature a cover of Queen's \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", was never recorded.[26][43] Grief-stricken and with his career at a sudden end, Dineen returned to Cork, where he said he \"drank [his] way through the 90s\".[44]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Driscoll2014-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ci-4"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPower2020a-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne2014-28"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2001-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAvoy200951-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Byrne2020-18"},{"link_name":"Membranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Membranes"},{"link_name":"John Robb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robb_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2020-27"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill2019-17"},{"link_name":"Cathal Coughlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathal_Coughlan_(musician)"},{"link_name":"the Fatima Mansions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fatima_Mansions"},{"link_name":"County Offaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Offaly"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2020-27"},{"link_name":"Quietus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quietus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2020-8"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth200563-19"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Driscoll2014-3"},{"link_name":"Mick Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Lynch_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Stump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stump_(band)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Driscoll2014-3"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2015-47"},{"link_name":"The Sultans Of Ping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sultans_Of_Ping_FC"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2020-27"},{"link_name":"Sally Timms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Timms"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott_&_Byrne202016-48"},{"link_name":"Pete Astor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Astor"},{"link_name":"Danceteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danceteria"},{"link_name":"Shaun Ryder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Ryder"},{"link_name":"Richie Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richey_Edwards"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2016-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ricky_Dineen_2020.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cork City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Hall,_Cork"},{"link_name":"RTÉ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath-Bryan2019-46"},{"link_name":"John Spillane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Spillane"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath-Bryan2019-46"},{"link_name":"Hiding from the Landlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiding_from_the_Landlord"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Byrne2020-18"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2020-30"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2020-27"},{"link_name":"Virgin Prunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Prunes"},{"link_name":"Gavin Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Friday"},{"link_name":"Kevin Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Barry_(author)"},{"link_name":"Declan Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declan_Lynch"},{"link_name":"Cónal Creedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3nal_Creedon"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2020-30"},{"link_name":"Grand Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Parade,_Cork"},{"link_name":"Cork City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Dwyer2020-33"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath-Bryan2020-52"},{"link_name":"Irish Examiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Examiner"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath-Bryan2020-52"}],"text":"Donnelly has been described as charismatic and having a magnetic personality,[3][4][23][26] but was sometimes intimidating in person.[5][8][16] Membranes vocalist John Robb said of Donnelly's eccentric stage persona: \"Over the years I've heard all manner of tedious bastard bands yapping on about how they broke all the rules and how wild they were – perhaps they never saw Five Go Down to the Sea?\".[25] According to Keith O'Connell, Donnelly \"was fine during rehearsals, but he used to go off on his own then, especially in London ... We wouldn't know what he was getting up to. He was a big bloke ... people used to be afraid of him.\"[15] Cathal Coughlan, songwriter and vocalist for Microdisney and the Fatima Mansions, said that he would \"not have ended up doing music if I hadn't met Donnelly, and ... would have ended up as a malcontented alcoholic civil servant working in a food factory somewhere in County Offaly\".[25] In 2020, Quietus critic Eoin Murray wrote that \"listening ... now, almost 40 years later, it's with a mixture of nausea and awe that we hear so much of young Ireland's modern experience in Donnelly's words – in his frustration and frantic determination\".[7]Five Go Down to the Sea?, and Donnelly in particular, are credited for influencing the dry humour of Cork bands in later decades.[17] According to critic Des O'Driscoll, Donnelly \"helped unleash the quirky originality that became a feature of the Cork music scene\".[3] Mick Lynch of Stump agreed, saying that \"he gave the rest of us permission to be loopy\".[3][45] Morty McCarthy of The Sultans Of Ping also agreed, saying in 2020 that the band are \"the sacred cow of Cork music; they're almost the untouchable band. Every band whose heard of them looks up to [them].\"[25] In 2020, Sally Timms of the Mekons said the band were \"so funny and so talented and strange\", and that Donnelly was the \"funniest, most talented and strangest of them all\".[46]The English songwriter Pete Astor wrote the song \"Donnelly\" in memory of the singer. It appears on his album Paradise, released on Danceteria records. Astor said in 2016 that he wrote the song because he had \"an incredibly strong memory of Donnelly and the band. The song had to do with the idea that Donnelly was the unsung hero. He was like a complete hero, a total legend, just like Shaun Ryder was and is, and years later just like Richie Edwards was and is. But Finbarr was unsung.\"[9]Ricky Dineen by Cork City Hall in 2019In 2001, radio documentary producer and broadcaster Paul McDermott with the assistance of Kieran Hurley and Conor O'Toole produced \"Get That Monster off the Stage\", a radio documentary about Finbarr Donnelly and his bands. First broadcast on Cork Campus Radio 98.3FM, it has since been revised to include additional contributions and music, and broadcast on RTÉ.[47][48][44] To mark the 20th anniversary of Donnelly's death, a tribute night was held at the Pavilion in Cork on 18 June 2009. Featuring covers of their songs, the lineup included Mick Lynch and John Spillane.[49] As of 2020, Dineen is the guitarist and co-songwriter in Big Boy Foolish.[44]A 24-track compilation album, Hiding from the Landlord, was released in April 2020 on Allchival Records, an imprint of AllCity Records.[16][28] It contains the first official release of \"Knocknaheeny Shuffle\", which was recorded live during the Knot a Fish sessions, but had only survived on cassette copies.[25] The album was accompanied by a 20-page fanzine with contributions from musicians including Cathal Coughlan, Pete Astor, John Robb, and Virgin Prunes singer Gavin Friday, and writers Kevin Barry, Declan Lynch and Cónal Creedon.[28]Five Go Down to the Sea? were commemorated in August 2020 by a mural on Cork's Grand Parade. The installation was a collaboration between Cork City Libraries and Cork City Council to mark the 40th anniversary of the recording of \"Kaught at the Kampus\". The two panel mural contained a full size photograph of the band, as well as a reprint of a fanzine interview with them.[31][50] Writing for the Irish Examiner, Mike McGrath-Bryan said that the mural recognises a \"record that has come to be regarded as a document of the Cork music scene at an important juncture, helping to set the tone for the city's subsequent musical reputation, with many of the musicians and personalities involved becoming cult figures in their own right.\"[50]","title":"Legacy and influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finbarr Donnelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finbarr_Donnelly"},{"link_name":"Ricky Dineen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Dineen"},{"link_name":"Giordaí Ua Laoghaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorda%C3%AD_Ua_Laoghaire"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott_&_Byrne20202-22"}],"text":"Finbarr Donnelly – lead vocals, lyrics (1978–1989)\nRicky Dineen – guitar, bass (1978–1989)\nPhilip O'Connell – bass (1978–1980)\nKeith \"Smelly\" O'Connell – drums (1978–1985)\nMick Finnegan – guitar (1979)\nGiordaí Ua Laoghaire – guitar (1979–1980)[20]\nMick Stack – guitar and bass (1982–1985)\nÚna Ní Chanainn – cello (1982–1983)\nMaurice Carter – bass (1988–1989)\nDaniel Strittmatter – drums (1988–1989)","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fanning sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Fanning"},{"link_name":"RTÉ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott_&_Byrne20207-34"},{"link_name":"Kaught at the Kampus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaught_at_the_Kampus"},{"link_name":"Reekus Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reekus_Records"},{"link_name":"Knot a Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_a_Fish"},{"link_name":"Singing in Braille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing_in_Braille"},{"link_name":"Creation Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_Records"},{"link_name":"Hiding from the Landlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiding_from_the_Landlord"},{"link_name":"Him Goolie Goolie Man, Dem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Him_Goolie_Goolie_Man,_Dem"}],"text":"The following are the band's official releases. They also recorded three Fanning sessions for RTÉ between 1982 and 1984.[32]Nun AttaxKaught at the Kampus, various artists recorded live at the Arcadia ballroom on 30 August 1980, Reekus Records, 1981Five Go Down to the Sea?Knot a Fish, Kabuki Records, 1983. EP\nThe Glee Club, Abstract Sounds, 1984. EP\nSinging in Braille, Creation Records, August 1985, EP\nHiding from the Landlord, All City Records, 2020, career retrospective albumBeethovenHim Goolie Goolie Man, Dem, Setanta Records, June 1989. EP","title":"Discography"}]

[{"image_text":"Finbarr Donnelly in the late 1980s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Finbarr_Donnelly.jpeg/310px-Finbarr_Donnelly.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Photograph of the life-size Five Go Down To The Sea? mural placed on Cork's Grand Parade in August 2020.[31] Left to right: Finbarr Donnelly, Keith O'Connell, Ricky Dineen, Philip O'Connell.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/Five_Go_Down_to_the_Sea_Grand_Parade_Mural_Sept_2020.JPG/350px-Five_Go_Down_to_the_Sea_Grand_Parade_Mural_Sept_2020.JPG"},{"image_text":"Ricky Dineen by Cork City Hall in 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ricky_Dineen_2020.jpg/350px-Ricky_Dineen_2020.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Corks first punk icon to be honoured\". Cork Independent. 12 June 2014. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200605213716/https://www.corkindependent.com/20140612/setlist/corks-first-punk-icon-to-be-honoured-S85220.html","url_text":"\"Corks first punk icon to be honoured\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_Independent","url_text":"Cork Independent"},{"url":"https://www.corkindependent.com/20140612/setlist/corks-first-punk-icon-to-be-honoured-S85220.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Enda (26 February 1988). \"Corkonians make Good\". London Irish Newspaper.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Post","url_text":"London Irish Newspaper"}]},{"reference":"\"New Finbarr Donnelly oral history\". Hot Press. 31 May 2016. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. 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Retrieved 4 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishnews.com/arts/2017/02/10/news/a-real-corker-author-mark-mcavoy-on-his-cork-rock-music-bible-926213/","url_text":"\"A real Corker: Author Mark McAvoy on his Cork Rock music bible\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_News","url_text":"The Irish News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210618135349/https://www.irishnews.com/arts/2017/02/10/news/a-real-corker-author-mark-mcavoy-on-his-cork-rock-music-bible-926213/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smyth, Gerry (2005). Noisy Island: A Short History of Irish Rock: A Short History of Irish Popular Music. Cork University Press. ISBN 978-1-8591-8387-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8591-8387-8","url_text":"978-1-8591-8387-8"}]},{"reference":"Stubbs, David (6 May 1989). \"Beethoven: Him Goolie Goolie Man, Dem (Setanta)\". Melody Maker. p. 32.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stubbs","url_text":"Stubbs, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Maker","url_text":"Melody Maker"}]},{"reference":"Wells, Steven (3 June 1989). \"Single of the week\". NME. p. 21.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Wells","url_text":"Wells, Steven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grub_Street_Journal

Grub Street Journal

["1 References","2 Bibliography","3 External links"]

Magazine The Grub-Street Journal, published from 8 January 1730 to 1738, was a satire on popular journalism and hack-writing as it was conducted in Grub Street in London. It was largely edited by the nonjuror Richard Russel and the botanist John Martyn. While he disclaimed it, Alexander Pope was one of its contributors, continuing his satire which he had started with The Dunciad. After its end, The Literary Courier of Gruber Street succeeded it for a few months. References ^ a b Thomas Raynesford Lounsbury (1908). The text of Shakespeare: its history from the publication of the quartos and folios down to and including the publication of the editions of Pope and Theobald. C. Scribner's sons. p. 383. ^ a b Alexander Pope; John Wilson Croker; Whitwell Elwin; William John Courthope (1882). The works of Alexander Pope. Vol. 4. J. Murray. p. 441 – via Internet Archive. ^ a b Alexander Pope; John Dennis (1891). The poetical works of Alexander Pope. Vol. 3. G. Bell. p. 3. ^ Thomas Raynesford Lounsbury (1908). The text of Shakespeare: its history from the publication of the quartos and folios down to and including the publication of the editions of Pope and Theobald. C. Scribner's sons. p. 390. Bibliography Goldgar, Bertrand A., ed. (2002). The Grub-Street Journal, 1730-33. London: Pickering & Chatto. ISBN 1851967443. Facsimile reprint in 4 volumes. Hillhouse, James T. (1967) . The Grub-Street Journal (Reissued. Illustrated ed.). New York: Benjamin Blom – via Internet Archive. External links Grub Street: The Literary and the Literatory in Eighteenth-Century Britain Grub Street Journal, first four volumes, at Hathi Trust This article relating to a magazine connected with the visual arts is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about magazines. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte This article relating to a British magazine connected with culture is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about magazines. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte This article about a literary essay or essay collection is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Ngai_(politician)

Hong Ngai (politician)

["1 References"]

Hong Ngaiဟုန်ငိုင်းChief Minister of Chin StateIn officeMarch 2011 – 30 March 2016Succeeded bySalai Lian LuaiRepresentative of Chin State HluttawIn office2011 – 30 March 2016Preceded byOffice establishedConstituencyMindat Township No. 2 Personal detailsBornBurmaPolitical partyUnion Solidarity and Development PartyMilitary serviceBranch/serviceMyanmar ArmyRankBrigadier General Pu Hong Ngai (Burmese: ဟုန်ငိုင်း) served as the Chief Minister of Chin State, Myanmar from 2011 to 2016. Hong Ngai is a retired Brigadier General and former chairman of Chin State Peace and Development Council. A member of the Union Solidarity and Development Party, he was elected to represent Mindat Township Constituency No. 2 as a Chin State Hluttaw representative in the 2010 Burmese general election. References ^ "Burma's New Government: Prospects for Governance and Peace in Ethnic States" (PDF). Transnational Institute. May 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2015. ^ "Chin State MPs". Alternative Asean Network on Burma. Retrieved 9 July 2015. ^ "USDP sweeps speaker posts in local assemblies". Mizzima. 1 February 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2015. vteChief Ministers of MyanmarGovernment of MyanmarState Chief Ministers Chin State Wong Hsun Htan Kachin State Khet Htain Nan Kayah State Zaw Myo Tin Kayin State Saw Myint Oo Mon State Zaw Lin Htun Rakhine State Aung Kyaw Min Shan State Kyaw Htun Region Chief Ministers Ayeyarwady Region Tin Maung Win Bago Region Myo Swe Win Magway Region Tint Lwin Mandalay Region Myo Aung Sagaing Region Myat Kyaw Taninthayi Region Myat Ko Yangon Region Soe Thein

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Top_20

UK singles chart

["1 History","1.1 Early charts","1.2 Official chart","1.3 Electronic-age charts: the Gallup era","1.4 Electronic-age charts: the Millward Brown era","1.5 Internet era","1.6 Christmas number one campaign","1.7 Streaming era","1.8 The chart in the 2020s","2 Inclusion criteria","3 Chart broadcasts","3.1 Midweek chart updates","4 Official Trending Chart","5 Sponsorship","6 Comparison of singles charts (1952–1969)","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]

British singles sales chart This article is about the UK Singles Chart. For the BBC Radio 1 show, see The Official Chart. For other singles charts, see List of record charts. "UK Top 40" redirects here. For the TV programme which ran from 2002 to 2005, see UK Top 40 (TV series). Official Chart logo The UK Singles Chart (currently titled the Official Singles Chart, with the upper section more commonly known as the Official UK Top 40) is compiled by the Official Charts Company (OCC), on behalf of the British record industry, listing the top-selling singles in the United Kingdom, based upon physical sales, paid-for downloads and streaming. The Official Chart, broadcast on BBC Radio 1 and MTV (Official UK Top 40), is the UK music industry's recognised official measure of singles and albums popularity because it is the most comprehensive research panel of its kind, today surveying over 15,000 retailers and digital services daily, capturing 99.9% of all singles consumed in Britain across the week, and over 98% of albums. To be eligible for the chart, a single is currently defined by the Official Charts Company (OCC) as either a 'single bundle' having no more than four tracks and not lasting longer than 25 minutes or one digital audio track not longer than 15 minutes with a minimum sale price of 40 pence. The rules have changed many times as technology has developed, the most notable being the inclusion of digital downloads in 2005 and streaming in July 2014. The OCC website contains the Top 100 chart. Some media outlets only list the Top 40 (such as the BBC, with their Radio 1 show following the lead of Casey Kasem's American Top 40 in the 1970s) or the Top 75 (such as Music Week magazine, with all records in the Top 75 described as 'hits') of this list. The chart week runs from 00:01 Friday to midnight Thursday. The Top 40 chart is first issued on Fridays by BBC Radio 1 as The Official Chart from 16:00 to 17:45, before the full Official Singles Chart Top 100 is posted on the Official Charts Company's website. A rival chart show, The Official Big Top 40, is broadcast on Sundays from 16:00 to 19:00 on Capital and Heart stations across the United Kingdom. The Official Big Top 40 is based on Apple data only, (Apple Music streams and iTunes downloads) plus commercial radio airplay across the Global radio network. The UK Singles Chart began to be compiled in 1952. According to the Official Charts Company's statistics, as of 1 July 2012, 1,200 singles had topped the Official Singles Chart. The precise number of chart-toppers is debatable due to the profusion of competing charts from the 1950s to the 1980s, but the usual list used is that endorsed by the Guinness Book of British Hit Singles and subsequently adopted by the Official Charts Company. The company regards a select period of the New Musical Express chart (only from 1952 to 1960) and the Record Retailer chart from 1960 to 1969 as predecessors for the period up to 11 February 1969, where multiples of competing charts (none official) coexisted side by side. For example, the BBC compiled its own chart based on an average of the music papers of the time; many songs announced as having reached number one on BBC Radio and Top of the Pops before 1969 are not listed as chart-toppers according to the legacy criteria of the Charts Company. The first number one on the UK Singles Chart was "Here in My Heart" by Al Martino for the week ending 14 November 1952. As of the week ending 20 June 2024, the UK Singles Chart has had 1,427 different number one hits. The current number one single is "Houdini" by Eminem. History Early charts Before the compilation of sales of records, the music market measured a song's popularity by sales of sheet music. The idea of compiling a chart based on sales originated in the United States, where the music-trade paper Billboard compiled the first chart incorporating sales figures on 20 July 1940. Record charts in the UK began in 1952, when Percy Dickins of the New Musical Express (NME) gathered a pool of 52 stores willing to report sales figures. For the first British chart Dickins telephoned approximately 20 shops, asking for a list of the 10 best-selling songs. These results were then aggregated into a Top 12 chart published in NME on 14 November 1952, with Al Martino's "Here in My Heart" awarded the number-one position. The chart became a successful feature of the periodical; it expanded into a Top 20 format on 1 October 1954, and rival publications began compiling their own charts in 1955. Record Mirror compiled its own Top 10 chart for 22 January 1955; it was based on postal returns from record stores (which were financed by the newspaper). The NME chart was based on a telephone poll. Both charts expanded in size, with Mirror's becoming a Top 20 in October 1955 and NME's becoming a Top 30 in April 1956. Another rival publication, Melody Maker, began compiling its own chart; it telephoned 19 stores to produce a Top 20 for 7 April 1956. It was also the first chart to include Northern Ireland in its sample. Record Mirror began running a Top 5 album chart in July 1956; from November 1958 onwards Melody Maker printed the Top 10 albums. In March 1960, Record Retailer began compiling an EP chart and had a Top 50 singles chart. Although NME had the largest circulation of charts in the 1960s and was widely followed, in March 1962, Record Mirror stopped compiling its own chart and published Record Retailer's instead. Retailer began independent auditing in January 1963, and is now used by the UK Singles Chart as the source for number-ones from the week ending 12 March 1960 onwards. The choice of Record Retailer as the source has been criticised; however, the chart was unique in listing close to 50 positions for the whole decade. With available lists of which record shops were sampled to compile the charts, some shops were subjected to "hyping" but, with Record Retailer being less widely followed than some charts, it was subject to less hyping. Additionally, Retailer was set up by independent record shops and had no funding or affiliation with record companies. However, it had a significantly smaller sample size than some rival charts and had all the EPs taken out the listings between March 1960 - December 1967 (the data for the now 'Official' 1960s EP chart can be found in The Virgin Book of British Hit Singles). On 12 August 1961, 14-year-old Helen Shapiro became the youngest female solo artist to top the chart with her single "You Don't Know" and, as of 14 January 2022, one of nine female solo artists to have topped the chart before their 18th birthday (though none of these nine acts wrote their number one hit single-handedly, with that honour falling to 19-year-old Kate Bush with "Wuthering Heights" in 1978). In 1963, Merseybeat band Gerry And The Pacemakers would become the first act to get their first three hits at number one, an achievement not matched for another twenty years. Before February 1969 – when the British Market Research Bureau (BMRB) chart was established – there was no official chart or universally accepted source. Readers followed the charts in various periodicals and, during this time, the BBC used aggregated results of charts from the NME, Melody Maker, Disc and (later) Record Mirror to compile the Pick of the Pops chart. The Official Charts Company and their various Hit Singles books (whether published by Guinness/HiT Entertainment or Virgin), use as sources for the unofficial period, the NME before 10 March 1960 and Record Retailer until 1969. However, until 1969 the Record Retailer chart was mainly seen by people working in the industry. The most widely circulated chart was the NME one, as used by Radio Luxembourg's Sunday night Top 20 show, as well as by ABC TV's Thank Your Lucky Stars, which had an audience of up to 6 million on ITV. Official chart Before 1969 there was no official singles chart. Record Retailer and the BBC commissioned the British Market Research Bureau (BMRB) to compile charts, beginning 15 February 1969. The BMRB compiled its first chart from postal returns of sales logs from 250 record shops. The sampling cost approximately £52,000; shops were randomly chosen from a pool of approximately 6,000, and submitted figures for sales taken up to the close of trade on Saturday. The sales diaries were translated into punch cards so the data could be interpreted by a computer. A computer then compiled the chart on Monday, and the BBC were informed of the Top 50 on Tuesday in time for it to be announced on Johnnie Walker's afternoon show. The charts were also published in Record Retailer (rebranded Record & Tape Retailer in 1971 and Music Week in 1972) and Record Mirror. However, the BMRB often struggled to have the full sample of sales figures returned by post. The 1971 postal strike meant data had to be collected by telephone (and that the chart was reduced to a Top 40 during this period), but this was deemed inadequate for a national chart; by 1973, the BMRB was using motorcycle couriers to collect sales figures. In March 1978, two record industry publications, Radio & Record News and Record Business both started publishing Top 100 singles charts, so in response, in May 1978, the BMRB singles chart was expanded from a Top 50 to a Top 75, while abolishing the system where some falling records were excluded from the 41-50 section, as well as abandoning the additional list of 10 "Breakers". Earlier that year, the Daily Mirror and the BBC's Nationwide television programme both investigated chart hyping, where record company representatives allegedly purchased records from chart return shops. A World in Action documentary exposé in 1980 also revealed corruption within the industry; stores' chart-returns dealers would frequently be offered bribes to falsify sales logs. Electronic-age charts: the Gallup era From 1983 to 1990, the chart was financed by the British Phonographic Industry (50 percent), Music Week (38 percent) and the BBC (12 percent). On 4 January 1983, the chart compilation was assumed by the Gallup Organization, which expanded the public/Music Week chart to a Top 100 (with a "Next 25" in addition to the Top 75), with the full Top 200 being available to people within the industry. Gallup also began the introduction of computerised compilers, automating the data-collection process. Later in the year, the rules about the kind of free gifts that could come with singles were tightened, as the chart compilers came to the conclusion that a lot of consumers were buying certain releases for the T-shirts that came with them and not the actual record (stickers were also banned). However, bands like Frankie Goes to Hollywood were still able to release their singles over a wide range of formats including picture discs and various remixes, with ZTT Records putting out "Two Tribes" over eight formats in 1984. In June 1987, double pack singles were banned as a format with four-track singles having to be released as a single vinyl 7 inch EP and all singles needing to be under 20 minutes in length, as releases longer than 20 minutes would be classed as an album (with most longer EPs falling into the budget albums category). In July 1987, Gallup signed a new agreement with the BPI, increasing the sample size to approximately 500 stores and introducing barcode scanners to read data. The chart was based entirely on sales of vinyl single records from retail outlets and announced on Tuesday until October 1987, when the Top 40 was revealed each Sunday (due to the new, automated process). The 1980s also saw the introduction of the cassette single (or "cassingle") alongside the 7-inch and 12-inch record formats; in 1987, major record labels developed a common format for the compact disc single, which was allowed to count as a chart format from December 1987. In May 1989, chart regulations kept Kylie Minogue's song "Hand on Your Heart" from entering at number one because sales from cassette singles were not included (they were sold for £1.99 – cheaper than allowed at the time). Following this, the BPI reduced the minimum price for cassette singles to influence sales figures. In September 1989, W H Smith began to send sales data to Gallup directly through electronic point of sale (EPoS) terminals. In January 1990, the BPI gave notice to Gallup, BBC and Music Week; on 30 June 1990, it terminated its contract with them because it "could no longer afford the £600,000 a year cost". From 1 July 1990, the Chart Information Network (CIN) was formed by Spotlight Publications (publisher of Music Week), in cooperation with the BBC and the British Association of Record Dealers (BARD) – representing retailers, including W H Smith, Woolworths, HMV and Virgin – who agreed to exclusively supply sales data to the CIN. A Chart Supervisory Committee (CSC) represented the BBC, CIN and retailers. The BPI were reluctant to join and "consider the option of launching a rival chart" but in September, an agreement was reached, and it joined the CSC. For this period, the chart was produced by Gallup and owned by CIN and Music Week (who would then sell it to the BBC and BPI), with around 900 shops providing the data from point of sale machines (though the data was distilled back down to a sample of 250 stores to provide a consistency with the charts of the early 1980s). In January 1991, the CIN became a joint venture between Link House Magazines (formerly Spotlight Publications, later Miller Freeman, Inc.) and the BPI; they shared the revenue and costs (reportedly between £750,000 and £1 million). During this time, other retailers (such as Woolworths and John Menzies) began submitting data using EPoS terminals. In late 1991, the sample consisted of 500 stores scanning barcodes of all record sales into an Epson PX-4 computer, and 650 other stores providing sales data through their own EPoS computerised tills. These computers were to be telephoned six times a week, providing the data to Gallup. In June 1991, the BPI reduced the number of eligible formats from five to four. In November 1990, the "Next 25" section of the UK singles chart (positions 76–100, with special rules) ceased to be printed in the trade magazine Music Week, who decided to focus on records in the charts described as hits. In April 1991, Record Mirror ceased publication, along with the "Next 25". At this point, Gallup was compiling a Top 200 singles chart and Top 150 albums chart for industry insiders, with the data accessed by subscribing to Music Week's spin-off newsletter Charts Plus. (Note: As of December 2020, the Official Charts Company website is still missing much of the data on regards to records in positions 76 to 100 from 1991 to 12 February 1994.) The growth of dance music culture in the late 1980s had resulted in records with many remixes, though with a single only officially running to 20 minutes this meant that many of the European-style maxi-singles could not be included. Therefore, in June 1991, the rules were amended to include maxi-singles with versions/remixes of one song lasting 40 minutes, standard four track/four song releases getting an extra five minutes playing time, and now four formats contributing to the chart position. Due to this ruling, ambient duo the Orb were able to have a Top Ten hit with "Blue Room", a song that was three seconds short of 40 minutes. In February 1993, the research contract for the chart was put out to tender, with a new four-year contract beginning 1 February 1994 offered. Millward Brown, Research International and Nielsen Market Research were approached, and Gallup were invited to re-apply. In May 1993, it was announced that Millward Brown had been accepted as the next chart compilers, signing a £1-million-a-year contract. Virgin installed JDA EPoS terminals in September 1993, and began providing sales data to Gallup. Electronic-age charts: the Millward Brown era Millward Brown took over compiling the charts on 1 February 1994, increasing the sample size; by the end of the month, each shop sampled used a barcode scanner linking via an Epson terminal with a modem to a central computer (called "Eric"), which logged data from more than 2,500 stores. Gallup attempted to block Millward Brown's new chart by complaining to the Office of Fair Trading about the contractual clause in which BARD retailers exclusively supplied sales data to CIN, but the interim order was rejected. In June 1995 the case was dropped, after the clause allowing BARD retailers to supply sales information to other chart compilers was deleted; because CIN retained the copyright, other compilers could not use (or sell) the information. On 2 April 1995, the number of eligible formats was reduced from four to three. The decision came after nine months of negotiations with BARD, which objected that it would adversely affect the vinyl record industry. Although record labels were not prohibited from releasing singles in more than three formats, they were required to identify the three eligible formats. This resulted in a reduction in the number of singles released in 7-inch format; the most common three formats were 12-inch single, cassette and CD, or a cassette and two CD versions. The ruling resulted in the Oasis single "Some Might Say" charting twice in one week – at number 1 with sales from the three eligible formats, and at number 71 from sales in a fourth (12-inch) format. Subsequently, CIN sought to develop new marketing opportunities and sponsorship deals; these included premium-rate fax and telephone services and the chart newsletters Charts Plus (published from May 1991 to November 1994) and Hit Music (published from September 1992 to May 2001). Beginning in May 1991 Charts Plus featured singles charts with positions 76–200 (plus artist albums positions 76–150, Top 50 compilations, and several genre and format charts). In September 1992, a second newsletter was created: Hit Music, a sister publication of Music Week featuring (among other charts) the singles Top 75 and a revived "Next 25". In November 1994, Charts Plus ceased publication; Hit Music expanded its chart coverage to an uncompressed (without special rules) Top 200 Singles, Top 150 Artists Albums and Top 50 Compilations. In November 1996, the Artist Albums chart extended to a Top 200. Hit Music ceased publication in May 2001 with issue number 439. In February 1997, CIN and BARD agreed to a new 18-month deal for the charts. In 1998 the CSC agreed to new rules reducing the number of tracks on a single from four to three, playing time from 25 minutes to 20 and the compact disc single minimum dealer price to £1.79. This particularly affected the dance music industry which had previously released CDs full of remixes, with some labels having to edit or fade out remixes early in order to fit them on a CD single. On 1 July 1998, BARD and BPI took over management of the chart from CIN (a Miller Freeman and BPI venture) with new company Music Industry Chart Services (Mics); however, in August they decided to return to compiling the charts under the name CIN. In the late 1990s, the singles chart became more 'frontloaded', with many releases peaking in the first couple of weeks on chart. This helped Irish girl group B*Witched become the first pop band to debut at the top with each of their first four releases (with the group's singles found at number one in the period between June 1998 to March 1999). Between 1963 and the 1990s, only a few acts had reached number one with their first three chart hits. In the late 1990s, The Spice Girls and current record holders Westlife also outperformed this feat, with the former getting six and the latter seven number ones from the start of their careers. In 1999, Millward Brown began "re-chipping" some retailers' machines, in anticipation of the millennium bug. However, some independent retailers lost access to the record-label-funded Electronic Record Ordering System (Eros); it was "too costly to make it Year 2000 compliant". Towards the end of the 1990s companies anticipated distributing singles over the Internet, following the example of Beggars Banquet and Liquid Audio (who made 2,000 tracks available for digital download in the US). On the Official Singles Chart for 22 September 2001, DJ Otzi's "Hey Baby" became the first single ever to jump to number one from outside the Top 40 when it went from number 45 to number one. "Hey Baby" had charted for seven weeks outside the Top 40 due to imported copies from the Republic of Ireland being available in UK chart shops and the fact that the officially released UK single had the same catalogue number as the Irish import, meaning that the CIN (Chart Information Network) did not list the two versions as separate versions, as they had done with ATB's "9 PM (Till I Come)", which had charted as five separate entries before the official release reached number one. In November 2001, CIN changed its name to "The Official UK Charts Company". Internet era This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Irish boy band Westlife achieved the first number one on the UK Singles Downloads Chart with "Flying Without Wings" in September 2004. In January 2004, MyCoke Music launched as the "first significant download retailer". Legal downloading was initially small, with MyCokeMusic selling over 100,000 downloads during its first three months. In June the iTunes Store was launched in the UK, and more than 450,000 songs were downloaded during the first week. In early September the UK Official Download Chart was launched, and a new live recording of Westlife's "Flying Without Wings" was the first number-one. In 2005, the BBC Radio 1 chart show was rebranded for the chart week ending 16 April, with the first singles chart now combining physical-release sales with legal downloads. Several test charts (and a download-sales chart) were published in 2004; this combination (within the official singles chart) reflected a changing era in which sales of physical singles fell and download sales rose. It was said (by BBC Radio 1 presenters JK and Joel on 17 April 2005) that the incorporation of download sales resulted in an approximate doubling of singles sales for this week, but the impact of this doubling was not readily apparent at the top of the chart, although a few singles in the middle positions benefited. Initially, the British Association of Record Dealers was concerned that the popularity of downloading would siphon business from the High Street. It also complained that including singles not available physically would confuse customers and create gaps in stores' sale racks. However, it agreed to the new rules provided that digital sales were only included to a single's sales tally if there was a physical equivalent sold in shops at the time. Since there was no rule governing a minimum number of pressings, Gorillaz released only 300 vinyl copies of their single "Feel Good Inc." on 12 April 2005 (a month before its general release). This allowed it to debut in the chart at number 22 (eventually reaching number 2), and remain in the Top 40 for a longer period. After pressure from elsewhere in the music industry a second compromise was reached in 2006, which now allowed singles to chart on downloads the week before their physical release. The first song to make the Top 40 on downloads alone was "Pump It" by The Black Eyed Peas, which charted at number 16 on 12 March 2006. Three weeks later, "Crazy" by Gnarls Barkley became the first song to top the charts on download sales alone. As part of the revised rules, singles would now be removed from the chart two weeks after the deletion of their physical formats; "Crazy" left the chart 11 weeks later from number 5. This was in addition to the existing rule that to be eligible for the chart, the physical single had to have been released within the last twelve months, supporting the general view that the chart reflected the top-selling "current" releases. On 1 January 2007, the integration of downloaded music into the charts became complete when all downloads – with or without a physical equivalent – became eligible to chart, redefining the UK singles chart by turning it into a "songs" chart. "Chasing Cars" by Snow Patrol returned at a Top 10 position (number 9, just three places below the peak it had reached the previous September), while "Honey to the Bee" by Billie Piper (following a tongue-in-cheek promotional push by Radio 1 DJ Chris Moyles to test the new chart rules) reappeared at number 17 (nearly eight years after its original appearance on the charts). In October 2008, P!nk broke the 1982 chart record set by Captain Sensible's "Happy Talk" for biggest Top 40 jump to number one, when "So What" vaulted from 38 to 1 (a statistic which would be matched in 2022 by Adele). The first number-one hit never released physically was "Run" by Leona Lewis, the 11th song in total to reach number one on downloads alone. Unlike the previous 10, it did not receive a physical release in subsequent weeks (although it was released physically overseas, notably in Germany where the price of a record counted towards the chart position and not just number of units sold). Christmas number one campaign In 2009, "Killing in the Name" by Rage Against the Machine became the Christmas Number One after English DJ Jon Morter and his wife Tracy launched a campaign to make sure that an act from the ITV talent show The X Factor was not number one for the fifth time in a row. Influenced by John Otway's 50th birthday hit single fan campaign, which saw Otway's "Disco Inferno"-sampling single "Bunsen Burner" reach number 9 in 2002 without being stocked by Entertainment UK-associated retailers like Woolworths, the Morters encouraged people on Facebook to download the song the week before Christmas. When "Killing in the Name" hit the top spot on 20 December 2009, it became the first download-only single to become the UK Christmas number one and would go on to receive a Guinness World Record for 'Fastest-selling digital track in the UK', after selling 502,672 units in its first week. Streaming era It was announced in June 2014 that as of Sunday, 29 June, audio streams from services such as Spotify, Deezer, Napster, O2 Tracks, Xbox Music, Sony Unlimited, and rara would be counted towards the Official Singles Chart, in order to reflect changing music consumption in the United Kingdom. The final number one on the UK Singles Chart to be based on sales alone was "Gecko (Overdrive)" by Oliver Heldens featuring Becky Hill. On Sunday 6 July 2014, the Official Charts Company announced that Ariana Grande had earned a place in UK chart history when her single "Problem" featuring Iggy Azalea became the first number-one single based on sales and streaming data. On the chart of 16 August 2014, Nico & Vinz's "Am I Wrong" jumped from number 52 to number 1 in its sixth week, after the streaming hit (the first single ever to chart in the Top 75 on streams alone) became available to purchase. On 7 December 2014, Ed Sheeran's "Thinking Out Loud" became the first single to reach number one as a direct result of streaming inclusion. Despite Union J's "You Got It All" topping the Sales Chart that week, "Thinking Out Loud" was streamed 1.6 million times in the same week, resulting in an overall lead of 13,000 chart sales. On 10 March 2017, Ed Sheeran claimed 9 of the top 10 positions in the chart when his album ÷ was released. The large number of tracks from the album on the singles chart, 16 in the top 20, led to a change in how the chart is compiled with tracks from a lead artist eligible for entry limited to three. Also the idea of Standard Chart Ratios (SCR) and Accelerated Chart Ratios (ACR) were introduced, with ACR halving streaming points for records that have been in the charts for a while (which includes most catalogue tracks, excepting certain cases), the effect being that a number of hits have plummeted out of the top ten with drops of around 20 places one week only to level off again the next. Due to these factors, on 20 July 2018, "Three Lions" by The Lightning Seeds, Frank Skinner, and David Baddiel beat the Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Choir record for number one chart fall and got the Guinness World Records' award for "largest chart drop from number one on the UK singles chart" by going from number one to number 97. In 2018, Future (publisher of "Louder Sound" publications such as Metal Hammer and Classic Rock magazine) acquired Music Week publisher NewBay Media. Future decided that the publication would go monthly from March 2021, and so a bespoke monthly Official Singles Chart Top 75 started to be published from this date alongside monthly albums charts and specialist/genre charts. The chart in the 2020s On 1 January 2021, "Don't Stop Me Eatin'" by LadBaby dropped down the Official Chart Company's singles chart to number 78 and so became the first new track to drop out of the Top 75 ("hit parade") from number one. In doing so it broke the record for shortest stay in the hit parade for a number one single (as in The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles list of Top 75 singles chart records) with only one week in the Top 75. A week later, "Last Christmas" by Wham! became the first record to disappear completely from number one spot, exiting the Official Charts Company Top 100 chart with no placing on the chart (week ending 14 January 2021). As "Last Christmas" replaced "Don't Stop Me Eatin'" by LadBaby, which had dropped down the singles chart to number 78 on 1 January, it was the first time in chart history that two back-to-back number ones had disappeared not only from the BBC Radio 1 Top 40, but the Top 75 as well (though as "Last Christmas" didn't have a chart placing, "3 Lions" is still credited with the record-breaking fall at Guinness World Records). On 24 December 2021, LadBaby secured their fourth Christmas No.1 in a row with "Sausage Rolls for Everyone", a comedy version of the preceding number one "Merry Christmas" by Ed Sheeran and Elton John (as they were credited by the OCC on the LadBaby version, Sheeran and John happened to be in positions 1 and 2, with these singles acquiring sales of 226,953 between 17 and 23 December 2021). It was the fourth time since 1952 that the number one had been replaced at the top by another version of the same song, with two versions of "Answer Me" in 1953, two versions of "Singing The Blues" alternating at the top in 1957, and one-hit wonder Frankee having an answer record to the number one by Eamon in 2004. "Sausage Rolls for Everyone" made LadBaby join B*Witched as an act who managed to get their first four singles at number one (with LadBaby having no other hits in their discography), and beat The Beatles who had four Christmas number ones over five years between 1963 - 1967, with the Liverpudlian group missing out in 1966 (The Spice Girls also had three consecutively in the 1990s). "Sausage Rolls for Everyone" was also credited as the 70th Official Christmas Number 1 by the OCC, who had also announced that "Killing In The Name" by Rage Against The Machine had been named as the 'UK's Favourite Christmas Number 1 of All Time' in a poll commissioned to celebrate this Christmas Number 1 race. LadBaby would secure their fifth Christmas No.1 in a row on 23 December 2022 with "Food Aid", officially surpassing The Beatles when it came to overall Christmas Number 1s. On 7 January 2022, after it had returned to number one for an additional week, "Merry Christmas" became the first record with SCR streaming status (Standard Chart Ratio) to completely drop out of the Top 100 from number one, exiting at the same time as "Sausage Rolls For Everyone". The chart published on 7 January 2022 also saw the first instance when the entire previous week's Top 10 singles (actually the Top 13 singles) had exited the chart. It was not only the Top 10 singles that had disappeared from the chart, but a record breaking 54 singles which had disappeared from the UK Top 75 (including 52 Christmas-themed tracks). This week's chart saw those songs replaced by 12 new entries and 42 re-entries, the largest amount in chart history. In June 2022, the Netflix show Stranger Things used "Running Up That Hill" by Kate Bush in their fourth season, which resulted in the record (which had previously charted in 1985 via EMI and in 2012 via Kate Bush's Fish People record label) re-enter the charts at number 8. On the Official Singles Chart Top 100 of 10 June 2022 to 16 June 2022, the record climbed to number two, even though it was revealed to be the most popular track of the week in the United Kingdom and even though all versions (regardless of it being an album track, live version or remix) now counted to its chart position. Sales for the week had the number one record, Harry Styles' "As It Was", on a SCR total of 55,768 sales, compared to Kate Bush's number two on an ACR sales total of 44,739. Encumbered with ACR, a rule introduced in 2017 to push down a number of long-running 'recent' hits but applied to all catalogue recordings over three years old, saw all totals for Bush's streaming data halved, so that she got one sale for every 200 plays from her 7,470,792 premium audio stream total and one sale from every 1,200 plays of her 1,029,666 ad-funded audio stream total. Added to premium video streams and digital downloads she ended up with the total of 44,739 sales rather than the 83,613 she would have done with a SCR listing. On 14 June 2022, it was revealed that the Chart Supervisory Committee (CSC) had given the record an exemption from the ACR accelerated decline rule, with the record now on a SCR listing, giving Kate Bush the chance to get another number one, more than 44 years after "Wuthering Heights" and the first number one for her own record label, Fish People (as EMI-Universal are no longer the rights holders). On 17 June 2022, "Running Up That Hill (A Deal With God)" reached number one on the UK chart and not only did Bush get a second number one, but also the OCC revealed that she had broken three of their chart records. With the gap of 44 years she eclipses Tom Jones's 42-year gap between "Green Green Grass of Home" going to number one and Jones being one of the acts on Comic Relief's "(Barry) Islands in the Stream" with Rob Brydon, Ruth Jones and Robin Gibb. She also replaced Cher at the top of the list of oldest female artist chart-toppers at 63 years and 11 months, compared to the 52 years that Cher was when "Believe" topped the chart in 1998. Jones and Bush are also on the Top 10 list of oldest artists to score a UK Number 1 single with Bush placed fifth. The last record Bush broke was the one held by Wham!'s "Last Christmas", for the track that has taken the longest time to reach Number 1 with "Running Up That Hill" first entering the chart in August 1985 and getting to the top 37 years later, beating Wham! by a year. Inclusion criteria The full regulations may be downloaded from the Official Charts Company website. To qualify for inclusion in the UK singles chart, a single must be available in one or more of the following eligible formats: Digital audio download music track of up to 15 minutes Digital audio stream music track of up to 15 minutes Digital single bundle of up to four tracks with a maximum of 25 minutes playing time CD with up to two tracks CD, DVD or other digital memory device with up to four tracks with a maximum of 25 minutes playing time 7 inch vinyl with up to three tracks or 12 inch vinyl with up to four tracks, and up to 25 minutes playing time One song and any number of remixes up to a maximum playing time of 40 minutes There are minimum sales prices for all formats apart from on demand digital streams which may be from subscription or advertising funded providers. The streams were initially counted at 100 streams equivalent to one paid download or physical sale, but changed to 150 to 1 in January 2017. Starting with charts published 7 July 2017, tracks by a lead artist eligible for entry in the top 100 would be limited to three. The streams-to-sales ratio for tracks whose sales (including streams) have declined for three consecutive weeks and have charted for at least ten weeks is changed to 300:1 to accelerate removal of older songs. Chart broadcasts See also: The Official Chart The BBC aired Pick of the Pops on its Light Programme radio station on 4 October 1955. Initially airing popular songs, it developed an aggregated chart in March 1958. Using the NME, Melody Maker, Disc and Record Mirror charts, the BBC averaged them by totalling points gained on the four charts (one point for a number one, two for a number two, etc.) to give a chart average; however, this method was prone to tied positions. Record Retailer was included in the average on 31 March 1962, after Record Mirror ceased compiling its chart. David Jacobs and Alan Freeman both had stints presenting the Pick of the Pops chart. Freeman took Pick of the Pops to its regular Sunday afternoon slot in early 1962. Freeman (along with Pete Murray, David Jacobs and Jimmy Savile) was one of the four original presenters on Top of the Pops, which first aired 1 January 1964 on BBC One (then known as BBC TV). Top of the Pops, like Pick of the Pops, used a combination of predominant periodicals until the formation of the BMRB chart in 1969. From 30 September 1967 BBC Radio 1 was launched along with BBC Radio 2, succeeding the Light Programme, and the Top-20 Pick of the Pops chart was simulcast on both stations. Freeman continued to present the show until September 1972, and was succeeded by Tom Browne who presented the chart, also on Sundays, from October 1972 to March 1978. Simon Bates took over from Browne, and under Bates it became a Top-40 show in 1978. Bates was succeeded by Tony Blackburn, who presented the show for two-and-a-half years; Tommy Vance, who presented for two years, Bates returned in January 1984 and presented the show until September that year, then Richard Skinner for eighteen months. Bruno Brookes took over in 1986 and, in October 1987, automated data collection allowed the countdown to be announced on the Sunday chart show (instead of on Tuesdays). In 1990, Brookes was replaced as presenter by Mark Goodier, but returned 18 months later. Goodier took over from Brookes once more in 1995 and continued presenting the show until 2002. In February 2003 Wes Butters hosted the chart show; two years later his contract was not renewed, and he was replaced by JK and Joel. The duo were made redundant by Radio 1 in September 2007; Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates replaced them at the helm of the chart show. Cotton left in September 2009, and until 2012 the chart show was hosted by Yates. Yates left Radio 1 at the end of 2012, because he wanted to spend more time with his family, as well as focusing more on television. Jameela Jamil took over from him in January 2013, becoming the first woman to host, alone, the BBC Chart show before being replaced by Clara Amfo. On 10 July 2015, Greg James took over from Amfo, when the new chart announcement was moved to Friday afternoons,. Scott Mills was the regular presenter, taking over from James, from 15 June 2018. Currently, the host is Jack Saunders following Mills' move over to rival BBC station Radio 2. Midweek chart updates From March 2010 Greg James hosted a half-hour show at 3:30 pm on Wednesdays, announcing a chart update based on midweek sales figures previously only available to the industry. The managing director of the Official Charts Company, Martin Talbot, said in a statement that it would provide "insight into how the race for number one is shaping up". Scott Mills became the host of the Chart Update from April 2012, due to schedule changes which saw Mills host what was Greg's early afternoon show. When the chart moved to Fridays in July 2015, the chart update moved to 5:30 pm on Mondays. The show was then once again hosted by Greg James and the top ten songs are quickly overviewed with the top three being played in full before Newsbeat at 5:45pm. It was presented by Nick Grimshaw due to his swap of times with Greg James. In 2019 it was moved to a new time of Sunday evenings between 6 pm and 7 pm presented by Cel Spellman and Katie Thistleton replacing the Radio 1 Most Played Chart. The top twenty is overviewed with around fifteen songs being played in full, including the top ten. Official Trending Chart Since February 2016, the Official Charts Company have published the Official Trending Chart. Published every Tuesday morning (a day after the full midweek chart comes out at 5:45pm) the chart is based on the first three sales days of each week, highlights new and future hits (those tracks not officially in the Top 10), and works in conjunction with a playlist found on Spotify, Deezer and via Apple Music. Sponsorship In 1999, the chart was sponsored by worldpop.com with the company receiving name recognition during the BBC programme. However, the deal ended when the website went out of business in late 2001. As part of an agreement with Billboard to publish the UK chart in section of their magazine, Billboard required the chart to have a sponsor. In 2003, it was announced that Coca-Cola had signed a two-year contract with the Official Charts Company beginning 1 January 2004. Although the amount was not publicly disclosed, it was believed to be between £1.5 million and £2 million. Since advertising on the BBC is prohibited under the BBC Charter and the government was attempting to reduce childhood obesity, the decision was widely criticised. Coca-Cola was restricted to two on-air mentions during the chart show, with the BBC justifying the deal by saying it did not negotiate or benefit financially. A few days into the contract, the BBC agreed to drop on-air mentions of the brand. Comparison of singles charts (1952–1969) Main article: List of UK charts and number-one singles (1952–1969) With no official chart before 1969, a number of periodicals compiled their own charts during the 1950s and 1960s. Pirate radio stations such as Radio London and Radio Caroline also broadcast their own charts. The five main charts (as used by BBC's Pick of the Pops) were: New Musical Express (NME) (1952–1988): The first singles chart, a major source, widely followed throughout the 1960s Record Mirror (1955–1962): The second singles chart; compiled the first album chart, published Record Retailer chart from 1962. The Pick of the Pops average stopped using Record Mirror after 21 May 1960, due to the paper changing its weekly publication day Melody Maker (1956–1988): The third singles chart, major source for album charts from 1958 onwards Disc (1958–1967): The fourth singles chart Record Retailer (1960–1969): The fifth singles chart; a trade paper; jointly formed BMRB chart in 1969. Not included in the Pick of the Pops average until 1966. See also Record production portal UK Singles Chart records and statistics List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart List of artists who have spent the most weeks on the UK music charts List of best-selling singles by year in the United Kingdom List of UK Singles Chart Christmas number ones Lists of UK Singles Chart number ones Lists of UK top 10 singles Official Classical Singles Chart Official Subscription Plays Chart List of one-hit wonders on the UK Singles Chart UK R&B Chart UK Albums Chart UK Singles Downloads Chart UK Indie Chart Chart magazines Record Mirror (incorporated Disc and Music Echo in 1975 and became Music Week's dance section in 1991) Music Week (incorporated Record Mirror in 1991) Charts Plus (a subscription newsletter published by Music Week in the 1990s) Hit Music (a subscription newsletter published by Music Week, published alongside Charts Plus) UKChartsPlus (the replacement to Hit Music and the original Charts Plus newsletters) Record Retailer Number One (used the Network Chart until being bought by the BBC) Rival charts and chart shows The Network Chart Show Pepsi Chart Hit40uk The Official Big Top 40 The eXpat Chart MiTracks Countdown (developed by EMAP and GCap Media, used by cd:uk on ITV in 2005) Massive 40 - The Ultimate UK Chart Show (currently presented by Jason Scott, this is a chart show for community stations like Takeover Radio in Leicester and Hive Radio UK in Manchester. Produced by Mike Robinson, using data compiled from the UK and Ireland by DTR, the show is broadcast on a Sunday and features the Top 40 records played in full as well a separate charts for albums and pre-releases). The Heritage Chart Show with Mike Read, a pop music countdown featuring veteran acts, presented by the former Radio 1 disc jockey Mike Read and shared by Talking Pictures TV, the Local TV network of channels and various radio stations. Vote: Listen: Watch: Heritage Chart TV</ref> Charts: Chart books Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums (originally just the Guinness Book of British Hit Singles) The Virgin Book of British Hit Singles (a continuation of the Guinness Book of British Hit Singles) Notes ^ The first Top 12 contained fifteen records due to tied positions at numbers 7, 8 and 11. The method of numbering was replaced with the more "familiar" method by October 1953 – two records tied at number six and the next listed position appeared as number eight. ^ The expansion was not a Top 100, per se, as records were excluded from positions 76–100 if their sales had fallen in two consecutive weeks and if their sales had fallen by 20 per cent compared to the previous week. ^ Spotlight Publications is a subsidiary of United Newspapers References Footnotes ^ a b c "Official Singles Chart Top 100 | Official Charts Company". Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 31 March 2021. ^ Kreisler, Lauren (12 March 2018). "How The Charts Are Compiled". OfficialCharts.com. Retrieved 12 March 2018. ^ "Rules For Chart Eligibility: Singles" (PDF). London: Official Charts Company. April 2013. p. 4. Retrieved 1 June 2015. ^ Lane, Daniel (23 June 2014). "Streaming and the Official Singles Chart: Everything you need to know!". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 24 June 2014. ^ Official Charts. 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"From Rivals Chart To Popstars Rivals". Music Week (Celebrating 50 Years of the Singles Chart ed.). p. 5. ^ "RECORD MIRROR: UK pop music weekly from 1954 to 1991". Worldradiohistory.com. Retrieved 31 March 2021. ^ "Record Mirror articles, interviews and reviews from Rock's Backpages". Rocksbackpages.com. Retrieved 31 March 2021. ^ "Record Mirror charts – Generation X Culture". Genxculture.com. 3 August 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2021. ^ "Number One - No.1 Magazine - 1980s". Simplyeighties.com. Retrieved 31 March 2021. ^ "Number One Magazine". All80s.co.uk. 12 January 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2021. ^ "The Official Big Top 40 from Global | The UK's Biggest Chart Show". BigTop40. ^ "Radio giants join ITV for new music chart". The Guardian. 5 September 2005. Retrieved 31 March 2021. ^ "Massive40". Massive40.com. ^ "The Massive 40 with Jason Scott". Takeoverradio.co.uk. ^ "Hive Radio UK". Hiveradiouk.com. ^ "Heritage Chart". Heritagechart.co.uk. Retrieved 23 June 2022. ^ "The Heritage Chart Show with Mike Read on Talking Pictures TV, Sun 3 Apr 11:45pm". TVGuide.co.uk. ^ "The Heritage Chart Show with Mike Read, 12:00am on Talking Pictures TV". Tv24.co.uk. ^ "The Heritage Chart Show with Mike Read | Documentary". Tptvencore.co.uk. ^ "Heritage Chart Poll w/C 21st January 2024". ^ "Listen Live". ^ "Chart Archive". Sources Rees, Dafydd; Lazell, Barry; Osborne, Roger (1995). Forty Years of "NME" Charts (2nd ed.). Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-7522-0829-9. Warwick, Neil; Kutner, Jon; Brown, Tony (2004). The Complete Book Of The British Charts: Singles and Albums (3rd ed.). London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1-84449-058-5. Roberts, David (2005). Guinness World Records: British Hit Singles and Albums (18th ed.). Guinness World Records Limited. ISBN 978-1-904994-00-8. Parker, Martin (May 1991). "Reading the Charts – Making Sense with the Hit Parade". Popular Music. 10 (2). Cambridge University Press: 205–217. doi:10.1017/s0261143000004517. ISSN 0261-1430. JSTOR 853061. S2CID 143769793. External links Official website Rules for Chart Eligibility: Singles UK singles chart at BBC Online Music Week Top 75 (subscription only) vteUK music chartsUK singlesNumber ones 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Number one artists Most number ones Christmas Posthumous Scottish One-hit wonders in Scotland Instrumental Simultaneous UK and U.S. Simultaneous with album Top tens 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Most top tens Best-selling 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s (decade) 2010s 1900s 21st century All time Yearly Most-downloaded (2000s) Most streamed Million-sellers Platinum singles (pre-2000) Platinum singles (post-2000) Most weeks on chart One-hit wonders Records and statistics UK albumsNumber ones 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Most number ones Number-one in most decades Christmas Posthumous Simultaneous UK and U.S. Simultaneous with single Top tens 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Most top tens Best-selling 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s (decade) 2010s 21st century All time Yearly Most weeks on chart One-hit wonders Genre chartsNumber ones Afrobeats Singles Americana Albums Christian & Gospel Albums Classical Artist Albums Country (albums/airplay) Dance (singles/albums) Indie (singles/albums) Indie Breakers (singles/albums) Jazz & Blues Albums R&B (singles/albums) Rock & Metal Singles and Albums Specialist Classical Albums Other chartsCurrent Album Downloads Albums Streaming Audio Streaming Compilations Midweeks Progressive Record Store (2010s/2020s) Singles Downloads (2000s/2010s/2020s) List of UK Singles Sales Chart number ones UKHot40 Vinyl Albums Vinyl Singles The Official Big Top 40 Former 1952–1969 1Xtra Classical Singles Number-one EPs Fab 40 Fresh 40 Hit40UK Mersey Beat The Network Chart Show NME Official Subscription Plays Chart Pepsi Chart Pick of the Pops Record Mirror Top Pops Related Charts Plus Hit Music Media Research Information Bureau Music Week Official Charts Company The Official Chart Timeline of chart shows on UK radio UK Video Charts British Hit Singles & Albums The Virgin Book of British Hit Singles UKChartsPlus Record production portal vteMusic industryMajor companiesand organizationsRepresentatives ARIA BVMI BPI Music Canada FIMI IFPI (worldwide) PMB PROMUSICAE RIAA SNEP Publishers BMG Rights Management Sony Music Publishing Universal Music Publishing Group Warner Chappell Music Record labels Major: Sony Universal Warner Independent: Concord Independent UK record labels AAMG Retailers Amazon Digital music stores (iTunes Store) Fnac HMV Kaspien Virgin Megastores Live music CTS Eventim Live Nation LiveStyle Ticketmaster Major genres Blues Country Easy listening Electronic Experimental Folk Gospel Hip hop Jazz Latin Metal New Age Pop Reggae Rhythm and blues Rock World Sectorsand roles Album cover design Artists and repertoire (A&R) Disc jockey Distribution Entertainment law Music education Music executive Music and fashion Music journalism Music publisher Music store Music venue Musical instruments Professional audio store Promotion Radio promotion Record label Record shop Road crew Talent manager Tour promoter Production Arrangement Songwriter Composer Lyricist Conductor Disc jockey Hip hop producer Horn section Record producer Rhythm section Orchestrator Session musician Backup singer Ghost singer Vocal coach Ghostwriter Sound engineer Releaseformats Single (Extended play (EP), 12" single, Cassette single, CD single, Maxi single) Album Double album Music video Promotional recording Phonograph record Eight-track Compact cassette CD DVD Airplay Music download Music streaming service Live shows Concert Concert tour Concert residency Music festival Music competition Charts ARIA Charts Billboard Hot 100 Billboard Argentina Hot 100 Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Canadian Hot 100 Circle Chart G-Music chart Irish Singles Chart Italian singles chart GfK Entertainment charts Entertainment Monitoring Africa Oricon charts New Zealand singles chart Rolling Stone Top 100 Sino Chart SNEP singles chart Sverigetopplistan UK singles chart Publications Billboard HitQuarters Hot Press Kerrang! 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Official Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Chart"},{"link_name":"List of record charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_record_charts"},{"link_name":"UK Top 40 (TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Top_40_(TV_series)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_Singles_Chart_logo.png"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialcharts.com-1"},{"link_name":"Official Charts Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"record industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_industry"},{"link_name":"singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"streaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_streaming"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"Official Charts Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-streaming-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Casey Kasem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Kasem"},{"link_name":"American Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"The Official Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Chart"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"The Official Big Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Big_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(radio_network)"},{"link_name":"Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(radio_network)"},{"link_name":"Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Media_%26_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Guinness Book of British Hit Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_British_Hit_Singles"},{"link_name":"New Musical Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Musical_Express"},{"link_name":"Record Retailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Retailer"},{"link_name":"Top of the Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops"},{"link_name":"Here in My Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_in_My_Heart"},{"link_name":"Al Martino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Martino"},{"link_name":"Houdini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houdini_(Eminem_song)"},{"link_name":"Eminem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminem"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialcharts1-9"}],"text":"This article is about the UK Singles Chart. For the BBC Radio 1 show, see The Official Chart. For other singles charts, see List of record charts.\"UK Top 40\" redirects here. For the TV programme which ran from 2002 to 2005, see UK Top 40 (TV series).Official Chart logoThe UK Singles Chart (currently titled the Official Singles Chart, with the upper section more commonly known as the Official UK Top 40)[1] is compiled by the Official Charts Company (OCC), on behalf of the British record industry, listing the top-selling singles in the United Kingdom, based upon physical sales, paid-for downloads and streaming. The Official Chart, broadcast on BBC Radio 1 and MTV (Official UK Top 40), is the UK music industry's recognised official measure of singles and albums popularity because it is the most comprehensive research panel of its kind, today surveying over 15,000 retailers and digital services daily, capturing 99.9% of all singles consumed in Britain across the week, and over 98% of albums.[2] To be eligible for the chart, a single is currently defined by the Official Charts Company (OCC) as either a 'single bundle' having no more than four tracks and not lasting longer than 25 minutes or one digital audio track not longer than 15 minutes with a minimum sale price of 40 pence.[3] The rules have changed many times as technology has developed, the most notable being the inclusion of digital downloads in 2005 and streaming in July 2014.[4]The OCC website contains the Top 100 chart.[5] Some media outlets only list the Top 40 (such as the BBC, with their Radio 1 show following the lead of Casey Kasem's American Top 40 in the 1970s) or the Top 75 (such as Music Week magazine, with all records in the Top 75 described as 'hits') of this list. The chart week runs from 00:01 Friday to midnight Thursday.[6]The Top 40 chart is first issued on Fridays by BBC Radio 1 as The Official Chart from 16:00 to 17:45, before the full Official Singles Chart Top 100 is posted on the Official Charts Company's website.[7][failed verification] A rival chart show, The Official Big Top 40, is broadcast on Sundays from 16:00 to 19:00 on Capital and Heart stations across the United Kingdom. The Official Big Top 40 is based on Apple data only, (Apple Music streams and iTunes downloads) plus commercial radio airplay across the Global radio network.The UK Singles Chart began to be compiled in 1952. According to the Official Charts Company's statistics, as of 1 July 2012, 1,200 singles had topped the Official Singles Chart.[8] The precise number of chart-toppers is debatable due to the profusion of competing charts from the 1950s to the 1980s, but the usual list used is that endorsed by the Guinness Book of British Hit Singles and subsequently adopted by the Official Charts Company. The company regards a select period of the New Musical Express chart (only from 1952 to 1960) and the Record Retailer chart from 1960 to 1969 as predecessors for the period up to 11 February 1969, where multiples of competing charts (none official) coexisted side by side. For example, the BBC compiled its own chart based on an average of the music papers of the time; many songs announced as having reached number one on BBC Radio and Top of the Pops before 1969 are not listed as chart-toppers according to the legacy criteria of the Charts Company.The first number one on the UK Singles Chart was \"Here in My Heart\" by Al Martino for the week ending 14 November 1952. As of the week ending 20 June 2024, the UK Singles Chart has had 1,427 different number one hits. The current number one single is \"Houdini\" by Eminem.[9]","title":"UK singles chart"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sheet music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_music"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"New Musical Express (NME)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickins-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAleer-11"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Al Martino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Martino"},{"link_name":"Here in My Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_in_My_Heart"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickins-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAleer-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Official_Charts_Company-15"},{"link_name":"Record Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sixties-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Official_Charts_Company-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM2-17"},{"link_name":"Melody Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Maker"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAleer-11"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarwickKutnerBrown2004viii-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Official_Charts_Company-15"},{"link_name":"Record Retailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Retailer"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarwickKutnerBrown2004viii-18"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAleer-11"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-19"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAleer-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Official_Charts_Company-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarwickKutnerBrown2004viii-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarwickKutnerBrown2004v-20"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAleer-11"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarwickKutnerBrown2004v-20"},{"link_name":"hyping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_(marketing)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAleer-11"},{"link_name":"The Virgin Book of British Hit Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virgin_Book_of_British_Hit_Singles"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAleer-11"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarwickKutnerBrown2004v-20"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Pick of the Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick_of_the_Pops"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sixties-16"},{"link_name":"The Official Charts Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"Guinness/HiT Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hit_Singles_%26_Albums"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Official_Charts_Company-15"},{"link_name":"Radio Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Luxembourg_(English)"},{"link_name":"Thank Your Lucky Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank_Your_Lucky_Stars_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"}],"sub_title":"Early charts","text":"Before the compilation of sales of records, the music market measured a song's popularity by sales of sheet music. The idea of compiling a chart based on sales originated in the United States, where the music-trade paper Billboard compiled the first chart incorporating sales figures on 20 July 1940. Record charts in the UK began in 1952, when Percy Dickins of the New Musical Express (NME) gathered a pool of 52 stores willing to report sales figures.[10][11] For the first British chart Dickins telephoned approximately 20 shops, asking for a list of the 10 best-selling songs. These results were then aggregated into a Top 12 chart[nb 1] published in NME on 14 November 1952, with Al Martino's \"Here in My Heart\" awarded the number-one position.[10][11] The chart became a successful feature of the periodical; it expanded into a Top 20 format on 1 October 1954, and rival publications began compiling their own charts in 1955.[14] Record Mirror compiled its own Top 10 chart for 22 January 1955; it was based on postal returns from record stores (which were financed by the newspaper). The NME chart was based on a telephone poll.[15] Both charts expanded in size, with Mirror's becoming a Top 20 in October 1955 and NME's becoming a Top 30 in April 1956.[14][16] Another rival publication, Melody Maker, began compiling its own chart; it telephoned 19 stores to produce a Top 20 for 7 April 1956. It was also the first chart to include Northern Ireland in its sample.[11]\nRecord Mirror began running a Top 5 album chart in July 1956; from November 1958 onwards Melody Maker printed the Top 10 albums.[17][14]In March 1960, Record Retailer began compiling an EP chart and had a Top 50 singles chart.[17] Although NME had the largest circulation of charts in the 1960s and was widely followed,[11][18] in March 1962, Record Mirror stopped compiling its own chart and published Record Retailer's instead.[11] Retailer began independent auditing in January 1963, and is now used by the UK Singles Chart as the source for number-ones from the week ending 12 March 1960 onwards.[14][17] The choice of Record Retailer as the source has been criticised;[19][11] however, the chart was unique in listing close to 50 positions for the whole decade.[19] With available lists of which record shops were sampled to compile the charts, some shops were subjected to \"hyping\" but, with Record Retailer being less widely followed than some charts, it was subject to less hyping. Additionally, Retailer was set up by independent record shops and had no funding or affiliation with record companies. However, it had a significantly smaller sample size than some rival charts[11] and had all the EPs taken out the listings between March 1960 - December 1967 (the data for the now 'Official' 1960s EP chart can be found in The Virgin Book of British Hit Singles).[20][21]On 12 August 1961, 14-year-old Helen Shapiro[22] became the youngest female solo artist to top the chart with her single \"You Don't Know\" and, as of 14 January 2022, one of nine female solo artists to have topped the chart before their 18th birthday (though none of these nine acts wrote their number one hit single-handedly, with that honour falling to 19-year-old Kate Bush[23] with \"Wuthering Heights\" in 1978).[24]In 1963, Merseybeat[25][26][27] band Gerry And The Pacemakers[28] would become the first act to get their first three hits at number one, an achievement not matched for another twenty years.[29][30]Before February 1969 – when the British Market Research Bureau (BMRB) chart was established – there was no official chart or universally accepted source.[11][18][19] Readers followed the charts in various periodicals and, during this time, the BBC used aggregated results of charts from the NME, Melody Maker, Disc and (later) Record Mirror to compile the Pick of the Pops chart.[15] The Official Charts Company and their various Hit Singles books (whether published by Guinness/HiT Entertainment or Virgin), use as sources for the unofficial period, the NME before 10 March 1960 and Record Retailer until 1969.[14]\nHowever, until 1969 the Record Retailer chart was mainly seen by people working in the industry. The most widely circulated chart was the NME one, as used by Radio Luxembourg's Sunday night Top 20 show, as well as by ABC TV's Thank Your Lucky Stars, which had an audience of up to 6 million on ITV.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAleer-11"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarwickKutnerBrown2004v-20"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAleer-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Official_Charts_Company-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Official_Charts_Company-15"},{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"punch cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card"},{"link_name":"Johnnie Walker's afternoon show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnnie_Walker_(DJ)#BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BL-32"},{"link_name":"Record Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAleer-11"},{"link_name":"1971 postal strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_United_Kingdom_postal_workers_strike"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"motorcycle couriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_courier"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAleer-11"},{"link_name":"Daily Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror"},{"link_name":"Nationwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationwide_(TV_programme)"},{"link_name":"World in Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_in_Action"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Official chart","text":"Before 1969 there was no official singles chart.[11][18][19] Record Retailer and the BBC commissioned the British Market Research Bureau (BMRB) to compile charts, beginning 15 February 1969.[11][14] The BMRB compiled its first chart from postal returns of sales logs from 250 record shops.[14] The sampling cost approximately £52,000; shops were randomly chosen from a pool of approximately 6,000, and submitted figures for sales taken up to the close of trade on Saturday. The sales diaries were translated into punch cards so the data could be interpreted by a computer. A computer then compiled the chart on Monday, and the BBC were informed of the Top 50 on Tuesday in time for it to be announced on Johnnie Walker's afternoon show. The charts were also published in Record Retailer (rebranded Record & Tape Retailer in 1971 and Music Week in 1972)[31] and Record Mirror.[11] However, the BMRB often struggled to have the full sample of sales figures returned by post. The 1971 postal strike meant data had to be collected by telephone (and that the chart was reduced to a Top 40 during this period),[32] but this was deemed inadequate for a national chart; by 1973, the BMRB was using motorcycle couriers to collect sales figures.[11] In March 1978, two record industry publications, Radio & Record News and Record Business both started publishing Top 100 singles charts, so in response, in May 1978, the BMRB singles chart was expanded from a Top 50 to a Top 75, while abolishing the system where some falling records were excluded from the 41-50 section, as well as abandoning the additional list of 10 \"Breakers\". Earlier that year, the Daily Mirror and the BBC's Nationwide television programme both investigated chart hyping, where record company representatives allegedly purchased records from chart return shops. A World in Action documentary exposé in 1980 also revealed corruption within the industry; stores' chart-returns dealers would frequently be offered bribes to falsify sales logs.[33]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Phonographic Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1991206-35"},{"link_name":"the Gallup Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gallup_Organization"},{"link_name":"[nb 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-38"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAleer-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Official_Charts_Company-15"},{"link_name":"Frankie Goes to Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Goes_to_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"ZTT Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZTT_Records"},{"link_name":"Two Tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Tribes"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-38"},{"link_name":"barcode scanners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode_scanners"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MWCountdown-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200514-43"},{"link_name":"cassette single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassette_single"},{"link_name":"7-inch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-inch_single"},{"link_name":"12-inch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-inch_single"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Kylie Minogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylie_Minogue"},{"link_name":"Hand on Your Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_on_Your_Heart"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"W H Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_H_Smith"},{"link_name":"electronic point of sale (EPoS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_sale"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MWCountdown-42"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MWNewChart-47"},{"link_name":"Spotlight Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Newspapers"},{"link_name":"[nb 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"Woolworths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolworths_Group_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"HMV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMV_Group"},{"link_name":"Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Megastores"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MWCountdown-42"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fair_Trade-50"},{"link_name":"Chart Supervisory Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts#The_Chart_Supervisory_Committee"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MWNewChart-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1991207-52"},{"link_name":"Miller Freeman, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_Freeman,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MWCountdown-42"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1991207-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"John Menzies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Menzies"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MWCountdown-42"},{"link_name":"Epson PX-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epson_PX-4"},{"link_name":"tills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_register#In_current_use"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"formats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_format"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Format-56"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BL-32"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Charts Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charts_Plus_(1990s_publication)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"the Orb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Orb"},{"link_name":"\"Blue Room\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Room_(The_Orb_song)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendered"},{"link_name":"Research International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_International"},{"link_name":"Nielsen Market Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Company"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MWCountdown-42"},{"link_name":"Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Megastores"},{"link_name":"JDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDA_Software"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Electronic-age charts: the Gallup era","text":"From 1983 to 1990, the chart was financed by the British Phonographic Industry (50 percent), Music Week (38 percent) and the BBC (12 percent).[34] On 4 January 1983, the chart compilation was assumed by the Gallup Organization, which expanded the public/Music Week chart to a Top 100 (with a \"Next 25\" in addition to the Top 75),[nb 2] with the full Top 200[36] being available to people within the industry. Gallup also began the introduction of computerised compilers, automating the data-collection process.[11][14] Later in the year, the rules about the kind of free gifts that could come with singles were tightened, as the chart compilers came to the conclusion that a lot of consumers were buying certain releases for the T-shirts that came with them and not the actual record (stickers were also banned). However, bands like Frankie Goes to Hollywood were still able to release their singles over a wide range of formats including picture discs and various remixes, with ZTT Records putting out \"Two Tribes\" over eight formats in 1984.[37][38][39]In June 1987,[36] double pack singles were banned as a format with four-track singles having to be released as a single vinyl 7 inch EP and all singles needing to be under 20 minutes in length, as releases longer than 20 minutes would be classed as an album (with most longer EPs falling into the budget albums category). In July 1987, Gallup signed a new agreement with the BPI, increasing the sample size to approximately 500 stores and introducing barcode scanners to read data.[40] The chart was based entirely on sales of vinyl single records from retail outlets and announced on Tuesday until October 1987, when the Top 40 was revealed each Sunday (due to the new, automated process).[41]The 1980s also saw the introduction of the cassette single (or \"cassingle\") alongside the 7-inch and 12-inch record formats; in 1987, major record labels developed a common format for the compact disc single, which was allowed to count as a chart format from December 1987.[42] In May 1989, chart regulations kept Kylie Minogue's song \"Hand on Your Heart\" from entering at number one because sales from cassette singles were not included (they were sold for £1.99 – cheaper than allowed at the time). Following this, the BPI reduced the minimum price for cassette singles to influence sales figures.[43] In September 1989, W H Smith began to send sales data to Gallup directly through electronic point of sale (EPoS) terminals.[40]In January 1990, the BPI gave notice to Gallup, BBC and Music Week; on 30 June 1990, it terminated its contract with them because it \"could no longer afford the £600,000 a year cost\".[44][45] From 1 July 1990, the Chart Information Network (CIN) was formed by Spotlight Publications[nb 3] (publisher of Music Week), in cooperation with the BBC and the British Association of Record Dealers (BARD) – representing retailers, including W H Smith, Woolworths, HMV and Virgin – who agreed to exclusively supply sales data to the CIN.[40][47] A Chart Supervisory Committee (CSC) represented the BBC, CIN and retailers. The BPI were reluctant to join and \"consider[ed] the option of launching a rival chart\"[45] but in September, an agreement was reached, and it joined the CSC.[48] For this period, the chart was produced by Gallup and owned by CIN and Music Week (who would then sell it to the BBC and BPI), with around 900 shops providing the data from point of sale machines (though the data was distilled back down to a sample of 250 stores to provide a consistency with the charts of the early 1980s).[49]In January 1991, the CIN became a joint venture between Link House Magazines (formerly Spotlight Publications, later Miller Freeman, Inc.)[50] and the BPI; they shared the revenue and costs (reportedly between £750,000 and £1 million).[40][49][51] During this time, other retailers (such as Woolworths and John Menzies) began submitting data using EPoS terminals.[40] In late 1991, the sample consisted of 500 stores scanning barcodes of all record sales into an Epson PX-4 computer, and 650 other stores providing sales data through their own EPoS computerised tills. These computers were to be telephoned six times a week, providing the data to Gallup.[52] In June 1991, the BPI reduced the number of eligible formats from five to four.[53]In November 1990, the \"Next 25\" section of the UK singles chart (positions 76–100, with special rules) ceased to be printed in the trade magazine Music Week, who decided to focus on records in the charts described as hits.[citation needed] In April 1991, Record Mirror ceased publication, along with the \"Next 25\".[31][54][55] At this point, Gallup was compiling a Top 200 singles chart and Top 150 albums chart for industry insiders, with the data accessed by subscribing to Music Week's spin-off newsletter Charts Plus. (Note: As of December 2020, the Official Charts Company website is still missing much of the data on regards to records in positions 76 to 100 from 1991 to 12 February 1994.)[56][57]The growth of dance music culture in the late 1980s had resulted in records with many remixes, though with a single only officially running to 20 minutes this meant that many of the European-style maxi-singles could not be included. Therefore, in June 1991,[58] the rules were amended to include maxi-singles with versions/remixes of one song lasting 40 minutes, standard four track/four song releases getting an extra five minutes playing time, and now four formats contributing to the chart position. Due to this ruling, ambient duo the Orb were able to have a Top Ten hit with \"Blue Room\", a song that was three seconds short of 40 minutes.[citation needed]In February 1993, the research contract for the chart was put out to tender, with a new four-year contract beginning 1 February 1994 offered. Millward Brown, Research International and Nielsen Market Research were approached, and Gallup were invited to re-apply.[59] In May 1993, it was announced that Millward Brown had been accepted as the next chart compilers, signing a £1-million-a-year contract.[40] Virgin installed JDA EPoS terminals in September 1993, and began providing sales data to Gallup.[60]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Official_Charts_Company-15"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MilBro-64"},{"link_name":"Epson terminal with a modem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_sale"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MilBro-64"},{"link_name":"Office of Fair Trading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Fair_Trading"},{"link_name":"interim order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_order"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Format-56"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Format-56"},{"link_name":"7-inch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-inch"},{"link_name":"12-inch single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-inch_single"},{"link_name":"cassette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassette_single"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc_single"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Oasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis_(band)"},{"link_name":"Some Might Say","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Might_Say"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Charts Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charts_Plus_(1990s_publication)"},{"link_name":"Hit Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_Music_(Newsletter)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"B*Witched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B*Witched"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_and_the_Pacemakers"},{"link_name":"Spice Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_Girls"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Westlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westlife"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"millennium bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_bug"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Year 2000 compliant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2000_problem#Programming_solutions"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Beggars Banquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beggars_Banquet_Records"},{"link_name":"Liquid Audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_Audio"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Hey Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey!_Baby"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-86"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"9 PM (Till I Come)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_PM_(Till_I_Come)"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"The Official UK Charts Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_UK_Charts_Company"}],"sub_title":"Electronic-age charts: the Millward Brown era","text":"Millward Brown took over compiling the charts on 1 February 1994, increasing the sample size;[14][61] by the end of the month, each shop sampled used a barcode scanner linking via an Epson terminal with a modem to a central computer (called \"Eric\"), which logged data from more than 2,500 stores.[61] Gallup attempted to block Millward Brown's new chart by complaining to the Office of Fair Trading about the contractual clause in which BARD retailers exclusively supplied sales data to CIN, but the interim order was rejected.[62] In June 1995 the case was dropped, after the clause allowing BARD retailers to supply sales information to other chart compilers was deleted; because CIN retained the copyright, other compilers could not use (or sell) the information.[63]On 2 April 1995, the number of eligible formats was reduced from four to three.[53] The decision came after nine months of negotiations with BARD, which objected that it would adversely affect the vinyl record industry.[64] Although record labels were not prohibited from releasing singles in more than three formats, they were required to identify the three eligible formats.[53] This resulted in a reduction in the number of singles released in 7-inch format; the most common three formats were 12-inch single, cassette and CD, or a cassette and two CD versions.[65] The ruling resulted in the Oasis single \"Some Might Say\" charting twice in one week – at number 1 with sales from the three eligible formats, and at number 71 from sales in a fourth (12-inch) format.[66]Subsequently, CIN sought to develop new marketing opportunities and sponsorship deals; these included premium-rate fax and telephone services and the chart newsletters Charts Plus (published from May 1991 to November 1994) and Hit Music (published from September 1992 to May 2001). Beginning in May 1991 Charts Plus featured singles charts with positions 76–200 (plus artist albums positions 76–150, Top 50 compilations, and several genre and format charts). In September 1992, a second newsletter was created: Hit Music, a sister publication of Music Week featuring (among other charts) the singles Top 75 and a revived \"Next 25\". In November 1994, Charts Plus ceased publication; Hit Music expanded its chart coverage to an uncompressed (without special rules) Top 200 Singles, Top 150 Artists Albums and Top 50 Compilations. In November 1996, the Artist Albums chart extended to a Top 200. Hit Music ceased publication in May 2001 with issue number 439.[67]In February 1997, CIN and BARD agreed to a new 18-month deal for the charts.[68] In 1998 the CSC agreed to new rules reducing the number of tracks on a single from four to three, playing time from 25 minutes to 20 and the compact disc single minimum dealer price to £1.79.[69] This particularly affected the dance music industry which had previously released CDs full of remixes, with some labels having to edit or fade out remixes early in order to fit them on a CD single. On 1 July 1998, BARD and BPI took over management of the chart from CIN (a Miller Freeman and BPI venture) with new company Music Industry Chart Services (Mics);[70] however, in August they decided to return to compiling the charts under the name CIN.[71]In the late 1990s, the singles chart became more 'frontloaded', with many releases peaking in the first couple of weeks on chart. This helped Irish girl group B*Witched become the first pop band to debut at the top with each of their first four releases (with the group's singles found at number one in the period between June 1998 to March 1999).[72][73][74][75][76] Between 1963 and the 1990s, only a few acts had reached number one with their first three chart hits. In the late 1990s, The Spice Girls[77] and current record holders Westlife[78][79] also outperformed this feat, with the former getting six and the latter seven number ones from the start of their careers.In 1999, Millward Brown began \"re-chipping\" some retailers' machines, in anticipation of the millennium bug.[80] However, some independent retailers lost access to the record-label-funded Electronic Record Ordering System (Eros); it was \"too costly to make it Year 2000 compliant\".[81] Towards the end of the 1990s companies anticipated distributing singles over the Internet, following the example of Beggars Banquet and Liquid Audio (who made 2,000 tracks available for digital download in the US).[82]On the Official Singles Chart for 22 September 2001, DJ Otzi's \"Hey Baby\"[83][84] became the first single ever to jump to number one from outside the Top 40 when it went from number 45 to number one. \"Hey Baby\" had charted for seven weeks outside the Top 40 due to imported copies from the Republic of Ireland being available in UK chart shops and the fact that the officially released UK single had the same catalogue number as the Irish import, meaning that the CIN (Chart Information Network) did not list the two versions as separate versions, as they had done with ATB's \"9 PM (Till I Come)\",[85] which had charted as five separate entries before the official release reached number one.In November 2001, CIN changed its name to \"The Official UK Charts Company\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nobel_Peace_Prize_Concert_2009_Westlife2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Westlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westlife"},{"link_name":"Flying Without Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Without_Wings"},{"link_name":"MyCoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyCoke"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"iTunes Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"UK Official Download Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Official_Download_Chart"},{"link_name":"Westlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westlife"},{"link_name":"Flying Without Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Without_Wings"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"High Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Street"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Gorillaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorillaz"},{"link_name":"Feel Good Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feel_Good_Inc."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pump It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump_It"},{"link_name":"The Black Eyed Peas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Eyed_Peas"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Crazy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_(Gnarls_Barkley_song)"},{"link_name":"Gnarls Barkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnarls_Barkley"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Chasing Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasing_Cars"},{"link_name":"Snow Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Patrol"},{"link_name":"Honey to the Bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_to_the_Bee"},{"link_name":"Billie Piper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Piper"},{"link_name":"Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"Chris Moyles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Moyles"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-86"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-95"},{"link_name":"Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_(Snow_Patrol_song)#Leona_Lewis_version"},{"link_name":"Leona Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leona_Lewis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Internet era","text":"Irish boy band Westlife achieved the first number one on the UK Singles Downloads Chart with \"Flying Without Wings\" in September 2004.In January 2004, MyCoke Music launched as the \"first significant download retailer\".[86] Legal downloading was initially small, with MyCokeMusic selling over 100,000 downloads during its first three months. In June the iTunes Store was launched in the UK, and more than 450,000 songs were downloaded during the first week.[87] In early September the UK Official Download Chart was launched, and a new live recording of Westlife's \"Flying Without Wings\" was the first number-one.[88]In 2005, the BBC Radio 1 chart show was rebranded for the chart week ending 16 April, with the first singles chart now combining physical-release sales with legal downloads. Several test charts (and a download-sales chart) were published in 2004; this combination (within the official singles chart) reflected a changing era in which sales of physical singles fell and download sales rose. It was said (by BBC Radio 1 presenters JK and Joel on 17 April 2005) that the incorporation of download sales resulted in an approximate doubling of singles sales for this week, but the impact of this doubling was not readily apparent at the top of the chart, although a few singles in the middle positions benefited.[citation needed]Initially, the British Association of Record Dealers was concerned that the popularity of downloading would siphon business from the High Street.[citation needed] It also complained that including singles not available physically would confuse customers and create gaps in stores' sale racks. However, it agreed to the new rules provided that digital sales were only included to a single's sales tally if there was a physical equivalent sold in shops at the time. Since there was no rule governing a minimum number of pressings, Gorillaz released only 300 vinyl copies of their single \"Feel Good Inc.\" on 12 April 2005 (a month before its general release). This allowed it to debut in the chart at number 22 (eventually reaching number 2), and remain in the Top 40 for a longer period.[citation needed]After pressure from elsewhere in the music industry a second compromise was reached in 2006, which now allowed singles to chart on downloads the week before their physical release. The first song to make the Top 40 on downloads alone was \"Pump It\" by The Black Eyed Peas,[89] which charted at number 16 on 12 March 2006. Three weeks later, \"Crazy\" by Gnarls Barkley became the first song to top the charts on download sales alone. As part of the revised rules, singles would now be removed from the chart two weeks after the deletion of their physical formats; \"Crazy\" left the chart 11 weeks later from number 5. This was in addition to the existing rule that to be eligible for the chart, the physical single had to have been released within the last twelve months, supporting the general view that the chart reflected the top-selling \"current\" releases.[citation needed]On 1 January 2007, the integration of downloaded music into the charts became complete when all downloads – with or without a physical equivalent – became eligible to chart, redefining the UK singles chart by turning it into a \"songs\" chart. \"Chasing Cars\" by Snow Patrol returned at a Top 10 position (number 9, just three places below the peak it had reached the previous September), while \"Honey to the Bee\" by Billie Piper (following a tongue-in-cheek promotional push by Radio 1 DJ Chris Moyles to test the new chart rules) reappeared at number 17 (nearly eight years after its original appearance on the charts).[citation needed]In October 2008, P!nk broke the 1982 chart record set by Captain Sensible's \"Happy Talk\"[90] for biggest Top 40 jump to number one, when \"So What\" vaulted from 38 to 1 (a statistic which would be matched in 2022 by Adele).[91][83][92]The first number-one hit never released physically was \"Run\" by Leona Lewis, the 11th song in total to reach number one on downloads alone. Unlike the previous 10, it did not receive a physical release in subsequent weeks (although it was released physically overseas, notably in Germany where the price of a record counted towards the chart position and not just number of units sold).[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Killing in the Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_in_the_Name"},{"link_name":"Rage Against the Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine"},{"link_name":"Jon Morter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Morter"},{"link_name":"The X Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"John Otway's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Otway"},{"link_name":"Disco Inferno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_Inferno"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Entertainment UK-associated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_UK"},{"link_name":"Woolworths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolworths_Group_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nme-98"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahoo-99"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morello-100"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gigwise-liam-101"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theprodigy-103"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccartney-104"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-celebrities-105"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"excessive citations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-rage-107"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"}],"sub_title":"Christmas number one campaign","text":"In 2009, \"Killing in the Name\" by Rage Against the Machine became the Christmas Number One after English DJ Jon Morter and his wife Tracy launched a campaign to make sure that an act from the ITV talent show The X Factor was not number one for the fifth time in a row. Influenced by John Otway's 50th birthday hit single fan campaign, which saw Otway's \"Disco Inferno\"-sampling single \"Bunsen Burner\"[93] reach number 9 in 2002 without being stocked by Entertainment UK-associated retailers like Woolworths,[94] the Morters encouraged people on Facebook to download the song the week before Christmas.[95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][excessive citations] When \"Killing in the Name\" hit the top spot on 20 December 2009, it became the first download-only single to become the UK Christmas number one[104] and would go on to receive a Guinness World Record for 'Fastest-selling digital track in the UK', after selling 502,672 units in its first week.[105]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spotify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify"},{"link_name":"Deezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deezer"},{"link_name":"Napster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster"},{"link_name":"Xbox Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Music"},{"link_name":"rara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rara.com"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Gecko (Overdrive)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecko_(Overdrive)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Heldens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heldens"},{"link_name":"Becky Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky_Hill"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Official Charts Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"Ariana Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana_Grande"},{"link_name":"Problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_(Ariana_Grande_song)"},{"link_name":"Iggy Azalea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iggy_Azalea"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-86"},{"link_name":"Ed Sheeran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Sheeran"},{"link_name":"Thinking Out Loud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinking_Out_Loud"},{"link_name":"Union J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_J"},{"link_name":"You Got It All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Got_It_All_(Union_J_song)"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"÷","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%B7_(album)"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Three Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Lions_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Lightning Seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lightning_Seeds"},{"link_name":"Frank Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Skinner"},{"link_name":"David Baddiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Baddiel"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc"},{"link_name":"Metal Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Hammer"},{"link_name":"Classic Rock magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Rock_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"monthly albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"}],"sub_title":"Streaming era","text":"It was announced in June 2014 that as of Sunday, 29 June, audio streams from services such as Spotify, Deezer, Napster, O2 Tracks, Xbox Music, Sony Unlimited, and rara would be counted towards the Official Singles Chart, in order to reflect changing music consumption in the United Kingdom.[106] The final number one on the UK Singles Chart to be based on sales alone was \"Gecko (Overdrive)\" by Oliver Heldens featuring Becky Hill.[107] On Sunday 6 July 2014, the Official Charts Company announced that Ariana Grande had earned a place in UK chart history when her single \"Problem\" featuring Iggy Azalea became the first number-one single based on sales and streaming data.[108] On the chart of 16 August 2014, Nico & Vinz's \"Am I Wrong\" jumped from number 52 to number 1 in its sixth week, after the streaming hit (the first single ever to chart in the Top 75 on streams alone) became available to purchase.[109][83]On 7 December 2014, Ed Sheeran's \"Thinking Out Loud\" became the first single to reach number one as a direct result of streaming inclusion. Despite Union J's \"You Got It All\" topping the Sales Chart that week, \"Thinking Out Loud\" was streamed 1.6 million times in the same week, resulting in an overall lead of 13,000 chart sales.[110]On 10 March 2017, Ed Sheeran claimed 9 of the top 10 positions in the chart when his album ÷ was released.[111] The large number of tracks from the album on the singles chart, 16 in the top 20, led to a change in how the chart is compiled with tracks from a lead artist eligible for entry limited to three.[112] Also the idea of Standard Chart Ratios (SCR) and Accelerated Chart Ratios (ACR) were introduced, with ACR halving streaming points for records that have been in the charts for a while (which includes most catalogue tracks, excepting certain cases),[113] the effect being that a number of hits have plummeted out of the top ten with drops of around 20 places one week only to level off again the next. Due to these factors, on 20 July 2018, \"Three Lions\" by The Lightning Seeds, Frank Skinner, and David Baddiel beat the Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Choir record for number one chart fall and got the Guinness World Records' award for \"largest chart drop from number one on the UK singles chart\" by going from number one to number 97.[114][115]In 2018, Future (publisher of \"Louder Sound\" publications such as Metal Hammer and Classic Rock magazine)[116][117][118][119] acquired Music Week publisher NewBay Media. Future decided that the publication would go monthly from March 2021, and so a bespoke monthly Official Singles Chart Top 75 started to be published from this date alongside monthly albums charts and specialist/genre charts.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LadBaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LadBaby"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialcharts.com-1"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Wham!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wham!"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"LadBaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LadBaby"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialcharts.com-1"},{"link_name":"Sausage Rolls for Everyone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausage_Rolls_for_Everyone"},{"link_name":"Merry Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merry_Christmas_(song)"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"one-hit wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_one-hit_wonders_on_the_UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Sausage Rolls for Everyone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausage_Rolls_for_Everyone"},{"link_name":"B*Witched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B*Witched"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Sausage Rolls for Everyone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausage_Rolls_for_Everyone"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Food Aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Aid"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Running Up That Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_Up_That_Hill"},{"link_name":"Kate Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Bush"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Green Green Grass of Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green,_Green_Grass_of_Home"},{"link_name":"Rob Brydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Brydon"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"}],"sub_title":"The chart in the 2020s","text":"On 1 January 2021, \"Don't Stop Me Eatin'\" by LadBaby dropped down the Official Chart Company's singles chart to number 78 and so became the first new track to drop out of the Top 75 (\"hit parade\") from number one. In doing so it broke the record for shortest stay in the hit parade for a number one single (as in The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles list of Top 75 singles chart records) with only one week in the Top 75.[1][120] A week later, \"Last Christmas\" by Wham! became the first record to disappear completely from number one spot, exiting the Official Charts Company Top 100 chart with no placing on the chart (week ending 14 January 2021).[121][122] As \"Last Christmas\" replaced \"Don't Stop Me Eatin'\" by LadBaby, which had dropped down the singles chart to number 78 on 1 January, it was the first time in chart history that two back-to-back number ones had disappeared not only from the BBC Radio 1 Top 40, but the Top 75 as well (though as \"Last Christmas\" didn't have a chart placing, \"3 Lions\" is still credited with the record-breaking fall at Guinness World Records).[1]On 24 December 2021, LadBaby secured their fourth Christmas No.1 in a row with \"Sausage Rolls for Everyone\", a comedy version of the preceding number one \"Merry Christmas\" by Ed Sheeran and Elton John (as they were credited by the OCC on the LadBaby version, Sheeran and John happened to be in positions 1 and 2, with these singles acquiring sales of 226,953 between 17 and 23 December 2021).[123] It was the fourth time since 1952 that the number one had been replaced at the top by another version of the same song, with two versions of \"Answer Me\" in 1953, two versions of \"Singing The Blues\" alternating at the top in 1957, and one-hit wonder Frankee having an answer record to the number one by Eamon in 2004. \"Sausage Rolls for Everyone\" made LadBaby join B*Witched as an act who managed to get their first four singles at number one (with LadBaby having no other hits in their discography),[124][125][126] and beat The Beatles who had four Christmas number ones over five years between 1963 - 1967, with the Liverpudlian group missing out in 1966 (The Spice Girls also had three consecutively in the 1990s). \"Sausage Rolls for Everyone\" was also credited as the 70th Official Christmas Number 1[127][128] by the OCC, who had also announced that \"Killing In The Name\" by Rage Against The Machine had been named as the 'UK's Favourite Christmas Number 1 of All Time'[129] in a poll commissioned to celebrate this Christmas Number 1 race. LadBaby would secure their fifth Christmas No.1 in a row on 23 December 2022 with \"Food Aid\", officially surpassing The Beatles when it came to overall Christmas Number 1s.On 7 January 2022, after it had returned to number one for an additional week, \"Merry Christmas\" became the first record with SCR streaming status (Standard Chart Ratio) to completely drop out of the Top 100 from number one, exiting at the same time as \"Sausage Rolls For Everyone\". The chart published on 7 January 2022 also saw the first instance when the entire previous week's Top 10 singles (actually the Top 13 singles)[130] had exited the chart. It was not only the Top 10 singles that had disappeared from the chart, but a record breaking 54 singles which had disappeared from the UK Top 75 (including 52 Christmas-themed tracks). This week's chart saw those songs replaced by 12 new entries and 42 re-entries, the largest amount in chart history.In June 2022, the Netflix show Stranger Things[131] used \"Running Up That Hill\" by Kate Bush in their fourth season, which resulted in the record (which had previously charted in 1985 via EMI and in 2012 via Kate Bush's Fish People record label) re-enter the charts at number 8.[132] On the Official Singles Chart Top 100 of 10 June 2022 to 16 June 2022, the record climbed to number two,[133] even though it was revealed to be the most popular track of the week in the United Kingdom[134] and even though all versions (regardless of it being an album track, live version or remix)[135] now counted to its chart position. Sales for the week had the number one record, Harry Styles' \"As It Was\", on a SCR total of 55,768 sales, compared to Kate Bush's number two on an ACR sales total of 44,739.[136] Encumbered with ACR, a rule introduced in 2017 to push down a number of long-running 'recent' hits but applied to all catalogue recordings over three years old, saw all totals for Bush's streaming data halved, so that she got one sale for every 200 plays from her 7,470,792 premium audio stream total and one sale from every 1,200 plays of her 1,029,666 ad-funded audio stream total.[137] Added to premium video streams and digital downloads she ended up with the total of 44,739 sales rather than the 83,613 she would have done with a SCR listing. \nOn 14 June 2022,[138] it was revealed that the Chart Supervisory Committee (CSC) had given the record an exemption from the ACR accelerated decline rule, with the record now on a SCR listing, giving Kate Bush the chance to get another number one, more than 44 years after \"Wuthering Heights\" and the first number one for her own record label, Fish People (as EMI-Universal are no longer the rights holders).[139]On 17 June 2022, \"Running Up That Hill (A Deal With God)\" reached number one on the UK chart and not only did Bush get a second number one, but also the OCC revealed that she had broken three of their chart records.[140] With the gap of 44 years she eclipses Tom Jones's 42-year gap between \"Green Green Grass of Home\" going to number one and Jones being one of the acts on Comic Relief's \"(Barry) Islands in the Stream\" with Rob Brydon, Ruth Jones and Robin Gibb. She also replaced Cher at the top of the list of oldest female artist chart-toppers at 63 years and 11 months,[141] compared to the 52 years that Cher was when \"Believe\" topped the chart in 1998. Jones and Bush are also on the Top 10 list of oldest artists to score a UK Number 1 single with Bush placed fifth. The last record Bush broke was the one held by Wham!'s \"Last Christmas\", for the track that has taken the longest time to reach Number 1 with \"Running Up That Hill\" first entering the chart in August 1985 and getting to the top 37 years later,[142][143] beating Wham! by a year.[144][145]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Digital audio download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_download_(music)"},{"link_name":"Digital audio stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_audio"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-music_week-151"}],"text":"The full regulations may be downloaded from the Official Charts Company website.[146]To qualify for inclusion in the UK singles chart, a single must be available in one or more of the following eligible formats:[citation needed]Digital audio download music track of up to 15 minutes\nDigital audio stream music track of up to 15 minutes\nDigital single bundle of up to four tracks with a maximum of 25 minutes playing time\nCD with up to two tracks\nCD, DVD or other digital memory device with up to four tracks with a maximum of 25 minutes playing time\n7 inch vinyl with up to three tracks or 12 inch vinyl with up to four tracks, and up to 25 minutes playing time\nOne song and any number of remixes up to a maximum playing time of 40 minutesThere are minimum sales prices for all formats apart from on demand digital streams which may be from subscription or advertising funded providers. The streams were initially counted at 100 streams equivalent to one paid download or physical sale, but changed to 150 to 1 in January 2017.[147] Starting with charts published 7 July 2017, tracks by a lead artist eligible for entry in the top 100 would be limited to three. The streams-to-sales ratio for tracks whose sales (including streams) have declined for three consecutive weeks and have charted for at least ten weeks is changed to 300:1 to accelerate removal of older songs.[148]","title":"Inclusion criteria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Official Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Chart"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Pick of the Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick_of_the_Pops"},{"link_name":"Light Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Light_Programme"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAleer-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAleer-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAleer-11"},{"link_name":"David Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jacobs_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"Alan Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Freeman"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FreemanGuard-152"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FreemanIndep-153"},{"link_name":"Pete Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Murray_(disc_jockey)"},{"link_name":"David Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jacobs_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Savile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Savile"},{"link_name":"Top of the Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FreemanGuard-152"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAleer-11"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_2"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POPrelease-156"},{"link_name":"Tom Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Browne_(broadcaster_and_actor)"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FreemanIndep-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JLive-157"},{"link_name":"Simon Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Bates"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JLive-157"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Tony Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blackburn"},{"link_name":"Tommy Vance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Vance"},{"link_name":"Richard Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Skinner_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JLive-157"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"Bruno Brookes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Brookes"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BeebShow-161"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200514-43"},{"link_name":"Mark Goodier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Goodier"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BeebShow-161"},{"link_name":"Wes Butters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Butters"},{"link_name":"JK and Joel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JK_and_Joel"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JLive-157"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"Fearne Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearne_Cotton"},{"link_name":"Reggie Yates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Yates"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Jameela Jamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameela_Jamil"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"Clara Amfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Amfo"},{"link_name":"Greg James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_James"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"Jack Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Saunders_(presenter)"},{"link_name":"Radio 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_2"}],"text":"See also: The Official ChartThe BBC aired Pick of the Pops on its Light Programme radio station on 4 October 1955.[11] Initially airing popular songs, it developed an aggregated chart in March 1958. Using the NME, Melody Maker, Disc and Record Mirror charts, the BBC averaged them by totalling points gained on the four charts (one point for a number one, two for a number two, etc.) to give a chart average; however, this method was prone to tied positions.[11] Record Retailer was included in the average on 31 March 1962, after Record Mirror ceased compiling its chart.[11] David Jacobs and Alan Freeman both had stints presenting the Pick of the Pops chart.[149] Freeman took Pick of the Pops to its regular Sunday afternoon slot in early 1962.[150] Freeman (along with Pete Murray, David Jacobs and Jimmy Savile) was one of the four original presenters on Top of the Pops, which first aired 1 January 1964 on BBC One (then known as BBC TV).[149][151] Top of the Pops, like Pick of the Pops, used a combination of predominant periodicals until the formation of the BMRB chart in 1969.[11]From 30 September 1967 BBC Radio 1 was launched along with BBC Radio 2, succeeding the Light Programme,[152] and the Top-20 Pick of the Pops chart was simulcast on both stations.[153] Freeman continued to present the show until September 1972, and was succeeded by Tom Browne who presented the chart, also on Sundays, from October 1972 to March 1978.[150][154] Simon Bates took over from Browne, and under Bates it became a Top-40 show in 1978.[154][155] Bates was succeeded by Tony Blackburn, who presented the show for two-and-a-half years; Tommy Vance, who presented for two years, Bates returned in January 1984 and presented the show until September that year, then Richard Skinner for eighteen months.[154][156][157] Bruno Brookes took over in 1986[158] and, in October 1987, automated data collection allowed the countdown to be announced on the Sunday chart show (instead of on Tuesdays).[41]In 1990, Brookes was replaced as presenter by Mark Goodier, but returned 18 months later. Goodier took over from Brookes once more in 1995 and continued presenting the show until 2002.[158] In February 2003 Wes Butters hosted the chart show; two years later his contract was not renewed, and he was replaced by JK and Joel.[154][159] The duo were made redundant by Radio 1 in September 2007; Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates replaced them at the helm of the chart show.[160] Cotton left in September 2009, and until 2012 the chart show was hosted by Yates.[161] Yates left Radio 1 at the end of 2012, because he wanted to spend more time with his family, as well as focusing more on television. Jameela Jamil took over from him in January 2013, becoming the first woman to host, alone, the BBC Chart show[162] before being replaced by Clara Amfo. On 10 July 2015, Greg James took over from Amfo, when the new chart announcement was moved to Friday afternoons,.[163] Scott Mills was the regular presenter,[164] taking over from James,[165] from 15 June 2018.[166] Currently, the host is Jack Saunders following Mills' move over to rival BBC station Radio 2.","title":"Chart broadcasts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greg James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_James"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Scott Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Mills"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"Newsbeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsbeat"},{"link_name":"Nick Grimshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Grimshaw"},{"link_name":"Cel Spellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel_Spellman"},{"link_name":"Katie Thistleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Thistleton"}],"sub_title":"Midweek chart updates","text":"From March 2010 Greg James hosted a half-hour show at 3:30 pm on Wednesdays, announcing a chart update based on midweek sales figures previously only available to the industry. The managing director of the Official Charts Company, Martin Talbot, said in a statement that it would provide \"insight into how the race for number one is shaping up\".[167] Scott Mills became the host of the Chart Update from April 2012, due to schedule changes which saw Mills host what was Greg's early afternoon show.[168] When the chart moved to Fridays in July 2015, the chart update moved to 5:30 pm on Mondays.[169] The show was then once again hosted by Greg James and the top ten songs are quickly overviewed with the top three being played in full before Newsbeat at 5:45pm. It was presented by Nick Grimshaw due to his swap of times with Greg James. In 2019 it was moved to a new time of Sunday evenings between 6 pm and 7 pm presented by Cel Spellman and Katie Thistleton replacing the Radio 1 Most Played Chart. The top twenty is overviewed with around fifteen songs being played in full, including the top ten.","title":"Chart broadcasts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"}],"text":"Since February 2016, the Official Charts Company have published the Official Trending Chart. Published every Tuesday morning (a day after the full midweek chart comes out at 5:45pm) the chart is based on the first three sales days of each week, highlights new and future hits (those tracks not officially in the Top 10), and works in conjunction with a playlist found on Spotify, Deezer and via Apple Music.[170][171][172][173]","title":"Official Trending Chart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola"},{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"BBC Charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Charter"},{"link_name":"childhood obesity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_obesity"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"}],"text":"In 1999, the chart was sponsored by worldpop.com with the company receiving name recognition during the BBC programme. However, the deal ended when the website went out of business in late 2001. As part of an agreement with Billboard to publish the UK chart in section of their magazine, Billboard required the chart to have a sponsor. In 2003, it was announced that Coca-Cola had signed a two-year contract with the Official Charts Company beginning 1 January 2004. Although the amount was not publicly disclosed, it was believed to be between £1.5 million and £2 million. Since advertising on the BBC is prohibited under the BBC Charter and the government was attempting to reduce childhood obesity, the decision was widely criticised. Coca-Cola was restricted to two on-air mentions during the chart show, with the BBC justifying the deal by saying it did not negotiate or benefit financially.[174] A few days into the contract, the BBC agreed to drop on-air mentions of the brand.[175]","title":"Sponsorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pirate radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Radio London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonderful_Radio_London"},{"link_name":"Radio Caroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Caroline"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mw-179"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Pick of the Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick_of_the_Pops"},{"link_name":"New Musical Express (NME)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"Record Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror"},{"link_name":"Melody Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Maker"},{"link_name":"Disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Record Retailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Retailer"}],"text":"With no official chart before 1969, a number of periodicals compiled their own charts during the 1950s and 1960s. Pirate radio stations such as Radio London and Radio Caroline also broadcast their own charts.[176] The five main charts (as used by BBC's Pick of the Pops) were:New Musical Express (NME) (1952–1988): The first singles chart, a major source, widely followed throughout the 1960s\nRecord Mirror (1955–1962): The second singles chart; compiled the first album chart, published Record Retailer chart from 1962. The Pick of the Pops average stopped using Record Mirror after 21 May 1960, due to the paper changing its weekly publication day\nMelody Maker (1956–1988): The third singles chart, major source for album charts from 1958 onwards\nDisc (1958–1967): The fourth singles chart\nRecord Retailer (1960–1969): The fifth singles chart; a trade paper; jointly formed BMRB chart in 1969. Not included in the Pick of the Pops average until 1966.","title":"Comparison of singles charts (1952–1969)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReesLazellOsborne19955-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReesLazellOsborne199511-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zywietz-36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"United Newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Newspapers"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"^ The first Top 12 contained fifteen records due to tied positions at numbers 7, 8 and 11.[12] The method of numbering was replaced with the more \"familiar\" method by October 1953 – two records tied at number six and the next listed position appeared as number eight.[13]\n\n^ The expansion was not a Top 100, per se, as records were excluded from positions 76–100 if their sales had fallen in two consecutive weeks and if their sales had fallen by 20 per cent compared to the previous week.[35]\n\n^ Spotlight Publications is a subsidiary of United Newspapers[46]","title":"Notes"}]

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[{"title":"Record production portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Record_production"},{"title":"UK Singles Chart records and statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart_records_and_statistics"},{"title":"List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_UK_Singles_Chart"},{"title":"List of artists who have spent the most weeks on the UK music charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artists_who_have_spent_the_most_weeks_on_the_UK_music_charts"},{"title":"List of best-selling singles by year in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_by_year_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"List of UK Singles Chart Christmas number ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Singles_Chart_Christmas_number_ones"},{"title":"Lists of UK Singles Chart number ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_UK_Singles_Chart_number_ones"},{"title":"Lists of UK top 10 singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_UK_top_10_singles"},{"title":"Official Classical Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Classical_Singles_Chart"},{"title":"Official Subscription Plays Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Subscription_Plays_Chart"},{"title":"List of one-hit wonders on the UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_one-hit_wonders_on_the_UK_Singles_Chart"},{"title":"UK R&B Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_R%26B_Chart"},{"title":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"title":"UK Singles Downloads Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Downloads_Chart"},{"title":"UK Indie Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Indie_Chart"},{"title":"Record Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror"},{"title":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"title":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"title":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"title":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"title":"Charts Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charts_Plus_(1990s_publication)"},{"title":"Hit Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_Music"},{"title":"UKChartsPlus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKChartsPlus"},{"title":"Record Retailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Retailer"},{"title":"Number One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_One_(magazine)"},{"title":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"title":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"title":"The Network Chart Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Network_Chart_Show"},{"title":"Pepsi Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepsi_Chart_(UK)"},{"title":"Hit40uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit40uk"},{"title":"The Official Big Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Big_Top_40"},{"title":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"title":"The eXpat Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_eXpat_Chart"},{"title":"MiTracks Countdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD:UK"},{"title":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian.com-186"},{"title":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"title":"Takeover Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeover_Radio"},{"title":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"title":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"title":"Mike Read","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Read"},{"title":"Talking Pictures TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Pictures_TV"},{"title":"Local TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Television_Limited"},{"title":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"title":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"title":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"title":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"title":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"title":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"title":"Heritage Chart TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.heritagechart.co.uk/hc-tv-shows"},{"title":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"title":"Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_British_Hit_Singles_%26_Albums"},{"title":"The Virgin Book of British Hit Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virgin_Book_of_British_Hit_Singles"}]

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Retrieved 1 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/media/319099/official-uk-charts-singles-chart-rules-april-2013.pdf","url_text":"\"Rules For Chart Eligibility: Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"Lane, Daniel (23 June 2014). \"Streaming and the Official Singles Chart: Everything you need to know!\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 24 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/streaming-and-the-official-singles-chart-everything-you-need-to-know-3109/","url_text":"\"Streaming and the Official Singles Chart: Everything you need to know!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"Official Charts. \"Official Singles Chart Top 100\". OfficialCharts.com. Official Charts Company. 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Kelly Jones from the Stereophonics and comedians Stephen Fry, Ross Noble and Bill Bailey are amongst the other celebrity supporters of the Tracy and Jon Morter's campaign.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gigwise.com/news/53921/The-Prodigy-Rise-Up-Against-The-X-Factor-And-Buy-Rage-Against-The-Machine","url_text":"\"The Prodigy: 'Rise Up Against The X Factor And Buy Rage Against The Machine'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigwise.com","url_text":"Gigwise.com"}]},{"reference":"Scott Colothan (17 December 2009). \"Dave Grohl: 'I'm Buying Rage Against The Machine'\". Gigwise.com. Retrieved 17 December 2009. 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Retrieved 16 December 2009. this is the biggest rise up against the ' industry manufactured shite ' in years and thats why its important --- and fukin funny at the same time act now.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091219183016/http://theprodigy.com/latest-news/37-homepage-section/250-ratm-2","url_text":"\"Liam Howlett: 'Rage Against The Machine'\""},{"url":"http://www.theprodigy.com/latest-news/37-homepage-section/250-ratm-2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Steve Hargrave (18 December 2009). \"Macca Backs Rage Against X Factor No 1\". Sky News. British Sky Broadcasting. Archived from the original on 21 December 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2009. He's just some kid with a career ahead. I've got nothing against that, but it would be kind of funny if Rage Against The Machine got it because it would prove a point.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091221060829/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Showbiz-News/Sir-Paul-McCartney-Backs-Rage-Against-Machine-For-Xmas-Number-One-Against-X-Factors-Joe-McElderry/Article/200912315503407","url_text":"\"Macca Backs Rage Against X Factor No 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News","url_text":"Sky News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Sky_Broadcasting","url_text":"British Sky Broadcasting"},{"url":"http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Showbiz-News/Sir-Paul-McCartney-Backs-Rage-Against-Machine-For-Xmas-Number-One-Against-X-Factors-Joe-McElderry/Article/200912315503407","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Swash, Rosie (18 December 2009). \"Rage Against the Machine for Christmas No 1: The celebrities wade in\". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 21 December 2009. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Blackman

Arthur Blackman

["1 Cricket career","2 Later life","3 References","4 External links"]

English cricketer Arthur BlackmanPersonal informationFull nameArthur BlackmanBorn13 October 1853Dartford, KentDied6 April 1908(1908-04-06) (aged 54)Preston, SussexHeight6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)BattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm roundarm mediumDomestic team information YearsTeam1878Surrey1879–1880Kent1881–1887Sussex Career statistics Competition First-class Matches 20 Runs scored 399 Batting average 11.73 100s/50s 0/1 Top score 73 Balls bowled 672 Wickets 7 Bowling average 37.57 5 wickets in innings 0 10 wickets in match 0 Best bowling 2/20 Catches/stumpings 9/–Source: CricInfo, 20 July 2013 Arthur Blackman (13 October 1853 – 6 April 1908) was an English amateur cricketer active in the 1870s and 1880s. A right-handed batsman and right-arm roundarm medium pace bowler, Blackman made twenty appearances in first-class cricket, playing for three counties. Cricket career Born at Dartford in Kent, Blackman made his first-class cricket debut for Surrey against Nottinghamshire at Trent Bridge in 1878, in what was his only first-class appearance for that county. The following season he began playing for Kent, making his debut for the county against Sussex. He made two more appearances for the county, one in 1879 and one in 1880, as well as playing for the Gentlemen of Kent against the Gentlemen of England. Blackman began playing for Sussex in 1881, making his debut for the county against Nottinghamshire at Hove. He played sporadically for the county until 1887, with 15 of his first-class matches coming for the county. He was also described in his Wisden obituary as "a good field at cover-point, and a useful medium-paced bowler". Later life Outside of cricket, Blackman was a teacher, living in Sussex from 1881 with his wife Sarah. He was related to Kent bowler Fred Martin whom he recommended to the county. He died at Preston in Sussex in 1908 aged 54. References ^ Arthur Blackman, CricInfo. Retrieved 2018-12-13. ^ a b Arthur Blackman, CricketArchive. Retrieved 2018-12-13. ^ Carlaw D (2020) Kent County Cricketers A to Z. Part One: 1806–1914 (revised edition), p. 63. (Available online at the Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians. Retrieved 2020-12-21.) ^ a b c Ambrose D (2003) Brief profile of Arthur Blackman, CricketArchive. Retrieved 2018-12-13. ^ a b Blackman, Mr Arthur, Obituaries in 1908, Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, 1909. Retrieved 2018-12-13. ^ Fred ‘Nutty’ Martin – An Underrated Great, Kent Cricket Heritage Trust, 2018. Retrieved 2018-12-13. External links Arthur Blackman at ESPNcricinfo

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Far_West

Le Far West

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]

1973 film Le Far WestFilm posterDirected byJacques BrelWritten byPaul AndréotaJacques BrelStarringJacques BrelDanièle ÉvenouGabriel JabbourVéronique MucretCinematographyAlain LeventEdited byJacqueline ThiédotRelease date 31 May 1973 (1973-05-31) Running time88 minutesCountriesBelgiumFranceLanguageFrench Le Far West (transl. The Wild West) is a 1973 Belgian-French comedy film starring and directed by Jacques Brel. It was entered into the 1973 Cannes Film Festival, where it was nominated for the Palme d'Or. This was Brel's ninth feature film as an actor, and his second directorial effort. Brel was obsessed with "le Far West" (the Wild West). The film was released 15 May 1973. Plot Jacques, a 40-year-old citizen of Brussels, meets the fakir, Abracadabra who, before dying, gives him a special power. Jacques then meets Gabriel, a generous man, who dresses up as Davy Crockett, and who follows Jacques without asking questions. The two companions and other new friends set out to conquer the wild west, their childhood - just as Voltaire sought Eldorado, and Saint-Exupéry the unknown planet. The wild west they seek cannot be found, because it is an imaginary place, a piece of happiness buried in our hearts. Cast Jacques Brel as Jacques Danièle Évenou as Danièle Gabriel Jabbour as Gabriel Véronique Mucret as Véro References ^ "Festival de Cannes: Far West". festival-cannes.com. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2009. ^ Sara Poole (2004). Brel and Chanson: A Critical Appreciation. p. 92. ISBN 9780761829195. ^ Sara Poole (2004). Brel and Chanson: A Critical Appreciation. p. 49. ISBN 9780761829195. ^ "Films". Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2011. ^ "Le Far West". Retrieved 2 September 2011. External links Far West at IMDb This article related to a Belgian film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to a French film of the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_95109

HD 95109

["1 References"]

This article is about the variable star: U carinae. For u Carinae, see HD 94510. Star in the constellation Carina HD 95109 Location of U Carinae (circled) Observation dataEpoch J2000      Equinox J2000 Constellation Carina Right ascension 10h 57m 48.18690s Declination −59° 43′ 55.8872″ Apparent magnitude (V) 5.72 - 6.90 Characteristics Spectral type F6-G7 Iab Variable type δ Cep AstrometryProper motion (μ) RA: −5.73 mas/yr Dec.: 1.89 mas/yr Parallax (π)0.21 ± 0.56 masDistance1,401 pcAbsolute magnitude (MV)−5.27 DetailsMass7.5 - 11.7 M☉Radius140.7 R☉Luminosity15,000 L☉Surface gravity (log g)1.2 cgsTemperature5,980 KMetallicity+0.01Age29 Myr Other designations U Car, CD−59°3448, HD 95109, HR 4276, HIP 52589 Database referencesSIMBADdata HD 95109 (U Carinae) is a Classical Cepheid variable, a type of variable star, in the constellation Carina. Its apparent magnitude is 6.86. A near-infrared (J band) light curve for U Carinae, adpated from Laney and Stobie (1992) U Car is a δ Cepheid variable with a period of 38.7681 days. It was one of the earliest Cepheids to be discovered. It has also one of the longest periods, and hence is one of the most luminous in the class. There are still only a few Cepheids with longer periods, including RS Puppis, SV Vulpeculae, and the unusual S Vulpeculae. The brightness variation in U Car is caused by fundamental mode pulsations. The radius and temperature both vary, with the radius changing by 42 R☉ during each cycle. The temperature variation causes the spectral type to vary between F6 and G7. References ^ a b c d e Van Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600. ^ a b c d Samus, N. N.; Durlevich, O. V.; et al. (2009). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2013)". VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2009yCat....102025S. 1. Bibcode:2009yCat....102025S. ^ a b c Groenewegen, M. A. T. (2013). "Baade-Wesselink distances to Galactic and Magellanic Cloud Cepheids and the effect of metallicity". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 550: A70. arXiv:1212.5478. Bibcode:2013A&A...550A..70G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220446. S2CID 118665355. ^ Caputo, F.; Bono, G.; Fiorentino, G.; Marconi, M.; Musella, I. (2005). "Pulsation and Evolutionary Masses of Classical Cepheids. I. Milky Way Variables". The Astrophysical Journal. 629 (2): 1021–1033. arXiv:astro-ph/0505149. Bibcode:2005ApJ...629.1021C. doi:10.1086/431641. S2CID 17359646. ^ Tsvetkov, Ts. G. (1985). "Population I pulsating stars. I - Period-luminosity (-colour) relations". Astrophysics and Space Science. 117 (2): 227. Bibcode:1985Ap&SS.117..227T. doi:10.1007/BF00650149. S2CID 119667397. ^ a b Romaniello, M.; Primas, F.; Mottini, M.; Pedicelli, S.; Lemasle, B.; Bono, G.; François, P.; Groenewegen, M. A. T.; Laney, C. D. (2008). "The influence of chemical composition on the properties of Cepheid stars. II. The iron content". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 488 (2): 731. arXiv:0807.1196. Bibcode:2008A&A...488..731R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065661. S2CID 16955805. ^ a b Marsakov, V. A.; Koval', V. V.; Kovtyukh, V. V.; Mishenina, T. V. (2013). "Properties of the population of classical Cepheids in the Galaxy". Astronomy Letters. 39 (12): 851. Bibcode:2013AstL...39..851M. doi:10.1134/S1063773713120050. S2CID 119788977. ^ Laney, C. D.; Stobie, R. S. (April 1992). "JHKL Observations of Galactic Cepheids". Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series. 93: 93–120. Bibcode:1992A&AS...93...93L. Retrieved 20 November 2021. ^ Shapley, H. (1918). "Studies based on the colors and magnitudes in stellar clusters. VIII. The luminosities and distances of 139 Cepheid variables". Astrophysical Journal. 48: 279. Bibcode:1918ApJ....48..279S. doi:10.1086/142435. ^ Laney, C. D.; Stobie, R. S. (1995). "The radii of Galactic Cepheids". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 274 (2): 337. Bibcode:1995MNRAS.274..337L. doi:10.1093/mnras/274.2.337. vteConstellation of Carina List of stars in Carina Carina in Chinese astronomy StarsBayer α (Canopus) β (Miaplacidus) ε (Avior) η θ ι (Aspidiske) υ χ ω Variable R S T (not variable) U Y RT AG BO CK EV GG HR IX OY PP (p) QZ V337 (q) V341 V343 (d) V344 (f) V345 (E) V357 (a) V371 (z2) V372 V376 (b1) V382 (x) V399 (P) V415 (A) V448 (O) V518 V520 (w) V528 V533 (y) V560 V602 V640 V742 V752 V759 V816 V817 V906 HR 2435 (N) 2934 (Q) 3159 (D) 3220 (B) 3260 (C) 3414 (e2) 3415 (e1) 3571 (c) 3598 (b2) 3643 (G) 3663 (i) 3696 (g) 3728 (k) 3821 (H) 3825 (h) 3856 (m) 3884 (l) 4025 (M) 4089 (L) 4102 (I) 4114 (s) 4138 (K) 4142 4159 (r) 4164 (t1) 4177 (t2) 4205 4222 4257 (u) 4325 (z1) HD 53143 63765 (Tapecue) 65216 85628 93129 93250 93403 95086 97950 Other AWI0005x3s CPD−57°2874 DEN 0817−6155 1E 1048-59 Innes' star LHS 288 NGC 3603-A1 NGC 3603-B NGC 3603-C OGLE-TR-182 OGLE-TR-211 OGLE2-TR-L9 Sher 25 WR 20a WR 21a WR 22 WR 24 WR 25 WR 30a WR 31a WR 42e Exoplanets OGLE-TR-111b OGLE-TR-132b OGLE-TR-113b OGLE-TR-182b OGLE-TR-211b OGLE2-TR-L9b HD 63765 b (Yvaga) HD 65216 b HD 65216 c HD 85628 Ab HD 95086 b (Levantes) StarclustersNGC 2516 2808 3114 3293 3324 3532 3603 Other Carina OB1 Carina OB2 Collinder 228 IC 2602 IC 2714 Platais 8 Trumpler 14 Trumpler 15 Trumpler 16 Westerlund 2 NebulaeNGC 2867 3199 3576 3579 3581 3582 3584 3586 Other Carina Nebula G290.1-0.8 Hen 2-47 Homunculus Nebula IC 2220 IC 2448 IGR J11014−6103 RCW 49 GalaxiesNGC 3059 Other Carina Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy Galaxy clusters Bullet Cluster Astronomical events GRB 000131 GRB 080916C Category

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[{"image_text":"A near-infrared (J band) light curve for U Carinae, adpated from Laney and Stobie (1992)[8]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/UCarLightCurve.png/220px-UCarLightCurve.png"}]

[{"reference":"Van Leeuwen, F. (2007). \"Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction\". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0708.1752","url_text":"0708.1752"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007A&A...474..653V","url_text":"2007A&A...474..653V"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20078357","url_text":"10.1051/0004-6361:20078357"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18759600","url_text":"18759600"}]},{"reference":"Samus, N. N.; Durlevich, O. V.; et al. (2009). \"VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2013)\". VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2009yCat....102025S. 1. Bibcode:2009yCat....102025S.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009yCat....102025S","url_text":"2009yCat....102025S"}]},{"reference":"Groenewegen, M. A. T. (2013). \"Baade-Wesselink distances to Galactic and Magellanic Cloud Cepheids and the effect of metallicity\". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 550: A70. arXiv:1212.5478. Bibcode:2013A&A...550A..70G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220446. S2CID 118665355.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1212.5478","url_text":"1212.5478"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013A&A...550A..70G","url_text":"2013A&A...550A..70G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201220446","url_text":"10.1051/0004-6361/201220446"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118665355","url_text":"118665355"}]},{"reference":"Caputo, F.; Bono, G.; Fiorentino, G.; Marconi, M.; Musella, I. (2005). \"Pulsation and Evolutionary Masses of Classical Cepheids. I. Milky Way Variables\". The Astrophysical Journal. 629 (2): 1021–1033. arXiv:astro-ph/0505149. Bibcode:2005ApJ...629.1021C. doi:10.1086/431641. S2CID 17359646.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0505149","url_text":"astro-ph/0505149"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...629.1021C","url_text":"2005ApJ...629.1021C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F431641","url_text":"10.1086/431641"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17359646","url_text":"17359646"}]},{"reference":"Tsvetkov, Ts. G. (1985). \"Population I pulsating stars. I - Period-luminosity (-colour) relations\". Astrophysics and Space Science. 117 (2): 227. Bibcode:1985Ap&SS.117..227T. doi:10.1007/BF00650149. S2CID 119667397.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Ap&SS.117..227T","url_text":"1985Ap&SS.117..227T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00650149","url_text":"10.1007/BF00650149"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119667397","url_text":"119667397"}]},{"reference":"Romaniello, M.; Primas, F.; Mottini, M.; Pedicelli, S.; Lemasle, B.; Bono, G.; François, P.; Groenewegen, M. A. T.; Laney, C. D. (2008). \"The influence of chemical composition on the properties of Cepheid stars. II. The iron content\". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 488 (2): 731. arXiv:0807.1196. Bibcode:2008A&A...488..731R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065661. S2CID 16955805.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Primas","url_text":"Primas, F."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0807.1196","url_text":"0807.1196"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008A&A...488..731R","url_text":"2008A&A...488..731R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20065661","url_text":"10.1051/0004-6361:20065661"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16955805","url_text":"16955805"}]},{"reference":"Marsakov, V. A.; Koval', V. V.; Kovtyukh, V. V.; Mishenina, T. V. (2013). \"Properties of the population of classical Cepheids in the Galaxy\". Astronomy Letters. 39 (12): 851. Bibcode:2013AstL...39..851M. doi:10.1134/S1063773713120050. S2CID 119788977.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AstL...39..851M","url_text":"2013AstL...39..851M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS1063773713120050","url_text":"10.1134/S1063773713120050"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119788977","url_text":"119788977"}]},{"reference":"Laney, C. D.; Stobie, R. S. (April 1992). \"JHKL Observations of Galactic Cepheids\". Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series. 93: 93–120. Bibcode:1992A&AS...93...93L. Retrieved 20 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992A&AS...93...93L","url_text":"\"JHKL Observations of Galactic Cepheids\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992A&AS...93...93L","url_text":"1992A&AS...93...93L"}]},{"reference":"Shapley, H. (1918). \"Studies based on the colors and magnitudes in stellar clusters. VIII. The luminosities and distances of 139 Cepheid variables\". Astrophysical Journal. 48: 279. Bibcode:1918ApJ....48..279S. doi:10.1086/142435.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1918ApJ....48..279S","url_text":"1918ApJ....48..279S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F142435","url_text":"10.1086/142435"}]},{"reference":"Laney, C. D.; Stobie, R. S. (1995). \"The radii of Galactic Cepheids\". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 274 (2): 337. Bibcode:1995MNRAS.274..337L. doi:10.1093/mnras/274.2.337.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F274.2.337","url_text":"\"The radii of Galactic Cepheids\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995MNRAS.274..337L","url_text":"1995MNRAS.274..337L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F274.2.337","url_text":"10.1093/mnras/274.2.337"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Struck

Adolf Struck

["1 Works","2 References"]

German writer (1877–1911) Adolf Hermann Struck (1877–1911) was a German sightseer and writer. He is known for his travelogue Makedonische Fahrten and for surveying the Xerxes Canal in Northern Greece on his own in 1901. Works Makedonische Fahrten, Vienna and Leipzig, (1907). Der Xerxeskanal am Athos. Neue Jahrbücher for das klassiche Altertum: Geschichte und Literatur, 10 (1907). Mistra. Eine mittelalterliche Ruinenstadt. Streifblicke zur Geschichte und zu den Denkmälern des fränkisch-byzantinischen Zeitalters in Morea. Vienna, A. Hartleben, (1910). Zur landeskunde von Griechenland. Kulturgeschichtliches und wirtschaftliches. Frankfurt am Main., H. Keller, (1912). References ^ B. S. J. Isserlin, R. E. Jones, S. Papamarinopoulos and J. Uren. The Canal of Xerxes on the Mount Athos Peninsula: Preliminary Investigations in 1991-2. The Annual of the British School at Athens Vol. 89 (1994), pp. 277-284 https://www.jstor.org/stable/30102574 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Greece Netherlands Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootie_Island

Bootie Island

["1 Geography","2 History","3 References"]

Coordinates: 11°50′49″S 143°18′04″E / 11.847°S 143.301°E / -11.847; 143.301Island in Queensland, Australia Bootie IslandBootie IslandGeographyLocationNorthern AustraliaCoordinates11°50′49″S 143°18′04″E / 11.847°S 143.301°E / -11.847; 143.301Area0.02 km2 (0.0077 sq mi)AdministrationAustraliaStateQueensland Bootie Island is a small island in the Shire of Cook in Far North Queensland, Australia. It is part of the Cockburn Islands Group. Geography Bootie Island is 18 km (11 mi) northeast of Cape Grenville in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. It is around 2 hectares or 0.02 square km in size. The island is north of Manley Islet and Buchen Rock within the Cockburn Reef, adjacent to Pollard Channel and the Sir Charles Hardy Islands. History The island is believed to be named after John Bootie, a midshipman on HMS Endeavour, who died at sea 4 February 1771 on the first voyage of exploration by James Cook to the eastern coast of Australia. References ^ a b "Bootie Island – island in the Shire of Cook (entry 3832)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 12 June 2020. ^ "Map of Bootie Island, QLD".

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paraibano_Second_Division

Campeonato Paraibano Second Division

["1 List of champions","1.1 Campeonato Paraibano Misto","1.2 Segunda Divisão Profissional","2 Titles by team","2.1 By city","3 References"]

Football leagueCampeonato Paraibano Second DivisionFounded1960CountryBrazilConfederationCBFFederação Paraibana de FutebolLevel on pyramid2Promotion toCampeonato ParaibanoRelegation to3rd DivisionCurrent championsAtlético Cajazeirense (2nd title) (2023)Most championshipsEsporte de Patos Estrela do Mar (4 titles each)Websitewww.federacaopbfutebol.com.br The Campeonato Paraibano Second Division is the second tier of football league of the state of Paraíba, Brazil. List of champions Campeonato Paraibano Misto Season Champions Runners-up 1960 Red Cross (1) Botafogo de Cabedelo 1961 União João Pessoa (1) 5 de Agosto 1962 Estrela do Mar (1) 5 de Agosto 1963 5 de Agosto (1) São Cristóvão 1964 Estrela do Mar (2) São Cristóvão 1965 Íbis (1) Guarany 1966 Estrela do Mar (3) Íbis 1967 Estrela do Mar (4) Íbis 1968 Auto Esporte (1) Estrela do Mar 1969 Guarany (1) Onze Segunda Divisão Profissional Season Champions Runners-up 1992 Atalaia (1) Socremo 1993 Vila Branca (1) SE Sousa 1994 Santa Cruz (1) Catolé 1995 Ouro Velho (1) Guarabira 1996 Santos (1) Nacional de Cabedelo 1997 Not held 1998 Serrano (1) Perilima 1999 Not held 2000 Santa Cruz (2) Perilima 2001 Miramar (1) Perilima 2002–2003 Not held 2004 Nacional de Cabedelo (1) Perilima 2005 Esporte de Patos (1) Desportiva 2006 Auto Esporte (2) Perilima 2007 Queimadense (1) Cruzeiro 2008 Internacional (1) Paraíba 2009 Desportiva (1) Atlético Cajazeirense 2010 CSP (1) Miramar 2011 Paraíba (1) Flamengo 2012 Atlético Cajazeirense (1) Cruzeiro 2013 Esporte de Patos (2) Santa Cruz 2014 Lucena (1) Miramar 2015 Esporte de Patos (3) Paraíba 2016 Internacional (2) Serrano 2017 Nacional de Patos (1) Desportiva 2018 Esporte de Patos (4) Perilima 2019 Sport Lagoa Seca (1) São Paulo Crystal 2020 Not held due to COVID-19 pandemic 2021 CSP (2) Sport Lagoa Seca 2022 Serra Branca (2) Queimadense 2023 Atlético Cajazeirense (2) Pombal Names change Lucena EC is the currently São Paulo Crystal. Paraiba EC is the currently Serra Branca and moved from Cajazeiras to Serra Branca. Titles by team Teams in bold stills active. Rank Club Winners Winning years 1 Esporte de Patos 4 2005, 2013, 2015, 2018 Estrela do Mar 1962, 1964, 1966, 1967 3 Atlético Cajazeirense 2 2012, 2023 Auto Esporte 1968, 2006 CSP 2010, 2021 Internacional 2008, 2016 Santa Cruz 1994, 2000 Serra Branca 2011, 2022 9 5 de Agosto 1 1963 Atalaia 1992 Desportiva 2009 Guarany 1969 Íbis 1965 Miramar 2001 Nacional de Cabedelo 2004 Nacional de Patos 2017 Ouro Velho 1995 Queimadense 2007 Red Cross 1960 Santos 1996 São Paulo Crystal 2014 Serrano 1998 Sport Lagoa Seca 2019 União João Pessoa 1961 Vila Branca 1993 By city City Championships Clubs João Pessoa 16 Estrela do Mar (4), Auto Esporte (2), CSP (2), Internacional (2), 5 de Agosto (1), Guarany (1), Íbis (1), Red Cross (1), Santos (1), União João Pessoa (1) Patos 5 Esporte (4), Nacional (1) Cajazeiras 3 Atlético Cajazeirense (2), Paraíba (1) Cabedelo 2 Miramar (1), Nacional (1) Campina Grande 2 Serrano (2) Santa Rita 2 Santa Cruz (2) Bananeiras 1 Atalaia (1) Guarabira 1 Desportiva (1) Lagoa Seca 1 Sport Lagoa Seca (1) Lucena 1 São Paulo Crystal (1) Ouro Velho 1 Ouro Velho Queimadas 1 Queimadense (1) Serra Branca 1 Serra Branca (1) Solanea 1 Vila Branca (1) References ^ "Paraíba State League - List of Second Division Champions". RSSSF. Retrieved 8 April 2022. ^ "Campeonato Paraibano Segunda Divisão". Bola na Área (in Portuguese). Retrieved 20 April 2022. vte Football in BrazilBrazilian Football Confederation (CBF)Men'sNational teams National team (History Records Players Managers) U-23 U-20 U-17 U-15 Futsal Beach League system Série A Série B Série C Série D Domestic cups Copa do Brasil Supercopa do Brasil Copa do Nordeste Copa Verde Youth competitions U-23 U-20 (Cup, Supercup) U-17 (Cup, Supercup) Copa São Paulo (U-20) Copa Votorantim (U-15) State competitionsChampionships(List) Acre (2) Alagoas (2) Amapá (2) Amazonas (2) Bahia (2, 3) Ceará (2, 3) Distrito Federal (2, 3) Espírito Santo (2) Goiás (2, 3) Maranhão (2) Mato Grosso (2) Mato Grosso do Sul (2, 3) Minas Gerais (2, 3) Pará (2, 3) Paraíba (2, 3) Paraná (2, 3) Pernambuco (2, 3) Piauí (2) Rio de Janeiro (2, 3, 4, 5) Rio Grande do Norte (2) Rio Grande do Sul (2, 3) Rondônia (2) Roraima Santa Catarina (2, 3) São Paulo (2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Sergipe (2) Tocantins (2) Cups Alagoas Amazonas Bahia Ceará Espírito Santo Goiás Maranhão Mato Grosso Mato Grosso do Sul Minas Gerais Pará Paraíba Paraná Pernambuco Piauí Rio de Janeiro Rio Grande do Norte Rio Grande do Sul Rondônia Santa Catarina São Paulo Sergipe Tocantins Other Ceará (Copa dos Campeões Cearenses) Minas Gerais (Troféu Inconfidência, Recopa Mineira) Pará (Supercopa Grão-Pará) Rio de Janeiro (Taça Guanabara, Taça Rio) Rio Grande do Norte (Copa Cidade do Natal, Copa RN) Rio Grande do Sul (Recopa Gaúcha) Santa Catarina (Recopa Catarinense) São Paulo (Campeonato do Interior) Defunct competitions Wanderpreis Cup (1904–12) Campeonato Citadino de Porto Alegre (1910–72) Taça Salutaris (1911) Taça dos Campeões Estaduais RJ–SP (1912–87) Campeonato da Cidade de Campos (1914–77) Campeonato Fluminense (1915–78) Taça Ioduran (1917–19) Taça Competência (1918–32) Copa dos Campeões Estaduais (1920–37) Campeonato Brasileiro de Seleções Estaduais (1922–87) Torneio Rio–São Paulo (1933–2002) Taça Campeonato Estadual FPF (1934) Taça da Prefeitura do Distrito Federal (1938–96) Taça Cidade de São Paulo (1942–52) Torneio Prefeito Lineu Prestes (1950) Taça Armando Arruda Pereira (1952) Taça Brasil (1959–68) Campeonato Sul-Brasileiro (1962) Torneio dos Campeões 1967 Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa (1967–70) Torneio Centro-Sul (1968–69) Torneio Norte-Nordeste (1968–70) Torneio dos Campeões da CBD (1969) Torneio do Povo (1971–73) Torneio de Integração da Amazônia (1975–2003) Torneio Nunes Freire (1976) Copa dos Campeões da Copa Brasil (1978) Torneio dos Campeões (1982) Torneio Heleno Nunes (1984) Taça Brahma dos Campeões (1992) Torneio Rei Dadá (1995) Copa dos Campeões Mundiais (1995–97) Torneio Maria Quitéria (1996–98) Festival Brasileiro de Futebol (1997) Copa Norte (1997–2002) Copa Centro-Oeste (1999–2002) Copa Sul-Minas (1999–2002) Copa dos Campeões (2000–02) Copa Integração (2005–09) Copa Alagipe (2005) Recopa Sul-Brasileira (2007–10) Super Series (2015) Primeira Liga (2016–17) Taça Asa Branca (2016–17) Copa Rubro–Verde (2018–19) Youth Copa Santiago (U-17) (1989–2020) Copa Macáe (U-17) (1997–2009) Taça Belo Horizonte (1985–2014, U-20), (2015–2018, U-17) Copa RS de Futebol (U-20) (2006–19) Awards CBF Ranking Champions Clubs G-12 Derbies Footballers Expatriate Managers Mascots Records Triple Crown Referees Seasons Transfers Venues Women'sNational teams National team (Managers) U-20 U-17 Futsal League system Série A1 Série A2 Série A3 Domestic cups Supercopa Feminina Youth competitions U-20 U-17 State championships Acre Alagoas Amapá Amazonas Bahia Ceará Distrito Federal Espírito Santo Goiás Maranhão Mato Grosso Mato Grosso do Sul Minas Gerais Pará Paraíba Paraná Pernambuco Piauí Rio de Janeiro Rio Grande do Norte Rio Grande do Sul Rondônia Roraima Santa Catarina São Paulo Sergipe Tocantins Defunct competitions Copa do Brasil Champions Clubs Footballers State federations Acre Alagoas Amapá Amazonas Bahia Ceará Distrito Federal Espírito Santo Goiás Maranhão Mato Grosso Mato Grosso do Sul Minas Gerais Pará Paraíba Paraná Pernambuco Piauí Rio de Janeiro Rio Grande do Norte Rio Grande do Sul Rondônia Roraima Santa Catarina São Paulo Sergipe Tocantins

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.K._Beveren

S.K. Beveren

["1 History","2 Players","2.1 Current squad","2.2 Out on loan","3 Club staff","4 Managers","5 References","6 External links"]

Belgian association football club Not to be confused with K.S.K. Beveren or YB SK Beveren. Football clubBeverenFull nameSportkring BeverenFounded1936; 88 years ago (1936) (as K.F.C. Red Star Haasdonk)GroundFreethiel Stadion, BeverenCapacity8,190OwnerDavid BlitzerJahm NajafiJeff MooradChairmanJo Van MoerManagerBob PeetersLeagueChallenger Pro League2024–25Challenger Pro League, 2nd of 12WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Third colours Sportkring Beveren (SK Beveren) is a Belgian professional association football club based in Beveren, East Flanders. The club is affiliated with the founded number 4068 and has yellow and blue as its colours. The team was founded in 1936 in Haasdonk and joined the Belgian Football Association in 1944 as FC Red Star Haasdonk. In 2002, the club moved to Sint-Niklaas and changed its name to KV Red Star Waasland. From 2010, it continued to play in Beveren under the name KVRS Waasland - SK Beveren until 2022, when it was renamed Sportkring Beveren. They play in the Challenger Pro League. History The club was founded in 1936 as Red Star and registered to an amateur football association. In 1944, they joined the Royal Belgian Football Association and started playing in the lowest provincial league of East Flanders. Red Star Haasdonk first reached national football in 2000–01, and they finished first of the series in Promotion. They also reached the 2000–01 Belgian Cup round of 32, losing to first division club Gent. After their first season in the third division, they moved to the bigger stadium of defunct club Sint-Niklase SKE, the Puyenbekestadion, changing their name to KV Red Star Waasland. In 2003–04, they finished first in their series of the third division and promoted for the first time to the second division. In their first season at the second-highest level of football, Red Star Waasland finished 5th and qualified for the final round. The next season, they finished 4th, their best result as of 2010 but did not qualify for the final round. They reached again the round of 32 of the 2005–06 Belgian Cup, losing to neighbours KSK Beveren. In the 2007–08 Belgian Cup, Red Star Waasland reached the round of 16, their best cup result, by eliminating Lokeren. They lost to Anderlecht in the round of 16. The following season, they finished 4th again in the second division. In the summer of 2010 Red Star Waasland changed its name to Waasland-Beveren and moved to the bigger stadium of Beveren, the Freethiel Stadion. In 2019–20 Belgian First Division A due to the virus epidemic the league was forced to shut down its competition. At the time of the shut down Waasland Beveren was in 16th position and was expected to relegate having their last game scheduled against KAA Gent. After months of confusion the league decided to close the season the way it left off with one game remaining, without Waasland Beveren having a chance to save themselves competitively from relegation. Unfairly enough the first division B finalists were allowed to play their playoff games for promotion to the First Division A despite the league shutdown. Having seen the hypocrisy, Waasland Beveren decided to take legal action for unfair use of power. The court battle lasted for many weeks and finally justice was awarded in Waasland Beveren favour to remain in First Division. The league was forced to make reforms and change the way the league operated and thus the league comprised 18 teams instead of 16 which included Waasland Beveren and two finalists from First Division B. In September 2020, an investment group consisting of American businessmen David Blitzer, Jahm Najafi, and Jeff Moorad purchased a 97% share in the club. In June 2022, the club announced it had come to an agreement with K.S.K. Beveren to share the identity of the original club under that name, allowing Waasland-Beveren to be renamed and use the similar name SK Beveren in July 2022. Players Current squad As of 11 June 2024 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 2 DF  BEL Jenthe Mertens 4 DF  TRI Sheldon Bateau 5 MF  BRA Everton Luiz 7 MF  CAF Goduine Koyalipou 8 MF  BEL Mathis Servais 10 FW  MKD Erdon Daci (on loan from Westerlo) 11 FW  NGA Taofeek Ismaheel (on loan from Lorient) 12 GK  NED Beau Reus 13 DF  MAR Ahmed Khatir 14 FW  BEL Anthony Limbombe 15 DF  BEL Dries Wuytens No. Pos. Nation Player 16 GK  BEL Maxim Deman 17 MF  BEL Jay-Dee Geusens 20 DF  BEL Dylan Dassy 21 MF  SEN Malick Fall 23 MF  BEL Kylian Hazard (on loan from RWDM) 25 DF  BEL Alexander Corryn 32 DF  CRO Jakov Filipović 33 MF  BEL Louis Verstraete 34 MF  BUL Petar Vitanov 43 MF  BEL Sander Coopman 74 FW  TUR Hüseyin Ertürk]] — FW  BEL Mauro Trari Out on loan Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 9 FW  GER Gabriel Kyeremateng (at Lausanne Ouchy until 30 June 2024) Club staff Position Staff Chairman Jo Van Moer Chief Executive Officer Antoine Gobin Manager Bob Peeters Assistant manager First-team coach Gunter Vandebroeck Goalkeeper coach Kenny Steppe Fitness coach Frederik Bracke Technical Assistant Danny De Maesschalck Steven Van Puyvelde Video analyst Johan Verelst Head of Scouting / Video & Performance Analyst Rachid El hasnaoui Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Thomas Mathieu Team Doctor Jan Mathieu Sports doctor Michael Saelemans Physiotherapist Xavier Verstraeten Charlotte Van De Vyvere Sportsphysiotherapist Arno Parmentier Sportscaretaker Tim De Doncker Team Manager Martijn De Jonge Managers Dirk Geeraerd (2005–2006) Regi Van Acker (2006–2007) Dirk Geeraerd (1 July 2010 – 18 November 2012) Glen De Boeck (19 November 2012 – 29 October 2013) Bob Peeters (5 November 2013 – 23 May 2014) Ronny Van Geneugden (28 May 2014 – 30 December 2014) Guido Brepoels (2015) Stijn Vreven (2015–2016) Čedomir Janevski (2017) Philippe Clement (2017) Sven Vermant (2018) Yannick Ferrera (2018) Adnan Čustović (17 November 2018 – 26 August 2019) Arnauld Mercier (30 August 2019 – 2 March 2020) Nicky Hayen (4 May 2020 – 30 June 2021) Marc Schneider (1 July 2021 – 27 Feb 2022) Jordi Condom (28 Feb 2022 – 25 Jun 2022) Wim De Decker (02 July 2022 – 01 April 2024) Flavien Le Postollec (01 April 2024 – 14 Jun 2024) Bob Peeters (01 April 2024 – ) References ^ Verandert Belgische eersteklasser van naam?, voetbalbelgie.be (in Dutch), 9 March 2022 ^ "Historical results of Belgian national football". URBSFA/KBVB. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2011. ^ "Belgium Cups 2000/01". RSSSF. Retrieved 31 January 2011. ^ "Club history". Retrieved 31 January 2011. ^ Kunti, Samindra (14 September 2020). "US investors Bolt, take leap into Belgian football with Waasland-Beveren buy". Inside World Football. Retrieved 7 May 2023. ^ "Historisch akkoord trekt streep onder verleden, legt fundamenten voor geel-blauwe toekomst". 7 June 2022. ^ "A-kern & Staf". S.K. Beveren (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 August 2022. External links Official website (in Dutch) vteChallenger Pro League2024–25 teams Beveren Club NXT Deinze Eupen Francs Borains Jong Genk La Louvière Lierse Kempenzonen Lokeren-Temse Lommel Patro Eisden Maasmechelen RFC Liège RSCA Futures RWD Molenbeek Seraing Zulte Waregem Competition Current managers Seasons 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 vteBelgian Pro LeagueSeasons 1895–96 1896–97 1897–98 1898–99 1899–00 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Clubs2024–25 teams Anderlecht Antwerp Beerschot Cercle Brugge Charleroi Club Brugge Dender EH Genk Gent Kortrijk OH Leuven Mechelen Sint-Truiden Standard Liège Union SG Westerlo FormerActive Berchem Beveren Crossing Schaerbeek Diest Eendracht Aalst Eupen Léopold Club Bruxelles Olympic Charleroi Oostende Patro Eisden Maasmechelen Racing Bruxelles Racing Gand Racing Jet Bruxelles Racing Mechelen RFC Liège RWDM (2015) Seraing (1922) Tienen RUS Tournai Tubantia Tubize Turnhout Zulte Waregem Defunct ASV Oostende Beerschot AC Beerschot VAC Beringen KSK Beveren Boom Athletic Club Bruxelles Daring Bruxelles Excelsior Bruxelles FC Bruxelles Olympia Bruxelles Skill Bruxelles Sporting Bruxelles Edegem Germinal Beerschot Harelbeke Hasselt Heusden-Zolder Ixelles La Forestoise La Louvière Lierse Lokeren Lommel Lyra Mons Montegnée Excel Mouscron Excelsior Mouscron Roeselare RWDM (1909) Seraing (1904) Sint-Niklaas Stade Leuven Tilleur Tongeren RRC Tournai Uccle Verbroedering Geel Verviétois Waregem Waterschei Statistics and awards Teams Champions Top scorers Current managers Professional footballer of the Year Golden Shoe Ebony Shoe Lion Award vteSports properties owned by David BlitzerYear of acquisition listed; equity stake included if knownTeamsMajority stake Philadelphia 76ers (2011) New Jersey Devils (2013) G.D. Estoril Praia (2019) AD Alcorcón (2019) S.K. Beveren (2020) ADO Den Haag (2021) Real Salt Lake (2022) Brøndby IF (2022) Utah Royals (2023) Minority stake / other Delaware Blue Coats (2013) Crystal Palace (18%, 2015) Dignitas (2016) FC Augsburg (45%, 2021) Utica Comets (2021) Real Monarchs (2022) Cleveland Guardians (25%, 2022) Joe Gibbs Racing (2023) Washington Commanders (2023) Jupiter Links Golf Club (2023) Former stake Albany Devils (2013–2017) Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders (12.5%, 2014–2021) Binghamton Devils (2017–2021) Pittsburgh Steelers (2.4%, 2020–2024) Venues Prudential Center (2013) Philadelphia 76ers Training Complex (2016) America First Field (2022) Zions Bank Stadium (2022) 76 Place at Market East (planned 2031) Companies Harris Blitzer Sports & Entertainment Category

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Beveren or YB SK Beveren.Football clubSportkring Beveren (SK Beveren) is a Belgian professional association football club based in Beveren, East Flanders. The club is affiliated with the founded number 4068 and has yellow and blue as its colours. The team was founded in 1936 in Haasdonk and joined the Belgian Football Association in 1944 as FC Red Star Haasdonk. In 2002, the club moved to Sint-Niklaas and changed its name to KV Red Star Waasland. From 2010, it continued to play in Beveren under the name KVRS Waasland - SK Beveren until 2022, when it was renamed Sportkring Beveren. They play in the Challenger Pro League.[1]","title":"S.K. 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Beveren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.K._Beveren"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The club was founded in 1936 as Red Star and registered to an amateur football association. In 1944, they joined the Royal Belgian Football Association and started playing in the lowest provincial league of East Flanders. Red Star Haasdonk first reached national football in 2000–01, and they finished first of the series in Promotion.[2] They also reached the 2000–01 Belgian Cup round of 32, losing to first division club Gent.[3] After their first season in the third division, they moved to the bigger stadium of defunct club Sint-Niklase SKE, the Puyenbekestadion, changing their name to KV Red Star Waasland.[citation needed]In 2003–04, they finished first in their series of the third division and promoted for the first time to the second division. In their first season at the second-highest level of football, Red Star Waasland finished 5th and qualified for the final round. The next season, they finished 4th, their best result as of 2010 but did not qualify for the final round. They reached again the round of 32 of the 2005–06 Belgian Cup, losing to neighbours KSK Beveren. In the 2007–08 Belgian Cup, Red Star Waasland reached the round of 16, their best cup result, by eliminating Lokeren. They lost to Anderlecht in the round of 16. The following season, they finished 4th again in the second division. In the summer of 2010 Red Star Waasland changed its name to Waasland-Beveren and moved to the bigger stadium of Beveren, the Freethiel Stadion.[4]In 2019–20 Belgian First Division A due to the virus epidemic the league was forced to shut down its competition. At the time of the shut down Waasland Beveren was in 16th position and was expected to relegate having their last game scheduled against KAA Gent. After months of confusion the league decided to close the season the way it left off with one game remaining, without Waasland Beveren having a chance to save themselves competitively from relegation. Unfairly enough the first division B finalists were allowed to play their playoff games for promotion to the First Division A despite the league shutdown. Having seen the hypocrisy, Waasland Beveren decided to take legal action for unfair use of power. The court battle lasted for many weeks and finally justice was awarded in Waasland Beveren favour to remain in First Division. The league was forced to make reforms and change the way the league operated and thus the league comprised 18 teams instead of 16 which included Waasland Beveren and two finalists from First Division B.In September 2020, an investment group consisting of American businessmen David Blitzer, Jahm Najafi, and Jeff Moorad purchased a 97% share in the club.[5] In June 2022, the club announced it had come to an agreement with K.S.K. Beveren to share the identity of the original club under that name, allowing Waasland-Beveren to be renamed and use the similar name SK Beveren in July 2022.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"As of 11 June 2024[7]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Out on loan","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Dirk Geeraerd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Geeraerd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Regi Van Acker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regi_Van_Acker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Dirk Geeraerd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Geeraerd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Glen De Boeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_De_Boeck"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Bob Peeters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Peeters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Ronny Van Geneugden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronny_Van_Geneugden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Guido Brepoels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Brepoels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Stijn Vreven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stijn_Vreven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Čedomir Janevski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cedomir_Janevski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Philippe Clement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Clement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Sven Vermant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_Vermant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Yannick Ferrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yannick_Ferrera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Adnan Čustović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adnan_%C4%8Custovi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Arnauld Mercier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnauld_Mercier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Nicky Hayen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Hayen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Marc Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Schneider_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Jordi Condom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordi_Condom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Wim De Decker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wim_De_Decker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Flavien Le Postollec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavien_Le_Postollec"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Bob Peeters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Peeters"}],"text":"Dirk Geeraerd (2005–2006)\n Regi Van Acker (2006–2007)\n Dirk Geeraerd (1 July 2010 – 18 November 2012)\n Glen De Boeck (19 November 2012 – 29 October 2013)\n Bob Peeters (5 November 2013 – 23 May 2014)\n Ronny Van Geneugden (28 May 2014 – 30 December 2014)\n Guido Brepoels (2015)\n Stijn Vreven (2015–2016)\n Čedomir Janevski (2017)\n Philippe Clement (2017)\n Sven Vermant (2018)\n Yannick Ferrera (2018)\n Adnan Čustović (17 November 2018 – 26 August 2019)\n Arnauld Mercier (30 August 2019 – 2 March 2020)\n Nicky Hayen (4 May 2020 – 30 June 2021)\n Marc Schneider (1 July 2021 – 27 Feb 2022)\n Jordi Condom (28 Feb 2022 – 25 Jun 2022)\n Wim De Decker (02 July 2022 – 01 April 2024)\n Flavien Le Postollec (01 April 2024 – 14 Jun 2024)\n Bob Peeters (01 April 2024 – )","title":"Managers"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon_air_disaster

1993 Zambia national football team plane crash

["1 Accident","2 Aircraft","3 Passengers","4 Investigation","5 Aftermath","6 Victims","6.1 Crew","6.2 Coaching staff","6.3 Footballers","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]

Coordinates: 0°37′05″N 9°18′46″E / 0.618135°N 9.312716°E / 0.618135; 9.312716Zambian Air Force plane crash off the coast of GabonZambian Air Force AF-319A DHC-5D Buffalo similar to the accident aircraftAccidentDate27 April 1993SummaryCrashed after in-flight engine fireSiteAtlantic Oceanoff Gabon 0°37′05″N 9°18′46″E / 0.618135°N 9.312716°E / 0.618135; 9.312716AircraftAircraft typede Havilland Canada DHC-5D BuffaloOperatorZambian Air ForceRegistrationAF-319Flight originLusaka, Zambia1st stopoverBrazzaville, Congo2nd stopoverLibreville, GabonLast stopoverAbidjan, Ivory CoastDestinationDakar, SenegalPassengers25Crew5Fatalities30Survivors0 On the evening of 27 April 1993, a DHC-5 Buffalo transport aircraft of the Zambian Air Force crashed into the Atlantic Ocean shortly after taking off from Libreville, Gabon. The flight was carrying most of the Zambia national football team to a 1994 FIFA World Cup Qualifier against Senegal in Dakar. All 25 passengers and five crew members were killed. The official investigation concluded that the pilot had shut down the wrong engine following an engine fire. It also found that pilot fatigue and a faulty instrument had contributed to the accident. Accident The flight had been specially arranged by the Zambian Air Force for the football team. The journey was scheduled to make three refuelling stops; the first at Brazzaville, Congo, the second at Libreville, Gabon, and the third at Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Flight route At the first stop in Brazzaville engine problems were noted. Despite this, the flight continued and a few minutes after taking off from the second stop in Libreville the left engine caught fire and failed. The pilot, who had also flown the team from a match in Mauritius the previous day, then mistakenly shut down the right engine, causing the plane to lose all power during the climb out of Libreville Airport and fall into the water 500 metres (1,600 ft; 550 yd) offshore. A Gabonese report released in 2003 attributed the pilot's actions to a faulty warning light and fatigue. Aircraft The aircraft entered service in 1975. The plane had been out of service for five months from late 1992 until 21 April 1993. Test flights were carried out on 22 and 26 April. Prior to the departure for Senegal, checks revealed a number of defects in the engine: carbon particles in oil filters, disconnected cables and trace of heating. However, the flight went ahead as scheduled. Passengers The Chipolopolo were a very promising Zambia national team. At the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul, their 4–0 victory over Italy included a hat-trick from Kalusha Bwalya, who won the African Footballer of the Year later that year. They had their eyes on the 1994 Africa Cup of Nations trophy, having finished third in the 1990 edition, and a place at their first World Cup. All 30 passengers and crew, including 18 players, as well as the national team coach and support staff, died in the accident. Three players of the "Chipolopolo" were playing with UEFA clubs, and each made separate travel plans from their clubs in Europe to Senegal. Captain Kalusha Bwalya— later national team coach and president of the FAZ — was playing for PSV Eindhoven. Charles Musonda, a player for Anderlecht, was previously injured, staying in Belgium for rehabilitation at the time. Johnson Bwalya played for FC Bulle, and would have traveled from Switzerland. Bennett Mulwanda Simfukwe, who had been seconded to the FAZ by his employers (ZCCM) for 5 years and was supposed to be on this flight, wasn't on it because his employers demanded that he should immediately be removed from the list of those who were officially scheduled to travel to Senegal. Investigation A campaign to have the Gabonese crash investigation publicly released continued into the 2000s. In November 2003 a preliminary crash investigation report was released by the Gabonese government, which claimed that the left engine had caught on fire, and in an attempt to control the fire the pilot thought he had shut down that engine, when in reality he shut down the right engine due to a faulty light. Despite this relatives of the victims continue to lobby the Zambian government to produce a report on how the aircraft was allowed to leave Zambia, and why the players were transported on a military plane. In May 2002, $4 million was given to families of the deceased players in compensation. Aftermath The members of the national team killed in the crash were buried in what became known as "Heroes' Acre", just outside the Independence Stadium in Lusaka. A new side was quickly assembled, and led by Kalusha Bwalya, faced up to the difficult task of having to complete Zambia's World Cup qualifiers (narrowly missing qualification by finishing one point behind Morocco) and then prepare for the upcoming African Nations Cup which was only months away to be hosted in Tunisia. The resurrected team defied the odds, and displaying an attacking playing style, reached the 1994 African Cup of Nations final against Nigeria. They took the lead in the first half, but the Super Eagles quickly equalised and followed up with the winner in the second half. In spite of the loss, the Zambian side returned home as national heroes. In 2012, Zambia won the Africa Cup of Nations in Libreville, only a few hundred metres inland from the crash site; the victory was dedicated to the ones who lost their lives in the tragedy. Zambia beat Côte d'Ivoire 8–7 in a penalty shoot out after the game ended 0–0 after normal and added time. The accident was the subject of the 2015 Spanish/Zambian documentary film Eighteam, directed by Juan Rodriguez-Briso. Victims All thirty people on board died in the crash. 24 bodies were recovered, but only 13 could be identified. Crew Colonel Fenton Mhone (pilot) Lt Colonel Victor Mubanga (pilot) Lt Colonel James Sachika (pilot) Major Edward Nambote (flight engineer) Corporal Thomas Sakala Coaching staff Godfrey "Ucar" Chitalu (coach) Alex Chola (assistant coach) Footballers Source: No. Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club 1GK David Chabala (1960-02-02)2 February 1960 (aged 33) 115 0 Mufulira Wanderers 1GK Richard Mwanza (1959-05-05)5 May 1959 (aged 33) 8 0 Kabwe Warriors 2DF Whiteson Changwe (1964-10-19)19 October 1964 (aged 28) 31 1 Kabwe Warriors 2DF John Soko (1968-05-05)5 May 1968 (aged 24) 25 0 Nkana 2DF Samuel Chomba (1964-01-05)5 January 1964 (aged 29) 21 2 Dynamos 2DF Robert Watiyakeni (1969-10-18)18 October 1969 (aged 23) 4 0 Dynamos 2DF Winter Mumba unknown 2 0 Power Dynamos 2DF Kenan Simambe (1974-08-23)23 August 1974 (aged 18) 1 1 Power Dynamos 3MF Derby Makinka (1965-09-05)5 September 1965 (aged 27) 98 10 Al-Ettifaq 3MF Wisdom Mumba Chansa (1964-04-17)17 April 1964 (aged 29) 34 4 Dynamos 3MF Eston Mulenga (1961-08-07)7 August 1961 (aged 31) 34 1 Nkana 3MF Moses Chikwalakwala (1969-08-28)28 August 1969 (aged 23) 7 3 Nkana 3MF Numba Mwila (1972-03-18)18 March 1972 (aged 21) 4 1 Nkana 3MF Godfrey Kangwa unknown 1 0 Olympique de Casablanca 4FW Timothy Mwitwa (1968-05-21)21 May 1968 (aged 24) 16 2 Nkana 4FW Kelvin Mutale (1969-09-20)20 September 1969 (aged 23) 10 12 Al-Ettifaq 4FW Patrick Banda (1974-01-28)28 January 1974 (aged 19) 6 3 Profund Warriors 4FW Moses Masuwa (1971-07-30)30 July 1971 (aged 21) 1 0 Kabwe Warriors See also List of accidents involving sports teams References ^ a b "'Faulty plane' killed Zambia team". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 28 November 2003. Retrieved 17 December 2010. ^ a b c "ASN Aircraft accident de Havilland Canada DHC-5D Buffalo AF-319 Atlantic Ocean, off Gabon". Aviation Safety Network. Flight Safety Foundation. Retrieved 19 December 2010. ^ a b Montville, Leigh (18 October 1993). "Triumph On Sacred Ground". Sports Illustrated. Time Inc. Archived from the original on 27 April 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2010. Alt URL ^ "Zambia's remarkable journey makes them winners regardless". fourfourtwo.com. 12 February 2012. ^ "Soccer heroes remembered". Times of Zambia. Ndola, Zambia: Times Printpak Limited. 28 April 2010. Retrieved 17 December 2010. ^ Turner, Graham (28 April 1993). "La selección de fútbol de Zambia muere en un accidente aéreo". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 21 September 2021. ^ Gondwe, Kennedy (28 April 2002). "Air crash families threaten legal action". BBC Sport Online. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 17 December 2010. ^ "Zambian MPs demand air crash report". BBC. 28 March 2002. Retrieved 20 September 2021. ^ a b "The day a nation cried". BBC Sport Online. British Broadcasting Corporation. 24 April 2003. Retrieved 19 December 2010. ^ "Gabon crash victims remembered". Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2010. ^ Duerden, John (23 January 2010). "Football United: Zambia Making New History After Tragic Past". Goal.com. Retrieved 17 December 2010. ^ Kapembwa, Jeff (30 April 2010). "Zambian plane disaster report still not out 17 years later". Southern Times. Windhoek, Namibia: NAMZIM Newspapers (Pty) Limited. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2010. ^ Kunda, Robinson (27 April 2010). "Red tape delays Gabon report". Zambia Daily Mail. Retrieved 19 December 2010. ^ "$4m for Zambian air crash families". BBC Sport Online. British Broadcasting Corporation. 13 May 2002. Retrieved 17 December 2010. ^ Mungazi, Farayi (24 January 2010). "Zambia's Kalusha Bwalya relives 1994 Nations Cup final". BBC Sport Online. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 22 December 2010. ^ Aleksander Losnegård (28 July 2016). "How Zambia restored their fortunes a year after the fatal plane crash of 1993". These Football Times. Retrieved 20 September 2021. ^ "Tragedy spurs fairytale story for Zambia". FIFA.com. 27 April 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2021. ^ Djazmi, Mani (10 February 2012). "Zambian footballers remember a lost generation of players". BBC Sport. Retrieved 21 September 2021. ^ "Today marks 19th Anniversary of Gabon Air disaster". Lusaka Times. 27 April 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013. ^ Sang, Kiplagat (28 April 2022). "FAZ's Kamanga: Zambia can honour 1993 Gabon plane crash victims at Afcon 2023". goal.com. Retrieved 14 December 2023. External links Portals: Zambia Association football Aviation 1990s BBC – Famous Air Crash Victims – Part 3: Sportsmen Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network vte1993 Zambia national football team plane crash27 April 1993Players Banda Chabala Changwe Chansa Chikwalakwala Chomba Kangwa Makinka Masuwa Mulenga Mumba Mutale Mwanza Mwila Mwitwa Simambe Soko Watiyakeni Coaches Chitalu Chola vte Football in ZambiaFootball Association of ZambiaNational teamsMen National team U-23 U-20 U-17 Women National team U-20 U-17 League systemMen Super League Division One WomenSuper DivisionDomestic cupsABSA Cup History 2021 2023 final Other Zambian Charity Shield Zambian Women's Charity Shield Awards Footballer of the Year Top scorers Lists All-time Table Champions Clubs International footballers Foreign players Venues Lore 1993 Zambia national football team plane crash Men's clubs Women's clubs Men's players Women's players Expatriate players Managers Referees Venues Seasons Records vteZambia national football teamGeneral Honours Head coaches Venues Levy Mwanawasa Stadium National Heroes Stadium Matches and results Results and Fixtures 1974 AFCON Final 1994 AFCON Final 2012 AFCON Final Competitive records AFCON records Players International players Goals Godfrey Chitalu Africa Cup of Nations Finals 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2010 2012 2013 2015 2023 Other 1993 Zambia national football team plane crash Other FAZ teams Men Under-23 Under-21 Under-20 Under-19 Under-17 Women Under-19 vte1994 FIFA World Cup qualification « 1990 1998 » AFC First round Final round Japan 2–2 Iraq CAF First round Second round Zambia national team plane crash CONCACAF Caribbean Zone Central American Zone Second round Final round CONMEBOL Group 1 Argentina 0–5 Colombia Group 2 OFC First round Second round UEFA Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Play-offs CONCACAF v OFC OFC v CONMEBOL vteAviation accidents and incidents in 1993 (1993) Jan 6 Lufthansa Cityline Flight 5634Feb 8 Tehran mid-air collisionFeb 11 Lufthansa Flight 592Mar 5 Palair Macedonian Airlines Flight 301Mar 31 Japan Air Lines Cargo Flight 46EApr 1 Alan Kulwicki Swearingen crashApr 6 China Eastern Airlines Flight 583Apr 14 American Airlines Flight 102Apr 18 Japan Air System Flight 451Apr 24 Indian Airlines Flight 427Apr 26 Indian Airlines Flight 491Apr 27 Zambia national football team plane crashMay 19 SAM Colombia Flight 501Jul 1 Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 724Jul 23 China Northwest Airlines Flight 2119Jul 26 Asiana Airlines Flight 733Jul 31 Everest Air Dornier 228 crashAug 12 Llyn Padarn helicopter crashAug 18 American International Airways Flight 808Aug 26 Sakha Avia Flight 301Aug 28 Khorog Tajikistan Airlines Yakovlev Yak-40 crashSep 14 Lufthansa Flight 2904Sep 21 Sukhumi airliners attacksOct 26 China Eastern Airlines Flight 5398Oct 27 Widerøe Flight 744Nov 4 China Airlines Flight 605Nov 13 China Northern Airlines Flight 6901Nov 20 Avioimpex Flight 110Nov 26 Auckland mid-air collisionDec 1 Northwest Airlink Flight 5719 1992   ◄    ►   1994

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The flight was carrying most of the Zambia national football team to a 1994 FIFA World Cup Qualifier against Senegal in Dakar. All 25 passengers and five crew members were killed. The official investigation concluded that the pilot had shut down the wrong engine following an engine fire. It also found that pilot fatigue and a faulty instrument had contributed to the accident.[1]","title":"1993 Zambia national football team plane crash"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazzaville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville"},{"link_name":"Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Libreville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreville"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon"},{"link_name":"Abidjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjan"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asn1-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gabon_Air_Disaster.svg"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Libreville Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreville_airport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asn1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc3-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sportsillustrated1-3"}],"text":"The flight had been specially arranged by the Zambian Air Force for the football team. The journey was scheduled to make three refuelling stops; the first at Brazzaville, Congo, the second at Libreville, Gabon, and the third at Abidjan, Ivory Coast.[2]Flight routeAt the first stop in Brazzaville engine problems were noted. Despite this, the flight continued and a few minutes after taking off from the second stop in Libreville the left engine caught fire and failed. The pilot, who had also flown the team from a match in Mauritius the previous day, then mistakenly shut down the right engine, causing the plane to lose all power during the climb out of Libreville Airport and fall into the water 500 metres (1,600 ft; 550 yd) offshore. A Gabonese report released in 2003 attributed the pilot's actions to a faulty warning light and fatigue.[2][1][3]","title":"Accident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asn1-2"}],"text":"The aircraft entered service in 1975. The plane had been out of service for five months from late 1992 until 21 April 1993. Test flights were carried out on 22 and 26 April. Prior to the departure for Senegal, checks revealed a number of defects in the engine: carbon particles in oil filters, disconnected cables and trace of heating. However, the flight went ahead as scheduled.[2]","title":"Aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chipolopolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1988 Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"hat-trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat-trick"},{"link_name":"Kalusha Bwalya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalusha_Bwalya"},{"link_name":"African Footballer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_African_Footballer_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"1994 Africa Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_African_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"1990 edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_African_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"UEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_European_Football_Associations"},{"link_name":"Kalusha Bwalya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalusha_Bwalya"},{"link_name":"FAZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association_of_Zambia"},{"link_name":"PSV Eindhoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven"},{"link_name":"Charles Musonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charly_Musonda_(footballer,_born_1969)"},{"link_name":"Anderlecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Johnson Bwalya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Bwalya"},{"link_name":"FC Bulle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bulle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"FAZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association_of_Zambia"},{"link_name":"ZCCM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZCCM_Investments_Holdings"}],"text":"The Chipolopolo were a very promising Zambia national team. At the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul, their 4–0 victory over Italy included a hat-trick from Kalusha Bwalya, who won the African Footballer of the Year later that year. They had their eyes on the 1994 Africa Cup of Nations trophy, having finished third in the 1990 edition, and a place at their first World Cup.[4]All 30 passengers and crew, including 18 players, as well as the national team coach and support staff, died in the accident.Three players of the \"Chipolopolo\" were playing with UEFA clubs, and each made separate travel plans from their clubs in Europe to Senegal. Captain Kalusha Bwalya— later national team coach and president of the FAZ — was playing for PSV Eindhoven. Charles Musonda, a player for Anderlecht, was previously injured, staying in Belgium for rehabilitation at the time.[5] Johnson Bwalya played for FC Bulle, and would have traveled from Switzerland.[6] Bennett Mulwanda Simfukwe, who had been seconded to the FAZ by his employers (ZCCM) for 5 years and was supposed to be on this flight, wasn't on it because his employers demanded that he should immediately be removed from the list of those who were officially scheduled to travel to Senegal.","title":"Passengers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc4-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-znbc1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goaldotcom1-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-southerntimes1-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kunda-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc2-14"}],"text":"A campaign to have the Gabonese crash investigation publicly released continued into the 2000s.[7][8] In November 2003 a preliminary crash investigation report was released by the Gabonese government, which claimed that the left engine had caught on fire, and in an attempt to control the fire the pilot thought he had shut down that engine, when in reality he shut down the right engine due to a faulty light. Despite this relatives of the victims continue to lobby the Zambian government to produce a report on how the aircraft was allowed to leave Zambia, and why the players were transported on a military plane.[9][10][11][12][13]In May 2002, $4 million was given to families of the deceased players in compensation.[14]","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Independence Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Stadium_(Zambia)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc4-9"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"African Nations Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sportsillustrated1-3"},{"link_name":"1994 African Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_African_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_African_Cup_of_Nations_Final"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc5-15"},{"link_name":"Africa Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Africa_Cup_of_Nations_Final"},{"link_name":"beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Africa_Cup_of_Nations_Final"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Eighteam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteam"}],"text":"The members of the national team killed in the crash were buried in what became known as \"Heroes' Acre\", just outside the Independence Stadium in Lusaka.[9]A new side was quickly assembled, and led by Kalusha Bwalya, faced up to the difficult task of having to complete Zambia's World Cup qualifiers (narrowly missing qualification by finishing one point behind Morocco) and then prepare for the upcoming African Nations Cup which was only months away to be hosted in Tunisia.[3]The resurrected team defied the odds, and displaying an attacking playing style, reached the 1994 African Cup of Nations final against Nigeria. They took the lead in the first half, but the Super Eagles quickly equalised and followed up with the winner in the second half. In spite of the loss, the Zambian side returned home as national heroes.[15]In 2012, Zambia won the Africa Cup of Nations in Libreville, only a few hundred metres inland from the crash site; the victory was dedicated to the ones who lost their lives in the tragedy. Zambia beat Côte d'Ivoire 8–7 in a penalty shoot out after the game ended 0–0 after normal and added time.[16][17][18]The accident was the subject of the 2015 Spanish/Zambian documentary film Eighteam, directed by Juan Rodriguez-Briso.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1993_Zambia_national_football_team_plane_crash&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1993_Zambia_national_football_team_plane_crash&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"Godfrey \"Ucar\" Chitalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Chitalu"},{"link_name":"Alex Chola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Chola"}],"text":"All thirty people on board died in the crash. 24 bodies were recovered, but only 13 could be identified.[19]Crew[edit]\nColonel Fenton Mhone (pilot)\nLt Colonel Victor Mubanga (pilot)\nLt Colonel James Sachika (pilot)\nMajor Edward Nambote (flight engineer)\nCorporal Thomas Sakala\n\n\nCoaching staff[edit]\nGodfrey \"Ucar\" Chitalu (coach)\nAlex Chola (assistant coach)","title":"Victims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Footballers","text":"Source:[20]","title":"Victims"}]

[{"image_text":"Flight route","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gabon_Air_Disaster.svg/300px-Gabon_Air_Disaster.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"List of accidents involving sports teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accidents_involving_sports_teams"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alampur_Navabrahma_Temples

Alampur Navabrahma Temples

["1 Location","2 History","2.1 Sangameswara Temple","2.2 Navabrahma temples","3 Description","3.1 ASI protection and relocation","4 Nearby temples","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Bibliography","7 External links"]

Coordinates: 15°52′40.1″N 78°08′5.4″E / 15.877806°N 78.134833°E / 15.877806; 78.134833 Alampur Navabrahma TemplesSvarga Brahma TempleReligionAffiliationHinduismDistrictJogulamba Gadwal districtDeityShiva, othersLocationLocationAlampuram (Hemalapuram)StateTelanganaCountryIndiaLocation in TelanganaShow map of IndiaAlampur Navabrahma Temples (Telangana)Show map of TelanganaGeographic coordinates15°52′40.1″N 78°08′5.4″E / 15.877806°N 78.134833°E / 15.877806; 78.134833ArchitectureStyleNagaraCompleted7th centuryTemple(s)9 Alampuram Navabrahma Temples are a group of nine early Badami Chalukyan Hindu temples dated between the 7th and 9th centuries that are located at Alampuram (Hemalapuram) in Telangana, India, near the meeting point of Tungabhadra River and Krishna River at the border of Andhra Pradesh. They are called Nava-Brahma temples though they are dedicated to Shiva. They exemplify early North Indian Nagara style architecture with cut rock as the building block. The temples of Alampur resemble the style of Pattadakal, Aihole style as they were Karnata Dravida, Vesara style native to Karnataka. The temples are significant for their east-facing simple square plans, intricate carvings of themes of Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism. They also contain early examples of friezes that narrate legends from Hindu texts such as the Panchatantra fables. The temples were a significant influence on the later era Kakatiya Hindu temples. These temples were built by the Badami Chalukyas rulers, and early 8th-century inscriptions found at the site suggest that the site also had a Shaiva matha (Hindu monastery) which has not survived. Their ruins have been restored by the Archaeological Survey of India after 1980. The Alampuram Navabrahma temples were badly damaged and defaced during the Islamic invasion of this region in and after the 14th century. A series of religious wars and conquest led to the construction of an Islamic fort, a mosque and a graveyard called Shah Ali Pedda Dargah being built midst the Navabrahma temples over the 15th to 17th centuries. This construction was completed in part using the temple walls and ruined masonry from the temples, according to Ghulam Yazdani – an archaeologist who surveyed these temples and the Islamic monuments among them in 1926–27 for the Nizam of Hyderabad. The Hindus abandoned worship in temples in immediate vicinity of these Sultanate-era additions. Location The Alampuram Navabrahma temples are located in the Telangana town of Alampuram, close to the Tungabhadra river. It is 215 kilometres (134 mi) south of Hyderabad, connected by the four-lane National Highway 44 (Asian Highway 43), and about 240 kilometres (150 mi) northeast of Hampi monuments and 325 kilometres (202 mi) east of Badami, the capital of the kings who are credited with building it in the 7th century. History Sangameswara Temple The Sangameswara Temple was originally built at Kudavelly, by the confluence (sangam) of two major sacred rivers of ancient importance, the Tungabhadra and Krishna. Sangameswara comes from the word Sangam meaning confluence of two or more rivers. The Sangameswara Temple was constructed by Pulakesi I ( 540 CE to 566 CE), in a similar style to the Navabrahma Temples. Based on inscriptional evidence such as the Tummayaneru grant, Sarma dates the temple to pre-Chalukya era when Navabrahma temples were built. Odile Divakaran states that the Sangameswara temple at Kudaveli was not an earlier monument, but was built along with the nine Navabrahma temples, likely in the middle of the 7th century. According to Sarma, new inscriptions found in the 1980s at the Arka Brahma and Bala Brahma temples mention a pre-existing mahadevayatana or main temple with linga, the Sangameswara Temple. The Sangameswara Temple has been moved to near the Navabrahma temples, as its original site built at Kudavelly, some 20 km away, is now flooded by the Srisailam Dam hydroelectric project. The Sangameswara temple transplantation was completed by January 1990. Navabrahma temples As the Badami Chalukyan kingdom became well established, its rulers sponsored the distinct Badami Chalukya architecture style of Hindu temple architecture in Aihole, Badami, Alampur and later Pattadakal. The nine temples at this site reflect some of the early Nagara style of Hindu temples that have partially survived for scholarly studies. The uniqueness of this group of temples lies in their plan and design in the northern architectural style introduced by the Chalukyas of Badami in the 7th century. Description The temples are emblematic of the Northern Indian Nagara style of architecture. The Navabrahma temples are present on the left bank of the Tungabhadra River, enclosed in a courtyard. The temples have a square plan that follow the vastupurushamandala architecture. A square sanctum is surrounded by a covered circumambulation path and a Rekha-nagara style curvilinear square shikara towers above the sanctum of each temple. The tower is capped by an amla and a kalasha, though in some cases this has not survived. In front of each sanctum is a mandapa. Taraka Brahma: This is an unusual early stage Hindu temple because it has a multistorey tower and for carving deities into the ceiling, suggesting that the artisans were experimenting and exploring novel construction ideas in stone temples by the 7th century. This temple, as others, incorporates 6th-7th century CE Telugu and Kannada inscriptions. Svarga Brahma temple plan. Svarga Brahma: Swarga Brahma temple was built during 681-696 AD or the Vinayaditya era. An inscription found in the temple states that Lokaditya Ela Arasa built it in the honour of the queen. It is an example of Badami Chalukya Architecture and sculpture. This temple is the most elaborately ornamented temple. Its square plan is simple, and it includes a mukhachatuski, a gudhamandapa, an antarala and a garbhagriya. It has a porch in front with fluted shafts and foliage motifs. It has a pair of dikpalas (directional guardians) in each corner of the temple. The temple shows two Nataraja (dancing Shiva), one Lingobhava (Shiva emerging from a linga), one Dakshinamurti (Shiva in yoga position as a teacher sitting under a tree). The temple also has common life scenes, as well as amorous couples in various stages of courtship and kama. The temple has friezes showing four fables from the Panchatantra, along with a Sanskrit inscription below that summarizes the moral of each fable. One of its niches has a sculpture narrating the Vamana-Trivikrama legend of Vishnu. Svarga Brahma temple Temple overview Mandapa and pillars inside Outer walls include reliefs of Vedic and Puranic deities. Above: Indra. Amorous couple, kama scene on outer wall Padma Brahma is probably the last temple to be built in the group, one with an incomplete tower rather than a destroyed tower structure. It has no entrance porch, but displays the most complex pediment designs. Padma Brahma temple has a polished stone sculpture of Shivalinga. Bala Brahma: The Bala Brahma temple is likely the second oldest here, likely completed by about 650 CE. It has Sanskrit inscriptions in early Telugu script, one of which can be dated to 702 CE. The temple has Shaktism themes represented with the sculptures of Saptamatrikas (seven mothers). It is an active house of Hindu worship in contemporary times. Shivaratri is celebrated in this temple every year. Bala Brahma temple Nagara-style shikara Outer covered hall Mandapam with original pillar and modern era floor Durga on two lions, mid 7th-century Garuda Brahma has the same plan as the Vishwa Brahma temple, but it lacks the latter's intricate carving. It includes a flying Garuda, the vahana of Vishnu, suggestive of the likelihood that the temple once included a sculpture of Vishnu. Garuda Brahma temple Temple overview Stone mesh window Gandharvas outer walls Defaced goddess Ganga, entrance Kumara Brahma is probably the earliest temple built, and like others stands on a jagati (platform). The outer walls provide a perforated screen to let natural light come into the circumambulation path. The pillars and beams in the ceiling are all carved with miniature figures and mayura (peacock) motifs. The tower is divided into venukosha, uccheda and madhyalata, with the Sikhara of tribhuni class of design. The pillars inside the mandapa have amorous couples in mithuna scenes. The sanctum doorway is flanked by Ganga and Yamuna goddesses, as well as two dvarapalas. Kumara Brahma temple Temple overview Pillar relief inside Saptamatrikas and Ganesha monolith, Inscription above them Mahisasuramardini Arka Brahma temple is largely defaced and damaged. Arka Brahma temple is a mostly ruined temple. The temple art has been defaced, with only remnants of Ganga and Yamuna goddesses visible on the entrance of the sanctum. There is an inscription in the Siddhamatrika script which in most cases are likely the names of the artists who worked on specific sculpture (now missing), and these are in Kannada and Telugu languages. Veera Brahma Temple is a simpler, much damaged temple in the group. It has a gudha-mandapa, antarala and a garbhagriya. The outer walls of the temple are sectioned by pairs of pilasters into projecting niches but the artwork in these have not survived. The tower above the sanctum has projections in its center. Vishva Brahma temple is the northmost and an intricately carved temple with its niches and windows featuring complex designs around them. The foundational platform is also carved with musicians, dancers, foliage, birds, geese and ganas. The temple pillars inside the mandapa have fluted shafts above seated lions, while the capital is ribbed kalasha shaped. The temple also has sculptural scenes from the Hindu epics as well as the Panchatantra. Vishwa Brahma temple Temple overview Pillar carvings inside Gangadhara in the west portico outside Hanuman and the Ramayana legend There is an ASI museum near this group of temples. It shows ruins recovered at the site, with remnants of a Durga in Mhishasura-mardini form, a Lajja-Gauri, a Nataraja Shiva which George Michell calls a "masterpiece of refined sculpture", a polished Nandi statue with Shiva and Parvati riding it. The museum also has ruins of reliefs that narrate Hindu epics and other texts such as the Panchatantra. ASI protection and relocation The Alampuram temples are listed as an archaeological and architectural treasure on the official "List of Monuments" prepared by the Archaeological Survey of India under The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act. Some temples at the Alampur site came under submergence due to the building of Sri Sailam Hydro-electric Project, the threatened ancient and medieval era monuments along with the Sangameswara temple were relocated to a higher place, west and southwest of the Navabrahma temples. The latter was transplanted near the Alampur Papanasi Temples. Nearby temples Alampur was an important pilgrimage site for the Hindus well after the 8th century as evidenced by the inscriptions and nearby major complex of temples. The Papanasam group of Hindu temples built in the 9th and 10th centuries are about 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) southwest from the Navabrahma temple site. There are other temples like Suryanarayana temple dating back to 9th century. The Narasimha temple has inscriptions from the Sri Krishna Devaraya (Vijayanagar Empire) era. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Navabrahma temples, Alampur. Alampuram Museum Alampuram Papanasi Temples Aihole Pattadakal References ^ a b c d e George Michell (2013). Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums. Roli Books. pp. 318–321. ISBN 978-81-7436-903-1. ^ Marijke J. Klokke (2000). Narrative Sculpture and Literary Traditions in South and Southeast Asia. BRILL. pp. 78–82. ISBN 90-04-11865-9. ^ Madhusudan A. Dhaky; American Institute of Indian Studies (1996). Encyclopaedia of Indian temple architecture. American Institute of Indian Studies. pp. 423, 447. ISBN 978-81-86526-00-2. ^ B. Rajendra Prasad (1983). Chalukyan Temples of Andhradesa. Abhinav Publications. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-0-391-02853-1. ^ a b "Alampur surfaces after six days". The Hindu. 8 October 2009. Archived from the original on 10 October 2009. ^ ASI yet to assess damage to Kurnool structures – Times Of India ^ The Andhra Pradesh Journal of Archaeology. Director of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh. 1984. pp. 80–81. ^ Pedarapu Chenna Reddy (2006). Readings in Society and Religion of Medieval South India. University of Hyderabad, Research Press. pp. 99–100. ISBN 978-81-89131-04-3. ^ a b Ghulam Yazdani (1929), Annual Report of the Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness the Nizam's Dominions for 1336 F (1926-1927 AD), Archaeological Department of Hyderabad, Baptist Mission Press, pp. 8–11; for contemporary image, see Muslim Fort and Shah Ali’s Dargah, 17th Century CE ^ a b c IK Sarma (2000). Harsh K. Gupta (ed.). Deccan Heritage. Universities Press. pp. 169–192. ISBN 978-81-7371-285-2. ^ Odile Divakaran (1971), Les temples d'Ālampur et de ses environs au temps des Cāḷukya de Bādāmi, Arts Asiatiques, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 72-73 ^ Marijke J. Klokke (2000). Narrative Sculpture and Literary Traditions in South and Southeast Asia. BRILL. pp. 94–95. ISBN 90-04-11865-9. ^ B. Rajendra Prasad (1983). Chalukyan Temples of Andhradesa. Abhinav Publications. pp. 12–29. ISBN 978-0-391-02853-1. ^ "Mahabubnagar-NIC". Archived from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ a b c d Odile Divakaran (1971), Les temples d'Ālampur et de ses environs au temps des Cāḷukya de Bādāmi, Arts Asiatiques, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 51-101 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m George Michell (2013). Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums. Roli Books. pp. 319–320. ISBN 978-81-7436-903-1. ^ a b George Michell (1977). The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms. University of Chicago Press. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-0-226-53230-1. ^ a b c d e f B. Rajendra Prasad (1983). Chalukyan Temples of Andhradesa. Abhinav Publications. pp. 23–27. ISBN 978-0-391-02853-1. ^ Marijke J. Klokke (2000). Narrative Sculpture and Literary Traditions in South and Southeast Asia. BRILL Academic. pp. 81–82. ISBN 90-04-11865-9. ^ James C. Harle (1994). The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent. Yale University Press. pp. 185–187 with Figure 140. ISBN 978-0-300-06217-5. ^ Odile Divakaran (1971), Les temples d'Ālampur et de ses environs au temps des Cāḷukya de Bādāmi, Arts Asiatiques, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 72-74 ^ a b B. Rajendra Prasad (1983). Chalukyan Temples of Andhradesa. Abhinav Publications. pp. 12–15. ISBN 978-0-391-02853-1. ^ B. Rajendra Prasad (1983). Chalukyan Temples of Andhradesa. Abhinav Publications. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0-391-02853-1. ^ B. Rajendra Prasad (1983). Chalukyan Temples of Andhradesa. Abhinav Publications. pp. 17–20. ISBN 978-0-391-02853-1. ^ Marijke J. Klokke (2000). Narrative Sculpture and Literary Traditions in South and Southeast Asia. BRILL Academic. pp. 78–79. ISBN 90-04-11865-9. ^ Marijke J. Klokke (2000). Narrative Sculpture and Literary Traditions in South and Southeast Asia. BRILL Academic. pp. 94–95. ISBN 90-04-11865-9. ^ "Alphabetical List of Monuments - Andhra Pradesh". Archaeological Survey of India. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2017. ^ N. L. Batra (1996). Heritage conservation: preservation and restoration of monuments. Aryan. p. 39. ISBN 978-81-7305-108-1. ^ Government of Andhra Pradesh (2004). Alampur, Mahboobnagar District, Andhra Pradesh. Government of Andhra Pradesh Publications. p. 92. ^ B. Rajendra Prasad (1983). Chalukyan Temples of Andhradesa. Abhinav Publications. pp. 17–29. ISBN 978-0-391-02853-1. Bibliography Prasanna Kumar Acharya (2010). An encyclopaedia of Hindu architecture. Oxford University Press (Republished by Motilal Banarsidass). ISBN 978-81-7536-534-6. Prasanna Kumar Acharya (1997). A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture: Treating of Sanskrit Architectural Terms with Illustrative Quotations. Oxford University Press (Reprinted in 1997 by Motilal Banarsidass). ISBN 978-81-7536-113-3. Vinayak Bharne; Krupali Krusche (2014). Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-6734-4. Alice Boner (1990). Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0705-1. Alice Boner; Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā (2005). Silpa Prakasa. Brill Academic (Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass). ISBN 978-8120820524. A.K. Coomaraswamy; Michael W. Meister (1995). Essays in Architectural Theory. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. ISBN 978-0-19-563805-9. Dehejia, V. (1997). Indian Art. Phaidon: London. ISBN 0-7148-3496-3. Adam Hardy (1995). Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-312-0. Adam Hardy (2007). The Temple Architecture of India. Wiley. ISBN 978-0470028278. Adam Hardy (2015). Theory and Practice of Temple Architecture in Medieval India: Bhoja's Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra and the Bhojpur Line Drawings. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. ISBN 978-93-81406-41-0. Harle, J.C., The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, ISBN 0300062176 Monica Juneja (2001). Architecture in Medieval India: Forms, Contexts, Histories. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-8178242286. Stella Kramrisch (1976). The Hindu Temple Volume 1. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press). ISBN 978-81-208-0223-0. Stella Kramrisch (1979). The Hindu Temple Volume 2. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press). ISBN 978-81-208-0224-7. Michael W. Meister; Madhusudan Dhaky (1986). Encyclopaedia of Indian temple architecture. American Institute of Indian Studies. ISBN 978-0-8122-7992-4. George Michell (1988). The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-53230-1. George Michell (2000). Hindu Art and Architecture. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20337-8. T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993). Elements of Hindu iconography. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0878-2. Ajay J. Sinha (2000). Imagining Architects: Creativity in the Religious Monuments of India. University of Delaware Press. ISBN 978-0-87413-684-5. Burton Stein (1978). South Indian Temples. Vikas. ISBN 978-0706904499. Burton Stein (1989). The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26693-2. Burton Stein; David Arnold (2010). A History of India. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1. Kapila Vatsyayan (1997). The Square and the Circle of the Indian Arts. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-362-5. External links Ten Mahishasuramardani Icons from Alampur, M Radhakrishna Sharma Doorframes on the Earliest Orissan Temples, Thomas Donaldson vteHindu temples in TelanganaAdilabad Nagoba Jatara Hyderabad Ashtalakshmi Temple Birla Mandir Jagannath Temple Karmanghat Hanuman Temple Ujjaini Mahakali Temple Akkanna Madanna Temple Karimnagar Kothakonda Jatara Khammam Jamalapuram Stambhadri Temple Mahabubnagar Alampur Jogulamba Temple Navabrahma Temples Papanasi Temples Manyamkonda Rama Giri Umamaheshwaram Vallabhapuram Medak Saraswathi Kshetramu Wargal Saraswati Temple Nalgonda Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Yadadri Panagal (Chaya Someswara Temple Pachala Someswara Temple) Nizamabad Dichpally Ramalayam Ranga Reddy Chilkoor Balaji Temple Sanghi Temple Keesaragutta Bhavigi Bhadreswara Temple Warangal Bhadrakali Temple Ramappa Temple Kota Gullu Sammakka Saralamma Jatara Thousand Pillar Temple Padmakshi Temple Komuravelly Mallana Temple Sangareddy Ramalingeswara Temple, Nandikandi Nirmal 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindu temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_temple"},{"link_name":"Alampuram (Hemalapuram)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alampuram_(Hemalapuram)"},{"link_name":"Telangana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana"},{"link_name":"Tungabhadra River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungabhadra_River"},{"link_name":"Krishna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_River"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michell2013p319-1"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Nagara style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagara_style"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michell2013p319-1"},{"link_name":"Panchatantra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatantra"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Badami Chalukyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas"},{"link_name":"matha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matha"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prasad1983p9-4"},{"link_name":"Archaeological Survey of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alampurflood-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reddy2006-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alampurflood-5"},{"link_name":"Ghulam Yazdani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Yazdani"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yazdani8-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yazdani8-9"}],"text":"Alampuram Navabrahma Temples are a group of nine early Badami Chalukyan Hindu temples dated between the 7th and 9th centuries that are located at Alampuram (Hemalapuram) in Telangana, India, near the meeting point of Tungabhadra River and Krishna River at the border of Andhra Pradesh.[1] They are called Nava-Brahma temples though they are dedicated to Shiva. They exemplify early North Indian Nagara style architecture with cut rock as the building block. The temples of Alampur resemble the style of Pattadakal, Aihole style as they were Karnata Dravida, Vesara style native to Karnataka.[1]The temples are significant for their east-facing simple square plans, intricate carvings of themes of Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism. They also contain early examples of friezes that narrate legends from Hindu texts such as the Panchatantra fables.[2] The temples were a significant influence on the later era Kakatiya Hindu temples.[3]These temples were built by the Badami Chalukyas rulers, and early 8th-century inscriptions found at the site suggest that the site also had a Shaiva matha (Hindu monastery) which has not survived.[4] Their ruins have been restored by the Archaeological Survey of India after 1980.[5][6]The Alampuram Navabrahma temples were badly damaged and defaced during the Islamic invasion of this region in and after the 14th century.[7][8][5] A series of religious wars and conquest led to the construction of an Islamic fort, a mosque and a graveyard called Shah Ali Pedda Dargah being built midst the Navabrahma temples over the 15th to 17th centuries. This construction was completed in part using the temple walls and ruined masonry from the temples, according to Ghulam Yazdani – an archaeologist who surveyed these temples and the Islamic monuments among them in 1926–27 for the Nizam of Hyderabad.[9] The Hindus abandoned worship in temples in immediate vicinity of these Sultanate-era additions.[9]","title":"Alampur Navabrahma Temples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"Hampi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampi"},{"link_name":"Badami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badami"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michell2013p319-1"}],"text":"The Alampuram Navabrahma temples are located in the Telangana town of Alampuram, close to the Tungabhadra river. It is 215 kilometres (134 mi) south of Hyderabad, connected by the four-lane National Highway 44 (Asian Highway 43), and about 240 kilometres (150 mi) northeast of Hampi monuments and 325 kilometres (202 mi) east of Badami, the capital of the kings who are credited with building it in the 7th century.[1]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kudavelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.co.in/maps/place/Kudavelly,+Telangana/@15.9604768,78.2183162,14.26z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bb5ec4515c6ec87:0xbb4366f68037a998!8m2!3d15.9599803!4d78.2333743"},{"link_name":"confluence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michell2013p319-1"},{"link_name":"Pulakesi I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulakeshin_I"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gupta2000p169-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gupta2000p169-10"},{"link_name":"Kudavelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.co.in/maps/place/Kudavelly,+Telangana/@15.9604768,78.2183162,14.26z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bb5ec4515c6ec87:0xbb4366f68037a998!8m2!3d15.9599803!4d78.2333743"},{"link_name":"Srisailam Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srisailam_Dam"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gupta2000p169-10"}],"sub_title":"Sangameswara Temple","text":"The Sangameswara Temple was originally built at Kudavelly, by the confluence (sangam) of two major sacred rivers of ancient importance, the Tungabhadra and Krishna.[1] Sangameswara comes from the word Sangam meaning confluence of two or more rivers. The Sangameswara Temple was constructed by Pulakesi I ( 540 CE to 566 CE), in a similar style to the Navabrahma Temples. Based on inscriptional evidence such as the Tummayaneru grant, Sarma dates the temple to pre-Chalukya era when Navabrahma temples were built.[10] Odile Divakaran states that the Sangameswara temple at Kudaveli was not an earlier monument, but was built along with the nine Navabrahma temples, likely in the middle of the 7th century.[11] According to Sarma, new inscriptions found in the 1980s at the Arka Brahma and Bala Brahma temples mention a pre-existing mahadevayatana or main temple with linga, the Sangameswara Temple.[10]The Sangameswara Temple has been moved to near the Navabrahma temples, as its original site built at Kudavelly, some 20 km away, is now flooded by the Srisailam Dam hydroelectric project. The Sangameswara temple transplantation was completed by January 1990.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Badami Chalukyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas"},{"link_name":"Badami Chalukya architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badami_Chalukya_architecture"},{"link_name":"Hindu temple architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture"},{"link_name":"Aihole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aihole"},{"link_name":"Badami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badami"},{"link_name":"Pattadakal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattadakal"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Navabrahma temples","text":"As the Badami Chalukyan kingdom became well established, its rulers sponsored the distinct Badami Chalukya architecture style of Hindu temple architecture in Aihole, Badami, Alampur and later Pattadakal. The nine temples at this site reflect some of the early Nagara style of Hindu temples that have partially survived for scholarly studies.[12][13] The uniqueness of this group of temples lies in their plan and design in the northern architectural style introduced by the Chalukyas of Badami in the 7th century.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michell2013p319-1"},{"link_name":"Tungabhadra River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungabhadra_River"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odile51-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odile51-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michell319-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7th_century_Svarga_Brahma_Hindu_temple_plan,_Alampur_Telangana_India.svg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michell67-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prasad23-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michell319-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prasad23-18"},{"link_name":"Badami Chalukya Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badami_Chalukya_Architecture"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michell319-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prasad23-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michell67-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prasad23-18"},{"link_name":"Nataraja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nataraja"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michell319-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prasad23-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prasad23-18"},{"link_name":"Trivikrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivikrama"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harle1994p185-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:704_CE_Svarga_Brahma_Temple,_Alampur_Navabrahma,_Telangana_India_-_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:704_CE_Svarga_Brahma_Temple,_Alampur_Navabrahma,_Telangana_India_-_71.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:704_CE_Svarga_Brahma_Temple,_Alampur_Navabrahma,_Telangana_India_-_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:704_CE_Svarga_Brahma_Temple,_Alampur_Navabrahma,_Telangana_India_-_27.jpg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michell319-16"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michell319-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7th_century_Bala_Brahma_Temple,_Navabrahma_group,_Alampur,_Telangana_India_-_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7th_century_Bala_Brahma_Temple,_Navabrahma_group,_Alampur,_Telangana_India_-_49.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7th_century_Bala_Brahma_Temple,_Navabrahma_group,_Alampur,_Telangana_India_-_39.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7th_century_Bala_Brahma_Temple,_Navabrahma_group,_Alampur,_Telangana_India_-_4.jpg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michell319-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7th_8th_century_Garuda_Brahma_Temple,_Navabrahma_group,_Alampur,_Telangana_India_-_70.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7th_8th_century_Garuda_Brahma_Temple,_Navabrahma_group,_Alampur,_Telangana_India_-_55.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7th_8th_century_Garuda_Brahma_Temple,_Navabrahma_group,_Alampur,_Telangana_India_-_62.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7th_8th_century_Garuda_Brahma_Temple,_Navabrahma_group,_Alampur,_Telangana_India_-_21.jpg"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prasad1983p12-22"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michell319-16"},{"link_name":"mithuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithuna"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prasad1983p12-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7th_century_Kumara_Brahma_Temple,_Alampur_Navabrahma,_Telangana_India_-_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kumara_Brahma_Temple,_Alampur_Navabrahma,_Telangana_India_-_25.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7th_century_Kumara_Brahma_Temple,_Alampur_Navabrahma,_Telangana_India_-_20.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7th_century_Kumara_Brahma_Temple,_Alampur_Navabrahma,_Telangana_India_-_33.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arka_Brahmeswara_Swamy_Temple.jpg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michell319-16"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prasad1983p16-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prasad1983p17-24"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michell319-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michell319-16"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7th_century_Vishwa_Brahma_Temples,_Alampur,_Telangana_India_-_3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7th_century_Vishwa_Brahma_Temples,_Alampur,_Telangana_India_-_43.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7th_century_Vishwa_Brahma_Temples,_Alampur,_Telangana_India_-_25.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7th_century_Vishwa_Brahma_Temples,_Alampur,_Telangana_India_-_50.jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odile51-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michell319-16"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"The temples are emblematic of the Northern Indian Nagara style of architecture.[1] The Navabrahma temples are present on the left bank of the Tungabhadra River, enclosed in a courtyard.[14]The temples have a square plan that follow the vastupurushamandala architecture. A square sanctum is surrounded by a covered circumambulation path and a Rekha-nagara style curvilinear square shikara towers above the sanctum of each temple. The tower is capped by an amla and a kalasha, though in some cases this has not survived. In front of each sanctum is a mandapa.[15]Taraka Brahma: This is an unusual early stage Hindu temple because it has a multistorey tower and for carving deities into the ceiling, suggesting that the artisans were experimenting and exploring novel construction ideas in stone temples by the 7th century.[15][16] This temple, as others, incorporates 6th-7th century CE Telugu and Kannada inscriptions.Svarga Brahma temple plan.[17]Svarga Brahma: Swarga Brahma temple was built during 681-696 AD or the Vinayaditya era.[18] An inscription found in the temple states that Lokaditya Ela Arasa built it in the honour of the queen.[16][18] It is an example of Badami Chalukya Architecture and sculpture. This temple is the most elaborately ornamented temple.[16][18] Its square plan is simple, and it includes a mukhachatuski, a gudhamandapa, an antarala and a garbhagriya.[17][18] It has a porch in front with fluted shafts and foliage motifs. It has a pair of dikpalas (directional guardians) in each corner of the temple. The temple shows two Nataraja (dancing Shiva), one Lingobhava (Shiva emerging from a linga), one Dakshinamurti (Shiva in yoga position as a teacher sitting under a tree). The temple also has common life scenes, as well as amorous couples in various stages of courtship and kama.[16][18] The temple has friezes showing four fables from the Panchatantra, along with a Sanskrit inscription below that summarizes the moral of each fable.[19][18] One of its niches has a sculpture narrating the Vamana-Trivikrama legend of Vishnu.[20]Svarga Brahma temple\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTemple overview\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMandapa and pillars inside\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOuter walls include reliefs of Vedic and Puranic deities. Above: Indra.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAmorous couple, kama scene on outer wallPadma Brahma is probably the last temple to be built in the group, one with an incomplete tower rather than a destroyed tower structure. It has no entrance porch, but displays the most complex pediment designs.[16] Padma Brahma temple has a polished stone sculpture of Shivalinga.\nBala Brahma: The Bala Brahma temple is likely the second oldest here, likely completed by about 650 CE.[21] It has Sanskrit inscriptions in early Telugu script, one of which can be dated to 702 CE. The temple has Shaktism themes represented with the sculptures of Saptamatrikas (seven mothers).[16] It is an active house of Hindu worship in contemporary times. Shivaratri is celebrated in this temple every year.Bala Brahma temple\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNagara-style shikara\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOuter covered hall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMandapam with original pillar and modern era floor\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDurga on two lions, mid 7th-centuryGaruda Brahma has the same plan as the Vishwa Brahma temple, but it lacks the latter's intricate carving. It includes a flying Garuda, the vahana of Vishnu, suggestive of the likelihood that the temple once included a sculpture of Vishnu.[16]Garuda Brahma temple\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTemple overview\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStone mesh window\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGandharvas outer walls\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDefaced goddess Ganga, entranceKumara Brahma is probably the earliest temple built, and like others stands on a jagati (platform).[22] The outer walls provide a perforated screen to let natural light come into the circumambulation path. The pillars and beams in the ceiling are all carved with miniature figures and mayura (peacock) motifs.[16] The tower is divided into venukosha, uccheda and madhyalata, with the Sikhara of tribhuni class of design. The pillars inside the mandapa have amorous couples in mithuna scenes. The sanctum doorway is flanked by Ganga and Yamuna goddesses, as well as two dvarapalas.[22]Kumara Brahma temple\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTemple overview\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPillar relief inside\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSaptamatrikas and Ganesha monolith, Inscription above them\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMahisasuramardiniArka Brahma temple is largely defaced and damaged.Arka Brahma temple is a mostly ruined temple.[16] The temple art has been defaced, with only remnants of Ganga and Yamuna goddesses visible on the entrance of the sanctum. There is an inscription in the Siddhamatrika script which in most cases are likely the names of the artists who worked on specific sculpture (now missing), and these are in Kannada and Telugu languages.[23]\nVeera Brahma Temple is a simpler, much damaged temple in the group. It has a gudha-mandapa, antarala and a garbhagriya.[24] The outer walls of the temple are sectioned by pairs of pilasters into projecting niches but the artwork in these have not survived. The tower above the sanctum has projections in its center.[16]\nVishva Brahma temple is the northmost and an intricately carved temple with its niches and windows featuring complex designs around them. The foundational platform is also carved with musicians, dancers, foliage, birds, geese and ganas. The temple pillars inside the mandapa have fluted shafts above seated lions, while the capital is ribbed kalasha shaped.[16] The temple also has sculptural scenes from the Hindu epics as well as the Panchatantra.[25]Vishwa Brahma temple\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTemple overview\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPillar carvings inside\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGangadhara in the west portico outside\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHanuman and the Ramayana legendThere is an ASI museum near this group of temples. It shows ruins recovered at the site, with remnants of a Durga in Mhishasura-mardini form, a Lajja-Gauri, a Nataraja Shiva which George Michell calls a \"masterpiece of refined sculpture\", a polished Nandi statue with Shiva and Parvati riding it.[15][16] The museum also has ruins of reliefs that narrate Hindu epics and other texts such as the Panchatantra.[26]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archaeological Survey of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Alampur Papanasi Temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alampur_Papanasi_Temples"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"ASI protection and relocation","text":"The Alampuram temples are listed as an archaeological and architectural treasure on the official \"List of Monuments\" prepared by the Archaeological Survey of India under The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act.[27] Some temples at the Alampur site came under submergence due to the building of Sri Sailam Hydro-electric Project, the threatened ancient and medieval era monuments along with the Sangameswara temple were relocated to a higher place, west and southwest of the Navabrahma temples.[28][29] The latter was transplanted near the Alampur Papanasi Temples.[citation needed]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odile51-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michell319-16"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Alampur was an important pilgrimage site for the Hindus well after the 8th century as evidenced by the inscriptions and nearby major complex of temples. The Papanasam group of Hindu temples built in the 9th and 10th centuries are about 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) southwest from the Navabrahma temple site.[15][16] There are other temples like Suryanarayana temple dating back to 9th century. The Narasimha temple has inscriptions from the Sri Krishna Devaraya (Vijayanagar Empire) era.[30]","title":"Nearby temples"}]

[{"image_text":"Svarga Brahma temple plan.[17]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/7th_century_Svarga_Brahma_Hindu_temple_plan%2C_Alampur_Telangana_India.svg/220px-7th_century_Svarga_Brahma_Hindu_temple_plan%2C_Alampur_Telangana_India.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Arka Brahma temple is largely defaced and damaged.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Arka_Brahmeswara_Swamy_Temple.jpg/220px-Arka_Brahmeswara_Swamy_Temple.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Navabrahma temples, Alampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Navabrahma_temples,_Alampur"},{"title":"Alampuram Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alampur_Museum"},{"title":"Alampuram Papanasi Temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alampur_Papanasi_Temples"},{"title":"Aihole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aihole"},{"title":"Pattadakal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattadakal"}]

[{"reference":"George Michell (2013). Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums. Roli Books. pp. 318–321. ISBN 978-81-7436-903-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GdBbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT319","url_text":"Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7436-903-1","url_text":"978-81-7436-903-1"}]},{"reference":"Marijke J. Klokke (2000). Narrative Sculpture and Literary Traditions in South and Southeast Asia. BRILL. pp. 78–82. ISBN 90-04-11865-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fx3mpR4uKmkC&pg=PA94","url_text":"Narrative Sculpture and Literary Traditions in South and Southeast Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11865-9","url_text":"90-04-11865-9"}]},{"reference":"Madhusudan A. Dhaky; American Institute of Indian Studies (1996). Encyclopaedia of Indian temple architecture. American Institute of Indian Studies. pp. 423, 447. ISBN 978-81-86526-00-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TXIYAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Encyclopaedia of Indian temple architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86526-00-2","url_text":"978-81-86526-00-2"}]},{"reference":"B. Rajendra Prasad (1983). Chalukyan Temples of Andhradesa. Abhinav Publications. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-0-391-02853-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t9cxI2KZzekC","url_text":"Chalukyan Temples of Andhradesa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02853-1","url_text":"978-0-391-02853-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Alampur surfaces after six days\". The Hindu. 8 October 2009. Archived from the original on 10 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091010030347/http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/08/stories/2009100856160400.htm","url_text":"\"Alampur surfaces after six days\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/08/stories/2009100856160400.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The Andhra Pradesh Journal of Archaeology. Director of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh. 1984. pp. 80–81.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OBJuAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Andhra Pradesh Journal of Archaeology"}]},{"reference":"Pedarapu Chenna Reddy (2006). Readings in Society and Religion of Medieval South India. University of Hyderabad, Research Press. pp. 99–100. 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Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160403074857/http://mahabubnagar.nic.in/TourismNew.php?t=1","url_text":"\"Mahabubnagar-NIC\""},{"url":"http://mahabubnagar.nic.in/TourismNew.php?t=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"George Michell (2013). Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums. Roli Books. pp. 319–320. ISBN 978-81-7436-903-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GdBbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT319","url_text":"Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7436-903-1","url_text":"978-81-7436-903-1"}]},{"reference":"George Michell (1977). The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms. University of Chicago Press. pp. 66–67. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_in_the_United_Kingdom

Census in the United Kingdom

["1 History","2 Release of information","2.1 England and Wales","2.2 Scotland","2.3 Ireland and Northern Ireland","3 Coverage","4 Criminal law","5 Data sets","5.1 2001","5.2 2011","5.3 2021","6 List of UK censuses","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]

Mass population survey conducted in the United Kingdom Form used to poll English households during the 2001 Census Coincident full censuses have taken place in the different jurisdictions of the United Kingdom every ten years since 1801, with the exceptions of 1941 (during the Second World War), Ireland in 1921/Northern Ireland in 1931, and Scotland in 2021. In addition to providing detailed information about national demographics, the results of the census play an important part in the calculation of resource allocation to regional and local service providers by the UK government. The most recent UK census took place in England, Wales and Northern Ireland on 21 March 2021. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the census in Scotland was delayed to 20 March 2022. History Tax assessments (known in the later Empire as the indiction) were made in Britain in Roman times, but detailed records have not survived. In the 7th century AD, Dál Riata (parts of what is now Scotland and Northern Ireland) conducted a census, called the "Tradition of the Men of Alba" (Scottish Gaelic: Senchus fer n-Alban). The first census in England was the Domesday Book, compiled in 1086 under William the Conqueror for tax purposes. Distinct from earlier, less inclusive censuses (e.g. for religious purposes), national decennial censuses of the general population started in 1801, championed by the statistician John Rickman. The censuses were initially conducted partly to ascertain the number of men able to fight in the Napoleonic Wars, and partly over population concerns stemming from the 1798 work An Essay on the Principle of Population by Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus. Rickman's twelve reasons – set out in 1798 and repeated in parliamentary debates – for conducting a census of Great Britain included the following justifications: "the intimate knowledge of any country must form the rational basis of legislation and diplomacy" "an industrious population is the basic power and resource of any nation, and therefore its size needs to be known" "the number of men who were required for conscription to the militia in different areas should reflect the area's population" "there were defence reasons for wanting to know the number of seamen" "the need to plan the production of corn and thus to know the number of people who had to be fed" "a census would indicate the Government's intention to promote the public good", and "the life insurance industry would be stimulated by the results". Regular national censuses have taken place every ten years since 1801, most recently in 2021; other partial censuses have been made on some of the intervening fifth anniversaries. The first four censuses (1801–1831) were mainly statistical: that is, mainly headcounts, with virtually no personal information. A small number of older records exist in local record offices as by-products of the notes made by enumerators in the production of those earlier censuses; these might list all persons or just the heads of households. The 1841 Census was the first to intentionally record names of all individuals in a household or institution. The first simultaneous census of the British Empire, covering the United Kingdom, India and the Crown Settlements, took place in 1881. The Census Act 1920 provides the legal framework for conducting all censuses in Great Britain (Scotland, England, and Wales). The primary legislation for Northern Ireland was introduced in 1969. Before this legislation, it was necessary to have a separate act of parliament for each census. Britain was also responsible for initiating and co-ordinating censuses in many of its overseas colonies. Because of the disruption caused by the Second World War, there was no census in 1941. However, following the passage into law on 5 September 1939 of the National Registration Act 1939, a population count was carried out on 29 September 1939. The resulting National Register was later used to develop the National Health Service Central Register. Censuses were taken on 26 April 1931 in Great Britain, but the returns for England and Wales were destroyed in an accidental fire during the Second World War. On 24 April 1966, the UK trialled an alternative method of enumeration – long form/short form. Every household was given a short form to complete, while a sample of the population was given a long form to collect more detailed information. The short form was used for the population count and to collect basic information such as usual address, sex, age and relationships to other household members. This was the first and only time that a five-yearly census was carried out in the UK. Release of information England and Wales The British government undertakes the census for policy and planning purposes, and publishes the results in printed reports and on the website of the Office for National Statistics (ONS). A number of datasets are also made available. Public access to individual census returns in England and Wales is normally restricted under the terms of the 100-year rule (Lord Chancellor's Instrument no.12, issued in 1966 under S.5 (1) of the Public Records Act 1958). Some argue that ministers and civil servants in England and Wales made no attempts to strictly enforce the 100-year census closure policy until 2005, five years after the Freedom of Information Act 2000 was passed, which, they argue, effectively abolished the 100-year rule. However, personal information provided in confidence is likely to be exempted if disclosure could result in successful prosecution for breach of confidence. In exceptional circumstances, the Registrar General for England and Wales does release specific information from 70-, 80-, or 90-year-old closed censuses. Scotland National censuses in Scotland have been taken on the same dates as those in England and Wales, but with differing legislation, governorship and archiving arrangements. The 2001 census was the first to be taken under full domestic control, while all preceding censuses since 1861 had been under the control of the Registrar General for Scotland. The 19th-century Scottish censuses were all released after 50–80 years of closure, while the 1901 and 1911 censuses were made available to the public after their 100th anniversaries. Unlike the censuses for England and Wales, there was a statutory bar on early release of the 1911 census details. The census that had been due in 2021 was delayed until March 2022, with the COVID-19 pandemic cited as the reason. This was the first time since 1941 that the census count had been delayed. The return rate of the 2022 census was lower than expected, leading to plans to extend the deadline. There were concerns the data collected would be statistically invalid. Ireland and Northern Ireland Irish censuses from before 1901 have not generally survived to the present day, due to a combination of official incompetence (the 1881 and 1891 returns were pulped before they could be transcribed into books), non-retention (1861 and 1871), and a fire during the Irish Civil War in 1922. The 1901 and 1911 censuses for Ireland (all of which was then part of the UK) have been available for inspection since 1960 – they were made available earlier than the other British records, since Irish law is different on this matter. No census was taken in 1921 due to the disruption of the Irish War of Independence. The first census taken in the Irish Free State (now the Republic of Ireland) was in April 1926; the first Northern Ireland census occurred at the same time. No census took place in Northern Ireland in 1931, but one took place there in 1937. Coverage In 2001, the census form was completed by 94 per cent of the population in England and Wales, with a further 4 per cent identified by the census enumerators, though the results still represented 100 per cent of the population through the use of cross-matching with a follow-up survey. The Census Act 1920 (as amended) legislates a fine of up to £1,000 for those who refuse to complete their census forms. In some censuses, significant numbers of people intentionally did not participate for political reasons. In 1911, the Women's Freedom League, a suffragette organisation campaigning for female suffrage in the United Kingdom, organised a boycott of the census. They encouraged women to go to all-night parties or to stay at friends' houses to avoid the census and some heads of households refused to report the women at the address. In 1991, many people again avoided the census, which was conducted during the time of the poll tax debate, in case the government used it to enforce the tax. It was estimated that up to one million people were not counted by the 1991 census due to such evasion. Criminal law Under section 8 of the Census Act 1920, whoever refuses or neglects to comply with the census, makes a false declaration, makes, signs, or delivers a false document, or causes the same, or refuses to answer, or gives false answers, shall be liable on summary conviction and face a maximum fine of £1,000. Exceptions exist for refusing or neglecting to respond to questions about religion, as stipulated by the Census (Amendment) Act 2000. Data sets Traditionally, outputs are released in the form of tables of counts at various levels of geography. However, microdata, known Samples of Anonymised Records (SARs) are UK data-sets consisting of samples of individual records from national censuses. These very large datasets resemble survey data and are used for a range of applications by social scientists and policymakers. The first SAR was released in 1991. In 2001, the SAR system was extended, and it is anticipated that there will be SAR files from the 2011 census. 2001 Main article: 2001 United Kingdom census The 1851 census included a question about religion on a separate response sheet, whose completion was not compulsory. However, the 2001 census was the first in which the government asked about religion on the main census form. New legislation was enacted through the Census (Amendment) Act 2000 to allow the question to be asked, and to make its response optional. Perhaps encouraged by a chain letter that started in New Zealand, 390,000 people entered their religion as "Jedi Knight", with some areas registering up to 2.6% of people as Jedi. Thus, "Jedi" was the fourth-largest reported religion in the country.(See: Jedi census phenomenon). See also: Demographics of England from the 2001 United Kingdom census 2011 Main article: 2011 United Kingdom census The 2011 national census took place on 27 March 2011. Several identity and status questions were included for the first time in the census, including questions relating to civil partnerships. The first set of data to be released from this census (basic counts of population by age and sex) was made available in July 2012, with the remainder of the tables following thereafter. 2021 Main article: 2021 United Kingdom census The 2021 National census took place on 21 March 2021. On behalf of the Government, the UK Statistics Authority initiated a research programme, called Beyond 2011, to investigate a range of alternative options to conducting a UK-wide census in 2021. There was not one census covering the whole UK in 2021 as the census in Scotland was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Following agreement to the recommendations in January 2015, the UK Statistics Authority formally closed the Beyond 2011 Programme. It has been replaced by the Census Transformation Programme which has the purpose of taking forward and implementing the vision and recommended approaches. List of UK censuses Main article: List of United Kingdom censuses Year Date Notes New questions asked 1801 10 March The pre-1841 censuses were simply headcounts. The data was collected on pre-printed forms which were destroyed after the details had been extracted and published in official census reports. There was no requirement to record details of individuals but some local officials took it upon themselves to do so. Some of these unofficial lists have survived and can be found in local record offices. 1811 27 May 1821 28 May 1831 30 May 1841 6 June Name. Age (for those over 15, this was supposed to be rounded down to the nearest 5 years, though this instruction was not obeyed in all cases). Occupation. Whether born in same county recorded as "Yes" or "No" of resident county and if no whether born in Scotland, Ireland or Foreign Parts would be indicated by an 'S', 'I' or 'F' as appropriate. Religion (Ireland). 1851 30 March Relation to head of the household. Marital status. Place of birth. Whether blind, deaf or dumb. Language spoken (Ireland). Rounding down of ages dropped. 1861 7 April 1871 2 April Economic status. Whether an imbecile, idiot or lunatic 1881 3 April Language spoken (in Scotland). 1891 5 April Language spoken (in Wales). Whether an employer, an employee, or neither. Number of rooms occupied, if fewer than 5. 1901 31 March Number of rooms in dwelling. Whether an employer, worker or working on one's own account. Whether working at home or not. Language spoken (in Wales – children under three years of age excluded). 1911 2 April First UK Census where the Census Return for a particular household or institution written directly by the "Head of Household" was used as the primary census return. Industry or service with which the worker is connected. How long the couple has been married. How many children were born alive, how many who are still alive, and how many who have died. "Nationality of any Person born in a Foreign Country". The final column, which had been "Deaf and Dumb, Blind, Lunatic, Imbecile, Feeble-minded", becomes "INFIRMITY: Totally Deaf and Dumb, Totally Blind, Lunatic, Imbecile, Feeble-minded". 1921 19 June Ireland - no census; a Northern Ireland census was held in 1926 instead. Place of work and industry Whether a marriage has been dissolved by divorce. 1931 26 April England and Wales – documents destroyed in 1942 fire; Scotland - documents survive. Northern Ireland – no census; a Northern Ireland census was held in 1937 instead. Place of usual residence 1939 29 September National Registration Act 1939. Includes every civilian member of household, their full birth date, full name and occupation. 1941 No census due to the Second World War. 1951 8 April Household amenities. 1961 23 April The first time a computer was used - an IBM 705 at the Royal Army Pay Corps, Worthy Down, Winchester, England . Qualifications, migration, household tenure. 1966 24 April Long-form/short-form census, trialling an alternative method of enumeration. Car ownership, method of travel to work. 1971 25 April 1981 5 April 1991 21 April Ethnic group, long-term limiting illness, central heating, term-time address of students. 2001 29 April Size of workforce, supervisor status, first question on religion on the main census form (England, Wales, and Scotland). 2011 27 March An option to complete the form online. Also provided English, Northern Irish, Scottish, Welsh and British national identity option following criticism that English and Welsh were absent from 2001. Includes questions relevant to civil partnerships. Other new questions involve asking migrants their date of arrival and how long they intend to stay in the UK; respondents also required to disclose which passports they held. A rehearsal census was conducted on 11 October 2009. 2021 21 March 'First digital-first census' with the aim of most completions being done online. Census is not being done in Scotland in 2021 but in 2022 instead because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Question asking whether respondents have previously been in the armed forces (not asked in Northern Ireland); voluntary questions for those aged 16 and over about whether respondents identify as their birth-assigned gender (not asked in Northern Ireland), separate from the compulsory question about respondents' sex, and voluntary question about sexual orientation. A rehearsal was conducted between September and December 2019. See also Census Enumerators' Books Census of Ireland, 1911 Citizen Information Project Demographics of the United Kingdom Jedi census phenomenon List of United Kingdom censuses Census (Amendment) (Scotland) Act 2019 Domesday Book References ^ a b c "Preliminary Report on the Census of Northern Ireland 1926" (PDF). Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. ^ "Census 2021 milestones". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 25 June 2022. ^ "News release - Scotland's Census to be moved to March 2022". Scotland's Census. 17 July 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2022. ^ "Changes for 2022". Scotland's Census. Retrieved 25 June 2022. ^ A. H. M. Jones (1964). The Later Roman Empire. Blackwell: Oxford. ^ "Census records". The National Archives. Retrieved 24 June 2023. The 1841 census was the first to list the names of every individual ^ Population Act 1840 (An Act for taking an Account of the Population of Great Britain). Parliamentary Archives, HL/PO/PU/1/1840/3&4V1n273.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) ^ Hull, Terence H. (11 November 2009). "Research Guides: Early Australian census records: Census history". Research Guides at State Library of Victoria. Retrieved 2 February 2020. ^ The Scottish Government. "Scotland's Census questions unveiled". 26 November 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2013. ^ R. H. Hooker. "Modes of CensusTaking in the British Dominions (with discussion)". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 57 (2). 1894. pp. 298-43.5. ^ "(Not) Accessing the 1931 Census". 1911census.org.uk. Retrieved 30 September 2011. ^ ESRC Census Programme. About Archived 23 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Census.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 February 2013. ^ Vision of Britain. Reports of the 1966 Census. Retrieved 18 February 2013. ^ Hansard. HC Deb, 16 December 1963, vol. 686 cc850-3. Retrieved 18 February 2013. ^ "Freedom of Information Act 2000, Section 41". opsi.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 9 October 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2013. ^ Freedom of Information Act 2000 (Section 50) Decision Notice (PDF) Archived 30 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine. ICO.gov.uk. 11 December 2006. Retrieved 18 February 2013. ^ "Scotland's Census Blog". Wordpress.com. Retrieved 18 February 2013. ^ a b "Coronavirus: Census delayed by a year because of disease". BBC News. 17 July 2020. ^ "Scottish census 2022: Deadline 'to be extended' due to lack of responses". The National. 28 April 2022. ^ "History of Irish census records". National Archives of Ireland. Retrieved 18 February 2013. ^ Census Archived 17 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine. NISRA. 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2013. ^ https://www.nisra.gov.uk/sites/nisra.gov.uk/files/publications/1937-census-preliminary-report.PDF ^ "2011 Census". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 18 February 2013. ^ "The Big Number: Census 2001 reveals UK population is 58,789,194" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. 30 September 2002. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2010. ^ The Independent (17 October 1992). "'Missing million' indicates poll tax factor in census". Retrieved 18 February 2013. ^ Glaister, Dan (27 January 2012). "120 people convicted for not filling in census form". The Guardian. ^ Census Act 1920, section 8 ^ "2011 SARs information from the Cathie Marsh Centre for Census and Survey Research". Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 2011-09-09. ^ "Proposed 2011 Census Outputs Running Order" (PDF). ONS. 6 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Graham Vidler. The 2001 Census of Population Archived 20 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Research Paper 01/21. House of Commons Library. ISSN 1368-8456 ^ "Census". Scotlandspeople.gov.uk. Retrieved 10 December 2018. ^ "A Century on the Census". Archived from the original on 2 July 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-25. ^ Image of 1891 census from Ancestry.co.uk requires trial membership ^ Image of 1901 census from Ancestry.co.uk (requires trial membership). ^ "1921 Census". Retrieved 16 March 2013. ^ 1931 Census ^ National Registration Act, 1939. Rootsweb.com. URL accessed 1 March 2008. ^ Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, General Register Office for Scotland (1992). 1991 Census Definitions Great Britain. London: HMSO. ISBN 0-11-691361-4. ^ Traditional census 'is obsolete'. The Guardian. 5 June 2008 ^ "2011 England & Wales census questionnaire content / recommended questions - national identity" (PDF). ons.gov.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2010. ^ "English tick box, No 10 e-petition response". Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. ^ 2011 Census tick-box for 'English' national identity Archived 6 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ "2011 census form to include Welsh tick-box". walesonline.co.uk. 12 December 2008. Archived from the original on 17 August 2009. ^ Next census aims to map migrant populations. The Independent. 11 December 2008. ^ 2009 rehearsal questionnaire Archived 25 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. ONS. Retrieved 16 March 2013. ^ "About the census: About Census 2021". Census 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021. ^ "Census to go ahead in England and Wales in March despite Covid, says ONS". The Guardian. 22 January 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021. ^ "History is Made as Armed Forces Question will be included in the 2021 Census". Cobseo. 13 July 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2021. ^ Barton, Cassie (2 April 2021). "Preparing for the 2021 census (England and Wales)". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Barton, Cassie. "Preparing for the 2021 census (England and Wales)" (PDF). Parliament Research. ^ Guyan, Kevin (2021). "Constructing a queer population? Asking about sexual orientation in Scotland's 2022 census". Journal of Gender Studies: 1–11. doi:10.1080/09589236.2020.1866513. ISSN 0958-9236. ^ Cooley, Laurence (2020). "Sexual orientation and the 2021 UK census" (PDF). European Journal of Politics and Gender. 3 (3): 445–447. doi:10.1332/251510820X15845548424385. ISSN 2515-1088. S2CID 216328507. ^ "2019 collection rehearsal evaluation report for Census 2021, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 4 February 2021. Further reading Nissel, Muriel (29 November 1987). People Count, A history of the General Register Office (1987 1st ed.). Her Majesty's Stationery Office. ISBN 0-11-691183-2. Higgs, Edward (2005). Making Sense of the Census — Revisited. London: Institute of Historical Research. ISBN 1905165005. Christian, Peter; Annal, David (2014). Census. The Family Historian's Guide (2nd ed.). London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781472902931. Cox, Jane; Padfield, Timothy. Tracing your Ancestors in the Public Record Office (1984 3rd ed.). Her Majesty's Stationery Office. ISBN 0-11-440186-1. External links Census - Office for National Statistics, which is responsible for the Census in England and Wales The Census Order 2000 (England & Wales) Story of the Census The National Archives - selective access information to UK census data. The Census Office for Northern Ireland The General Register Office for Scotland which has been responsible for the taking of the census in Scotland since 1861. Scotland's Census Results OnLine The British Census (Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography) The UK Census of Population 1981 (Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography) The UK Census of Population 1991 (Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography) Census.ac.uk - free census resources for academic research in the UK. Official archived version of 2011 census website (www.census.gov.uk) United Kingdom Census Records- Directory of free-to-access online UK census records. vteCensus in the United KingdomCensusesPublished 1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 Ireland 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 Ireland 1921 1939 Unpublished 1931 1951 1961 1966 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 Future 2031 (unconfirmed) Census acts 1800 1900 1920 1969 (Northern Ireland) 1991 2000 See also Annual Population Survey Beyond 2011 Census Enumerators' Books UK Data Service vteCensus in EuropeSovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies andother entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Census_2001.png"},{"link_name":"2001 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001"},{"link_name":"censuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nisra.gov.uk-1"},{"link_name":"demographics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics"},{"link_name":"The most recent UK census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Form used to poll English households during the 2001 CensusCoincident full censuses have taken place in the different jurisdictions of the United Kingdom every ten years since 1801, with the exceptions of 1941 (during the Second World War), Ireland in 1921/Northern Ireland in 1931,[1] and Scotland in 2021. In addition to providing detailed information about national demographics, the results of the census play an important part in the calculation of resource allocation to regional and local service providers by the UK government.The most recent UK census took place in England, Wales and Northern Ireland on 21 March 2021.[2] Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the census in Scotland was delayed to 20 March 2022.[3][4]","title":"Census in the United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiction"},{"link_name":"Roman times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dál Riata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba"},{"link_name":"Scottish Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language"},{"link_name":"Senchus fer n-Alban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senchus_fer_n-Alban"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"William the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"John Rickman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rickman_(parliamentary_official)"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"An Essay on the Principle of Population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Population"},{"link_name":"Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Malthus"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Census Act 1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_Act_1920"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"introduced in 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_Act_(Northern_Ireland)_1969"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"its overseas colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"National Registration Act 1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Registration_Act_1939"},{"link_name":"National Health Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Tax assessments (known in the later Empire as the indiction) were made in Britain in Roman times, but detailed records have not survived.[5] In the 7th century AD, Dál Riata (parts of what is now Scotland and Northern Ireland) conducted a census, called the \"Tradition of the Men of Alba\" (Scottish Gaelic: Senchus fer n-Alban). The first census in England was the Domesday Book, compiled in 1086 under William the Conqueror for tax purposes.Distinct from earlier, less inclusive censuses (e.g. for religious purposes), national decennial censuses of the general population started in 1801, championed by the statistician John Rickman. The censuses were initially conducted partly to ascertain the number of men able to fight in the Napoleonic Wars, and partly over population concerns stemming from the 1798 work An Essay on the Principle of Population by Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus. Rickman's twelve reasons – set out in 1798 and repeated in parliamentary debates – for conducting a census of Great Britain included the following justifications:[citation needed]\"the intimate knowledge of any country must form the rational basis of legislation and diplomacy\"\n\"an industrious population is the basic power and resource of any nation, and therefore its size needs to be known\"\n\"the number of men who were required for conscription to the militia in different areas should reflect the area's population\"\n\"there were defence reasons for wanting to know the number of seamen\"\n\"the need to plan the production of corn and thus to know the number of people who had to be fed\"\n\"a census would indicate the Government's intention to promote the public good\", and\n\"the life insurance industry would be stimulated by the results\".Regular national censuses have taken place every ten years since 1801, most recently in 2021; other partial censuses have been made on some of the intervening fifth anniversaries. The first four censuses (1801–1831) were mainly statistical: that is, mainly headcounts, with virtually no personal information. A small number of older records exist in local record offices as by-products of the notes made by enumerators in the production of those earlier censuses; these might list all persons or just the heads of households. The 1841 Census was the first to intentionally record names of all individuals in a household or institution.[6][7]The first simultaneous census of the British Empire, covering the United Kingdom, India and the Crown Settlements, took place in 1881.[8]The Census Act 1920 provides the legal framework for conducting all censuses in Great Britain (Scotland,[9] England, and Wales). The primary legislation for Northern Ireland was introduced in 1969. Before this legislation, it was necessary to have a separate act of parliament for each census.[10] Britain was also responsible for initiating and co-ordinating censuses in many of its overseas colonies.Because of the disruption caused by the Second World War, there was no census in 1941. However, following the passage into law on 5 September 1939 of the National Registration Act 1939, a population count was carried out on 29 September 1939. The resulting National Register was later used to develop the National Health Service Central Register. Censuses were taken on 26 April 1931 in Great Britain, but the returns for England and Wales were destroyed in an accidental fire during the Second World War.[11]On 24 April 1966, the UK trialled an alternative method of enumeration – long form/short form. Every household was given a short form to complete, while a sample of the population was given a long form to collect more detailed information. The short form was used for the population count and to collect basic information such as usual address, sex, age and relationships to other household members. This was the first and only time that a five-yearly census was carried out in the UK.[12][13][14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release of information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Office for National Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics"},{"link_name":"datasets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataset"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Public Records Act 1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Records_Act_1958"},{"link_name":"Freedom of Information Act 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_2000"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Registrar General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_General"}],"sub_title":"England and Wales","text":"The British government undertakes the census for policy and planning purposes, and publishes the results in printed reports and on the website of the Office for National Statistics (ONS). A number of datasets are also made available. Public access to individual census returns in England and Wales is normally restricted under the terms of the 100-year rule (Lord Chancellor's Instrument no.12, issued in 1966 under S.5 (1) of the Public Records Act 1958).Some argue that ministers and civil servants in England and Wales made no attempts to strictly enforce the 100-year census closure policy until 2005, five years after the Freedom of Information Act 2000 was passed, which, they argue, effectively abolished the 100-year rule. However, personal information provided in confidence is likely to be exempted if disclosure could result in successful prosecution for breach of confidence.[15][16] In exceptional circumstances, the Registrar General for England and Wales does release specific information from 70-, 80-, or 90-year-old closed censuses.","title":"Release of information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Registrar General for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_General_for_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Scotland","text":"National censuses in Scotland have been taken on the same dates as those in England and Wales, but with differing legislation, governorship and archiving arrangements. The 2001 census was the first to be taken under full domestic control, while all preceding censuses since 1861 had been under the control of the Registrar General for Scotland.[17] The 19th-century Scottish censuses were all released after 50–80 years of closure, while the 1901 and 1911 censuses were made available to the public after their 100th anniversaries. Unlike the censuses for England and Wales, there was a statutory bar on early release of the 1911 census details.The census that had been due in 2021 was delayed until March 2022, with the COVID-19 pandemic cited as the reason. This was the first time since 1941 that the census count had been delayed.[18] The return rate of the 2022 census was lower than expected, leading to plans to extend the deadline. There were concerns the data collected would be statistically invalid.[19]","title":"Release of information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Irish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Irish War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Irish Free State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Free_State"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Ireland and Northern Ireland","text":"Irish censuses from before 1901 have not generally survived to the present day,[20] due to a combination of official incompetence (the 1881 and 1891 returns were pulped before they could be transcribed into books), non-retention (1861 and 1871), and a fire during the Irish Civil War in 1922. The 1901 and 1911 censuses for Ireland (all of which was then part of the UK) have been available for inspection since 1960 – they were made available earlier than the other British records, since Irish law is different on this matter. No census was taken in 1921 due to the disruption of the Irish War of Independence. The first census taken in the Irish Free State (now the Republic of Ireland) was in April 1926; the first Northern Ireland census occurred at the same time.[21] No census took place in Northern Ireland in 1931, but one took place there in 1937.[22]","title":"Release of information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Women's Freedom League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Freedom_League"},{"link_name":"suffragette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette"},{"link_name":"to report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Cather"},{"link_name":"poll tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_tax_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"In 2001, the census form was completed by 94 per cent of the population in England and Wales, with a further 4 per cent identified by the census enumerators, though the results still represented 100 per cent of the population through the use of cross-matching with a follow-up survey.[23][24] The Census Act 1920 (as amended) legislates a fine of up to £1,000 for those who refuse to complete their census forms.In some censuses, significant numbers of people intentionally did not participate for political reasons. In 1911, the Women's Freedom League, a suffragette organisation campaigning for female suffrage in the United Kingdom, organised a boycott of the census. They encouraged women to go to all-night parties or to stay at friends' houses to avoid the census and some heads of households refused to report the women at the address. In 1991, many people again avoided the census, which was conducted during the time of the poll tax debate, in case the government used it to enforce the tax. It was estimated that up to one million people were not counted by the 1991 census due to such evasion.[25]","title":"Coverage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Census Act 1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_Act_1920"},{"link_name":"summary conviction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_offence"},{"link_name":"fine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_(penalty)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Census (Amendment) Act 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_(Amendment)_Act_2000"}],"text":"Under section 8 of the Census Act 1920, whoever refuses or neglects to comply with the census, makes a false declaration, makes, signs, or delivers a false document, or causes the same, or refuses to answer, or gives false answers, shall be liable on summary conviction and face a maximum fine of £1,000.[26][27] Exceptions exist for refusing or neglecting to respond to questions about religion, as stipulated by the Census (Amendment) Act 2000.","title":"Criminal law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"microdata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microdata_(statistics)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Traditionally, outputs are released in the form of tables of counts at various levels of geography. However, microdata, known Samples of Anonymised Records (SARs) are UK data-sets consisting of samples of individual records from national censuses. These very large datasets resemble survey data and are used for a range of applications by social scientists and policymakers.The first SAR was released in 1991. In 2001, the SAR system was extended, and it is anticipated that there will be SAR files from the 2011 census.[28]","title":"Data sets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2001 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001"},{"link_name":"Census (Amendment) Act 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_(Amendment)_Act_2000"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Jedi Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedi"},{"link_name":"Jedi census phenomenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedi_census_phenomenon"},{"link_name":"Demographics of England from the 2001 United Kingdom census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_England_from_the_2001_United_Kingdom_census"}],"sub_title":"2001","text":"The 1851 census included a question about religion on a separate response sheet, whose completion was not compulsory. However, the 2001 census was the first in which the government asked about religion on the main census form. New legislation was enacted through the Census (Amendment) Act 2000 to allow the question to be asked, and to make its response optional. Perhaps encouraged by a chain letter that started in New Zealand, 390,000 people entered their religion as \"Jedi Knight\", with some areas registering up to 2.6% of people as Jedi. Thus, \"Jedi\" was the fourth-largest reported religion in the country.(See: Jedi census phenomenon).See also: Demographics of England from the 2001 United Kingdom census","title":"Data sets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil partnerships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_partnership"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"2011","text":"The 2011 national census took place on 27 March 2011. Several identity and status questions were included for the first time in the census, including questions relating to civil partnerships. The first set of data to be released from this census (basic counts of population by age and sex) was made available in July 2012, with the remainder of the tables following thereafter.[29]","title":"Data sets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK Statistics Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Statistics_Authority"},{"link_name":"Beyond 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_2011"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-18"}],"sub_title":"2021","text":"The 2021 National census took place on 21 March 2021. On behalf of the Government, the UK Statistics Authority initiated a research programme, called Beyond 2011, to investigate a range of alternative options to conducting a UK-wide census in 2021. There was not one census covering the whole UK in 2021 as the census in Scotland was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[18]Following agreement to the recommendations in January 2015, the UK Statistics Authority formally closed the Beyond 2011 Programme. It has been replaced by the Census Transformation Programme which has the purpose of taking forward and implementing the vision and recommended approaches.","title":"Data sets"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of UK censuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-11-691183-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-691183-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1905165005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1905165005"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781472902931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472902931"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-11-440186-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-440186-1"}],"text":"Nissel, Muriel (29 November 1987). People Count, A history of the General Register Office (1987 1st ed.). Her Majesty's Stationery Office. ISBN 0-11-691183-2.\nHiggs, Edward (2005). Making Sense of the Census — Revisited. London: Institute of Historical Research. ISBN 1905165005.\nChristian, Peter; Annal, David (2014). Census. The Family Historian's Guide (2nd ed.). London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781472902931.\nCox, Jane; Padfield, Timothy. Tracing your Ancestors in the Public Record Office (1984 3rd ed.). Her Majesty's Stationery Office. ISBN 0-11-440186-1.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Form used to poll English households during the 2001 Census","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/da/Census_2001.png/220px-Census_2001.png"}]

[{"title":"Census Enumerators' Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_Enumerators%27_Books"},{"title":"Census of Ireland, 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_Ireland,_1911"},{"title":"Citizen Information Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_Information_Project"},{"title":"Demographics of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Jedi census phenomenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedi_census_phenomenon"},{"title":"List of United Kingdom censuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_censuses"},{"title":"Census (Amendment) (Scotland) Act 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_(Amendment)_(Scotland)_Act_2019"},{"title":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"}]

[{"reference":"\"Preliminary Report on the Census of Northern Ireland 1926\" (PDF). Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nisra.gov.uk/sites/nisra.gov.uk/files/publications/1926-census-preliminary-report.PDF","url_text":"\"Preliminary Report on the Census of Northern Ireland 1926\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census 2021 milestones\". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 25 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/censustransformationprogramme/census2021milestones","url_text":"\"Census 2021 milestones\""}]},{"reference":"\"News release - Scotland's Census to be moved to March 2022\". Scotland's Census. 17 July 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/news-and-events/news-release-scotland-s-census-to-be-moved-to-march-2022/","url_text":"\"News release - Scotland's Census to be moved to March 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Changes for 2022\". Scotland's Census. Retrieved 25 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/about/planning-the-2022-census/changes-for-2022/","url_text":"\"Changes for 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census records\". The National Archives. Retrieved 24 June 2023. The 1841 census was the first to list the names of every individual","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/census-records/#2-what-is-the-census-and-why-was-it-compiled","url_text":"\"Census records\""}]},{"reference":"Population Act 1840 (An Act for taking an Account of the Population of Great Britain). Parliamentary Archives, HL/PO/PU/1/1840/3&4V1n273.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hull, Terence H. (11 November 2009). \"Research Guides: Early Australian census records: Census history\". Research Guides at State Library of Victoria. Retrieved 2 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/earlycensus/history","url_text":"\"Research Guides: Early Australian census records: Census history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freedom of Information Act 2000, Section 41\". opsi.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 9 October 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071009124921/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/Acts/acts2000/00036--g.htm","url_text":"\"Freedom of Information Act 2000, Section 41\""},{"url":"http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2000/00036--g.htm#41","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Coronavirus: Census delayed by a year because of disease\". BBC News. 17 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-53444651","url_text":"\"Coronavirus: Census delayed by a year because of disease\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scottish census 2022: Deadline 'to be extended' due to lack of responses\". The National. 28 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenational.scot/news/20099611.scottish-census-2022-deadline-to-extended-due-lack-responses/","url_text":"\"Scottish census 2022: Deadline 'to be extended' due to lack of responses\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Irish census records\". National Archives of Ireland. Retrieved 18 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/help/history.html","url_text":"\"History of Irish census records\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Census\". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 18 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/stat_methods_qual.asp","url_text":"\"2011 Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Big Number: Census 2001 reveals UK population is 58,789,194\" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. 30 September 2002. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110627091839/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/censusUK.pdf","url_text":"\"The Big Number: Census 2001 reveals UK population is 58,789,194\""},{"url":"http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/censusUK.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Glaister, Dan (27 January 2012). \"120 people convicted for not filling in census form\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jan/27/120-convicted-census-forms-2011","url_text":"\"120 people convicted for not filling in census form\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 SARs information from the Cathie Marsh Centre for Census and Survey Research\". Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 2011-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120210073143/http://www.ccsr.ac.uk/sars/2011/","url_text":"\"2011 SARs information from the Cathie Marsh Centre for Census and Survey Research\""},{"url":"http://www.ccsr.ac.uk/sars/2011/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Proposed 2011 Census Outputs Running Order\" (PDF). ONS. 6 March 2012 [July 2011]. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/the-2011-census/producing-and-delivering-data/2011-census-outputs/proposed-running-order---2012-census-outputs.pdf","url_text":"\"Proposed 2011 Census Outputs Running Order\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census\". Scotlandspeople.gov.uk. Retrieved 10 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/content/help/index.aspx?r=554&629","url_text":"\"Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Century on the Census\". Archived from the original on 2 July 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090702122947/http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/SESLL/STELLA/STARN/lang/GAELIC/focus.htm","url_text":"\"A Century on the Census\""},{"url":"http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/SESLL/STELLA/STARN/lang/GAELIC/focus.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2011 England & Wales census questionnaire content / recommended questions - national identity\" (PDF). ons.gov.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090302152351/http://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011-census/2011-census-questionnaire-content/recommended-questions---national-identity.pdf","url_text":"\"2011 England & Wales census questionnaire content / recommended questions - national identity\""},{"url":"http://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011-census/2011-census-questionnaire-content/recommended-questions---national-identity.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"English tick box, No 10 e-petition response\". Archived from the original on 11 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120111223249/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page22502","url_text":"\"English tick box, No 10 e-petition response\""},{"url":"http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page22502","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2011 census form to include Welsh tick-box\". walesonline.co.uk. 12 December 2008. Archived from the original on 17 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090817122042/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2008/12/12/2011-census-form-to-include-welsh-tick-box-91466-22459669/","url_text":"\"2011 census form to include Welsh tick-box\""},{"url":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2008/12/12/2011-census-form-to-include-welsh-tick-box-91466-22459669/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About the census: About Census 2021\". Census 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://census.gov.uk/about-the-census/about-census-2021","url_text":"\"About the census: About Census 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census to go ahead in England and Wales in March despite Covid, says ONS\". The Guardian. 22 January 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_the_Boy_and_the_Eagle

The Legend of the Boy and the Eagle

["1 Plot summary","2 Cast","3 See also","4 External links"]

1967 film This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Legend of the Boy and the Eagle" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Legend of the Boy and the EagleDirected byJack CoufferWritten byJack CoufferProduced byHamilton LuskeJoseph StrickStarringStanford LomakemaCinematographyEd DurdenJack CoufferEdited byVerna FieldsLloyd L. RichardsonProductioncompanyWalt Disney ProductionsDistributed byBuena Vista Distribution CompanyRelease date June 21, 1967 (1967-06-21) Running time48 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish The Legend of the Boy and the Eagle is a 1967 American live-action Walt Disney film. Plot summary A Hopi Indian boy is banished from his village after he defies tribal law and frees a sacred, sacrificial eagle. After surviving in the wilderness he returns to his village where he is again rejected. Fleeing, the boy climbs a cliff and jumps off but before he reaches the ground turns into an eagle. Cast Stanford Lomakema as The Eagle boy Frank Dekova as Narrator (voice) April Begay as Sister See also List of American films of 1967 External links The Legend of the Boy and the Eagle at IMDb This 1960s Western film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"List of American films of 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_films_of_1967"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Aeronautical_and_Space_Sciences

United States Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences

["1 History","2 Jurisdiction","3 Chairmen","3.1 Special Committee on Space and Astronautics","3.2 Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences","4 References"]

The Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences was a standing committee of the United States Senate from 1958 until 1977, when it was folded into the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. It was preceded by the Special Committee on Space and Astronautics, which operated from February 6, 1958, to March 11, 1959. History The Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences was established July 24, 1958, when the Senate adopted S. Res. 327, introduced by Senator Lyndon Johnson. The resolution also extended the term of the Special Committee on Space and Astronautics until March 11, 1959, so it could complete its final report. Many of the members of the special committee joined the new standing committee. Jurisdiction The standing committee was given jurisdiction over the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and all aeronautical and space sciences generally. However, matters concerning the development of weapons systems or military operations were reserved for the Senate Armed Services Committee. However, the Space Committee was permitted to survey, review, and report on both military and civilian space activities of the United States. According to Senate Rule 25, as amended at the time, the committee was to consist of 16 Senators. Chairmen Special Committee on Space and Astronautics Lyndon B. Johnson (D-TX) February 6, 1958 – March 11, 1959 Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences Lyndon B. Johnson (D-TX) 1958-1961 Robert S. Kerr (D-OK) 1961-1963 Clinton P. Anderson (D-NM) 1963-1973 Frank E. Moss (D-UT) 1973-1977 Wendell H. Ford (D-KY) January 10 – February 11, 1977 References ^ "Chairmen of Senate Standing Committees 1789-Present" (PDF). Senate Historical Office. June 2008. p. 35. Retrieved 2009-05-07. ^ Robert C. Byrd (1992), The Senate: 1789-1989 Historical Statistics 1789-1992, vol. 4, U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 605, ISBN 0-16-063256-0 ^ Walter Stubbs (1985), Congressional Committees, 1789-1982: A Checklist, Greenwood Press, p. 129, ISBN 9780313245398 ^ a b Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, United States Senate: 1958-1976 (Committee Print). 94th Congress, 2nd Session. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. December 30, 1976. hdl:2027/mdp.39015077942277. This United States Congress–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdolreza_Kahani

Abdolreza Kahani

["1 Personal life","2 Filmography as director","3 Awards and honors","3.1 Awards","3.2 Honors","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Iranian filmmaker (born 1973) Abdolreza Kahaniعبدالرضا کاهانیBorn (1973-12-22) 22 December 1973 (age 50)Nishapur, Khorasan, IranNationalityIranianOther namesRezaAlma materUniversity of Tehran (M.A.) University of Arak (B.A.)OccupationDirector & ScreenwriterYears active1988–presentSpouseShima Monfared Abdolreza Kahani (Persian: عبدالرضا کاهانی; born 22 December 1973) is an Iranian filmmaker. He made his first short film, The Smile in 1988. He made his first feature film, Dance with the Moon in 2003. In 2009, Kahani's film Twenty won the Special Jury Prize and the Prize of Ecumenical Jury at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. The film observes a small band of employees trying to save a depressed Iranian banquet hall which the owner has decided to close in 20 days. Personal life Abdolreza Kahani was born on 22 December 1973 in Nishapur. Filmography as director Year English title Original title Transliteration Award 2021 Isthmus Isthmus Estakhr 2019 Free like air آزاد مثل هوا Azad mesle Hava 2018 We Like You Mrs Yaya ما شما را دوست داریم خانم یایا Ma shoma ra doust darim khanom yaya 2016 Delighted ارادتمند؛ نازنین، بهاره، تینا Eradatmand; Nazanin, Bahareh, Tina 2015 Absolute Rest استراحت مطلق Esterahate Motlagh 2014 We Have Time On a le temps Vaght Darim Hala Independent Camera Karlovy Vary International Film Festival 2014 2012 Needlessly and Causelessly بی خود و بی جهت Bikhod & Bi Jahat Best Film of the Year Look Critics and Writers Film Magazine 2012 2011 Absolutely Tame Is a Horse اسب حیوان نجیبی است Asb Heyvane Najibi Ast Special Jury Award Celebration of Iranian Cinema Critics 2011 2010 Nothing هیچ Hich Audience Award Yerevan International Film Festival 2010 2009 Twenty بیست Bist Special Prize of the Jury Karlovy Vary International Film Festival 2009Prize of the Ecumenical Jury Karlovy Vary International Film Festival 2009 Honorary Diploma Best Director Fajr International Film Festival 2009Silver Award Damascus International Film Festival 2009 2008 Over There آن جا An Ja Golden Alexander Thessaloniki International Film Festival 2008 2007 Adam آدم Adam 2005 Crueltyville (Documentary) ظلم آباد Zolm Abad 2004 Dance with the Moon رقص با ماه Raghs Ba Mah 2003 Wind To Hands (Documentary) باد به دستان Baad Be Dastan 2002 Travellers of Need (Documentary) مسافران نیاز Mosaferan Niaz Awards and honors Ali Ehsassi and Abdolreza Kahani in Canadian parliament for Willowdale Awards Special Jury Award at the ran Cinema Celebration in 2011 for the film Horses are Noble Animals Audience Award Yerevan International Film Festival 2010 for the film Nothing Special Prize of the Jury Karlovy Vary International Film Festival 2009 for the film Twenty Prize of the Ecumenical Jury Karlovy Vary International Film Festival 2009 for the film Twenty Honorary Diploma Best Director 27th Fajr International Film Festival 2009 for the film Twenty Silver Award Damascus International Film Festival 2009 for the film Twenty Golden Alexander Thessaloniki International Film Festival 2008 for the film Over There Honors Critics' choice for movie of the year by Film Magazine in 2012 for By No Reason. Praised by Parliament for Willowdale for "promoting the arts and culture throughout the world". See also Iranian cinema References ^ Abdolreza Kahani at IMDb ^ Tizard, Will (12 July 2009). "'Twenty' tops Karlovy Vary". Variety. Retrieved 13 July 2009. ^ "Isthmus". IMDb. 2021. ^ "Abdolreza Kahani's Free Like Air to Be Produced in Toronto". 26 September 2018. ^ "تقدیر نماینده پارلمان کانادا ، علی احساسی ، از عبدالرضا کاهانی" . hodhod.ca. 14 August 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2018. External links Media related to Abdolreza Kahani at Wikimedia Commons Abdolreza Kahani at IMDb vteFilms directed by Abdolreza Kahani Asb heyvan-e najibi ast (2011) On a le temps (2014) Delighted (2016) Authority control databases VIAF

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