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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Littler

Gene Littler

["1 Early years and amateur career","2 Professional career","3 Personal life and death","4 In popular culture","5 Professional wins (54)","5.1 PGA Tour wins (29)","5.2 PGA of Japan Tour wins (1)","5.3 PGA Tour of Australia wins (1)","5.4 Other wins (3)","5.5 Senior PGA Tour wins (8)","5.6 Japan Senior Tour wins (2)","5.7 Other senior wins (10)","6 Major championships","6.1 Wins (1)","6.2 Amateur wins (1)","6.3 Results timeline","6.4 Summary","7 U.S. national team appearances","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]

American professional golfer (1930–2019) Gene LittlerLittler at the 1959 U.S. OpenPersonal informationFull nameGene Alec LittlerBorn(1930-07-21)July 21, 1930San Diego, CaliforniaDiedFebruary 15, 2019(2019-02-15) (aged 88)San Diego, CaliforniaHeight5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)Weight155 lb (70 kg; 11.1 st)Sporting nationality United StatesSpouse Shirley Warren ​(m. 1951)​Children2CareerCollegeSan Diego State UniversityTurned professional1954Former tour(s)PGA TourChampions TourProfessional wins54Number of wins by tourPGA Tour29Japan Golf Tour1PGA Tour of Australasia1PGA Tour Champions8Other15Best results in major championships(wins: 2)Masters Tournament2nd: 1970PGA Championship2nd: 1977U.S. OpenWon: 1961The Open ChampionshipT18: 1974U.S. AmateurWon: 1953Achievements and awardsWorld Golf Hall of Fame1990 (member page)Bob Jones Award1973 Gene Alec Littler (July 21, 1930 – February 15, 2019) was an American professional golfer and a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame. Known for a solid temperament and nicknamed "Gene the Machine" for his smooth, rhythmical swing, he once said that, "Golf is not a game of great shots. It's a game of the best misses. The people who win make the smallest mistakes." Early years and amateur career Littler was born in San Diego, California. He played on the 1953 United States Walker Cup team, and won the U.S. Amateur and the California State Amateur that same year. In 1954, he won a PGA Tour event as an amateur, a rare achievement which was not to be repeated until Doug Sanders won the Canadian Open in 1956. Littler graduated from San Diego State University, and after that served in the United States Navy from 1951 to 1954. Professional career Gene Littler with family in 1956 An early highlight of Littler's professional playing career was a second-place finish at the 1954 U.S. Open. He finished one shot behind Ed Furgol. In 1955, he won four times on the tour, but fell into a slump in the late 1950s after tinkering with his swing. In 1959 after taking advice he received from Paul Runyan and adjusting his grip, he recovered to have his best year with five PGA Tour victories. He finished second on the money list that year, which was to remain his career best. Only once from 1954 to 1979 did Littler finish out of the top 60 on the final money list. He was stricken with melanoma cancer found in a lymph node under his left arm in 1972, but came back to win five more times on the PGA Tour. He ended his career with 29 PGA Tour wins, and also won two tournaments in Japan and one in Australia. One of Littler's 29 PGA Tour wins was unique. When he won the 1975 Bing Crosby National Pro-Am, it marked the first and (so far) only time that a player won that event as a professional after having previously won the pro-amateur portion, which Littler did as a 23-year-old amateur in 1954. Littler won one major championship – the 1961 U.S. Open. He shot a 68 in the final round to overtake Doug Sanders. He accumulated 17 top-10 finishes in the three U.S.-based majors: seven at the Masters Tournament, five at the PGA Championship, and five at the U.S. Open. In addition to his U.S. Open victory, he had one second-place finish in each of the three U.S. majors, losing playoffs to Billy Casper at the 1970 Masters and to Lanny Wadkins at the 1977 PGA Championship. The latter was the first-ever sudden-death playoff in a major. He was a member of the U.S. Ryder Cup teams of 1961, 1963, 1965, 1967, 1969, 1971 and 1975, and had a 14-5-8 win/loss/tie record including five wins and three ties in 10 singles matches. Littler received the Ben Hogan Award in 1973 for a courageous comeback from injury or illness, after returning to the tour following treatment for malignant melanoma. Also in 1973, he was given the Bob Jones Award, the highest honor given by the United States Golf Association in recognition of distinguished sportsmanship in golf. In the 1980s and 1990s, Littler played on the Senior PGA Tour, winning eight times. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1990. Personal life and death On January 5, 1951, ten days before joining the Navy, Littler married Shirley Warren, his university classmate. They had a son, Curt, born in March 1954 and a daughter, Suzanne, born in October 1957. Littler died at the age of 88 on February 15, 2019. In popular culture Littler inspired Sandy Mac Divot, the main character of the long running comic strip Mac Divot by Jordan Lanski (a former schoolmate of Littler) and Mel Keefer. Professional wins (54) PGA Tour wins (29) Legend Major championships (1) Other PGA Tour (28) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runner(s)-up 1 Jan 21, 1954 San Diego Open(as an amateur) −14 (67-66-69-72=274) 4 strokes Dutch Harrison 2 Jan 9, 1955 Los Angeles Open −8 (72-67-68-69=276) 2 strokes Ted Kroll 3 Feb 6, 1955 Phoenix Open −5 (66-70-68-71=275) 1 stroke Billy Maxwell, Arnold Palmer 4 May 1, 1955 Tournament of Champions −8 (69-71-68-72=280) 13 strokes Jerry Barber, Pete Cooper, Bob Toski 5 Aug 28, 1955 Labatt Open −8 (67-69-68-68=272) Playoff Stan Leonard 6 Feb 19, 1956 Texas Open Invitational −12 (68-73-70-65=276) 2 strokes Mike Fetchick, Frank Stranahan, Ernie Vossler 7 Apr 29, 1956 Tournament of Champions (2) −7 (70-71-69-71=281) 4 strokes Cary Middlecoff 8 Jun 10, 1956 Palm Beach Round Robin +55 pts (69-69-68-68-70=344) 24 points Ted Kroll 9 Apr 21, 1957 Tournament of Champions (3) −3 (73-73-69-70=285) 3 strokes Billy Casper, Jimmy Demaret, Dow Finsterwald, Billy Maxwell 10 Feb 8, 1959 Phoenix Open Invitational (2) −12 (67-63-67-71=268) 1 stroke Art Wall Jr. 11 Feb 15, 1959 Tucson Open Invitational −14 (65-67-68-66=266) 1 stroke Joe Campbell, Art Wall Jr. 12 May 17, 1959 Arlington Hotel Open −18 (67-69-64-70=270) 1 stroke Jim Ferree 13 Jul 19, 1959 Insurance City Open Invitational −12 (64-66-72-70=272) 1 stroke Tom Nieporte 14 Aug 30, 1959 Miller Open Invitational −15 (68-66-64-67=265) 1 stroke Bob Rosburg, Bo Wininger 15 Jun 12, 1960 Oklahoma City Open Invitational −11 (71-64-70-68=273) 1 stroke Art Wall Jr. 16 Jul 31, 1960 Eastern Open Invitational −15 (65-68-73-67=273) 2 strokes Gary Player 17 Jun 17, 1961 U.S. Open +1 (73-68-72-68=281) 1 stroke Bob Goalby, Doug Sanders 18 Jan 28, 1962 Lucky International Open −10 (65-68-68-73=274) 2 strokes George Knudson 19 Jun 10, 1962 Thunderbird Classic Invitational −13 (67-71-70-67=275) 2 strokes Jack Nicklaus 20 Jul 17, 1965 Canadian Open −7 (70-68-69-66=273) 1 stroke Jack Nicklaus 21 Feb 16, 1969 Phoenix Open Invitational (3) −21 (69-66-62-66=263) 2 strokes Miller Barber, Don January, Billy Maxwell 22 Apr 6, 1969 Greater Greensboro Open −10 (66-70-69-69=274) Playoff Julius Boros, Orville Moody, Tom Weiskopf 23 Apr 18, 1971 Monsanto Open −8 (71-67-71-67=276) 3 strokes George Archer, Pete Brown 24 May 23, 1971 Colonial National Invitation +3 (72-68-74-69=283) 1 stroke Bert Yancey 25 Jul 22, 1973 St. Louis Children's Hospital Golf Classic −12 (66-66-68-68=268) 1 stroke Bruce Crampton 26 Jan 26, 1975 Bing Crosby National Pro-Am −8 (68-71-68-73=280) 4 strokes Hubert Green 27 May 25, 1975 Danny Thomas Memphis Classic −18 (67-68-69-66=270) 5 strokes John Mahaffey 28 Aug 3, 1975 Westchester Classic −17 (68-68-69-66=271) Playoff Julius Boros 29 May 1, 1977 Houston Open −12 (70-65-67-74=276) 3 strokes Lanny Wadkins PGA Tour playoff record (3–8) No. Year Tournament Opponent(s) Result 1 1955 Labatt Open Stan Leonard Won with par on first extra hole 2 1956 Texas International Open Cary Middlecoff, Peter Thomson Thomson won with birdie on second extra hole 3 1957 Western Open George Bayer, Doug Ford, Billy Maxwell Ford won with par on third extra holeLittler and Maxwell eliminated by par on first hole 4 1960 Memphis Open Invitational Tommy Bolt, Ben Hogan Bolt won 18-hole playoff;Bolt: −2 (68),Hogan: −1 (69),Littler: +1 (71) 5 1962 Memphis Open Invitational Lionel Hebert, Gary Player Hebert won with birdie on first extra hole 6 1966 Tucson Open Joe Campbell Lost to birdie on first extra hole 7 1969 Greater Greensboro Open Julius Boros, Orville Moody, Tom Weiskopf Won with birdie on fifth extra holeWeiskopf eliminated by par on first hole 8 1970 Masters Tournament Billy Casper Lost 18-hole playoff;Casper: −3 (69),Littler: +2 (74) 9 1975 Westchester Classic Julius Boros Won with par on first extra hole 10 1977 Joe Garagiola-Tucson Open Bruce Lietzke Lost to birdie on fourth extra hole 11 1977 PGA Championship Lanny Wadkins Lost to par on third extra hole Source: PGA of Japan Tour wins (1) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runners-up 1 Oct 12, 1975 Taiheiyo Club Masters (2) −6 (69-66-73-70=278) 1 stroke Lee Elder, Hubert Green, Allen Miller, Masashi Ozaki PGA Tour of Australia wins (1) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runner-up 1 Mar 2, 1980 Australian Masters −4 (70-74-67-77=288) Playoff Rodger Davis PGA Tour of Australasia playoff record (1–0) No. Year Tournament Opponent Result 1 1980 Australian Masters Rodger Davis Won with bogey on first extra hole Other wins (3) 1954 California State Open 1966 World Series of Golf 1974 Taiheiyo Club Masters Senior PGA Tour wins (8) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runner(s)-up 1 Mar 20, 1983 Greater Daytona Senior Classic −13 (65-70-68=203) 6 strokes Guy Wolstenholme 2 Jul 10, 1983 Greater Syracuse Senior's Pro Classic −9 (69-69-70-67=275) 2 strokes Don January 3 Jan 4, 1984 Seiko-Tucson Senior Match Play Championship 1 up Don January 4 May 4, 1986 Sunwest Bank Charley Pride Senior Golf Classic −14 (65-66-71=202) 2 strokes Don January 5 Aug 31, 1986 Bank One Senior Golf Classic −12 (71-63-67=201) Playoff Miller Barber, Bob Goalby 6 Aug 2, 1987 NYNEX/Golf Digest Commemorative −10 (67-68-65=200) 1 stroke Dale Douglass 7 Nov 22, 1987 Gus Machado Senior Classic −6 (71-67-69=207) 3 strokes Orville Moody 8 Feb 26, 1989 Aetna Challenge −7 (70-70-69=209) 2 strokes Harold Henning Senior PGA Tour playoff record (1–2) No. Year Tournament Opponent(s) Result 1 1981 Peter Jackson Champions Miller Barber Lost to par on first extra hole 2 1986 Greater Grand Rapids Open Jim Ferree, Chi-Chi Rodríguez Ferree won with birdie on first extra hole 3 1986 Bank One Senior Golf Classic Miller Barber, Bob Goalby Won with par on third extra holeGoalby eliminated by par on first hole Japan Senior Tour wins (2) 1983 Coca-Cola Grandslam Championship 1987 Coca-Cola Grandslam Championship Other senior wins (10) 1980 World Senior Invitational 1981 Vintage Invitational 1981 Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf (with Bob Rosburg) 1983 Vintage Invitational 1985 Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf (with Don January) 1986 Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf (with Don January) 1994 Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf - Legendary Division (with Don January) 1997 Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf - Legendary Division (with Don January) 2001 Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf - Demaret Division (with Don January) 2004 Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf - Demaret Division (with Don January) Major championships Gene Littler (right) congratulates Billy Casper with winning the 1970 Masters Tournament Wins (1) Year Championship 54 holes Winning score Margin Runners-up 1961 U.S. Open 3 shot deficit +1 (73-68-72-68=281) 1 stroke Bob Goalby, Doug Sanders Amateur wins (1) Year Championship Winning score Runner-up 1953 U.S. Amateur 1 up Dale Morey Results timeline Tournament 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 Masters Tournament T22 T22 T12 CUT 42 T8 U.S. Open 2 15 T34 T32 4 T11 The Open Championship PGA Championship R64 T10 U.S. Amateur R64 QF 1 – – – – – – Tournament 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Masters Tournament CUT T15 4 T24 T13 T6 T44 T26 T43 T8 U.S. Open CUT 1 T8 T21 T11 T8 T48 CUT CUT The Open Championship CUT PGA Championship T18 T5 T23 T34 T33 T28 T3 T7 T30 T48 Tournament 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Masters Tournament 2 T4 T17 T39 T22 T12 T8 T24 T10 U.S. Open T12 T37 T18 CUT T49 T50 T35 CUT The Open Championship T18 CUT T32 PGA Championship T4 T75 CUT T28 T7 T22 2 CUT T16 Tournament 1980 1981 1982 1983 Masters Tournament 49 U.S. Open T38 T22 The Open Championship PGA Championship CUT CUT T49 CUT   Win   Top 10   Did not play CUT = missed the halfway cut DQ = disqualified WD = withdrew R64, R32, R16, QF, SF = Round in which player lost in match play "T" indicates a tie for a place. Source for U.S. Open and U.S. Amateur: USGA Championship Database Summary Tournament Wins 2nd 3rd Top-5 Top-10 Top-25 Events Cuts made Masters Tournament 0 1 0 3 8 18 26 24 U.S. Open 1 1 0 3 5 12 25 20 The Open Championship 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 2 PGA Championship 0 1 1 4 7 11 25 20 Totals 1 3 1 10 20 42 80 66 Most consecutive cuts made – 14 (1962 PGA – 1967 Masters) Longest streak of top-10s – 4 (1961 U.S. Open – 1962 U.S. Open) U.S. national team appearances Amateur Walker Cup: 1953 (winners) Professional Ryder Cup: 1961 (winners), 1963 (winners), 1965 (winners), 1967 (winners), 1969 (tie), 1971 (winners), 1975 (winners) Hopkins Trophy: 1956 (winners) See also List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins References ^ "Gene Littler, golfer who won the US Open and was admired for the beauty of his swing – obituary". Daily Telegraph. March 21, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2019. ^ a b c d e "World Golf Hall of Fame profile". Retrieved January 15, 2014. ^ Kelley, Brent. "Gene Littler profile". About.com. Archived from the original on October 16, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2011. ^ Shain, Jeff (February 1, 2013). "AT&T Pebble Beach – First Look". PGA Tour. Retrieved February 2, 2013. ^ White, Gordon S. (August 4, 1975). "Comeback Star of Pro Golf Tour". The New York Times. ^ Wright, Alfred (May 14, 1962). "Loud Noise From the Quiet Man". Sports Illustrated. ^ Strege, John (February 15, 2019). "Gene Littler, a U.S. Open champion and member of World Golf Hall of Fame, has died". Golf Digest. ^ Goldstein, Richard (February 16, 2019). "Gene Littler, Golfer With a Gorgeous Swing, Dies at 88". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 17, 2019. Retrieved February 17, 2019. ^ Trinkle, Jim (January 26, 1978). "On tour with Sandy". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. p. 37. Retrieved February 17, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Barkow, Al (November 1989). The History of the PGA TOUR. Copyright PGA Tour. Doubleday. p. 264. ISBN 0-385-26145-4. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gene Littler. Gene Littler at the PGA Tour official site Gene Littler at the Japan Golf Tour official site Gene Littler at the World Golf Hall of Fame vteU.S. Open champions 1895 Horace Rawlins 1896 James Foulis 1897 Joe Lloyd 1898 Fred Herd 1899 Willie Smith 1900 Harry Vardon 1901 Willie Anderson† 1902 Laurie Auchterlonie 1903 Willie Anderson† 1904 Willie Anderson 1905 Willie Anderson 1906 Alex Smith 1907 Alec Ross 1908 Fred McLeod† 1909 George Sargent 1910 Alex Smith† 1911 John McDermott† 1912 John McDermott 1913 Francis Ouimet#† 1914‡ Walter Hagen 1915 Jerome Travers# 1916 Chick Evans# 1919 Walter Hagen† 1920 Ted Ray 1921‡ Jim Barnes 1922 Gene Sarazen 1923 Bobby Jones#† 1924 Cyril Walker 1925 Willie Macfarlane† 1926 Bobby Jones# 1927 Tommy Armour† 1928 Johnny Farrell† 1929 Bobby Jones#† 1930 Bobby Jones# 1931 Billy Burke† 1932 Gene Sarazen 1933 Johnny Goodman# 1934 Olin Dutra 1935 Sam Parks Jr. 1936 Tony Manero 1937 Ralph Guldahl 1938 Ralph Guldahl 1939 Byron Nelson† 1940 Lawson Little† 1941 Craig Wood 1946 Lloyd Mangrum† 1947 Lew Worsham† 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Cary Middlecoff 1950 Ben Hogan† 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Julius Boros 1953‡ Ben Hogan 1954 Ed Furgol 1955 Jack Fleck† 1956 Cary Middlecoff 1957 Dick Mayer† 1958 Tommy Bolt 1959 Billy Casper 1960 Arnold Palmer 1961 Gene Littler 1962 Jack Nicklaus† 1963 Julius Boros† 1964 Ken Venturi 1965 Gary Player† 1966 Billy Casper† 1967 Jack Nicklaus 1968 Lee Trevino 1969 Orville Moody 1970‡ Tony Jacklin 1971 Lee Trevino† 1972 Jack Nicklaus 1973 Johnny Miller 1974 Hale Irwin 1975 Lou Graham† 1976 Jerry Pate 1977 Hubert Green 1978 Andy North 1979 Hale Irwin 1980 Jack Nicklaus 1981 David Graham 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Larry Nelson 1984 Fuzzy Zoeller† 1985 Andy North 1986 Raymond Floyd 1987 Scott Simpson 1988 Curtis Strange† 1989 Curtis Strange 1990 Hale Irwin† 1991 Payne Stewart† 1992 Tom Kite 1993 Lee Janzen 1994 Ernie Els† 1995 Corey Pavin 1996 Steve Jones 1997 Ernie Els 1998 Lee Janzen 1999 Payne Stewart 2000‡ Tiger Woods 2001 Retief Goosen† 2002‡ Tiger Woods 2003 Jim Furyk 2004 Retief Goosen 2005 Michael Campbell 2006 Geoff Ogilvy 2007 Ángel Cabrera 2008 Tiger Woods† 2009 Lucas Glover 2010 Graeme McDowell 2011‡ Rory McIlroy 2012 Webb Simpson 2013 Justin Rose 2014‡ Martin Kaymer 2015 Jordan Spieth 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Brooks Koepka 2018 Brooks Koepka 2019 Gary Woodland 2020 Bryson DeChambeau 2021 Jon Rahm 2022 Matt Fitzpatrick 2023 Wyndham Clark 2024 Bryson DeChambeau † indicates the event was won in a playoff; ‡ indicates the event was won wire-to-wire; # indicates the event was won by an amateur; 1942–1945 cancelled due to World War II vteU.S. Amateur champions 1895 Charles B. Macdonald 1896 H. J. Whigham 1897 H. J. Whigham 1898 Findlay S. Douglas 1899 Herbert M. Harriman 1900 Walter Travis 1901 Walter Travis 1902 Louis N. James 1903 Walter Travis 1904 Chandler Egan 1905 Chandler Egan 1906 Eben Byers 1907 Jerome Travers 1908 Jerome Travers 1909 Robert Gardner 1910 William C. Fownes Jr. 1911 Harold Hilton† 1912 Jerome Travers 1913 Jerome Travers 1914 Francis Ouimet 1915 Robert Gardner 1916 Chick Evans 1917–18 Cancelled due to World War I 1919 Davidson Herron 1920 Chick Evans 1921 Jesse Guilford 1922 Jess Sweetser 1923 Max Marston† 1924 Bobby Jones 1925 Bobby Jones 1926 George Von Elm 1927 Bobby Jones 1928 Bobby Jones 1929 Jimmy Johnston 1930 Bobby Jones 1931 Francis Ouimet 1932 Ross Somerville 1933 George Dunlap 1934 Lawson Little 1935 Lawson Little 1936 Johnny Fischer† 1937 Johnny Goodman 1938 Willie Turnesa 1939 Bud Ward 1940 Dick Chapman 1941 Bud Ward 1942–1945 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Ted Bishop† 1947 Skee Riegel 1948 Willie Turnesa 1949 Charles Coe 1950 Sam Urzetta† 1951 Billy Maxwell 1952 Jack Westland 1953 Gene Littler 1954 Arnold Palmer 1955 Harvie Ward 1956 Harvie Ward 1957 Hillman Robbins 1958 Charles Coe 1959 Jack Nicklaus 1960 Deane Beman 1961 Jack Nicklaus 1962 Labron Harris Jr. 1963 Deane Beman 1964 William C. Campbell 1965 Bob Murphy 1966 Gary Cowan† 1967 Bob Dickson 1968 Bruce Fleisher 1969 Steve Melnyk 1970 Lanny Wadkins 1971 Gary Cowan 1972 Vinny Giles 1973 Craig Stadler 1974 Jerry Pate 1975 Fred Ridley 1976 Bill Sander 1977 John Fought 1978 John Cook 1979 Mark O'Meara 1980 Hal Sutton 1981 Nathaniel Crosby 1982 Jay Sigel 1983 Jay Sigel 1984 Scott Verplank 1985 Sam Randolph 1986 Buddy Alexander 1987 Billy Mayfair 1988 Eric Meeks 1989 Chris Patton 1990 Phil Mickelson 1991 Mitch Voges 1992 Justin Leonard 1993 John Harris 1994 Tiger Woods 1995 Tiger Woods 1996 Tiger Woods† 1997 Matt Kuchar 1998 Hank Kuehne 1999 David Gossett 2000 Jeff Quinney† 2001 Bubba Dickerson 2002 Ricky Barnes 2003 Nick Flanagan† 2004 Ryan Moore 2005 Edoardo Molinari 2006 Richie Ramsay 2007 Colt Knost 2008 Danny Lee 2009 An Byeong-hun 2010 Peter Uihlein 2011 Kelly Kraft 2012 Steven Fox† 2013 Matt Fitzpatrick 2014 Gunn Yang 2015 Bryson DeChambeau 2016 Curtis Luck 2017 Doc Redman 2018 Viktor Hovland 2019 Andy Ogletree 2020 Tyler Strafaci 2021 James Piot 2022 Sam Bennett 2023 Nick Dunlap † indicates the event was won in extra holes. Gene Littler in the Ryder Cup vteUnited States Ryder Cup team – 1961 Billy Casper Bill Collins Dow Finsterwald Doug Ford Jay Hebert Gene Littler Arnold Palmer Mike Souchak Art Wall Jr. Jerry Barber (playing captain) Won: 14.5 – 5.5 vteUnited States Ryder Cup team – 1963 Julius Boros Billy Casper Dow Finsterwald Bob Goalby Tony Lema Gene Littler Billy Maxwell Johnny Pott Dave Ragan Arnold Palmer (playing captain) Won: 23 – 9 vteUnited States Ryder Cup team – 1965 Julius Boros Billy Casper Tommy Jacobs Don January Tony Lema Gene Littler Dave Marr Arnold Palmer Ken Venturi Byron Nelson (non-playing captain) Won: 19.5 – 12.5 Johnny Pott: Made the team, but did not participate in the event due to a back injury. vteUnited States Ryder Cup team – 1967 Julius Boros Gay Brewer Billy Casper Gardner Dickinson Al Geiberger Gene Littler Bobby Nichols Johnny Pott Arnold Palmer Doug Sanders Ben Hogan (non-playing captain) Won: 23.5 – 8.5 vteUnited States Ryder Cup team – 1969 Tommy Aaron Miller Barber Frank Beard Billy Casper Dale Douglass Raymond Floyd Dave Hill Gene Littler Jack Nicklaus Dan Sikes Ken Still Lee Trevino Sam Snead (non-playing captain) Tied: 16 – 16 vteUnited States Ryder Cup team – 1971 Miller Barber Frank Beard Billy Casper Charles Coody Gardner Dickinson Gene Littler Jack Nicklaus Arnold Palmer Mason Rudolph J. C. Snead Dave Stockton Lee Trevino Jay Hebert (non-playing captain) Won: 18.5 – 13.5 vteUnited States Ryder Cup team – 1975 Billy Casper Raymond Floyd Al Geiberger Lou Graham Hale Irwin Gene Littler Johnny Miller Bob Murphy Jack Nicklaus J. C. Snead Lee Trevino Tom Weiskopf Arnold Palmer (non-playing captain) Won: 21 – 11 Authority control databases VIAF

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"professional golfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_golfer"},{"link_name":"World Golf Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Golf_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wghof-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wghof-2"}],"text":"Gene Alec Littler (July 21, 1930 – February 15, 2019)[1] was an American professional golfer and a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame.[2] Known for a solid temperament and nicknamed \"Gene the Machine\" for his smooth, rhythmical swing,[2] he once said that, \"Golf is not a game of great shots. It's a game of the best misses. The people who win make the smallest mistakes.\"","title":"Gene Littler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Walker Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Cup"},{"link_name":"U.S. Amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Amateur"},{"link_name":"California State Amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Amateur"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wghof-2"},{"link_name":"PGA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"Doug Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Sanders"},{"link_name":"Canadian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Open_(golf)"},{"link_name":"San Diego State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_State_University"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"}],"text":"Littler was born in San Diego, California. He played on the 1953 United States Walker Cup team, and won the U.S. Amateur and the California State Amateur that same year.[2] In 1954, he won a PGA Tour event as an amateur, a rare achievement which was not to be repeated until Doug Sanders won the Canadian Open in 1956.Littler graduated from San Diego State University, and after that served in the United States Navy from 1951 to 1954.","title":"Early years and amateur career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gene_Littler_with_family_1956.jpg"},{"link_name":"1954 U.S. Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_U.S._Open_(golf)"},{"link_name":"Ed Furgol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Furgol"},{"link_name":"Paul Runyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Runyan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wghof-2"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Masters"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby National Pro-Am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby_National_Pro-Am"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"major championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_major_golf_championship"},{"link_name":"1961 U.S. Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_U.S._Open_(golf)"},{"link_name":"Doug Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Sanders"},{"link_name":"Masters Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_Tournament"},{"link_name":"PGA Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Championship"},{"link_name":"Billy Casper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Casper"},{"link_name":"Lanny Wadkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanny_Wadkins"},{"link_name":"Ryder Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"Bob Jones Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Jones_Award"},{"link_name":"United States Golf Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Golf_Association"},{"link_name":"Senior PGA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"World Golf Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Golf_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wghof-2"}],"text":"Gene Littler with family in 1956An early highlight of Littler's professional playing career was a second-place finish at the 1954 U.S. Open. He finished one shot behind Ed Furgol.In 1955, he won four times on the tour, but fell into a slump in the late 1950s after tinkering with his swing. In 1959 after taking advice he received from Paul Runyan and adjusting his grip,[3] he recovered to have his best year with five PGA Tour victories. He finished second on the money list that year, which was to remain his career best. Only once from 1954 to 1979 did Littler finish out of the top 60 on the final money list. He was stricken with melanoma cancer found in a lymph node under his left arm in 1972,[2] but came back to win five more times on the PGA Tour. He ended his career with 29 PGA Tour wins, and also won two tournaments in Japan and one in Australia.One of Littler's 29 PGA Tour wins was unique. When he won the 1975 Bing Crosby National Pro-Am, it marked the first and (so far) only time that a player won that event as a professional after having previously won the pro-amateur portion, which Littler did as a 23-year-old amateur in 1954.[4]Littler won one major championship – the 1961 U.S. Open. He shot a 68 in the final round to overtake Doug Sanders. He accumulated 17 top-10 finishes in the three U.S.-based majors: seven at the Masters Tournament, five at the PGA Championship, and five at the U.S. Open. In addition to his U.S. Open victory, he had one second-place finish in each of the three U.S. majors, losing playoffs to Billy Casper at the 1970 Masters and to Lanny Wadkins at the 1977 PGA Championship. The latter was the first-ever sudden-death playoff in a major. He was a member of the U.S. Ryder Cup teams of 1961, 1963, 1965, 1967, 1969, 1971 and 1975, and had a 14-5-8 win/loss/tie record including five wins and three ties in 10 singles matches.Littler received the Ben Hogan Award in 1973 for a courageous comeback from injury or illness, after returning to the tour following treatment for malignant melanoma. Also in 1973, he was given the Bob Jones Award, the highest honor given by the United States Golf Association in recognition of distinguished sportsmanship in golf. In the 1980s and 1990s, Littler played on the Senior PGA Tour, winning eight times. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1990.[2]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On January 5, 1951, ten days before joining the Navy, Littler married Shirley Warren, his university classmate. They had a son, Curt, born in March 1954 and a daughter, Suzanne, born in October 1957.[5][6] Littler died at the age of 88 on February 15, 2019.[7][8]","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mac Divot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Divot"},{"link_name":"Mel Keefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Keefer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trinkle-9"}],"text":"Littler inspired Sandy Mac Divot, the main character of the long running comic strip Mac Divot by Jordan Lanski (a former schoolmate of Littler) and Mel Keefer.[9]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional wins (54)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"PGA Tour wins (29)","text":"PGA Tour playoff record (3–8)Source:[10]","title":"Professional wins (54)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"PGA of Japan Tour wins (1)","title":"Professional wins (54)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"PGA Tour of Australia wins (1)","text":"PGA Tour of Australasia playoff record (1–0)","title":"Professional wins (54)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California State Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Open"},{"link_name":"World Series of Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_of_Golf"},{"link_name":"Taiheiyo Club Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiheiyo_Club_Masters"}],"sub_title":"Other wins (3)","text":"1954 California State Open\n1966 World Series of Golf\n1974 Taiheiyo Club Masters","title":"Professional wins (54)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Senior PGA Tour wins (8)","text":"Senior PGA Tour playoff record (1–2)","title":"Professional wins (54)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Japan Senior Tour wins (2)","text":"1983 Coca-Cola Grandslam Championship\n1987 Coca-Cola Grandslam Championship","title":"Professional wins (54)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Senior Invitational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Senior_Invitational&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vintage Invitational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Invitational"},{"link_name":"Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Mutual_Legends_of_Golf"},{"link_name":"Bob Rosburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Rosburg"},{"link_name":"Vintage Invitational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Invitational"},{"link_name":"Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Mutual_Legends_of_Golf"},{"link_name":"Don January","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_January"},{"link_name":"Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Mutual_Legends_of_Golf"},{"link_name":"Don January","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_January"},{"link_name":"Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Mutual_Legends_of_Golf"},{"link_name":"Don January","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_January"},{"link_name":"Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Mutual_Legends_of_Golf"},{"link_name":"Don January","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_January"},{"link_name":"Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Mutual_Legends_of_Golf"},{"link_name":"Don January","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_January"},{"link_name":"Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Mutual_Legends_of_Golf"},{"link_name":"Don January","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_January"}],"sub_title":"Other senior wins (10)","text":"1980 World Senior Invitational\n1981 Vintage Invitational\n1981 Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf (with Bob Rosburg)\n1983 Vintage Invitational\n1985 Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf (with Don January)\n1986 Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf (with Don January)\n1994 Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf - Legendary Division (with Don January)\n1997 Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf - Legendary Division (with Don January)\n2001 Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf - Demaret Division (with Don January)\n2004 Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf - Demaret Division (with Don January)","title":"Professional wins (54)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Billy_Casper_and_Gene_Littler_1970.jpg"},{"link_name":"Billy Casper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Casper"},{"link_name":"Masters Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_Tournament"}],"text":"Gene Littler (right) congratulates Billy Casper with winning the 1970 Masters Tournament","title":"Major championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wins (1)","title":"Major championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Amateur wins (1)","title":"Major championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USGA Championship Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101221024412/http://champsdatabase.usga.org/"}],"sub_title":"Results timeline","text":"WinTop 10Did not playCUT = missed the halfway cut\nDQ = disqualified\nWD = withdrew\nR64, R32, R16, QF, SF = Round in which player lost in match play\n\"T\" indicates a tie for a place.Source for U.S. Open and U.S. Amateur: USGA Championship Database","title":"Major championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Summary","text":"Most consecutive cuts made – 14 (1962 PGA – 1967 Masters)\nLongest streak of top-10s – 4 (1961 U.S. Open – 1962 U.S. Open)","title":"Major championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walker Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Cup"},{"link_name":"1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Walker_Cup"},{"link_name":"Ryder Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"Hopkins Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins_Trophy"}],"text":"AmateurWalker Cup: 1953 (winners)ProfessionalRyder Cup: 1961 (winners), 1963 (winners), 1965 (winners), 1967 (winners), 1969 (tie), 1971 (winners), 1975 (winners)\nHopkins Trophy: 1956 (winners)","title":"U.S. national team appearances"}]

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[{"title":"List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_golfers_with_most_PGA_Tour_wins"}]

[{"reference":"\"Gene Littler, golfer who won the US Open and was admired for the beauty of his swing – obituary\". Daily Telegraph. March 21, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2019/03/21/gene-littler-golfer-won-us-open-admired-beauty-swing-obituary/","url_text":"\"Gene Littler, golfer who won the US Open and was admired for the beauty of his swing – obituary\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Golf Hall of Fame profile\". Retrieved January 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldgolfhalloffame.org/gene-littler/","url_text":"\"World Golf Hall of Fame profile\""}]},{"reference":"Kelley, Brent. \"Gene Littler profile\". About.com. Archived from the original on October 16, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111016055145/http://golf.about.com/od/golfersmen/p/gene_littler.htm","url_text":"\"Gene Littler profile\""},{"url":"http://golf.about.com/od/golfersmen/p/gene_littler.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shain, Jeff (February 1, 2013). \"AT&T Pebble Beach – First Look\". PGA Tour. Retrieved February 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pgatour.com/tourreport/2013/02/01/first-look--at-t-peeble-beach.html","url_text":"\"AT&T Pebble Beach – First Look\""}]},{"reference":"White, Gordon S. (August 4, 1975). \"Comeback Star of Pro Golf Tour\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/04/archives/comeback-star-of-pro-golf-tour-gene-alec-littler.html","url_text":"\"Comeback Star of Pro Golf Tour\""}]},{"reference":"Wright, Alfred (May 14, 1962). \"Loud Noise From the Quiet Man\". Sports Illustrated.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/vault/1962/05/14/592941/loud-noise-from-the-quiet-man","url_text":"\"Loud Noise From the Quiet Man\""}]},{"reference":"Strege, John (February 15, 2019). \"Gene Littler, a U.S. Open champion and member of World Golf Hall of Fame, has died\". Golf Digest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.golfdigest.com/story/gene-littler-a-us-open-champion-and-member-of-world-golf-hall-of-fame-has-died","url_text":"\"Gene Littler, a U.S. Open champion and member of World Golf Hall of Fame, has died\""}]},{"reference":"Goldstein, Richard (February 16, 2019). \"Gene Littler, Golfer With a Gorgeous Swing, Dies at 88\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 17, 2019. Retrieved February 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/16/obituaries/gene-littler-dead-golfer.html","url_text":"\"Gene Littler, Golfer With a Gorgeous Swing, Dies at 88\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20190217092901/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/16/obituaries/gene-littler-dead-golfer.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Trinkle, Jim (January 26, 1978). \"On tour with Sandy\". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. p. 37. Retrieved February 17, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/633180074","url_text":"\"On tour with Sandy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth_Star-Telegram","url_text":"Fort Worth Star-Telegram"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Barkow, Al (November 1989). The History of the PGA TOUR. Copyright PGA Tour. Doubleday. p. 264. ISBN 0-385-26145-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Barkow","url_text":"Barkow, Al"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofpgatour00bark/page/264","url_text":"The History of the PGA TOUR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour","url_text":"PGA Tour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)","url_text":"Doubleday"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofpgatour00bark/page/264","url_text":"264"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-26145-4","url_text":"0-385-26145-4"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_South_Dakota_(BB-49)

South Dakota-class battleship (1920)

["1 Background and design history","2 Description","2.1 Propulsion","2.2 Armament","2.3 Protection","3 Ships in class","4 Notes","5 Citations","6 Bibliography","7 External links"]

Cancelled dreadnought battleship class of the United States Navy This article is about the canceled 1920s battleship class. For the World War II-era class of battleships, see South Dakota-class battleship (1939). Artist's concept of the South Dakota class Class overview NameSouth Dakota class Operators United States Navy Preceded byColorado class Succeeded byNorth Carolina class Cost$21,000,000 (cost limit) Built1920–1923 Planned6 Cancelled6 General characteristics TypeBattleship Displacement 43,200 long tons (43,893 t) (normal) 47,000 long tons (47,800 t) (full load) Length 684 ft (208.5 m) (o/a) 660 ft (201.2 m) (waterline) Beam106 ft (32.3 m) Draft33 ft (10.1 m) Installed power 12 × water-tube boilers 60,000 shp (45,000 kW) Propulsion4 × propeller shafts; 4 × turbo-electric generators Speed23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph) Range8,000 nmi (15,000 km; 9,200 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) Complement137 officers, 1404 enlisted men, 75 marines Armament 4 × triple 16 in (406 mm) guns 16 × single 6 in (152 mm) guns 4 × 3 in (76 mm) DP guns 2 × 21 in (533 mm) torpedo tubes Armor Belt: 8–13.5 in (203–343 mm) Barbettes: 4.5–13.5 in (114–343 mm) Turrets: 5–18 in (127–457 mm) Conning tower: 8–16 in (203–406 mm) Decks: 3.5–6 in (89–152 mm) Bulkheads: 8–13.5 in (203–343 mm) Uptakes: 9–13.5 in (229–343 mm) The first South Dakota class was a group of six battleships that were laid down in 1920 for the U.S. Navy, but were never completed; designed to achieve 23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph), they represented an attempt to catch up with the increasing fleet speeds of its main rivals, the British Royal Navy and Imperial Japanese Navy. The South Dakotas were authorized in 1917, but work was postponed so that the U.S. Navy could incorporate information gained from the Battle of Jutland, fought in mid-1916, in their design. Work was further postponed to give destroyers and other small fighting vessels priority as they were needed urgently to fight German U-boats in the North Atlantic. Construction started only in 1920. As the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 both restricted the total battleship tonnage allowed the U.S. Navy, and limited individual ship size to 35,000 long tons (35,562 t), construction was halted in early 1922. The unfinished hulls were scrapped the following year, the guns were transferred to the U.S. Army and their boilers and armor were used to modernize older battleships. The class name was not re-used until 1939 when the first of four South Dakota-class fast battleships were laid-down. Background and design history Before World War I began in August 1914, the Navy was not well funded by the U.S. Congress, which had failed to heed the General Board's recommendation of a building program of two battleships per year. The election of President Woodrow Wilson in 1912 and his appointment of Josephus Daniels as Secretary of the Navy did nothing to change that as neither man believed that additional expenditures on the Navy were worthwhile. The start of the war began to change that attitude and, in early 1915, the General Board called for construction of four battleships in Fiscal Year (FY) 1916, although the Committee on Naval Affairs rejected that recommendation on the basis that it was not prudent to make changes to the existing program before enough had been learned from the experiences of the war. In parallel with this there arose a belief that a victorious Imperial Germany might be able to invade the United States, including a movie that showed victorious Germans executing Civil War veterans, and that the Navy was unprepared to deal with such a threat. South Dakota under construction Events abroad like the Japanese Twenty-One Demands on China in early 1915, German attempts to begin unrestricted submarine warfare and the sinking of the Lusitania in May exposed US weaknesses to the public eye. They caused Wilson to reconsider his position and he ordered the Secretaries of War and Navy to plan for mobilization in July. The General Board argued that the Navy should be the equal to the strongest navy in the world, that of the British, not just to the most likely enemy, Imperial Germany, and advocated for construction of 10 battleships over five years, together with battlecruisers and smaller ships. Congress was debating the appropriation bill while the Battle of Jutland occurred in at the end of May 1916 and the British victory confirmed the value of the battleship in eyes of the Congressmen. They compressed the General Board's program into three years with four ships in FY 1917 and three in each of the following years. The first four ships, which became the Colorado class, were only modest improvements over the preceding Tennessee class, but the changed attitude towards battleships allowed the General Board to propose much more powerful, and expensive, ships for the last two batches. The maximum price was set at $21,000,000. The General Board's requirements were not thoroughly spelled out at the beginning of the design process and it requested a main armament of a dozen 16-inch (406 mm) guns and higher speed than the existing 21 knots of the earlier ships to counter trends it saw in fast foreign battleships like the British Queen Elizabeth and the Japanese Nagato classes. Despite this, higher speed was not a high priority and the board settled for a modest increase of two knots. After a flirtation with a design armed with twelve guns in six twin-gun turrets that came out much larger than desired, successful long-range gunnery trials with the triple turrets used by Pennsylvania caused the Preliminary Design section of the Bureau of Construction and Repair (C&R) to choose four triple gun-turrets for the new ships. This allowed them to base the design on an enlarged version of the Colorados, substituting triple turrets for the twin turrets of the older ships. This increase in the number of main guns was a continuation of Navy practice from the beginning of the dreadnought era. The General Board selected the newly developed 50-caliber Mark 2 gun rather than the older 45-caliber Mark 1 gun because it was much more powerful at a minimal cost in weight. These choices gave the design an estimated displacement of 42,000 long tons (42,674 t). Daniels approved the preliminary characteristics on 20 November 1916 although the Bureau of Ordnance and (C&R) argued about the number and placement of the 51-caliber 5-inch (127 mm) secondary armament for several months before compromising on 20 guns in a mixture of single and twin mounts when the General Board approved the design on 24 January 1917. American entry into the war in April caused the suspension of all capital ship construction in favor of smaller ships more immediately useful to the war effort, although this allowed the Navy to modify the design based on experience gained from the British. By this time the design was restricted by the limitations imposed by the requirement to the ability to pass through the Panama Canal, a fundamental part of the Navy's strategy as it saved weeks of time when ships had to transfer from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic or vice versa. In the meantime the General Board had decided that upon a plethora of changes of which the most significant were substituting a more powerful, but slower firing, six-inch (150 mm) gun for the five-inch guns, thicker deck armor outside the citadel and increased elevation for the sixteen-inch guns. Rear Admiral David W. Taylor, Chief Constructor of the Navy and head of C&R calculated the weight required to implement all of these changes would exceed the board's allowed draft of 32 feet 6 inches (9.9 m) to easily pass through the canal. In an effort to mitigate the impact on the ship's draft by all of these changes and unable to exceed the canal's width of 106 feet (32.3 m), Taylor revised the design by adding length and took the opportunity to improve its torpedo defenses, which increased its length to 725 feet (221 m) and displacement to 46,000 long tons (46,738 t). The board rejected this more expensive design and held to most of its requirements; Daniels approved these changes on 29 January 1918. Taylor investigated sloping the armor, which promised to save a lot of weight, but ultimately decided not to do so. On 6 July, the board changed its draft specification to 33 feet (10.1 m) at normal load, which meant that the ships would have to off-load weight to pass through the canal and dropped its requirement for a gyrostabilizer for which 600 long tons (610 t) had been reserved. This allowed Taylor to add an aft armored transverse bulkhead and armor for the boiler uptakes. The design characteristics of the South Dakotas closely followed the standard-type battleship, albeit at a greater scale. Like the Tennessees and Colorados, they were designed with the same bridges, lattice masts and turbo-electric propulsion system and they used the same torpedo protection system as the latter class. Naval historian Norman Friedman described the South Dakotas as the ultimate development of the series of U.S. battleships that began with the Nevada class, despite the increase in size, speed and intermediate armament from the standard type that characterized the Nevada through Colorado classes. Description South Dakota-class profile The South Dakota design called for an overall length of 684 feet (208.5 m), a beam of 106 feet, and a draft of 33 feet at normal load. They were intended to displace 43,200 long tons (43,893 t) at that load and 47,000 long tons (47,800 t) at deep load, with a metacentric height of 3.47 feet (1.1 m) at deep load. Their crew would have consisted of 137 officers, 1,404 enlisted men and 75 marines. Propulsion Turbo-electric propulsion, which the U.S. Navy had adopted for capital ships with the earlier New Mexico class, was continued in this class. One advantage of turbo-electric drive was that the substitution of flexible electric cables for bulky steam-lines allowed the motors to be mounted further to the stern of the ship; this reduced vibration and weight by shortening the propeller shafts. Another was the ability to go astern at full power without needing a separate reverse turbine to do so, simply by reversing the electrical polarity of the motors. Other benefits were the ability to operate all four propellers if one of the turbo generators failed, and the possibility of operating only some of the generators at low speed with suitably higher loading and greater efficiency. " was efficient, rugged and always reliable. But it was also heavy, intricate, and not easy to maintain and keep tuned up." The machinery also required special ventilation measures to dissipate heat and to keep out any salt air. Even with this and elaborate insulation measures, protection from moisture or from flooding due to battle damage or other causes remained problematic and it posed the danger of high voltage to the crew if damaged. In the South Dakotas, two turbo generators (General Electric for Indiana and Montana, Westinghouse for the others) were coupled to a pair of AC alternators of 28,000 KVA and 5,000 volts. These fed four electric motors, each driving one propeller shaft, rated at 11,200 kilowatts (15,000 hp) of direct current (DC). A dozen water-tube boilers, each in their own individual compartment outboard of the turbine rooms, provided steam for the generators at a working pressure of 285 psi (1,965 kPa; 20 kgf/cm2). The uptakes from each trio of boilers were grouped together and then all four uptakes were trunked together above the upper deck into the single funnel. The ships were also fitted with eight 500-kilowatt (670 hp) DC turbo generators. With a total of 60,000 shaft horsepower (45,000 kW), their designed top speed was 23 knots. They carried enough fuel oil to give them a designed range of 8,000 nmi (15,000 km; 9,200 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). Armament A 16-inch/50 gun on display at the Washington Navy Yard The main battery of the South Dakota-class ships consisted of twelve 16-inch Mark 2 guns in four triple-gun turrets, a pair of superfiring turrets fore and aft of the superstructure. These fired the same 2,100-pound (953 kg) shell as the Mark 1 of the Colorado class with a muzzle velocity of 2,650 feet per second (810 m/s) to a range of 45,100 yards (41,200 m) at the turret's maximum elevation of 46 degrees. The Mark 2 ended up not being fitted aboard any ship; when the design of the Iowa-class battleship began in 1938 it was initially assumed these ships would use the surplus Mark 2 guns, but due to a miscommunication between the two Navy departments involved in the design, the Iowas required a lighter gun than the Mark 2/Mark 3 which led to the design of the 267,900 lb (121,500 kg) 16"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun. The South Dakotas had a secondary armament that consisted of sixteen 53-caliber six-inch Mark 12 guns in single mounts. A dozen of these were in unarmored casemates on the side of the superstructure and the remaining four guns were positioned abreast the forward superstructure. The guns had a maximum range of 21,000 yd (19,000 m) at an elevation of 20 degrees from their 105-pound (48 kg) projectiles at a velocity of 3,000 feet per second (910 m/s). They were installed in Omaha-class cruisers and several large submarines built during the 1920s after the South Dakotas were canceled. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by four 50-caliber three in (76 mm) dual-purpose guns in single mounts amidships. Firing their 13-pound (5.9 kg) shells at a velocity of 2,700 ft/s (820 m/s), the guns had a maximum range of 14,590 yards (13,340 m) and could fire at a rate of 12–15 rounds per minute. The ships were also fitted with a pair of 21-inch (533 mm) submerged torpedo tubes, one on each broadside. Protection The South Dakotas' belt armor design called for 13.5 inches (340 mm) tapered to 8 inches (203 mm) below the waterline. It extended between the fore and aft turret barbettes and protected the propulsion machinery and magazines. Fore and aft transverse 8–13.5-inch (200–340 mm) bulkheads formed an armored citadel by closing off the ends of the belt. The main deck sat at the top of the armored belt; it was the primary armored deck and consisted of two layers of 1.75-inch (44 mm) thick steel, one of nickel steel (NS) and the other of special treatment steel (STS). Below it was the splinter deck that consisted of 1.25 inches (32 mm) of STS that was intended to catch splinters from shells that burst on the main deck. In front of the forward bulkhead, the splinter deck continued to the bow, although it now consisted of one layer of five inches of STS and another, 1 inch (25 mm) thick, of NS. Between the main and splinter decks, the boiler uptakes were protected by 9–13.5 inches (230–340 mm) of armor. Turret faces were 18 inches (457 mm) thick, with 9–10-inch (229–254 mm) thick sides and a roof 5 inches thick. The barbettes were protected by 13.5 inches of armor above the main deck and 4.5 inches (114 mm) below that. The conning tower armor was 16 inches thick on the front and sides and it had an 8-inch roof. Underwater protection was similar to that of the Colorados, five layers deep with watertight compartments separated by three torpedo bulkheads 0.75 inches (19 mm) thick that extended from the splinter deck to the ship's bottom and between the transverse bulkheads. The outermost compartment was empty, the three middle ones were used as oil tanks, and the innermost one was also empty. Ships in class Name Shipyard Laid down Suspended Canceled % Completed Fate South Dakota (BB-49) New York Naval Shipyard 15 March 1920 8 February 1922 17 August 1922 38.5% Sold for scrap, 25 October 1923 Indiana (BB-50) 1 November 1920 34.7% Scrapped on slipway Montana (BB-51) Mare Island Naval Shipyard 1 September 1920 27.6% Sold for scrap, 25 October 1923 North Carolina (BB-52) Norfolk Naval Shipyard 12 January 1920 36.7% Iowa (BB-53) Newport News Shipbuilding 17 May 1920 31.8% Sold for scrap, 8 November 1923 Massachusetts (BB-54) Fore River Shipyard 4 April 1921 11.0% With the cancellation of the South Dakotas and the Lexington-class battlecruisers, the existing guns were transferred to the U.S. Army and used as coast-defense guns. Their boilers were used to modernize the six ships of the Florida, Wyoming and New York classes in the mid-1920s; their armor plates were used to reinforce the existing armor of other battleships. Notes ^ W. McClelland, quoted in footnote 20 Citations ^ Friedman (1985b), pp. 155. ^ Friedman (1985b), pp. 155–156. ^ Ships' Data (1921), p. 32. ^ Friedman (1985b), pp. 156–157. ^ a b Breyer (1973), p. 232. ^ Friedman (1985b), p. 164. ^ Friedman (1985b), pp. 156. ^ Friedman (1985a), p. 118. ^ Breyer (1973), p. 193. ^ Friedman (1985b), p. 446. ^ Ships' Data (1921), p. 31. ^ a b Breyer (1973), p. 218. ^ Anderson & Baker (1977), p. 312. ^ Anderson & Baker (1977), p. 327. ^ Friedman (1985b), p. 457. ^ a b Campbell (1985), p. 116. ^ Campbell (1985), p. 132. ^ a b Ships' Data (1921), p. 30. ^ Campbell (1985), pp. 145–146. ^ a b Friedman (1985b), pp. 162, 446. ^ Friedman (1985b), pp. 420–421. ^ Evans, Mark L. (14 September 2015). "South Dakota (Battleship No. 49)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 10 March 2019. ^ Cressman, Robert J.; Evans, Mark L. (12 September 2016). "Indiana I (Battleship No.1)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 10 March 2019. ^ Cressman, Robert J. (18 February 2016). "Montana (Battleship No. 51)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 10 March 2019. ^ "North Carolina II (Armored Cruiser No. 12)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. 18 February 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2019. ^ Evans, Mark L. (20 April 2016). "Iowa II (Battleship No. 4) 1897–1923". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 10 March 2019. ^ "Massachusetts IV". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. 18 February 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2019. ^ Friedman (1985b), pp. 156, 193. Bibliography Anderson, Richard M. & Baker, Arthur D. III (1977). "CV-2 Lex and CV-3 Sara". Warship International. XIV (4). Toledo, OH: International Naval Research Organization: 291–328. ISSN 0043-0374. Breyer, Siegfried (1973). Battleships and Battle Cruisers, 1905-1970: Historical Development of the Capital Ship. Translated by Alfred Kurti. London: Macdonald and Jane's. ISBN 0-356-04191-3. Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-459-4. Friedman, Norman (1985a). "United States". In Gray, Randal (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-907-3. Friedman, Norman (1985b). U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-715-1. Ships' Data, U.S. Naval Vessels. United States Navy. 1 July 1921. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to South Dakota class battleships (1920). Photo gallery of South Dakota-class battleship (1920) at NavSource Naval History South Dakota class contract plans vteSouth Dakota-class battleships South Dakota Indiana Montana North Carolina Iowa Massachusetts Preceded by: Colorado class Followed by: North Carolina class List of battleships of the United States Navy vteUnited States naval ship classes of World War IDreadnought battleships South Carolina Delaware Florida Wyoming New York Nevada Pennsylvania New Mexico TennesseeC ColoradoC South DakotaX Pre-dreadnought battleships Indiana IowaS Kearsarge Illinois Maine Virginia Connecticut Battlecruisers LexingtonX Armored cruisers New YorkS BrooklynS Pennsylvania Tennessee Protected cruisers ChicagoS BaltimoreS San FranciscoS OlympiaS Cincinnati Columbia New Orleans Denver St. Louis Scout cruisers Chester Unprotected cruisers Montgomery Destroyers Bainbridge Truxtun Smith Paulding Cassin Aylwin O'Brien Tucker Sampson Caldwell Wickes ClemsonC Submarines Plunger B C D E F G H K L M-1S AA-1 N O R Auxiliaries BostonS RecruitS S Single ship of class C Completed after the war X Cancelled

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Dakota-class battleship (1939)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota-class_battleship_(1939)"},{"link_name":"battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laid_down"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland"},{"link_name":"destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"U-boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Washington Naval Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty"},{"link_name":"scrapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breaking"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"boilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler"},{"link_name":"South Dakota-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota-class_battleship_(1939)"},{"link_name":"fast battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_battleships"}],"text":"Cancelled dreadnought battleship class of the United States NavyThis article is about the canceled 1920s battleship class. For the World War II-era class of battleships, see South Dakota-class battleship (1939).The first South Dakota class was a group of six battleships that were laid down in 1920 for the U.S. Navy, but were never completed; designed to achieve 23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph), they represented an attempt to catch up with the increasing fleet speeds of its main rivals, the British Royal Navy and Imperial Japanese Navy.The South Dakotas were authorized in 1917, but work was postponed so that the U.S. Navy could incorporate information gained from the Battle of Jutland, fought in mid-1916, in their design. Work was further postponed to give destroyers and other small fighting vessels priority as they were needed urgently to fight German U-boats in the North Atlantic. Construction started only in 1920. As the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 both restricted the total battleship tonnage allowed the U.S. Navy, and limited individual ship size to 35,000 long tons (35,562 t), construction was halted in early 1922. The unfinished hulls were scrapped the following year, the guns were transferred to the U.S. Army and their boilers and armor were used to modernize older battleships. The class name was not re-used until 1939 when the first of four South Dakota-class fast battleships were laid-down.","title":"South Dakota-class battleship (1920)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"General Board's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Board_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Josephus Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Fiscal Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_Year"},{"link_name":"Committee on Naval Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Naval_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Imperial Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Germany"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1985b155-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BB-49_PCU_South_Dakota.jpg"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Twenty-One Demands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-One_Demands"},{"link_name":"unrestricted submarine warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare_(February_1915)"},{"link_name":"sinking of the Lusitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania"},{"link_name":"Secretaries of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War"},{"link_name":"battlecruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlecruiser"},{"link_name":"Congressmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressmen"},{"link_name":"Colorado class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Tennessee class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1985b155%E2%80%93156-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShips'_Data192132-3"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Nagato classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagato-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pennsylvania_(BB-38)"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Construction and Repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Construction_and_Repair"},{"link_name":"dreadnought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnought"},{"link_name":"caliber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliber_(artillery)"},{"link_name":"Mark 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16%22/50_caliber_Mark_2_gun"},{"link_name":"Mark 1 gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16%22/45_caliber_gun"},{"link_name":"displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Ordnance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Ordnance"},{"link_name":"5-inch (127 mm)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%22/51_caliber_gun"},{"link_name":"secondary armament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_armament"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1985b156%E2%80%93157-4"},{"link_name":"the ability to pass through","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamax#Panamax_dimensions"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreyer1973232-5"},{"link_name":"Rear Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_Admiral"},{"link_name":"David W. Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_W._Taylor"},{"link_name":"draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(ship)"},{"link_name":"gyrostabilizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-rolling_gyro"},{"link_name":"bulkhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkhead_(partition)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1985b164-6"},{"link_name":"lattice masts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_mast"},{"link_name":"turbo-electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo-electric"},{"link_name":"torpedo protection system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_belt"},{"link_name":"Norman Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Friedman"},{"link_name":"Nevada class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1985b156-7"}],"text":"Before World War I began in August 1914, the Navy was not well funded by the U.S. Congress, which had failed to heed the General Board's recommendation of a building program of two battleships per year. The election of President Woodrow Wilson in 1912 and his appointment of Josephus Daniels as Secretary of the Navy did nothing to change that as neither man believed that additional expenditures on the Navy were worthwhile. The start of the war began to change that attitude and, in early 1915, the General Board called for construction of four battleships in Fiscal Year (FY) 1916, although the Committee on Naval Affairs rejected that recommendation on the basis that it was not prudent to make changes to the existing program before enough had been learned from the experiences of the war. In parallel with this there arose a belief that a victorious Imperial Germany might be able to invade the United States, including a movie that showed victorious Germans executing Civil War veterans, and that the Navy was unprepared to deal with such a threat.[1]South Dakota under constructionEvents abroad like the Japanese Twenty-One Demands on China in early 1915, German attempts to begin unrestricted submarine warfare and the sinking of the Lusitania in May exposed US weaknesses to the public eye. They caused Wilson to reconsider his position and he ordered the Secretaries of War and Navy to plan for mobilization in July. The General Board argued that the Navy should be the equal to the strongest navy in the world, that of the British, not just to the most likely enemy, Imperial Germany, and advocated for construction of 10 battleships over five years, together with battlecruisers and smaller ships. Congress was debating the appropriation bill while the Battle of Jutland occurred in at the end of May 1916 and the British victory confirmed the value of the battleship in eyes of the Congressmen. They compressed the General Board's program into three years with four ships in FY 1917 and three in each of the following years. The first four ships, which became the Colorado class, were only modest improvements over the preceding Tennessee class, but the changed attitude towards battleships allowed the General Board to propose much more powerful, and expensive, ships for the last two batches.[2] The maximum price was set at $21,000,000.[3]The General Board's requirements were not thoroughly spelled out at the beginning of the design process and it requested a main armament of a dozen 16-inch (406 mm) guns and higher speed than the existing 21 knots of the earlier ships to counter trends it saw in fast foreign battleships like the British Queen Elizabeth and the Japanese Nagato classes. Despite this, higher speed was not a high priority and the board settled for a modest increase of two knots. After a flirtation with a design armed with twelve guns in six twin-gun turrets that came out much larger than desired, successful long-range gunnery trials with the triple turrets used by Pennsylvania caused the Preliminary Design section of the Bureau of Construction and Repair (C&R) to choose four triple gun-turrets for the new ships. This allowed them to base the design on an enlarged version of the Colorados, substituting triple turrets for the twin turrets of the older ships. This increase in the number of main guns was a continuation of Navy practice from the beginning of the dreadnought era. The General Board selected the newly developed 50-caliber Mark 2 gun rather than the older 45-caliber Mark 1 gun because it was much more powerful at a minimal cost in weight. These choices gave the design an estimated displacement of 42,000 long tons (42,674 t). Daniels approved the preliminary characteristics on 20 November 1916 although the Bureau of Ordnance and (C&R) argued about the number and placement of the 51-caliber 5-inch (127 mm) secondary armament for several months before compromising on 20 guns in a mixture of single and twin mounts when the General Board approved the design on 24 January 1917. American entry into the war in April caused the suspension of all capital ship construction in favor of smaller ships more immediately useful to the war effort, although this allowed the Navy to modify the design based on experience gained from the British.[4]By this time the design was restricted by the limitations imposed by the requirement to the ability to pass through the Panama Canal, a fundamental part of the Navy's strategy as it saved weeks of time when ships had to transfer from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic or vice versa.[5] In the meantime the General Board had decided that upon a plethora of changes of which the most significant were substituting a more powerful, but slower firing, six-inch (150 mm) gun for the five-inch guns, thicker deck armor outside the citadel and increased elevation for the sixteen-inch guns. Rear Admiral David W. Taylor, Chief Constructor of the Navy and head of C&R calculated the weight required to implement all of these changes would exceed the board's allowed draft of 32 feet 6 inches (9.9 m) to easily pass through the canal. In an effort to mitigate the impact on the ship's draft by all of these changes and unable to exceed the canal's width of 106 feet (32.3 m), Taylor revised the design by adding length and took the opportunity to improve its torpedo defenses, which increased its length to 725 feet (221 m) and displacement to 46,000 long tons (46,738 t). The board rejected this more expensive design and held to most of its requirements; Daniels approved these changes on 29 January 1918. Taylor investigated sloping the armor, which promised to save a lot of weight, but ultimately decided not to do so. On 6 July, the board changed its draft specification to 33 feet (10.1 m) at normal load, which meant that the ships would have to off-load weight to pass through the canal and dropped its requirement for a gyrostabilizer for which 600 long tons (610 t) had been reserved. This allowed Taylor to add an aft armored transverse bulkhead and armor for the boiler uptakes.[6]The design characteristics of the South Dakotas closely followed the standard-type battleship, albeit at a greater scale. Like the Tennessees and Colorados, they were designed with the same bridges, lattice masts and turbo-electric propulsion system and they used the same torpedo protection system as the latter class. Naval historian Norman Friedman described the South Dakotas as the ultimate development of the series of U.S. battleships that began with the Nevada class, despite the increase in size, speed and intermediate armament from the standard type that characterized the Nevada through Colorado classes.[7]","title":"Background and design history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_SOUTH_DAKOTA_BB49_NARA_109182445.jpg"},{"link_name":"overall length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_overall"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1985a118-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreyer1973193-9"},{"link_name":"metacentric height","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacentric_height"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1985b446-10"},{"link_name":"marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Marines"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShips'_Data192131-11"}],"text":"South Dakota-class profileThe South Dakota design called for an overall length of 684 feet (208.5 m), a beam of 106 feet, and a draft of 33 feet at normal load. They were intended to displace 43,200 long tons (43,893 t) at that load[8] and 47,000 long tons (47,800 t) at deep load,[9] with a metacentric height of 3.47 feet (1.1 m) at deep load.[10] Their crew would have consisted of 137 officers, 1,404 enlisted men and 75 marines.[11]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Mexico class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"propeller shafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller_shaft_(ship)"},{"link_name":"electrical polarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_polarity"},{"link_name":"turbo generators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_generator"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreyer1973218-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonBaker1977312-13"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreyer1973218-12"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"Westinghouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation"},{"link_name":"AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current"},{"link_name":"alternators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternator"},{"link_name":"KVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt-ampere"},{"link_name":"volts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt"},{"link_name":"electric motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor"},{"link_name":"direct current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreyer1973232-5"},{"link_name":"water-tube boilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-tube_boiler"},{"link_name":"psi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch"},{"link_name":"kPa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)"},{"link_name":"kgf/cm2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram-force"},{"link_name":"funnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnel_(ship)"},{"link_name":"shaft horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Shaft_horsepower"},{"link_name":"fuel oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil"},{"link_name":"nmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1985b457-16"}],"sub_title":"Propulsion","text":"Turbo-electric propulsion, which the U.S. Navy had adopted for capital ships with the earlier New Mexico class, was continued in this class. One advantage of turbo-electric drive was that the substitution of flexible electric cables for bulky steam-lines allowed the motors to be mounted further to the stern of the ship; this reduced vibration and weight by shortening the propeller shafts. Another was the ability to go astern at full power without needing a separate reverse turbine to do so, simply by reversing the electrical polarity of the motors. Other benefits were the ability to operate all four propellers if one of the turbo generators failed, and the possibility of operating only some of the generators at low speed with suitably higher loading and greater efficiency.[12] \"[Turbo-electric drive] was efficient, rugged and always reliable. But it was also heavy, intricate, and not easy to maintain and keep tuned up.\"[13] The machinery also required special ventilation measures to dissipate heat and to keep out any salt air.[Note 1] Even with this and elaborate insulation measures, protection from moisture or from flooding due to battle damage or other causes remained problematic and it posed the danger of high voltage to the crew if damaged.[12]In the South Dakotas, two turbo generators (General Electric for Indiana and Montana, Westinghouse for the others) were coupled to a pair of AC alternators of 28,000 KVA and 5,000 volts. These fed four electric motors, each driving one propeller shaft, rated at 11,200 kilowatts (15,000 hp) of direct current (DC).[5] A dozen water-tube boilers, each in their own individual compartment outboard of the turbine rooms, provided steam for the generators at a working pressure of 285 psi (1,965 kPa; 20 kgf/cm2). The uptakes from each trio of boilers were grouped together and then all four uptakes were trunked together above the upper deck into the single funnel. The ships were also fitted with eight 500-kilowatt (670 hp) DC turbo generators. With a total of 60,000 shaft horsepower (45,000 kW), their designed top speed was 23 knots. They carried enough fuel oil to give them a designed range of 8,000 nmi (15,000 km; 9,200 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).[15]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:16-inchMkIIgun.jpg"},{"link_name":"Washington Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"main battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_battery"},{"link_name":"superfiring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfiring"},{"link_name":"superstructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstructure"},{"link_name":"muzzle velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle_velocity"},{"link_name":"Iowa-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"due to a miscommunication between the two Navy departments involved in the design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_bureau_system#Coordination_of_bureaus"},{"link_name":"16\"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16%22/50_caliber_Mark_7_gun"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1985116-17"},{"link_name":"six-inch Mark 12 guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6%22/53_caliber_gun"},{"link_name":"casemates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casemate"},{"link_name":"Omaha-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1985132-18"},{"link_name":"Anti-aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare"},{"link_name":"three in (76 mm)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%22/50_caliber_gun"},{"link_name":"dual-purpose guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-purpose_gun"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShips'_Data192130-19"},{"link_name":"rounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1985145%E2%80%93146-20"},{"link_name":"21-inch (533 mm)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_21-inch_torpedo"},{"link_name":"torpedo tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_tube"},{"link_name":"broadside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadside_(naval)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShips'_Data192130-19"}],"sub_title":"Armament","text":"A 16-inch/50 gun on display at the Washington Navy YardThe main battery of the South Dakota-class ships consisted of twelve 16-inch Mark 2 guns in four triple-gun turrets, a pair of superfiring turrets fore and aft of the superstructure. These fired the same 2,100-pound (953 kg) shell as the Mark 1 of the Colorado class with a muzzle velocity of 2,650 feet per second (810 m/s) to a range of 45,100 yards (41,200 m) at the turret's maximum elevation of 46 degrees. The Mark 2 ended up not being fitted aboard any ship; when the design of the Iowa-class battleship began in 1938 it was initially assumed these ships would use the surplus Mark 2 guns, but due to a miscommunication between the two Navy departments involved in the design, the Iowas required a lighter gun than the Mark 2/Mark 3 which led to the design of the 267,900 lb (121,500 kg) 16\"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun.[16]The South Dakotas had a secondary armament that consisted of sixteen 53-caliber six-inch Mark 12 guns in single mounts. A dozen of these were in unarmored casemates on the side of the superstructure and the remaining four guns were positioned abreast the forward superstructure. The guns had a maximum range of 21,000 yd (19,000 m) at an elevation of 20 degrees from their 105-pound (48 kg) projectiles at a velocity of 3,000 feet per second (910 m/s). They were installed in Omaha-class cruisers and several large submarines built during the 1920s after the South Dakotas were canceled.[17]Anti-aircraft defense was provided by four 50-caliber three in (76 mm) dual-purpose guns in single mounts amidships.[18] Firing their 13-pound (5.9 kg) shells at a velocity of 2,700 ft/s (820 m/s), the guns had a maximum range of 14,590 yards (13,340 m) and could fire at a rate of 12–15 rounds per minute.[19] The ships were also fitted with a pair of 21-inch (533 mm) submerged torpedo tubes, one on each broadside.[18]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"belt armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_armor"},{"link_name":"waterline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterline"},{"link_name":"barbettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbette"},{"link_name":"magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)"},{"link_name":"armored citadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_citadel"},{"link_name":"main deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_deck"},{"link_name":"nickel steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_steel"},{"link_name":"special treatment steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_treatment_steel"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1985b162,_446-21"},{"link_name":"conning tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conning_tower"},{"link_name":"watertight compartments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watertight_compartment"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1985b162,_446-21"}],"sub_title":"Protection","text":"The South Dakotas' belt armor design called for 13.5 inches (340 mm) tapered to 8 inches (203 mm) below the waterline. It extended between the fore and aft turret barbettes and protected the propulsion machinery and magazines. Fore and aft transverse 8–13.5-inch (200–340 mm) bulkheads formed an armored citadel by closing off the ends of the belt. The main deck sat at the top of the armored belt; it was the primary armored deck and consisted of two layers of 1.75-inch (44 mm) thick steel, one of nickel steel (NS) and the other of special treatment steel (STS). Below it was the splinter deck that consisted of 1.25 inches (32 mm) of STS that was intended to catch splinters from shells that burst on the main deck. In front of the forward bulkhead, the splinter deck continued to the bow, although it now consisted of one layer of five inches of STS and another, 1 inch (25 mm) thick, of NS. Between the main and splinter decks, the boiler uptakes were protected by 9–13.5 inches (230–340 mm) of armor.[20]Turret faces were 18 inches (457 mm) thick, with 9–10-inch (229–254 mm) thick sides and a roof 5 inches thick. The barbettes were protected by 13.5 inches of armor above the main deck and 4.5 inches (114 mm) below that. The conning tower armor was 16 inches thick on the front and sides and it had an 8-inch roof. Underwater protection was similar to that of the Colorados, five layers deep with watertight compartments separated by three torpedo bulkheads 0.75 inches (19 mm) thick that extended from the splinter deck to the ship's bottom and between the transverse bulkheads. The outermost compartment was empty, the three middle ones were used as oil tanks, and the innermost one was also empty.[20]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lexington-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington-class_battlecruiser"},{"link_name":"coast-defense guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast-defense_gun"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1985116-17"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"New York classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1985b156,_193-29"}],"text":"With the cancellation of the South Dakotas and the Lexington-class battlecruisers, the existing guns were transferred to the U.S. Army and used as coast-defense guns.[16] Their boilers were used to modernize the six ships of the Florida, Wyoming and New York classes in the mid-1920s; their armor plates were used to reinforce the existing armor of other battleships.[28]","title":"Ships in class"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonBaker1977327-14"}],"text":"^ W. McClelland, quoted in footnote 20[14]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1985b155_1-0"},{"link_name":"Friedman (1985b)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFriedman1985b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1985b155%E2%80%93156_2-0"},{"link_name":"Friedman (1985b)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFriedman1985b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShips'_Data192132_3-0"},{"link_name":"Ships' Data (1921)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShips'_Data1921"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1985b156%E2%80%93157_4-0"},{"link_name":"Friedman (1985b)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFriedman1985b"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreyer1973232_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreyer1973232_5-1"},{"link_name":"Breyer (1973)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBreyer1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1985b164_6-0"},{"link_name":"Friedman (1985b)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFriedman1985b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1985b156_7-0"},{"link_name":"Friedman (1985b)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFriedman1985b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1985a118_8-0"},{"link_name":"Friedman (1985a)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFriedman1985a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreyer1973193_9-0"},{"link_name":"Breyer (1973)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBreyer1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1985b446_10-0"},{"link_name":"Friedman (1985b)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFriedman1985b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShips'_Data192131_11-0"},{"link_name":"Ships' Data (1921)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShips'_Data1921"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreyer1973218_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreyer1973218_12-1"},{"link_name":"Breyer (1973)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBreyer1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonBaker1977312_13-0"},{"link_name":"Anderson & Baker (1977)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAndersonBaker1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonBaker1977327_14-0"},{"link_name":"Anderson & Baker (1977)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAndersonBaker1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1985b457_16-0"},{"link_name":"Friedman (1985b)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFriedman1985b"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1985116_17-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1985116_17-1"},{"link_name":"Campbell (1985)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCampbell1985"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1985132_18-0"},{"link_name":"Campbell (1985)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCampbell1985"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShips'_Data192130_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShips'_Data192130_19-1"},{"link_name":"Ships' Data (1921)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShips'_Data1921"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1985145%E2%80%93146_20-0"},{"link_name":"Campbell (1985)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCampbell1985"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1985b162,_446_21-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1985b162,_446_21-1"},{"link_name":"Friedman (1985b)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFriedman1985b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1985b420%E2%80%93421_22-0"},{"link_name":"Friedman (1985b)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFriedman1985b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"South Dakota (Battleship No. 49)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/s/south-dakota--battleship-no--49-.html"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships"},{"link_name":"Navy Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Naval History and Heritage Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"Indiana I (Battleship No.1)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/i/indiana-battleship-no-1-i.html"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships"},{"link_name":"Navy Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Naval History and Heritage Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"\"Montana (Battleship No. 51)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/m/montana-bb51.html"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships"},{"link_name":"Navy Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Naval History and Heritage Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"North Carolina II (Armored Cruiser No. 12)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/n/north-carolina-ii.html"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships"},{"link_name":"Navy Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Naval History and Heritage Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"\"Iowa II (Battleship No. 4) 1897–1923\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/i/iowa-ii.html"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships"},{"link_name":"Navy Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Naval History and Heritage Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"Massachusetts IV\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/m/massachusetts-iv.html"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships"},{"link_name":"Navy Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Naval History and Heritage Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1985b156,_193_29-0"},{"link_name":"Friedman (1985b)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFriedman1985b"}],"text":"^ Friedman (1985b), pp. 155.\n\n^ Friedman (1985b), pp. 155–156.\n\n^ Ships' Data (1921), p. 32.\n\n^ Friedman (1985b), pp. 156–157.\n\n^ a b Breyer (1973), p. 232.\n\n^ Friedman (1985b), p. 164.\n\n^ Friedman (1985b), pp. 156.\n\n^ Friedman (1985a), p. 118.\n\n^ Breyer (1973), p. 193.\n\n^ Friedman (1985b), p. 446.\n\n^ Ships' Data (1921), p. 31.\n\n^ a b Breyer (1973), p. 218.\n\n^ Anderson & Baker (1977), p. 312.\n\n^ Anderson & Baker (1977), p. 327.\n\n^ Friedman (1985b), p. 457.\n\n^ a b Campbell (1985), p. 116.\n\n^ Campbell (1985), p. 132.\n\n^ a b Ships' Data (1921), p. 30.\n\n^ Campbell (1985), pp. 145–146.\n\n^ a b Friedman (1985b), pp. 162, 446.\n\n^ Friedman (1985b), pp. 420–421.\n\n^ Evans, Mark L. (14 September 2015). \"South Dakota (Battleship No. 49)\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 10 March 2019.\n\n^ Cressman, Robert J.; Evans, Mark L. (12 September 2016). \"Indiana I (Battleship No.1)\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 10 March 2019.\n\n^ Cressman, Robert J. (18 February 2016). \"Montana (Battleship No. 51)\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 10 March 2019.\n\n^ \"North Carolina II (Armored Cruiser No. 12)\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. 18 February 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2019.\n\n^ Evans, Mark L. (20 April 2016). \"Iowa II (Battleship No. 4) 1897–1923\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 10 March 2019.\n\n^ \"Massachusetts IV\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. 18 February 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2019.\n\n^ Friedman (1985b), pp. 156, 193.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0043-0374","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-356-04191-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-356-04191-3"},{"link_name":"Naval Institute Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87021-459-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-459-4"},{"link_name":"Friedman, Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Friedman"},{"link_name":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_z3o0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87021-907-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-907-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87021-715-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-715-1"},{"link_name":"Ships' Data, U.S. Naval Vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=q2gYAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1"}],"text":"Anderson, Richard M. & Baker, Arthur D. III (1977). \"CV-2 Lex and CV-3 Sara\". Warship International. XIV (4). Toledo, OH: International Naval Research Organization: 291–328. ISSN 0043-0374.\nBreyer, Siegfried (1973). Battleships and Battle Cruisers, 1905-1970: Historical Development of the Capital Ship. Translated by Alfred Kurti. London: Macdonald and Jane's. ISBN 0-356-04191-3.\nCampbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-459-4.\nFriedman, Norman (1985a). \"United States\". In Gray, Randal (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-907-3.\nFriedman, Norman (1985b). U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-715-1.\nShips' Data, U.S. Naval Vessels. United States Navy. 1 July 1921.","title":"Bibliography"}]

[{"image_text":"South Dakota under construction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/BB-49_PCU_South_Dakota.jpg/220px-BB-49_PCU_South_Dakota.jpg"},{"image_text":"South Dakota-class profile","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/USS_SOUTH_DAKOTA_BB49_NARA_109182445.jpg/220px-USS_SOUTH_DAKOTA_BB49_NARA_109182445.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 16-inch/50 gun on display at the Washington Navy Yard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/16-inchMkIIgun.jpg/220px-16-inchMkIIgun.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Evans, Mark L. (14 September 2015). \"South Dakota (Battleship No. 49)\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 10 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/s/south-dakota--battleship-no--49-.html","url_text":"\"South Dakota (Battleship No. 49)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships","url_text":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy","url_text":"Navy Department"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command","url_text":"Naval History and Heritage Command"}]},{"reference":"Cressman, Robert J.; Evans, Mark L. (12 September 2016). \"Indiana I (Battleship No.1)\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 10 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/i/indiana-battleship-no-1-i.html","url_text":"\"Indiana I (Battleship No.1)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships","url_text":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy","url_text":"Navy Department"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command","url_text":"Naval History and Heritage Command"}]},{"reference":"Cressman, Robert J. (18 February 2016). \"Montana (Battleship No. 51)\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 10 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/m/montana-bb51.html","url_text":"\"Montana (Battleship No. 51)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships","url_text":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy","url_text":"Navy Department"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command","url_text":"Naval History and Heritage Command"}]},{"reference":"\"North Carolina II (Armored Cruiser No. 12)\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. 18 February 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/n/north-carolina-ii.html","url_text":"\"North Carolina II (Armored Cruiser No. 12)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships","url_text":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy","url_text":"Navy Department"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command","url_text":"Naval History and Heritage Command"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Mark L. (20 April 2016). \"Iowa II (Battleship No. 4) 1897–1923\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 10 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/i/iowa-ii.html","url_text":"\"Iowa II (Battleship No. 4) 1897–1923\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships","url_text":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy","url_text":"Navy Department"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command","url_text":"Naval History and Heritage Command"}]},{"reference":"\"Massachusetts IV\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. 18 February 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/m/massachusetts-iv.html","url_text":"\"Massachusetts IV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships","url_text":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy","url_text":"Navy Department"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command","url_text":"Naval History and Heritage Command"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Richard M. & Baker, Arthur D. III (1977). \"CV-2 Lex and CV-3 Sara\". Warship International. XIV (4). Toledo, OH: International Naval Research Organization: 291–328. ISSN 0043-0374.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374","url_text":"0043-0374"}]},{"reference":"Breyer, Siegfried (1973). Battleships and Battle Cruisers, 1905-1970: Historical Development of the Capital Ship. Translated by Alfred Kurti. London: Macdonald and Jane's. ISBN 0-356-04191-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-356-04191-3","url_text":"0-356-04191-3"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-459-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press","url_text":"Naval Institute Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-459-4","url_text":"0-87021-459-4"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (1985a). \"United States\". In Gray, Randal (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-907-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Friedman","url_text":"Friedman, Norman"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_z3o0","url_text":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-907-3","url_text":"0-87021-907-3"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (1985b). U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-715-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-715-1","url_text":"0-87021-715-1"}]},{"reference":"Ships' Data, U.S. Naval Vessels. United States Navy. 1 July 1921.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q2gYAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1","url_text":"Ships' Data, U.S. Naval Vessels"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branchial_cleft

Pharyngeal groove

["1 See also","2 References"]

Pharyngeal groovePattern of the branchial arches. I-IV branchial arches, 1-4 pharyngeal pouches (inside) and/or pharyngeal grooves (outside)a Tuberculum lateraleb Tuberculum imparc Foramen cecumd Ductus thyreoglossuse Sinus cervicalisDetailsPrecursorEctodermIdentifiersLatinsulcus pharyngeiTEgroove_by_E5.4.2.0.0.0.3 E5.4.2.0.0.0.3 Anatomical terminology A pharyngeal groove (or branchial groove, or pharyngeal cleft) is made up of ectoderm unlike its counterpart the pharyngeal pouch on the endodermal side. The first pharyngeal groove produces the external auditory meatus (ear canal). The rest (2, 3, and 4) are overlapped by the growing second pharyngeal arch, and form the floor of the depression termed the cervical sinus, which opens ventrally, and is finally obliterated. See also Branchial cleft cyst Collaural fistula References ^ "musom.marshall.edu". Archived from the original on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2009-05-28. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2008-02-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) vteDevelopment of the head and neckFace Nasal placode Nasal pit Nasal prominences Lateral Medial Intermaxillary segment Frontonasal prominence Maxillary prominence Mandibular prominence Meckel's cartilage MouthPalate Primary palate Secondary palate Tongue Lateral lingual swelling Median tongue bud Copula linguae Hypopharyngeal eminence Gustatory placode General Pharyngeal apparatus Pharyngeal groove Cervical sinus Pharyngeal arch Pharyngeal pouch This developmental biology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"Branchial cleft cyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branchial_cleft_cyst"},{"title":"Collaural fistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaural_fistula"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Paltenghi

David Paltenghi

["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Dancer","2.2 Choreographer","2.3 Film director","3 Later life","4 Films","4.1 Director","4.2 Actor","5 References"]

David Paltenghi (1919 – 4 February 1961) was a British ballet dancer, choreographer, director and film director. Early life David Paltenghi was born in 1919 in Christchurch, Hampshire (now Dorset), the son of a Swiss-Italian father and English mother. Career Dancer He was a dancer with Ballet Rambert, until joining Sadler's Wells Ballet in 1941. Paltenghi created leading roles in Robert Helpmann's Miracle in the Gorbals in 1944 and Adam Zero in 1946, both for Sadler's Wells Ballet. Choreographer In 1950, he rejoined Ballet Rambert as a guest artist, and as a choreographer, created five ballets from 1950-51. The last was Canterbury Prologue, based on Chaucer's Canterbury Tales with music by Peter Racine Fricker and designs by the artist Edward Burra, who he had met when they both worked on Miracle in the Gorbals. Film director Paltenghi later became a film director, and his 1955 The Love Match starring Arthur Askey was praised, "gets the utmost out of every laugh without belaboring the point". Later life He died on 4 February 1961 in Windsor, Berkshire. His son Jake Celeste Paltenghi is a painter and sculptor. Films Director Orders Are Orders (1954) The Love Match (1955) Keep It Clean (1956) - The Husband in 'Ring Around the Rosy' Actor Sleeping Car to Trieste (1948) - Vincente (uncredited) The Queen of Spades (1949) - Officer in the gaming room The Black Knight (1954) - High Priest Invitation to the Dance (1956) - The Husband in 'Ring Around the Rosy' Port Afrique (1956) - Le Badinage Patron (uncredited) The Battle of the River Plate (1956) - Customs Officer (uncredited) (final film orle) References ^ a b "David Paltenghi". BFI. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2014. ^ Arnold Lionel Haskell; Mary Clarke (1962). The Ballet Annual: A Record and Year Book of the Ballet. Adam and Charles Black. ^ Jane Stevenson (2008). Edward Burra: Twentieth-Century Eye. Random House. pp. 328–329. ISBN 978-0-09-950166-4. ^ John Howard Reid (November 2010). British Movie Entertainments on Vhs and Dvd: A Classic Movie Fan's Guide. Lulu.com. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-557-58275-4. ^ "Jake Paltenghi". Jake Paltenghi. Retrieved 29 October 2014. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippine_Army

History of the Philippine Army

["1 Origin","2 History","2.1 Initial establishment and training","2.2 Mobilization, July 1941","3 Commanders","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 Further reading"]

History of the 1935–1946 land warfare branch of the Philippine military This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Philippine Commonwealth ArmyEmblem of the Philippine Armed Forces, in use from 1935 to 1946Active1935 – 1946DisbandedJune 4, 1946Country PhilippinesAllegiance United States of America PhilippinesTypeArmyGarrison/HQCamp Murphy, Manila, PhilippinesEquipmentM1917 Enfield .30 Caliber Bolt Action Rifles M1918 Browning .30 Caliber Automatic Rifles M1917 Browning .30 Caliber Machineguns M2 Browning .50 Caliber Heavy Machineguns Stokes 3inch Mortars M1935 37mm Carriage Guns QF 2.95inch Mountain Guns M1918 155mm Howitzers French Cannon de 155mm GPFEngagementsWorld War IICommandersNotablecommandersMajor General Rafael JalandoniMajor General Basilio ValdesMajor General Paulino SantosMajor General Jose Delos ReyesMilitary unit The Philippine Army was established on December 21, 1935, as the Army of the Philippines, with a general headquarters in Manila, and units and formations based throughout the provinces of the Philippines. The Philippine Army was initially organized under the National Defense Act of 1935 (Commonwealth Act No. 1) that formally created the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Certain components of the Armed Forces of the Philippines were under the control of the United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) from 1941 to 1946, after the entry of the U.S. into World War II. Origin Before the establishment of the Commonwealth Government in 1935, no effort was made for self-defense by Philippine forces since the United States assumed responsibility for the defense of the islands. An immediate concern of the commonwealth government was the defense of an emerging nation. President-elect Manuel L. Quezon convinced his friend, General Douglas MacArthur (Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army), to organize a national army with Franklin D. Roosevelt's agreement in the summer of 1935. MacArthur had unusually-broad authority to deal with the Secretary of War and the Chief of Staff as military adviser to the commonwealth government to organize a Philippine national army. MacArthur had broad authority to deal with the United States Secretary of War, his successor as the Army Chief of Staff, and the United States Army Philippine Department and its commander Major General Lucius R. Holbrook (who had been told that his most important peacetime mission was to assist MacArthur in forming a Philippine force capable of defending the islands). MacArthur selected Majors Dwight D. Eisenhower and James B. Ord as his assistants; they and a committee at the Army War College prepared plans for the defense of the Philippine Commonwealth, with a target of independence in 1946. The plan called for a small regular army with divisions of about 7,500 men, conscription of all men between twenty-one and fifty years of age and a ten-year training program to build a reserve army, a small air force and a fleet of torpedo boats capable of repelling an enemy. The National Assembly of the Philippines' first act was the passage of the National Defense Act on December 21, 1935, with initial plans for a 10,000-man regular force based on the incorporation of the Philippine Constabulary, a 400,000-man reserve force by 1946, and a West-Point-type military academy in Baguio on Luzon. Quezon noted that there was inadequate funds and time to build an effective naval defense force; the act provided for no navy, but an Offshore Patrol within the army. The offshore patrol would be based on British-designed fast torpedo boats, with an anticipated thirty-six boats under contract by 1946. The Philippine Army Air Corps would, by that time, have about 100 bombers and additional tactical aircraft in support of the offshore patrol in coastal defense. The Commonwealth would have ten military districts (comparable to corps areas in the United States), each able to provide an initial reserve division (growing to three) with full development of the reserve force. In a 1936 speech MacArthur described the force's function as making an invasion so costly that no nation would make the attempt, emphasizing the islands' terrain as making penetration nearly impossible. Development was slow; 1936 was largely devoted to building camps and facilities, with the first conscripts called up on January 1, 1937. A major problem was the formation of a military-officer corps, with constabulary officers trained in law enforcement and limited numbers of Philippine Scouts officers becoming senior officers in the new force. By the end of 1939, the reserve force numbered 104,000 men and 4,800 officers. The Philippine Army Air Corps had about forty planes and a hundred trained pilots by 1940. The offshore patrol's development was more problematic, with only two British boats delivered before the war in Europe cut off further deliveries and a struggle to build boats under license locally produced only one boat by October 1941. President Quezon and others recognized that the naval defense was inadequate protection against a first-rate naval power, but the Philippines had neither the money nor industrial base to provide adequate naval force and relied on the assumption that the United States Navy would not idly stand by if the Philippines were attacked. When the war with Japan began, the Philippine Army was six years from its founding in December 1935 and about five years from the 1946 date at which it was to be fully operational. The naval force which was to protect it against a first-rate naval power was in ruins at Pearl Harbor; the Japanese had pilots standing by fueled-and-loaded bombers in Formosa, prepared to strike the Philippines. History Initial establishment and training The Army of the Philippines was initially organized under the National Defense Act of 1935 (Commonwealth Act No. 1), of December 21, 1935. The Act specified that presidential appointments to grades above third lieutenant should be made from former holders of reserve commissions in the United States Army and former Philippine Scouts and Constabulary officers. After the establishment of the commonwealth, Manuel L. Quezon, its first president, sought the services of General Douglas MacArthur to evolve a national-defense plan. On December 21, 1935, the Army of the Philippines was established. The act set forth the organizational structure of the army and enlistment and mobilization procedures. Philippine Army personnel in Davao The army's development was slow. In 1936 a general headquarters and camps were built, cadres were organized and instructors, drawn largely from the Philippine Constabulary, were trained. The commander of the Philippine Department provided Philippine Scouts as instructors and detailed U.S. Army officers to assist in the inspection, instruction and administration of the program. By the end of the year, instructors were trained and camps (including general headquarters) established. The first group of 20,000 to 40,000 men was called up on January 1, 1937, and by the end of 1939 there were 4,800 officers and 104,000 men in the reserves. Infantry training was provided at camps throughout the Philippines; field-artillery training was concentrated near the U.S. Army's Fort Stotsenburg (near Angeles in the province of Pampanga, about fifty miles north of Manila) and specialized training was provided at Fort William McKinley, south of Manila. Coast artillery instruction was carried out at Fort Stotsenburg and Grande Island, in Subic Bay, by personnel supplied largely by the American commander at Corregidor. Mobilization, July 1941 With the threat of war with the Empire of Japan imminent, on July 26, 1941, a new U.S. command in the Far East, the United States Army Forces Far East (USAFFE), was created under Douglas MacArthur (who also became a Philippine Field Marshal). That day, Franklin D. Roosevelt issued a presidential order (6 Fed. Reg. 3825) calling "all the organized military forces of the Government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines" into the service of the U.S. armed forces. Despite the order's wording, it did not order all the military forces of the Philippine Commonwealth government into the service of the United States; only those units and personnel indicated in orders issued by a general officer of the United States Army were mobilized and made an integral part of the USAFFE, and only those members of a unit who physically reported for duty were inducted. With an annual appropriation of almost ₱16 million, the mobilized units trained new Filipino members in defense. The Philippine Army was drawn from local Christian and Muslim Filipinos, including native Filipinos, Filipino-Mestizos, Spanish-Filipinos, Chinese-Filipinos and Moro-Filipinos. By the time of the Japanese invasion the 10 reserve divisions were about two-thirds mobilized, for a force of 100,000 "poorly equipped and trained" troops. The Philippine Scouts numbered about 12,000. The army was primarily infantry, with some combat engineers and artillery. At that time there were two regular and ten reserve divisions in the Army of the Philippines, spread across officers in general headquarters, camps in Manila and across the country. This included the North Luzon Force under Major General Jonathan M. Wainwright; the South Luzon Force, activated on December 13, 1941, under Brig. Gen. George M. Parker; the Visayan-Mindanao Force under Maj. Gen. William F. Sharp in the southern islands (61st, 81st, and 101st Infantry Divisions and three other infantry regiments), and the reserve force. The North Luzon Force included the 11th, 21st, and 31st reserve infantry divisions. The South Luzon Force included the 1st (regular) Division and the reserve 41st, 51st and 71st Divisions. After the war ended, the Army was reorganized into the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Commanders Main article: Commanding General of the Philippine Army See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philippine Commonwealth Army. Armed Forces of the Philippines Military History of the Philippines Philippine Army Philippine Revolutionary Army Luna sharpshooters List of Equipment Uniforms of the Philippine Commonwealth Army Notes ^ a b "Commonwealth Act No. 1". Official Gazette. Government of the Philippines. December 21, 1935. ^ Jose, Ricardo Trota (1992). The Philippine Army: 1935–1942. Ateneo University Press. pp. 23–49. ISBN 978-971-550-081-4. ^ Morton 1993, pp. 8–9. ^ a b c d e Morton 1993, p. 9. ^ Morton 1993, pp. 9–10. ^ a b Morton 1993, p. 10. ^ Morton 1993, pp. 10–11. ^ a b Morton 1993, p. 11. ^ Morton 1993, pp. 11–12. ^ a b c Morton 1993, p. 12. ^ a b c Morton 1993, p. 13. ^ a b Morton 1993, p. 79. ^ Morton 1993, p. 80. ^ Roosevelt, Franklin D. (1941). Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: F.D. Roosevelt, 1941, Volume 10. Harper. ISBN 9781623769703. ^ Chapter III: The Reinforcement of the Philippines The Fall of the Philippines US Army in WWII: The War in the Pacific p50 ^ Chapter IV: Prewar Plans, Japanese and American p58 ^ "Sharp, William Frederick (1885–1947)", The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia, archived from the original on October 12, 2007, retrieved January 13, 2016 References Gill, G. Hermon (1957). Royal Australian Navy 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 2 – Navy. Vol. 1. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. LCCN 58037940. Archived from the original on May 25, 2009. Retrieved November 12, 2014. Morton, Lewis (1993). The War in the Pacific: The Fall Of The Philippines. United States Army In World War II. Washington, D.C.: Center Of Military History, United States Army. LCCN 53063678. Retrieved November 4, 2014. Further reading Ricardo Trota Jose. Philippine Army (1935–1942). {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) Pobre, Cesar P. (2000). History of the Armed Forces of the Filipino People. New Day Publishers. ISBN 9789711010416. Bell, Walter F. (December 30, 1999). The Philippines in World War II, 1941–1945: A Chronology and Select Annotated Bibliography of Books and Articles in English (First ed.). Greenwood. ISBN 9780313306143. Lee, Ernesto (May 27, 2010). World War II Philippines. Xlibris Corporation. Marquez, Adalia; Romulo, Carlos P. (March 15, 2014). Blood on the Rising Sun: The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Army"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CA1-1"},{"link_name":"National Defense Act of 1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Act_of_1935"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CA1-1"},{"link_name":"United States Army Forces in the Far East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Forces_in_the_Far_East"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"History of the 1935–1946 land warfare branch of the Philippine militaryMilitary unitThe Philippine Army was established on December 21, 1935, as the Army of the Philippines, with a general headquarters in Manila, and units and formations based throughout the provinces of the Philippines.[1]The Philippine Army was initially organized under the National Defense Act of 1935 (Commonwealth Act No. 1) that formally created the Armed Forces of the Philippines.[2][1]Certain components of the Armed Forces of the Philippines were under the control of the United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) from 1941 to 1946, after the entry of the U.S. into World War II.","title":"History of the Philippine Army"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton19938%E2%80%939-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton19939-4"},{"link_name":"Manuel L. Quezon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon"},{"link_name":"Douglas MacArthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur"},{"link_name":"Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton19939-4"},{"link_name":"Secretary of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton19939-4"},{"link_name":"Secretary of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_War"},{"link_name":"Chief of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Philippine Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Department"},{"link_name":"Major General Lucius R. 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Ord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Ord"},{"link_name":"Army War College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton19939-4"},{"link_name":"regular army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_army"},{"link_name":"conscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"reserve army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_reserve_force"},{"link_name":"air force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_force"},{"link_name":"torpedo boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_boat"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton19939%E2%80%9310-5"},{"link_name":"National Assembly of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Philippines#Commonwealth_National_Assembly"},{"link_name":"National Defense Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Act_of_1935"},{"link_name":"Philippine Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"West-Point-type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"military academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"Baguio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baguio"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199310-6"},{"link_name":"Offshore Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_Patrol"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199310%E2%80%9311-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199311-8"},{"link_name":"Philippine Army Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Army_Air_Corps"},{"link_name":"coastal defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199311-8"},{"link_name":"military districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_district"},{"link_name":"corps areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_area"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199310-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199311%E2%80%9312-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199312-10"},{"link_name":"Philippine Scouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Scouts"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199312-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199312-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199313-11"},{"link_name":"war in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199313-11"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199313-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199379-12"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199379-12"},{"link_name":"Formosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosa"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199380-13"}],"text":"Before the establishment of the Commonwealth Government in 1935, no effort was made for self-defense by Philippine forces since the United States assumed responsibility for the defense of the islands.[3] An immediate concern of the commonwealth government was the defense of an emerging nation.[4] President-elect Manuel L. Quezon convinced his friend, General Douglas MacArthur (Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army), to organize a national army with Franklin D. Roosevelt's agreement in the summer of 1935.[4] MacArthur had unusually-broad authority to deal with the Secretary of War and the Chief of Staff as military adviser to the commonwealth government to organize a Philippine national army.[4]MacArthur had broad authority to deal with the United States Secretary of War, his successor as the Army Chief of Staff, and the United States Army Philippine Department and its commander Major General Lucius R. Holbrook (who had been told that his most important peacetime mission was to assist MacArthur in forming a Philippine force capable of defending the islands).[4] MacArthur selected Majors Dwight D. Eisenhower and James B. Ord as his assistants; they and a committee at the Army War College prepared plans for the defense of the Philippine Commonwealth, with a target of independence in 1946.[4] The plan called for a small regular army with divisions of about 7,500 men, conscription of all men between twenty-one and fifty years of age and a ten-year training program to build a reserve army, a small air force and a fleet of torpedo boats capable of repelling an enemy.[5]The National Assembly of the Philippines' first act was the passage of the National Defense Act on December 21, 1935, with initial plans for a 10,000-man regular force based on the incorporation of the Philippine Constabulary, a 400,000-man reserve force by 1946, and a West-Point-type military academy in Baguio on Luzon.[6] Quezon noted that there was inadequate funds and time to build an effective naval defense force; the act provided for no navy, but an Offshore Patrol within the army.[7] The offshore patrol would be based on British-designed fast torpedo boats, with an anticipated thirty-six boats under contract by 1946.[8] The Philippine Army Air Corps would, by that time, have about 100 bombers and additional tactical aircraft in support of the offshore patrol in coastal defense.[8] The Commonwealth would have ten military districts (comparable to corps areas in the United States), each able to provide an initial reserve division (growing to three) with full development of the reserve force.[6] In a 1936 speech MacArthur described the force's function as making an invasion so costly that no nation would make the attempt, emphasizing the islands' terrain as making penetration nearly impossible.[9]Development was slow; 1936 was largely devoted to building camps and facilities, with the first conscripts called up on January 1, 1937.[10] A major problem was the formation of a military-officer corps, with constabulary officers trained in law enforcement and limited numbers of Philippine Scouts officers becoming senior officers in the new force.[10] By the end of 1939, the reserve force numbered 104,000 men and 4,800 officers.[10] The Philippine Army Air Corps had about forty planes and a hundred trained pilots by 1940.[11] The offshore patrol's development was more problematic, with only two British boats delivered before the war in Europe cut off further deliveries and a struggle to build boats under license locally produced only one boat by October 1941.[11] President Quezon and others recognized that the naval defense was inadequate protection against a first-rate naval power, but the Philippines had neither the money nor industrial base to provide adequate naval force and relied on the assumption that the United States Navy would not idly stand by if the Philippines were attacked.[11]When the war with Japan began, the Philippine Army was six years from its founding in December 1935 and about five years from the 1946 date at which it was to be fully operational.[12] The naval force which was to protect it against a first-rate naval power was in ruins at Pearl Harbor;[12] the Japanese had pilots standing by fueled-and-loaded bombers in Formosa, prepared to strike the Philippines.[13]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Defense Act of 1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Act_of_1935"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philippine_Commonwealth_Army_personnel.JPG"},{"link_name":"Davao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davao_City"},{"link_name":"cadres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadre_(military)"},{"link_name":"Philippine Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Department"},{"link_name":"Fort Stotsenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Stotsenburg"},{"link_name":"Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angeles_City"},{"link_name":"Pampanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampanga"},{"link_name":"Fort William McKinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_William_McKinley"},{"link_name":"Grande Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Island"},{"link_name":"Subic Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subic_Bay"},{"link_name":"Corregidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corregidor"}],"sub_title":"Initial establishment and training","text":"The Army of the Philippines was initially organized under the National Defense Act of 1935 (Commonwealth Act No. 1), of December 21, 1935. The Act specified that presidential appointments to grades above third lieutenant should be made from former holders of reserve commissions in the United States Army and former Philippine Scouts and Constabulary officers.After the establishment of the commonwealth, Manuel L. Quezon, its first president, sought the services of General Douglas MacArthur to evolve a national-defense plan. On December 21, 1935, the Army of the Philippines was established. The act set forth the organizational structure of the army and enlistment and mobilization procedures.Philippine Army personnel in DavaoThe army's development was slow. In 1936 a general headquarters and camps were built, cadres were organized and instructors, drawn largely from the Philippine Constabulary, were trained. The commander of the Philippine Department provided Philippine Scouts as instructors and detailed U.S. Army officers to assist in the inspection, instruction and administration of the program. By the end of the year, instructors were trained and camps (including general headquarters) established.The first group of 20,000 to 40,000 men was called up on January 1, 1937, and by the end of 1939 there were 4,800 officers and 104,000 men in the reserves. Infantry training was provided at camps throughout the Philippines; field-artillery training was concentrated near the U.S. Army's Fort Stotsenburg (near Angeles in the province of Pampanga, about fifty miles north of Manila) and specialized training was provided at Fort William McKinley, south of Manila. Coast artillery instruction was carried out at Fort Stotsenburg and Grande Island, in Subic Bay, by personnel supplied largely by the American commander at Corregidor.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"United States Army Forces Far East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Forces_Far_East"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"₱","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_peso"},{"link_name":"Filipino-Mestizos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_mestizo"},{"link_name":"Spanish-Filipinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Filipino"},{"link_name":"Chinese-Filipinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese-Filipinos"},{"link_name":"Moro-Filipinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Philippine Scouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Scouts"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"combat engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_engineer"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"North Luzon Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Luzon_Force"},{"link_name":"Jonathan M. Wainwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_M._Wainwright_(general)"},{"link_name":"South Luzon Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Luzon_Force"},{"link_name":"George M. Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_M._Parker_(general)"},{"link_name":"Visayan-Mindanao Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visayas-Mindanao_Force"},{"link_name":"William F. Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Sharp"},{"link_name":"61st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/61st_Division_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"41st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/41st_Division_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"71st Divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/71st_Division_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines"}],"sub_title":"Mobilization, July 1941","text":"With the threat of war with the Empire of Japan imminent, on July 26, 1941, a new U.S. command in the Far East, the United States Army Forces Far East (USAFFE), was created under Douglas MacArthur (who also became a Philippine Field Marshal). That day, Franklin D. Roosevelt issued a presidential order (6 Fed. Reg. 3825) calling \"all the organized military forces of the Government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines\" into the service of the U.S. armed forces.[14] Despite the order's wording, it did not order all the military forces of the Philippine Commonwealth government into the service of the United States; only those units and personnel indicated in orders issued by a general officer of the United States Army were mobilized and made an integral part of the USAFFE, and only those members of a unit who physically reported for duty were inducted. With an annual appropriation of almost ₱16 million, the mobilized units trained new Filipino members in defense.The Philippine Army was drawn from local Christian and Muslim Filipinos, including native Filipinos, Filipino-Mestizos, Spanish-Filipinos, Chinese-Filipinos and Moro-Filipinos. By the time of the Japanese invasion the 10 reserve divisions were about two-thirds mobilized, for a force of 100,000 \"poorly equipped and trained\" troops. The Philippine Scouts numbered about 12,000.[15] The army was primarily infantry, with some combat engineers and artillery.[16]At that time there were two regular and ten reserve divisions in the Army of the Philippines, spread across officers in general headquarters, camps in Manila and across the country. This included the North Luzon Force under Major General Jonathan M. Wainwright; the South Luzon Force, activated on December 13, 1941, under Brig. Gen. George M. Parker; the Visayan-Mindanao Force under Maj. Gen. William F. Sharp in the southern islands (61st, 81st, and 101st Infantry Divisions and three other infantry regiments),[17] and the reserve force. The North Luzon Force included the 11th, 21st, and 31st reserve infantry divisions. The South Luzon Force included the 1st (regular) Division and the reserve 41st, 51st and 71st Divisions.After the war ended, the Army was reorganized into the Armed Forces of the Philippines.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CA1_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CA1_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Commonwealth Act No. 1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1935/12/21/commonwealth-act-no-1/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"The Philippine Army: 1935–1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kGocnp15GQ8C"},{"link_name":"23–49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kGocnp15GQ8C&pg=PA23"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-971-550-081-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-081-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton19938%E2%80%939_3-0"},{"link_name":"Morton 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMorton1993"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton19939_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton19939_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton19939_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton19939_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton19939_4-4"},{"link_name":"Morton 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMorton1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton19939%E2%80%9310_5-0"},{"link_name":"Morton 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMorton1993"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199310_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199310_6-1"},{"link_name":"Morton 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMorton1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199310%E2%80%9311_7-0"},{"link_name":"Morton 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMorton1993"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199311_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199311_8-1"},{"link_name":"Morton 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMorton1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199311%E2%80%9312_9-0"},{"link_name":"Morton 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMorton1993"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199312_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199312_10-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199312_10-2"},{"link_name":"Morton 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMorton1993"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199313_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199313_11-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199313_11-2"},{"link_name":"Morton 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMorton1993"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199379_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199379_12-1"},{"link_name":"Morton 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMorton1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199380_13-0"},{"link_name":"Morton 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMorton1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: F.D. Roosevelt, 1941, Volume 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=WyjeAwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781623769703","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781623769703"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Chapter III: The Reinforcement of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-PI/USA-P-PI-3.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Sharp, William Frederick (1885–1947)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071012151327/http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/h/Sharp_William.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/h/Sharp_William.htm"}],"text":"^ a b \"Commonwealth Act No. 1\". Official Gazette. Government of the Philippines. December 21, 1935.\n\n^ Jose, Ricardo Trota (1992). The Philippine Army: 1935–1942. Ateneo University Press. pp. 23–49. ISBN 978-971-550-081-4.\n\n^ Morton 1993, pp. 8–9.\n\n^ a b c d e Morton 1993, p. 9.\n\n^ Morton 1993, pp. 9–10.\n\n^ a b Morton 1993, p. 10.\n\n^ Morton 1993, pp. 10–11.\n\n^ a b Morton 1993, p. 11.\n\n^ Morton 1993, pp. 11–12.\n\n^ a b c Morton 1993, p. 12.\n\n^ a b c Morton 1993, p. 13.\n\n^ a b Morton 1993, p. 79.\n\n^ Morton 1993, p. 80.\n\n^ Roosevelt, Franklin D. (1941). Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: F.D. Roosevelt, 1941, Volume 10. Harper. ISBN 9781623769703.\n\n^ Chapter III: The Reinforcement of the Philippines The Fall of the Philippines US Army in WWII: The War in the Pacific p50\n\n^ Chapter IV: Prewar Plans, Japanese and American p58\n\n^ \"Sharp, William Frederick (1885–1947)\", The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia, archived from the original on October 12, 2007, retrieved January 13, 2016","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine Army (1935–1942)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//rodhall.filipinaslibrary.org.ph/items/show/1176"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789711010416","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789711010416"},{"link_name":"The Philippines in World War II, 1941–1945: A Chronology and Select Annotated Bibliography of Books and Articles in English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=lWlQY5AmGNcC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780313306143","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313306143"},{"link_name":"self-published source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"}],"text":"Ricardo Trota Jose. Philippine Army (1935–1942). {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)\nPobre, Cesar P. (2000). History of the Armed Forces of the Filipino People. New Day Publishers. ISBN 9789711010416.\nBell, Walter F. (December 30, 1999). The Philippines in World War II, 1941–1945: A Chronology and Select Annotated Bibliography of Books and Articles in English (First ed.). Greenwood. ISBN 9780313306143.\nLee, Ernesto (May 27, 2010). World War II Philippines. Xlibris Corporation.[self-published source?]\nMarquez, Adalia; Romulo, Carlos P. (March 15, 2014). Blood on the Rising Sun: The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Philippine Army personnel in Davao","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Philippine_Commonwealth_Army_personnel.JPG/220px-Philippine_Commonwealth_Army_personnel.JPG"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lindsey

Kingdom of Lindsey

["1 Geography","2 History","2.1 Kings of Lindsey","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]

Minor Anglo-Saxon kingdom in eastern England The kingdom of Lindsey The Kingdom of Lindsey or Linnuis (Old English: Lindesege) was a lesser Anglo-Saxon kingdom, which was absorbed into Northumbria in the 7th century. The name Lindsey derives from the Old English toponym Lindesege, meaning "Isle of Lind". Lindum Colonia was the Roman name of the settlement which is now the City of Lincoln in Lincolnshire. (Lindum Colonia was shortened in Old English to Lindocolina and then Lincylene.) Lindum was a Latinised form of a native Brittonic name which has been reconstructed as *Lindon (lit. 'pool' or 'lake'; cf. modern Welsh llyn). Geography Lindsey lay between the Humber estuary and the Wash, forming its inland boundaries from the courses of the Witham and Trent rivers, and the Foss Dyke between them. A marshy region south of the Humber known as the Isle of Axholme was also included. It is believed that Roman Lindum (Lincoln) was the capital of Lindsey: the continuity of the place name suggests continuity of settlement traditions: in 625, Bede recounts, the missionary Paulinus of York was received by the praefectus of Lindum. Place-name evidence indicates that the Anglian settlement known as Lindisfaras spread from the Humber coast. Lindsey means the 'island of Lincoln': it was surrounded by water and very wet land. Lincoln was in the south-west part of the kingdom. During the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, from about 450, Lindsey was one of the lesser kingdoms. Although it has its own list of kings, at an early date it came under external influence. It was from time to time effectively part of Deira, of the Northumbrian kingdom and, particularly later, of Mercia. Lindsey lost its independence long before the arrival of the Danish settlers. Southern and eastern Britain in the early 7th century History Toby Martin and Catherine Hills identify Lindsey as an area in which large-scale settlement by the Angles occurred. However, a continuing British presence in the region is indicated by the fact that major settlements such as Lincoln, and Lindsey itself, have partially Celtic names. Caitlin Green suggests that some communities may have continued to speak Brittonic until the eighth century. Lindsey's prominence was before the historical period. By the time of the first historical records of the kingdom, it had become a subjugated polity, under the alternating control of Northumbria and Mercia. Its subjugation may have occurred around AD 500. Its territories were absorbed into the historical English county of Lincolnshire, the northern part of which is called Lindsey. Kings of Lindsey The Anglian collection of genealogies, which was created in the last years of the reign of Offa of Mercia, gives a pedigree for Aldfrið, presumed to have been ruler of Lindsey. It traces him to the Anglo-Saxon god, Woden, likewise made ancestor of the other Anglo-Saxon dynasties, and provides Woden's ancestry for several further generations. Geot – Compare the Geats who are frequently mentioned in Beowulf's story. Godulf Finn Frioðulf Frealaf Woden, the god. Winta – Compare Winteringham (the homestead of Winta's people) and Winterton, Lincolnshire (the farm/village of Winta's people). Cretta Cuelgils Caedbaed Bubba Beda Biscop Eanferð Eatta Aldfrið None of the individuals can be securely dated, though the name Biscop, Old English for 'bishop', suggests a time after conversion. Likewise, the practice of agnatic inheritance akin to blood tanistry in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms means that it cannot be determined which of the listed male-line ancestors of Aldfrið actually ruled the kingdom. Finally, it is uncertain at what point between Aldfrið and Woden the pedigree ceases to be historical, since this pedigree is the sole source for all of the individuals named, except perhaps Aldfrið. With regard to Aldfrið, Frank Stenton referred to the witness list for a charter which includes an "Ealfrid rex", and dated its writing to some time between the years 787 and 796. Scholars now believe that the name on the witness list should read "Ecgfrið Rex", and refers to Offa's son. He was anointed King of the Mercians in 787, nine years before his succession in 796, and would have been correctly styled rex. Stenton suggested that the name 'Biscop' came from the title 'bishop' and must post-date Paulinus's mission to Lindsey of 628 CE. But, as Sarah Foot has pointed out, Biscop does not need to have been derived from an external origin. The other genealogies in the Anglian collection close with historic personages whose dates are known, such as Edwin of Deira (616–33), Ethelred of Mercia (675–704) and Ethelbert II of Kent (725–62), but this wide range offers little help in dating Aldfrið. See also Lindisfaras Lindsey, Lincolnshire Bishop of Lindsey References ^ "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle – Parker MS: entry for 942". Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. ^ Delamarre, Xavier, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, Errance, 2003 (2nd ed.), p. 203. ^ Bede, Ecclesiastical History II.16. ^ H. R. Loyn, Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest, 2nd ed. 1991:11f, notes that praefectus is the most usual translation of gerefa, "reeve" by Anglo-Saxons writing in Latin. ^ Toby F. Martin, The Cruciform Brooch and Anglo-Saxon England, Boydell and Brewer Press (2015), pp. 174-178 ^ Catherine Hills, The Anglo-Saxon migration to Britain: an archaeological perspective (2016) ^ Caitlin Green, The Origins of Louth: Archaeology and History in East Lincolnshire, 400,000 BC-AD 1086 (2014), pp. 66-67 ^ Stenton, F. M. (1970) Preparatory to Anglo-Saxon England: The Collected Papers of Frank Merry Stenton; ed. by D. M. Stenton. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 129-31. The charter is Anglo-Saxon Charter S 1183 Archive Selsey Archived 2007-07-20 at the Wayback Machine British Academy ASChart Project. Retrieved 1 March 2010. ^ Leahy, Kevin (2008). The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Lindsey: The Archaeology of an Anglo-Saxon Kingdom. History Press. ISBN 978-0752441115. Bibliography Leahy, Kevin (2008). The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Lindsey: The Archaeology of an Anglo-Saxon Kingdom. History Press. ISBN 978-0752441115. External links Lindisware (Lindissi / Lindsey) at History Files. vteAnglo-Saxon heptarchyKingdoms East Anglia Essex Kent Mercia Hwicce Lindsey Middel Seaxe Northumbria Bernicia Deira Sussex Wessex Monarchs Bretwalda Iclingas Frithuwald Wiglaf of Mercia Lists of monarchs East Anglia Essex Kent Mercia Northumbria Sussex Wessex Regiones East Anglia: Norfolk Suffolk Elge Gywre Herstingas Ikelgas Spalda (Spalding) Bilmingas (part of south Lincolnshire) Essex: Brahhingas Beda Daenningas Caningaege Gegingas Surrey Gillingas Godhelmingas Haueringas Hroðingas Haka Middle Saxons Haering Nox-gaga and Oht-gaga Tetingas Tewingas Waeclingas Tota Woccingas Pæding-tun Frithuwald's Sūþrīge Dæningas Deningei Kent: Andredsley Andredes Leag Boroware Cantware Ceasterware Eastorege Lympne Limenwara Modingahema Mercia: Ælfingas Æbbingas Arosæte Banesbyrig Beormingas Bilsæte Cilternsæte Duddensæte Gaini Gyrwas Glestinga Husmerae Lindisfaras Magonsæte Middle Angles North Engle Pecset Pecsæte Pencersæte Reagesate South Engele Snotingas Southumbrians Spaldingas Stoppingas Sweordora Tomsæte Undaium Weorgoran Westerne Wreocensæte Northumbria: Elmetsæte Beodarsæte Loidis Sussex: Haestingas Wessex: Eorlingas Basingas Brycgstowl Dornsaete Gewisse Glastening Meonwara Rēadingas Sumorsaete Sumortūnsǣte and Glestinga Sunningas Wiltsaete Wihtwara Ytenes See also Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Burghal Hidage Danelaw Mercian Supremacy Tribal Hidage vteCeremonial county of LincolnshireUnitary authorities North East Lincolnshire North Lincolnshire Boroughs or districts Boston East Lindsey Lincoln North Kesteven South Holland South Kesteven West Lindsey Major settlements(cities in italics) Alford Barton-upon-Humber Boston Bottesford Bourne Brigg Broughton Burgh le Marsh Caistor Cleethorpes Crowland Crowle Epworth Gainsborough Grantham Grimsby Holbeach Horncastle Immingham Kirton in Lindsey Lincoln Long Sutton Louth Mablethorpe Market Deeping Market Rasen North Hykeham Scunthorpe Skegness Sleaford Spalding Spilsby Stamford Sutton-on-Sea Wainfleet All Saints Woodhall Spa WintertonSee also: List of civil parishes in Lincolnshire Topics Flag Parliamentary constituencies Education Geography Diocese Monastic houses Museums SSSIs Politics Country Houses Grade I listed buildings Grade II* listed buildings Scheduled monuments Windmills History Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Transport Historic subdivisions: Holland, Kesteven, Lindsey History and notable places: Belton House, Bolingbroke Castle, Boston Stump, Cadwell Park, Cross Keys Bridge, Crowland Abbey, Donna Nook, Dunham Bridge, Far Ings, Frampton Marsh, Freiston Shore, Gibraltar Point, Grimsby Fishing Heritage Centre, Humber Bridge, Kinema in the Woods, Kingdom of Lindsey, Lincoln Castle,Lincoln Cathedral, Lincoln Cliff, Lincolnshire Fens, Market Rasen Racecourse, Museum of Lincolnshire Life, Tattershall Castle, The Wash, The Wolds, Usher Gallery, Winceby Battlefield, Woolsthorpe Manor

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lindsey.svg"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_language"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_language"},{"link_name":"Lindum Colonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindum_Colonia"},{"link_name":"City of Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_England"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Latinised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinization_of_names"},{"link_name":"native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britons_(Celtic_tribe)"},{"link_name":"Brittonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Brittonic"},{"link_name":"reconstructed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction"},{"link_name":"modern Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Welsh"},{"link_name":"llyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/llyn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The kingdom of LindseyThe Kingdom of Lindsey or Linnuis (Old English: Lindesege) was a lesser Anglo-Saxon kingdom, which was absorbed into Northumbria in the 7th century. The name Lindsey derives from the Old English toponym Lindesege, meaning \"Isle of Lind\". Lindum Colonia was the Roman name of the settlement which is now the City of Lincoln in Lincolnshire. (Lindum Colonia was shortened in Old English to Lindocolina and then Lincylene.)[1] Lindum was a Latinised form of a native Brittonic name which has been reconstructed as *Lindon (lit. 'pool' or 'lake'; cf. modern Welsh llyn).[2]","title":"Kingdom of Lindsey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Humber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber"},{"link_name":"the Wash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wash"},{"link_name":"Witham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Witham"},{"link_name":"Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Trent"},{"link_name":"Foss Dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foss_Dyke"},{"link_name":"Isle of Axholme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Axholme"},{"link_name":"Roman Lindum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindum_Colonia"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_England"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Paulinus of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulinus_of_York"},{"link_name":"praefectus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praefectus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Anglian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angles_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Lindisfaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindisfaras"},{"link_name":"Humber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"Deira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deira_(kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Northumbrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercia"},{"link_name":"Danish settlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Britain_peoples_circa_600.svg"}],"text":"Lindsey lay between the Humber estuary and the Wash, forming its inland boundaries from the courses of the Witham and Trent rivers, and the Foss Dyke between them. A marshy region south of the Humber known as the Isle of Axholme was also included. It is believed that Roman Lindum (Lincoln) was the capital of Lindsey: the continuity of the place name suggests continuity of settlement traditions: in 625, Bede recounts,[3] the missionary Paulinus of York was received by the praefectus of Lindum.[4] Place-name evidence indicates that the Anglian settlement known as Lindisfaras spread from the Humber coast.Lindsey means the 'island of Lincoln': it was surrounded by water and very wet land. Lincoln was in the south-west part of the kingdom. During the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, from about 450, Lindsey was one of the lesser kingdoms. Although it has its own list of kings, at an early date it came under external influence. It was from time to time effectively part of Deira, of the Northumbrian kingdom and, particularly later, of Mercia. Lindsey lost its independence long before the arrival of the Danish settlers.Southern and eastern Britain in the early 7th century","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catherine Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Hills"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercia"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Lindsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsey_(government_district)"}],"text":"Toby Martin and Catherine Hills identify Lindsey as an area in which large-scale settlement by the Angles occurred.[5][6] However, a continuing British presence in the region is indicated by the fact that major settlements such as Lincoln, and Lindsey itself, have partially Celtic names. Caitlin Green suggests that some communities may have continued to speak Brittonic until the eighth century.[7]Lindsey's prominence was before the historical period. By the time of the first historical records of the kingdom, it had become a subjugated polity, under the alternating control of Northumbria and Mercia. Its subjugation may have occurred around AD 500. Its territories were absorbed into the historical English county of Lincolnshire, the northern part of which is called Lindsey.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglian collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglian_collection"},{"link_name":"genealogies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogy"},{"link_name":"Offa of Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"Woden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin"},{"link_name":"Geats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geats"},{"link_name":"Beowulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf"},{"link_name":"Winteringham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winteringham"},{"link_name":"Winterton, Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterton,_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Bubba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_Bubba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"blood tanistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanistry#Blood_tanistry"},{"link_name":"Frank Stenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Stenton"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ecgfrið Rex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecgfrith_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"Offa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"Sarah Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Foot"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Kings of Lindsey","text":"The Anglian collection of genealogies, which was created in the last years of the reign of Offa of Mercia, gives a pedigree for Aldfrið, presumed to have been ruler of Lindsey. It traces him to the Anglo-Saxon god, Woden, likewise made ancestor of the other Anglo-Saxon dynasties, and provides Woden's ancestry for several further generations.Geot – Compare the Geats who are frequently mentioned in Beowulf's story.\nGodulf\nFinn\nFrioðulf\nFrealaf\nWoden, the god.\nWinta – Compare Winteringham (the homestead of Winta's people) and Winterton, Lincolnshire (the farm/village of Winta's people).\nCretta\nCuelgils\nCaedbaed\nBubba\nBeda\nBiscop\nEanferð\nEatta\nAldfriðNone of the individuals can be securely dated, though the name Biscop, Old English for 'bishop', suggests a time after conversion. Likewise, the practice of agnatic inheritance akin to blood tanistry in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms means that it cannot be determined which of the listed male-line ancestors of Aldfrið actually ruled the kingdom. Finally, it is uncertain at what point between Aldfrið and Woden the pedigree ceases to be historical, since this pedigree is the sole source for all of the individuals named, except perhaps Aldfrið. With regard to Aldfrið, Frank Stenton referred to the witness list for a charter which includes an \"Ealfrid rex\", and dated its writing to some time between the years 787 and 796.[8] Scholars now believe that the name on the witness list should read \"Ecgfrið Rex\", and refers to Offa's son. He was anointed King of the Mercians in 787, nine years before his succession in 796, and would have been correctly styled rex. Stenton suggested that the name 'Biscop' came from the title 'bishop' and must post-date Paulinus's mission to Lindsey of 628 CE. But, as Sarah Foot has pointed out, Biscop does not need to have been derived from an external origin. The other genealogies in the Anglian collection close with historic personages whose dates are known, such as Edwin of Deira (616–33), Ethelred of Mercia (675–704) and Ethelbert II of Kent (725–62), but this wide range offers little help in dating Aldfrið.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0752441115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0752441115"}],"text":"Leahy, Kevin (2008). The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Lindsey: The Archaeology of an Anglo-Saxon Kingdom. History Press. ISBN 978-0752441115.","title":"Bibliography"}]

[{"image_text":"The kingdom of Lindsey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lindsey.svg/300px-Lindsey.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Southern and eastern Britain in the early 7th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Britain_peoples_circa_600.svg/220px-Britain_peoples_circa_600.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"Lindisfaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindisfaras"},{"title":"Lindsey, Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsey,_Lincolnshire"},{"title":"Bishop of Lindsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Lindsey"}]

[{"reference":"\"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle – Parker MS: entry for 942\". Archived from the original on 1 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110501203010/http://www8.georgetown.edu/departments/medieval/labyrinth/library/oe/texts/asc/a.html","url_text":"\"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle – Parker MS: entry for 942\""},{"url":"http://www8.georgetown.edu/departments/medieval/labyrinth/library/oe/texts/asc/a.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Leahy, Kevin (2008). The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Lindsey: The Archaeology of an Anglo-Saxon Kingdom. History Press. ISBN 978-0752441115.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0752441115","url_text":"978-0752441115"}]},{"reference":"Leahy, Kevin (2008). The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Lindsey: The Archaeology of an Anglo-Saxon Kingdom. History Press. ISBN 978-0752441115.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0752441115","url_text":"978-0752441115"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110501203010/http://www8.georgetown.edu/departments/medieval/labyrinth/library/oe/texts/asc/a.html","external_links_name":"\"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle – Parker MS: entry for 942\""},{"Link":"http://www8.georgetown.edu/departments/medieval/labyrinth/library/oe/texts/asc/a.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.aschart.kcl.ac.uk/content/charters/text/s1183.html","external_links_name":"Anglo-Saxon Charter S 1183 Archive Selsey"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070720073804/http://www.aschart.kcl.ac.uk/content/charters/text/s1183.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/EnglandLindsey.htm","external_links_name":"Lindisware (Lindissi / Lindsey)"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleicher_ASW_27

Schleicher ASW 27

["1 Design and development","2 Specifications","3 See also","4 References"]

Single-seat German glider, 1995 This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ASW 27 Role 15 metre-class sailplaneType of aircraft National origin Germany Manufacturer Schleicher Designer Gerhard Waibel First flight 1995 Number built 237 by 2009 External image Schleicher ASW 27 on aerotow The ASW 27 is a 15 metre Class glider built of modern fibre reinforced composites, which first flew in 1995 and was certified in 1997. The manufacturer of the ASW 27 is Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co. The "W" indicates this is a design of the influential and prolific German designer Gerhard Waibel. Design and development The ASW 27 has plain flaps, winglets, a retractable undercarriage and a water ballast system. The ASW 27 superseded the ASW 20 in the manufacturer's production line. The structure is a complex composite of carbon, aramid and polyethylene fibre reinforced plastic. This permits a light structure with the strength to carry large amounts of water ballast, thus permitting the widest possible range of wing loadings for weak and strong soaring weather. The strong fuselage was tested for crash protection by dropping one from a crane. The winglets were standard equipment from the beginning, but were later enlarged in the ASW-27B development. The "B" also has tanks to hold water ballast rather than bags. The ASW 27 does not have a version with wing extensions for 18 metres. This was a design decision to pursue an uncompromised 15 metre racer, as "future engine retrofits or later wingspan increases were specifically ruled out". The introduction of the ASG 29 gave the ASW 27 a stablemate that can compete in the same class, although the 29 is intended to fly primarily with an 18-metre span and can be motorised. Because of the overlap with the ASG 29, production of the ASW27 has now ceased. Specifications Data from flight manual General characteristics Crew: 1 Length: 6.55 m (21 ft 6 in) Wingspan: 15 m (49 ft 3 in) Wing area: 9 m2 (97 sq ft) Aspect ratio: 25 Airfoil: Root: DU 89-134/14, Tip: DU 94-086 M4 Empty weight: 245 kg (540 lb) Gross weight: 500 kg (1,102 lb) Performance Never exceed speed: 285 km/h (177 mph, 154 kn) Rough air speed max: 215 km/h (134 mph; 116 kn) Aerotow speed: 170 km/h (110 mph; 92 kn) Winch launch speed: 130 km/h (81 mph; 70 kn) Minimum control speed: 70 km/h (43 mph, 38 kn) with no ballast and full flaps g limits: +5.3 -2.65 at 215 km/h (134 mph; 116 kn) Maximum glide ratio: 48 Rate of sink: 0.58 m/s (114 ft/min) (minimum) See also Related lists List of gliders References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Schleicher ASW 27. ^ Flight manual, Schleicher Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co Sailplane Directory Simons M, Segelflugzeuge 1965–2000, Equip, 2004 vteSchleicher glidersWooden construction pre-World War II Condor Hols der Teufel Poppenhausen Rhönadler Rhönbussard Wooden construction (Rudolf Kaiser) Ka 1 Rhönlaus Ka 2 Rhönschwalbe Ka 3 Ka 4 Rhönlerche II Ka 6 Rhönsegler K7 K7/13 K 8 Ka-9 K 10 ASK 13 ASK 14 ASK 16 ASK 18 GRP construction (Rudolf Kaiser) ASK 21 ASK 23 GRP construction (Gerhard Waibel) ASW 12 ASW 15 ASW 17 ASW 19 ASW 20 ASW 22 ASW 24 ASW 27 ASW 28 GRP construction (Martin Heide) ASH 25 ASH 26 ASH 30 ASH 31 GRP construction (Michael Greiner) ASG 29 ASG 32 GRP construction - unspecified designer AS 33 AS 34 AS 35

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"15 metre Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_competition_classes"},{"link_name":"glider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Schleicher_GmbH_%26_Co"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Waibel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Waibel_(engineer)"}],"text":"The ASW 27 is a 15 metre Class glider built of modern fibre reinforced composites, which first flew in 1995 and was certified in 1997. The manufacturer of the ASW 27 is Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co. The \"W\" indicates this is a design of the influential and prolific German designer Gerhard Waibel.","title":"Schleicher ASW 27"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"winglets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingtip_device"},{"link_name":"undercarriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_gear"},{"link_name":"ASW 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleicher_ASW_20"},{"link_name":"carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon"},{"link_name":"aramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramid"},{"link_name":"polyethylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene"},{"link_name":"ASG 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleicher_ASG_29"},{"link_name":"ASG 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleicher_ASG_29"}],"text":"The ASW 27 has plain flaps, winglets, a retractable undercarriage and a water ballast system. The ASW 27 superseded the ASW 20 in the manufacturer's production line.The structure is a complex composite of carbon, aramid and polyethylene fibre reinforced plastic. This permits a light structure with the strength to carry large amounts of water ballast, thus permitting the widest possible range of wing loadings for weak and strong soaring weather. The strong fuselage was tested for crash protection by dropping one from a crane.The winglets were standard equipment from the beginning, but were later enlarged in the ASW-27B development. The \"B\" also has tanks to hold water ballast rather than bags. The ASW 27 does not have a version with wing extensions for 18 metres. This was a design decision to pursue an uncompromised 15 metre racer, as \"future engine retrofits or later wingspan increases were specifically ruled out\".The introduction of the ASG 29 gave the ASW 27 a stablemate that can compete in the same class, although the 29 is intended to fly primarily with an 18-metre span and can be motorised. Because of the overlap with the ASG 29, production of the ASW27 has now ceased.","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flightmanual-1"},{"link_name":"Aspect ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"Never exceed speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_speeds#VNE"},{"link_name":"Minimum control speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_speeds#VMC"}],"text":"Data from flight manual [1]General characteristicsCrew: 1\nLength: 6.55 m (21 ft 6 in)\nWingspan: 15 m (49 ft 3 in)\nWing area: 9 m2 (97 sq ft)\nAspect ratio: 25\nAirfoil: Root: DU 89-134/14, Tip: DU 94-086 M4\nEmpty weight: 245 kg (540 lb)\nGross weight: 500 kg (1,102 lb)PerformanceNever exceed speed: 285 km/h (177 mph, 154 kn) \nRough air speed max: 215 km/h (134 mph; 116 kn)\nAerotow speed: 170 km/h (110 mph; 92 kn)\nWinch launch speed: 130 km/h (81 mph; 70 kn)\nMinimum control speed: 70 km/h (43 mph, 38 kn) with no ballast and full flaps\ng limits: +5.3 -2.65 at 215 km/h (134 mph; 116 kn)\nMaximum glide ratio: 48\nRate of sink: 0.58 m/s (114 ft/min) (minimum)","title":"Specifications"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of gliders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gliders"}]

[]

[{"Link":"https://www.jetphotos.com/photo/9537784","external_links_name":"Schleicher ASW 27 on aerotow"},{"Link":"http://www.alexander-schleicher.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/270_TM06_E_HB.pdf","external_links_name":"Flight manual"},{"Link":"http://www.alexander-schleicher.de/","external_links_name":"Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co"},{"Link":"http://www.sailplanedirectory.com/","external_links_name":"Sailplane Directory"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellemfolkeligt_Samvirke

Mellemfolkeligt Samvirke

["1 External links","2 References"]

Coordinates: 55°41′21″N 12°33′37″E / 55.6892°N 12.5603°E / 55.6892; 12.5603Danish political advocacy organisation Mellemfolkeligt Samvirke (ActionAid Denmark) is a Danish, politically independent humanitarian non-governmental organisation that fights for a more just and sustainable world. The organisation is the Danish member of the global federation ActionAid International. It works for increased understanding and solidarity between the peoples of the world, as well as promoting global development based on the sustainable use and just distribution of wealth and resources. It has a special focus on equality, social movements and youth activism, climate justice and refugee and minority rights. ActionAid Denmark started as Fredsvenners Hjælpearbejde in 1944. In 1946 the organisation changed its name to Mellemfolkeligt Samvirke, and in 1974 it adopted open membership. The organisation's highest authority is the Council, whose members are individuals and organizations elected by the members. Council elections are conducted annually and all members are eligible to run for election. Via its volunteer programme Global Contact, it sends hundreds of volunteers abroad every year through cultural exchanges, study trips and volunteer placements. In 1994 in association with the Irish Kimmage Development Studies Centre, the MS Training Centre for Development Cooperation(MS-TCDC) began running of a Certificate in Community Development course, in Arusha, Tanzania. In 2001 as part of the partnership with, Kimmage DSC a Diploma in Development Studies was offered, which in 2004 became the Level 7 BA Degree in Development Studies, which is validated by the Irish governments Higher Education and Training Awards Council(HETAC). The course is recognised by the Tanzanian governments National Council for Technical Education(NACTE). External links Mellemfolkeligt Samvirke homepage (English) References ^ "WHO ARE WE?". ms.dk. Retrieved 2023-05-15. ^ "THE COUNCIL AND BOARD OF DIRECTORS". ms.dk. 2023-05-15. ^ "Om Global Contact". Retrieved 2023-05-15. ^ MS-TCDC Milestones Archived 2011-12-24 at the Wayback Machine MS Training Centre for Development Cooperation official website. ^ Kimmage DSC QA Policies and Procedures(HETAC) Archived 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine www.hetac.ie ^ Programmes - BA in Development Studies(HETAC) Kimmage DSC website. ^ BA Degree in Development Studies Archived 2011-11-27 at the Wayback Machine Training 4 Change - MS-TCDC. ^ List of Accredited Institutions www.nacte.go.tz Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Other IdRef 55°41′21″N 12°33′37″E / 55.6892°N 12.5603°E / 55.6892; 12.5603

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[]

[{"reference":"\"WHO ARE WE?\". ms.dk. Retrieved 2023-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ms.dk/en/who-are-we","url_text":"\"WHO ARE WE?\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE COUNCIL AND BOARD OF DIRECTORS\". ms.dk. 2023-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ms.dk/en/council-board-of-directors","url_text":"\"THE COUNCIL AND BOARD OF DIRECTORS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Om Global Contact\". Retrieved 2023-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globalcontact.dk/om-os","url_text":"\"Om Global Contact\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._50_(Haydn)

Symphony No. 50 (Haydn)

["1 Notes"]

Joseph Haydn Symphony No. 50 in C major, Hoboken I/50, by Joseph Haydn was written partly in 1773 and partly in 1774. Scored for 2 oboes, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, timpani and strings. Since the trumpets double the horns at the same pitch for most of the piece, Antony Hodgson has suggested the trumpets may be omitted. The edition by Helmut Schultz published by Universal Edition under the editorship of H. C. Robbins Landon specifies horns in C-alto with trumpets in parentheses. It is in four movements: Adagio e maestoso, 44 – Allegro di molto, 34 Andante moderato, 24 in G major Menuetto e Trio, 34 Presto, 22 It is possible that the first two movements of this symphony were reconstructed from a marionette opera by Haydn called Der Gotterath (Prologue to Philemon und Baucis), now lost. The marionette show was performed for the Empress Maria Theresa in 1773. Given that Empress Maria Theresia held rather conservative tastes in music and that this symphony is in some ways less "advanced" than No. 48, scholars such as H. C. Robbins Landon have suggested that No. 50 may be the symphony Haydn wrote for the imperial visit to Eszterháza. Notes ^ Antony Hodgson, The Music of Joseph Haydn: The Symphonies. London: The Tantivy Press (1976): 77. No. 50 "is the only symphony to which the year 1773 can be ascribed with certainty." ^ James Webster & Georg Feder, The New Grove Haydn. New York: Macmillan (2002): 96. Movements I and II were "supposedly composed as ov to Vorspiel: Der Götterat (E 12)." ^ Webster & Feder (2002): 83. "E ... 12 XXIXa:1, 1a; XXIXb:2 Philemon und Baucis, oder Jupiters Reise auf die Erde (Spl/marionette op, 1, G.K. Pfeffel); Vorspiel: Der Götterat (1, ?, P.G. Bader) 2 S, 2 T, 4vv, ? 2 fl, 2 ob, ? bn, 2 hn, ? 2 tpt, timp, str EK, signed lib, HL a (frag., u) HW xxiv/1 supposed ov. (cf J 50) and frag. of prelude extant, drama extant in rev. version; perf. Eszterháza, 2 Sept 1773; ov. to drama, HIa:8; cf appx G. 1, 1 ^ Webster & Feder, (2002): 64. Haydn's symphonies of the years around 1770 ... are widely described as exemplifying his Sturm und Drang style; those of 1773–4 (nos.50, 51, 54–7, 60, 64), while less extreme, have many points of contact with it." ^ Webster & Feder (2002): 96 ^ a b Hodgson (1976): 77 ^ H. C .Robbins Landon, Haydn: Chronicle and Works, 5 vols, (Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press, 1976– ) v. 2, Haydn at Eszterhaza, 1766–1790 vteSymphonies by Joseph HaydnA–20 A B 1 2 3 4 5 6 (Le matin) 7 (Le midi) 8 (Le soir) 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21–40 21 22 (Philosopher) 23 24 25 26 (Lamentatione) 27 (Hermannstädter) 28 29 30 (Alleluia) 31 (Hornsignal) 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 (Echo) 39 40 41–60 41 42 43 (Mercury) 44 (Trauer) 45 (Farewell) 46 47 (Palindrome) 48 (Maria Theresia) 49 (La passione) 50 51 52 53 (L'impériale) 54 55 (The Schoolmaster) 56 57 58 59 (Fire) 60 (Il distratto) 61–81 61 62 63 (La Roxelane) 64 (Tempora mutantur) 65 66 67 68 69 (Laudon) 70 71 72 73 (La chasse) 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 Paris symphonies 82 (The Bear) 83 (The Hen) 84 (In nomine Domini) 85 (La Reine) 86 87 88–92 88 89 90 91 92 (Oxford) London symphonies 93 94 (Surprise) 95 96 (Miracle) 97 98 99 100 (Military) 101 (Clock) 102 103 (Drumroll) 104 (London) Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany Other MusicBrainz work

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chasse)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._73_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._74_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._75_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._76_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._77_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._78_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._79_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._80_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._81_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"Paris symphonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_symphonies"},{"link_name":"82 (The Bear)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._82_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"83 (The Hen)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._83_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"84 (In nomine Domini)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._84_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"85 (La Reine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._85_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._86_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._87_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._88_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._89_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._90_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._91_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"92 (Oxford)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._92_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"London symphonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_symphonies"},{"link_name":"93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._93_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"94 (Surprise)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._94_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._95_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"96 (Miracle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._96_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._97_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._98_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._99_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"100 (Military)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._100_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"101 (Clock)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._101_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._102_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"103 (Drumroll)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._103_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"104 (London)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._104_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240411#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/294357612"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13913306z"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13913306z"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/30023466X"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/work/01d0f8c0-6a4b-4507-a7af-6ee0152bcf3e"}],"text":"^ Antony Hodgson, The Music of Joseph Haydn: The Symphonies. London: The Tantivy Press (1976): 77. No. 50 \"is the only symphony to which the year 1773 can be ascribed with certainty.\"\n\n^ James Webster & Georg Feder, The New Grove Haydn. New York: Macmillan (2002): 96. Movements I and II were \"supposedly composed as ov[erture] to Vorspiel: Der Götterat (E 12).\"\n\n^ Webster & Feder (2002): 83. \"E ... 12 XXIXa:1, 1a; XXIXb:2 Philemon und Baucis, oder Jupiters Reise auf die Erde (Spl/marionette op, 1, G.K. Pfeffel); Vorspiel: Der Götterat (1, ?, P.G. Bader) 2 S, 2 T, 4vv, ? 2 fl, 2 ob, ? bn, 2 hn, ? 2 tpt, timp, str [1773] EK, signed lib, HL a (frag., u) HW xxiv/1 supposed ov. (cf J 50) and frag. of prelude extant, drama extant in rev. version; perf. Eszterháza, 2 Sept 1773; ov. to drama, HIa:8; cf appx G. 1, 1\n\n^ Webster & Feder, (2002): 64. Haydn's symphonies of the years around 1770 ... are widely described as exemplifying his Sturm und Drang style; those of 1773–4 (nos.50, 51, 54–7, 60, 64), while less extreme, have many points of contact with it.\"\n\n^ Webster & Feder (2002): 96\n\n^ a b Hodgson (1976): 77\n\n^ H. C .Robbins Landon, Haydn: Chronicle and Works, 5 vols, (Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press, 1976– ) v. 2, Haydn at Eszterhaza, 1766–1790vteSymphonies by Joseph HaydnA–20\nA\nB\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6 (Le matin)\n7 (Le midi)\n8 (Le soir)\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21–40\n21\n22 (Philosopher)\n23\n24\n25\n26 (Lamentatione)\n27 (Hermannstädter)\n28\n29\n30 (Alleluia)\n31 (Hornsignal)\n32\n33\n34\n35\n36\n37\n38 (Echo)\n39\n40\n41–60\n41\n42\n43 (Mercury)\n44 (Trauer)\n45 (Farewell)\n46\n47 (Palindrome)\n48 (Maria Theresia)\n49 (La passione)\n50\n51\n52\n53 (L'impériale)\n54\n55 (The Schoolmaster)\n56\n57\n58\n59 (Fire)\n60 (Il distratto)\n61–81\n61\n62\n63 (La Roxelane)\n64 (Tempora mutantur)\n65\n66\n67\n68\n69 (Laudon)\n70\n71\n72\n73 (La chasse)\n74\n75\n76\n77\n78\n79\n80\n81\nParis symphonies\n82 (The Bear)\n83 (The Hen)\n84 (In nomine Domini)\n85 (La Reine)\n86\n87\n88–92\n88\n89\n90\n91\n92 (Oxford)\nLondon symphonies\n93\n94 (Surprise)\n95\n96 (Miracle)\n97\n98\n99\n100 (Military)\n101 (Clock)\n102\n103 (Drumroll)\n104 (London)Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nOther\nMusicBrainz work","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Joseph Haydn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Joseph_Haydn.jpg/220px-Joseph_Haydn.jpg"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Orcival

The Mystery of Orcival

["1 Publication history","2 Synopsis","3 Particularities","4 References","5 External links"]

Emile Gaboriau The Mystery of Orcival (French: Le Crime d'Orcival) is an 1867 detective novel by the 19th century French writer Émile Gaboriau, in his Monsieur Lecoq series. Publication history The book was first published in French in 1867. An English translation was published in New York by Hoyt and Williams. A version illustrated by Jules Guerin was published in 1900 by Charles Scribner's Sons. Synopsis In Orcival, on 9 July 186..., poachers discover the lifeless body of a woman, the Countess of Tremorel, whose identity is quickly established by the police. Not far away, the victim's castle is turned upside down, and there is no trace of the Count of Tremorel. The authorities finally charge a certain Guespin, whom everything seems to point to. M. Lecoq of the Sûreté, dispatched to the scene by the Prefecture of Police, starts the investigation from scratch, re-establishes the real time of the crime, and finds that neither the Count nor the Countess had slept in the unmade bed that night. The murderer(s) also multiplied the clues, such as five empty glasses to make it look as if there were many of them, and the traces of a fake fight on the sand, in order to throw off suspicion. Lecoq thinks of a plan to solve the enigma, but he is well aware that the outcome of the case remains uncertain. Particularities "It is in this novel that Conan Doyle's debt to Gaboriau is best seen. Lecoq's methods of deduction foreshadow the detectives who will follow." References ^ "Editor's Literary Record". Harper's Magazine. Vol. 44, no. 263. April 1872. p. 781 – via Internet Archive. ^ "Notes and News" (PDF). The New York Times. 11 August 1900. ^ Jean Tulard, Dictionnaire du roman policier: 1841-2005, p.183. External links Le crime d'Orcival (audio) on France Culture The Mystery of Orcival at Standard Ebooks This article about a crime novel of the 1860s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte

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[{"image_text":"Emile Gaboriau","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Emile_Gaboriau_BNF_Gallica.jpg/220px-Emile_Gaboriau_BNF_Gallica.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Pacific_Northwest_Heavyweight_Championship

NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship

["1 Title history","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]

Professional wrestling championship NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight ChampionshipThe last NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship belt, introduced by Blue Collar Wrestling on January 10, 2015.DetailsPromotionPacific Northwest WrestlingWrestling International New GenerationsBlue Collar WrestlingDate established1955Date retired2017Other name(s) W*ING Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship(name used in Japan) StatisticsFirst champion(s)Luther LindsayFinal champion(s)Gregor PetrovMost reignsRip Oliver (12 times)Longest reign"Badd Blood" BJ Darden (425 days)Shortest reignMatt Borne (1 day) The NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship was a professional wrestling championship sanctioned by the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) and defended in its member promotion Pacific Northwest Wrestling (PNW), which promoted shows in the U.S. states of Oregon and Washington, and occasionally other areas in the northwestern United States. The title was created in 1955 by Don Owen for the NWA's Pacific Northwest territory, and became the top singles title for that area. The first champion was Luther Lindsay. Early in the championship's history, the title would be won by Ed Francis, who was already the territory's top non-heavyweight singles champion, holding the Pacific Coast Junior Heavyweight Championship. Upon Francis winning the NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship, his Pacific Coast Junior Heavyweight Championship was retired. In addition to the northwestern United States, the title was also briefly defended in Asia in the Japanese promotion Wrestling International New Generations (W*ING), but the title changes in W*ING were not officially recognized by PNW. The title remained active until July 1992, when Don Owen retired and sold PNW to Sandy Barr. Barr retired all of Owen's NWA championships after renaming the company to Championship Wrestling USA (CWUSA), creating new CWUSA championships in their places. The physical Owen-era NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship belt was owned by "The Grappler" Len Denton, who later auctioned off the belt to Bruce Owens. Wrestling belt maker Dave Millican purchased it from Owens and later sold it to an unknown collector. Elite Canadian Championship Wrestling (ECCW), also known as NWA: Extreme Canadian Championship Wrestling, became NWA's Pacific Northwest territory in 1998. The promotion's top championship, the ECCW Championship, was briefly referred to as the NWA/ECCW Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship. ECCW left the NWA in 2011, leaving the NWA without a Pacific Northwest-based member promotion. In January 2015, the Portland-based Blue Collar Wrestling (BCW) promotion joined the NWA, reintroducing the NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship – tracing the lineage back to the original version of the title. The championship was retired after Billy Corgan purchased the NWA and ended its relationships with existing member promotions. Title history Key No. Overall reign number Reign Reign number for the specific champion Days Number of days held No. Champion Championship change Reign statistics Notes Ref. Date Event Location Reign Days 1 Luther Lindsay May 24, 1955 PNW Show Salem, Oregon 1 28 Lindsay defeated Roger Mackay in a tournament final. 2 Ivan Kameroff June 21, 1955 PNW Show Salem, Oregon 1 105 3 John Paul Henning October 4, 1955 PNW Show Salem, Oregon 1 137 4 Bull Montana February 18, 1956 PNW Show Eugene, Oregon 1 103 5 Herb Freeman May 31, 1956 PNW Show Albany, Oregon 1 76 6 Bud Curtis August 15, 1956 PNW Show Salem, Oregon 1 55 7 Ed Francis October 9, 1956 PNW Show Salem, Oregon 1 240 8 Bill Savage June 6, 1957 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 36 9 Herb Freeman July 12, 1957 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 28 10 Doug Donovan August 9, 1957 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 66 11 Kurt Von Himmler October 14, 1957 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 88 12 Nick Kozak January 10, 1958 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 70 13 Bill Savage March 21, 1958 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 161 14 Ed Francis August 29, 1958 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 77 15 Eric Pederson November 14, 1958 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 3 16 Ed Francis November 21, 1958 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 3 112 17 Bill Savage March 13, 1959 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 3 70 18 Kurt Von Poppenheim May 22, 1959 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 42 19 Bill Savage July 3, 1959 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 4 70 20 Ed Francis September 11, 1959 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 4 160 21 Shag Thomas February 18, 1960 PNW Show N/A 1 29 22 Ed Francis March 18, 1960 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 5 173 23 Tony Borne September 7, 1960 PNW Show N/A 1 93 24 Herb Freeman December 9, 1960 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 3 112 25 Iron Mike DiBiase March 31, 1961 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 56 26 Luther Lindsay May 26, 1961 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 122 27 Nicoli Volkoff September 25, 1961 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 67 28 Billy White Wolf December 1, 1961 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 36 29 Fritz Von Goering January 20, 1962 PNW Show Eugene, Oregon 1 230 30 Luther Lindsay August 24, 1962 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 41 31 Mad Dog Vachon October 4, 1962 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 114 32 Herb Freeman January 26, 1963 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 4 21 33 Mad Dog Vachon February 16, 1963 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 83 34 Herb Freeman May 10, 1963 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 5 7 35 Mad Dog Vachon May 17, 1963 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 3 49 36 Billy White Wolf July 5, 1963 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 50 37 Tony Borne August 24, 1963 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 12 38 King Curtis Iaukea September 5, 1963 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 14 39 Tony Borne September 19, 1963 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 3 41 40 Nick Bockwinkel October 30, 1963 PNW Show Salem, Oregon 1 22 41 Mad Dog Vachon November 21, 1963 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 4 43 42 The Destroyer January 3, 1964 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 98 43 Tony Borne April 10, 1964 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 4 11 44 The Destroyer April 21, 1964 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 31 45 Nick Bockwinkel May 22, 1964 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 32 46 Pampero Firpo June 23, 1964 PNW Show Eugene, Oregon 1 46 47 Don Manoukian August 8, 1964 PNW Show Seattle, Washington 1 25 48 Pepper Martin September 2, 1964 PNW Show Eugene, Oregon 1 30 49 Pat Patterson October 2, 1964 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 43 50 Pepper Martin November 14, 1964 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 50 51 Pat Patterson January 3, 1965 PNW Show Eugene, Oregon 2 5 52 Pepper Martin January 8, 1965 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 3 62 53 The Mad Russian March 11, 1965 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 81 54 Pepper Martin May 31, 1965 PNW Show Eugene, Oregon 4 5 55 Mad Dog Vachon June 5, 1965 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 5 13 56 Stan Stasiak June 18, 1965 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 258 57 Paul Jones March 3, 1966 PNW Show Salem, Oregon 1 76 58 Stan Stasiak May 18, 1966 PNW Show Salem, Oregon 2 28 59 Pepper Martin June 15, 1966 PNW Show Eugene, Oregon 5 93 60 Tony Borne September 16, 1966 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 5 48 61 Shag Thomas November 3, 1966 PNW Show Salem, Oregon 2 7 62 Tony Borne November 10, 1966 PNW Show Salem, Oregon 6 29 63 Pat Patterson December 9, 1966 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 3 9 64 Tony Borne December 18, 1966 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 7 11 65 Paul Jones December 29, 1966 PNW Show Salem, Oregon 2 7 66 Tony Borne January 5, 1967 PNW Show Salem, Oregon 8 127 67 Ripper Collins May 12, 1967 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 17 68 Tony Borne May 29, 1967 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 9 4 69 Luther Lindsay June 2, 1967 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 3 21 70 Moondog Mayne June 23, 1967 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 34 71 Johnny Kostas July 27, 1967 PNW Show Salem, Oregon 1 99 72 Moondog Mayne November 3, 1967 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 63 73 Stan Stasiak January 5, 1968 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 3 70 74 Moondog Mayne March 15, 1968 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 3 76 75 Mad Dog Vachon May 30, 1968 PNW Show Salem, Oregon 6 7 76 Moondog Mayne June 6, 1968 PNW Show Salem, Oregon 4 71 77 Stan Stasiak August 16, 1968 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 4 14 78 Moondog Mayne August 30, 1968 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 5 92 79 Luther Lindsay November 30, 1968 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 4 133 Lindsay defeated Beauregard, substituting for Mayne, to win the title. 80 Moondog Mayne April 12, 1969 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 6 122 81 Roger Kirby August 12, 1969 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 29 82 Moondog Mayne September 10, 1969 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 7 34 83 Roger Kirby October 14, 1969 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 57 84 Moondog Mayne December 10, 1969 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 8 79 85 Kurt Von Steiger February 27, 1970 PNW Show Salem, Oregon 1 12 86 Moondog Mayne March 11, 1970 PNW Show Salem, Oregon 9 66 87 The Claw May 16, 1970 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 38 88 Moondog Mayne June 23, 1970 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 10 46 89 Mr. Fuji August 8, 1970 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 77 90 Moondog Mayne October 24, 1970 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 11 49 91 Dutch Savage December 12, 1970 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 105 92 Stan Stasiak March 27, 1971 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 5 35 93 Kurt Von Steiger May 1, 1971 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 91 94 Jonathan Boyd July 31, 1971 PNW Show N/A 1 85 95 Dutch Savage October 24, 1971 PNW Show N/A 2 35 96 Jonathan Boyd November 28, 1971 PNW Show N/A 2 30 97 Dutch Savage December 28, 1971 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 3 123 98 Bull Ramos April 29, 1972 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 196 99 Steven Little Bear November 11, 1972 PNW Show N/A 1 19 100 Bull Ramos November 30, 1972 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 69 101 Dutch Savage February 7, 1973 PNW Show Medford, Oregon 4 62 102 Bull Ramos April 10, 1973 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 3 220 103 Jimmy Snuka November 16, 1973 PNW Show Eugene, Oregon 1 57 104 Ripper Collins January 12, 1974 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 42 105 Jimmy Snuka February 23, 1974 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 35 — Vacated March 30, 1974 PNW Show Portland, Oregon — — Vacated after a match against Ripper Collins. 106 Ripper Collins April 13, 1974 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 3 52 Collins won the championship during a rematch with Jimmy Snuka. 107 Jimmy Snuka June 4, 1974 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 3 67 108 Rasputin August 10, 1974 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 58 109 Jimmy Snuka October 7, 1974 PNW Show N/A 4 35 110 Dale Lewis November 11, 1974 PNW Show N/A 1 33 111 Dutch Savage December 14, 1974 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 5 167 112 Bull Ramos May 30, 1975 PNW Show Eugene, Oregon 4 71 113 Jimmy Snuka August 9, 1975 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 5 161 114 Jesse Ventura January 17, 1976 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 77 115 Dutch Savage April 3, 1976 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 6 104 116 Jesse Ventura July 16, 1976 PNW Show Eugene, Oregon 2 197 117 Jimmy Snuka January 29, 1977 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 6 84 118 Ron Bass April 23, 1977 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 100 119 Dutch Savage August 1, 1977 PNW Show Eugene, Oregon 7 103 120 Ed Wiskoski November 12, 1977 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 182 121 Jerry Oates May 13, 1978 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 34 122 Ed Wiskoski June 16, 1978 PNW Show Salem, Oregon 2 67 123 Jonathan Boyd August 22, 1978 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 3 169 124 Roddy Piper February 7, 1979 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 143 125 Stan Stasiak June 30, 1979 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 6 124 126 Buddy Rose November 1, 1979 PNW Show Salem, Oregon 1 1 127 Stan Stasiak November 2, 1979 PNW Show Eugene, Oregon 8 14 128 Buddy Rose November 16, 1979 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 83 129 Rick Martel February 7, 1980 PNW Show Salem, Oregon 1 2 130 Buddy Rose February 9, 1980 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 3 42 131 Rick Martel March 22, 1980 PNW Show Eugene, Oregon 2 147 132 Buddy Rose August 16, 1980 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 4 19 133 Roddy Piper September 4, 1980 PNW Show N/A 2 16 134 Buddy Rose September 20, 1980 PNW Show N/A 5 98 135 Jay Youngblood December 27, 1980 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 9 136 Buddy Rose January 5, 1981 PNW Show Longview, Washington 6 2 137 Jay Youngblood January 7, 1981 PNW Show Seattle, Washington 2 66 138 The Destroyer March 14, 1981 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 7 139 Jay Youngblood March 21, 1981 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 19 140 Buddy Rose April 9, 1981 PNW Show Salem, Oregon 7 2 141 Jay Youngblood April 11, 1981 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 3 13 142 Buddy Rose April 24, 1981 PNW Show Eugene, Oregon 8 5 143 Matt Borne April 29, 1981 PNW Show Seattle, Washington 1 1 144 Buddy Rose April 30, 1981 PNW Show Salem, Oregon 9 1 145 Jay Youngblood May 1, 1981 PNW Show Eugene, Oregon 4 15 — Vacated May 16, 1981 PNW Show N/A — — Championship vacated when Youngblood left the promotion. 146 Steve Regal June 30, 1981 PNW Show Seattle, Washington 1 46 Regal won a tournament final to win the vacant title. 147 Buddy Rose August 15, 1981 PNW Show N/A 7 52 — Vacated October 6, 1981 PNW Show Portland, Oregon — — Vacated after a match against Steve Regal. 148 Steve Regal October 24, 1981 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 42 — Vacated December 5, 1981 PNW Show N/A — — Title vacated when Regal was injured. 149 Brett Sawyer January 2, 1982 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 42 Sawyer won a battle royal to become champion. — Vacated February 13, 1982 PNW Show Portland, Oregon — — The championship was vacated after a match against Buddy Rose. 150 Brett Sawyer February 16, 1982 PNW Show N/A 2 67 Sawyer won the vacant championship during a rematch with Buddy Rose. 151 Rip Oliver April 24, 1982 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 82 152 Rocky Johnson July 15, 1982 PNW Show N/A 1 16 153 Rip Oliver July 31, 1982 PNW Show N/A 2 25 154 Brett Sawyer August 25, 1982 PNW Show Coos Bay, Oregon 3 3 155 Rip Oliver August 28, 1982 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 3 25 156 Brett Sawyer September 22, 1982 PNW Show Salem, Oregon 3 76 157 Sheik Abdullah Ali Hassan December 7, 1982 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 154 158 Curt Hennig May 10, 1983 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 120 159 The Dynamite Kid September 7, 1983 PNW Show Seattle, Washington 1 30 160 Billy Jack October 7, 1983 PNW Show Salem, Oregon 1 54 161 Rip Oliver November 30, 1983 PNW Show Seattle, Washington 4 14 162 Billy Jack December 14, 1983 PNW Show Seattle, Washington 2 11 163 Rip Oliver December 25, 1983 PNW Show Seattle, Washington 5 125 164 Buddy Rose April 28, 1984 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 11 14 165 Rip Oliver May 12, 1984 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 6 154 166 Billy Jack October 13, 1984 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 3 21 167 Rip Oliver November 3, 1984 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 7 32 168 Bobby Jaggers December 5, 1984 PNW Show Seattle, Washington 1 80 169 Karl Steiner February 23, 1985 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 50 170 Bobby Jaggers April 14, 1985 PNW Show Centralia, Washington 2 20 171 Mike Miller May 4, 1985 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 84 172 Ricky Vaughn July 27, 1985 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 105 Vaughn defeated Mike Miller during a tournament final. 173 Bobby Jaggers November 9, 1985 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 3 73 174 Tom Zenk January 21, 1986 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 47 175 Bobby Jaggers March 9, 1986 PNW Show Findley, Washington 4 34 176 Billy Jack April 12, 1986 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 4 19 — Vacated May 1, 1986 PNW Show N/A — — Billy Jack was stripped of the title. 177 Rip Oliver June 13, 1986 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 8 63 Oliver won a battle royal to win the vacant title. 178 Cocoa Samoa August 15, 1986 PNW Show Albany, Oregon 1 36 179 Rip Oliver September 20, 1986 PNW Show Seattle, Washington 9 70 180 The Assassin November 29, 1986 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 14 181 Rip Oliver December 13, 1986 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 10 98 182 Ricky Santana March 21, 1987 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 28 183 Rip Oliver April 18, 1987 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 11 70 184 Mike Miller June 27, 1987 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 49 — Vacated August 15, 1987 PNW Show Portland, Oregon — — Title was held up following a match against Rip Oliver. 185 Mike Miller August 22, 1987 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 3 70 Miller defeated Rip Oliver by forfeit in a rematch to win the vacant title. 186 The Grappler October 31, 1987 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 279 187 Scott Peterson August 5, 1988 PNW Show Eugene, Oregon 1 34 188 The Grappler September 8, 1988 PNW Show Newport, Oregon 2 25 189 Top Gun October 3, 1988 PNW Show Longview, Washington 3 7 190 The Grappler October 10, 1988 PNW Show N/A 3 5 191 Tatsumi Fujinami October 15, 1988 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 56 Fujinami was awarded the title after The Grappler failed to defeat him in 30 minutes. 192 The Grappler December 10, 1988 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 4 15 193 Top Gun December 25, 1988 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 4 34 194 The Grappler January 28, 1989 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 5 63 195 Carl Styles April 1, 1989 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 14 196 The Grappler April 15, 1989 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 6 7 197 Carl Styles April 22, 1989 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 40 — Vacated June 1, 1989 PNW Show N/A — — Title was vacated after Styles suffered an injury. 198 Scotty The Body September 2, 1989 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 35 Scotty The Body defeated Carl Styles in a tournament final to win the vacant title. 199 Rex King October 7, 1989 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 7 200 Scotty The Body October 14, 1989 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 112 201 Curtis Thompson February 3, 1990 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 55 — Vacated March 30, 1990 PNW Show Eugene, Oregon — — Scotty The Body initially defeated Curtis Thompson to win the championship; the decision was later reversed and the title vacated after Scotty The Body was caught cheating to win the match against Thompson. 202 Brian Adams April 21, 1990 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 21 Defeated Larry Oliver in a tournament final to win the vacant title. 203 Scott Norton May 12, 1990 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 14 — Vacated May 26, 1990 PNW Show N/A — — Title vacated after Norton was suspended for attacking several wrestlers. 204 Scotty The Body June 2, 1990 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 3 56 Scotty The Body defeated The Grappler to win the vacant title. — Vacated July 28, 1990 PNW Show Portland, Oregon — — Title held up following a match against The Grappler. 205 The Grappler August 4, 1990 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 7 98 The Grappler defeated Scotty The Body in a rematch to win the vacant title. 206 Steve Doll November 10, 1990 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 239 — Vacated July 7, 1991 PNW Show Eugene, Oregon — — Title held up following a match against Ron Harris. 207 Billy Jack Haynes August 17, 1991 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 5 28 Won a full nelson challenge to win the vacant title. 208 Steve Doll September 14, 1991 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 14 209 Rip Oliver September 28, 1991 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 12 14 210 Demolition Crush October 12, 1991 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 2 98 211 Ron Harris January 18, 1992 PNW Show Portland, Oregon 1 20 212 Steve Doll February 7, 1992 PNW Show Eugene, Oregon 3 46 213 Ron Harris March 24, 1992 PNW Show Vancouver, Washington 2 28 214 C.W. Bergstrom April 21, 1992 PNW Show Vancouver, Washington 1 88 † Yukihiro Kanemura May 5, 1992 W*ING Show Osaka, Japan — — Kanemura defeated The Grappler on May 5, 1992 in Osaka, Japan to claim the title, as Grappler owned the physical belt representing the title. Kanemura was not officially recognized as champion by PNW. Kanemura continued to defend the title in W*ING as the "W*ING Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship". — Deactivated July 18, 1992 — — — — Title retired when Pacific Northwest Wrestling closed and reopened as Championship Wrestling USA. 215 "Badd Blood" BJ Darden January 10, 2015 BCW Show Portland, Oregon 1 425 "Badd Blood" BJ Darden was awarded the reactivated championship when Blue Collar Wrestling joined the NWA. — Vacated March 10, 2016 BCW Show N/A — — "Badd Blood" BJ Darden vacated the title upon winning the NWA Continental Heavyweight Championship. 216 Buddy Highway March 17, 2016 BCW Show Portland, Oregon 1 143 Highway defeated Demarcus James, Havoc, and Ares Toretto in four-way tournament final to win the vacant title. 217 Tommy Celcious August 7, 2016 BCW Show Portland, Oregon 1 13 218 Dave Hollenbeck August 20, 2016 BCW Show Portland, Oregon 1 1 219 Tommy Celcious August 21, 2016 BCW Show Portland, Oregon 2 29 220 Buddy Highway September 18, 2016 BCW Show Portland, Oregon 2 28 221 Tommy Celcious October 16, 2016 BCW Show Portland, Oregon 3 14 222 Buddy Highway October 30, 2016 BCW Show Portland, Oregon 3 35 223 Gregor Petrov December 4, 2016 BCW Show Portland, Oregon 3 300 Petrov defeated Highway in a three-way match that also involved Jeff Cobb. — Deactivated September 30, 2017 — — — — The championship was retired when the NWA terminated the contracts with its member promotions. See also Pacific Northwest Wrestling National Wrestling Alliance References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp Duncan, R. & Will, G. (2006). Wrestling Title Histories (4th ed.). Archeus Communications. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4. ^ "Kayfabe Memories". 6 July 2004. Retrieved 2007-05-07. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Wrestling Titles:PNW". Retrieved 2015-07-08. ^ Hoops, Brian (July 12, 2015). "On this day in pro wrestling history (July 12): Gagne, Bruiser and Crusher, Ladd wins Americas title, 1992 Bash with Sting vs. Vader". Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ^ Hoops, Brian (January 20, 2019). "Pro wrestling history (01/20): HHH returns, wins 2002 Royal Rumble". Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online. Retrieved January 18, 2019. ^ Hoops, Brian (March 3, 2017). "Daily Pro Wrestling History (03/03): Sting wins the TNA title". Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online. Retrieved March 7, 2017. ^ Hoops, Brian (February 28, 2017). "Daily pro wrestling history (02/27): NXT takes over". Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online. Retrieved February 27, 2017. ^ Nation, R. (March 25, 2007). "WWE HOF calls on Mr. Fuji". Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Fuji would go on to win the NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight title before heading to the World Wide Wrestling Federation in 1972.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Hoops, Brian (January 17, 2019). "Pro wrestling history (01/17): Vader wins IWGP heavyweight title". Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online. Retrieved January 18, 2019. ^ F4W Staff (April 3, 2015). "ON THIS DAY IN PRO WRESTLING TITLE CHANGE HISTORY: GOTCH VS. HACKENSCHMIDT, INOKI VS. HANSEN, GUERRERO VS. JERICHO". Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online. Retrieved February 10, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Hoops, Brian (May 13, 2015). "On this day in pro wrestling history (May 13): Rick Martel wins AWA gold, Kurt Angle wins TNA title, Nash and Hall beat one man to win tag titles". Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ^ a b Hoops, Brian (February 7, 2017). "On this day in pro wrestling history (Feb 7): Bobby Roode and Austin Aries wins tag gold". Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online. Retrieved February 15, 2017. ^ Hoops, Brian (January 18, 2019). "Pro wrestling history (01/18): Ivan Koloff defeats Bruno Sammartino for WWWF title". Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online. Retrieved January 18, 2019. ^ "Kintaro Kanemura's Biography". ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "National Wrestling Alliance Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Title ". WrestlingTitles. Retrieved May 12, 2023. External links Championship history from Pro-Wrestling Title Histories vtePacific Northwest WrestlingChampionships World Heavyweight Championship Pacific Coast Junior Heavyweight Championship Pacific Coast Light Heavyweight Championship Pacific Coast Middleweight Championship NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship NWA Pacific Northwest Television Championship CWUSA Television Championship Key personnel Don Owen Sandy Barr Roddy Piper

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"National Wrestling Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wrestling_Alliance"},{"link_name":"member","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NWA_territories"},{"link_name":"promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_promotion"},{"link_name":"Pacific Northwest Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"U.S. states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"northwestern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Don Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Owen_(wrestling_promoter)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Titles-1"},{"link_name":"Luther Lindsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Lindsay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Titles-1"},{"link_name":"Ed Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Francis"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast Junior Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Junior_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Titles-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Titles-1"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Wrestling International New Generations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W*ING"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Titles-1"},{"link_name":"Sandy Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Barr"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kayfabemempnw312-2"},{"link_name":"\"The Grappler\" Len Denton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grappler"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Titles-1"},{"link_name":"Elite Canadian Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite_Canadian_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wresltingtitles-3"},{"link_name":"ECCW Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECCW_Championship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wresltingtitles-3"},{"link_name":"Billy Corgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Corgan"}],"text":"The NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship was a professional wrestling championship sanctioned by the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) and defended in its member promotion Pacific Northwest Wrestling (PNW), which promoted shows in the U.S. states of Oregon and Washington, and occasionally other areas in the northwestern United States.The title was created in 1955 by Don Owen for the NWA's Pacific Northwest territory,[1] and became the top singles title for that area. The first champion was Luther Lindsay.[1] Early in the championship's history, the title would be won by Ed Francis, who was already the territory's top non-heavyweight singles champion, holding the Pacific Coast Junior Heavyweight Championship.[1] Upon Francis winning the NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship, his Pacific Coast Junior Heavyweight Championship was retired.[1] In addition to the northwestern United States, the title was also briefly defended in Asia in the Japanese promotion Wrestling International New Generations (W*ING), but the title changes in W*ING were not officially recognized by PNW.The title remained active until July 1992,[1] when Don Owen retired and sold PNW to Sandy Barr.[2] Barr retired all of Owen's NWA championships after renaming the company to Championship Wrestling USA (CWUSA), creating new CWUSA championships in their places. The physical Owen-era NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship belt was owned by \"The Grappler\" Len Denton, who later auctioned off the belt to Bruce Owens. Wrestling belt maker Dave Millican purchased it from Owens and later sold it to an unknown collector.[1]Elite Canadian Championship Wrestling (ECCW), also known as NWA: Extreme Canadian Championship Wrestling, became NWA's Pacific Northwest territory in 1998.[3] The promotion's top championship, the ECCW Championship, was briefly referred to as the NWA/ECCW Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship. ECCW left the NWA in 2011, leaving the NWA without a Pacific Northwest-based member promotion. In January 2015, the Portland-based Blue Collar Wrestling (BCW) promotion joined the NWA, reintroducing the NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship – tracing the lineage back to the original version of the title.[3] The championship was retired after Billy Corgan purchased the NWA and ended its relationships with existing member promotions.","title":"NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Title history"}]

[]

[{"title":"Pacific Northwest Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_Wrestling"},{"title":"National Wrestling Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wrestling_Alliance"}]

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JERICHO\""}]},{"reference":"Hoops, Brian (May 13, 2015). \"On this day in pro wrestling history (May 13): Rick Martel wins AWA gold, Kurt Angle wins TNA title, Nash and Hall beat one man to win tag titles\". Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online. Retrieved February 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.f4wonline.com/other-wrestling/day-pro-wrestling-history-may-13-rick-martel-wins-awa-gold-kurt-angle-wins-tna-title","url_text":"\"On this day in pro wrestling history (May 13): Rick Martel wins AWA gold, Kurt Angle wins TNA title, Nash and Hall beat one man to win tag titles\""}]},{"reference":"Hoops, Brian (February 7, 2017). \"On this day in pro wrestling history (Feb 7): Bobby Roode and Austin Aries wins tag gold\". Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorn_Creek_Wildlife_Management_Area

Thorn Creek Wildlife Management Area

["1 Hunting and Fishing","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 38°34′31″N 79°21′50″W / 38.57528°N 79.36389°W / 38.57528; -79.36389State Wildlife Management Area in Pendleton County, West Virginia Thorn Creek Wildlife Management AreaIUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape)Location of Thorn Creek Wildlife Management Area in West VirginiaLocationPendleton, West Virginia, United StatesCoordinates38°34′31″N 79°21′50″W / 38.57528°N 79.36389°W / 38.57528; -79.36389Area528 acres (214 ha)Elevation1,960 ft (600 m)OperatorWildlife Resources Section, WV Division of Natural Resources Thorn Creek Wildlife Management Area, is located about 7 miles south of Franklin, West Virginia in Pendleton County. Thorn Creek WMA is located on 528 acres (214 ha) of steep terrain along hills above Thorn Creek. The WMA is accessed from Thorn Creek Road about 4 miles off U.S. 219, south of Franklin. Hunting and Fishing Hunting opportunities in Thorn Creek WMA include deer, squirrel, and turkey . Thorn Creek is limited to fly fishing in the trout-filled Thorn Creek. Rustic camping is not available at the WMA. See also Animal conservation Hunting fishing List of West Virginia wildlife management areas References ^ "Thorn Creek Wildlife Management Area". Protected Planet. IUCN. Retrieved 30 April 2018. ^ a b c d "Thorn Creek WMA page". West Virginia DNR website. WV Division of Natural Resources. Archived from the original on July 9, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2009. ^ Acme Mapper 2.0, Thorn Creek WMA, retrieved January 12, 2009 External links West Virginia DNR District 2 Wildlife Management Areas West Virginia Hunting Regulations West Virginia Fishing Regulations WVDNR map of Thorn Creek Wildlife Management Area vteProtected areas of West VirginiaFederalNational Parks New River Gorge National Historical Parks Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Harpers Ferry National Forests George Washington and Jefferson Monongahela National Recreation Areas Gauley River (NPS) Spruce Knob–Seneca Rocks (USFS) National Wildlife Refuges Canaan Valley Ohio River Islands National Trails System Appalachian National Scenic Trail National Preserves New River Gorge Wilderness Areas Big Draft Wilderness Cranberry Wilderness Dolly Sods Wilderness Laurel Fork North Wilderness Laurel Fork South Wilderness Mountain Lake Wilderness Otter Creek Wilderness Roaring Plains Wilderness Spice Run Wilderness National Rivers Bluestone NSR StateState parks Audra Babcock Beartown Beech Fork Berkeley Springs Blackwater Falls Blennerhassett Island Bluestone Cacapon Resort Camp Creek Canaan Valley Resort Carnifex Ferry Battlefield Cass Scenic Railroad Cathedral Cedar Creek Chief Logan Droop Mountain Battlefield Fairfax Stone Greenbrier River Trail Hawks Nest Holly River Little Beaver Lost River Moncove Lake North Bend Rail Trail North Bend Pinnacle Rock Pipestem Resort Prickett's Fort Stonewall Jackson Lake Tomlinson Run Tu-Endie-Wei Twin Falls Resort Tygart Lake Valley Falls Watoga Watters Smith Memorial Former state parks Booker T. Washington Grandview Grave Creek Mound James Rumsey Monument Mingo Oak Mont Chateau Morgan Morgan Monument State forests Cabwaylingo Calvin Price Camp Creek Coopers Rock Greenbrier Kanawha Kumbrabow Seneca Wildlifemanagementareas Allegheny Amherst-Plymouth Anawalt Lake Bear Rocks Lake Becky Creek Beech Fork Lake Berwind Lake Beury Mountain Big Ditch Big Ugly Bluestone Burches Run Burnsville Lake Castleman Run Lake Cecil H. Underwood Center Branch Cheat Canyon Chief Cornstalk Conaway Run Lake Cross Creek Dents Run Dunkard Fork East Lynn Lake Edwards Run Elk Creek Elk River Fairfox Pond-Rehe Fort Mill Ridge Fox Forest Frozen Camp Green Bottom Handley Hilbert Hillcrest Horse Creek Hughes River Huttonsville State Farm The Jug Lantz Farm and Nature Preserve Laurel Lake Lewis Wetzel Little Indian Creek McClintic Meadow River Mill Creek Moncove Lake Morris Creek Nathaniel Mountain Panther Pedlar Pleasant Creek Plum Orchard Lake Pruntytown State Farm R.D. Bailey Lake Ritchie Mines Sand Hill Shannondale Springs Short Mountain Slatyfork Sleepy Creek Smoke Camp Snake Hill South Branch Stonecoal Lake Stonewall Jackson Lake Stumptown Summersville Lake Tate Lohr Teter Creek Lake Thorn Creek Tug Fork Turkey Run Upper Deckers Creek Upper Mud River Valley Bend Wetlands Wallback Widmeyer Woodrum Lake Other WVDNR sites West Virginia State Wildlife Center LocalMunicipal parks Cameron City Pool Camp Mad Anthony Wayne Fries Park James Rumsey Monument Magic Island Marland Heights Park Memorial Park Oglebay Park Ritter Park Staunton Park Wheeling Park Non-governmentalNatureConservancypreserves Bear Rocks Brush Creek Cranesville Swamp Greenland Gap Hungry Beech Ice Mountain Mount Porte Crayon Murphy Panther Knob Pike Knob Slaty Mountain Upper Shavers Fork Yankauer West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection West Virginia Division of Forestry West Virginia Division of Natural Resources

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancesport_World_Champions_(Professional_Latin)

World Latin Dance Champions

["1 World Champions","2 See also","3 References"]

This page lists the official World Champions – Professional Latin of the World Dance Council (WDC). The championships are authorized and organized under the auspices of the WDC, and held annually in the last quarter of each year. The competition comprises five dances: rumba, samba, paso doble, cha-cha-cha and jive, as defined in ballroom dancing terms. Official World Championships have been held in the Latin section of ballroom dancing since they were organised by the ICBD in 1959. The ICBD was renamed WD&DSC and has been renamed again to its present title. The WDC represents all the major professional DanceSport countries. Unofficial world championships were held, usually in Paris, by several organisers pre-World War II. Some of these events included one or two Latin dances in the same competition as ballroom dances. As these events had no official standing, they are not noticed here. There is one earlier international Latin dance championship; it started in 1953 at the Elsa Wells International Dance Championships in London (see International Latin American Dance Champions). Both series have continued annually. World Champions Year Couple Country Professional Latin World Champions 1960 Roger & Micheline Ronnaux France 1961 Bill and Bobbie Irvine Scotland 1962 Walter Laird & Lorraine Reynolds England 1963 1964 1965 Walter & Marianne Kaiser Switzerland 1966 Bill & Bobbie Irvine Scotland 1967 Rudolf & Mechthild Trautz Germany 1968 Bill & Bobbie Irvine Scotland 1969 Rudolf & Mechthild Trautz Germany 1970 1971 1972 Wolfgang & Evelyn Opitz 1973 Hans-Peter & Ingeborg Fischer Austria 1974 1975 1976 Peter Maxwell & Lynn Harman England 1977 Alan & Hazel Fletcher 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Espen & Kirsten Salberg Norway 1983 1984 Donnie Burns & Gaynor Fairweather Scotland/England 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Hans-Reinhard Galke & Bianka Schreiber Germany 1998 Donnie Burns & Gaynor Fairweather Scotland/England 1999 Bryan Watson & Carmen Vincelj South Africa/Germany 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Michał Malitowski & Joanna Leunis Poland 2009 2010 Riccardo Cocchi & Yulia Zagoruychenko USA 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Title not held — COVID pandemic 2021 Troels Bager and Ina Jeliazkova USA 2022 Dorin Frecautanu and Marina Sergeeva Great Britain See also International Latin American Dance Champions Rhythm World Champions Smooth World Champions U.S. National Dancesport Champions (Professional Latin) U.S. National Dancesport Champions (Professional 10-Dance) World 10 Dance Champions World Ballroom Dance Champions References ^ "Dance Sports - World Latin Championship". Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved 2009-10-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_bin_Hamud_of_Zanzibar

Ali bin Hamud of Zanzibar

["1 Biography","2 References"]

Sultan of Zanzibar For the medieval Spanish ruler, see Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir. Ali bin Hamud of ZanzibarSultan of ZanzibarReign20 July 1902–9 December 1911PredecessorHamoud bin Mohammed Al-SaidSuccessorSir Khalifa bin Harub Al-SaidBorn7 June 1884Died20 December 1918 (aged 34)Paris, FranceFatherHamoud bin Mohammed Al-Said Sayyid Ali bin Hamud al-Busaidi (7 June 1884 – 20 December 1918; Arabic: علي بن حمود البوسعيد), also known as Ali II, was the eighth Sultan of Zanzibar from 1902 to 1911. Biography Hamud was proclaimed Sultan of Zanzibar on 20 July 1902, following the death of his father, the seventh Sultan, two days earlier. There was a regency until he attained majority. He served only a few years as sultan because of illness. On 9 December 1911 he abdicated in favour of his brother-in-law Khalifa bin Harub Al-Busaid. During his reign slavery in Zanzibar was fully abolished with the abolition of concubinage in 1909. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ali bin Hamud. ^ a b c d Kemal H. Karpat (2001). The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State. Oxford University Press. p. 365. ISBN 978-0-19-028576-0. ^ The End of Slavery in Africa. (1988). USA: University of Wisconsin Press. 23 Preceded byHamud bin Muhammad Sultan of Zanzibar 1902–1911 Succeeded byKhalifa bin Harub vteSultans of Zanzibar Said* Majid Barghash Khalifa I Ali I Hamad Khalid Hamoud Ali II Khalifa II Abdullah Jamshid * As Sultan of Oman.Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States This Zanzibari biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biography of a member of an African royal house is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khlong_Ong_Ang

Khlong Ong Ang

["1 References"]

Canal in Bangkok, Thailand Khlong Ong Ang in 2022 Khlong Ong Ang (Thai: คลองโอ่งอ่าง) is a canal (khlong) that forms part of the outer moat (Khlong Rop Krung) and marks the eastern edge of Rattanakosin Island in Bangkok. In 2020, the canal was restored by the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) to feature a walking street and night market. The restoration won a 2020 United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) Asian Townscape Award. The Klong Ong Ang Walking Street is located along both sides of the canal, from Saphan Han Bridge to Damrong Sathit Bridge. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Khlong Ong Ang. ^ Tangsathaporn, Poramet; Wancharoen, Supoj (28 March 2021). "Visitors flock to Klong Ong Ang". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 6 March 2024. ^ "Bangkok canal wins Asian landscape improvement award". The Nation. 13 March 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2024. ^ Karnjanatawe, Karnjana (26 November 2020). "Hipsters unite". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 6 March 2024. ^ "More Bangkok canals being spruced up to improve people's quality of life". The Nation. 19 March 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2024. ^ Mekloy, Pongpet (5 November 2020). "Bangkok's new walking street". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 6 March 2024. This article related to the city of Bangkok, Thailand is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benbrack

Benbrack

["1 Naming","2 Geography","3 Hill walking","4 Gallery","5 Bibliography","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

Coordinates: 53°32′17″N 9°51′46″W / 53.537986°N 9.862684°W / 53.537986; -9.862684Mountain in County Galway, Ireland Not to be confused with Beinn Bhreac. BenbrackBinn BhreacSouth face of Benbrack viewed from Muckanaght, with col of Maumnascalpa at rightHighest pointElevation582 m (1,909 ft)Prominence264 m (866 ft)ListingMarilyn, ArderinCoordinates53°32′17″N 9°51′46″W / 53.537986°N 9.862684°W / 53.537986; -9.862684NamingEnglish translationspeckled peakLanguage of nameIrishGeographyBenbrackLocation in Ireland LocationCounty Galway, IrelandParent rangeTwelve BensOSI/OSNI gridL7655855818Topo mapOSi Discovery 37GeologyType of rockPale quartzites, grits, graphitic top bedrock Benbrack (Irish: Binn Bhreac, meaning 'Speckled Peak') at 582 metres (1,909 ft), is the 251st–highest peak in Ireland on the Arderin scale; while it does not have the elevation to be a Vandeleur-Lynam, it has the prominence to rank as a Marilyn. Benbrack is situated on its own small massif to the north of the core Twelve Bens mountain range in the Connemara National Park in County Galway, Ireland. It is the 10th-tallest of the core Twelve Bens, and is linked by a deep col to Muckanaght, which is itself attached by a high ridge to the tallest mountain of the Twelve Bens range, Benbaun at 729 metres (2,392 ft). Naming The name is most likely derived from the lumps of quartzite stones and boulders that are strewn across the summit of Benbrack. Geography Benbrack sits on its own small massif, with Benbaun and the large massif of the core Twelve Bens lying to the south, connected via a deep col called Maumnascalpa to the Bens of Muckanaght 654 metres (2,146 ft) and Benfree 638 metres (2,093 ft); to the north is Kylemore Lough (and Kylemore Abbey), and across the Lough is the massif of Garraun, which is part of the wider Twelve Bens/Garraun Complex Special Area of Conservation. To the west of Benbrack, at the end of a long spur, is the subsidiary, and similarly named summit of Knockbrack at 442 metres (1,450 ft) (Irish: Cnoc Breac, meaning "speckled hill"). To the north of Benbrack, is the other subsidiary summit of Benbaun, at 447 metres (1,467 ft), which can confused with the larger 729-metre Benbaun to the south, and therefore its other Irish language place name Irish: Maolán (meaning "knoll"), can be used instead. Benbrack lies at the intersection of two major U-shaped valleys, with Glencorbet to the east, and Polladirk to the west (Polladirk can be viewed from a popular scenic viewpoint on the summit of Diamond Hill). To the northwest of Benbrack, is the small valley and river of Mweelin Irish: Mweelin, around which Knockbrack, Benbrack and Benbaun (477 m) form a small horseshoe, popular with walkers. Hill walking The most straightforward route to climb Benbrack is a 5-kilometre 2.5-hour round-trip via its subsidiary peak of Benbaun, starting and ending at the car-park in Kylemore Abbey (L747583); this route can be expanded into the 7-kilometre 3.5 hour Mweelin Horseshoe, by descending via Knockbrack. Benbrack is also climbed as part of the Glencorbet Horseshoe, a 14-kilometre 6–7 hour circuit of Kylemore River, usually done counter-clockwise, which takes in the peaks of Benbaun (477 metres), Benbrack, Muckanaght (optional), Benfree, Benbaun (729 metres), and ending at Knockpasheemore. Gallery Polladirk Valley with Benbrack and Knockbrack to the left, as viewed from Diamond Hill Summit of Knockbrack as viewed from the col with Benbrack View northwest to Killary Harbour, from the summit of Benbrack Bibliography Fairbairn, Helen (2014). Ireland's Best Walks: A Walking Guide. Collins Press. ISBN 978-1848892118. MountainViews Online Database (Simon Stewart) (2013). A Guide to Ireland's Mountain Summits: The Vandeleur-Lynams & the Arderins. Collins Books. ISBN 978-1-84889-164-7. Paul Phelan (2011). Connemara & Mayo - A Walking Guide: Mountain, Coastal & Island Walks. Collins Press. ISBN 978-1848891029. Dillion, Paddy (2001). Connemara: Collins Rambler's guide. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0002201216. Dillion, Paddy (1993). The Mountains of Ireland: A Guide to Walking the Summits. Cicerone. ISBN 978-1852841102. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Benbrack. Twelve Bens Mweelrea, major range in Killary Harbour Maumturks, major range in Connemara Lists of mountains in Ireland List of Marilyns in the British Isles References ^ a b c d "Benbrack". MountainViews Online Database. Retrieved 4 August 2019. ^ a b Paul Tempan (February 2012). "Irish Hill and Mountain Names" (PDF). MountainViews.ie. ^ Simon Stewart (October 2018). "Arderins: Irish mountains of 500+m with a prominence of 30m". MountainViews Online Database. ^ Simon Stewart (October 2018). "Vandeleur-Lynams: Irish mountains of 600+m with a prominence of 15m". MountainViews Online Database. ^ a b c d Mountainviews, (September 2013), "A Guide to Ireland's Mountain Summits: The Vandeleur-Lynams & the Arderins", Collins Books, Cork, ISBN 978-1-84889-164-7 ^ a b c d Dillion, Paddy (2001). Connemara: Collins Rambler's guide. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0002201216. Walk 26: Cnoc Breac, Binn Bhreac and Maolan ^ a b c Paul Phelan (2011). Connemara & Mayo - A Walking Guide: Mountain, Coastal & Island Walks. Collins Press. ISBN 978-1848891029. Route 11: Glencorbet Horseshoe ^ a b Paul Phelan (2011). Connemara & Mayo - A Walking Guide: Mountain, Coastal & Island Walks. Collins Press. ISBN 978-1848891029. Route 6: Mweelin ^ John G. O'Dwyer (3 August 2013). "Go Walk: Mweelin, Connemara, Co Galway". Irish Times. Retrieved 4 August 2019. ^ Helen Fairbairn (30 December 2014). Ireland's Best Walks: A Walking Guide (Walking Guides). Collins Press. ISBN 978-1848892118. ROUTE 33: The Glencorbet Horseshoe. A true classic ^ Tony Doherty (1 October 2011). "Glencorbet Horseshoe: Around the Bens in Connemara". Irish Times. Retrieved 4 August 2019. External links MountainViews: The Irish Mountain Website, Benbrack MountainViews: Irish Online Mountain Database The Database of British and Irish Hills , the largest database of British Isles mountains ("DoBIH") Hill Bagging UK & Ireland, the searchable interface for the DoBIH vteMountains and hills of Great Britain and IrelandBritish Isles P600s Marilyns Fell Mountains by height by prominence (Simms classification) Scotland Mountains and hills Munros Murdos Corbetts Grahams Donalds Outside Scotland Furths Hewitts Nuttalls England Wales England Birketts Ethels Wainwrights Ireland Mountains in Ireland Vandeleur-Lynams Arderins MountainViews County tops England and Wales (1964) England (ceremonial) Wales (local government areas) Scotland counties council areas Northern Ireland counties districts Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland county and provincial tops vteMountains and hills of ConnachtList of mountains in IrelandAchill Island Croaghaun Slievemore Dartry Mountains Benbulbin Tievebaun Truskmore Maumturks Binn Chaonaigh Binn idir an dá Log Binn Mhór Corcogemore Knocknahillion Lackavrea Leenaun Hill Letterbreckaun Mullach Glas Mweelrea Mountains Mweelrea Ben Lugmore Nephin Range Nephin Nephin Beg Birreencorragh Corranabinnia Slieve Carr Ox Mountains Knockalongy Knocknashee Partry Mountains Devilsmother Maumtrasna Sheeffry Range Barrclashcame Benna BeolaTwelve Bens Benbaun Benbrack Benbreen Bencollaghduff Bencorr Bencullagh Benfree Benglenisky Bengower Benlettery Derryclare Muckanaght Others Diamond Hill Tully Mountain Garraun group Benchoona Doughruagh Garraun Others Ben Gorm Bricklieve Mountains Croagh Patrick Curlew Mountains Errisbeg Knockmore Knocknarea Lissoughter Seltannasaggart Sliabh an Iarainn Slieve Bawn vteLists of long-distance trails in IrelandLong-DistanceWaymarked Ballyhoura Way Barrow Way Bealach na Gaeltachta Beara Way Blackwater Way Bluestack Way Burren Way Cavan Way Croagh Patrick Heritage Trail Dingle Way Dublin Mountains Way East Clare Way East Munster Way Grand Canal Way Hymany Way Leitrim Way Lough Derg Way Kerry Way Mid Clare Way Miners Way and Historical Trail Monaghan Way Multeen Way Nore Valley Way North Kerry Way Offaly Way Royal Canal Way Sheep's Head Way Slieve Bloom Way Slieve Felim Way Sligo Way South Leinster Way Suck Valley Way Táin Way Tipperary Heritage Way Western Way Westmeath Way Wicklow Way Non-Waymarked Bangor Trail Beara-Breifne Way (partial) Malin to Mizen Pilgrim path Cnoc na dTobar Cosán na Naomh Lough Derg Saint Kevin's Way Tochar Phádraig Cycle greenway Boyne Greenway Boyne Valley to Lakelands Greenway Cork Greenway (Harbour Greenway, Midleton–Youghal) Dublin–Galway Greenway Great Southern Trail Great Western Greenway Royal Canal Greenway Tralee–Fenit Greenway Waterford Greenway Kingdom of Kerry Greenways (North Kerry Greenway, South Kerry Greenway) (proposed) Boarded mountain Cuilcagh "Stairway to Heaven" (Cavan/Fermanagh) Diamond Hill (Connemara) Djouce (Wicklow) Glendalough "Spinc/White Trail" (Wicklow) Torc Mountain (Kerry) Fell running Denis Rankin Round Wicklow Round Lists of mountains in Ireland

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beinn Bhreac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinn_Bhreac_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peak-2"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Arderin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland#Arderins"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mva-3"},{"link_name":"Vandeleur-Lynam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland#Vandeleur-Lynams"},{"link_name":"prominence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographical_prominence"},{"link_name":"Marilyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_(hill)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mvvl-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collins-5"},{"link_name":"massif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massif"},{"link_name":"Twelve Bens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Bens"},{"link_name":"Connemara National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connemara_National_Park"},{"link_name":"County Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Galway"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Twelve Bens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Bens#List_of_peaks"},{"link_name":"Muckanaght","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muckanaght"},{"link_name":"Benbaun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benbaun"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collins-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dillon-6"}],"text":"Mountain in County Galway, IrelandNot to be confused with Beinn Bhreac.Benbrack (Irish: Binn Bhreac, meaning 'Speckled Peak')[2] at 582 metres (1,909 ft), is the 251st–highest peak in Ireland on the Arderin scale;[3] while it does not have the elevation to be a Vandeleur-Lynam, it has the prominence to rank as a Marilyn.[4][5] Benbrack is situated on its own small massif to the north of the core Twelve Bens mountain range in the Connemara National Park in County Galway, Ireland. It is the 10th-tallest of the core Twelve Bens, and is linked by a deep col to Muckanaght, which is itself attached by a high ridge to the tallest mountain of the Twelve Bens range, Benbaun at 729 metres (2,392 ft).[5][6]","title":"Benbrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quartzite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzite"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peak-2"}],"text":"The name is most likely derived from the lumps of quartzite stones and boulders that are strewn across the summit of Benbrack.[2]","title":"Naming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"massif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massif"},{"link_name":"Muckanaght","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muckanaght"},{"link_name":"Benfree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benfree"},{"link_name":"Kylemore Lough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylemore_Lough"},{"link_name":"Kylemore Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylemore_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Garraun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garraun_(Galway)"},{"link_name":"Twelve Bens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Bens"},{"link_name":"Special Area of Conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Area_of_Conservation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dillon-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phelan10-7"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collins-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phelan10-7"},{"link_name":"U-shaped valleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-shaped_valley"},{"link_name":"Diamond Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Hill_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dillon-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collins-5"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phelan6-8"}],"text":"Benbrack sits on its own small massif, with Benbaun and the large massif of the core Twelve Bens lying to the south, connected via a deep col called Maumnascalpa to the Bens of Muckanaght 654 metres (2,146 ft) and Benfree 638 metres (2,093 ft); to the north is Kylemore Lough (and Kylemore Abbey), and across the Lough is the massif of Garraun, which is part of the wider Twelve Bens/Garraun Complex Special Area of Conservation.[6][7]To the west of Benbrack, at the end of a long spur, is the subsidiary, and similarly named summit of Knockbrack at 442 metres (1,450 ft) (Irish: Cnoc Breac, meaning \"speckled hill\"). To the north of Benbrack, is the other subsidiary summit of Benbaun, at 447 metres (1,467 ft), which can confused with the larger 729-metre Benbaun to the south, and therefore its other Irish language place name Irish: Maolán (meaning \"knoll\"), can be used instead.[5][7]Benbrack lies at the intersection of two major U-shaped valleys, with Glencorbet to the east, and Polladirk to the west (Polladirk can be viewed from a popular scenic viewpoint on the summit of Diamond Hill).[6][5] To the northwest of Benbrack, is the small valley and river of Mweelin Irish: Mweelin, around which Knockbrack, Benbrack and Benbaun (477 m) form a small horseshoe, popular with walkers.[8]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kylemore Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylemore_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dillon-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phelan6-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Muckanaght","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muckanaght"},{"link_name":"Benfree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benfree"},{"link_name":"Knockpasheemore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockpasheemore"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helen34-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phelan10-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The most straightforward route to climb Benbrack is a 5-kilometre 2.5-hour round-trip via its subsidiary peak of Benbaun, starting and ending at the car-park in Kylemore Abbey (L747583); this route can be expanded into the 7-kilometre 3.5 hour Mweelin Horseshoe, by descending via Knockbrack.[6][8][9]Benbrack is also climbed as part of the Glencorbet Horseshoe, a 14-kilometre 6–7 hour circuit of Kylemore River, usually done counter-clockwise, which takes in the peaks of Benbaun (477 metres), Benbrack, Muckanaght (optional), Benfree, Benbaun (729 metres), and ending at Knockpasheemore.[10][7][11]","title":"Hill walking"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polladirk_Valley,_Twelve_Bens,_Ireland.jpg"},{"link_name":"Diamond Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Hill_(Ireland)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Col_between_Benbrack_and_Knockbrack_-_geograph.org.uk_-_200986.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_north_west_from_summit_of_Benbrack_-_geograph.org.uk_-_200889.jpg"},{"link_name":"Killary Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killary_Harbour"}],"text":"Polladirk Valley with Benbrack and Knockbrack to the left, as viewed from Diamond Hill\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSummit of Knockbrack as viewed from the col with Benbrack\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView northwest to Killary Harbour, from the summit of Benbrack","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1848892118","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848892118"},{"link_name":"MountainViews Online Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MountainViews_Online_Database"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84889-164-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84889-164-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1848891029","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848891029"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0002201216","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0002201216"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1852841102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1852841102"}],"text":"Fairbairn, Helen (2014). Ireland's Best Walks: A Walking Guide. Collins Press. ISBN 978-1848892118.\nMountainViews Online Database (Simon Stewart) (2013). A Guide to Ireland's Mountain Summits: The Vandeleur-Lynams & the Arderins. Collins Books. ISBN 978-1-84889-164-7.\nPaul Phelan (2011). Connemara & Mayo - A Walking Guide: Mountain, Coastal & Island Walks. Collins Press. ISBN 978-1848891029.\nDillion, Paddy (2001). Connemara: Collins Rambler's guide. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0002201216.\nDillion, Paddy (1993). The Mountains of Ireland: A Guide to Walking the Summits. Cicerone. ISBN 978-1852841102.","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

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Retrieved 4 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://mountainviews.ie/summit/308/","url_text":"\"Benbrack\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MountainViews_Online_Database","url_text":"MountainViews Online Database"}]},{"reference":"Paul Tempan (February 2012). \"Irish Hill and Mountain Names\" (PDF). MountainViews.ie.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mountaineering.ie/_files/Paul%20Tempan%20Irish%20Mountain%20Placenames%20-%20Feb%202012.pdf","url_text":"\"Irish Hill and Mountain Names\""}]},{"reference":"Simon Stewart (October 2018). \"Arderins: Irish mountains of 500+m with a prominence of 30m\". MountainViews Online Database.","urls":[{"url":"https://mountainviews.ie/lists/arderin/","url_text":"\"Arderins: Irish mountains of 500+m with a prominence of 30m\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MountainViews_Online_Database","url_text":"MountainViews Online Database"}]},{"reference":"Simon Stewart (October 2018). \"Vandeleur-Lynams: Irish mountains of 600+m with a prominence of 15m\". MountainViews Online Database.","urls":[{"url":"https://mountainviews.ie/lists/vandeleur-lynam/?PHPSESSID=6lpes93lcdlq890dprmqqu4dn6","url_text":"\"Vandeleur-Lynams: Irish mountains of 600+m with a prominence of 15m\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MountainViews_Online_Database","url_text":"MountainViews Online Database"}]},{"reference":"Dillion, Paddy (2001). Connemara: Collins Rambler's guide. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0002201216. Walk 26: Cnoc Breac, Binn Bhreac and Maolan","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0002201216","url_text":"978-0002201216"}]},{"reference":"Paul Phelan (2011). Connemara & Mayo - A Walking Guide: Mountain, Coastal & Island Walks. Collins Press. ISBN 978-1848891029. Route 11: Glencorbet Horseshoe","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848891029","url_text":"978-1848891029"}]},{"reference":"Paul Phelan (2011). Connemara & Mayo - A Walking Guide: Mountain, Coastal & Island Walks. Collins Press. ISBN 978-1848891029. Route 6: Mweelin","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848891029","url_text":"978-1848891029"}]},{"reference":"John G. O'Dwyer (3 August 2013). \"Go Walk: Mweelin, Connemara, Co Galway\". Irish Times. Retrieved 4 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/travel/go-walk-mweelin-connemara-co-galway-1.1481806","url_text":"\"Go Walk: Mweelin, Connemara, Co Galway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Times","url_text":"Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"Helen Fairbairn (30 December 2014). Ireland's Best Walks: A Walking Guide (Walking Guides). Collins Press. ISBN 978-1848892118. ROUTE 33: The Glencorbet Horseshoe. A true classic","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Irelands-Best-Walks-Walking-Guides/dp/184889211X","url_text":"Ireland's Best Walks: A Walking Guide (Walking Guides)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848892118","url_text":"978-1848892118"}]},{"reference":"Tony Doherty (1 October 2011). \"Glencorbet Horseshoe: Around the Bens in Connemara\". Irish Times. Retrieved 4 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/travel/around-the-bens-in-connemara-1.612349","url_text":"\"Glencorbet Horseshoe: Around the Bens in Connemara\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Times","url_text":"Irish Times"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connor_(Assassin%27s_Creed)

Ratonhnhaké:ton

["1 Creation and development","1.1 Portrayal","2 Appearances","2.1 Assassin's Creed III","2.2 Other appearances","3 Reception","4 Notes","5 References"]

Assassin's Creed character This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (July 2023) Fictional character Ratonhnhaké꞉tonAssassin's Creed characterRatonhnhaké:ton in Assassin's Creed IIIFirst gameAssassin's Creed III (2012)Created byUbisoft MontrealPortrayed byNoah WattsJamie Mayers (young)In-universe informationAliasConnorOriginKanatahséton, Mohawk Valley, British AmericaNationalityIroquois-British Ratonhnhaké:ton (IPA: ), commonly known by his adopted name Connor, is a fictional character in the video game series Assassin's Creed. A half-British, half-Mohawk Master Assassin who serves as a central character in the games set around the American Revolution, he first appears as the main protagonist of Assassin's Creed III (2012), in which he is portrayed by Native American actor Noah Watts through performance capture, and voiced by Jamie Mayers as a young child. He also makes a minor appearance in the tie-in game Assassin's Creed III: Liberation. The character has made further appearances in various spin-off media of the franchise. Within the series' alternate historical setting, Ratonhnhaké:ton was born in 1756 as the illegitimate son of Haytham Kenway, a British nobleman and the leader of the North American colonial rite of the Templar Order, following his short-lived relationship with Kaniehtí:io, a Kanien’kehá:ka woman from the village of Kanatahséton. After witnessing his mother's death in an attack on their tribe in his youth, Ratonhnhaké:ton vows revenge on the Templars, whom he holds responsible, and eventually joins their rival organization, the Assassin Brotherhood (inspired by the real-life Order of Assassins), which was nearly exterminated by the Templars years prior. The Colonial Brotherhood's sole surviving member, Achilles Davenport, reluctantly trains Ratonhnhaké:ton and gives him the name "Connor"—the name of Achilles’ deceased son—to help him blend in with colonial society. Spending years to fight the Templars and rebuild the Colonial Brotherhood, Connor becomes a central figure in the American Revolution as he helps the Patriot cause with the goal of protecting his people's lands from incursions and preventing the Templars from taking control of the young United States. The character has received a mixed critical reception, drawing unfavorable comparisons to his father Haytham and previous series protagonists. While many reviewers found Connor to be a bland and unlikeable character due to his hotheaded nature and perceived lack of growth throughout Assassin's Creed III's narrative, more positive commentary focused on his nuanced characterization and on his distinct status as an Indigenous protagonist in the video game industry. Creation and development Life-sized statue of Connor at the Musée de la civilisation in Quebec City, Canada. Connor was conceptualized as an individual with mixed Mohawk heritage to fill the role of an outsider for Assassin's Creed III's American Revolution setting. In developing Connor and the other Mohawk characters of the game, the team worked with the Kahnawà:ke Mohawk community near Montreal, contacting some of the residents to help translate Mohawk dialogue, and hired a Mohawk cultural consultant from the Kanien’kehá:ka Onkwawén:na Raotitióhkwa Language and Cultural Center, who ensured the characters were authentic and the team avoided stereotypes. In spite of the extensive research they conducted into Mohawk culture and language, the team did not want Connor to be defined solely by his heritage. Alex Hutchison, the creative director of Assassin’s Creed III, said in a 2012 interview “I think that’s what attracted a lot of the groups to work with us. We had this idea that we’re just going to have a character, he’s a real character, he’s part of a 30-hour story, and you follow his whole life–and he’s also Native American It’s not a cardboard cutout.” Ubisoft worked with two key members of the Kanien’kehá:ka: Akwiratékha Martin, the Kanien'kéha language teacher, and Teiowí:sonte Thomas Deer, the Mohawk cultural liaison, when developing Connor's character. Portrayal Connor is voiced by Noah Watts, who also physically portrayed the character in a motion capture studio. Watts originally got a call from his agent about an unnamed film set during the American Revolution and, eager to star in a period-piece film, went to the audition, unaware it was actually for Assassin's Creed III. He began his work with Ubisoft for the title in January 2012. Despite his Native American heritage, Watts is not a fluent speaker of the Mohawk language as he is a member of the Blackfeet Nation, and required a language consultant to help him get Connor's lines in Mohawk correct. Watts, a fan of the Assassin's Creed series, enjoyed his time voice acting and performance capturing for the game, and appreciated the opportunity to portray a Native character in such a public platform. Watts explained that he based his portrayal of Connor on Cherokee actor Wes Studi's work in the 1992 film The Last of the Mohicans, particularly his matter-of-fact delivery style. He also chose to emphasize that English is the character's second language by purposefully not using contractions early on in the story and by implementing them towards the end of the game to signify how Connor's vocabulary has improved and developed over time. Appearances This section may be too long and excessively detailed. Please consider summarizing the material. Assassin's Creed III Connor is an ancestor (on the paternal side) of Desmond Miles, the protagonist of most of the early series' modern-day sequences, who experiences Connor's life through the Animus, a device unlocking hidden memories inside his DNA. As shown in Assassin's Creed III, Connor was born as Ratonhnhaké:ton in 1756 to Kaniehtí:io, a Kanien’kehá:ka woman from the village of Kanatahséton, following her brief relationship with Haytham Kenway, the Grand Master of the Colonial Rite of the Templar Order. In 1760, Ratonhnhaké:ton witnesses his mother die in an attack on their village, which he assumes was perpetrated by the Templar Charles Lee, whom he encountered shortly before. Years later, a teenage Ratonhnhaké:ton is given a Crystal Ball by the village elder, which allows Juno, a member of the First Civilization, to communicate with him. Juno claims that Ratonhnhaké:ton must join the Assassins to save his village from destruction, and directs him to the homestead of Achilles Davenport, the retired Mentor of the Colonial Brotherhood. Achilles, disillusioned with the Assassin cause following his Brotherhood's collapse, reluctantly trains Ratonhnhaké:ton and gives him the name Connor (after his late son, Connor Davenport) to help him blend in with colonial society. Learning that the Templars are trying to influence the American Revolution to further their own goals, Connor embarks on a mission to eliminate them. In the process, he becomes heavily involved in the American Revolutionary War, aiding the Patriots in the hopes that they will in turn protect his people's lands. During this time, he also slowly rebuilds the Colonial Brotherhood by recruiting several new Assassin initiates; turns Achilles' homestead into a small community by persuading a number of settlers affected by the war to move there; and renovates a decommissioned Assassin brig, the Aquila, becoming its captain. Eventually, Connor runs into his father Haytham while they are both hunting a rogue Templar, Benjamin Church, and the two form an uneasy alliance. As he spends time with his father, Connor comes to understand that the Assassins' and the Templars' goals are not so different and considers the possibility of uniting the two orders. However, Connor's trust in Haytham is shattered when the latter reveals that George Washington was responsible for Kaniehtí:io's death in a thinly veiled attempt to turn him against Washington. Angrily cutting ties with both Haytham and Washington, Connor returns to his village, only to learn that his people have been manipulated by Charles Lee into siding with the Loyalists. While planning to assassinate Lee, Connor is confronted by Haytham and is ultimately forced to kill his father after a lengthy battle. During this time, Achilles passes away, leaving Connor to succeed him as leader of the Colonial Assassins. In 1782, Connor kills Lee and retrieves an amulet from him, which he later buries per Juno's instructions. Upon finding his village abandoned, Connor learns that the land has been sold by the newly-formed United States government to cover its war debts, and realizes that he failed to protect his people. Connor concludes his journey by agreeing with Haytham that the world can be selfish and cruel; however, he refuses to give up in his fight for a better future, believing that things can improve, even if not during his own lifetime. In The Tyranny of King Washington expansion, set after the events of the base game, George Washington visits Connor to discuss an Apple of Eden he has seized, which has been giving him nightmares of an alternate timeline where he rules the United States as a tyrant king. Connor is transported into this reality after touching the Apple, discovering that in this timeline his mother was not killed in his youth and, as a result, he never became an Assassin. Connor subsequently joins a rebellion against King Washington's regime and, despite losing most of his allies along the way, he is ultimately able to defeat Washington and take possession of his Apple, which transports him back to his original timeline. There, a terrified Washington asks Connor to dispose of the Apple, which he proceeds to do, tossing it into the ocean. Other appearances Connor makes a minor appearance in the spin-off game Assassin's Creed III: Liberation, set during the events of Assassin's Creed III. By linking the two games, players can unlock an exclusive mission in Liberation featuring him; this mission is included in the subsequent re-releases of Liberation. The mission, set in 1777, sees Connor helping Aveline de Grandpré, a fellow Assassin from the Louisiana Brotherhood, eliminate a Templar and Loyalist officer who has taken refuge in a fort in the New York Frontier. In the Aveline expansion pack for the 2013 title Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag, it is revealed that Connor kept in contact with Aveline, who helped him in his mission to rebuild the Colonial Brotherhood after the Revolutionary War. In 1784, Connor asks for Aveline's help in finding and recruiting a former slave, Patience Gibbs, to the Assassins, because she fought him off when he approached her. In the modern-day section of Black Flag, a market analysis for Abstergo Entertainment, the fictional video games subsidiary of Abstergo Industries, can be found via hacking computers. The market analysis reveals that Abstergo was looking into the possibility of using Connor as the protagonist of a future project, but ultimately decided against it due to finding him too stoic outside of the occasional moments of anger, and thinking that most audiences would not be interested in learning about Mohawk culture. Despite this, in Assassin's Creed Unity, Abstergo has produced a fictional video game starring Connor, titled Washington and the Wolf, which can be seen at the start. As with other of the series' protagonists, Connor's outfit has been featured as an unlockable cosmetic options in several subsequent releases. In 2022, he was added as a playable character to the free to play role-playing mobile game Assassin's Creed Rebellion. Connor is also featured as one of the three playable characters of the 2023 virtual reality game Assassin's Creed Nexus VR. His story arc is set in 1776, during the events of Asasssin's Creed III, and follows Connor as he is contacted by Achilles Davenport to rescue an imprisoned Son of Liberty in Boston. In literature, Connor has appeared as the narrator of the novel Assassin's Creed: Forsaken (2012), where he recovers and reads through his father's journal sometime after the latter's death. Upon learning of Haytham's tragic life and the fact that he genuinely cared for his son and did his best to protect him, he realizes he misjudged his father and regrets not being able to reconcile with him. In 2017, Connor was featured in the fourth and final issue of the Assassin's Creed: Reflections comic book miniseries, in which it is revealed that, at some point following the events of Assassin's Creed III, he married a woman from a nearby tribe and had three children, including a daughter named Io:nhiòte, who inherited his rare ability of 'Eagle Vision'. Reception Connor received a mixed critical reception, being often contrasted with his well-received father, Haytham, who is playable in the early chapters of Assassin's Creed III, as well as the previous protagonists in the series, Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad and Ezio Auditore da Firenze, the latter of whom in particular was critically acclaimed. In a contemporary review of Assassin's Creed III for PSM3, Joel Gregory was disappointed by Connor's character arc, saying that although his skills develop over the course of the main storyline, his personality does not. He also called Connor "relentlessly strait-laced and humourless", and "duller than Altair and a world away from Ezio." Connor has placed low on numerous Assassin's Creed character rankings. In a 2021 list by PC Gamer, he came out last, with the reviewer calling Connor a boring protagonist who "sulks, pouts, and complains his way through what is also the worst Assassin's Creed game." On the same list, Haytham placed fourth due to being a more complex and fun character to play as than Connor. German outlet GamePro ranked Connor as the franchise's 13th-greatest protagonist, criticizing his lack of development and blind devotion to the Assassin Order, but acknowledging that he is a more nuanced character than most people give him credit for, and that he might rank higher if he was given a sequel to flesh out his character. In a list by CBR ranking the Assassin's Creed protagonists by likability, Connor finished second to last due to his hotheaded and violent nature. However, not all reception of the character was negative. In his review of Assassin's Creed III, PC Gamer's Chris Thursten said that Connor's characterisation is strong, and that he "will get some flak simply for not being Ezio, but he comes into his own in the second half of the game." In a 2020 ranking of the franchise's Assassins by TheGamer, Connor finished fifth for holding onto his convictions and desire for justice even when they put him into conflict with his allies. Being a Native American protagonist, Ratonhnhaké:ton has elicited many different reactions from the community. With help from Indigenous consultants, the developers tried to make the character as historically accurate as possible. The developers were admired for doing a respectful job exploring Ratonhnhaké:ton’s Mohawk culture, beliefs, language, and his attitude. Alex Hutchinson, Assassin’s Creed 3 creative director, wanted to steer clear of the stereotypical and cliché depiction of non-white characters, so they focused on giving Ratonhnhaké:ton a deeper narrative than solely being Native. Native Americans were happy with Ratonhnhaké:ton’s depiction, mostly being happy that there was a Native American main character in a Triple-A game. Although bashed for fitting the “noble savage” stereotype, Ratonhnhaké:ton’s depiction is still praised because Native Americans noted that the game does a good job of highlighting that Ratonhnhaké:ton’s Native heritage is the only good thing he has left in the game, and because of what he experiences, Ratonhnhaké:ton has the right to be angry and brutal. Though there are many stereotypes embedded in the character of Ratonhnhaké:ton, Ubisoft is praised for not whitewashing Ratonhnhaké:ton’s story even though the game’s events surround the colonialism area of the era depicted. Although Ratonhnhaké:ton plays the role of the archetypal white Western hero, there is a stark contrast with his portrayal in the game with positioning him as the protagonist, being able to bring Native Americans and their stories to the foreground of the story while avoiding the stereotypical Hollywood illustration of a Native American character. Connor was nominated for "Character of the Year" at the 2012 Spike Video Game Awards, and Best Character Design at the 4th Inside Gaming Awards in 2012. In a 2022 retrospective on Indigenous representation in video games, Comic Book Resources highlighted Assassin's Creed III and the character of Connor as a "valiant effort," and praised Ubisoft's decision to work with Mohawk consultants in order to portray and explore Native American culture, beliefs and language respectfully. Notes ^ Despite several media outlets and subsequent games in the series referring to Connor as Connor Kenway due to his consanguinity with Haytham Kenway, the character never identifies himself as such in Assassin's Creed III. References ^ Newman, Jared (September 5, 2012). "Assassin's Creed III's Connor: How Ubisoft Avoided Stereotypes and Made a Real Character". Time. Archived from the original on February 26, 2022. Retrieved February 26, 2022. ^ Venables, Michael (November 25, 2012). "The Awesome Mohawk Teacher and Consultant Behind Ratonhnhaké:ton". Forbes. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023. ^ Olp, Susan (November 29, 2012). "Crow actor stars in Assassin's Creed III video game". Billings Gazette. Archived from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2022. ^ "The Assassin's Den - ft. Noah Watts". YouTube. November 29, 2012. Archived from the original on February 4, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2023. ^ Ubisoft Montreal (October 30, 2012). Assassin's Creed III (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. Scene: Chapter 3. ^ Ubisoft Montreal (October 30, 2012). Assassin's Creed III (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. Scene: Chapter 4. ^ Ubisoft Montreal (October 30, 2012). Assassin's Creed III (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. Scene: Chapter 5. ^ Ubisoft Montreal (October 30, 2012). Assassin's Creed III (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. Scene: Chapters 6–8. ^ Ubisoft Montreal (October 30, 2012). Assassin's Creed III (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. Scene: Liberation Missions. ^ a b Ubisoft Montreal (October 30, 2012). Assassin's Creed III (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. Scene: Homestead Missions. ^ Ubisoft Montreal (October 30, 2012). Assassin's Creed III (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. Scene: Naval Missions. ^ Ubisoft Montreal (October 30, 2012). Assassin's Creed III (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. Scene: Chapter 9. ^ Ubisoft Montreal (October 30, 2012). Assassin's Creed III (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. Scene: Chapter 10. ^ Ubisoft Montreal (October 30, 2012). Assassin's Creed III (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. Scene: Chapter 11. ^ Ubisoft Montreal (October 30, 2012). Assassin's Creed III (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. Scene: Chapter 12. ^ Ubisoft Montreal (October 30, 2012). Assassin's Creed III (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. Scene: Epilogue. ^ Bowden, Oliver (2012). Assassin's Creed: Forsaken. Penguin Books. pp. Chapter 49. ISBN 9783833226106. ^ Ubisoft Montreal (April 23, 2013). Assassin's Creed III: The Tyranny of King Washington (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. ^ Ubisoft Sofia (October 30, 2012). Assassin's Creed III: Liberation (PS Vita, PS3, Xbox 360, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. Scene: Chapter 8. ^ a b Ubisoft Montreal (October 29, 2013). Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. ^ Ubisoft Montreal (November 11, 2014). Assassin's Creed Unity (Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Stadia). Ubisoft. Scene: Prologue. ^ "First Look: Assassin's Creed Nexus VR Coming to Meta Quest 3 + 2 This Holiday". Meta Quest Blog. 12 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023. ^ Gregory, Joel (October 30, 2012). "Assassin's Creed 3 PS3 review – struggling to break the shackles of the old world". PlayStation Official Magazine (UK). Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved November 20, 2012. ^ Kelly, Andy (January 28, 2021). "The assassins of Assassin's Creed, ranked from worst to best". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on April 9, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2021. ^ Wobker, Nele (December 30, 2020). "Assassin's Creed: Alle Charaktere im Ranking – Welcher ist der beste?". GamePro (in German). Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2021. ^ Boucher, Nicholas (June 6, 2021). "Assassin's Creed: All The Main Protagonists, Ranked By Likability". CBR. Archived from the original on February 26, 2022. Retrieved February 26, 2022. ^ "Assassin's Creed III Review". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on December 4, 2012. Retrieved December 4, 2012. ^ Alexander, Daniel (November 27, 2020). "Assassin's Creed: All The Assassins, Ranked From Worst To Best". TheGamer. Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2022. ^ Bell, Sean (2022-07-15). "It's Time for Triple-A Developers to Explore Indigenous Characters". CBR. Retrieved 2024-04-30. ^ Newman, Jared (2012-09-05). "Assassin's Creed III's Connor: How Ubisoft Avoided Stereotypes and Made a Real Character". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2024-04-30. ^ "Assassin's Creed III from a native - Assassin's Creed III". Giant Bomb. 2014-02-21. Retrieved 2024-04-30. ^ Ess, John R. (6 December 2019). "A Revolutionary Western: Assassin's Creed III and Visual Depictions of American Indians". California State University San Marcos – via ScholarWorks. ^ Taormina, Anthony (December 7, 2012). "2012 Spike Video Game Awards Winners List". Game Rant. Archived from the original on March 17, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2013. ^ Sonntag, Lawrence (December 10, 2012). "Winners of the 4th Annual Inside Gaming Awards Announced". Machinima.com. Archived from the original on February 10, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2022. ^ Sonntag, Lawrence (November 20, 2012). "Inside Gaming Awards 2012 Nominees Announced". Machinima.com. Archived from the original on November 23, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2022. ^ Bell, Sean (July 15, 2022). "It's Time for Triple-A Developers to Explore Indigenous Characters". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023. vteAssassin's CreedUbisoftVideo gamesMain series Assassin's Creed II Brotherhood Revelations III The Tyranny of King Washington IV: Black Flag Freedom Cry Rogue Unity Syndicate Jack the Ripper Origins Odyssey Legacy of the First Blade Valhalla Mirage Shadows Other games Altaïr's Chronicles Bloodlines II: Discovery III: Liberation Identity Chronicles Nexus VR Other mediaPrint Novels The Fall The Chain Brahman Assassin's Creed Blade of Shao Jun Film Lineage Embers Assassin's Creed Music Assassin's Creed (soundtrack) "Mirage" Characters Desmond Miles Ezio Auditore da Firenze Ratonhnhaké꞉ton / Connor Haytham Kenway Aveline de Grandpré Edward Kenway Arno Dorian Frye twins Bayek of Siwa Alexios and Kassandra Related Alamut Prince of Persia Watch Dogs Soulcalibur V Brawlhalla Captain Laserhawk: A Blood Dragon Remix Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[radũnhaɡɛ̌ːdõ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"Mohawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_people"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_III"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Noah Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Watts"},{"link_name":"performance capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_capture"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed III: Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_III:_Liberation"},{"link_name":"alternate historical setting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_history"},{"link_name":"illegitimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate"},{"link_name":"Haytham Kenway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haytham_Kenway"},{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies"},{"link_name":"rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonic_bodies"},{"link_name":"Templar Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar"},{"link_name":"Kaniehtí:io","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assassin%27s_Creed_characters#Kanieht%C3%AD%EA%9E%89io"},{"link_name":"Kanien’kehá:ka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanien%E2%80%99keh%C3%A1:ka"},{"link_name":"Order of Assassins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Assassins"},{"link_name":"Achilles Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assassin%27s_Creed_characters#Achilles_Davenport"},{"link_name":"Patriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"Fictional characterRatonhnhaké:ton (IPA: [radũnhaɡɛ̌ːdõ]), commonly known by his adopted name Connor,[a] is a fictional character in the video game series Assassin's Creed. A half-British, half-Mohawk Master Assassin who serves as a central character in the games set around the American Revolution, he first appears as the main protagonist of Assassin's Creed III (2012), in which he is portrayed by Native American actor Noah Watts through performance capture, and voiced by Jamie Mayers as a young child. He also makes a minor appearance in the tie-in game Assassin's Creed III: Liberation. The character has made further appearances in various spin-off media of the franchise.Within the series' alternate historical setting, Ratonhnhaké:ton was born in 1756 as the illegitimate son of Haytham Kenway, a British nobleman and the leader of the North American colonial rite of the Templar Order, following his short-lived relationship with Kaniehtí:io, a Kanien’kehá:ka woman from the village of Kanatahséton. After witnessing his mother's death in an attack on their tribe in his youth, Ratonhnhaké:ton vows revenge on the Templars, whom he holds responsible, and eventually joins their rival organization, the Assassin Brotherhood (inspired by the real-life Order of Assassins), which was nearly exterminated by the Templars years prior. The Colonial Brotherhood's sole surviving member, Achilles Davenport, reluctantly trains Ratonhnhaké:ton and gives him the name \"Connor\"—the name of Achilles’ deceased son—to help him blend in with colonial society. Spending years to fight the Templars and rebuild the Colonial Brotherhood, Connor becomes a central figure in the American Revolution as he helps the Patriot cause with the goal of protecting his people's lands from incursions and preventing the Templars from taking control of the young United States.The character has received a mixed critical reception, drawing unfavorable comparisons to his father Haytham and previous series protagonists. While many reviewers found Connor to be a bland and unlikeable character due to his hotheaded nature and perceived lack of growth throughout Assassin's Creed III's narrative, more positive commentary focused on his nuanced characterization and on his distinct status as an Indigenous protagonist in the video game industry.","title":"Ratonhnhaké:ton"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ConnorQC.JPG"},{"link_name":"Musée de la civilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_civilisation"},{"link_name":"Quebec City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Kanien’kehá:ka Onkwawén:na Raotitióhkwa Language and Cultural Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.korkahnawake.org/"},{"link_name":"language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_language"},{"link_name":"Alex Hutchison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Hutchinson_(video_game_director)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hutchinson-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Life-sized statue of Connor at the Musée de la civilisation in Quebec City, Canada.Connor was conceptualized as an individual with mixed Mohawk heritage to fill the role of an outsider for Assassin's Creed III's American Revolution setting. In developing Connor and the other Mohawk characters of the game, the team worked with the Kahnawà:ke Mohawk community near Montreal, contacting some of the residents to help translate Mohawk dialogue, and hired a Mohawk cultural consultant from the Kanien’kehá:ka Onkwawén:na Raotitióhkwa Language and Cultural Center, who ensured the characters were authentic and the team avoided stereotypes. In spite of the extensive research they conducted into Mohawk culture and language, the team did not want Connor to be defined solely by his heritage. Alex Hutchison, the creative director of Assassin’s Creed III, said in a 2012 interview “I think that’s what attracted a lot of the groups to work with us. We had this idea that we’re just going to have a character, he’s a real character, he’s part of a 30-hour story, and you follow his whole life–and he’s also Native American [...] It’s not a cardboard cutout.”[1] Ubisoft worked with two key members of the Kanien’kehá:ka: Akwiratékha Martin, the Kanien'kéha language teacher, and Teiowí:sonte Thomas Deer, the Mohawk cultural liaison, when developing Connor's character.[2]","title":"Creation and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Noah Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Watts"},{"link_name":"Blackfeet Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfeet_Nation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billings_Gazette-4"},{"link_name":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee"},{"link_name":"Wes Studi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Studi"},{"link_name":"The Last of the Mohicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Mohicans_(1992_film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Portrayal","text":"Connor is voiced by Noah Watts, who also physically portrayed the character in a motion capture studio. Watts originally got a call from his agent about an unnamed film set during the American Revolution and, eager to star in a period-piece film, went to the audition, unaware it was actually for Assassin's Creed III. He began his work with Ubisoft for the title in January 2012. Despite his Native American heritage, Watts is not a fluent speaker of the Mohawk language as he is a member of the Blackfeet Nation, and required a language consultant to help him get Connor's lines in Mohawk correct. Watts, a fan of the Assassin's Creed series, enjoyed his time voice acting and performance capturing for the game, and appreciated the opportunity to portray a Native character in such a public platform.[3]Watts explained that he based his portrayal of Connor on Cherokee actor Wes Studi's work in the 1992 film The Last of the Mohicans, particularly his matter-of-fact delivery style. He also chose to emphasize that English is the character's second language by purposefully not using contractions early on in the story and by implementing them towards the end of the game to signify how Connor's vocabulary has improved and developed over time.[4]","title":"Creation and development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Desmond Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Miles"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_III"},{"link_name":"Kaniehtí:io","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assassin%27s_Creed_characters#Kanieht%C3%AD%EA%9E%89io"},{"link_name":"Kanien’kehá:ka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanien%E2%80%99keh%C3%A1:ka"},{"link_name":"Haytham Kenway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haytham_Kenway"},{"link_name":"Templar Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templar_Order"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Charles Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Juno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_(Assassin%27s_Creed)"},{"link_name":"Achilles Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assassin%27s_Creed_characters#Achilles_Davenport"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"brig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brig"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Church_(physician)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Loyalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"The Tyranny of King Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_III:_The_Tyranny_of_King_Washington"},{"link_name":"expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_pack"},{"link_name":"alternate timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Assassin's Creed III","text":"Connor is an ancestor (on the paternal side) of Desmond Miles, the protagonist of most of the early series' modern-day sequences, who experiences Connor's life through the Animus, a device unlocking hidden memories inside his DNA. As shown in Assassin's Creed III, Connor was born as Ratonhnhaké:ton in 1756 to Kaniehtí:io, a Kanien’kehá:ka woman from the village of Kanatahséton, following her brief relationship with Haytham Kenway, the Grand Master of the Colonial Rite of the Templar Order.[5] In 1760, Ratonhnhaké:ton witnesses his mother die in an attack on their village, which he assumes was perpetrated by the Templar Charles Lee, whom he encountered shortly before.[6] Years later, a teenage Ratonhnhaké:ton is given a Crystal Ball by the village elder, which allows Juno, a member of the First Civilization, to communicate with him. Juno claims that Ratonhnhaké:ton must join the Assassins to save his village from destruction, and directs him to the homestead of Achilles Davenport, the retired Mentor of the Colonial Brotherhood. Achilles, disillusioned with the Assassin cause following his Brotherhood's collapse, reluctantly trains Ratonhnhaké:ton and gives him the name Connor (after his late son, Connor Davenport) to help him blend in with colonial society.[7]Learning that the Templars are trying to influence the American Revolution to further their own goals, Connor embarks on a mission to eliminate them. In the process, he becomes heavily involved in the American Revolutionary War, aiding the Patriots in the hopes that they will in turn protect his people's lands.[8] During this time, he also slowly rebuilds the Colonial Brotherhood by recruiting several new Assassin initiates;[9] turns Achilles' homestead into a small community by persuading a number of settlers affected by the war to move there;[10] and renovates a decommissioned Assassin brig, the Aquila, becoming its captain.[11]Eventually, Connor runs into his father Haytham while they are both hunting a rogue Templar, Benjamin Church, and the two form an uneasy alliance. As he spends time with his father, Connor comes to understand that the Assassins' and the Templars' goals are not so different and considers the possibility of uniting the two orders.[12] However, Connor's trust in Haytham is shattered when the latter reveals that George Washington was responsible for Kaniehtí:io's death in a thinly veiled attempt to turn him against Washington. Angrily cutting ties with both Haytham and Washington, Connor returns to his village, only to learn that his people have been manipulated by Charles Lee into siding with the Loyalists.[13]While planning to assassinate Lee, Connor is confronted by Haytham and is ultimately forced to kill his father after a lengthy battle.[14] During this time, Achilles passes away, leaving Connor to succeed him as leader of the Colonial Assassins.[10] In 1782, Connor kills Lee and retrieves an amulet from him, which he later buries per Juno's instructions.[15] Upon finding his village abandoned, Connor learns that the land has been sold by the newly-formed United States government to cover its war debts, and realizes that he failed to protect his people.[16] Connor concludes his journey by agreeing with Haytham that the world can be selfish and cruel; however, he refuses to give up in his fight for a better future, believing that things can improve, even if not during his own lifetime.[17]In The Tyranny of King Washington expansion, set after the events of the base game, George Washington visits Connor to discuss an Apple of Eden he has seized, which has been giving him nightmares of an alternate timeline where he rules the United States as a tyrant king. Connor is transported into this reality after touching the Apple, discovering that in this timeline his mother was not killed in his youth and, as a result, he never became an Assassin. Connor subsequently joins a rebellion against King Washington's regime and, despite losing most of his allies along the way, he is ultimately able to defeat Washington and take possession of his Apple, which transports him back to his original timeline. There, a terrified Washington asks Connor to dispose of the Apple, which he proceeds to do, tossing it into the ocean.[18]","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed III: Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_III:_Liberation"},{"link_name":"Aveline de Grandpré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveline_de_Grandpr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"expansion pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_pack"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_IV:_Black_Flag"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-21"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Unity"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"free to play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_to_play"},{"link_name":"role-playing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"mobile game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_game"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"virtual reality game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality_game"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed Nexus VR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Nexus_VR"},{"link_name":"Son of Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meta_Quest_Blog-23"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed: Forsaken (2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_(book_series)#Forsaken_(2012)"},{"link_name":"comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"miniseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_series_(comics)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Other appearances","text":"Connor makes a minor appearance in the spin-off game Assassin's Creed III: Liberation, set during the events of Assassin's Creed III. By linking the two games, players can unlock an exclusive mission in Liberation featuring him; this mission is included in the subsequent re-releases of Liberation. The mission, set in 1777, sees Connor helping Aveline de Grandpré, a fellow Assassin from the Louisiana Brotherhood, eliminate a Templar and Loyalist officer who has taken refuge in a fort in the New York Frontier.[19] In the Aveline expansion pack for the 2013 title Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag, it is revealed that Connor kept in contact with Aveline, who helped him in his mission to rebuild the Colonial Brotherhood after the Revolutionary War. In 1784, Connor asks for Aveline's help in finding and recruiting a former slave, Patience Gibbs, to the Assassins, because she fought him off when he approached her.[20]In the modern-day section of Black Flag, a market analysis for Abstergo Entertainment, the fictional video games subsidiary of Abstergo Industries, can be found via hacking computers. The market analysis reveals that Abstergo was looking into the possibility of using Connor as the protagonist of a future project, but ultimately decided against it due to finding him too stoic outside of the occasional moments of anger, and thinking that most audiences would not be interested in learning about Mohawk culture.[20] Despite this, in Assassin's Creed Unity, Abstergo has produced a fictional video game starring Connor, titled Washington and the Wolf, which can be seen at the start.[21]As with other of the series' protagonists, Connor's outfit has been featured as an unlockable cosmetic options in several subsequent releases. In 2022, he was added as a playable character to the free to play role-playing mobile game Assassin's Creed Rebellion. Connor is also featured as one of the three playable characters of the 2023 virtual reality game Assassin's Creed Nexus VR. His story arc is set in 1776, during the events of Asasssin's Creed III, and follows Connor as he is contacted by Achilles Davenport to rescue an imprisoned Son of Liberty in Boston.[22]In literature, Connor has appeared as the narrator of the novel Assassin's Creed: Forsaken (2012), where he recovers and reads through his father's journal sometime after the latter's death. Upon learning of Haytham's tragic life and the fact that he genuinely cared for his son and did his best to protect him, he realizes he misjudged his father and regrets not being able to reconcile with him. In 2017, Connor was featured in the fourth and final issue of the Assassin's Creed: Reflections comic book miniseries, in which it is revealed that, at some point following the events of Assassin's Creed III, he married a woman from a nearby tribe and had three children, including a daughter named Io:nhiòte, who inherited his rare ability of 'Eagle Vision'.[citation needed]","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta%C3%AFr_Ibn-La%CA%BCAhad"},{"link_name":"Ezio Auditore da Firenze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezio_Auditore_da_Firenze"},{"link_name":"PSM3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSM3"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opmuk_review-24"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCGAMER-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Video_Game_Awards#2012_Awards"},{"link_name":"Spike Video Game Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Video_Game_Awards"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VGA2013-34"},{"link_name":"Inside Gaming Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinima.com#Inside_Gaming"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InsideGaming2013-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InsideGaming2013nom-36"},{"link_name":"Comic Book Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Connor received a mixed critical reception, being often contrasted with his well-received father, Haytham, who is playable in the early chapters of Assassin's Creed III, as well as the previous protagonists in the series, Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad and Ezio Auditore da Firenze, the latter of whom in particular was critically acclaimed. In a contemporary review of Assassin's Creed III for PSM3, Joel Gregory was disappointed by Connor's character arc, saying that although his skills develop over the course of the main storyline, his personality does not. He also called Connor \"relentlessly strait-laced and humourless\", and \"duller than Altair and a world away from Ezio.\"[23]Connor has placed low on numerous Assassin's Creed character rankings. In a 2021 list by PC Gamer, he came out last, with the reviewer calling Connor a boring protagonist who \"sulks, pouts, and complains his way through what is also the worst Assassin's Creed game.\" On the same list, Haytham placed fourth due to being a more complex and fun character to play as than Connor.[24] German outlet GamePro ranked Connor as the franchise's 13th-greatest protagonist, criticizing his lack of development and blind devotion to the Assassin Order, but acknowledging that he is a more nuanced character than most people give him credit for, and that he might rank higher if he was given a sequel to flesh out his character.[25] In a list by CBR ranking the Assassin's Creed protagonists by likability, Connor finished second to last due to his hotheaded and violent nature.[26]However, not all reception of the character was negative. In his review of Assassin's Creed III, PC Gamer's Chris Thursten said that Connor's characterisation is strong, and that he \"will get some flak simply for not being Ezio, but he comes into his own in the second half of the game.\"[27] In a 2020 ranking of the franchise's Assassins by TheGamer, Connor finished fifth for holding onto his convictions and desire for justice even when they put him into conflict with his allies.[28]Being a Native American protagonist, Ratonhnhaké:ton has elicited many different reactions from the community. With help from Indigenous consultants, the developers tried to make the character as historically accurate as possible. The developers were admired for doing a respectful job exploring Ratonhnhaké:ton’s Mohawk culture, beliefs, language, and his attitude.[29] Alex Hutchinson, Assassin’s Creed 3 creative director, wanted to steer clear of the stereotypical and cliché depiction of non-white characters, so they focused on giving Ratonhnhaké:ton a deeper narrative than solely being Native.[30] Native Americans were happy with Ratonhnhaké:ton’s depiction, mostly being happy that there was a Native American main character in a Triple-A game. Although bashed for fitting the “noble savage” stereotype, Ratonhnhaké:ton’s depiction is still praised because Native Americans noted that the game does a good job of highlighting that Ratonhnhaké:ton’s Native heritage is the only good thing he has left in the game, and because of what he experiences, Ratonhnhaké:ton has the right to be angry and brutal.[31] Though there are many stereotypes embedded in the character of Ratonhnhaké:ton, Ubisoft is praised for not whitewashing Ratonhnhaké:ton’s story even though the game’s events surround the colonialism area of the era depicted. Although Ratonhnhaké:ton plays the role of the archetypal white Western hero, there is a stark contrast with his portrayal in the game with positioning him as the protagonist, being able to bring Native Americans and their stories to the foreground of the story while avoiding the stereotypical Hollywood illustration of a Native American character.[32]Connor was nominated for \"Character of the Year\" at the 2012 Spike Video Game Awards,[33] and Best Character Design at the 4th Inside Gaming Awards in 2012.[34][35]In a 2022 retrospective on Indigenous representation in video games, Comic Book Resources highlighted Assassin's Creed III and the character of Connor as a \"valiant effort,\" and praised Ubisoft's decision to work with Mohawk consultants in order to portray and explore Native American culture, beliefs and language respectfully.[36]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"consanguinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consanguinity"}],"text":"^ Despite several media outlets and subsequent games in the series referring to Connor as Connor Kenway due to his consanguinity with Haytham Kenway, the character never identifies himself as such in Assassin's Creed III.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Life-sized statue of Connor at the Musée de la civilisation in Quebec City, Canada.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/ConnorQC.JPG/162px-ConnorQC.JPG"}]

[{"reference":"Newman, Jared (September 5, 2012). \"Assassin's Creed III's Connor: How Ubisoft Avoided Stereotypes and Made a Real Character\". Time. Archived from the original on February 26, 2022. Retrieved February 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://techland.time.com/2012/09/05/assassins-creed-iiis-connor-how-ubisoft-avoided-stereotypes-and-made-a-real-character/","url_text":"\"Assassin's Creed III's Connor: How Ubisoft Avoided Stereotypes and Made a Real Character\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220226132418/https://techland.time.com/2012/09/05/assassins-creed-iiis-connor-how-ubisoft-avoided-stereotypes-and-made-a-real-character/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Venables, Michael (November 25, 2012). \"The Awesome Mohawk Teacher and Consultant Behind Ratonhnhaké:ton\". Forbes. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. 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Retrieved December 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pcgamer.com/review/assassins-creed-3-review/","url_text":"\"Assassin's Creed III Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer","url_text":"PC Gamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121204064750/http://www.pcgamer.com/review/assassins-creed-3-review/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Daniel (November 27, 2020). \"Assassin's Creed: All The Assassins, Ranked From Worst To Best\". TheGamer. Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegamer.com/assassins-creed-best-assassins/","url_text":"\"Assassin's Creed: All The Assassins, Ranked From Worst To Best\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200627100130/https://www.thegamer.com/assassins-creed-best-assassins/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bell, Sean (2022-07-15). \"It's Time for Triple-A Developers to Explore Indigenous Characters\". CBR. Retrieved 2024-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/aaa-game-developers-explore-indigenous-characters/","url_text":"\"It's Time for Triple-A Developers to Explore Indigenous Characters\""}]},{"reference":"Newman, Jared (2012-09-05). \"Assassin's Creed III's Connor: How Ubisoft Avoided Stereotypes and Made a Real Character\". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2024-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://techland.time.com/2012/09/05/assassins-creed-iiis-connor-how-ubisoft-avoided-stereotypes-and-made-a-real-character/","url_text":"\"Assassin's Creed III's Connor: How Ubisoft Avoided Stereotypes and Made a Real Character\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X","url_text":"0040-781X"}]},{"reference":"\"Assassin's Creed III from a native - Assassin's Creed III\". Giant Bomb. 2014-02-21. Retrieved 2024-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.giantbomb.com/assassins-creed-iii/3030-37494/forums/assassin-s-creed-iii-from-a-native-1472823/","url_text":"\"Assassin's Creed III from a native - Assassin's Creed III\""}]},{"reference":"Ess, John R. (6 December 2019). \"A Revolutionary Western: Assassin's Creed III and Visual Depictions of American Indians\". California State University San Marcos – via ScholarWorks.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/downloads/x920g2598","url_text":"\"A Revolutionary Western: Assassin's Creed III and Visual Depictions of American Indians\""}]},{"reference":"Taormina, Anthony (December 7, 2012). \"2012 Spike Video Game Awards Winners List\". Game Rant. Archived from the original on March 17, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://gamerant.com/2012-spike-video-game-awards-vgas-winners/","url_text":"\"2012 Spike Video Game Awards Winners List\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150317083957/http://gamerant.com/2012-spike-video-game-awards-vgas-winners/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sonntag, Lawrence (December 10, 2012). \"Winners of the 4th Annual Inside Gaming Awards Announced\". Machinima.com. Archived from the original on February 10, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130210225552/http://www.insidegamingdaily.com/2012/12/10/winners-of-the-4th-annual-inside-gaming-awards-announced/?replytocom=252938","url_text":"\"Winners of the 4th Annual Inside Gaming Awards Announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinima.com","url_text":"Machinima.com"},{"url":"http://www.insidegamingdaily.com/2012/12/10/winners-of-the-4th-annual-inside-gaming-awards-announced/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sonntag, Lawrence (November 20, 2012). \"Inside Gaming Awards 2012 Nominees Announced\". Machinima.com. Archived from the original on November 23, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121123085251/http://www.insidegamingdaily.com:80/2012/11/20/inside-gaming-awards-2012-nominees-announced/","url_text":"\"Inside Gaming Awards 2012 Nominees Announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinima.com","url_text":"Machinima.com"},{"url":"http://www.insidegamingdaily.com/2012/11/20/inside-gaming-awards-2012-nominees-announced/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bell, Sean (July 15, 2022). \"It's Time for Triple-A Developers to Explore Indigenous Characters\". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/aaa-game-developers-explore-indigenous-characters/","url_text":"\"It's Time for Triple-A Developers to Explore Indigenous Characters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"Comic Book Resources"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230205230722/https://www.cbr.com/aaa-game-developers-explore-indigenous-characters/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]

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Noah Watts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230204210110/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iU1KeUWEVa4","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.meta.com/blog/quest/assassins-creed-nexus-vr-ezio-kassandra-connor/","external_links_name":"\"First Look: Assassin's Creed Nexus VR Coming to Meta Quest 3 + 2 This Holiday\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231029204316/https://www.meta.com/blog/quest/assassins-creed-nexus-vr-ezio-kassandra-connor/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121102181126/http://www.officialplaystationmagazine.co.uk/review/assassins-creed-3-ps3-review-struggling-to-break-the-shackles-of-the-old-world/2/","external_links_name":"\"Assassin's Creed 3 PS3 review – struggling to break the shackles of the old world\""},{"Link":"http://www.officialplaystationmagazine.co.uk/review/assassins-creed-3-ps3-review-struggling-to-break-the-shackles-of-the-old-world/2/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.pcgamer.com/the-assassins-of-assassins-creed-ranked-from-worst-to-best/","external_links_name":"\"The assassins of Assassin's Creed, ranked from worst to best\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220409052611/https://www.pcgamer.com/the-assassins-of-assassins-creed-ranked-from-worst-to-best/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamepro.de/artikel/assassins-creed-alle-spielbaren-charaktere-ranking,3365252.html","external_links_name":"\"Assassin's Creed: Alle Charaktere im Ranking – Welcher ist der beste?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212603/https://www.gamepro.de/artikel/assassins-creed-alle-spielbaren-charaktere-ranking,3365252.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/assassins-creed-main-protagonists-ranked-likability/","external_links_name":"\"Assassin's Creed: All The Main Protagonists, Ranked By Likability\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220226132417/https://www.cbr.com/assassins-creed-main-protagonists-ranked-likability/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pcgamer.com/review/assassins-creed-3-review/","external_links_name":"\"Assassin's Creed III Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121204064750/http://www.pcgamer.com/review/assassins-creed-3-review/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thegamer.com/assassins-creed-best-assassins/","external_links_name":"\"Assassin's Creed: All The Assassins, Ranked From Worst To Best\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200627100130/https://www.thegamer.com/assassins-creed-best-assassins/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/aaa-game-developers-explore-indigenous-characters/","external_links_name":"\"It's Time for Triple-A Developers to Explore Indigenous Characters\""},{"Link":"https://techland.time.com/2012/09/05/assassins-creed-iiis-connor-how-ubisoft-avoided-stereotypes-and-made-a-real-character/","external_links_name":"\"Assassin's Creed III's Connor: How Ubisoft Avoided Stereotypes and Made a Real Character\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X","external_links_name":"0040-781X"},{"Link":"https://www.giantbomb.com/assassins-creed-iii/3030-37494/forums/assassin-s-creed-iii-from-a-native-1472823/","external_links_name":"\"Assassin's Creed III from a native - Assassin's Creed III\""},{"Link":"https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/downloads/x920g2598","external_links_name":"\"A Revolutionary Western: Assassin's Creed III and Visual Depictions of American Indians\""},{"Link":"https://gamerant.com/2012-spike-video-game-awards-vgas-winners/","external_links_name":"\"2012 Spike Video Game Awards Winners List\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150317083957/http://gamerant.com/2012-spike-video-game-awards-vgas-winners/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130210225552/http://www.insidegamingdaily.com/2012/12/10/winners-of-the-4th-annual-inside-gaming-awards-announced/?replytocom=252938","external_links_name":"\"Winners of the 4th Annual Inside Gaming Awards Announced\""},{"Link":"http://www.insidegamingdaily.com/2012/12/10/winners-of-the-4th-annual-inside-gaming-awards-announced/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121123085251/http://www.insidegamingdaily.com:80/2012/11/20/inside-gaming-awards-2012-nominees-announced/","external_links_name":"\"Inside Gaming Awards 2012 Nominees Announced\""},{"Link":"http://www.insidegamingdaily.com/2012/11/20/inside-gaming-awards-2012-nominees-announced/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/aaa-game-developers-explore-indigenous-characters/","external_links_name":"\"It's Time for Triple-A Developers to Explore Indigenous Characters\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230205230722/https://www.cbr.com/aaa-game-developers-explore-indigenous-characters/","external_links_name":"Archived"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-China_Herald

North China Daily News

["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]

1850–1951 English newspaper in Shanghai North China Daily NewsFront page of the inaugural issue of the North China Herald (August 3, 1850)TypeDefunctFounded1850LanguageEnglishCeased publication1941CityShanghaiCountryChinaMedia of ChinaList of newspapers North China Daily NewsTraditional Chinese字林西報Simplified Chinese字林西报TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZìlín Xībào The North China Daily News (in Chinese: Zilin Xibao), was an English-language newspaper in Shanghai, China, called the most influential foreign newspaper of its time. History Offices of the North China Daily News in Shanghai, ca. 1920 The paper was founded as the weekly North-China Herald (T: 北華捷報, S: 北华捷报, P: Běihuá Jiébào) and was first published on 3 August 1850. Its founder, British auctioneer Henry Shearman (T: 奚安門, S:奚安门, P: Xī Ānmén), died in 1856. A daily edition commenced publication on 1 June 1864 as the North China Daily News. The North-China Herald was also the gazette (official record) of the British Supreme Court for China and Japan and the British Consulate. Briton Nichol Latimer, resident of Shanghai and the manager of Russell & Company’s Shanghai Steam Navigation Co., was the publisher of the North China Herald from 1863 until his death in 1865, during which period it was the most influential British newspaper in China. For much of the period it was published under the masthead North-China Herald and Supreme Court and Consular Gazette. Its circulation peaked at 7,817 copies. A notable early editor was Frederic H. Balfour. Other editors included Archibald John Little's brother R.W. "Bob" Little (C: 李德立, P: Lǐ Délì), who also served on the Shanghai International Settlement's, Municipal Council. In 1901, the paper was purchased by Henry E. Morriss (T:馬立斯, S:马立斯, P:Mǎ Lìsī). In 1920, the paper passed to his son, H.E. Morriss Jr., who used his money to build a compound of luxurious houses which became today's Ruijin Hotel, as well as the Canidrome, a dog-racing stadium. One of the two Morrisses also purchased the Hellier Stradivarius. In 1924, the newspaper moved its headquarters to the new North China Daily News Building at Number 17 on the Bund, then the tallest building in Shanghai. Between 1925 and 1949 the paper employed a former officer of the Russian Imperial Army, Georgi Sapojnikov, as its daily cartoonist. Drawing under the signature of "Sapajou" he was noted for his perceptive coverage of the complex politics of contemporary China and the extremes of life and society in Shanghai during this period. The North-China Herald and the daily edition suspended publication after 8 December 1941 during the Pacific War. Publication of the Herald was never resumed. On 31 March 1951, the North China Daily News suspended publication at the orders of the ruling Chinese Communist Party and the North China Daily News Building was seized by the Shanghai municipal government of the People's Republic of China. The Shanghai Library has an incomplete collection of back issues of the North China Daily News and the North-China Herald at the Bibliotheca Zi-Ka-Wei (in Xujiahui). See also China portalJournalism portal History of newspapers and magazines § China Shen Bao Shanghai Evening Post and Mercury Der Ostasiatische Lloyd Shanghai Jewish Chronicle Deutsche Shanghai Zeitung References ^ Xiaoqun Xu. Chinese Professionals and the Republican State: The Rise of Professional Associations in Shangahai, 1912–1937 Cambridge University Press, 2001. p. 45. ISBN 0-521-78071-3 ^ He, Sibing (2011). Russell and Company in Shanghai, 1843-1891:U. S. Trade and Diplomacy in Treaty Port China. Hong Kong University. p. 11. ^ King; Clarke, eds., Frank H. H.;Prescott (1965). A Research Guide to China Coast Newspapers, 1822-1911. East Asian Research Centre, Harvard University. pp. 77, 122–133. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ City Guide to Shanghai ^ Sergeant, Harriet (1998). Shanghai. pp. 34–35. ISBN 0-7195-5713-5. External links Pan Haixia. "Witness to history." Shanghai Star. 20 November 2003. Retrieved 5 June 2008. "The English-language Newspaper scene, 1930s" An excerpt from Sin City, by Ralph Shaw, a British journalist who worked for the North China Daily News vteShanghai Culture Economy Geography History Timeline Politics AdministrativedivisionsCurrent Huangpu Xuhui Changning Jing'an Putuo Hongkou Yangpu Minhang Baoshan Jiading Pudong Shanghai Free-Trade Zone Jinshan Songjiang Qingpu Fengxian Chongming Defunct Nanshi Luwan Wusong Nanhui Zhabei Chuansha County Shanghai County SEZ Pudong Lujiazui Financial and Trade Zone Shanghai Free-Trade Zone Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Yangshan Free Trade Port Area Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Culture anddemographicsArchitect Shikumen Longtang Culture Haipai Opera LGBT culture Other Shanghainese people List of people from Shanghai Shanghailanders Shanghainese language Shanghainese cuisine TouristattractionsAreas Historic Old City French Concession International Settlement People's Square Xujiahui Qibao Jinshanzui Fishing Village European-style boroughs Thames Town Holland Village Scandinavian Venice Town German Town Canada Water Town Zhujiajiao Jinze Dianshan Lake Fengjing Beach Jinshan Beach Bund Beach Streets Historic The Bund Wukang Road Duolun Road Dongmen Road Zhouqiao Old Street Shopping Nanjing Road Huaihai Road Xintiandi Xujiahui North Sichuan Road Tianzifang M50 Art district Thoroughfare Yan'an Road Century Avenue Hengshan Road Henan Road Mall 1933 Old Millfun Tianzifang Union Building Xujiahui Shopping City Global Harbor Grand Gateway HKRI Taikoo Hui IAPM Mall Jing An Kerry Centre K11 Longemont Shopping Centre Ciros Plaza Plaza 66 Raffles City IFC Mall The River Mall Super Brand Mall Amusement Circus World Disney Resort Film Studio Great World Haichang Ocean Park Happy Valley Jinjiang Action Park Ocean Aquarium Zoo Cultural Oriental Art Concert Hall Shanghai Grand Theatre Opera Theater Yue Opera House Tianchan Dramatic Arts Grand Theatre Library Museums Art Art Contemporary Art Power Station Rockbund Art Long Poster Art Yuz OV Museum Shanghai Aerospace Enthusiasts Film Revolution History Jewish Refugees Natural History Planetarium Science and Technology Urban Planning C. Y. Tung Maritime Postal Bamboo Carving Madame Tussauds Open House Waterworks Science and Technology Transport Railway Metro Maglev Auto Protected Historical and Cultural Site Party's First National Congress Former Residence of: Sun Yat-Sen Lu Xun Zhou Enlai Zhang Wentian Soong Ching-ling Moller Villa Tomb of Lu Xun Xu Guangqi People's Heroes Memorial Tower Urban parks Public Century Park Gongqing Forest Park Park of the Old City Expo Park Huangpu Park Fuxing Park Jing'an Park Lu Xun Park People's Park Zhongshan Park Dongping National Forest Park Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve Shanghai Greenway Jinshan Binhai Park Admission Ancient Chinese gardens Guyi Garden Yu Garden Zuibaichi Qiuxia Garden Guilin Park Botanical Garden Hotels Peace Shanghai Jinjiang Broadway Grand Hyatt Park InterContinental Expo center Shanghai New National Places ofworshipBuddhist Jade Buddha Temple Jing'an Temple Longhua Temple Longhua Pagoda Zhenru Temple Yuanming Jiangtang Baoshan Temple Chenxiang Pavilion Hongfu Temple Yuanjin Temple Xilin Chan Temple Yuanying Pagoda Huzhu Pagoda Songjiang Square Pagoda Donglin Temple Fahua Pagoda Christian Holy Trinity Church Sheshan Basilica St Ignatius Cathedral St Joseph's Church St Nicholas' Church St Peter's Church Other City God Temple Wen Miao Mazu Cultural Palace Jiading Confucian Temple Songjiang Mosque SkyscrapersPudong Oriental Pearl Tower Jin Mao Tower Shanghai World Financial Center Shanghai Tower Bocom Financial Towers Shanghai IFC One Lujiazui Bank of Shanghai Puxi K11 Shimao International Plaza Plaza 66 White Magnolia Plaza Shanghai Wheelock Square Tomorrow Square Grand Gateway Shanghai SportsvenuesFootball Shanghai Hongkou Pudong Jinshan Yuanshen Zhabei Indoor Jiangwan Luwan Shanghai Indoor Mercedes-Benz Int'l Gym Oriental Other Tennis Qizhong Motorsport circuit International Street Tianma Cycling Tour of Chongming Island Golf BMW Masters Sheshan Golf Club Horse racing Shanghai Race Club SportsteamsFootball Shenhua Port Jiading Huilong Other Basketball Sharks TransportAirports Hongqiao Pudong Closed Longhua Jiangwan Railwaystation Shanghai Shanghai South Shanghai Hongqiao Ports Port of Shanghai Yangshan Modes Shanghai rail transit Suburban Rail Shanghai Metro Maglev Train Zhangjiang Tram Songjiang Tram Buses in Shanghai Shanghai Ferry Shanghai Public Transport Card Bridges Yangtze River Chonghai Chongqi Yangtze East China Sea Donghai Huangpu River Fengpu Lupu Minpu Nanpu Songpu Waibaidu Xupu Yangpu Stone arch Fangsheng Puji Wan'an Tunnels Bund Tunnel Bund Sightseeing Tunnel Dapu Road Tunnel Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel and Bridge UniversitiesNational Donghua East Normal East Science and Technology Finance and Economics Fudan International Studies Naval Medical Shanghai Jiaotong Tongji Municipal East Political Science and Law Electric Power Engineering Sciences Fisheries Finance International Business and Economics Leadership Lixin Maritime Music Normal Ocean Open Poly Political Science and Law Dianji Shanghai Science and Technology Sport Tech Theatre Technology Visual Art Private Europe Business German New York Sanda Category vteForeign-language newspapers in ChinaMainland ChinaCurrent China Daily (English) Shanghai Daily (English) Shenzhen Daily (English) FormerEnglish Israel's Messenger North China Daily News Shanghai Evening Post & Mercury The Shanghai Herald Shanghai Star German Deutsche Shanghai Zeitung Der Ostasiatische Lloyd The Shanghai Herald German Supplement Shanghai Jewish Chronicle/Shanghai Echo Tsingtauer Neueste Nachrichten Hong Kong Hong Kong Post (Japanese) Macau Macau Daily Times (English) Macau Post Daily (English) O Clarim (trilingual with English) This list is incomplete.This list does not include English-language newspapers in Hong Kong, nor does it include Portuguese-language only newspapers in Macau.It does not include any newspapers in the current/post-Chinese Communist Revolution Republic of China area (Taiwan), nor in Taiwan under Japanese rule.

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Balfour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_H._Balfour"},{"link_name":"Archibald John Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archibald_John_Little&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shanghai International Settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement"},{"link_name":"Municipal Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Council"},{"link_name":"Henry E. Morriss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_E._Morriss&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ruijin Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruijin_Hotel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Canidrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canidrome_(Shanghai)"},{"link_name":"dog-racing stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_racing"},{"link_name":"Hellier Stradivarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellier_Stradivarius"},{"link_name":"North China Daily News Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_China_Daily_News_Building"},{"link_name":"the Bund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bund_(Shanghai)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pacific War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Shanghai municipal government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_municipal_government"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Library"},{"link_name":"Bibliotheca Zi-Ka-Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_Zi-Ka-Wei"},{"link_name":"Xujiahui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xujiahui"}],"text":"Offices of the North China Daily News in Shanghai, ca. 1920The paper was founded as the weekly North-China Herald (T: 北華捷報, S: 北华捷报, P: Běihuá Jiébào) and was first published on 3 August 1850. Its founder, British auctioneer Henry Shearman (T: 奚安門, S:奚安门, P: Xī Ānmén), died in 1856.A daily edition commenced publication on 1 June 1864 as the North China Daily News. The North-China Herald was also the gazette (official record) of the British Supreme Court for China and Japan and the British Consulate. Briton Nichol Latimer, resident of Shanghai and the manager of Russell & Company’s Shanghai Steam Navigation Co., was the publisher of the North China Herald from 1863 until his death in 1865, during which period it was the most influential British newspaper in China.[2][3] For much of the period it was published under the masthead North-China Herald and Supreme Court and Consular Gazette. Its circulation peaked at 7,817 copies.A notable early editor was Frederic H. Balfour. Other editors included Archibald John Little's brother R.W. \"Bob\" Little (C: 李德立, P: Lǐ Délì), who also served on the Shanghai International Settlement's, Municipal Council.In 1901, the paper was purchased by Henry E. Morriss (T:馬立斯, S:马立斯, P:Mǎ Lìsī). In 1920, the paper passed to his son, H.E. Morriss Jr., who used his money to build a compound of luxurious houses which became today's Ruijin Hotel,[4] as well as the Canidrome, a dog-racing stadium. One of the two Morrisses also purchased the Hellier Stradivarius.In 1924, the newspaper moved its headquarters to the new North China Daily News Building at Number 17 on the Bund, then the tallest building in Shanghai.Between 1925 and 1949 the paper employed a former officer of the Russian Imperial Army, Georgi Sapojnikov, as its daily cartoonist. Drawing under the signature of \"Sapajou\" he was noted for his perceptive coverage of the complex politics of contemporary China and the extremes of life and society in Shanghai during this period.[5]The North-China Herald and the daily edition suspended publication after 8 December 1941 during the Pacific War. Publication of the Herald was never resumed. On 31 March 1951, the North China Daily News suspended publication at the orders of the ruling Chinese Communist Party and the North China Daily News Building was seized by the Shanghai municipal government of the People's Republic of China.The Shanghai Library has an incomplete collection of back issues of the North China Daily News and the North-China Herald at the Bibliotheca Zi-Ka-Wei (in Xujiahui).","title":"History"}]

[{"image_text":"Offices of the North China Daily News in Shanghai, ca. 1920","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/North_China_Daily_News.jpg/220px-North_China_Daily_News.jpg"}]

[{"title":"China portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:China"},{"title":"Journalism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Journalism"},{"title":"History of newspapers and magazines § China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_newspapers_and_magazines#China"},{"title":"Shen Bao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Bao"},{"title":"Shanghai Evening Post and Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Evening_Post_and_Mercury"},{"title":"Der Ostasiatische Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Ostasiatische_Lloyd"},{"title":"Shanghai Jewish Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Jewish_Chronicle"},{"title":"Deutsche Shanghai Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Shanghai_Zeitung"}]

[{"reference":"He, Sibing (2011). Russell and Company in Shanghai, 1843-1891:U. S. Trade and Diplomacy in Treaty Port China. Hong Kong University. p. 11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"King; Clarke, eds., Frank H. H.;Prescott (1965). A Research Guide to China Coast Newspapers, 1822-1911. East Asian Research Centre, Harvard University. pp. 77, 122–133.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sergeant, Harriet (1998). Shanghai. pp. 34–35. ISBN 0-7195-5713-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shanghai00harr","url_text":"Shanghai"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shanghai00harr/page/34","url_text":"34–35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-5713-5","url_text":"0-7195-5713-5"}]}]

[{"Link":"http://www.urbanatomy.com/index.php/city-guides-/shanghai-2009/2005-luwan","external_links_name":"City Guide to Shanghai"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/shanghai00harr","external_links_name":"Shanghai"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/shanghai00harr/page/34","external_links_name":"34–35"},{"Link":"http://app1.chinadaily.com.cn/star/2003/1120/fo6-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Witness to history.\""},{"Link":"http://www.talesofoldchina.com/shanghai/business/t-newspa.htm","external_links_name":"\"The English-language Newspaper scene, 1930s\""}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_No!

Hell No!

["1 Background and reception","2 Track listings","3 Credits and personnel","4 Charts","4.1 Weekly chart","4.2 Year-end charts","5 Certification","6 References"]

2005 single by Ricki-Lee Coulter This article is about the song. For other uses, see Hell No. "Hell No!"Single by Ricki-Lee Coulterfrom the album Ricki-Lee Released13 June 2005 (2005-06-13)GenreDanceLength3:13LabelShockSongwriter(s) Audius Mtawarira Andy Love Cheryline Lim Producer(s)AudiusRicki-Lee Coulter singles chronology "Hell No!" (2005) "Sunshine" (2005) "Hell No!" is the debut single of Australian singer Ricki-Lee Coulter. It was released on 13 June 2005 as the lead single from her self-titled debut album, Ricki-Lee (2005). "Hell No!" debuted and peaked at number five on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments of 35,000 copies. The music video for the song was directed by Bart Borghesi and filmed at Flinders Street, Melbourne. Background and reception "Hell No!" was written by Audius Mtawarira, Andy Love and Cheryline Lim, and produced by Mtawarira. It was released as a CD single on 13 June 2005, serving as the lead single from Ricki-Lee. Lyrically, the song is about Coulter being frustrated with life. According to The Hot Hits, "Hell No!" has the "in your face yet tongue in cheek attitude" and wrote that "the hot grooved, up-tempo track is perhaps not what many people expected from the 19 year old, 2004 Idol favourite". The Age noted that "Hell No!" has "a funky street feel to it". Matthew Chisling of Allmusic wrote "Coulter's versatile voice booms proudly" on the song. "Hell No!" debuted and peaked at number five on the ARIA Singles Chart on 20 June 2005 and spent three consecutive weeks in the top ten. The song was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments of 35,000 copies. Track listings Australian CD single "Hell No!" "Hell No!" (instrumental) "Over the Rainbow" Australian remix CD "Hell No!" (Cabin Crew remix radio edit) "Hell No!" featuring Israel Cruz (Elite Fleet remix) "Hell No!" featuring Sean Ray (Aztryx remix) "Hell No!" (Musik1 remix) "Hell No!" (Cabin Crew extended club remix) – 6:28 "Hell No!" (original version) "Hell No!" (acapella—lead vocal) "Hell No!" (acapella—backing vocals) Credits and personnel Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Ricki-Lee: The Singles. Locations Mixed at Sing Sing Studios Mastered at Crystal Mastering Personnel Audius – writing (as Audius Mtawarira), production, mixing Andy Love – writing Cheryline Lim – writing Andy Baldwin – mixing John Ruberto – mastering Charts Weekly chart Chart (2005) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 5 Year-end charts Chart (2005) Rank Australia (ARIA) 75 Australian Artists (ARIA) 16 Certification Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA) Gold 35,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. References ^ a b Chisling, Matthew. "Ricki-Lee – Album Review". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 28 September 2012. ^ "Music Video Database – Bart Boghesi". Music VDB. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. ^ a b Ricki-Lee: The Singles (Australian CD album liner notes). Ricki-Lee Coulter. Shock Records, Public Opinion Music. 2008. p. 4. PUBLIC020.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Works Search". Australasian Performing Right Association. Archived from the original on 29 August 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2012. Note: enter "Ricki Lee*" as 'Performer' then click 'Search', ignore any Ricki Lee Jones works. ^ a b c "Get Face To Face With Ricki-Lee". The Hot Hits Live from LA. MCM Entertainment. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2012. ^ "The ARIA Report: New Releases Singles – Week Commencing 13th June 2005" (PDF). ARIA. 13 June 2005. p. 28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2021. ^ a b "Life after Idol". The Age. Fairfax Media. 21 September 2005. Retrieved 28 September 2012. ^ a b "Ricki-Lee – Hell No!". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 28 September 2012. ^ a b "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2005 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 28 September 2012. ^ Hell No! (Australian CD single liner notes). Ricki-Lee Coulter. Shock Records, Public Opinion Music. 2005. PUBLIC001.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Hell No! (Remixes) (Australian CD single liner notes). Ricki-Lee Coulter. Shock Records, Public Opinion Music. 2005. PUBLIC002.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "ARIA Top 100 Singles for 2005". ARIA. Retrieved 17 April 2021. ^ "ARIA Top 20 Australian Singles for 2005". ARIA. Retrieved 17 April 2021. vteRicki-Lee CoulterDiscographyStudio albums Ricki-Lee Brand New Day Fear & Freedom Dance in the Rain On My Own Singles "Hell No!" "Sunshine" "Breathe" "Can't Touch It" "Love Is All Around" "Can't Sing a Different Song" "Wiggle It" "Don't Miss You" "Hear No, See No, Speak No" "Raining Diamonds" "Do It Like That" "Crazy" "Burn It Down" "Come & Get in Trouble with Me" "All We Need Is Love" "Happy Ever After" "Not Too Late" "On My Own" Other songs "In the Mood" Category

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For other uses, see Hell No.\"Hell No!\" is the debut single of Australian singer Ricki-Lee Coulter. It was released on 13 June 2005 as the lead single from her self-titled debut album, Ricki-Lee (2005). \"Hell No!\" debuted and peaked at number five on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments of 35,000 copies. The music video for the song was directed by Bart Borghesi and filmed at Flinders Street, Melbourne.[2][3]","title":"Hell No!"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Audius Mtawarira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audius_Mtawarira"},{"link_name":"Cheryline Lim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%27Nelle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hot_Hits-5"},{"link_name":"CD single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_single"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"Ricki-Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricki-Lee_(album)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hot_Hits-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Age-7"},{"link_name":"The Hot Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hot_Hits_Live_from_LA"},{"link_name":"2004 Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Idol_(season_2)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hot_Hits-5"},{"link_name":"The Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Age-7"},{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"ARIA Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AUS-8"},{"link_name":"Australian Recording Industry Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Certification-9"}],"text":"\"Hell No!\" was written by Audius Mtawarira, Andy Love and Cheryline Lim, and produced by Mtawarira.[4][5] It was released as a CD single on 13 June 2005, serving as the lead single from Ricki-Lee.[5][6] Lyrically, the song is about Coulter being frustrated with life.[7] According to The Hot Hits, \"Hell No!\" has the \"in your face yet tongue in cheek attitude\" and wrote that \"the hot grooved, up-tempo track is perhaps not what many people expected from the 19 year old, 2004 Idol favourite\".[5] The Age noted that \"Hell No!\" has \"a funky street feel to it\".[7] Matthew Chisling of Allmusic wrote \"Coulter's versatile voice booms proudly\" on the song.[1] \"Hell No!\" debuted and peaked at number five on the ARIA Singles Chart on 20 June 2005 and spent three consecutive weeks in the top ten.[8] The song was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments of 35,000 copies.[9]","title":"Background and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Israel Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Cruz"}],"text":"Australian CD single[10]\"Hell No!\"\n\"Hell No!\" (instrumental)\n\"Over the Rainbow\"Australian remix CD[11]\"Hell No!\" (Cabin Crew remix radio edit)\n\"Hell No!\" featuring Israel Cruz (Elite Fleet remix)\n\"Hell No!\" featuring Sean Ray (Aztryx remix)\n\"Hell No!\" (Musik1 remix)\n\"Hell No!\" (Cabin Crew extended club remix) – 6:28\n\"Hell No!\" (original version)\n\"Hell No!\" (acapella—lead vocal)\n\"Hell No!\" (acapella—backing vocals)","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD_Credits-3"},{"link_name":"Audius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audius_Mtawarira"},{"link_name":"Cheryline Lim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%27Nelle"}],"text":"Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Ricki-Lee: The Singles.[3]LocationsMixed at Sing Sing Studios\nMastered at Crystal MasteringPersonnelAudius – writing (as Audius Mtawarira), production, mixing\nAndy Love – writing\nCheryline Lim – writing\nAndy Baldwin – mixing\nJohn Ruberto – mastering","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hell_No!&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AUS-8"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hell_No!&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Weekly chart[edit]\n\n\nChart (2005)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[8]\n\n5\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (2005)\n\nRank\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[12]\n\n75\n\n\nAustralian Artists (ARIA)[13]\n\n16","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certification"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziziphin

Ziziphin

["1 See also","2 References"]

Ziziphin Names IUPAC name (23R)-3β--16β,23:16α,30-diepoxydammar-24-en-20-yl α-L-rhamnopyranoside 2,3-diacetate Systematic IUPAC name (12S,13R,14R,15S,16S,31S,33R,34aS,36aS,36bR,38aR,310S,312aR,312bR,314aR,314bS,52S,53R,54R,55S,72S,73R,74R,75R,76S)-15,53,54,73,74,75-Hexahydroxy-16,31,36b,39,39,312a,76-heptamethyl-33-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)hexadecahydro-36H,38H-2,4,6-trioxa-3(1,10)-methanophenanthropyranopyrana-1,7(2),5(2,5)-tris(oxana)heptaphane-13,14-diyl diacetate Identifiers CAS Number 73667-51-3 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChemSpider 390526 N PubChem CID 441957 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID00905122 SMILES C1((((O1)O2CO((2O)O)O3CC4(5CC67(C(O78C6(5(CC4C3(C)C)C)CO8)C=C(C)C)(C)O9((((O9)C)O)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)C)O)O)O Properties Chemical formula C51H80O18 Molar mass 981.17 g/mol Density 1.345 g/cm3 Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound Ziziphin, a triterpene glycoside which exhibits taste-modifying properties, has been isolated from the leaves of Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae). Among ziziphin's known homologues found in this plant, it is the most anti-sweet. However, its anti-sweet activity is less effective than gymnemic acid 1, another anti-sweet compound glycoside isolated from the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre (Asclepiadaceae). Ziziphin reduces perceived sweetness of most of the carbohydrates (e.g. glucose, fructose), bulk sweeteners, intense sweeteners (natural: steviol glycoside – artificial: sodium saccharin and aspartame) and sweet amino acids (e.g. glycine). However, it has no effect on the perception of the other tastes, bitterness, sourness and saltiness. See also Hodulcine Lactisole Gymnemic acid References ^ Kinghorn, A.D. and Compadre, C.M. Alternative Sweeteners: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, Marcel Dekker ed., New York, 2001. ISBN 0-8247-0437-1 ^ Kurihara, Y. (1992). "Characteristics of antisweet substances, sweet proteins, and sweetness-inducing proteins". Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 32 (3): 231–252. doi:10.1080/10408399209527598. PMID 1418601.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.K._Moopanar

G. K. Moopanar

["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 References"]

Indian politician (1931–2001) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "G. K. Moopanar" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) G. K. MoopanarMoopanar on a 2010 postage stamp of India12th Leader of the Opposition in Tamil Nadu Legislative AssemblyIn office19 January 1991 – 30 January 1991SpeakerM. TamilkudimaganPreceded byS. R. EradhaSucceeded byS. R. BalasubramoniyanLeader of Tamil Maanila Congress TMC(M)In office1996–2001General Secretary of All India Congress CommitteeIn office1980–1988PresidentIndira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi Personal detailsBorn(1931-08-19)19 August 1931Sunderaperumal Kovil, Thanjavur, Madras Presidency, British India (now in Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu, India)Died30 August 2001(2001-08-30) (aged 70)Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaPolitical partyTamil Maanila CongressOther politicalaffiliationsIndian National Congress (1952-1996)SpouseKasthuriChildrenUsha Rani, G. K. VasanResidence(s)Kabisthalam, Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu, IndiaChennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaOccupationAgriculturalist, Politician, Social Worker Govindaswamy Karuppiah Moopanar (19 August 1931 – 30 August 2001), known as G. K. Moopanar, was a Tamil Nadu Congress Committee leader, parliamentarian, and social worker. He served as Member of the Rajya Sabha, president of Tamil Nadu Congress Committee and general secretary of All India Congress Committee. from 1980 to 1988. Moopanar was a close associate of Congress leader and former Tamil Nadu Chief Minister, K. Kamaraj. Early life Moopanar was born on 19 August 1931 at Kabisthalam village in the composite Thanjavur district, the rice granary of Tamil Nadu. His father was R. Govindaswamy Moopanar and his mother was Saraswathi Ammal. He belonged to a family of landed aristocracy that owned vast tracts of fertile land. His father R. Govindaswamy Moopanar was a Congressman. The family patronised music, arts and literature. Moopanar himself was president of the Tiruvaiyaru Sri Thyaga Brahma Mahotsava Sabha from 1980 until his death. This Sabha conducts the annual Thyagaraja music festival at Thiruvaiyaru, the saint-composer’s birthplace. Political career Moopanar first met Kamaraj and Jayaprakash Narayan when they called on his father Govindasamy Moopanar at his home at Sundaraperumal Kovil, near Kumbakonam, in 1951. Kamaraj was then TNCC president. Moopanar became the president of the Thanjavur district Congress committee in 1965. When the Congress split in 1969 Moopanar continued with Kamaraj. After Kamaraj’s death on 2 October 1975, the two Congress factions in Tamil Nadu merged in 1976. At the merger function, Indira Gandhi announced that Moopanar would be the president of the unified TNCC. From then onwards, his rise in the Congress was swift. He was TNCC president from 1976 to 1980, and again in 1988–89. He was a puissant AICC general secretary from 1980 to 1988. Moopanar founded the Tamil Maanila Congress in the year 1996 (TMC) party. He was a Rajya Sabha member when he died. Both Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi offered him ministership but he declined. G. K Vasan, son of G. K Moopanar He also shunned the Prime Minister’s post offered to him in April 1997 after the fall of the United Front government led by H.D. Deve Gowda. In a volume titled Makkal Thalaivar Moopanar, published by a TMC leader in August 2000, former Union Minister R. Dhanuskodi Athithan has recalled that CPI(M) general secretary Harkishan Singh Surjeet declared that "Mr. Moopanar is the best and first choice" for the prime ministership. West Bengal Chief Minister Jyoti Basu seconded the choice. However Karunanithi and Murasoli Maran did not agree to it, so Moopanar declined the offer. The TMC felt orphaned with the death of Moopanar. The party quickly tried to steady itself when at a meeting of its legislators, Rajya Sabha members and leaders on 1 September, Moopanar’s son G.K. Vasan was elected TMC president. G. K. Moopanar memorial After the demise of Moopanar, under the new leadership of his son G K Vasan, the TMC merged back with the Congress led by Sonia Gandhi. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to G. K. Moopanar. ^ G.K. Moopanar passes away ^ Subramanian, T. S. (2001). "Crusading Congressman G.K. Moopanar, 1931–2001". Frontline. 18 (19). The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. ^ a b Warrier, Shobha (1997). "Ayya, the man who lost out". Rediff On The Net. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. ^ "Rediff On The NeT: Shobha Warrier profiles G K Moopanar, who lost out to I K Gujral in the race for the prime ministership". www.rediff.com. Retrieved 3 May 2022. ^ a b Makkalthalaivar GK Moopanar » Life History. Makkalthalaivar.org. Retrieved on 12 November 2018.

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Moopanar, was a Tamil Nadu Congress Committee leader, parliamentarian, and social worker. He served as Member of the Rajya Sabha, president of Tamil Nadu Congress Committee and general secretary of All India Congress Committee.[2] from 1980 to 1988. Moopanar was a close associate of Congress leader and former Tamil Nadu Chief Minister, K. Kamaraj.[3]","title":"G. K. Moopanar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-makkalthalaivar.org-5"}],"text":"Moopanar was born on 19 August 1931 at Kabisthalam village in the composite Thanjavur district, the rice granary of Tamil Nadu. His father was R. Govindaswamy Moopanar and his mother was Saraswathi Ammal.[4] He belonged to a family of landed aristocracy that owned vast tracts of fertile land. His father R. Govindaswamy Moopanar was a Congressman. The family patronised music, arts and literature. Moopanar himself was president of the Tiruvaiyaru Sri Thyaga Brahma Mahotsava Sabha from 1980 until his death. This Sabha conducts the annual Thyagaraja music festival at Thiruvaiyaru, the saint-composer’s birthplace.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jayaprakash Narayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan"},{"link_name":"Indira Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Tamil Maanila Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Maanila_Congress"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warrier-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ayya_G._K_Vasan.png"},{"link_name":"G. K Vasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._K._Vasan"},{"link_name":"H.D. Deve Gowda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.D._Deve_Gowda"},{"link_name":"R. Dhanuskodi Athithan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Dhanuskodi_Athithan"},{"link_name":"Harkishan Singh Surjeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkishan_Singh_Surjeet"},{"link_name":"Jyoti Basu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyoti_Basu"},{"link_name":"Karunanithi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Karunanidhi"},{"link_name":"Murasoli Maran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murasoli_Maran"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G_karuppaiah_moopanaar_memorial.jpg"},{"link_name":"G K Vasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_K_Vasan"},{"link_name":"Sonia Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-makkalthalaivar.org-5"}],"text":"Moopanar first met Kamaraj and Jayaprakash Narayan when they called on his father Govindasamy Moopanar at his home at Sundaraperumal Kovil, near Kumbakonam, in 1951. Kamaraj was then TNCC president. Moopanar became the president of the Thanjavur district Congress committee in 1965. When the Congress split in 1969 Moopanar continued with Kamaraj. After Kamaraj’s death on 2 October 1975, the two Congress factions in Tamil Nadu merged in 1976. At the merger function, Indira Gandhi announced that Moopanar would be the president of the unified TNCC.From then onwards, his rise in the Congress was swift. He was TNCC president from 1976 to 1980, and again in 1988–89. He was a puissant AICC general secretary from 1980 to 1988. Moopanar founded the Tamil Maanila Congress in the year 1996 (TMC) party.[3] He was a Rajya Sabha member when he died. Both Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi offered him ministership but he declined.G. K Vasan, son of G. K MoopanarHe also shunned the Prime Minister’s post offered to him in April 1997 after the fall of the United Front government led by H.D. Deve Gowda. In a volume titled Makkal Thalaivar Moopanar, published by a TMC leader in August 2000, former Union Minister R. Dhanuskodi Athithan has recalled that CPI(M) general secretary Harkishan Singh Surjeet declared that \"Mr. Moopanar is the best and first choice\" for the prime ministership. West Bengal Chief Minister Jyoti Basu seconded the choice. However Karunanithi and Murasoli Maran did not agree to it, so Moopanar declined the offer.The TMC felt orphaned with the death of Moopanar. The party quickly tried to steady itself when at a meeting of its legislators, Rajya Sabha members and leaders on 1 September, Moopanar’s son G.K. Vasan was elected TMC president.G. K. Moopanar memorialAfter the demise of Moopanar, under the new leadership of his son G K Vasan, the TMC merged back with the Congress led by Sonia Gandhi.[5]","title":"Political career"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_readline

GNU Readline

["1 Editing modes","1.1 Emacs keyboard shortcuts","2 Choice of the GPL as GNU Readline's license","2.1 Alternative libraries","3 Sample code","4 Bindings","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]

Software library GNU ReadlineOriginal author(s)Brian FoxDeveloper(s)Chet RameyInitial release1989; 35 years ago (1989)Stable release8.2  / 26 September 2022 Repositorygit.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/readline.git Written inCTypeLibraryLicense2009: GPL-3.0-or-later1997: GPL-2.0-or-later1994: GPL-1.0-or-laterWebsitewww.gnu.org/software/readline/  GNU Readline is a software library that provides in-line editing and history capabilities for interactive programs with a command-line interface, such as Bash. It is currently maintained by Chet Ramey as part of the GNU Project. It allows users to move the text cursor, search the command history, control a kill ring (a more flexible version of a copy/paste clipboard) and use tab completion on a text terminal. As a cross-platform library, readline allows applications on various systems to exhibit identical line-editing behavior. Editing modes Readline supports both Emacs and vi editing modes, which determine how keyboard input is interpreted as editor commands. See Editor war § Comparison. Emacs keyboard shortcuts Emacs editing mode key bindings are taken from the text editor Emacs. On some systems, Esc must be used instead of Alt, because the Alt shortcut conflicts with another shortcut. For example, pressing Alt+f in Xfce's terminal emulator window does not move the cursor forward one word, but activates "File" in the menu of the terminal window, unless that is disabled in the emulator's settings. Tab ↹ : Autocompletes from the cursor position. Ctrl+a : Moves the cursor to the line start (equivalent to the key Home). Ctrl+b : Moves the cursor back one character (equivalent to the key ←). Ctrl+c : Sends the signal SIGINT via pseudoterminal to the current task, which aborts and closes it. Ctrl+d Sends an EOF marker, which (unless disabled by an option) closes the current shell (equivalent to the command exit). (Only if there is no text on the current line) If there is text on the current line, deletes the current character (then equivalent to the key Delete). Ctrl+e : (end) moves the cursor to the line end (equivalent to the key End). Ctrl+f : Moves the cursor forward one character (equivalent to the key →). Ctrl+g : Abort the reverse search and restore the original line. Ctrl+h : Deletes the previous character (same as backspace). Ctrl+i : Equivalent to the tab key. Ctrl+j : Equivalent to the enter key. Ctrl+k : Clears the line content after the cursor and copies it into the clipboard. Ctrl+l : Clears the screen content (equivalent to the command clear). Ctrl+n : (next) recalls the next command (equivalent to the key ↓). Ctrl+o : Executes the found command from history, and fetch the next line relative to the current line from the history for editing. Ctrl+p : (previous) recalls the prior command (equivalent to the key ↑). Ctrl+r : (reverse search) recalls the last command including the specified characters. A second Ctrl+r recalls the next anterior command that corresponds to the search Ctrl+s : Go back to the next more recent command of the reverse search (beware to not execute it from a terminal because this command also launches its XOFF). If you changed that XOFF setting, use Ctrl+q to return. Ctrl+t : Transpose the previous two characters. Ctrl+u : Clears the line content before the cursor and copies it into the clipboard. Ctrl+v : If the next input is also a control sequence, type it literally (e. g. * Ctrl+v Ctrl+h types "^H", a literal backspace.) Ctrl+w : Clears the word before the cursor and copies it into the clipboard. Ctrl+x Ctrl+e : Edits the current line in the $EDITOR program, or vi if undefined. Ctrl+x Ctrl+r : Read in the contents of the inputrc file, and incorporate any bindings or variable assignments found there. Ctrl+x Ctrl+u : Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. Ctrl+x Ctrl+v : Display version information about the current instance of Bash. Ctrl+x Ctrl+x : Alternates the cursor with its old position. (C-x, because x has a crossing shape). Ctrl+y : (yank) adds the clipboard content from the cursor position. Ctrl+z : Sends the signal SIGTSTP to the current task, which suspends it. To execute it in background one can enter bg. To bring it back from background or suspension fg (foreground) can be issued. Ctrl+_ : Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. Alt+b : (backward) moves the cursor backward one word. Alt+c : Capitalizes the character under the cursor and moves to the end of the word. Alt+d : Cuts the word after the cursor. Alt+f : (forward) moves the cursor forward one word. Alt+l : Lowers the case of every character from the cursor's position to the end of the current word. Alt+r : Cancels the changes and puts back the line as it was in the history. Alt+u : Capitalizes every character from the cursor's position to the end of the current word. Alt+. : Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word of the previous history entry). Choice of the GPL as GNU Readline's license GNU Readline is notable for being a free software library which is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL). Free software libraries are far more often licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), for example, the GNU C Library, GNU gettext and FLTK. A developer of an application who chooses to link to an LGPL licensed library can use any license for the application. But linking to a GPL licensed library such as Readline requires the entire combined resulting application to be licensed under the GPL when distributed, to comply with section 5 of the GPL. This licensing was chosen by the FSF on the hopes that it would encourage software to switch to the GPL. An important example of an application changing its licensing to comply with the copyleft conditions of GNU Readline is CLISP, an implementation of Common Lisp. Originally released in 1987, it changed to the GPL license in 1992, after an email exchange between one of CLISP's original authors, Bruno Haible, and Richard Stallman, in which Stallman argued that the linking of readline in CLISP meant that Haible was required to re-license CLISP under the GPL if he wished to distribute the implementation of CLISP which used readline. Another response has been to not use this in some projects, making text input use the primitive Unix terminal driver for editing. Alternative libraries Alternative libraries have been created with other licenses so they can be used by software projects which want to implement command line editing functionality, but be released with a non-GPL license. Many BSD systems have a BSD-licensed libedit. MariaDB and PHP allow for the user to select at build time whether to link with GNU Readline or with libedit. linenoise is a tiny C library that provides line editing functions. Haskeline is a BSD-3-Clause licensed readline-like library for Haskell. It is mainly written for the Glasgow Haskell Compiler, but is available to other Haskell projects which need line-editing services as well. PSReadLine is a BSD-2-Clause licensed readline implementation written in C# for PowerShell inspired by bash and GNU Readline Sample code The following code is in C and must be linked against the readline library by passing a -lreadline flag to the compiler: #include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <readline/readline.h> #include <readline/history.h> int main() { // Configure readline to auto-complete paths when the tab key is hit. rl_bind_key('\t', rl_complete); // Enable history using_history(); while (1) { // Display prompt and read input char* input = readline("prompt> "); // Check for EOF. if (!input) break; // Add input to readline history. add_history(input); // Do stuff... // Free buffer that was allocated by readline free(input); } return 0; } Bindings Non-C programming languages that provide language bindings for readline include Python's built-in readline module; Ruby's built-in readline module; Perl's third-party (CPAN) Term::ReadLine module, specifically Term::ReadLine::Gnu for GNU ReadLine. Support for readline alternatives differ among these bindings. Notes ^ GPL-3.0-or-later since version 6.0 (2009-02-20). ^ GPL-2.0-or-later from version 2.1 (1997-06-05) until version 5.2 (2006-10-11). ^ GPL-1.0-or-later from ? until version 2.0 (1994-08-04). ^ A part of pseudoterminals or PTYs (for Linux), which is evident from the terminal configuration tools such as stty; in typical Linux distribution the PTY master endpoint treats special characters as signals to be sent to slaves e.g.SIGINT References ^ Chet Ramey (26 September 2022). "Readline-8.2 Release available". Retrieved 26 September 2022. ^ "pty(7) - Linux manual page". man7.org. Retrieved 2021-09-30. ^ "GNU Lesser General Public License". The GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0 - GNU Project. Free Software Foundation. 2007. Retrieved 2011-09-03. ^ "GNU General Public License". The GNU General Public License v3.0 - GNU Project. Free Software Foundation. 2007. Retrieved 2011-09-03. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU licenses". Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses - GNU Project. Free Software Foundation. 2010. Retrieved 2011-09-03. ^ "Why you shouldn't use the Lesser GPL for your next library". Why you shouldn't use the Lesser GPL for your next library - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation. Free Software Foundation. 2016. Retrieved 2019-10-15. ^ "CLISP copyright notice". CLISP repository. 1992. Retrieved 2011-09-03. ^ "Why CLISP is under GPL". CLISP repository. 1992. Retrieved 2023-01-19. ^ "License - why GNU GPL?". Frequently Asked Questions (With Answers) about CLISP. CLISP team. Retrieved 2011-09-03. ^ "editline(3) - NetBSD Manual Pages". NetBSD. Retrieved 2022-09-13. Command Line Editor Library (libedit, -ledit) ^ Editline Library (libedit) ^ "MariaDB/server/blob/10.2/BUILD/SETUP.sh". MariaDB repository. MariaDB Foundation. Retrieved 2017-10-24. ^ "php/php-src/tree/master/ext/readline". PHP repository. The PHP Group. Retrieved 2017-10-24. ^ Sanfilippo, Salvatore (10 May 2020). "antirez/linenoise". GitHub. ^ "Applications and libraries". Haskell wiki. haskell.org. Retrieved 2017-10-24. ^ Judah Jacobson. "judah/haskeline: A Haskell library for line input in command-line programs". Haskeline repository. Retrieved 2017-10-24. ^ "PowerShell/PSReadLine: A bash inspired readline implementation for PowerShell". PSReadLine repository. Retrieved 2023-12-20. ^ "Module: Readline (Ruby 3.0.2)". External links Free and open-source software portal Things You Didn't Know About GNU Readline vteGNU ProjectHistory GNU Manifesto Free Software Foundation Europe India Latin America History of free software Licenses GNU General Public License linking exception font exception GNU Lesser General Public License GNU Affero General Public License GNU Free Documentation License Software GNU (variants) Hurd Linux-libre glibc Bash coreutils findutils Build system GCC binutils GDB GRUB GNUstep GIMP Jami GNU Emacs GNU TeXmacs GNU Octave GNU Taler GNU R GSL GMP GNU Electric GNU Archimedes GNUnet GNU Privacy Guard Gnuzilla (IceCat) GNU Health GNUmed GNU LilyPond GNU Go GNU Chess Gnash Guix more... Contributors Alexandre Oliva Benjamin Mako Hill Bradley M. Kuhn Brian Fox Federico Heinz Georg C. F. Greve John Sullivan Nagarjuna G. Richard M. Stallman Other topics GNU/Linux naming controversy Revolution OS Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns Defective by Design

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"software library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_library"},{"link_name":"interactive programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_program"},{"link_name":"command-line interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface"},{"link_name":"Bash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_bash"},{"link_name":"GNU Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Project"},{"link_name":"text cursor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_cursor"},{"link_name":"command history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_history"},{"link_name":"kill ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill_ring"},{"link_name":"tab completion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tab_completion"},{"link_name":"text terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_terminal"},{"link_name":"cross-platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-platform"}],"text":"GNU Readline is a software library that provides in-line editing and history capabilities for interactive programs with a command-line interface, such as Bash. It is currently maintained by Chet Ramey as part of the GNU Project.It allows users to move the text cursor, search the command history, control a kill ring (a more flexible version of a copy/paste clipboard) and use tab completion on a text terminal. As a cross-platform library, readline allows applications on various systems to exhibit identical line-editing behavior.","title":"GNU Readline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Editor war § Comparison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor_war#Comparison"}],"text":"Readline supports both Emacs and vi editing modes, which determine how keyboard input is interpreted as editor commands. See Editor war § Comparison.","title":"Editing modes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key bindings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_shortcut"},{"link_name":"text editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editor"},{"link_name":"Emacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs"},{"link_name":"Xfce's terminal emulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(Xfce)"},{"link_name":"Autocompletes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocomplete"},{"link_name":"Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_key"},{"link_name":"←","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_keys"},{"link_name":"SIGINT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGINT_(POSIX)"},{"link_name":"pseudoterminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoterminal"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"exit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit_(command)"},{"link_name":"Delete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delete_key"},{"link_name":"end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/end"},{"link_name":"End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_key"},{"link_name":"→","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_keys"},{"link_name":"clipboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipboard_(software)"},{"link_name":"clear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_(Unix)"},{"link_name":"next","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/next"},{"link_name":"↓","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_keys"},{"link_name":"previous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/previous"},{"link_name":"↑","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_keys"},{"link_name":"clipboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipboard_(software)"},{"link_name":"clipboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipboard_(software)"},{"link_name":"vi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_(text_editor)"},{"link_name":"yank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yank"},{"link_name":"clipboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipboard_(software)"},{"link_name":"SIGTSTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGTSTP"},{"link_name":"foreground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreground_process&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"backward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/backward"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/forward"}],"sub_title":"Emacs keyboard shortcuts","text":"Emacs editing mode key bindings are taken from the text editor Emacs.On some systems, Esc must be used instead of Alt, because the Alt shortcut conflicts with another shortcut. For example, pressing Alt+f in Xfce's terminal emulator window does not move the cursor forward one word, but activates \"File\" in the menu of the terminal window, unless that is disabled in the emulator's settings.Tab ↹ : Autocompletes from the cursor position.\nCtrl+a : Moves the cursor to the line start (equivalent to the key Home).\nCtrl+b : Moves the cursor back one character (equivalent to the key ←).\nCtrl+c : Sends the signal SIGINT via pseudoterminal to the current task, which aborts and closes it.[d]\nCtrl+d\nSends an EOF marker, which (unless disabled by an option) closes the current shell (equivalent to the command exit). (Only if there is no text on the current line)\nIf there is text on the current line, deletes the current character (then equivalent to the key Delete).\nCtrl+e : (end) moves the cursor to the line end (equivalent to the key End).\nCtrl+f : Moves the cursor forward one character (equivalent to the key →).\nCtrl+g : Abort the reverse search and restore the original line.\nCtrl+h : Deletes the previous character (same as backspace).\nCtrl+i : Equivalent to the tab key.\nCtrl+j : Equivalent to the enter key.\nCtrl+k : Clears the line content after the cursor and copies it into the clipboard.\nCtrl+l : Clears the screen content (equivalent to the command clear).\nCtrl+n : (next) recalls the next command (equivalent to the key ↓).\nCtrl+o : Executes the found command from history, and fetch the next line relative to the current line from the history for editing.\nCtrl+p : (previous) recalls the prior command (equivalent to the key ↑).\nCtrl+r : (reverse search) recalls the last command including the specified characters. A second Ctrl+r recalls the next anterior command that corresponds to the search\nCtrl+s : Go back to the next more recent command of the reverse search (beware to not execute it from a terminal because this command also launches its XOFF). If you changed that XOFF setting, use Ctrl+q to return.\nCtrl+t : Transpose the previous two characters.\nCtrl+u : Clears the line content before the cursor and copies it into the clipboard.\nCtrl+v : If the next input is also a control sequence, type it literally (e. g. * Ctrl+v Ctrl+h types \"^H\", a literal backspace.)\nCtrl+w : Clears the word before the cursor and copies it into the clipboard.\nCtrl+x Ctrl+e : Edits the current line in the $EDITOR program, or vi if undefined.\nCtrl+x Ctrl+r : Read in the contents of the inputrc file, and incorporate any bindings or variable assignments found there.\nCtrl+x Ctrl+u : Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.\nCtrl+x Ctrl+v : Display version information about the current instance of Bash.\nCtrl+x Ctrl+x : Alternates the cursor with its old position. (C-x, because x has a crossing shape).\nCtrl+y : (yank) adds the clipboard content from the cursor position.\nCtrl+z : Sends the signal SIGTSTP to the current task, which suspends it. To execute it in background one can enter bg. To bring it back from background or suspension fg ['process name or job id'] (foreground) can be issued.\nCtrl+_ : Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.\nAlt+b : (backward) moves the cursor backward one word.\nAlt+c : Capitalizes the character under the cursor and moves to the end of the word.\nAlt+d : Cuts the word after the cursor.\nAlt+f : (forward) moves the cursor forward one word.\nAlt+l : Lowers the case of every character from the cursor's position to the end of the current word.\nAlt+r : Cancels the changes and puts back the line as it was in the history.\nAlt+u : Capitalizes every character from the cursor's position to the end of the current word.\nAlt+. : Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word of the previous history entry).","title":"Editing modes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"free software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software"},{"link_name":"GNU General Public License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License"},{"link_name":"GNU Lesser General Public License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License"},{"link_name":"GNU C Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_C_Library"},{"link_name":"GNU gettext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_gettext"},{"link_name":"FLTK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLTK"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"CLISP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLISP"},{"link_name":"Common Lisp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Lisp"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Richard Stallman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"re-license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_relicensing"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"GNU Readline is notable for being a free software library which is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL). Free software libraries are far more often licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), for example, the GNU C Library, GNU gettext and FLTK. A developer of an application who chooses to link to an LGPL licensed library can use any license for the application.[3] But linking to a GPL licensed library such as Readline requires the entire combined resulting application to be licensed under the GPL when distributed, to comply with section 5 of the GPL.[4][5]This licensing was chosen by the FSF on the hopes that it would encourage software to switch to the GPL.[6] An important example of an application changing its licensing to comply with the copyleft conditions of GNU Readline is CLISP, an implementation of Common Lisp. Originally released in 1987, it changed to the GPL license in 1992,[7] after an email exchange between one of CLISP's original authors, Bruno Haible, and Richard Stallman, in which Stallman argued[8] that the linking of readline in CLISP meant that Haible was required to re-license CLISP under the GPL if he wished to distribute the implementation of CLISP which used readline.[9]Another response has been to not use this in some projects, making text input use the primitive Unix terminal driver for editing.","title":"Choice of the GPL as GNU Readline's license"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BSD-licensed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD_licenses"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"MariaDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MariaDB"},{"link_name":"PHP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Haskell Compiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"C#","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"PowerShell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerShell"},{"link_name":"bash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Bash"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Alternative libraries","text":"Alternative libraries have been created with other licenses so they can be used by software projects which want to implement command line editing functionality, but be released with a non-GPL license.Many BSD systems have a BSD-licensed libedit.[10][11] MariaDB and PHP allow for the user to select at build time whether to link with GNU Readline or with libedit.[12][13]\nlinenoise is a tiny C library that provides line editing functions.[14]\nHaskeline is a BSD-3-Clause licensed readline-like library for Haskell. It is mainly written for the Glasgow Haskell Compiler,[15] but is available to other Haskell projects which need line-editing services as well.[16]\nPSReadLine is a BSD-2-Clause licensed readline implementation written in C# for PowerShell inspired by bash and GNU Readline[17]","title":"Choice of the GPL as GNU Readline's license"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"}],"text":"The following code is in C and must be linked against the readline library by passing a -lreadline flag to the compiler:#include <stdlib.h>\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <readline/readline.h>\n#include <readline/history.h>\n\nint main()\n{\n // Configure readline to auto-complete paths when the tab key is hit.\n rl_bind_key('\\t', rl_complete);\n\n // Enable history\n using_history();\n\n while (1) {\n // Display prompt and read input\n char* input = readline(\"prompt> \");\n\n // Check for EOF.\n if (!input)\n break;\n\n // Add input to readline history.\n add_history(input);\n\n // Do stuff...\n\n // Free buffer that was allocated by readline\n free(input);\n }\n return 0;\n}","title":"Sample code"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"language bindings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_binding"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Non-C programming languages that provide language bindings for readline includePython's built-in readline module;\nRuby's built-in readline module;[18]\nPerl's third-party (CPAN) Term::ReadLine module, specifically Term::ReadLine::Gnu for GNU ReadLine.Support for readline alternatives differ among these bindings.","title":"Bindings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"pseudoterminals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoterminal"},{"link_name":"stty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stty"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"^ GPL-3.0-or-later since version 6.0 (2009-02-20).\n\n^ GPL-2.0-or-later from version 2.1 (1997-06-05) until version 5.2 (2006-10-11).\n\n^ GPL-1.0-or-later from ? until version 2.0 (1994-08-04).\n\n^ A part of pseudoterminals or PTYs (for Linux), which is evident from the terminal configuration tools such as stty; in typical Linux distribution the PTY master endpoint treats special characters as signals to be sent to slaves e.g.SIGINT[2]","title":"Notes"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Chet Ramey (26 September 2022). \"Readline-8.2 Release available\". Retrieved 26 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu/2022-09/msg00013.html","url_text":"\"Readline-8.2 Release available\""}]},{"reference":"\"pty(7) - Linux manual page\". man7.org. Retrieved 2021-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/pty.7.html","url_text":"\"pty(7) - Linux manual page\""}]},{"reference":"\"GNU Lesser General Public License\". The GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0 - GNU Project. Free Software Foundation. 2007. Retrieved 2011-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lesser.html","url_text":"\"GNU Lesser General Public License\""}]},{"reference":"\"GNU General Public License\". The GNU General Public License v3.0 - GNU Project. Free Software Foundation. 2007. Retrieved 2011-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html","url_text":"\"GNU General Public License\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU licenses\". Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses - GNU Project. Free Software Foundation. 2010. Retrieved 2011-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html#IfLibraryIsGPL","url_text":"\"Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU licenses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why you shouldn't use the Lesser GPL for your next library\". Why you shouldn't use the Lesser GPL for your next library - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation. Free Software Foundation. 2016. Retrieved 2019-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.en.html","url_text":"\"Why you shouldn't use the Lesser GPL for your next library\""}]},{"reference":"\"CLISP copyright notice\". CLISP repository. 1992. Retrieved 2011-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://clisp.cvs.sourceforge.net/viewvc/clisp/clisp/COPYRIGHT","url_text":"\"CLISP copyright notice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why CLISP is under GPL\". CLISP repository. 1992. Retrieved 2023-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://gitlab.com/gnu-clisp/clisp/-/raw/master/doc/Why-CLISP-is-under-GPL","url_text":"\"Why CLISP is under GPL\""}]},{"reference":"\"License - why GNU GPL?\". Frequently Asked Questions (With Answers) about CLISP. CLISP team. Retrieved 2011-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clisp.org/impnotes/faq.html#faq-gpl","url_text":"\"License - why GNU GPL?\""}]},{"reference":"\"editline(3) - NetBSD Manual Pages\". NetBSD. Retrieved 2022-09-13. Command Line Editor Library (libedit, -ledit)","urls":[{"url":"https://man.netbsd.org/editline.3","url_text":"\"editline(3) - NetBSD Manual Pages\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD","url_text":"NetBSD"}]},{"reference":"\"MariaDB/server/blob/10.2/BUILD/SETUP.sh\". MariaDB repository. MariaDB Foundation. Retrieved 2017-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/MariaDB/server/blob/10.2/BUILD/SETUP.sh","url_text":"\"MariaDB/server/blob/10.2/BUILD/SETUP.sh\""}]},{"reference":"\"php/php-src/tree/master/ext/readline\". PHP repository. The PHP Group. Retrieved 2017-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/php/php-src/tree/master/ext/readline","url_text":"\"php/php-src/tree/master/ext/readline\""}]},{"reference":"Sanfilippo, Salvatore (10 May 2020). \"antirez/linenoise\". GitHub.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/antirez/linenoise","url_text":"\"antirez/linenoise\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub","url_text":"GitHub"}]},{"reference":"\"Applications and libraries\". Haskell wiki. haskell.org. Retrieved 2017-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://wiki.haskell.org/Applications_and_libraries","url_text":"\"Applications and libraries\""}]},{"reference":"Judah Jacobson. \"judah/haskeline: A Haskell library for line input in command-line programs\". Haskeline repository. Retrieved 2017-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/judah/haskeline","url_text":"\"judah/haskeline: A Haskell library for line input in command-line programs\""}]},{"reference":"\"PowerShell/PSReadLine: A bash inspired readline implementation for PowerShell\". PSReadLine repository. Retrieved 2023-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/PowerShell/PSReadLine","url_text":"\"PowerShell/PSReadLine: A bash inspired readline implementation for PowerShell\""}]},{"reference":"\"Module: Readline (Ruby 3.0.2)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/readline/rdoc/Readline.html","url_text":"\"Module: Readline (Ruby 3.0.2)\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serekunda

Serekunda

["1 History and toponymy","2 Population history","3 Districts or suburbs","4 Gallery","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 13°26′N 16°40′W / 13.433°N 16.667°W / 13.433; -16.667City in Kanifing, GambiaSerekundaCityDowntown SerekundaSerekundaLocation in the GambiaCoordinates: 13°26′N 16°40′W / 13.433°N 16.667°W / 13.433; -16.667CountryGambiaDivisionKanifingFounded bySayerr JobeNamed forFounderPopulation (2021) • Total340,000Time zone0 GMT Serekunda (proper: Sayerr Kunda or Sere Kunda, sometimes spelled Serrekunda) is the largest urban centre in The Gambia. It is situated close to the Atlantic coast, 13 km (8 mi) south-west of the capital, Banjul, and is formed of nine villages which have grown together into a larger urban area. History and toponymy Serekunda was founded in the second half of the 19th century by Sayerr Jobe, a Wolof man originally from Koki in the Kingdom of Cayor, in what is now northern Senegal. At the time Sukuta was the only nearby settlement, and the area was a thick forest. The name 'Serekunda' is a corruption of 'Sayerr Kunda', meaning 'the home of Sayerr's family'. Population history 1973 1983 1993 2007 2021 25,505 70,435 194,987 348,118 340,000 Districts or suburbs The following districts form part of Serekunda: Bakoteh Bunungka Kunda Dippa Kunda Eboe Town Faji Kunda London Corner New Jeshwang Old Jeshwang Kololi Kotu Latri Kunda Latri Kunda Sabiji Manjai Kunda Serekunda District Talinding Kunjang Churchill's Town Gallery Mosque on Bundung Highway References ^ "Population of Cities in Gambia (2021)". Retrieved 2021-12-08. ^ "Introducing Serekunda & the Atlantic Coast". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 29 May 2014. ^ a b c "Serrekunda Town, Gambia". Access Gambia. Retrieved 2015-07-15. ^ Jabai, Sailu Bah Saikou Suwareh (2 March 2015). ""Sayerr Jobe's name cannot be easily forgotten" Says a descendant". Foroyaa. Retrieved 29 February 2024. External links The Gambia portal 13°26′N 16°40′W / 13.433°N 16.667°W / 13.433; -16.667 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Serekunda. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Serekunda. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States This Gambian location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamaj_Silva

Kamaj Silva

["1 Personal life","2 Career","3 References","4 External links"]

Canadian entrepreneur and musician Kamaj Silvaකමාජ් සිල්වාBornManeksha Kamaj Silva (1983-04-09) April 9, 1983 (age 41)Mount Lavinia, Sri LankaNationalityCanadian / Sri LankanEducationS. Thomas’ CollegeAlma materStaffordshire University Centennial CollegeOccupation(s)Entrepreneur, businessman, musicianYears active2011–presentSpouseRoshani SilvaParentsKamal Silva (father)Manel Silva (mother)Musical careerGenresPopsoulrhythm and bluesAlternative rockInstrument(s)Vocals, GuitarYears active2009–present Musical artist Maneksha Kamaj Silva (born 9 April 1983 as කමාජ් සිල්වා ), is a Canadian entrepreneur and serial sneakerhead as well as a musician. He is the Founder and CEO of Sneakertub, the world's first and only Sneaker subscription service delivering a monthly package of several world renowned commercial shoe brands. Personal life Kamaj Silva was born on 9 April 1983 in Mount Lavinia, Sri Lanka as the only child of the family. His father Kamal Silva was a company director who died when he was a teenager. His mother Manel Silva was a housewife who also died. He completed education from S. Thomas’ College, Mount Lavinia. During school times, he played Basketball, volleyball and was an interacter. He is married to his longtime partner, Roshani. Career In 2003 he went England for higher studies and graduated with a bachelor's degree in Computer Science from Staffordshire University. After graduation in England, he arrived Canada in 2007 and attended to Centennial College to complete Masters' in Film in 2011. Then he began the Children's Media program's internship component. First he interned at Phase 4 Films along with university professors, where he soon became a full-time children's media marketing coordinator. Later, he was promoted as the promotions manager where he continued to work for 18 months. Then he joined with "Entertainment One" as marketing manager and worked for three years. He is also a vocalist, and a composer working as an independent musician specialized with alternative rock, soul blues and pop music. In 2010, he sung the popular song Wang Hung which made his mark in music career. Then in 2015, he released the song Makaru. His passion for shoes came when he saw Michael Jordan play in Nikes. After he was able to attend the national show Dragons’ Den aired on Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) in 2017, he explained the tough life to establish as an entrepreneur. In 2016, he first started with a job as a marketing manager in Toronto. After few years of working, he founded the business titled "Sneakertub", started with just $700 and created a website within just two days. He also owns a Milk & Cereal themed streetwear boutique called "MILK" located in Toronto. The boutique is famous for selling and promoting major international brands as well as products from Canadian brands. In 2019, the boutique won the Award for the Best New Fashion Store in Toronto Awards Festivals. Apart from his own businesses, Silva also works with a Sri Lankan tech company called "Alavi". In the meantime, he is also popular as a YouTuber, where he hosts multiple YouTube shows such as Daiya Show, Happy Hour, Api Nodanna Business and Kamaj Podcast. In April 2022, Silva along with fellow Sri Lankan-born Canadian entrepreneur Chanuka Wijesundara developed the website Lankan Square. This is the first website created for Sri Lankan citizens in Canada that supports information related to businesses, religious events, concerts, festivals, seminars and workshops in Canada. References ^ "Building a business around your passion". The Morning. Retrieved 2020-12-03. ^ "About Us". Sneakertub Official Website. Retrieved 2020-12-03. ^ "ගත්ත බිස්නස් එකෙන් අද කෝටි තුනක් හොයන කැනඩාවේ බිස්නස් කරන තරුණ ලාංකිකයා". article14. Retrieved 2020-12-03. ^ a b c d "Buzz with Danu - Kamaj Silva". Life. Retrieved 2020-12-03. ^ "යුරෝපය හොල්ලන ලංකාවේ කොල්ලා". Dinamina. Retrieved 2020-12-03. ^ a b "Kamaj Silva woos investors on CBC's Dragons' Den". Lanka Reporter. Retrieved 2020-12-03. ^ "Putting shoes on a Dragon: Kamaj Silva takes his business to Dragons' Den". Centennial College. Retrieved 2020-12-03. ^ "Wang Hung - Kamaj Silva". Music.lk. Retrieved 2020-12-03. ^ "Makaru - Kamaj". Music Plus Records. Retrieved 2020-12-03. ^ "Project + Exec : SNEAKERTUB: CEO Kamaj Silva Turned 700 Dollars Into Half A Million". ARCH-USA. Retrieved 2020-12-03. ^ "How One Man Turned A $700 Investment Into A Dragons' Den Appearance". Style Democracy. Retrieved 2020-12-03. ^ "Channa Channa Channa VLogs". buzzsprout. Retrieved 2020-12-03. ^ "කැනඩාවේ ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයන් අරඹා ඇති සමාජ සහයෝගිතාව කැනඩාවේ වෙනත් නගරවලටත්". dinamina.lk. Retrieved 2020-12-03. External links ABOUT SNEAKERTUB The KAMAJ Show By Kamaj Silva NEVER Give Up ! with KAMAJ Coming Up In My Sneakers - 021 KAMAJ SILVA Life of Kamaj Silva started with 700 dollars

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"කමාජ් සිල්වා","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F"},{"link_name":"entrepreneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Maneksha Kamaj Silva (born 9 April 1983 as කමාජ් සිල්වා [Sinhala]), is a Canadian entrepreneur and serial sneakerhead as well as a musician.[1] He is the Founder and CEO of Sneakertub, the world's first and only Sneaker subscription service delivering a monthly package of several world renowned commercial shoe brands.[2][3]","title":"Kamaj Silva"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Lavinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lavinia"},{"link_name":"S. Thomas’ College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Thomas%27_College,_Mount_Lavinia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life-4"}],"text":"Kamaj Silva was born on 9 April 1983 in Mount Lavinia, Sri Lanka as the only child of the family. His father Kamal Silva was a company director who died when he was a teenager. His mother Manel Silva was a housewife who also died. He completed education from S. Thomas’ College, Mount Lavinia. During school times, he played Basketball, volleyball and was an interacter.[4]He is married to his longtime partner, Roshani.[4]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Staffordshire University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Centennial College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_College_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lankareporter-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lankareporter-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In 2003 he went England for higher studies and graduated with a bachelor's degree in Computer Science from Staffordshire University.[5] After graduation in England, he arrived Canada in 2007 and attended to Centennial College to complete Masters' in Film in 2011.[6] Then he began the Children's Media program's internship component. First he interned at Phase 4 Films along with university professors, where he soon became a full-time children's media marketing coordinator. Later, he was promoted as the promotions manager where he continued to work for 18 months. Then he joined with \"Entertainment One\" as marketing manager and worked for three years.[7]He is also a vocalist, and a composer working as an independent musician specialized with alternative rock, soul blues and pop music. In 2010, he sung the popular song Wang Hung which made his mark in music career.[8] Then in 2015, he released the song Makaru.[9]His passion for shoes came when he saw Michael Jordan play in Nikes. After he was able to attend the national show Dragons’ Den aired on Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) in 2017, he explained the tough life to establish as an entrepreneur.[10] In 2016, he first started with a job as a marketing manager in Toronto.[11] After few years of working, he founded the business titled \"Sneakertub\", started with just $700 and created a website within just two days.[6] He also owns a Milk & Cereal themed streetwear boutique called \"MILK\" located in Toronto. The boutique is famous for selling and promoting major international brands as well as products from Canadian brands. In 2019, the boutique won the Award for the Best New Fashion Store in Toronto Awards Festivals.[4]Apart from his own businesses, Silva also works with a Sri Lankan tech company called \"Alavi\".[4] In the meantime, he is also popular as a YouTuber, where he hosts multiple YouTube shows such as Daiya Show, Happy Hour, Api Nodanna Business and Kamaj Podcast.[12]In April 2022, Silva along with fellow Sri Lankan-born Canadian entrepreneur Chanuka Wijesundara developed the website Lankan Square.[13] This is the first website created for Sri Lankan citizens in Canada that supports information related to businesses, religious events, concerts, festivals, seminars and workshops in Canada.","title":"Career"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Building a business around your passion\". The Morning. Retrieved 2020-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.themorning.lk/brunch-page-1-kamaj-silva/","url_text":"\"Building a business around your passion\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". Sneakertub Official Website. Retrieved 2020-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sneakertub.com/about","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"ගත්ත බිස්නස් එකෙන් අද කෝටි තුනක් හොයන කැනඩාවේ බිස්නස් කරන තරුණ ලාංකිකයා\". article14. Retrieved 2020-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://article14.news/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80-%E0%B6%85%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93-%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1/","url_text":"\"ගත්ත බිස්නස් එකෙන් අද කෝටි තුනක් හොයන කැනඩාවේ බිස්නස් කරන තරුණ ලාංකිකයා\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buzz with Danu - Kamaj Silva\". Life. Retrieved 2020-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.life.lk/article/buzz_with_danu/Buzz-with-Danu---Kamaj-Silva/35/19151","url_text":"\"Buzz with Danu - Kamaj Silva\""}]},{"reference":"\"යුරෝපය හොල්ලන ලංකාවේ කොල්ලා\". Dinamina. Retrieved 2020-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.dinamina.lk/y/art.asp?id=2017/12/07/ypg03_0","url_text":"\"යුරෝපය හොල්ලන ලංකාවේ කොල්ලා\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kamaj Silva woos investors on CBC's Dragons' Den\". Lanka Reporter. Retrieved 2020-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://lankareporter.com/blog/kamaj-silva-woos-investors-cbcs-dragons-den/","url_text":"\"Kamaj Silva woos investors on CBC's Dragons' Den\""}]},{"reference":"\"Putting shoes on a Dragon: Kamaj Silva takes his business to Dragons' Den\". Centennial College. Retrieved 2020-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.centennialcollege.ca/news/putting-shoes-on-a-dragon-kamaj-silva-takes-his-business-to-dragons-den/","url_text":"\"Putting shoes on a Dragon: Kamaj Silva takes his business to Dragons' Den\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wang Hung - Kamaj Silva\". Music.lk. Retrieved 2020-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJ4Eu5LuZ4M","url_text":"\"Wang Hung - Kamaj Silva\""}]},{"reference":"\"Makaru - Kamaj\". Music Plus Records. Retrieved 2020-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhXvXYrPdNo","url_text":"\"Makaru - Kamaj\""}]},{"reference":"\"Project + Exec : SNEAKERTUB: CEO Kamaj Silva Turned 700 Dollars Into Half A Million\". ARCH-USA. Retrieved 2020-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://arch-usa.com/project-exec-sneakertub-ceo-kamaj-silva-turned-700-dollars-into-half-a-million/","url_text":"\"Project + Exec : SNEAKERTUB: CEO Kamaj Silva Turned 700 Dollars Into Half A Million\""}]},{"reference":"\"How One Man Turned A $700 Investment Into A Dragons' Den Appearance\". Style Democracy. Retrieved 2020-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.styledemocracy.com/how-one-man-turned-a-700-investment-into-a-dragons-den-appearance/","url_text":"\"How One Man Turned A $700 Investment Into A Dragons' Den Appearance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Channa Channa Channa VLogs\". buzzsprout. Retrieved 2020-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buzzsprout.com/1089944/4146608-ep23-kamaj-silva","url_text":"\"Channa Channa Channa VLogs\""}]},{"reference":"\"කැනඩාවේ ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයන් අරඹා ඇති සමාජ සහයෝගිතාව කැනඩාවේ වෙනත් නගරවලටත්\". dinamina.lk. Retrieved 2020-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dinamina.lk/2024/01/31/local/59994/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A-%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93-%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A/","url_text":"\"කැනඩාවේ ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයන් අරඹා ඇති සමාජ සහයෝගිතාව කැනඩාවේ වෙනත් නගරවලටත්\""}]}]

[{"Link":"http://www.themorning.lk/brunch-page-1-kamaj-silva/","external_links_name":"\"Building a business around your passion\""},{"Link":"https://www.sneakertub.com/about","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"http://article14.news/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80-%E0%B6%85%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93-%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1/","external_links_name":"\"ගත්ත බිස්නස් එකෙන් අද කෝටි තුනක් හොයන කැනඩාවේ බිස්නස් කරන තරුණ ලාංකිකයා\""},{"Link":"http://www.life.lk/article/buzz_with_danu/Buzz-with-Danu---Kamaj-Silva/35/19151","external_links_name":"\"Buzz with Danu - Kamaj Silva\""},{"Link":"http://archives.dinamina.lk/y/art.asp?id=2017/12/07/ypg03_0","external_links_name":"\"යුරෝපය හොල්ලන ලංකාවේ කොල්ලා\""},{"Link":"https://lankareporter.com/blog/kamaj-silva-woos-investors-cbcs-dragons-den/","external_links_name":"\"Kamaj Silva woos investors on CBC's Dragons' Den\""},{"Link":"https://www.centennialcollege.ca/news/putting-shoes-on-a-dragon-kamaj-silva-takes-his-business-to-dragons-den/","external_links_name":"\"Putting shoes on a Dragon: Kamaj Silva takes his business to Dragons' Den\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJ4Eu5LuZ4M","external_links_name":"\"Wang Hung - Kamaj Silva\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhXvXYrPdNo","external_links_name":"\"Makaru - Kamaj\""},{"Link":"https://arch-usa.com/project-exec-sneakertub-ceo-kamaj-silva-turned-700-dollars-into-half-a-million/","external_links_name":"\"Project + Exec : SNEAKERTUB: CEO Kamaj Silva Turned 700 Dollars Into Half A Million\""},{"Link":"https://www.styledemocracy.com/how-one-man-turned-a-700-investment-into-a-dragons-den-appearance/","external_links_name":"\"How One Man Turned A $700 Investment Into A Dragons' Den Appearance\""},{"Link":"https://www.buzzsprout.com/1089944/4146608-ep23-kamaj-silva","external_links_name":"\"Channa Channa Channa VLogs\""},{"Link":"https://www.dinamina.lk/2024/01/31/local/59994/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A-%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93-%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A/","external_links_name":"\"කැනඩාවේ ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයන් අරඹා ඇති සමාජ සහයෝගිතාව කැනඩාවේ වෙනත් නගරවලටත්\""},{"Link":"https://www.sneakertub.ca/about","external_links_name":"ABOUT SNEAKERTUB"},{"Link":"https://anchor.fm/kamaj/episodes/Ratta---Happy-Hour-with-Kamaj-egc411","external_links_name":"The KAMAJ Show By Kamaj Silva"},{"Link":"https://www.yamu.lk/event/never-give-up-with-kamaj","external_links_name":"NEVER Give Up ! with KAMAJ"},{"Link":"https://radiopublic.com/coming-up-in-my-sneakers-WoVn55/s1!cc752","external_links_name":"Coming Up In My Sneakers - 021 KAMAJ SILVA"},{"Link":"http://www.rategossip.com/6825/2017/12/kamaj-silva-dragons-den.html","external_links_name":"Life of Kamaj Silva started with 700 dollars"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Freedom_Alliance

Popular Freedom Alliance

["1 Presidential candidates","2 Bibliography"]

Political party in Chile Popular Freedom Alliance Alianza Popular LibertadoraFounded1938Dissolved1945Merger ofNational Socialist Movement of Chile Unión SocialistaSucceeded byAgrarian Labor PartyHeadquartersSantiago de ChileIdeologyNationalismPopulism FascismPolitical positionFar rightPolitics of ChilePolitical partiesElections The Popular Freedom Alliance (Spanish: Alianza Popular Libertadora, APL) was a Chilean political party during the Presidential Republic Era, founded in 1938 for the coming presidential election. It was created in 1938 as an electoral alliance by supporters of General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, who were members of the Unión Socialista (Socialist Union) and of the Movimiento Nacional Socialista de Chile (National Socialist Movement of Chile, MNS). They later merged to create the APL political party, which was nationalist and populist, and included Fascist elements of the MNS. Some of these MNS elements created an offshoot in 1939, the fascist Vanguardia Popular Socialista (Socialist Popular Avant-Garde, VPS). Although they supported Ibáñez for the 1938 election, the latter was forced to resign after the Seguro Obrero Massacre which followed an attempted coup by the National Socialist Movement, and Ibáñez decided to oppose Gustavo Ross, whom the MNS had tried to put in power, leading to indirect support of the Radical candidate Pedro Aguirre Cerda, who was ultimately elected. The APL merged in 1945 with the Agrarian Party to form the Partido Agrario Laborista (PAL). Presidential candidates The following is a list of the presidential candidates supported by the Popular Freedom Alliance (Information gathered from the Archive of Chilean Elections). 1938: Carlos Ibáñez (lost) 1942: Carlos Ibáñez (lost) Bibliography Fuentes, Jordi y Lia Cortes. 1967. Diccionario político de Chile. Editorial Orbe. Santiago. Garay, Cristián. 1990. El Partido Agrario Laborista. 1945-1958. Editorial Andrés Bello. Santiago. OCLC 25534586 Authority control databases VIAF This article about a Chilean political party is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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They later merged to create the APL political party, which was nationalist and populist, and included Fascist elements of the MNS. Some of these MNS elements created an offshoot in 1939, the fascist Vanguardia Popular Socialista (Socialist Popular Avant-Garde, VPS).Although they supported Ibáñez for the 1938 election, the latter was forced to resign after the Seguro Obrero Massacre which followed an attempted coup by the National Socialist Movement, and Ibáñez decided to oppose Gustavo Ross, whom the MNS had tried to put in power, leading to indirect support of the Radical candidate Pedro Aguirre Cerda, who was ultimately elected.The APL merged in 1945 with the Agrarian Party to form the Partido Agrario Laborista (PAL).","title":"Popular Freedom Alliance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archive of Chilean Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eleccion.atspace.com/"},{"link_name":"1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_Chilean_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Carlos Ibáñez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez"},{"link_name":"1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_Chilean_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Carlos Ibáñez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez"}],"text":"The following is a list of the presidential candidates supported by the Popular Freedom Alliance (Information gathered from the Archive of Chilean Elections).1938: Carlos Ibáñez (lost)\n1942: Carlos Ibáñez (lost)","title":"Presidential candidates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25534586","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/25534586"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7229694#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/610145857878423020401"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Chile.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vote_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Popular_Freedom_Alliance&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chile-party-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Chile-party-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chile-party-stub"}],"text":"Fuentes, Jordi y Lia Cortes. 1967. Diccionario político de Chile. Editorial Orbe. Santiago.\nGaray, Cristián. 1990. El Partido Agrario Laborista. 1945-1958. Editorial Andrés Bello. Santiago. OCLC 25534586Authority control databases \nVIAFThis article about a Chilean political party is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Urban/Alternative_Performance

Grammy Award for Best Urban/Alternative Performance

["1 Recipients","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]

Grammy Award for Best Urban/Alternative PerformanceAwarded forquality urban/alternative performancesCountryUnited StatesPresented byNational Academy of Recording Arts and SciencesFirst awarded2003Last awarded2011Websitegrammy.com The Grammy Award for Best Urban/Alternative Performance was an honor presented at the Grammy Awards, a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards, to recording artists for quality urban/alternative performances. Awards in several categories are distributed annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to "honor artistic achievement, technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry, without regard to album sales or chart position." The award was first awarded to India.Arie at the 45th Grammy Awards (2003) for her song "Little Things". According to the category description guide for the 52nd Grammy Awards, the award was presented to artists that had made "newly recorded urban/alternative performances with vocals". The award was intended to recognize artists "who have been influenced by a cross-section of urban music" and who create music that is out of the "mainstream trends". Two-time recipients include India.Arie, Cee Lo Green (once as part of the duo Gnarls Barkley), and Jill Scott. Erykah Badu, Big Boi (a member of OutKast) and will.i.am (a member of The Black Eyed Peas) share the record for the most nominations, with three each. Sérgio Mendes is the only performer to be nominated twice in one year. The category was dominated by Americans, yet individuals from Jamaica and Côte d'Ivoire also won the award. The award was discontinued from 2012 in a major overhaul of the Grammys where the category was shifted to the Best R&B Performance category. Recipients India.Arie became the first recipient of the award in 2003. 2005 and 2008 award winner Jill Scott performing in 2007 2009 award recipient will.i.am Year Performing artist(s) Work Nominees Ref. 2003 India.Arie "Little Things" Erykah Badu and Common – "Love of My Life (Ode to Hip-Hop)" Floetry – "Floetic" CeeLo Green – "Getting Grown" Raphael Saadiq and D'Angelo – "Be Here" 2004 OutKast "Hey Ya!" Erykah Badu – "Danger" Kelis – "Milkshake" Les Nubians – "J'veux D'la Musique" Musiq – "Forthenight" 2005 Jill Scott "Cross My Mind" Mos Def – "Sex, Love & Money" Musiq – "Are You Experienced?" N.E.R.D – "She Wants to Move" The Roots – "Star" 2006 Damian Marley "Welcome to Jamrock" Floetry – "SupaStar" Gorillaz – "Dirty Harry" Mos Def – "Ghetto Rock" Van Hunt – "Dust" 2007 Gnarls Barkley "Crazy" Sérgio Mendes, Erykah Badu and will.i.am – "That Heat" Sérgio Mendes and The Black Eyed Peas – "Mas Que Nada" OutKast – "Idlewild Blue (Don'tchu Worry 'Bout Me)" Prince – "3121" 2008 Lupe Fiasco and Jill Scott "Daydreamin'" Dwele – "That's the Way of the World" Vikter Duplaix – "Make a Baby" Alice Smith – "Dream" Meshell Ndegeocello – "Fantasy" 2009 Chrisette Michele and will.i.am "Be OK" Kenna – "Say Goodbye to Love" Maiysha – "Wanna Be" Janelle Monáe – "Many Moons" Wayna and Kokayi – "Lovin' You (Music)" 2010 India.Arie and Dobet Gnahoré "Pearls" The Foreign Exchange and Muhsinah – "Daykeeper" Robert Glasper and Bilal – "All Matter" Eric Roberson, Ben O'Neill and Michelle Thompson – "A Tale of Two" Tonéx – "Blend" 2011 CeeLo Green "Fuck You" Bilal – "Little One" Carolyn Malachi – "Orion" Janelle Monáe and Big Boi – "Tightrope" Eric Roberson – "Still" ^ Each year is linked to the article about the Grammy Awards held that year. See also List of Grammy Award categories List of Urban contemporary artists References General "Past Winners Search". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. 2017-04-30. Archived from the original on 2015-02-12. Retrieved May 2, 2011. "Grammy Awards: Best Urban/Alternative Performance". Rock on the Net. Archived from the original on March 13, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2011. Specific ^ "Grammy Awards at a Glance". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved March 20, 2011. ^ "Overview". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. 2017-03-24. Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved March 16, 2011. ^ "52nd OEP Category Description Guide" (PDF). National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 27, 2009. Retrieved March 20, 2011. ^ "Awards Category Comparison Chart" (PDF). National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2011. ^ "Complete list of Grammy nominees; ceremony set for Feb. 23". San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst Corporation. January 8, 2003. p. 3. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2011. ^ "Grammy Award Winners". The New York Times. 2004. Archived from the original on December 11, 2010. Retrieved March 11, 2011. ^ "Grammy Award nominees in top categories". USA Today. Gannett Company. February 7, 2005. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2011. ^ "The Complete List of Grammy Nominations". The New York Times. December 8, 2005. p. 2. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved March 20, 2011. ^ "49th Annual Grammy Grammy Nominees". CBS News. Archived from the original on December 3, 2012. Retrieved March 20, 2011. ^ "50th annual Grammy Awards nominations". Variety. Reed Business Information. December 6, 2007. Archived from the original on December 8, 2007. Retrieved March 20, 2011. ^ "Grammy 2009 Winners List". MTV. MTV Networks. February 8, 2009. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved March 20, 2011. ^ "Nominees And Winners". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. 2017-04-30. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. Retrieved March 20, 2011. ^ "53rd Annual Grammy Awards nominees list". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2011. External links Official site of the Grammy Awards Archived 2014-05-07 at the Wayback Machine vteGrammy Award categoriesGeneral Album of the Year Record of the Year Song of the Year Best New Artist Producer of the Year Songwriter of the Year Children's, Comedy, Audio Book Narration & Storytelling, Visual Media & Music Video/Film Best Children's Album Best Comedy Album Best Audio Book, Narration & Storytelling Recording Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Best Score Soundtrack Album for Visual Media Best Score Soundtrack for Video Games and Other Interactive Media Best Song Written for Visual Media Best Music Video Best Music Film Classical Best Orchestral Performance Best Opera Recording Best Choral Performance Best Chamber Music/Small Ensemble Performance Best Classical Instrumental Solo Best Classical Vocal Solo Best Classical Compendium Best Contemporary Classical Composition Country & American Roots Best Country Album Best Country Song Best Country Solo Performance Best Country Duo/Group Performance Best Americana Album Best American Roots Song Best Americana Performance Best American Roots Performance Best Bluegrass Album Best Folk Album Best Traditional Blues Album Best Contemporary Blues Album Best Regional Roots Music Album Gospel & Contemporary Christian Best Gospel Album Best Contemporary Christian Music Album Best Roots Gospel Album Best Gospel Performance/Song Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song Jazz, Traditional Pop, Contemporary Instrumental & Musical Theater Best Jazz Vocal Album Best Alternative Jazz Album Best Latin Jazz Album Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album Best Jazz Instrumental Album Best Contemporary Instrumental Album Best Jazz Solo Performance Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album Best Musical Theater Album Latin, Global, African, Reggae & New Age, Ambient or Chant Best Latin Pop Album Best Latin Rock or Alternative Album Best Tropical Latin Album Best Música Urbana Album Best Música Mexicana Album (including Tejano) Best Reggae Album Best Global Music Album Best New Age, Ambient Or Chant Album Best Global Music Performance Best African Music Performance Package, Notes & Historical Best Historical Album Best Album Notes Best Recording Package Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package Pop & Dance/Electronic Best Pop Vocal Album Best Dance/Electronic Album Best Pop Solo Performance Best Pop Duo/Group Performance Best Dance/Electronic Recording Best Pop Dance Recording Production, Engineering, Composition & Arrangement Producer of the Year, Classical Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical Best Immersive Audio Album Best Instrumental Composition Best Engineered Album, Classical Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical Best Arrangement, Instrumental or A Cappella Best Arrangement, Instrumental and Vocals R&B, Rap and Spoken Word Poetry Best R&B Album Best Progressive R&B Album Best Rap Album Best Spoken Word Poetry Album Best R&B Performance Best Traditional R&B Performance Best Rap Performance Best Melodic Rap Performance Best R&B Song Best Rap Song Rock, Metal & Alternative Best Rock Album Best Rock Song Best Rock Performance Best Metal Performance Best Alternative Music Album Best Alternative Music Performance Special Awards Lifetime Achievement Award Trustees Award Legend Award Grammy Hall of Fame MusiCares Person of the Year vteGrammy Awards The Recording Academy Categories Grammy Nominees Records Locations EGOT Special awards Legend Award Lifetime Achievement Award Trustees Award Special Merit/Technical Grammy Award Hall of Fame MusiCares Person of the Year Ceremonies 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 (years are of music release; ceremonies are the next year) Related Grammy Museum By country American Argentine Australian Austrian Brazilian British Canadian Chinese Cuban French Indian Irish Italian Japanese Malian Mexican Nigerian New Zealand Peruvian Polish Senegalese South African Spanish Other countries Album of the Year Record of the Year Song of the Year Best New Artist Producer of the Year, Non-Classical Songwriter of the Year, Non-Classical

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engaged_to_Death

Engaged to Death

["1 Cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]

1957 Italian filmEngaged to DeathDirected byRomolo MarcelliniWritten byGiuseppe De SantisNicolò FerrariJacques RémyFranco SolinasProduced byGiuseppe DriussiStarringRik BattagliaSylva KoscinaMargit NünkeHans AlbersCinematographyAldo GiordaniEdited byEraldo Da RomaMusic byAngelo Francesco LavagninoProductioncompanySirio FilmDistributed byCEI IncomRelease date 6 February 1957 (1957-02-06) Running time93 minutesCountryItalyLanguageItalian Engaged to Death (Italian: I fidanzati della morte) is a 1957 Italian sports drama film directed by Romolo Marcellini and starring Rik Battaglia, Sylva Koscina and Margit Nünke. The veteran German star Hans Albers appears in a supporting role. The film portrays the lives of top motorcycle racing competitors. The film's sets were designed by the art director Carlo Egidi. It was shot in Eastmancolor. Cast Rik Battaglia as Carlo Sylva Koscina as Lucia Margit Nünke as Giovanna Gustavo Rojo as Pietro Hans Albers as Lorenzo Carlo Ninchi as Parisi Saro Urzì as Tulio Anna Maini Marida Vanni Giovanni Piva Marco Guglielmi Edoardo Toniolo Piero Pastore Giorgio Pucci Valeria Fabrizi Renato Navarrini Spartaco Ricci Geoffrey Duke as Biker Libero Liberati as Biker Bill Lomas as Biker Enrico Lorenzetti as Biker Pierre Monneret as Biker Alessandro Tedeschi as Tour Eiffel Tourist Maria Tedeschi as Tour Eiffel Tourist References ^ Rondolino p.183 Bibliography Gianni Rondolino. Dizionario del cinema italiano 1945-1969. G. Einaudi, 1969. External links Engaged to Death at IMDb This article related to an Italian film of the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_PGA_Championship

1936 PGA Championship

["1 Format","2 Final results","3 Final eight bracket","4 Final match scorecards","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 35°11′22″N 79°28′04″W / 35.1895°N 79.4678°W / 35.1895; -79.4678 Golf tournament1936 PGA ChampionshipTournament informationDatesNovember 16–22, 1936LocationPinehurst, North CarolinaCourse(s)Pinehurst ResortNo. 2 CourseOrganized byPGA of AmericaTour(s)PGA TourFormatMatch play - 6 roundsStatisticsPar72Field113 players,64 to match playCut156 (+12), playoffPrize fund$9,200Winner's share$1,000Champion Denny Shutedef. Jimmy Thomson, 3 and 2← 19351937 → Pinehurst class=notpageimage| Location in the United States  Pinehurstclass=notpageimage| Location in North Carolina The 1936 PGA Championship was the 19th PGA Championship, held November 16–22 at Pinehurst Resort in Pinehurst, North Carolina. Then a match play championship, Denny Shute won the first of his consecutive PGA Championships, defeating Jimmy Thomson 3 and 2 on the No. 2 Course. It was Shute's second major title; his first was at the British Open in 1933 at St. Andrews. He previously made the finals at the PGA Championship in 1931. Fay Coleman was the medalist in the stroke play qualifier at 143 (−1). Five-time champion Walter Hagen and two-time winner Leo Diegel both shot 157 (+13), one stroke out of the playoff. Defending champion Johnny Revolta lost in the second round to Harold "Jug" McSpaden in 19 holes. Shute repeated as champion less than seven months later in May 1937. He was the last to successfully defend his title at the PGA Championship until Tiger Woods won consecutive titles twice, in 1999–2000 and 2006–2007. This was the first major played at Pinehurst and Course No. 2, which had sand greens until 1935. While the PGA Championship has yet to return, the U.S. Open was held at the course in 1999, 2005, and 2014. It hosted the Ryder Cup in 1951 and the U.S. Women's Open was also here in 2014. Format The match play format at the PGA Championship in 1936 called for 12 rounds (216 holes) in seven days: Monday and Tuesday – 36-hole stroke play qualifier, 18 holes per day; defending champion Johnny Revolta and top 63 professionals advanced to match play Wednesday – first two rounds, 18 holes each Thursday – third round – 36 holes Friday – quarterfinals – 36 holes Saturday – semifinals – 36 holes Sunday – final – 36 holes Final results Sunday, November 22, 1936 Place Player Money ($) 1 Denny Shute 1,000 2 Jimmy Thomson 500 T3 Bill Mehlhorn 250 Craig Wood T5 Jimmy Hines 200 Tony Manero Harold "Jug" McSpaden Horton Smith Final eight bracket Quarter-finalsNovember 20 Semi-finalsNovember 21 FinalsNovember 22          Denny Shute 3&2 Horton Smith Denny Shute 1up Bill Mehlhorn Bill Mehlhorn 4&2 Jimmy Hines Denny Shute 3&2 Jimmy Thomson Jimmy Thomson 1up Jug McSpaden Jimmy Thomson 4&3 Craig Wood Craig Wood 5&4 Tony Manero Final match scorecards Morning Hole  1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Par 4 4 4 5 5 3 4 4 3 5 4 4 4 4 3 5 3 4 Shute 4 5 4 4 5 3 4 5 3 5 5 4 5 4 2 5 3 4 Thomson 5 4 5 6 4 3 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 3 4 Leader S1 – S1 S2 S1 S1 S1 – S1 S1 S1 S1 – – S1 S1 S1 S1 Afternoon Hole  1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Par 4 4 4 5 5 3 4 4 3 5 4 4 4 4 3 5 3 4 Shute 4 4 4 5 5 3 4 5 2 6 3 4 4 4 3 3 Thomson 4 5 4 4 5 3 4 4 3 6 4 4 4 4 3 5 Leader S1 S2 S2 S1 S1 S1 S1 – S1 S1 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S3 Source: References ^ a b McLemore, Henry (November 22, 1936). "Shute, Thomson meet in P.G.A. finals today". Milwaukee Journal. United Press. p. 1-sports. Retrieved April 30, 2013. ^ a b "Tournament Info for: 1936 PGA Championship". PGA of America. Archived from the original on October 23, 2006. Retrieved April 30, 2013. ^ "Coleman, Ex-Amateur Golfer, Paces Shotmakers In Play". The Spartanburg Herald. South Carolina. Associated Press. November 17, 1936. p. 9. Retrieved April 30, 2013. ^ a b Bartlett, Charles (November 23, 1936). "Shute wins U.S. pro golf title, 3 and 2". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 19. ^ "Shute wins title, beating Thomson". Montreal Gazette. Associated Press. November 23, 1936. p. 17. Retrieved April 30, 2013. ^ "Coleman's 143 wins P.G.A. medal". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. November 18, 1936. p. 17. ^ Bartlett, Charles (November 16, 1936). "Pro golf stars open play foe U.S. title today". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 19. External links PGA Media Guide 2012 PGA.com – 1936 PGA Championship vte1936 Men's major golf championships The Masters U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship vtePGA Championships 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 35°11′22″N 79°28′04″W / 35.1895°N 79.4678°W / 35.1895; -79.4678

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It hosted the Ryder Cup in 1951 and the U.S. Women's Open was also here in 2014.","title":"1936 PGA Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"match play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match_play"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pgamedia36-2"},{"link_name":"stroke play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_play"},{"link_name":"Johnny Revolta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Revolta"}],"text":"The match play format at the PGA Championship in 1936 called for 12 rounds (216 holes) in seven days:[2]Monday and Tuesday – 36-hole stroke play qualifier, 18 holes per day;\ndefending champion Johnny Revolta and top 63 professionals advanced to match play\nWednesday – first two rounds, 18 holes each\nThursday – third round – 36 holes\nFriday – quarterfinals – 36 holes\nSaturday – semifinals – 36 holes\nSunday – final – 36 holes","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Sunday, November 22, 1936","title":"Final results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final eight bracket"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swuspgt-4"}],"text":"MorningAfternoonSource:[4]","title":"Final match scorecards"}]

[]

[{"reference":"McLemore, Henry (November 22, 1936). \"Shute, Thomson meet in P.G.A. finals today\". Milwaukee Journal. United Press. p. 1-sports. Retrieved April 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OnYxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_yEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1950%2C4773515","url_text":"\"Shute, Thomson meet in P.G.A. finals today\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tournament Info for: 1936 PGA Championship\". PGA of America. Archived from the original on October 23, 2006. Retrieved April 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061023170705/http://www.pgamediaguide.com/pgachampionship_detail.cfm?tournament_id=454&date=1936&tourn_name_id=2","url_text":"\"Tournament Info for: 1936 PGA Championship\""},{"url":"http://www.pgamediaguide.com/pgachampionship_detail.cfm?tournament_id=454&date=1936&tourn_name_id=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Coleman, Ex-Amateur Golfer, Paces Shotmakers In Play\". The Spartanburg Herald. South Carolina. Associated Press. November 17, 1936. p. 9. Retrieved April 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=SFOYbPikdlgC&dat=19361117&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","url_text":"\"Coleman, Ex-Amateur Golfer, Paces Shotmakers In Play\""}]},{"reference":"Bartlett, Charles (November 23, 1936). \"Shute wins U.S. pro golf title, 3 and 2\". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 19.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1936/11/23/page/19/","url_text":"\"Shute wins U.S. pro golf title, 3 and 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shute wins title, beating Thomson\". Montreal Gazette. Associated Press. November 23, 1936. p. 17. Retrieved April 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8L0tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mpgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6674%2C2920258","url_text":"\"Shute wins title, beating Thomson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coleman's 143 wins P.G.A. medal\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. November 18, 1936. p. 17.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jAwpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hWkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4920%2C4511482","url_text":"\"Coleman's 143 wins P.G.A. medal\""}]},{"reference":"Bartlett, Charles (November 16, 1936). \"Pro golf stars open play foe U.S. title today\". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 19.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1936/11/16/page/19/article/pro-golf-stars-open-play-for-u-s-title-today","url_text":"\"Pro golf stars open play foe U.S. title today\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanna_auripennis

Tanna auripennis

["1 References","2 External links"]

Species of true bug Tanna auripennis Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hemiptera Suborder: Auchenorrhyncha Family: Cicadidae Genus: Tanna Species: T. auripennis Binomial name Tanna auripennisKato, 1930 Tanna auripennis is an insect, a species of cicada of the genus Tanna. References ^ "Tanna auripennis Kato, 1930". TaiBNET. Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. External links Data related to Tanna auripennis at Wikispecies Lee, Young June & Hayashi, Masami (2004). "Taxonomic review of Cicadidae (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha) from Taiwan, part 3. Dundubiini (two other genera of Cicadina), Moganiini, and Huechysini with a new genus and two new species". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology. 7 (1): 45–72. doi:10.1016/S1226-8615(08)60200-9. Taxon identifiersTanna auripennis Wikidata: Q16992936 Wikispecies: Tanna auripennis CoL: 54PBC EoL: 24783441 GBIF: 5734942 Open Tree of Life: 5023118 This Hemiptera article related to members of the insect suborder Auchenorrhyncha is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dismissal_(musical)

The Dismissal (musical)

["1 See also","2 References"]

Musical by Laura MurphyThe DismissalMusicLaura MurphyLyricsLaura MurphyBookBlake Erickson and Jay James-Moody The Dismissal is a musical with book by Blake Erickson and Jay James-Moody and music and lyrics by Laura Murphy. Dubbed "an extremely serious musical comedy", it is a satirical depiction of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis. The Dismissal had a work-in-progress presentation at the Seymour Centre in 2019. It was scheduled to premiere as a Sydney Theatre Company and Squabbalogic co-production, performing at the Canberra Theatre from 9–24 October 2021 and the Sydney Opera House Drama Theatre from 29 October to 18 December 2021. However, the production was cancelled in August 2021 due to COVID-19 restrictions. Now as a Squabbalogic production, the musical premiered at the York Theatre, Seymour Centre in September 2023 to generally positive reviews. The production is scheduled to run until 21 October 2023. See also The Dismissal (miniseries) References ^ Low, Lenny Ann (12 December 2022). "What's the song and dance about The Dismissal?". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 10 May 2023. ^ "THE DISMISSAL: AN EXTREMELY SERIOUS MUSIC COMEDY announces key cast | News". AussieTheatre.com. 3 March 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023. ^ "The Dismissal Cast Announced | Stage Whispers". www.stagewhispers.com.au. Retrieved 8 April 2021. ^ "Sydney Theatre Company announces Act 2 of its 2021 season". Limelight. Retrieved 8 April 2021. ^ Cerabona, Ron (5 August 2021). "It's not yet time for The Dismissal". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ Smee, Charlotte (6 September 2023). "★★★★☆: This new musical about the sacking of Gough Whitlam is an Aussie gem". Time Out Sydney. Retrieved 17 September 2023. ^ Tongue, Cassie (6 September 2023). "The Dismissal review – Gough Whitlam musical both delights and drags". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 September 2023. ^ Freeland, Anna (15 September 2023). "'Funnier than Hamilton': Australia's biggest political drama gets the musical comedy treatment". ABC News. Retrieved 17 September 2023.

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[]

[{"title":"The Dismissal (miniseries)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dismissal_(miniseries)"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achada

Achada

["1 History","2 Economy","3 Culture","3.1 Festivities","4 References"]

Coordinates: 37°51′3″N 25°15′59″W / 37.85083°N 25.26639°W / 37.85083; -25.26639For other uses, see Achada (disambiguation). Civil parish in Azores, PortugalAchadaCivil parishMiradouro da Baleia (English: Belvadere of the Whale), Santana, showing the parish of Achada in the distanceAchadaLocation in the AzoresShow map of AzoresAchadaAchada (São Miguel)Show map of São MiguelCoordinates: 37°51′3″N 25°15′59″W / 37.85083°N 25.26639°W / 37.85083; -25.26639Country PortugalAuton. regionAzoresIslandSão MiguelMunicipalityNordesteArea • Total11.89 km2 (4.59 sq mi)Elevation194 m (636 ft)Population (2011) • Total436 • Density37/km2 (95/sq mi)Time zoneUTC−01:00 (AZOT) • Summer (DST)UTC±00:00 (AZOST)Postal code9630-024Area code292PatronNossa Senhora da AnunciaçãoWebsitehttp://www.jfachada.ifreg.pt/ Achada is a freguesia ("civil parish") in the municipality Nordeste on the island of São Miguel in the Azores. The population in 2011 was 436, in an area of 11.89 km2. History The front facade of the parochial church of Nossa Senhora da Anunciação, Achada, São Miguel The area known as Achada, once referred to as Achada Grande, was originally populated in the first have of the 16th century. Its name was derived from the Portuguese phrase terra achanada which means flatland and was first mentioned by the historian Father Gaspar Frutuoso in Saudades da Terra. These lands were originally occupied and administered by Antão Rodrigues da Câmara, a descendant of the third Capitain-Donatário of São Miguel, but were sold, then tilled and sold to other settlers. By 1526 the village had its own parochial church to the invocation of Nossa Senhora da Anunciação (English: Our Lady of the Annunciation) where members of the religious orders resided locally. The temple was the result of various remodeling projects starting at the end of 1782 until 1984. Since the 16th century, Achada has been a religious (later civil) parish, but it was only annexed into the municipality of Nordeste in 1820 (having previously pertained to the municipality of Ribeira Grande). Economy Its fertile lands, which extend the length of the Achada plain, have been the source of the region's economy. Agriculture and dairy production is typical in this area, including cereal crops and tubers. A small port was commercially important until the 20th century when most exports were handled from Ponta Delgada. Today, potatoes and corn are principal crops cultivated in the area, where the harvested materials are used for feed in the raising of cattle. Culture Festivities Traditional festivals occur in the month of August, and include a diverse program of events such as the traditional barracas with native foods and drink. The primary events occur around the Império da Achada, when the annual feasts of the Divine Holy Spirit are celebrated that include meat-broth soups accompanied with local wines, traditional sweet bread (Portuguese: massa sovada) and sweet rice desserts. References ^ Instituto Nacional de Estatística ^ Eurostat Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine ^ Festas das ilhas de São Miguel e Santa Maria 2010 (in Portuguese). Ponta Delgada, Azores: Direcção Regional das Comunidades. 2010. pp. 102–103.

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[{"reference":"Festas das ilhas de São Miguel e Santa Maria 2010 [Festivals of the islands of São Miguel and Santa Maria 2010] (in Portuguese). Ponta Delgada, Azores: Direcção Regional das Comunidades. 2010. pp. 102–103.","urls":[]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Filharmonik_Petronas

Petronas Philharmonic Hall

["1 History","2 Acoustic design","3 Klais pipe organ","3.1 Pipes specification","4 Sound and recording systems","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

Coordinates: 3°09′27″N 101°42′44″E / 3.1576°N 101.7121°E / 3.1576; 101.7121Concert hall in KLCC, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Petronas Philharmonic HallDewan Filharmonik PetronasInterior of the concert hallLocationPetronas Twin Towers KLCC, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaCoordinates3°09′27″N 101°42′44″E / 3.1576°N 101.7121°E / 3.1576; 101.7121OwnerKLCC Property Holdings BerhadTypeConcert HallSeating typehall seats, box seats, corporate suites and a royal suiteCapacity920 seatsConstructionBuilt1 January 1996Opened17 August 1998ArchitectCesar Pelli & Associates (design);Kirkegaard Associates (acoustics)WebsiteOfficial website The Petronas Philharmonic Hall (Malay: Dewan Filharmonik Petronas) is Malaysia's first concert hall built specifically for classical music. It is the home of the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra (MPO), and has hosted many of the world's leading orchestras such as New York Philharmonic, Philadelphia Orchestra, BBC Symphony and Vienna Symphony. The concert hall was designed by Cesar Pelli based on the inspiration from the traditional shoebox shape of the 19th century European classical music halls. It has the capacity to accommodate for 920 seats which includes box seats, corporate suites and a royal suite. The stage floor is designed for flexibility, has an approximate area of 297m2, and can be extended to 369m2. The orchestra pit was designed to accommodate up to 45 musicians but can accommodate more with the existing stage extension. History Main entrance to Petronas Philharmonic Hall View from the box seat (Circle floor), next to the royal suite, overlooking the stage and the pipe organ Official construction of the hall began on 1 January 1995 as part of the base floor of Petronas Twin Towers. The construction completed a year later on the same date in 1996 while further renovations were done until 1997. The concert hall was officially opened to public on 17 August 1998 by the patron of Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra, Tun Dr. Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali and her husband, who is also the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad. The hall has hosted some of the world's leading orchestras under renowned artists, including the New York Philharmonic, Philadelphia Orchestra, Singapore Symphony Orchestra, Vienna Symphony, Budapest Festival Orchestra, with artists such as Lorin Maazel, Lang Lang, Christoph Eschenbach, Janine Jansen and many more. Acoustic design The hall is constructed with concealed movable ceiling panels which can be adjusted to alter the volume in the hall and simulate a wide range of acoustic environments. There are seven movable panels in the upper ceiling. In addition, special acoustically absorptive panels in the sidewalls can be opened or closed to adjust the resonance of the hall. This incorporate unique elements into the hall design in order to maximize the natural acoustic quality of the wood interior. The acoustical technique was designed by Kirkegaard Associates. Klais pipe organ It was designed and built by Johannes Klais Orgelbau GmbH based in Bonn. An organ façade was inspired based on angklung, a traditional Malay music instrument. The pipe organ adds further dimension to the musical sounds presented in the concert hall with 2,977 pipes ranging from 32 feet tall to the shortest at just over an inch. The inaugural performance of the pipe organ was held on 17 August 1998 by Simon Preston during the official opening of the hall. Pipes specification Description Size (in millimetre) Tallest wooden pipe 4,800 mm Diameter of tallest wooden pipe 377 mm x 303 mm Diameter of tallest metal pipe 271 mm Diameter of shortest pipe 5 mm Tallest metal pipe 6,180 mm with pipe-foot Shortest metal pipe 6 mm without pipe-foot Sound and recording systems Petronas Philharmonic Hall is equipped with audio support and broadcast facilities, designed by Abbey Road Studios for recording, editing, broadcasting and monitoring performances in the concert hall. It aims to produce commercial quality recordings for selected performances. See also Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra Malaysian Philharmonic Youth Orchestra List of concert hall in Malaysia References ^ “Petronas Philharmonic Hall". Kuala Lumpur attraction site. Retrieved 31 July 2018 ^ a b c ""Hall Intro"". DFP site. Retrieved 31 July 2018. ^ “Stage and orchestra pit". DFP site. Retrieved 2 August 2018 ^ “Acoustical requirement". ANZAScA 38th International Conference of Architectural Science Association. Retrieved 31 July 2018 ^ “Klais pipe organ". DFP site. Retrieved 31 July 2018 ^ “Recording studio". DFP site. Retrieved 31 July 2018 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Petronas Philharmonic Hall. Official website Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra official website Petronas Philharmonic Hall project description vteKLCC VicinityPetronas Towers Petronas Philharmonic Hall Petronas Towers Suria KLCC Surrounding areas Aquaria KLCC Avenue K de KING Boutique Hotel KLCC Petronas Tower 3 ExxonMobil Tower KLCC Park Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre Lot D1 Lot K Mandarin Oriental Hotel Kuala Lumpur Maxis Tower The Binjai on the Park Traders Hotel KLCC Infrastructures As Syakirin Mosque KLCC District Cooling KLCC LRT station Persiaran KLCC MRT station Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz place

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It aims to produce commercial quality recordings for selected performances.[6]","title":"Sound and recording systems"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimat%C3%A6rde

Heimatærde

["1 History","2 Heimataerde's Concert History","3 Discography","3.1 Albums","3.2 Singles","4 Gallery","5 External links","6 Sources"]

German electro-industrial band The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Heimatærde" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) HeimatærdeHeimatærde in 2016Background informationOriginGermanyGenresIndustrial metal, aggrotech, folktronica, neo-medieval musicYears active2004–presentLabels Metropolis Records (international) Infacted Records 2005–2010 Golden Core 2011–2013 Out of Line 2014–2016 Fully Packed Records 2016–present Members Ashlar von Megalon Andreas Aus Nienbrugge Ansgar Von Hucretha Jacques De Périgord Websitehttp://heimataerde.de Heimatærde is a German electro-industrial band with a medieval motif. It was created as a studio project by Disc jockey Ashlar von Megalon (DJ Ash) in 2004. History Heimatærde was founded in 2004, as a studio project by German DJ Ashlar von Megalon. After the first EP Ich hab die Nacht getræumet (tr. I Have Dreamed the Night), released in the same year by Infacted Recordings, the first album 'Gotteskrieger' was released in 2005. Outside Germany it is released from Metropolis Records. In the beginning, DJ Ash avoided acting on stage, because music should be in the fore. The first performance of Heimatærde was 2007 at Wave-Gotik-Treffen in Leipzig. In January 2018, the new drummer, Brother Henry of Kent, was introduced. He has supported the band live before. Heimataerde's Concert History "Envisioned by DJ Ash, Heimataerde merges electronic dancefloor beats and soft, often archaically instrumented melodies. A recent addition to the music world, the band released an EP in 2004, Ich Hab Die Nacht Getraeumet, which contained five tracks, including two versions of the title track." Discography Albums Gotteskrieger (2005) Kadavergehorsam (2006) Unwesen (2007) Gottgleich (2012) Kaltwærts (2014) Ærdenbrand (2016) Eigengrab (2020) Singles Ich Hab Die Nacht Geträumet (2004) Unter der Linden (2006) Vater (2008) Dark Dance (2009) Malitia Angelica (2010) Bruderschaft (2014) Hick Hack Hackebeil (2016) Gallery Heimatærde, Line-up live at Nocturnal Culture Night 2018 in Deutzen Singer Ashlar von Megalon Guitarist Brother Jacques de Pèrigord Keyboarder Brother In Hoc Signo Drummer Brother Henry von Kent Brother in Armour Ignatius von Schneeberg External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heimatærde. Official site Sources ^ Gothicparadise.com - Heimataerde ^ "Heimataerde music, videos, stats, and photos". Last.fm. Retrieved 2022-07-11. ^ "Heimataerde Concert & Tour History". concertarchives.org. Retrieved 2022-11-18. ^ "Heimatærde". Discogs. Retrieved 2022-07-11. Authority control databases International ISNI Artists MusicBrainz

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electro-industrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-industrial"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"Disc jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Heimatærde is a German electro-industrial band with a medieval motif. It was created as a studio project by Disc jockey Ashlar von Megalon (DJ Ash) in 2004.[1][2]","title":"Heimatærde"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Wave-Gotik-Treffen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave-Gotik-Treffen"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"}],"text":"Heimatærde was founded in 2004, as a studio project by German DJ Ashlar von Megalon. After the first EP Ich hab die Nacht getræumet (tr. I Have Dreamed the Night), released in the same year by Infacted Recordings, the first album 'Gotteskrieger' was released in 2005. Outside Germany it is released from Metropolis Records. In the beginning, DJ Ash avoided acting on stage, because music should be in the fore.[citation needed]\nThe first performance of Heimatærde was 2007 at Wave-Gotik-Treffen in Leipzig. In January 2018, the new drummer, Brother Henry of Kent, was introduced. He has supported the band live before.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"Envisioned by DJ Ash, Heimataerde merges electronic dancefloor beats and soft, often archaically instrumented melodies. A recent addition to the music world, the band released an EP in 2004, Ich Hab Die Nacht Getraeumet, which contained five tracks, including two versions of the title track.\"[3]","title":"Heimataerde's Concert History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gotteskrieger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gotteskrieger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kadavergehorsam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadavergehorsam"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heimat%C3%A6rde&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"Ich Hab Die Nacht Geträumet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ich_Hab_Die_Nacht_Getr%C3%A4umet&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Gotteskrieger (2005)\nKadavergehorsam (2006)\nUnwesen (2007)\nGottgleich (2012)\nKaltwærts (2014)\nÆrdenbrand (2016)\nEigengrab (2020)\n[4]\n\nSingles[edit]\nIch Hab Die Nacht Geträumet (2004)\nUnter der Linden (2006)\nVater (2008)\nDark Dance (2009)\nMalitia Angelica (2010)\nBruderschaft (2014)\nHick Hack Hackebeil (2016)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nocturnal Culture Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nocturnal_Culture_Night&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deutzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutzen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heimat%C3%A6rde_Nocturnal_Culture_Night_13_2018_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heimat%C3%A6rde_Nocturnal_Culture_Night_13_2018_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heimat%C3%A6rde_Nocturnal_Culture_Night_13_2018_05.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heimat%C3%A6rde_Nocturnal_Culture_Night_13_2018_03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heimat%C3%A6rde_Nocturnal_Culture_Night_13_2018_07.jpg"}],"text":"Heimatærde, Line-up live at Nocturnal Culture Night 2018 in Deutzen\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSinger Ashlar von Megalon\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGuitarist Brother Jacques de Pèrigord\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKeyboarder Brother In Hoc Signo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDrummer Brother Henry von Kent\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBrother in Armour Ignatius von Schneeberg","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Gothicparadise.com - Heimataerde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gothicparadise.com/heimataerde.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Heimataerde music, videos, stats, and photos\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.last.fm/music/Heimataerde"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Heimataerde Concert & Tour History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.concertarchives.org/bands/heimataerde"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Heimatærde\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.discogs.com/artist/227897-Heimat%C3%A6rde"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472764#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000469467178"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/artist/5fb22384-0dbc-4ad3-914e-96f3acc715b8"}],"text":"^ Gothicparadise.com - Heimataerde\n\n^ \"Heimataerde music, videos, stats, and photos\". Last.fm. Retrieved 2022-07-11.\n\n^ \"Heimataerde Concert & Tour History\". concertarchives.org. Retrieved 2022-11-18.\n\n^ \"Heimatærde\". Discogs. Retrieved 2022-07-11.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nArtists\nMusicBrainz","title":"Sources"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evans_Cycles

Evans Cycles

["1 History","1.1 First years and development","1.2 Acquisitions","2 Sponsorship","3 References","4 External links"]

British bicycle retailer This article is about the British bicycle retailer. For the chain of clothing shops, see Evans (retailer). Evans Cycles LimitedCompany typePrivateIndustryCyclingFounded1921; 103 years ago (1921) in LondonHeadquartersShirebrook, UKKey peopleMike Tomkins (Chairman)Number of employees580ParentFrasers GroupWebsiteevanscycles.com Evans Cycles Limited is a British cycle retailer. It was opened in central London by a London cyclist, Frederick Evans, who won an award from Britain's largest cycling club for the best cycling invention of 1925. He left his shop to be run by his manager and joined the Royal Air Force when war broke out in 1939. He died in a road accident in 1944 and the shop and the national business that developed from it has had several owners. Evans' own brands include the Pinnacle range of bikes, and the FWE brand of basic accessories. The firm was acquired by equity companies in 2008, entered administration in 2018, and was then purchased by Sports Direct (current Frasers Group). History First years and development 100 years of Evans Cycles - a timeline The business was created by a London cyclist, Frederick W. Evans. He created what The Bicycle UK magazine described as a quick-release and reversible rear wheel device, an ingenious feat for which he was awarded the Cyclists' Touring Club's first silver plaque as the inventor or producer of the greatest improvement in cycle design, construction or equipment during the year 1925. Evans Cycles store in Wandsworth High Street, London, 2016 Evans edited the Cyclists' Touring Club's Cycling magazine before opening a bike shop in Westminster Bridge Road known as F.W. Evans Cycles in 1922. He is credited with inventing frames with a double fixed hub and rear-dropout screw adjusters that became almost standard on quality frames. He specialised in building touring bikes and in the 1930s offered French-designed Cyclo derailleurs allowing up to 12 gears at a time when most UK bikes were fitted with 2 or 3-speed hub gears. He also offered touring refinements such as braze-ons for racks, and hub brakes. With the outbreak of war in 1939 he joined the Royal Air Force and left the business in the charge of his manager. The shop traded from this site for 30 years. Evans died in a road accident in 1944, having never again run his shop. He was by then in the educational engineering branch of the RAF. When Evans died during the war (knocked down by a milk float) his wife took over the business for several years, before selling it to Joe Smith in the 1950s. At the time the shop built frames and sold cycles and toys and later moved to Kennington Road. In the 1970s Smith handed the business to his son, Gary, who expanded the business dramatically. After more than 50 years at Kennington Road, the site came up for development. The shop moved to Waterloo, at 77-79 The Cut (which closed mid-2019). During the 1990s the stores were mostly franchised but in the 2000s, Gary worked with Mike Rice, the Croydon store franchise owner, to buy back the franchised stores to become part of F.W. Evans Cycles (UK) and by 2013 there were 47 stores. During this time the Evans Cycles mail order catalogue was launched, requiring a central distribution centre, later established in Leatherhead, Surrey. This coincided with the Evans Cycles website being established. The business outgrew its distribution centre in Leatherhead. In 2001 the head office and distribution centre moved to Gatwick, Sussex, which has now moved to Shirebrook. Acquisitions The company was acquired by the firm Active Private Equity in 2008 for £30 million. British private equity firm ECI Partners then acquired a majority stake in the company in May 2015 for £75 million. On 30 October 2018, Evans Cycles entered administration, and was purchased by Sports Direct (now, Frasers Group) in a pre-pack administration for £8 million. At the time of its insolvency in 2018 the company had 60 stores UK-wide. In 2019, despite many store closures following the insolvency, the company opened its 4th Glasgow store and an additional branch in Shirebrook, both within flagship TRI UK stores. After the takeover by Sports Direct there were complaints about poor customer service, which formerly had been very good, according to those customers. Sponsorship For many years Evans Cycles has been involved in many different rider sponsoring activities, including various racing teams in a range of cycling areas. References ^ "Evans Cycles Limited overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK". Companies House. 19 September 2018. Retrieved 29 February 2024. ^ , Cycling Weekly ^ a b The Bicycle, UK, 13 December 1944, p25 ^ a b c d e "London Classics: Evans Cycles". London cycling campaign. ^ Hatts, James (13 August 2019). "Evans Cycles shuts The Cut shop, ending 98 years of local history". London SE1. Retrieved 6 March 2021. ^ "Evans above!". Bikebiz. ^ "ECI pedals off with Evans Cycles". The Independent. 1 May 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2018. ^ Editorial, Reuters. "ECI Partners to buy 90-year-old UK bike shop Evans Cycles". U.K. Retrieved 3 November 2018. {{cite web}}: |first1= has generic name (help) ^ "Evans – ECI Partners - UK middle market private equity (PE) firm". 1 April 2018. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2018. ^ "What is Mike Ashley's plan for the High Street?". BBC News. 2 November 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2018. ^ "Evans Cycles sold to Mike Ashley's Sports Direct as part of pre-pack administration". The Independent. 30 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018. ^ "Evans Cycles sold to Mike Ashley's Sports Direct as part of pre-pack administration". The Independent. ^ "Evans Cycles to open new Glasgow store after completing round of closures". Insider.co.uk. ^ Miles Brignall (20 July 2020). "I feel like I've been taken for a ride by Evans Cycles". The Guardian. External links Official website vteFrasers GroupGeneral topics Mike Ashley (founder) FTSE 250 Index BrandsRetail outlet Bob's Stores EAG Eastern Mountain Sports European Golf Evans Cycles Field & Trek Firetrap Flannels French Connection Game Gelert Heatons House of Fraser Jack Wills Sofa.com Sportland International Group Sports Direct Sweatshop Tri UK USC Online stores Ace Missguided SportsDirect.com Studio Clothing and Sports equipment Agent Provocateur Airwalk British Knights Carlton Donnay Everlast Firetrap Gelert GoldDigga Grumpytoly Apparel Gul Hot Tuna Kangol Karrimor LA Gear Lonsdale Lovell Rugby Lovell Rackets Miso Miss Fiori Muddyfox Mulberry Nevica No Fear Slazenger Sondico SoulCal USA Pro Voodoo Dolls Former brands Bike Clearance Dunlop Slazenger JJB Sports Original Shoe Co. Republic Umbro vteBritish bicycle manufacturersCurrent A-bike Bickerton Boardman Bootie British Eagle Brompton Campion Condor Dawes Defiance Dolan Falcon Genesis Halfords Hetchins Holdsworth Islabikes Lotus Mercian Moulton Muddyfox Paper Pashley Pedersen Phillips Planet X Raleigh Reynolds Ridgeback Robin Hood Saracen Strida Temple TI Group Whyte Defunct Ariel BSA Carlton Claud Butler Chater-Lea Coventry-Eagle Coventry Premier Ellis Briggs Elswick Hopper Flying Scot F.W. Evans Freddie Grubb Harry Quinn Hercules Humber Norman Perry Roberts Rover Royal Enfield Rudge-Whitworth Sun Sunbeam Triumph Uppadine Viking Warrick Witcomb Components Brooks England Dunlop Hope Technology Middlemores Saddles Sturmey-Archer

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The firm was acquired by equity companies in 2008, entered administration in 2018, and was then purchased by Sports Direct (current Frasers Group).","title":"Evans Cycles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evans_Cycles_Centenary.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cyclists' Touring Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclists%27_Touring_Club"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Bicycle_1944,_p25-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evans_Cycles,_Wandsworth_High_Street.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wandsworth High Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandsworth_High_Street"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Londoncycling-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Londoncycling-4"},{"link_name":"RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Bicycle_1944,_p25-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Londoncycling-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Londoncycling-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Londoncycling-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"First years and development","text":"100 years of Evans Cycles - a timelineThe business was created by a London cyclist, Frederick W. Evans. He created what The Bicycle UK magazine described as a quick-release and reversible rear wheel device, an ingenious feat for which he was awarded the Cyclists' Touring Club's first silver plaque as the inventor or producer of the greatest improvement in cycle design, construction or equipment during the year 1925.[3]Evans Cycles store in Wandsworth High Street, London, 2016Evans edited the Cyclists' Touring Club's Cycling magazine before opening a bike shop in Westminster Bridge Road known as F.W. Evans Cycles in 1922.[4] He is credited with inventing frames with a double fixed hub and rear-dropout screw adjusters that became almost standard on quality frames. He specialised in building touring bikes and in the 1930s offered French-designed Cyclo derailleurs allowing up to 12 gears at a time when most UK bikes were fitted with 2 or 3-speed hub gears. He also offered touring refinements such as braze-ons for racks, and hub brakes.[4]With the outbreak of war in 1939 he joined the Royal Air Force and left the business in the charge of his manager. The shop traded from this site for 30 years. Evans died in a road accident in 1944, having never again run his shop. He was by then in the educational engineering branch of the RAF.[3]When Evans died during the war (knocked down by a milk float) his wife took over the business for several years, before selling it to Joe Smith in the 1950s. At the time the shop built frames and sold cycles and toys and later moved to Kennington Road.[4] In the 1970s Smith handed the business to his son, Gary, who expanded the business dramatically.[4] After more than 50 years at Kennington Road, the site came up for development. The shop moved to Waterloo, at 77-79 The Cut (which closed mid-2019).[5]During the 1990s the stores were mostly franchised but in the 2000s, Gary worked with Mike Rice, the Croydon store franchise owner, to buy back the franchised stores to become part of F.W. Evans Cycles (UK) and by 2013 there were 47 stores.[4] During this time the Evans Cycles mail order catalogue was launched, requiring a central distribution centre, later established in Leatherhead, Surrey. This coincided with the Evans Cycles website being established. The business outgrew its distribution centre in Leatherhead. In 2001 the head office and distribution centre moved to Gatwick, Sussex, which has now moved to Shirebrook.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrator_(law)"},{"link_name":"Frasers Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasers_Group"},{"link_name":"pre-pack administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-packaged_insolvency"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-purchasebySportsDirect-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Acquisitions","text":"The company was acquired by the firm Active Private Equity in 2008[7] for £30 million.[8] British private equity firm ECI Partners then acquired a majority stake in the company in May 2015[9] for £75 million.[10]On 30 October 2018, Evans Cycles entered administration, and was purchased by Sports Direct (now, Frasers Group) in a pre-pack administration for £8 million.[11] At the time of its insolvency in 2018 the company had 60 stores UK-wide.[12]In 2019, despite many store closures following the insolvency, the company opened its 4th Glasgow store and an additional branch in Shirebrook, both within flagship TRI UK stores.[13]After the takeover by Sports Direct there were complaints about poor customer service, which formerly had been very good, according to those customers.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"For many years Evans Cycles has been involved in many different rider sponsoring activities, including various racing teams in a range of cycling areas.","title":"Sponsorship"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanz%C5%8D_Nosaka

Sanzō Nosaka

["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Comintern agent","2 Activities in China","3 Postwar","3.1 Japanese political career","3.2 Scandal","4 Legacy","5 Family","6 Names","7 See also","8 Works","9 References","9.1 Citations","9.2 Sources Cited","10 Further reading","11 External links"]

Japanese politician (1892–1993) Sanzō NosakaNosaka in 1964Chairman of the Central Committee Japanese Communist PartyIn officeAugust 1, 1958 – July 31, 1987Preceded byOffice establishedSucceeded byKenji MiyamotoFirst Secretary of the Japanese Communist PartyIn office1955–1958Preceded byKyuichi TokudaSucceeded byKenji MiyamotoMember of the House of RepresentativesIn officeApril 11, 1946 – June 6, 1950ConstituencyTokyo 1st districtMember of the House of CouncilorsIn officeJuly 8, 1956 – July 3, 1977ConstituencyTokyo districtHonorary Chairman of the Japanese Communist PartyIn office1982–1992 Personal detailsBorn(1892-03-30)March 30, 1892Hagi, Yamaguchi, JapanDiedNovember 14, 1993(1993-11-14) (aged 101)Tokyo, JapanPolitical partyJCP (1922–1992)SpouseRyu NosakaAlma materKeio University (BA) Sanzō Nosaka (野坂 参三, Nosaka Sanzō, March 30, 1892 – November 14, 1993) was a Japanese writer, editor, labor organizer, communist agent, politician, and university professor and the founder of the Japanese Communist Party (JCP). He was the son of a wealthy Japanese merchant, and attended the prestigious Keio University. While in university, Nosaka became interested in social movements, and joined a moderate labor organization after graduation, working as a research staff member, and as a writer and editor of the organization's magazine. He traveled to Britain in 1919 to study political economy, where he deepened his studies of Marxism and became a confirmed communist. Nosaka was a founding member of the Communist Party of Great Britain, but his activity within British communist circles led to him being deported from Britain in 1921. After leaving Britain, Nosaka traveled through the Soviet Union (USSR). He returned to Japan in 1922, where he co-founded the Japanese Communist Party (JCP). Nosaka became a labor organizer, but was arrested twice by the Japanese government for his activities. After being released from prison a second time, Nosaka secretly returned to the USSR in 1931, where he became an agent of the Comintern. He traveled to the West Coast of the United States, where he worked as a spy from 1934 to 1938. After leaving the United States, Nosaka worked in China from 1940 to 1945, supporting the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) by encouraging and recruiting captured Japanese soldiers to support and fight for the Chinese communists against the Imperial Japanese Army, and coordinating a spy network that operated throughout Japanese-occupied China. After the surrender of Japan in 1945, Nosaka returned to Japan with hundreds of other Japanese communists, where he led the Japanese Communist Party during the occupation of Japan. Nosaka attempted to brand the JCP as a "lovable" populist party supporting Japan's peaceful transition to socialism, but his strategy was criticized within the party and within the Soviet Union. During the Korean War the JCP temporarily endorsed violence, and Nosaka disappeared from public life and went underground. He re-emerged to lead the JCP again in 1955, after which he attempted to disrupt the US-Japan Security Treaty by organizing public demonstrations, but he generally supported the JCP's role as a peaceful party. In 1958 Nosaka became Chairman of the JCP, a position he held until retirement at the age of 90, after which he was declared Honorary Chairman. Nosaka joined the faculty of Keio University, and he was widely idolized among left-wing intellectuals until shortly before his death, when the fall of the Soviet Union exposed controversial aspects of his relationship with Stalin's Communist regime. Biography Early life Sanzō Nosaka was the son of a prosperous Japanese merchant and was raised in a bourgeois environment. As a young man Nosaka was known for his fashionable taste in clothing and for the large dog that often accompanied him in public. He was quiet, serious, studious, introverted, and more comfortable in libraries than at public demonstrations. After his secondary education, Nosaka attended Keio University, which was then considered a "rich boys school". At Keio, Nosaka became interested in the international labor movement, an interest that was largely supported by one of his professors, Kiichi Horie. Nosaka decided to write his senior thesis on the moderate labor organization founded by Bunji Suzuki, "Yuaikai" ("The Friendly Society"). To research his thesis, Nosaka contacted Yuaikai's head office, and acquainted himself with its senior leaders: Suzuki initially mistook Nosaka for a salesman the first time they met, but eventually grew fond of Nosaka. When Nosaka graduated from Keio, in 1915, he joined Yuaikai and worked for the organization as a research staff member and as an editor of the organization's journal, Rodo Oyobi Sangyo (Labour and Industry). Nosaka became interested in communism after the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. As a greater volume of leftist literature entered Japan from the West, Nosaka's political orientation moved farther from the center. The first Western texts on revolutionary social theory available in Japan were mostly on anarchism, but Nosaka also enjoyed Edward Bellamy's utopian novel, Looking Backward. In 1918-1919 Nosaka read an English copy of The Communist Manifesto brought to Japan by his friend, Shinzo Koizumi. After reading The Communist Manifesto, Nosaka embraced the theories of Marxism. Nosaka announced his intentions to go abroad to study social theory in the November 1918 issue of Rodo Oyobi Sangyo. He sailed out of Kobe harbor on July 7, 1919, and arrived in London on August 27. After his arrival, Nosaka studied political economy at London University. Like many British intellectuals at the time, Nosaka deepened his studies of Marxism, and became a confirmed communist at the university. While in London Nosaka became active in communist circles. He affiliated himself with notable trade union leaders active in London, and attended the September 8–13, 1919 Glasgow Trade Union Congress as a correspondent for Rodo Oyobi Sangyo. Nosaka was a founding member of the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1920, and attended the Party's first session as a representative from London. Nosaka's activities within the Communist Party brought him to the attention of Scotland Yard, and Nosaka was deported from Britain in 1921. After he left Britain, Nosaka traveled through Europe to the newly formed Soviet Union. In Russia, with the help of friendly contacts in the communist hierarchy, Nosaka became influential within the Communist Party. Nosaka was suspected of being either a British or Japanese agent; but, because of his contacts among high-ranking Finnish and Russian leaders, Nosaka was never purged. Nosaka wrote A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan. It was published by the International Council of Trade and Industrial Unions in 1921 After attending the Far Eastern People's Conference in the Soviet Union, Nosaka returned to Japan in 1922, and helped found the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) that same year. Nosaka was more secretive about his relationship with the Communist Party than he had been in Britain, and kept his membership a secret from Bunji Suzuki and other moderate labour leaders. After his return, Nosaka worked as a trade unionist and editor of the JCP's official newspaper, Musansha Shimbun. Because of his activities within the Communist Party (which was illegal in Japan), Nosaka, like many communists in Japan, was arrested (twice in his case), interrogated, and tortured by the Kenpeitai, but he was released after short periods both times. Nosaka was first arrested in 1923, and released within a year. After his release, Nosaka became more active within the Japanese labor movement. In March 1928, the Japanese police began a campaign to harass and destroy the JCP, beginning with the May 15 Incident. After his second arrest in 1929, Nosaka spent two years in jail. He was released in 1931 on the grounds of illness. The short lengths of Nosaka's arrests aroused suspicion among other Japanese communists that Nosaka had given important information to the Japanese secret police, but these suspicions were never acted upon. Comintern agent Upon his release, Nosaka secretly returned to the Soviet Union, arriving in Moscow in March 1931. While there, Nosaka served as a representative of the JCP, and worked as an executive member of the Comintern. While in Moscow Nosaka helped to draft the "1932 Thesis", which became the guiding document of the JCP until 1946. Most of his colleagues active in the JCP, who were not able to go abroad, were subsequently arrested by the kempeitai by the fall of 1932. One of Nosaka's friends was Kenzo Yamamoto, a legendary Japanese communist who had been in the Soviet Union with his common-law wife, Matsu, since 1928. Yamamoto had a reputation as a great womanizer; and, when rumors circulated that Yamamoto was engaged in an affair with Nosaka's wife, Ryu, Nosaka wrote a confidential letter to the NKVD (dated February 22, 1939) indicating that he believed Yamamoto and his wife were likely Japanese spies in the pay of the Kenpeitai. On Stalin's orders, both Yamamoto and Matsu were arrested as spies. A firing squad executed Yamamoto, and Matsu died in a gulag. Both Yamamoto and his wife were formally rehabilitated after their deaths by Nikita Khrushchev on May 23, 1956, recognizing the lack of any evidence that the two were actually spies. In his autobiography, Nosaka later wrote that he had tried to save Yamamoto's life. In 1934, Nosaka secretly traveled to the West Coast of the United States, where he became involved in intelligence work on behalf of the International Liaison Department of the Comintern against the Imperial Japanese government. Nosaka's activities included disseminating information to communists still active in Japan, infiltrating and making contact with the Japanese communities active in the United States, and establishing a number of communist front organizations in Seattle, Los Angeles, and other cities on the West Coast. Nosaka worked to gain funding from the Comintern for his activities, and attempted to have other Japanese Communists secretly relocated to America. He planned to recruit American and Japanese agents to send to Yokohama to establish a cell that would operate as a communist front organization. Because the records from this period are incomplete, historians cannot be certain to what extent Nosaka's efforts in America were successful. Nosaka worked as a Comintern agent in America until 1938, when he returned to Moscow. In 1940, the Comintern ordered Nosaka to aid communist forces in China. In May 1943, Nosaka was the representative of the JCP in the case of the dissolution of the Comintern. Activities in China Zhou Enlai and Sanzō Nosaka (left) in Yan'an. Nosaka (middle) and Mao Zedong (right) at the Seventh Congress of the Chinese Communist Party From March 1940 to the end of 1945, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, Nosaka resided at the Chinese Red Army base in Yan'an, in Shaanxi Province, where he headed the Japanese People's Emancipation League (JPEL). The JPEL engaged in the "re-education" of numerous Japanese prisoners of war (POWs) and created propaganda on behalf of the Chinese Communists. Japanese troops captured by the Communists were then used by the Communists in various civilian and military roles, and were especially valued because their level of technical expertise was generally greater than that of most Chinese soldiers. "Re-educated" Japanese troops were instrumental in a number of Communist victories after World War II, including the 1949 Pingjin Campaign, in which most of the artillery fielded by the Communists was manned by Japanese gunners. In general, the method of "re-education" devised and employed by Nosaka was highly effective. Initially, the Red Army was a purely guerrilla force without the facilities to imprison POWs. The policy of the Eighth Route Army, the main communist force active during World War II, was to interrogate prisoners and then release them. After reports surfaced that the Japanese were punishing Japanese prisoners after they returned, the Red Army's policy gradually changed to one of retraining POWs, and the communists began to implement this policy after Nosaka arrived in Yan'an. By the time of its war with China, the Japanese army was educating its officers and common soldiers to die rather than surrender. Injured soldiers were easily captured, and made up the bulk of Japanese POWs. Captured Japanese believed that they would be killed, but were instead fed and clothed, and began to develop a rapport with their captors. Besides Nosaka's regimen of psychological indoctrination, there were several reasons that Japanese POWs chose to join the Chinese communists. Communist guerrillas took care to develop an early rapport with their prisoners by treating them well. Captured Japanese soldiers were generally moved when they learned of the terrible conditions the war inflicted on the Chinese people, a perspective that they had not been exposed to before their capture. Closer to the end of the war, the growing possibility of defeat created anxiety among the Japanese army. Because of the Japanese military's policy to never surrender, Japanese soldiers never received any training about how to act as POWs: upon returning to Japanese ranks, many would face disgrace, punishment, and starvation. Many Japanese soldiers committed suicide after their capture, but those who chose to live generally came to sympathize with the Chinese. The Japanese army was aware of the existence of Nosaka's Communist Japanese soldiers, and feared the phenomena out of proportion to their actual threat. Koji Ariyoshi, an American who met Nosaka in Yan'an wrote that Nosaka was "the Japanese national who undoubtedly contributed the most in the war against Japanese militarism". The Japanese army attempted to use numerous spies and assassins in order to eliminate Nosaka (who used the name "Okano Susumu" for the duration of the war), but were unsuccessful. Nosaka maintained a network of agents throughout Japanese-occupied China, which he used to gather information about events within the Japanese Empire and about the war. From 1940 to 1943, Nosaka's presence in China was kept a secret. Under a Chinese name, Lin Zhe, he directed the work of the Research Office of the Japanese Problem. His work with the Research Office in Yan'an brought Yan'an's intelligence information about Japan up to date. Nosaka collected newspapers and other publications from Japan. To research the enemy, Nosaka and his crew took care to analyze current events in Japan and China, which they did by stocking Japanese newspapers, magazines, journals, and diaries that were purchased or seized on the battlefield. Nosaka's Japanese "prisoner converts" fought freely for the Chinese communists once their re-education was complete. In Yan'an, the Japanese lived normal lives without guards, owned a cooperative store, and printed their own news bulletins and propaganda. Visiting American officers used Nosaka's Japanese soldiers to critique and improve their own methods of anti-Japanese psychological warfare. Shortly after Japan's surrender in 1945, Nosaka began to march with approximately 200 other Japanese Communists across northern China. They arrived at the coast after picking up hundreds of other Japanese along the way. Demanding immediate repatriation from the first Americans they found, they declared their intention to return and work "for the democratization of Japan and the establishment of peace in the Far East". Although there are no records of the exact number of Japanese "re-educated" by Nosaka who elected to remain in Communist-occupied China after 1945, it is estimated that "the number must have been considerable". Nosaka's contributions to the eventual victory of the Red Army were not forgotten by the leaders he had worked with in China. In 1965, on the twentieth anniversary of Japan's defeat, Nosaka was publicly praised by name by the highest-ranking general in China at the time, Lin Biao. Postwar Japanese political career Sanzō Nosaka speaking to large crowd in Tokyo (ca. 1946) After the World War II, Nosaka's return to Japan was facilitated by E. Herbert Norman, the Canadian representative to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, who may also have been a Soviet spy. Before returning to Japan, Nosaka gained Stalin's endorsement for the leadership of the Japanese Communist Party. Nosaka's re-entry to Japan was also aided by the American diplomat John S. Service, who had a history of being friendly to Chinese Communists. Before returning to Japan, Nosaka advised Joseph Stalin to retain the position of the Japanese Emperor, but to replace Emperor Hirohito with Crown Prince Akihito if the Communists ever gained control of Japan. Nosaka returned to Japan in January 1946, and received a hero's welcome by the JCP. He returned to China as a recognized protege of Mao Zedong, and enjoyed the informal recognition as a "roving ambassador" for Japanese communism. After his return to Japan, Nosaka worked to organize Japanese communists. Nosaka's strategy was to foster what he called a "lovable" image for the JCP, seeking to take advantage of the seemingly pro-labor American-led Occupation to bring about a peaceful socialist revolution in Japan. This strategy was highly successful at first, attracting for the party a large following within the student and labor movements and among intellectuals. In the general elections of 1946, Nosaka and four other members of the JCP were elected to the Diet, and the party received 4% of the popular vote. Thereafter, the JCP made further progress infiltrating Japanese labor associations and socialist parties, and in the general elections of 1949, the JCP gained 10% of the popular vote. However, with the fall of China in 1949 and increasing Cold War tensions around the world, the United States initiated the so-called "Reverse Course" in Occupation policy, shifting away from demilitarization and democratization to remilitarization, suppressing leftists, and strengthening Japan's conservative elements in support of U.S. Cold War objectives in Asia. At the Occupation's urging, the Japanese state and private corporations carried out a sweeping "Red Purge", firing tens of thousands of communists and suspected communists from their jobs in both government and the private sector. In January 1950, in response to the Occupation-backed Red Purge and at the behest of Stalin, the Soviet-led Cominform published a tract harshly criticizing the JCP's peaceful line as "opportunism" and "glorifying American imperialism" and demanding that the JCP take steps to pursue immediate violent revolution in Japan. Competition between JCP factions to win Cominform approval in the wake of this devastating "Cominform Criticism" ultimately led by the summer of 1951 to a complete reversal in JCP tactics from the peaceful pursuit of revolution within democratic institutions to an embrace of immediate and violent revolution along Maoist lines. This resulted in a campaign of terror in which JCP activists threw Molotov cocktails at police boxes across Japan and cadres were sent into the countryside with instructions to organize oppressed farmers into "mountain village guerrilla units" (sanson kōsakutai). As punishment for his advocacy of the "lovable" image, Nosaka was temporarily driven out of the party and forced to go underground. After Nosaka went underground, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency reported that he temporarily returned to China. Meanwhile, the JCP's new militant line was a disaster. A full-blown communist revolution failed to emerge in Japan, the JCP activists were rapidly arrested and imprisoned, and in the 1952 general election, the JCP was wiped out in the polls, losing every one of the 35 seats it held in the Lower House of the Japanese Diet. The JCP spent the next three years gradually backing down from the militant line, finally renouncing it fully in 1955, which paved the way for Nosaka's return to power. Nosaka re-emerged in Japan in 1955 as the First Secretary of the JCP. Nosaka was briefly arrested after he resurfaced, but quickly released. In 1958, Nosaka became the chairman of the JCP's Central Committee. He played a part in organizing the Anpo protests in 1960 against the revised US-Japan Security Treaty. In May 1960, as the protests were reaching their height, Nosaka published a lengthy essay in the Communist journal Zen'ei titled "We Will Not Accept the New Security Treaty." These massive demonstrations forced the American president, Dwight Eisenhower, to cancel a visit to Japan, and forced the Japanese Premier, Nobusuke Kishi, to resign, but failed to achieve their main goal of preventing passage of the revised Security Treaty, which Kishi ruthlessly rammed through the Diet in spite of the popular opposition. In Japanese public opinion, the demonstrations were received as a national embarrassment, and the JCP received only 3% of the popular vote in the 1960 elections. The Anpo protests outraged and energized the Japanese right wing. On October 12, during a televised election debate, Inejirō Asanuma, the chairman of the Japanese Socialist Party, was assassinated by a 17-year-old right-wing youth, Otoya Yamaguchi, who rushed onto the stage and fatally stabbed him twice in the stomach with a wakizashi. After his arrest, Yamaguchi told police that he had hoped to assassinate Nosaka as well. On November 13, 1963, Nosaka survived an assassination attempt while making a speech in Osaka. The perpetrator was 22-year-old Masahiro Nakao, a member of the rightist group Dai Nippon Gokuku Dan. Nakao, armed with a dagger, leaped on a platform where Nosaka was giving his speech. Nakao was subdued by Party members who turned him over to the police. Nosaka attempted to keep the JCP neutral during the Sino-Soviet Split of the 1960s, though the CIA interpreted that Nosaka's party remained somewhat more friendly with the Chinese. On Nosaka's seventieth birthday party in 1962, Nosaka received extravagant praise from Beijing. Deng Xiaoping praised Nosaka as an "outstanding fighter of the Japanese people and comrade-in-arms of the Chinese people". The Soviets sent Nosaka a matter-of-fact confirmation of his status within the JCP, and within a month sent the JCP another letter scolding the Party for not adequately supporting Soviet positions. The Soviets' measured praise of Nosaka was consistent with earlier Cominform criticism of Nosaka's political theories, which advocated a peaceful transition into communism. After his re-entry into public life in 1955, Nosaka was elected to the House of Councillors, a post that he held until 1977. Nosaka joined the faculty of Keio University, and was one of many prominent communist intellectuals active in Japanese academic institutions in his time. Nosaka remained the JCP's chairman from 1958 to 1982, when he stepped down at the age of 90 and took the role of "Honorary Chairman". Scandal On September 27, 1992, two Journalists working for the magazine Shukan Bunshun, Akira Kato and Shun'ichi Kobayashi, publicly revealed evidence of Nosaka's involvement in the deaths of Kenzo Yamamoto and his wife. On a trip to Moscow, Kobayashi and Kato had managed to purchase a number of KGB documents, which had been kept secret since the Stalinist era. Among these documents was the letter that Nosaka had written in 1939 denouncing Yamamoto and his wife. The revelations of Nosaka's involvement in Yamamoto's death shocked the JCP, already reduced to six seats in the Diet after the 1991 elections. Akahata ("Red Flag"), a prominent communist newspaper, sent a team of journalists to Moscow to investigate the allegations, and they confirmed the authenticity of the documents. After the allegations against Nosaka became widely known, he checked himself into Yoyogi Hospital in Tokyo (a common tactic of Japanese politicians facing scandal). When a team of investigators sent by the JCP visited him, Nosaka confessed that the letter was his, but refused to discuss the matter further. The JCP ordered Nosaka to be present for a general Party meeting on December 27, 1992. After some deliberation, the party that Nosaka helped found expelled him by unanimous vote. The Party newspaper reported that Nosaka, when asked if he had any reply to the charges against him, would only state: "I have nothing to say". One year after being expelled from the Japanese Communist Party, Sanzō Nosaka died in his home of old age. Outside the JCP, Nosaka was remembered for his gentle demeanor, good manners, and conservative sense of style, "just like a British gentleman". He was 101 years old. Legacy The Chinese Documentary series "Today In The History Of Anti-Japanese War" dedicated an episode to Sanzō Nosaka. Sanzō Nosaka was featured in the "International Friends during the Anti-Japanese War". A show organized by the Beijing People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries. The show "features 160 pictures of 39 foreign friends who worked together with the Chinese people and made contributions to China's independence and freedom." Family Yonago Nosaka was the foster daughter of Sanzō Nosaka. She attended the 60th anniversary of the victory of the War against Fascism. She received a medal as a daughter of Sanzō Nosaka. Names Nosaka used the pen names of Okano and Lin Zhe. See also Japanese dissidence during the Shōwa period Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan Wataru Kaji Hideo Noda Hotsumi Ozaki Works Sanzo Nosaka (Under the Name "Okano") (1933). Revolutionary Struggle of the Toiling Masses of Japan. Speech By Okano, 13th Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International. Workers Library Publishers. Sanzo Nosaka (1921). A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan. The International Council of Trade and Industrial Unions. References Citations ^ a b Scalapino pp. 4-5 ^ a b c d e Scalapino p. 5 ^ a b c The Japan Times Online ^ Gillin and Etter pp. 511-512 ^ a b c d e f Kapur 2018, p. 128. ^ a b c d Universalium 2010. ^ Taylor pp. iv, 13-14, 19 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Kirkup 1993. ^ Scalapino p. 4 ^ a b c d e f Encyclopædia Britannica ^ a b c d e Pace ^ Sanzo Nosaka (1921). A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan. The International Council of Trade and Industrial Unions. ^ Scalapino p. 21 ^ Taylor p. 1 ^ a b Scalapino p. 42 ^ Ariyoshi, Beechert, and Beechert p. 124 ^ Milorad M. Drachkovitch (1986). Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern. Hoover Press. pp. 342–343. ^ Gillin and Etter p. 511 ^ a b c Inoue ^ Ariyoshi, Beechert, and Beechert pp. 123–125 ^ Page, Xiaoyuan Liu. A Partnership for Disorder: China, the United States, and Their Policies for the Postwar Disposition of the Japanese Empire, 1941-1945. pp. 170–173. ^ Kushner, Barak. The Thought War: Japanese Imperial Propaganda. pp. 137, 141–143. ^ Ariyoshi, Beechert, and Beechert p. 126 ^ Gillin and Etter p. 512 ^ Lin ^ Miwa and Ramseyer 8-9 ^ Kifner ^ a b Taylor p. 3 ^ Kapur 2018, pp. 12, 128. ^ Kapur 2018, p. 9. ^ Kapur 2018, pp. 9–10. ^ Taylor p. 28 ^ a b Kapur 2018, p. 129. ^ Taylor p. 19 ^ Nosaka, Sanzō (May 1960). "Shin Anpo danjite yurusazu". Zen'ei: 4–115. ^ Kapur 2018, pp. 4–6, 22–24. ^ Taylor p. iv ^ Kapur 2018, p. 248. ^ Kapur 2018, pp. 252–254. ^ Lucas ^ Kapur 2018, p. 254. ^ "PLOT TO KILL RED BALKED". The Spokesman-Review. November 14, 1963. ^ Taylor pp. 54-61 ^ Taylor p. 75, 79 ^ Associated Press ^ The Baltimore Sun ^ 抗战史上的今天 15 野坂参三决定建日本人民解放联盟 (in Chinese). 【抗战史上的今天】官方频道---纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年. January 14, 2015. ^ "Int'l friends photo exhibition unveiled in Beijing". This is Beijing. July 23, 2015. ^ a b Japan-Anti-fascism War. CCTV.com. August 19, 2015. Sources Cited Ariyoshi, Koji, Alice M. Beechert, and Edward D. Beechert. From Kona to Yenan: The Political Memoirs of Koji Ariyoshi. United States of America: Biography Research Center. 2000. ISBN 0-8248-2376-1. Retrieved on August 14, 2011. Associated Press. "Obituaries: Sanzo Nosaka; Japanese Communist". Los Angeles Times. November 17, 1993. Retrieved August 14, 2011. "Sanzo Nosaka Ousted Communist". The Baltimore Sun. November 15, 1993. Retrieved September 25, 2011. "Nosaka Sanzo". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2011. Gillin, Donald G. and Etter, Charles. "Staying On: Japanese Soldiers and Civilians in China, 1945-1949." The Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. 42, No. 3, May 1983. Retrieved on February 23, 2011. Inoue, Prof. Hisashi. "CCP/Eighth Route Army’s Policies Toward POWs and the Japanese Anti-War Movement in China". Harvard University. June 2002. Retrieved August 17, 2011. "Spy Against Japan: Letters Shed New Light on Nosaka's Espionage Acts". The Japan Times Online. October 22, 2000. Retrieved August 16, 2011. Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 128. ISBN 9780674988484. Kifner, John. "John Service, a Purged 'China Hand,' Dies at 89". The New York Times. February 4, 1999. Retrieved December 7, 2011. Kirkup, James (November 16, 1993). "Obituary: Sanzo Nosaka". The Independent. Retrieved August 14, 2011. Lin Biao. "Build a People’s Army of a New Type". Long Live the Victory of People’s War! Foreign Languages Press. September 3, 1965. Retrieved August 17, 2011. Lucas, Dean. "By the Sword". Famous Pictures: The Magazine. July 7, 2010. Retrieved June 1, 2013. Miwa, Yoshiro & Ramseyer, J. Mark "The Good Occupation". Harvard: John M. Olin Center for Law, Economics, and Business. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law School. May 2005. Retrieved December 7, 2011. Pace, Eric. "Sanzo Nosaka, 101, Communist in Japan Ejected by the Party". The New York Times. November 15, 1993. Retrieved August 14, 2011. Scalapino, Robert A. The Japanese Communist Movement: 1920-1966. London, England: Cambridge University Press. 1967. Retrieved December 8, 2011. Taylor, John. The Japanese Communist Party: 1955-1963. CIA/RSS. March 20, 1964. Retrieved August 16, 2011. Universalium (2010). "Nosaka, Sanzo". Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Retrieved August 14, 2011. Further reading Kato, Tetsuro (July 2000). "The Japanese Victims of Stalinist Terror in the USSR" (PDF). Hitotsubashi Journal of Social Studies. 32 (1). Roth, Andrew (1945). Dilemma in Japan. Little, Brown. Gayn, Mark (December 15, 1989). Japan Diary. Tuttle Publishing. Ware Jr, George (October 1, 1983). "Political Change During the Allied Occupation of Japan (1945-1952): The Justin Williams Papers in the East Asia Collection, McKeldin Library, University of Maryland". Journal of East Asian Libraries. 1983 (72). Agnes Smedley (1972). Great Road. NYU Press. Maochun Yu (July 31, 2013). OSS in China: Prelude to Cold War. Naval Institute Press. pp. 168–183. Lynne Joiner (June 2, 2011). Honorable Survivor: Mao's China, McCarthy's America and the Persecution of John S. Service. Naval Institute Press. pp. 74–107. External links 抗战史上的今天 15 野坂参三决定建日本人民解放联盟 (in Chinese). 【抗战史上的今天】官方频道---纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年. January 14, 2015. Stories of anti-war Japanese in China, 1937-1945. CCTV.com. August 31, 2015. Japan-Anti-fascism War. CCTV.com. August 19, 2015. "COMMUNISTS IN CHINA SEEK UNITY Answer to Japanese Threat". The Sydney Morning Herald. June 27, 1944. "Visit To Eight Route Army". The Sydney Morning Herald. July 12, 1944. "Japanese Communist Speaks". Kalgoorlie Miner. August 4, 1944. "Vote On Emperor Status Is Urged Jap Communists Said To Ask Referendum". Toledo Blade. August 11, 1945. "Papers of Lieutenant Colonel Donald M. Nugent, USMC". The MacArthur Memorial. "Lot 51 of 339: Four leaves of mimeograph reportage, dateline Yenan, August 14 and August 19, ". 1945. "THE WORLD TODAY". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. June 16, 1950. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary (1951). Institute of Pacific Relations. Vol. pt 7. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 2450–2474. "Japan won't end emperor system, Mao wrote in '45". The Japan Times. February 18, 2004. "OUT OF EXILE TO RALLY JAPANESE DEMOCRATS". The Courier-Mail. January 29, 1946. "ADVICE ON PRISONERS Reds Charged". The Sydney Morning Herald. February 20, 1950. vteSoviet and Russian spiesIn the US1940s and before John Abt Joel Barr Elizabeth Bentley Earl Browder Boris Bukov Whittaker Chambers Lona Cohen Morris Cohen Judith Coplon Noel Field Klaus Fuchs Harold Glasser Harry Gold David Greenglass Theodore Hall John Herrmann Donald Hiss George Koval William Malisoff Hede Massing Boris Morros Isaiah Oggins William Perl Victor Perlo J. Peters William Ward Pigman Lee Pressman Vincent Reno Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Alfred Sarant Saville Sax Morton Sobell Alexander Ulanovsky Nadezhda Ulanovskaya Julian Wadleigh Harold Ware Bill Weisband Nathaniel Weyl Harry Dexter White Maria Wicher Nathan Witt Flora Wovschin Anatoli Yatskov Cold War Rudolf Abel Aldrich Ames David Sheldon Boone Christopher John Boyce Thomas Patrick Cavanaugh Jack Dunlap James Hall III Robert Hanssen Reino Häyhänen Edward Lee Howard Robert Lee Johnson Karl Koecher Andrew Daulton Lee Robert Lipka Clayton J. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Keio University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keio_University"},{"link_name":"political economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy"},{"link_name":"Marxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scal45-1"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Japanese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scal5-2"},{"link_name":"Comintern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comintern"},{"link_name":"West Coast of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spy-3"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army"},{"link_name":"Japanese-occupied China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War#Course_of_the_war"},{"link_name":"surrender of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"occupation of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur2018128-5"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversalium2010-6"},{"link_name":"US-Japan Security Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_the_United_States_and_Japan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Keio University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keio_University"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkup1993-8"}],"text":"Japanese politician (1892–1993)Sanzō Nosaka (野坂 参三, Nosaka Sanzō, March 30, 1892 – November 14, 1993) was a Japanese writer, editor, labor organizer, communist agent, politician, and university professor and the founder of the Japanese Communist Party (JCP). He was the son of a wealthy Japanese merchant, and attended the prestigious Keio University. While in university, Nosaka became interested in social movements, and joined a moderate labor organization after graduation, working as a research staff member, and as a writer and editor of the organization's magazine. He traveled to Britain in 1919 to study political economy, where he deepened his studies of Marxism and became a confirmed communist. Nosaka was a founding member of the Communist Party of Great Britain, but his activity within British communist circles led to him being deported from Britain in 1921.[1]After leaving Britain, Nosaka traveled through the Soviet Union (USSR). He returned to Japan in 1922, where he co-founded the Japanese Communist Party (JCP).[2] Nosaka became a labor organizer, but was arrested twice by the Japanese government for his activities. After being released from prison a second time, Nosaka secretly returned to the USSR in 1931, where he became an agent of the Comintern. He traveled to the West Coast of the United States, where he worked as a spy from 1934 to 1938.[3]After leaving the United States, Nosaka worked in China from 1940 to 1945, supporting the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) by encouraging and recruiting captured Japanese soldiers to support and fight for the Chinese communists against the Imperial Japanese Army, and coordinating a spy network that operated throughout Japanese-occupied China. After the surrender of Japan in 1945, Nosaka returned to Japan with hundreds of other Japanese communists, where he led the Japanese Communist Party during the occupation of Japan.[4]Nosaka attempted to brand the JCP as a \"lovable\" populist party supporting Japan's peaceful transition to socialism, but his strategy was criticized within the party and within the Soviet Union.[5] During the Korean War the JCP temporarily endorsed violence, and Nosaka disappeared from public life and went underground.[6] He re-emerged to lead the JCP again in 1955, after which he attempted to disrupt the US-Japan Security Treaty by organizing public demonstrations, but he generally supported the JCP's role as a peaceful party.[7] In 1958 Nosaka became Chairman of the JCP, a position he held until retirement at the age of 90, after which he was declared Honorary Chairman. Nosaka joined the faculty of Keio University, and he was widely idolized among left-wing intellectuals until shortly before his death, when the fall of the Soviet Union exposed controversial aspects of his relationship with Stalin's Communist regime.[8]","title":"Sanzō Nosaka"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bourgeois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeois"},{"link_name":"Keio University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keio_University"},{"link_name":"Bunji Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunji_Suzuki"},{"link_name":"Yuaikai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABaikai"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scal4-9"},{"link_name":"Bolshevik Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-10"},{"link_name":"anarchism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism"},{"link_name":"Edward Bellamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bellamy"},{"link_name":"Looking Backward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looking_Backward"},{"link_name":"The Communist Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto"},{"link_name":"Marxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scal45-1"},{"link_name":"Kobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe"},{"link_name":"political economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy"},{"link_name":"London University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkup1993-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scal5-2"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pace-11"},{"link_name":"Scotland Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_Yard"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scal5-2"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"purged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purged"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkup1993-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scal5-2"},{"link_name":"Japanese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pace-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scal5-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversalium2010-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversalium2010-6"},{"link_name":"Kenpeitai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenpeitai"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"May 15 Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_15_Incident"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spy-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkup1993-8"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Sanzō Nosaka was the son of a prosperous Japanese merchant and was raised in a bourgeois environment. As a young man Nosaka was known for his fashionable taste in clothing and for the large dog that often accompanied him in public. He was quiet, serious, studious, introverted, and more comfortable in libraries than at public demonstrations. After his secondary education, Nosaka attended Keio University, which was then considered a \"rich boys school\". At Keio, Nosaka became interested in the international labor movement, an interest that was largely supported by one of his professors, Kiichi Horie. Nosaka decided to write his senior thesis on the moderate labor organization founded by Bunji Suzuki, \"Yuaikai\" (\"The Friendly Society\"). To research his thesis, Nosaka contacted Yuaikai's head office, and acquainted himself with its senior leaders: Suzuki initially mistook Nosaka for a salesman the first time they met, but eventually grew fond of Nosaka. When Nosaka graduated from Keio, in 1915, he joined Yuaikai and worked for the organization as a research staff member and as an editor of the organization's journal, Rodo Oyobi Sangyo (Labour and Industry).[9]Nosaka became interested in communism after the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution.[10] As a greater volume of leftist literature entered Japan from the West, Nosaka's political orientation moved farther from the center. The first Western texts on revolutionary social theory available in Japan were mostly on anarchism, but Nosaka also enjoyed Edward Bellamy's utopian novel, Looking Backward. In 1918-1919 Nosaka read an English copy of The Communist Manifesto brought to Japan by his friend, Shinzo Koizumi. After reading The Communist Manifesto, Nosaka embraced the theories of Marxism.[1]Nosaka announced his intentions to go abroad to study social theory in the November 1918 issue of Rodo Oyobi Sangyo. He sailed out of Kobe harbor on July 7, 1919, and arrived in London on August 27. After his arrival, Nosaka studied political economy at London University. Like many British intellectuals at the time, Nosaka deepened his studies of Marxism, and became a confirmed communist at the university.[8] While in London Nosaka became active in communist circles. He affiliated himself with notable trade union leaders active in London, and attended the September 8–13, 1919 Glasgow Trade Union Congress as a correspondent for Rodo Oyobi Sangyo.[2] Nosaka was a founding member of the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1920,[11] and attended the Party's first session as a representative from London. Nosaka's activities within the Communist Party brought him to the attention of Scotland Yard,[2] and Nosaka was deported from Britain in 1921. After he left Britain, Nosaka traveled through Europe to the newly formed Soviet Union. In Russia, with the help of friendly contacts in the communist hierarchy, Nosaka became influential within the Communist Party. Nosaka was suspected of being either a British or Japanese agent; but, because of his contacts among high-ranking Finnish and Russian leaders, Nosaka was never purged.[8] Nosaka wrote A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan. It was published by the International Council of Trade and Industrial Unions in 1921[12]After attending the Far Eastern People's Conference in the Soviet Union, Nosaka returned to Japan in 1922,[2] and helped found the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) that same year.[11] Nosaka was more secretive about his relationship with the Communist Party than he had been in Britain, and kept his membership a secret from Bunji Suzuki and other moderate labour leaders.[2] After his return, Nosaka worked as a trade unionist and editor of the JCP's official newspaper, Musansha Shimbun.[6]Because of his activities within the Communist Party (which was illegal in Japan),[13] Nosaka, like many communists in Japan, was arrested (twice in his case),[6] interrogated, and tortured by the Kenpeitai, but he was released after short periods both times. Nosaka was first arrested in 1923, and released within a year. After his release, Nosaka became more active within the Japanese labor movement.[10] In March 1928, the Japanese police began a campaign to harass and destroy the JCP,[14] beginning with the May 15 Incident.[10] After his second arrest in 1929, Nosaka spent two years in jail. He was released in 1931 on the grounds of illness.[3] The short lengths of Nosaka's arrests aroused suspicion among other Japanese communists that Nosaka had given important information to the Japanese secret police, but these suspicions were never acted upon.[8]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scal42-15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-10"},{"link_name":"Comintern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comintern"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversalium2010-6"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scal42-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pace-11"},{"link_name":"NKVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD"},{"link_name":"Kenpeitai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenpeitai"},{"link_name":"gulag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag"},{"link_name":"Nikita Khrushchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkup1993-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pace-11"},{"link_name":"West Coast of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_intelligence_(espionage)"},{"link_name":"International Liaison Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Liaison_Department_(Comintern)"},{"link_name":"Comintern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comintern"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japan"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Yokohama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spy-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Comintern agent","text":"Upon his release, Nosaka secretly returned to the Soviet Union, arriving in Moscow in March 1931.[15] While there, Nosaka served as a representative of the JCP,[10] and worked as an executive member of the Comintern.[6] While in Moscow Nosaka helped to draft the \"1932 Thesis\", which became the guiding document of the JCP until 1946. Most of his colleagues active in the JCP, who were not able to go abroad, were subsequently arrested by the kempeitai by the fall of 1932.[15][16]One of Nosaka's friends was Kenzo Yamamoto, a legendary Japanese communist who had been in the Soviet Union with his common-law wife, Matsu, since 1928.[11] Yamamoto had a reputation as a great womanizer; and, when rumors circulated that Yamamoto was engaged in an affair with Nosaka's wife, Ryu, Nosaka wrote a confidential letter to the NKVD (dated February 22, 1939) indicating that he believed Yamamoto and his wife were likely Japanese spies in the pay of the Kenpeitai. On Stalin's orders, both Yamamoto and Matsu were arrested as spies. A firing squad executed Yamamoto, and Matsu died in a gulag. Both Yamamoto and his wife were formally rehabilitated after their deaths by Nikita Khrushchev on May 23, 1956, recognizing the lack of any evidence that the two were actually spies.[8] In his autobiography, Nosaka later wrote that he had tried to save Yamamoto's life.[11]In 1934, Nosaka secretly traveled to the West Coast of the United States, where he became involved in intelligence work on behalf of the International Liaison Department of the Comintern against the Imperial Japanese government. Nosaka's activities included disseminating information to communists still active in Japan, infiltrating and making contact with the Japanese communities active in the United States, and establishing a number of communist front organizations in Seattle, Los Angeles, and other cities on the West Coast. Nosaka worked to gain funding from the Comintern for his activities, and attempted to have other Japanese Communists secretly relocated to America. He planned to recruit American and Japanese agents to send to Yokohama to establish a cell that would operate as a communist front organization. Because the records from this period are incomplete, historians cannot be certain to what extent Nosaka's efforts in America were successful. Nosaka worked as a Comintern agent in America until 1938, when he returned to Moscow. In 1940, the Comintern ordered Nosaka to aid communist forces in China.[3]In May 1943, Nosaka was the representative of the JCP in the case of the dissolution of the Comintern.[17]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zhou_Enlai_and_Nosaka_Sanzo_in_Yan%27an.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zhou Enlai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Enlai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nosaka_Sanzo_at_the_Seventh_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"Second Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Chinese Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"Yan'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%27an"},{"link_name":"Shaanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaanxi"},{"link_name":"Japanese People's Emancipation League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_People%27s_Emancipation_League"},{"link_name":"re-education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainwashing"},{"link_name":"prisoners of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war"},{"link_name":"propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda"},{"link_name":"Pingjin Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingjin_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"guerrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla"},{"link_name":"Eighth Route Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inoue-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inoue-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inoue-19"},{"link_name":"Koji Ariyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koji_Ariyoshi"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Lin Biao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Biao"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Zhou Enlai and Sanzō Nosaka (left) in Yan'an.Nosaka (middle) and Mao Zedong (right) at the Seventh Congress of the Chinese Communist PartyFrom March 1940 to the end of 1945, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, Nosaka resided at the Chinese Red Army base in Yan'an, in Shaanxi Province, where he headed the Japanese People's Emancipation League (JPEL). The JPEL engaged in the \"re-education\" of numerous Japanese prisoners of war (POWs) and created propaganda on behalf of the Chinese Communists. Japanese troops captured by the Communists were then used by the Communists in various civilian and military roles, and were especially valued because their level of technical expertise was generally greater than that of most Chinese soldiers. \"Re-educated\" Japanese troops were instrumental in a number of Communist victories after World War II, including the 1949 Pingjin Campaign, in which most of the artillery fielded by the Communists was manned by Japanese gunners. In general, the method of \"re-education\" devised and employed by Nosaka was highly effective.[18]Initially, the Red Army was a purely guerrilla force without the facilities to imprison POWs. The policy of the Eighth Route Army, the main communist force active during World War II, was to interrogate prisoners and then release them. After reports surfaced that the Japanese were punishing Japanese prisoners after they returned, the Red Army's policy gradually changed to one of retraining POWs, and the communists began to implement this policy after Nosaka arrived in Yan'an.[19] By the time of its war with China, the Japanese army was educating its officers and common soldiers to die rather than surrender. Injured soldiers were easily captured, and made up the bulk of Japanese POWs. Captured Japanese believed that they would be killed, but were instead fed and clothed, and began to develop a rapport with their captors.[19]Besides Nosaka's regimen of psychological indoctrination, there were several reasons that Japanese POWs chose to join the Chinese communists. Communist guerrillas took care to develop an early rapport with their prisoners by treating them well. Captured Japanese soldiers were generally moved when they learned of the terrible conditions the war inflicted on the Chinese people, a perspective that they had not been exposed to before their capture. Closer to the end of the war, the growing possibility of defeat created anxiety among the Japanese army. Because of the Japanese military's policy to never surrender, Japanese soldiers never received any training about how to act as POWs: upon returning to Japanese ranks, many would face disgrace, punishment, and starvation. Many Japanese soldiers committed suicide after their capture, but those who chose to live generally came to sympathize with the Chinese. The Japanese army was aware of the existence of Nosaka's Communist Japanese soldiers, and feared the phenomena out of proportion to their actual threat.[19] Koji Ariyoshi, an American who met Nosaka in Yan'an wrote that Nosaka was \"the Japanese national who undoubtedly contributed the most in the war against Japanese militarism\". The Japanese army attempted to use numerous spies and assassins in order to eliminate Nosaka (who used the name \"Okano Susumu\" for the duration of the war), but were unsuccessful. Nosaka maintained a network of agents throughout Japanese-occupied China, which he used to gather information about events within the Japanese Empire and about the war.[20]From 1940 to 1943, Nosaka's presence in China was kept a secret. Under a Chinese name, Lin Zhe, he directed the work of the Research Office of the Japanese Problem. His work with the Research Office in Yan'an brought Yan'an's intelligence information about Japan up to date. Nosaka collected newspapers and other publications from Japan.[21] To research the enemy, Nosaka and his crew took care to analyze current events in Japan and China, which they did by stocking Japanese newspapers, magazines, journals, and diaries that were purchased or seized on the battlefield.[22]Nosaka's Japanese \"prisoner converts\" fought freely for the Chinese communists once their re-education was complete. In Yan'an, the Japanese lived normal lives without guards, owned a cooperative store, and printed their own news bulletins and propaganda. Visiting American officers used Nosaka's Japanese soldiers to critique and improve their own methods of anti-Japanese psychological warfare.[23] Shortly after Japan's surrender in 1945, Nosaka began to march with approximately 200 other Japanese Communists across northern China. They arrived at the coast after picking up hundreds of other Japanese along the way. Demanding immediate repatriation from the first Americans they found, they declared their intention to return and work \"for the democratization of Japan and the establishment of peace in the Far East\". Although there are no records of the exact number of Japanese \"re-educated\" by Nosaka who elected to remain in Communist-occupied China after 1945, it is estimated that \"the number must have been considerable\".[24]Nosaka's contributions to the eventual victory of the Red Army were not forgotten by the leaders he had worked with in China. In 1965, on the twentieth anniversary of Japan's defeat, Nosaka was publicly praised by name by the highest-ranking general in China at the time, Lin Biao.[25]","title":"Activities in China"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Postwar"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Communist_Returns_to_Japan.png"},{"link_name":"E. Herbert Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Herbert_Norman"},{"link_name":"Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Allied_Powers"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John S. Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Service"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Japanese Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Hirohito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito"},{"link_name":"Akihito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akihito"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkup1993-8"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor3-28"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201812,_128-29"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur2018128-5"},{"link_name":"general elections of 1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Japanese_general_election"},{"link_name":"Diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor3-28"},{"link_name":"general elections of 1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_Japanese_general_election"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Reverse Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Course"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20189-30"},{"link_name":"Red Purge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Purge"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20189%E2%80%9310-31"},{"link_name":"Cominform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cominform"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur2018128-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur2018128-5"},{"link_name":"Molotov cocktails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov_cocktail"},{"link_name":"mountain village guerrilla units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Village_Operation_Unit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur2018128-5"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur2018128-5"},{"link_name":"1952 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Japanese_general_election"},{"link_name":"Japanese Diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Diet"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur2018129-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur2018129-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Anpo protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anpo_protests"},{"link_name":"US-Japan Security Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_the_United_States_and_Japan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkup1993-8"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Dwight Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Nobusuke Kishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobusuke_Kishi"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20184%E2%80%936,_22%E2%80%9324-36"},{"link_name":"1960 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Japanese_general_election"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur2018248-38"},{"link_name":"Inejirō Asanuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inejir%C5%8D_Asanuma"},{"link_name":"Japanese Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Otoya Yamaguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otoya_Yamaguchi"},{"link_name":"wakizashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakizashi"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur2018252%E2%80%93254-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur2018254-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Sino-Soviet Split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Split"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Deng Xiaoping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Cominform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cominform"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-10"},{"link_name":"House of Councillors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Councillors"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-10"},{"link_name":"Keio University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keio_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkup1993-8"}],"sub_title":"Japanese political career","text":"Sanzō Nosaka speaking to large crowd in Tokyo (ca. 1946)After the World War II, Nosaka's return to Japan was facilitated by E. Herbert Norman, the Canadian representative to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, who may also have been a Soviet spy.[citation needed] Before returning to Japan, Nosaka gained Stalin's endorsement for the leadership of the Japanese Communist Party. Nosaka's re-entry to Japan was also aided by the American diplomat John S. Service,[26] who had a history of being friendly to Chinese Communists.[27] Before returning to Japan, Nosaka advised Joseph Stalin to retain the position of the Japanese Emperor, but to replace Emperor Hirohito with Crown Prince Akihito if the Communists ever gained control of Japan.[8]Nosaka returned to Japan in January 1946, and received a hero's welcome by the JCP.[28] He returned to China as a recognized protege of Mao Zedong, and enjoyed the informal recognition as a \"roving ambassador\" for Japanese communism. After his return to Japan, Nosaka worked to organize Japanese communists. Nosaka's strategy was to foster what he called a \"lovable\" image for the JCP, seeking to take advantage of the seemingly pro-labor American-led Occupation to bring about a peaceful socialist revolution in Japan.[29] This strategy was highly successful at first, attracting for the party a large following within the student and labor movements and among intellectuals.[5] In the general elections of 1946, Nosaka and four other members of the JCP were elected to the Diet, and the party received 4% of the popular vote.[28] Thereafter, the JCP made further progress infiltrating Japanese labor associations and socialist parties, and in the general elections of 1949, the JCP gained 10% of the popular vote.However, with the fall of China in 1949 and increasing Cold War tensions around the world, the United States initiated the so-called \"Reverse Course\" in Occupation policy, shifting away from demilitarization and democratization to remilitarization, suppressing leftists, and strengthening Japan's conservative elements in support of U.S. Cold War objectives in Asia.[30] At the Occupation's urging, the Japanese state and private corporations carried out a sweeping \"Red Purge\", firing tens of thousands of communists and suspected communists from their jobs in both government and the private sector.[31]In January 1950, in response to the Occupation-backed Red Purge and at the behest of Stalin, the Soviet-led Cominform published a tract harshly criticizing the JCP's peaceful line as \"opportunism\" and \"glorifying American imperialism\" and demanding that the JCP take steps to pursue immediate violent revolution in Japan.[5] Competition between JCP factions to win Cominform approval in the wake of this devastating \"Cominform Criticism\" ultimately led by the summer of 1951 to a complete reversal in JCP tactics from the peaceful pursuit of revolution within democratic institutions to an embrace of immediate and violent revolution along Maoist lines.[5] This resulted in a campaign of terror in which JCP activists threw Molotov cocktails at police boxes across Japan and cadres were sent into the countryside with instructions to organize oppressed farmers into \"mountain village guerrilla units\" (sanson kōsakutai).[5] As punishment for his advocacy of the \"lovable\" image, Nosaka was temporarily driven out of the party and forced to go underground.After Nosaka went underground, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency reported that he temporarily returned to China.[32] Meanwhile, the JCP's new militant line was a disaster.[5] A full-blown communist revolution failed to emerge in Japan, the JCP activists were rapidly arrested and imprisoned, and in the 1952 general election, the JCP was wiped out in the polls, losing every one of the 35 seats it held in the Lower House of the Japanese Diet.[33] The JCP spent the next three years gradually backing down from the militant line, finally renouncing it fully in 1955, which paved the way for Nosaka's return to power.[33] Nosaka re-emerged in Japan in 1955 as the First Secretary of the JCP. Nosaka was briefly arrested after he resurfaced, but quickly released.[34]In 1958, Nosaka became the chairman of the JCP's Central Committee. He played a part in organizing the Anpo protests in 1960 against the revised US-Japan Security Treaty.[8] In May 1960, as the protests were reaching their height, Nosaka published a lengthy essay in the Communist journal Zen'ei titled \"We Will Not Accept the New Security Treaty.\"[35] These massive demonstrations forced the American president, Dwight Eisenhower, to cancel a visit to Japan, and forced the Japanese Premier, Nobusuke Kishi, to resign, but failed to achieve their main goal of preventing passage of the revised Security Treaty, which Kishi ruthlessly rammed through the Diet in spite of the popular opposition.[36] In Japanese public opinion, the demonstrations were received as a national embarrassment, and the JCP received only 3% of the popular vote in the 1960 elections.[37]The Anpo protests outraged and energized the Japanese right wing.[38] On October 12, during a televised election debate, Inejirō Asanuma, the chairman of the Japanese Socialist Party, was assassinated by a 17-year-old right-wing youth, Otoya Yamaguchi, who rushed onto the stage and fatally stabbed him twice in the stomach with a wakizashi.[39] After his arrest, Yamaguchi told police that he had hoped to assassinate Nosaka as well.[40] On November 13, 1963, Nosaka survived an assassination attempt while making a speech in Osaka.[41] The perpetrator was 22-year-old Masahiro Nakao, a member of the rightist group Dai Nippon Gokuku Dan. Nakao, armed with a dagger, leaped on a platform where Nosaka was giving his speech. Nakao was subdued by Party members who turned him over to the police.[42]Nosaka attempted to keep the JCP neutral during the Sino-Soviet Split of the 1960s, though the CIA interpreted that Nosaka's party remained somewhat more friendly with the Chinese.[43] On Nosaka's seventieth birthday party in 1962, Nosaka received extravagant praise from Beijing. Deng Xiaoping praised Nosaka as an \"outstanding fighter of the Japanese people and comrade-in-arms of the Chinese people\". The Soviets sent Nosaka a matter-of-fact confirmation of his status within the JCP, and within a month sent the JCP another letter scolding the Party for not adequately supporting Soviet positions.[44] The Soviets' measured praise of Nosaka was consistent with earlier Cominform criticism of Nosaka's political theories, which advocated a peaceful transition into communism.[10]After his re-entry into public life in 1955, Nosaka was elected to the House of Councillors, a post that he held until 1977.[10] Nosaka joined the faculty of Keio University, and was one of many prominent communist intellectuals active in Japanese academic institutions in his time. Nosaka remained the JCP's chairman from 1958 to 1982, when he stepped down at the age of 90 and took the role of \"Honorary Chairman\".[8]","title":"Postwar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shukan Bunshun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukan_Bunshun"},{"link_name":"Stalinist era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkup1993-8"},{"link_name":"Diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Akahata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimbun_Akahata"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkup1993-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkup1993-8"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkup1993-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pace-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkup1993-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkup1993-8"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Scandal","text":"On September 27, 1992, two Journalists working for the magazine Shukan Bunshun, Akira Kato and Shun'ichi Kobayashi, publicly revealed evidence of Nosaka's involvement in the deaths of Kenzo Yamamoto and his wife. On a trip to Moscow, Kobayashi and Kato had managed to purchase a number of KGB documents, which had been kept secret since the Stalinist era. Among these documents was the letter that Nosaka had written in 1939 denouncing Yamamoto and his wife.[8]The revelations of Nosaka's involvement in Yamamoto's death shocked the JCP, already reduced to six seats in the Diet after the 1991 elections. Akahata (\"Red Flag\"), a prominent communist newspaper, sent a team of journalists to Moscow to investigate the allegations, and they confirmed the authenticity of the documents.[8]After the allegations against Nosaka became widely known, he checked himself into Yoyogi Hospital in Tokyo (a common tactic of Japanese politicians facing scandal). When a team of investigators sent by the JCP visited him,[8] Nosaka confessed that the letter was his, but refused to discuss the matter further.[45] The JCP ordered Nosaka to be present for a general Party meeting on December 27, 1992. After some deliberation, the party that Nosaka helped found expelled him by unanimous vote.[8] The Party newspaper[11] reported that Nosaka, when asked if he had any reply to the charges against him, would only state: \"I have nothing to say\".[8]One year after being expelled from the Japanese Communist Party, Sanzō Nosaka died in his home of old age. Outside the JCP, Nosaka was remembered for his gentle demeanor, good manners, and conservative sense of style, \"just like a British gentleman\".[8] He was 101 years old.[46]","title":"Postwar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"The Chinese Documentary series \"Today In The History Of Anti-Japanese War\" dedicated an episode to Sanzō Nosaka.[47]Sanzō Nosaka was featured in the \"International Friends during the Anti-Japanese War\". A show organized by the Beijing People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries. The show \"features 160 pictures of 39 foreign friends who worked together with the Chinese people and made contributions to China's independence and freedom.\"[48]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan-Anti-fascism_War-49"}],"text":"Yonago Nosaka was the foster daughter of Sanzō Nosaka. She attended the 60th anniversary of the victory of the War against Fascism. She received a medal as a daughter of Sanzō Nosaka.[49]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan-Anti-fascism_War-49"}],"text":"Nosaka used the pen names of Okano and Lin Zhe.[49]","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/briefreviewoflab00nosa"}],"text":"Sanzo Nosaka (Under the Name \"Okano\") (1933). Revolutionary Struggle of the Toiling Masses of Japan. Speech By Okano, 13th Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International. Workers Library Publishers.\nSanzo Nosaka (1921). A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan. The International Council of Trade and Industrial Unions.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Japanese Victims of Stalinist Terror in the USSR\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hermes-ir.lib.hit-u.ac.jp/rs/bitstream/10086/8312/1/HJsoc0320100010.pdf"},{"link_name":"Dilemma in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/dilemmainjapan017811mbp"},{"link_name":"Gayn, Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Gayn"},{"link_name":"Agnes Smedley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Smedley"}],"text":"Kato, Tetsuro (July 2000). \"The Japanese Victims of Stalinist Terror in the USSR\" (PDF). Hitotsubashi Journal of Social Studies. 32 (1).\nRoth, Andrew (1945). Dilemma in Japan. Little, Brown.\nGayn, Mark (December 15, 1989). Japan Diary. Tuttle Publishing.\nWare Jr, George (October 1, 1983). \"Political Change During the Allied Occupation of Japan (1945-1952): The Justin Williams Papers in the East Asia Collection, McKeldin Library, University of Maryland\". Journal of East Asian Libraries. 1983 (72).\nAgnes Smedley (1972). Great Road. NYU Press.\nMaochun Yu (July 31, 2013). OSS in China: Prelude to Cold War. Naval Institute Press. pp. 168–183.\nLynne Joiner (June 2, 2011). Honorable Survivor: Mao's China, McCarthy's America and the Persecution of John S. Service. Naval Institute Press. pp. 74–107.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Zhou Enlai and Sanzō Nosaka (left) in Yan'an.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/13/Zhou_Enlai_and_Nosaka_Sanzo_in_Yan%27an.jpg/220px-Zhou_Enlai_and_Nosaka_Sanzo_in_Yan%27an.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nosaka (middle) and Mao Zedong (right) at the Seventh Congress of the Chinese Communist Party","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/Nosaka_Sanzo_at_the_Seventh_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg/220px-Nosaka_Sanzo_at_the_Seventh_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sanzō Nosaka speaking to large crowd in Tokyo (ca. 1946)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dc/Communist_Returns_to_Japan.png/220px-Communist_Returns_to_Japan.png"}]

[{"title":"Japanese dissidence during the Shōwa period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_dissidence_during_the_Sh%C5%8Dwa_period"},{"title":"Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_in_the_Chinese_resistance_to_the_Empire_of_Japan"},{"title":"Wataru Kaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wataru_Kaji"},{"title":"Hideo Noda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideo_Noda"},{"title":"Hotsumi Ozaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotsumi_Ozaki"}]

[{"reference":"Sanzo Nosaka (Under the Name \"Okano\") (1933). Revolutionary Struggle of the Toiling Masses of Japan. Speech By Okano, 13th Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International. Workers Library Publishers.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sanzo Nosaka (1921). A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan. The International Council of Trade and Industrial Unions.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/briefreviewoflab00nosa","url_text":"A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan"}]},{"reference":"Sanzo Nosaka (1921). A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan. The International Council of Trade and Industrial Unions.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/briefreviewoflab00nosa","url_text":"A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan"}]},{"reference":"Milorad M. Drachkovitch (1986). Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern. Hoover Press. pp. 342–343.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Page, Xiaoyuan Liu. A Partnership for Disorder: China, the United States, and Their Policies for the Postwar Disposition of the Japanese Empire, 1941-1945. pp. 170–173.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kushner, Barak. The Thought War: Japanese Imperial Propaganda. pp. 137, 141–143.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nosaka, Sanzō (May 1960). \"Shin Anpo danjite yurusazu\". Zen'ei: 4–115.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"PLOT TO KILL RED BALKED\". The Spokesman-Review. November 14, 1963.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19631114&id=pNxXAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JOkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5769,4475414&hl=en","url_text":"\"PLOT TO KILL RED BALKED\""}]},{"reference":"抗战史上的今天 15 野坂参三决定建日本人民解放联盟 (in Chinese). 【抗战史上的今天】官方频道---纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年. January 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W8EX1nUWAAs","url_text":"抗战史上的今天 15 野坂参三决定建日本人民解放联盟"}]},{"reference":"\"Int'l friends photo exhibition unveiled in Beijing\". This is Beijing. July 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://beijing.china.org.cn/2015-07/23/content_36130051.htm","url_text":"\"Int'l friends photo exhibition unveiled in Beijing\""}]},{"reference":"Japan-Anti-fascism War. CCTV.com. August 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://newscontent.cctv.com/NewJsp/news.jsp?fileId=311768","url_text":"Japan-Anti-fascism War"}]},{"reference":"Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 128. ISBN 9780674988484.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Re5hDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press","url_text":"Harvard University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674988484","url_text":"9780674988484"}]},{"reference":"Kirkup, James (November 16, 1993). \"Obituary: Sanzo Nosaka\". The Independent. Retrieved August 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-sanzo-nosaka-1504671.html","url_text":"\"Obituary: Sanzo Nosaka\""}]},{"reference":"Universalium (2010). \"Nosaka, Sanzo\". Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Retrieved August 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://universalium.academic.ru/253027/Nosaka,_Sanzo","url_text":"\"Nosaka, Sanzo\""}]},{"reference":"Kato, Tetsuro (July 2000). \"The Japanese Victims of Stalinist Terror in the USSR\" (PDF). Hitotsubashi Journal of Social Studies. 32 (1).","urls":[{"url":"https://hermes-ir.lib.hit-u.ac.jp/rs/bitstream/10086/8312/1/HJsoc0320100010.pdf","url_text":"\"The Japanese Victims of Stalinist Terror in the USSR\""}]},{"reference":"Roth, Andrew (1945). Dilemma in Japan. Little, Brown.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dilemmainjapan017811mbp","url_text":"Dilemma in Japan"}]},{"reference":"Gayn, Mark (December 15, 1989). Japan Diary. Tuttle Publishing.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Gayn","url_text":"Gayn, Mark"}]},{"reference":"Ware Jr, George (October 1, 1983). \"Political Change During the Allied Occupation of Japan (1945-1952): The Justin Williams Papers in the East Asia Collection, McKeldin Library, University of Maryland\". Journal of East Asian Libraries. 1983 (72).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Agnes Smedley (1972). Great Road. NYU Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Smedley","url_text":"Agnes Smedley"}]},{"reference":"Maochun Yu (July 31, 2013). OSS in China: Prelude to Cold War. Naval Institute Press. pp. 168–183.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lynne Joiner (June 2, 2011). Honorable Survivor: Mao's China, McCarthy's America and the Persecution of John S. Service. Naval Institute Press. pp. 74–107.","urls":[]},{"reference":"抗战史上的今天 15 野坂参三决定建日本人民解放联盟 (in Chinese). 【抗战史上的今天】官方频道---纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年. January 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W8EX1nUWAAs","url_text":"抗战史上的今天 15 野坂参三决定建日本人民解放联盟"}]},{"reference":"Stories of anti-war Japanese in China, 1937-1945. CCTV.com. August 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.cntv.cn/2015/08/31/VIDE1441013641776546.shtml","url_text":"Stories of anti-war Japanese in China, 1937-1945"}]},{"reference":"Japan-Anti-fascism War. CCTV.com. August 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://newscontent.cctv.com/NewJsp/news.jsp?fileId=311768","url_text":"Japan-Anti-fascism War"}]},{"reference":"\"COMMUNISTS IN CHINA SEEK UNITY Answer to Japanese Threat\". The Sydney Morning Herald. June 27, 1944.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19440627&id=0UwQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=75QDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5536,3766894&hl=en","url_text":"\"COMMUNISTS IN CHINA SEEK UNITY Answer to Japanese Threat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Visit To Eight Route Army\". The Sydney Morning Herald. July 12, 1944.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19440712&id=LPxhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=75QDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7198,4790706&hl=en","url_text":"\"Visit To Eight Route Army\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japanese Communist Speaks\". Kalgoorlie Miner. August 4, 1944.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94801773?searchTerm=okano%20japanese%20people%27s%20emancipation%20league&searchLimits=","url_text":"\"Japanese Communist Speaks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vote On Emperor Status Is Urged Jap Communists Said To Ask Referendum\". Toledo Blade. August 11, 1945.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19450811&id=ct9OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0_8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3620,1404237&hl=en","url_text":"\"Vote On Emperor Status Is Urged Jap Communists Said To Ask Referendum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Papers of Lieutenant Colonel Donald M. Nugent, USMC\". The MacArthur Memorial.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.macarthurmemorial.org/178/Lieutenant-Colonel-Donald-M-Nugent-Paper","url_text":"\"Papers of Lieutenant Colonel Donald M. Nugent, USMC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lot 51 of 339: Four leaves of mimeograph reportage, dateline Yenan, August 14 and August 19, [1945]\". 1945.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pbagalleries.com/view-auctions/catalog/id/365/lot/99702/?url=%2Fview-auctions%2Fcatalog%2Fid%2F365%3Fcat%3D11%2C30","url_text":"\"Lot 51 of 339: Four leaves of mimeograph reportage, dateline Yenan, August 14 and August 19, [1945]\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE WORLD TODAY\". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. June 16, 1950.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19500616&id=HJkcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wWQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6330,4873639&hl=en","url_text":"\"THE WORLD TODAY\""}]},{"reference":"United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary (1951). Institute of Pacific Relations. Vol. pt 7. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansourasaurus

Mansourasaurus

["1 Discovery and naming","2 Description","3 Phylogeny","4 See also","5 References"]

Extinct genus of dinosaurs MansourasaurusTemporal range: Late Cretaceous, 74–72 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Restoration Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Dinosauria Clade: Saurischia Clade: †Sauropodomorpha Clade: †Sauropoda Clade: †Macronaria Clade: †Titanosauria Clade: †Lithostrotia Genus: †MansourasaurusSallam et al., 2018 Type species Mansourasaurus shahinaeSallam et al., 2018 class=notpageimage| Dakhla Oasis, Egypt, where the first Mansourasaurus was discovered Mansourasaurus ("Mansoura lizard") is a genus of herbivorous lithostrotian sauropod dinosaur from the Quseir Formation of Egypt. The type and only species is Mansourasaurus shahinae. The discovery of Mansourasaurus was considered quite significant by paleontologists, because very few Late Cretaceous sauropod remains have been found in Africa, where the rocky strata that preserve remains elsewhere and produce rich fossil beds were typically not found exposed at or near ground level. Discovery and naming Voice of America report about the discovery Hesham Sallam, a paleontologist at Mansoura University, together with a team of students discovered a sauropod skeleton in the Dakhla Oasis in Egypt's Western Desert. In 2016, it was reported that over thirty dinosaur specimens had been excavated, among them titanosaurian sauropods. Based on this skeleton, the type species Mansourasaurus shahinae was named and described in January 2018, by Hesham M. Sallam, Eric Gorscak, Patrick M. O'Connor, Iman A. El-Dawoudi, Sanaa El-Sayed, Sara Saber, Mahmoud A. Kora, Joseph J. W. Sertich, Erik R. Seiffert and Matthew C. Lamanna. The generic name refers to the Mansoura University. The specific name honours Mona Shahin, one of the founders of the Mansoura University Vertebrate Paleontology Center. The Mansourasaurus specimen described in 2018 is its holotype, MUVP 200, discovered in a layer of the Quseir Formation dating from the late Campanian, about seventy-three million years old. It consists of a partial skeleton with skull and lower jaws. It contains a fragment of the skull roof, a part of the lower braincase, the dentaries of the lower jaws, three neck vertebrae, two back vertebrae, eight ribs, the right scapula, the right coracoid, both humeri, a radius, a third metacarpal, three metatarsals, and parts of osteoderms. The skeleton was found on a surface of four by three metres. It was not articulated. The authors concluded that the holotype is a juvenile specimen, because the bones of its shoulder girdle had not yet fused. An ulna, specimen MUVP 201, found at twenty metres distance from the skeleton, was not referred to the species as it seemed somewhat too large for the holotype individual and a general connection to the species could not be proven. Description The not fully-grown holotype individual was about 8–10 metres (26–33 ft) long. It probably weighed about 5,000 kg, approximately the same as a bull African elephant. The describing authors indicated a number of distinguishing traits. These are autapomorphies, unique derived characters. Each lower jaw dentary bears ten teeth. Where the dentaries touch each other, at the front of the lower jaws, they possess a common "chin", equalling a third of the front height. The horizontal groove in the inner side of the dentary, the fossa Meckeliana, largely opens to below. The anterior middle neck vertebrae are pierced by a foramen in the rear side. In at least one anterior middle neck vertebra the parapophysis, the process which bears the facet for the lower rib head, has a horizontal length equal to the vertebral centrum as a whole. With some anterior neck vertebrae, the bone web between the heads of the neck rib is pierced by a foramen. The lower end of the radius has a transverse width four times larger than the width measured from the front to the rear. Phylogeny Mansourasaurus was placed in the Titanosauria in a derived position as a sister species of Lohuecotitan. A cladistic analysis showed it to belong to a clade of otherwise largely Eurasian sauropods, also including Ampelosaurus, Lirainosaurus, Nemegtosaurus, Opisthocoelicaudia and Paludititan, more or less contemporaneous forms. Hypotheses about relationships between Late Cretaceous African and Eurasian sauropods had been hard to test, because very few of their remains had been found in Africa. Mansourasaurus represents the best-known continental African (i.e. excluding Madagascar) titanosaur of the Upper Cretaceous from the time period after the Cenomanian. Its existence would show that the continent was far less isolated from the various Eurasian landmasses than had been assumed. The ancestors of Mansourasaurus would have reached Africa from Europe. See also Dinosaurs portal 2018 in paleontology References ^ Kaplan, Karen (2018-01-29). "Why this dinosaur from Egypt is a big deal in more ways than one". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2018-01-30. ^ Iman El-Dawoudi, Patrick M O'Connor, Mahmoud Kora and Joseph J W Sertich, 2016, "NEW DINOSAUR REMAINS FROM THE CAMPANIAN QUSEIR FORMATION, WESTERN DESERT, EGYPT", SVP October 2016, Program and Abstracts, p 129 ^ a b c d e f Sallam, H.; Gorscak, E.; O'Connor, P.; El-Dawoudi, I.; El-Sayed, S.; Saber, S. (2018). "New Egyptian sauropod reveals Late Cretaceous dinosaur dispersal between Europe and Africa". Nature. 2 (3): 445–451. Bibcode:2018NatEE...2..445S. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0455-5. PMID 29379183. ^ Dunham, Will (29 January 2018). "Fossil of school bus-sized dinosaur dug up in Egyptian desert". Reuters. Retrieved 2 February 2018. vteSauropodomorpha Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Sauropsida Clade: Avemetatarsalia Clade: Dinosauria Avemetatarsalia see Avemetatarsalia Sauropodomorpha see below↓ SauropodomorphaSauropodomorpha Buriolestes Eoraptor Gigantoscelus Guaibasaurus Mbiresaurus Pampadromaeus Panphagia Saturnaliidae Buriolestes? Eoraptor? Chromogisaurus Nhandumirim Pampadromaeus? Panphagia? Saturnalia Bagualosauria Arcusaurus Asylosaurus Bagualosaurus Efraasia Nambalia Pantydraco Thecodontosaurus Unaysauridae Jaklapallisaurus Macrocollum Unaysaurus Plateosauria Plateosauravus Ruehleia Xixiposaurus Plateosauridae Euskelosaurus Gresslyosaurus Issi Pachysauriscus Plateosaurus Yimenosaurus Massopoda Gryponyx Gyposaurus Ignavusaurus Kholumolumo Musankwa Sarahsaurus Tuebingosaurus Riojasauridae Eucnemesaurus Riojasaurus Massospondylidae Adeopapposaurus Coloradisaurus Glacialisaurus Ignavusaurus? Leyesaurus Lufengosaurus Massospondylus Ngwevu Pradhania Sarahsaurus Xingxiulong? Sauropodiformes Chuxiongosaurus? Jingshanosaurus Qianlong Seitaad Xingxiulong? Yizhousaurus Yunnanosaurus Anchisauria Aardonyx Anchisaurus Camelotia Irisosaurus Lamplughsaura Leonerasaurus Melanorosaurus Meroktenos Mussaurus Pulanesaura Sefapanosaurus Sauropoda see below↓ SauropodaSauropoda Amygdalodon Blikanasaurus Chinshakiangosaurus Gongxianosaurus Isanosaurus Leonerasaurus? Pulanesaura? Protognathosaurus Schleitheimia Tuebingosaurus? Lessemsauridae Antetonitrus Ingentia Ledumahadi Lessemsaurus Gravisauria Archaeodontosaurus? Kotasaurus Ohmdenosaurus Rhoetosaurus Sanpasaurus? Zizhongosaurus? Vulcanodontidae Tazoudasaurus Vulcanodon Eusauropoda Algoasaurus Asiatosaurus Bagualia Barapasaurus Bellusaurus Cetiosauriscus Dashanpusaurus Dystrophaeus Janenschia Jobaria Nebulasaurus Perijasaurus Shunosaurus Spinophorosaurus Tehuelchesaurus Volkheimeria Cetiosauridae Cetiosaurus Chebsaurus Ferganasaurus? Lapparentosaurus? Patagosaurus? Mamenchisauridae Analong Anhuilong Cetiosauriscus? Chuanjiesaurus Datousaurus? Eomamenchisaurus Huangshanlong Hudiesaurus Jingiella Klamelisaurus? Mamenchisaurus Omeisaurus Qijianglong Rhomaleopakhus Tienshanosaurus Tonganosaurus Wamweracaudia Xinjiangtitan Yuanmousaurus Zigongosaurus Turiasauria Amanzia Bellusaurus? Haestasaurus? Janenschia? Losillasaurus Mierasaurus Moabosaurus Narindasaurus Oplosaurus? Tehuelchesaurus? Tendaguria Turiasaurus Zby NeosauropodaDiplodocoidea (see below ↓ ) Macronaria (see below ↓ ) Dubious sauropods Bothriospondylus Cardiodon Dinodocus Gigantosaurus Neosodon Qinlingosaurus Ultrasaurus DiplodocoideaDiplodocoidea Haplocanthosaurus DiplodocimorphaRebbachisauridae Agustinia Amazonsaurus Comahuesaurus Dzharatitanis? Histriasaurus Lavocatisaurus Maraapunisaurus? Sidersaura Xenoposeidon Zapalasaurus KhebbashiaLimaysaurinae Cathartesaura Limaysaurus Nopcsaspondylus? Rayososaurus? Rebbachisaurinae Demandasaurus Itapeuasaurus Katepensaurus Nigersaurus Rebbachisaurus Tataouinea FlagellicaudataDicraeosauridae Amargasaurus Amargatitanis Bajadasaurus Brachytrachelopan Dicraeosaurus Dyslocosaurus? Kaatedocus Lingwulong Pilmatueia Smitanosaurus Suuwassea Tharosaurus DiplodocidaeApatosaurinae Amphicoelias? Apatosaurus Atlantosaurus? Brontosaurus Diplodocinae Barosaurus Dinheirosaurus Diplodocus Galeamopus Kaatedocus? Leinkupal Supersaurus Tornieria MacronariaMacronaria Abrosaurus Aragosaurus Bashunosaurus? Daanosaurus Dashanpusaurus? Europasaurus Haestasaurus? Yuzhoulong Camarasauridae Camarasaurus Lourinhasaurus Titanosauriformes Astrodon Duriatitan Eucamerotus Fushanosaurus Fusuisaurus Ornithopsis Pelorosaurus Rugocaudia? Brachiosauridae Abydosaurus Atlasaurus Brachiosaurus Cedarosaurus Galvesaurus? Giraffatitan Lusotitan Sonorasaurus Soriatitan Venenosaurus Vouivria Somphospondyli Angolatitan Arkharavia Astrophocaudia Austrosaurus Brohisaurus Brontomerus Chubutisaurus Dongbeititan Europatitan Fukuititan Garumbatitan Jiangxititan? Jiutaisaurus Liaoningotitan Ligabuesaurus? Liubangosaurus Oceanotitan Padillasaurus Pukyongosaurus Ruixinia Sauroposeidon Sibirotitan Tastavinsaurus Triunfosaurus Euhelopodidae Australodocus? Chiayusaurus? Erketu Euhelopus Gannansaurus Gobititan Huabeisaurus Huanghetitan Jiangshanosaurus? Phuwiangosaurus Qiaowanlong Silutitan Tambatitanis Tangvayosaurus Yongjinglong Yunmenglong Diamantinasauria Australotitan Diamantinasaurus Sarmientosaurus Savannasaurus Wintonotitan? Titanosauria see below↓ TitanosauriaTitanosauria Abdarainurus Aegyptosaurus? Andesaurus Angolatitan? Arackar Argyrosaurus Atacamatitan Austroposeidon Baotianmansaurus Barrosasaurus Baurutitan? Bonatitan? Borealosaurus Brasilotitan Choconsaurus Daxiatitan Dongyangosaurus Dreadnoughtus? Elaltitan Epachthosaurus? Gandititan Hamititan Huabeisaurus Jiangshanosaurus? Kaijutitan Karongasaurus Laplatasaurus Ligabuesaurus? Magyarosaurus Malarguesaurus? Malawisaurus Mnyamawamtuka Narambuenatitan Ninjatitan Normanniasaurus Nullotitan Pellegrinisaurus? Petrobrasaurus Pitekunsaurus Rapetosaurus Rukwatitan Ruyangosaurus Tastavinsaurus? Tengrisaurus? Tiamat Traukutitan Trigonosaurus Sonidosaurus Uberabatitan Volgatitan Xianshanosaurus Diamantinasauria? Lirainosaurinae Ampelosaurus Atsinganosaurus Garrigatitan Lirainosaurus Lohuecotitan Mansourasaurus Paludititan Eutitanosauria Inawentu Menucocelsior Colossosauria Antarctosaurus Baalsaurus Bonitasaura Chucarosaurus Epachthosaurus? Jainosaurus Quetecsaurus Tengrisaurus? Vahiny Rinconsauria Adamantisaurus Maxakalisaurus? Muyelensaurus Overosaurus Panamericansaurus Rinconsaurus Aeolosaurini Aeolosaurus Arrudatitan Bravasaurus Caieiria Gondwanatitan Punatitan Shingopana Lognkosauria Argentinosaurus Drusilasaura Dzharatitanis? Futalognkosaurus Jiangxititan? Mendozasaurus Notocolossus Patagotitan Puertasaurus Saltasauroidea Bustingorrytitan Titanomachya Udelartitan Nemegtosauridae Nemegtosaurus Quaesitosaurus? Tapuiasaurus? Saltasauridae Igai Isisaurus? Qingxiusaurus Quaesitosaurus? Opisthocoelicaudiinae Alamosaurus Baurutitan? Dreadnoughtus? Opisthocoelicaudia Pellegrinisaurus? Zhuchengtitan? Saltasaurinae Abditosaurus Bonatitan? Ibirania Maxakalisaurus? Neuquensaurus Paralititan Rocasaurus Saltasaurus Yamanasaurus Dubious titanosaurs Bruhathkayosaurus? Campylodoniscus Clasmodosaurus Hypselosaurus Iuticosaurus Loricosaurus Macrurosaurus? Microcoelus Mongolosaurus? Titanosaurus Topics in sauropodomorph research Sauropod neck posture Sauropod hiatus List of sauropod species Taxon identifiersMansourasaurus Wikidata: Q47518933 Paleobiology Database: 366664

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt_adm_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt_adm_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Dakhla Oasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakhla_Oasis"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Mansoura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansoura_University"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"herbivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivore"},{"link_name":"lithostrotian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithostrotia"},{"link_name":"sauropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropod"},{"link_name":"dinosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur"},{"link_name":"Quseir Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quseir_Formation"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"},{"link_name":"paleontologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologist"},{"link_name":"Late Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"strata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strata"}],"text":"class=notpageimage| Dakhla Oasis, Egypt, where the first Mansourasaurus was discoveredMansourasaurus (\"Mansoura lizard\") is a genus of herbivorous lithostrotian sauropod dinosaur from the Quseir Formation of Egypt. The type and only species is Mansourasaurus shahinae.The discovery of Mansourasaurus was considered quite significant by paleontologists, because very few Late Cretaceous sauropod remains have been found in Africa, where the rocky strata that preserve remains elsewhere and produce rich fossil beds were typically not found exposed at or near ground level.","title":"Mansourasaurus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Voice of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America"},{"link_name":"Hesham Sallam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesham_Sallam"},{"link_name":"Mansoura University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansoura_University"},{"link_name":"Dakhla Oasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakhla_Oasis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaplan2018-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"specific name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sallam2017-3"},{"link_name":"specimen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoological_specimen"},{"link_name":"holotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotype"},{"link_name":"Campanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sallam2017-3"},{"link_name":"braincase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braincase"},{"link_name":"coracoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coracoid"},{"link_name":"metacarpal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacarpal"},{"link_name":"metatarsals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatarsal"},{"link_name":"osteoderms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoderm"},{"link_name":"ulna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulna"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sallam2017-3"}],"text":"Voice of America report about the discoveryHesham Sallam, a paleontologist at Mansoura University, together with a team of students discovered a sauropod skeleton in the Dakhla Oasis in Egypt's Western Desert.[1] In 2016, it was reported that over thirty dinosaur specimens had been excavated, among them titanosaurian sauropods.[2]Based on this skeleton, the type species Mansourasaurus shahinae was named and described in January 2018, by Hesham M. Sallam, Eric Gorscak, Patrick M. O'Connor, Iman A. El-Dawoudi, Sanaa El-Sayed, Sara Saber, Mahmoud A. Kora, Joseph J. W. Sertich, Erik R. Seiffert and Matthew C. Lamanna. The generic name refers to the Mansoura University. The specific name honours Mona Shahin, one of the founders of the Mansoura University Vertebrate Paleontology Center.[3]The Mansourasaurus specimen described in 2018 is its holotype, MUVP 200, discovered in a layer of the Quseir Formation dating from the late Campanian, about seventy-three million years old. It consists of a partial skeleton with skull and lower jaws.[3] It contains a fragment of the skull roof, a part of the lower braincase, the dentaries of the lower jaws, three neck vertebrae, two back vertebrae, eight ribs, the right scapula, the right coracoid, both humeri, a radius, a third metacarpal, three metatarsals, and parts of osteoderms. The skeleton was found on a surface of four by three metres. It was not articulated. The authors concluded that the holotype is a juvenile specimen, because the bones of its shoulder girdle had not yet fused. An ulna, specimen MUVP 201, found at twenty metres distance from the skeleton, was not referred to the species as it seemed somewhat too large for the holotype individual and a general connection to the species could not be proven.[3]","title":"Discovery and naming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sallam2017-3"},{"link_name":"bull African elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_elephant"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reut-4"},{"link_name":"autapomorphies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autapomorphies"},{"link_name":"foramen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foramen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sallam2017-3"}],"text":"The not fully-grown holotype individual was about 8–10 metres (26–33 ft) long.[3] It probably weighed about 5,000 kg, approximately the same as a bull African elephant.[4]The describing authors indicated a number of distinguishing traits. These are autapomorphies, unique derived characters. Each lower jaw dentary bears ten teeth. Where the dentaries touch each other, at the front of the lower jaws, they possess a common \"chin\", equalling a third of the front height. The horizontal groove in the inner side of the dentary, the fossa Meckeliana, largely opens to below. The anterior middle neck vertebrae are pierced by a foramen in the rear side. In at least one anterior middle neck vertebra the parapophysis, the process which bears the facet for the lower rib head, has a horizontal length equal to the vertebral centrum as a whole. With some anterior neck vertebrae, the bone web between the heads of the neck rib is pierced by a foramen. The lower end of the radius has a transverse width four times larger than the width measured from the front to the rear.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Titanosauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanosauria"},{"link_name":"sister species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_species"},{"link_name":"Lohuecotitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohuecotitan"},{"link_name":"cladistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistic"},{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"Ampelosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampelosaurus"},{"link_name":"Lirainosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lirainosaurus"},{"link_name":"Nemegtosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemegtosaurus"},{"link_name":"Opisthocoelicaudia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthocoelicaudia"},{"link_name":"Paludititan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paludititan"},{"link_name":"Late Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Upper Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Cenomanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenomanian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sallam2017-3"}],"text":"Mansourasaurus was placed in the Titanosauria in a derived position as a sister species of Lohuecotitan. A cladistic analysis showed it to belong to a clade of otherwise largely Eurasian sauropods, also including Ampelosaurus, Lirainosaurus, Nemegtosaurus, Opisthocoelicaudia and Paludititan, more or less contemporaneous forms. Hypotheses about relationships between Late Cretaceous African and Eurasian sauropods had been hard to test, because very few of their remains had been found in Africa. Mansourasaurus represents the best-known continental African (i.e. excluding Madagascar) titanosaur of the Upper Cretaceous from the time period after the Cenomanian. Its existence would show that the continent was far less isolated from the various Eurasian landmasses than had been assumed. The ancestors of Mansourasaurus would have reached Africa from Europe.[3]","title":"Phylogeny"}]

[{"image_text":"Voice of America report about the discovery"}]

[{"title":"Dinosaurs portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Dinosaurs"},{"title":"2018 in paleontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_in_paleontology"}]

[{"reference":"Kaplan, Karen (2018-01-29). \"Why this dinosaur from Egypt is a big deal in more ways than one\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2018-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-dinosaur-egypt-mansourasaurus-20180129-story.html","url_text":"\"Why this dinosaur from Egypt is a big deal in more ways than one\""}]},{"reference":"Sallam, H.; Gorscak, E.; O'Connor, P.; El-Dawoudi, I.; El-Sayed, S.; Saber, S. (2018). \"New Egyptian sauropod reveals Late Cretaceous dinosaur dispersal between Europe and Africa\". Nature. 2 (3): 445–451. Bibcode:2018NatEE...2..445S. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0455-5. PMID 29379183.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatEE...2..445S","url_text":"2018NatEE...2..445S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-017-0455-5","url_text":"10.1038/s41559-017-0455-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29379183","url_text":"29379183"}]},{"reference":"Dunham, Will (29 January 2018). \"Fossil of school bus-sized dinosaur dug up in Egyptian desert\". Reuters. Retrieved 2 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-science-dinosaur/fossil-of-school-bus-sized-dinosaur-dug-up-in-egyptian-desert-idUKKBN1FI217","url_text":"\"Fossil of school bus-sized dinosaur dug up in Egyptian desert\""}]}]

[{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-dinosaur-egypt-mansourasaurus-20180129-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Why this dinosaur from Egypt is a big deal in more ways than one\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatEE...2..445S","external_links_name":"2018NatEE...2..445S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-017-0455-5","external_links_name":"10.1038/s41559-017-0455-5"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29379183","external_links_name":"29379183"},{"Link":"https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-science-dinosaur/fossil-of-school-bus-sized-dinosaur-dug-up-in-egyptian-desert-idUKKBN1FI217","external_links_name":"\"Fossil of school bus-sized dinosaur dug up in Egyptian desert\""},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=366664","external_links_name":"366664"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydford

Lydford

["1 Description","2 Etymology","3 History","4 Lydford Church","5 Lydford Castle","6 Lydford's toll road","6.1 Lydford's railway stations Gallery","7 Lydford Foxes","8 Twin towns","9 References","10 Sources and external links"]

Coordinates: 50°38′46″N 4°06′22″W / 50.646°N 4.106°W / 50.646; -4.106Village in Devon, England For other uses, see Lydford (disambiguation). Human settlement in EnglandLydfordSt Petrock's Church, LydfordLydfordLocation within DevonPopulation394 (2001 Census)OS grid referenceSX512850DistrictWest DevonShire countyDevonRegionSouth WestCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townOkehamptonPostcode districtEX20PoliceDevon and CornwallFireDevon and SomersetAmbulanceSouth Western UK ParliamentTorridge & West Devon List of places UK England Devon 50°38′46″N 4°06′22″W / 50.646°N 4.106°W / 50.646; -4.106 Lydford, sometimes spelled Lidford, is a village, once an important town, in Devon, seven miles (11 km) north of Tavistock on the western fringe of Dartmoor in the West Devon district. There is an electoral ward with the same name which includes Princetown. The population of this ward at the 2011 census was 2,047. Description The village has a population of 458. The village stands on the small River Lyd, which traverses a deep narrow chasm, crossed by a bridge of single span; and at a little distance a tributary stream forms a cascade in an exquisite glen. The village is noted for its history and surrounding countryside and is popular with tourists. From its Perpendicular church of St Petrock fine views of the Dartmoor tors are seen. The parish of Lydford is immense, embracing some 50,000 acres (200 km2) of land. Close to the church are slight remains of the castle of Lydford. Running south-west from the village is Lydford Gorge, a 1.5-mile (2.4-km) wooded gorge which has been cut through the slate rock by the River Lyd. The gorge area is owned by the National Trust. The gorge is noted for its 30-metre (100 ft) waterfall. Etymology The original Anglo-Saxon names for the village were Hlidaford or Hlidan, from hlid, meaning a cover or lid, referring to the almost perfect concealment of the river beneath the chasm at the bridge, and ford (crossing). Over the years the name mutated via Lyghatford, Lidefort and Lideford to the contemporary spelling. History Lydford Castle Historically Lydford was an economic powerhouse, not the peaceful village it is today. The village was established as one of the four Saxon burhs of Devon by king Alfred the Great. It first appears in recorded history in 997, when the Danes made a plundering expedition up the Tamar and Tavy as far as Hlidaforda (i.e. Lydford). The attack is described in the following passage from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: Her on ðissum geare ferde se here abutan Defenanscire into Sæfern muðan and þær heregodan ægðer ge on Cornwealum and on Norðwealum and on Defenum, and eodon him þa up æt Wecedport and þær micel yfel worhton on bærnette and on mannslihtum, and æfter þam wendon eft abutan Penwiðsteort on þa suðhealfe and wendon þa into Tamer muðan and eodon þa up oð hi comon to Hlydanforda, and ælc þing bærndon and slogon þe hi gemitton, and Ordulfes mynster Tæfingstoc forbærndon and unasecgendlice herehyðe mid him to scypon brohton. Translation: In this year, they (the Vikings) visited Devonshire and at the mouth of the Severn, pillaging in Cornwall, Devon and Wales. They went to Watchet, and there caused much damage by dint of arson and wholesale slaughter. Then they turned at Penwith Tail to the south and up into the mouth of the Tamar, travelling to Lydford, burning and slaughtering anything they came across, and burned down Ordwulf's monastery at Tavistock, carrying vast amounts of loot back to their ships. During the reign of Ethelred the Unready there was a mint; coins minted there were inscribed LVD., LVDA, and LVDAN. In the reign of Edward the Confessor it was the most populous centre in Devonshire after Exeter, but Domesday Book relates that forty houses had lain waste since the Conquest. The town never recovered its former prosperity under the Normans and, according to Domesday Book, Lydford was taxed equally with London, giving us an idea of its significance at the time. The reason is that under the Normans, the parish of Lydford included all of the Forest of Dartmoor (as it did until the 20th century). Until the 12th century parishioners from across most of Dartmoor were brought to Lydford for burial. The path used to make this final journey is known as the 'Lych way'. Many reports have been made of monks in white and phantom funeral processions seen walking along this path. The history from the 13th century centres on the castle. The castle is first mentioned in 1216, when it was granted to William Briwere, and was shortly afterwards fixed as the prison of the stannaries and the meeting-place of the Forest Courts of Dartmoor. A gild at Lideford is mentioned in 1180, and the pipe roll of 1195 records a grant for the reestablishment of the market. In 1238 the borough, which had hitherto been crown demesne, was bestowed by Henry III on Richard, earl of Cornwall, who in 1268 obtained a grant of a Wednesday market and a three days fair at the feast of St Petrock. The borough had a separate coroner and bailiff in 1275, but it was never incorporated by charter, and only once, in 1300, returned members to parliament. During the English Civil War, Lydford was the haunt of the then notorious Gubbins band, a gang of ruthless cut-throats and highwaymen, who took advantage of the turmoil of the times to ply their villainry. According to one account of the time: Gubbins-land is a Scythia within England, and they pure heathens therein. Their language is the drosse of the dregs of the vulgar Devonian, They hold together like burrs: offend one and all will avenge their quarrel. In 1987 the parish of Lydford finally lost its claim to be the largest parish in England. It was split into two civil parishes, Lydford and Dartmoor Forest. The ecclesiastical parish has also been split, with Princetown made a separate parish. Lydford Church Kate's Fall in 1805. The dedication of the parish church to St. Petrock would seem to indicate that it was built on the site of a pre-existing British settlement. The current church was built in the perpendicular gothic style, and although ostensibly Norman, some of the architectural furniture, for example the font, is of the Anglo-Saxon style (or at latest, early Norman), thus it would appear that the church was rebuilt upon the site of the earlier building. The church was enlarged in the 13th century, the tower being added in the 15th century. A further enlargement occurred c. 1890 with the addition of the vestry and northern aisle. Lydford Castle Main article: Lydford Castle Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lydford Castle. Two castles have been built at Lydford, the first immediately in the wake of the Norman Conquest in 1066. The second castle was built on the site of the first castle in c. 1132 AD. It was a 3-storey tower, commanding a strategic view over much of the surrounding countryside, and was eminently defensible, with Lydford Gorge on one side, and the land sloping steeply away from it. Its use changed under the aegis of Edward I of England who made the castle the Stannary prison; its reputation was not good. Sir Richard Grenville used the prison as an oubliette for his political opponents. An order of Parliament during the reign of Henry VIII describes the prison in 1512 as "one of the most hanious, contagious and detestable places in the realm"; Lydford Law was a by-word for injustice. It was also one of the seats of the Bloody Assizes of Hanging Judge Jeffreys. The prison is commemorated in the poem Lydford Law by the Tavistock poet William Browne: I've often hear of Lydford law, How in the morn they hang and draw, And sit in judgement after At the time of Cromwell's Commonwealth, the castle was entirely in ruins, but in the 18th century it was restored and again used as a prison and as the meeting-place of the manor and borough courts. The site is now maintained by English Heritage, and entry is free of charge. Lydford's toll road Lydford is located on the former stage-coach route between Tavistock and Okehampton, now the A386. On this old toll road near Beardon is a 'Take-off' stone set in the verge. On steep hills heavily laden waggons or coaches could add an extra toll-free horse to help pull the vehicle up the hill, but this horse had to be taken off at the top. Very few of these stones still exist in situ. Lydford's railway stations Gallery Lydford's former London & South Western Railway station (LSWR) on 16 November 1969. The line to Exeter via Tavistock had opened on 14 October 1874 and closed in 1968. The track was being lifted on the day this photograph was taken. The Great Western Railway (GWR) part of the joint station with the LSWR was taken on 16 November 1969. The station had opened in 1865 and closed in 1966. The junction between the LSWR and GWR lines. Lydford Foxes In 2016, the Lydford Foxes youth football club was established, becoming affiliated with the Devon FA and members of the Devon Junior & Minor League in 2017. The majority of players live in the village, along with surrounding towns and villages, such as Okehampton, Mary Tavy, Lewdown, Sourton and Bridestowe, with home matches played in Lydford and Mary Tavy. In July 2019, the club was named Grassroots Club of the Year - Runner Up at the Devon FA Grassroots Football Awards. Twin towns Lydford is twinned with Petiville, France. References ^ Wilson, John Marius. "Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales (1870–72)". Retrieved 29 March 2011. ^ "Ward population 2011". Retrieved 17 February 2015. ^ Devon County Council, 2001. "West Devon parish population estimates Archived 22 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine." ^ National Trust, 2004. "Lydford Gorge." ^ Hippisley Coxe, Anthony E. (1973). Haunted Britain. Hutchinson. p. 30. ISBN 0-09-116540-7. ^ Lydford Parish Council website ^ Diocese of Exeter: parish profile, Princetown Archived 29 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ Palmer, D.W., 2004. "Lydford Castle Archived 7 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine." ^ Minchinton, Walter, 1974. Devon at Work : Past & Present. Pub. David & Charles. P. 77. Lydford railway station Sources and external links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lydford.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lydford". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Lydford Parish Council and village website Lydford village website Lydford Foxes AFC website St Petroc's Church, Lydford website - for information on church services, booking weddings and baptisms, church history and genealogy searches Lydford Castle and Saxon Town - official site at English Heritage Lydford travel guide from Wikivoyage vteSettlements of Dartmoor, Devon Ashburton Belstone Bovey Tracey Brentor Bridestowe Buckfastleigh Buckland-in-the-Moor Chagford Drewsteignton Gidleigh Haytor Hexworthy Holne Ilsington Ivybridge Lustleigh Lydford Manaton Mary Tavy Moretonhampstead North Bovey Okehampton Peter Tavy Ponsworthy Postbridge Poundsgate Princetown Shaugh Prior Sheepstor Sourton South Brent South Tawton South Zeal Sticklepath Tavistock Walkhampton Widecombe in the Moor Yelverton Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lydford (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydford_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"Tavistock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavistock,_Devon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dartmoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmoor"},{"link_name":"West Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Devon"},{"link_name":"Princetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princetown"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Devon, EnglandFor other uses, see Lydford (disambiguation).Human settlement in EnglandLydford, sometimes spelled Lidford, is a village, once an important town, in Devon, seven miles (11 km) north of Tavistock[1] on the western fringe of Dartmoor in the West Devon district. There is an electoral ward with the same name which includes Princetown. The population of this ward at the 2011 census was 2,047.[2]","title":"Lydford"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"River Lyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Lyd_(Devon)"},{"link_name":"tourists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism"},{"link_name":"Lydford Gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydford_Gorge"},{"link_name":"gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorge"},{"link_name":"slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate"},{"link_name":"National Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The village has a population of 458.[3]\nThe village stands on the small River Lyd, which traverses a deep narrow chasm, crossed by a bridge of single span; and at a little distance a tributary stream forms a cascade in an exquisite glen.The village is noted for its history and surrounding countryside and is popular with tourists. From its Perpendicular church of St Petrock fine views of the Dartmoor tors are seen. The parish of Lydford is immense, embracing some 50,000 acres (200 km2) of land. Close to the church are slight remains of the castle of Lydford.Running south-west from the village is Lydford Gorge, a 1.5-mile (2.4-km) wooded gorge which has been cut through the slate rock by the River Lyd. The gorge area is owned by the National Trust.[4] The gorge is noted for its 30-metre (100 ft) waterfall.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ford (crossing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_(crossing)"}],"text":"The original Anglo-Saxon names for the village were Hlidaford or Hlidan, from hlid, meaning a cover or lid, referring to the almost perfect concealment of the river beneath the chasm at the bridge, and ford (crossing). Over the years the name mutated via Lyghatford, Lidefort and Lideford to the contemporary spelling.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:050715_140_lydford_castle.jpg"},{"link_name":"burhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough"},{"link_name":"Alfred the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Ethelred the Unready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_the_Unready"},{"link_name":"Edward the Confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor"},{"link_name":"Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Forest of Dartmoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_of_Dartmoor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hippisley_Coxe30-5"},{"link_name":"William Briwere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Brewer_(justice)"},{"link_name":"stannaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stannaries"},{"link_name":"Forest Courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Court"},{"link_name":"pipe roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_roll"},{"link_name":"Henry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Gubbins band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubbins_band"},{"link_name":"civil parishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England"},{"link_name":"Dartmoor Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmoor_Forest"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_parish"},{"link_name":"Princetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princetown"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Lydford CastleHistorically Lydford was an economic powerhouse, not the peaceful village it is today.The village was established as one of the four Saxon burhs of Devon by king Alfred the Great.\nIt first appears in recorded history in 997, when the Danes made a plundering expedition up the Tamar and Tavy as far as Hlidaforda (i.e. Lydford). The attack is described in the following passage from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:Her on ðissum geare ferde se here abutan Defenanscire into Sæfern muðan and þær heregodan ægðer ge on Cornwealum and on Norðwealum and on Defenum, and eodon him þa up æt Wecedport and þær micel yfel worhton on bærnette and on mannslihtum, and æfter þam wendon eft abutan Penwiðsteort on þa suðhealfe and wendon þa into Tamer muðan and eodon þa up oð hi comon to Hlydanforda, and ælc þing bærndon and slogon þe hi gemitton, and Ordulfes mynster Tæfingstoc forbærndon and unasecgendlice herehyðe mid him to scypon brohton.Translation: In this year, they (the Vikings) visited Devonshire and at the mouth of the Severn, pillaging in Cornwall, Devon and Wales. They went to Watchet, and there caused much damage by dint of arson and wholesale slaughter. Then they turned at Penwith Tail to the south and up into the mouth of the Tamar, travelling to Lydford, burning and slaughtering anything they came across, and burned down Ordwulf's monastery at Tavistock, carrying vast amounts of loot back to their ships.During the reign of Ethelred the Unready there was a mint; coins minted there were inscribed LVD., LVDA, and LVDAN.\nIn the reign of Edward the Confessor it was the most populous centre in Devonshire after Exeter, but Domesday Book relates that forty houses had lain waste since the Conquest. The town never recovered its former prosperity under the Normans and, according to Domesday Book, Lydford was taxed equally with London, giving us an idea of its significance at the time. The reason is that under the Normans, the parish of Lydford included all of the Forest of Dartmoor (as it did until the 20th century).Until the 12th century parishioners from across most of Dartmoor were brought to Lydford for burial. The path used to make this final journey is known as the 'Lych way'. Many reports have been made of monks in white and phantom funeral processions seen walking along this path.[5]The history from the 13th century centres on the castle. The castle is first mentioned in 1216, when it was granted to William Briwere, and was shortly afterwards fixed as the prison of the stannaries and the meeting-place of the Forest Courts of Dartmoor. A gild at Lideford is mentioned in 1180, and the pipe roll of 1195 records a grant for the reestablishment of the market. In 1238 the borough, which had hitherto been crown demesne, was bestowed by Henry III on Richard, earl of Cornwall, who in 1268 obtained a grant of a Wednesday market and a three days fair at the feast of St Petrock. The borough had a separate coroner and bailiff in 1275, but it was never incorporated by charter, and only once, in 1300, returned members to parliament.During the English Civil War, Lydford was the haunt of the then notorious Gubbins band, a gang of ruthless cut-throats and highwaymen, who took advantage of the turmoil of the times to ply their villainry. According to one account of the time:Gubbins-land is a Scythia within England, and they pure heathens therein. Their language is the drosse of the dregs of the vulgar Devonian, They hold together like burrs: offend one and all will avenge their quarrel.In 1987 the parish of Lydford finally lost its claim to be the largest parish in England. It was split into two civil parishes, Lydford and Dartmoor Forest.[6] The ecclesiastical parish has also been split, with Princetown made a separate parish.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kate%27s_Fall,_Lydford,_Devon.jpg"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"St. Petrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Petroc"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britons_(historical)"}],"text":"Kate's Fall in 1805.The dedication of the parish church to St. Petrock would seem to indicate that it was built on the site of a pre-existing British settlement.The current church was built in the perpendicular gothic style, and although ostensibly Norman, some of the architectural furniture, for example the font, is of the Anglo-Saxon style (or at latest, early Norman), thus it would appear that the church was rebuilt upon the site of the earlier building.The church was enlarged in the 13th century, the tower being added in the 15th century. A further enlargement occurred c. 1890 with the addition of the vestry and northern aisle.","title":"Lydford Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lydford Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lydford_Castle"},{"link_name":"Lydford Gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydford_Gorge"},{"link_name":"Edward I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Grenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Grenville,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"oubliette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oubliette"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England"},{"link_name":"Bloody Assizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Assizes"},{"link_name":"Hanging Judge Jeffreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Jeffreys,_1st_Baron_Jeffreys"},{"link_name":"Tavistock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavistock,_Devon"},{"link_name":"William Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Browne_(poet)"},{"link_name":"English Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lydford Castle.Two castles have been built at Lydford, the first immediately in the wake of the Norman Conquest in 1066.The second castle was built on the site of the first castle in c. 1132 AD. It was a 3-storey tower, commanding a strategic view over much of the surrounding countryside, and was eminently defensible, with Lydford Gorge on one side, and the land sloping steeply away from it.Its use changed under the aegis of Edward I of England who made the castle the Stannary prison; its reputation was not good. Sir Richard Grenville used the prison as an oubliette for his political opponents. An order of Parliament during the reign of Henry VIII describes the prison in 1512 as \"one of the most hanious, contagious and detestable places in the realm\"; Lydford Law was a by-word for injustice. It was also one of the seats of the Bloody Assizes of Hanging Judge Jeffreys.The prison is commemorated in the poem Lydford Law by the Tavistock poet William Browne:I've often hear of Lydford law,\nHow in the morn they hang and draw,\nAnd sit in judgement afterAt the time of Cromwell's Commonwealth, the castle was entirely in ruins, but in the 18th century it was restored and again used as a prison and as the meeting-place of the manor and borough courts. The site is now maintained by English Heritage,[8] and entry is free of charge.","title":"Lydford Castle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tavistock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavistock,_Devon"},{"link_name":"Okehampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okehampton"},{"link_name":"A386","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A386_road"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minchinton-9"}],"text":"Lydford is located on the former stage-coach route between Tavistock and Okehampton, now the A386. On this old toll road near Beardon is a 'Take-off' stone set in the verge. On steep hills heavily laden waggons or coaches could add an extra toll-free horse to help pull the vehicle up the hill, but this horse had to be taken off at the top. Very few of these stones still exist in situ.[9]","title":"Lydford's toll road"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lydfordstation1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lydfordstation2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lydford,_Devon,_1970.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Lydford's railway stations Gallery","text":"Lydford's former London & South Western Railway station (LSWR) on 16 November 1969. The line to Exeter via Tavistock had opened on 14 October 1874 and closed in 1968. The track was being lifted on the day this photograph was taken.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Great Western Railway (GWR) part of the joint station with the LSWR was taken on 16 November 1969. The station had opened in 1865 and closed in 1966.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe junction between the LSWR and GWR lines.","title":"Lydford's toll road"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 2016, the Lydford Foxes youth football club was established, becoming affiliated with the Devon FA and members of the Devon Junior & Minor League in 2017. The majority of players live in the village, along with surrounding towns and villages, such as Okehampton, Mary Tavy, Lewdown, Sourton and Bridestowe, with home matches played in Lydford and Mary Tavy.In July 2019, the club was named Grassroots Club of the Year - Runner Up at the Devon FA Grassroots Football Awards.","title":"Lydford Foxes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Petiville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiville,_Calvados"}],"text":"Lydford is twinned with Petiville, France.","title":"Twin towns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lydford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lydford"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Lydford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lydford"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"Lydford Parish Council and village website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lydfordparishcouncil.com"},{"link_name":"Lydford village website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lydford.co.uk/"},{"link_name":"Lydford Foxes AFC website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lydfordfoxes.com"},{"link_name":"St Petroc's Church, Lydford website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.achurchnearyou.com/lydford-st-petroc"},{"link_name":"Lydford Castle and Saxon Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/lydford-castle-and-saxon-town/"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Lydford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lydford#Q1026666"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Settlements_of_Dartmoor"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Settlements_of_Dartmoor"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Settlements_of_Dartmoor"},{"link_name":"Settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_settlement"},{"link_name":"Dartmoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmoor"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"Ashburton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashburton,_Devon"},{"link_name":"Belstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belstone"},{"link_name":"Bovey Tracey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovey_Tracey"},{"link_name":"Brentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentor"},{"link_name":"Bridestowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridestowe"},{"link_name":"Buckfastleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckfastleigh"},{"link_name":"Buckland-in-the-Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckland-in-the-Moor"},{"link_name":"Chagford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagford"},{"link_name":"Drewsteignton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drewsteignton"},{"link_name":"Gidleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidleigh"},{"link_name":"Haytor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haytor"},{"link_name":"Hexworthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexworthy"},{"link_name":"Holne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holne"},{"link_name":"Ilsington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilsington"},{"link_name":"Ivybridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivybridge"},{"link_name":"Lustleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustleigh"},{"link_name":"Lydford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Manaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaton"},{"link_name":"Mary Tavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Tavy"},{"link_name":"Moretonhampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moretonhampstead"},{"link_name":"North Bovey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Bovey"},{"link_name":"Okehampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okehampton"},{"link_name":"Peter Tavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Tavy"},{"link_name":"Ponsworthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponsworthy"},{"link_name":"Postbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postbridge"},{"link_name":"Poundsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poundsgate"},{"link_name":"Princetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princetown"},{"link_name":"Shaugh Prior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaugh_Prior"},{"link_name":"Sheepstor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheepstor"},{"link_name":"Sourton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sourton"},{"link_name":"South Brent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Brent"},{"link_name":"South Tawton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tawton"},{"link_name":"South Zeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Zeal"},{"link_name":"Sticklepath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticklepath"},{"link_name":"Tavistock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavistock"},{"link_name":"Walkhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkhampton"},{"link_name":"Widecombe in the Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widecombe_in_the_Moor"},{"link_name":"Yelverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelverton,_Devon"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026666#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/132993627"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh8JKjcbtRH4KGrtTtYfq"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007482423205171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2005003438"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lydford.This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Lydford\". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.\nLydford Parish Council and village website\nLydford village website\nLydford Foxes AFC website\nSt Petroc's Church, Lydford website - for information on church services, booking weddings and baptisms, church history and genealogy searches\nLydford Castle and Saxon Town - official site at English Heritage\n Lydford travel guide from WikivoyagevteSettlements of Dartmoor, Devon\nAshburton\nBelstone\nBovey Tracey\nBrentor\nBridestowe\nBuckfastleigh\nBuckland-in-the-Moor\nChagford\nDrewsteignton\nGidleigh\nHaytor\nHexworthy\nHolne\nIlsington\nIvybridge\nLustleigh\nLydford\nManaton\nMary Tavy\nMoretonhampstead\nNorth Bovey\nOkehampton\nPeter Tavy\nPonsworthy\nPostbridge\nPoundsgate\nPrincetown\nShaugh Prior\nSheepstor\nSourton\nSouth Brent\nSouth Tawton\nSouth Zeal\nSticklepath\nTavistock\nWalkhampton\nWidecombe in the Moor\nYelvertonAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Sources and external links"}]

[{"image_text":"Lydford Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/050715_140_lydford_castle.jpg/220px-050715_140_lydford_castle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kate's Fall in 1805.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kate%27s_Fall%2C_Lydford%2C_Devon.jpg/170px-Kate%27s_Fall%2C_Lydford%2C_Devon.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Wilson, John Marius. \"Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales (1870–72)\". Retrieved 29 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/entry_page.jsp?text_id=739130&word=NULL","url_text":"\"Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales (1870–72)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward population 2011\". Retrieved 17 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukcensusdata.com/lydford-e05003647#sthash.OHBEiw7B.dpbs","url_text":"\"Ward population 2011\""}]},{"reference":"Hippisley Coxe, Anthony E. (1973). Haunted Britain. Hutchinson. p. 30. ISBN 0-09-116540-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-116540-7","url_text":"0-09-116540-7"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Lydford\". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lydford","url_text":"Lydford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_House_Group

Liberty Steel Group

["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]

British industrial and metals company Liberty Steel Group Holdings UK LtdFounded1992; 32 years ago (1992)FounderSanjeev GuptaHeadquartersLondon, EnglandKey peopleJon Bolton (Chief Executive)ProductsSteelAluminiumScrap metalEngineeringNumber of employees4,500 (2017)Websitewww.libertysteelgroup.com Liberty Steel Group Holdings UK Ltd (LSG), which is also referred to as Liberty House or Liberty House UK, is a British industrial and metals company founded in the United Kingdom in 1992 by industrialist Sanjeev Gupta. It is headquartered in London, England, and has offices in Dubai, Singapore and Hong Kong. The holding company of Liberty Steel, Liberty House Group PTE Ltd is based in Singapore. The company focuses on ferrous and non-ferrous metal trading, metals recycling, steel and aluminium production, and engineering products and services. Gupta controls it through his vehicle GFG Alliance. History LHG was founded by Sanjeev Gupta in 1992. LHG, together with the SIMEC Group, part of the GFG Alliance, purchased the Lochaber aluminium smelter plant as well as the Laggan Dam from Rio Tinto in November 2016. In February 2017, LHG agreed to purchase the specialty steel division of Tata Steel Europe for £100 million. The purchase included the division's facilities in Rotherham, Stocksbridge and Brinsworth in South Yorkshire and Wednesbury in the West Midlands. In July 2017, LHG purchased South Australian steelmaker Arrium which was rebadged LibertyOneSteel for the first year of ownership and is now Liberty Steel. In October 2019, GFG Alliance promised to merge its steel assets into Liberty Steel Group by year end. In 2020, LHG received European Union approval to purchase the Duffel, Belgium plant of aluminium smelter operator Aleris which cleared the way for the purchase of Aleris by Novelis. On 19 February 2021 ThyssenKrupp (TK) ended discussions with Liberty Steel, which had proposed to take over the former's steel unit. The TK plant at Duisburg Germany was valued by the owner at €1.5 billion but TK posted a €960 million loss in 2020 and Liberty sought to dispossess TK for no or reverse payment. On 31 March 2021 Credit Suisse filed insolvency proceedings against Liberty Commodities (a LHG subsidiary) in a London court. The action was brought by a unit of another bank, Citigroup, which was acting under instruction from Credit Suisse. The Swiss bankers are on the hook for a $10 billion fund part of which was invested in Greensill Capital which had placed $3.6 billion in LHG parent company GFG, part of which had funnelled down to LCL. The balance sheet of Credit Suisse would absorb significant damage as a result. On 2 April 2021, Gupta claimed that none of its plants would close under his watch as he raced to refinance his business after the collapse of financial backer Greensill. Liberty Steel had 3,000 employees, while GFG Alliance had another 2,000 in other UK metals and engineering businesses. In April 2021, Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Kwasi Kwarteng rejected a request to bail LSG out. In February 2022, HM Revenue & Customs sought winding up petitions against four LSG subsidiaries. References ^ Monaghan, Angela (2 May 2017). "Tata deal with Liberty House saves 1,700 UK steel jobs". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 May 2017. ^ "Company Overview of Liberty House Ltd". Bloomberg News. Bloomberg. Retrieved 7 April 2016. ^ "Privacy Policy". ^ "LIBERTY Steel Group appoints global leadership team and independent board members" (PDF) (Press release). Liberty House Group. 15 April 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021. ^ "Liberty House - A global industrial and metals group". www.libertyhousegroup.com. Retrieved 30 May 2017. ^ "Our Locations". Liberty Steel Group. Retrieved 3 April 2021. ^ Tovey, Alan (23 November 2016). "Rio Tinto to sell Scottish aluminium smelter to Liberty for £330m". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 12 March 2017. ^ "Tata sells speciality steel to Liberty House for £100m". Financial Times. 9 February 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2017. ^ Whyalla steelmaker Arrium to be sold to British company Liberty House ABC News 5 July 2017 ^ Paul, Chrystan (21 March 2018). "Why Sanjeev Gupta May Just Be The World's Most Ambitious Industrialist". Forbes. ^ Bone, Carrie (30 October 2019). "Liberty Steel assets to merge into single global group, to adopt neutral carbon business strategy". Euromoney Global Limited. Fastmarkets. ^ "Novelis closes on Aleris purchase". Argus Media. 14 April 2020. ^ a b Rivituso, Christopher (19 February 2021). "ThyssenKrupp ends talks with Liberty Steel over potential steel unit takeover". MetalMiner. ^ Makortoff, Kalyeena (31 March 2021). "Credit Suisse aims at wind-up orders for Gupta's Liberty arm". The Guardian. ^ "Liberty Steel boss: Plants won't shut on my watch". BBC News. 2 April 2021. ^ Liberty Steel: Kwarteng defends rejecting request for £170m bailout BBC News 13 April 2021 ^ Four Gupta steel firms face winding up orders BBC News 10 February 2022 External links Official website

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanjeev Gupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjeev_Gupta"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-propalh-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lspropa-6"},{"link_name":"GFG Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GFG_Alliance"}],"text":"Liberty Steel Group Holdings UK Ltd (LSG), which is also referred to as Liberty House or Liberty House UK, is a British industrial and metals company founded in the United Kingdom in 1992 by industrialist Sanjeev Gupta. It is headquartered in London, England,[2] and has offices in Dubai, Singapore and Hong Kong.The holding company of Liberty Steel, Liberty House Group PTE Ltd is based in Singapore.[3][4] The company focuses on ferrous and non-ferrous metal trading, metals recycling, steel and aluminium production, and engineering products and services.[5][6] Gupta controls it through his vehicle GFG Alliance.","title":"Liberty Steel Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"SIMEC Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMEC_Group"},{"link_name":"GFG Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GFG_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Lochaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochaber"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"Laggan Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laggan_Dam"},{"link_name":"Rio Tinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atdt-7"},{"link_name":"Tata Steel Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Steel_Europe"},{"link_name":"Rotherham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham"},{"link_name":"Stocksbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stocksbridge"},{"link_name":"Brinsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinsworth"},{"link_name":"South Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Wednesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wednesbury"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tataft-8"},{"link_name":"South Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Arrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrium"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abcau-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cblib-11"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Duffel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffel"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Aleris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleris"},{"link_name":"Novelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelis"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"ThyssenKrupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ThyssenKrupp"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mmtk-13"},{"link_name":"Duisburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duisburg"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mmtk-13"},{"link_name":"Credit Suisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_Suisse"},{"link_name":"Citigroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citigroup"},{"link_name":"Greensill Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensill_Capital"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kmcs-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc1-15"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Business,_Energy_and_Industrial_Strategy"},{"link_name":"Kwasi Kwarteng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwasi_Kwarteng"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"HM Revenue & Customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Revenue_%26_Customs"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"LHG was founded by Sanjeev Gupta in 1992.[citation needed]LHG, together with the SIMEC Group, part of the GFG Alliance, purchased the Lochaber aluminium smelter plant as well as the Laggan Dam from Rio Tinto in November 2016.[7]In February 2017, LHG agreed to purchase the specialty steel division of Tata Steel Europe for £100 million. The purchase included the division's facilities in Rotherham, Stocksbridge and Brinsworth in South Yorkshire and Wednesbury in the West Midlands.[8]In July 2017, LHG purchased South Australian steelmaker Arrium[9] which was rebadged LibertyOneSteel for the first year of ownership and is now Liberty Steel.[10]In October 2019, GFG Alliance promised to merge its steel assets into Liberty Steel Group by year end.[11][needs update]In 2020, LHG received European Union approval to purchase the Duffel, Belgium plant of aluminium smelter operator Aleris which cleared the way for the purchase of Aleris by Novelis.[12]On 19 February 2021 ThyssenKrupp (TK) ended discussions with Liberty Steel, which had proposed to take over the former's steel unit.[13] The TK plant at Duisburg Germany was valued by the owner at €1.5 billion but TK posted a €960 million loss in 2020 and Liberty sought to dispossess TK for no or reverse payment.[13]On 31 March 2021 Credit Suisse filed insolvency proceedings against Liberty Commodities (a LHG subsidiary) in a London court. The action was brought by a unit of another bank, Citigroup, which was acting under instruction from Credit Suisse. The Swiss bankers are on the hook for a $10 billion fund part of which was invested in Greensill Capital which had placed $3.6 billion in LHG parent company GFG, part of which had funnelled down to LCL. The balance sheet of Credit Suisse would absorb significant damage as a result.[14]On 2 April 2021, Gupta claimed that none of its plants would close under his watch as he raced to refinance his business after the collapse of financial backer Greensill. Liberty Steel had 3,000 employees, while GFG Alliance had another 2,000 in other UK metals and engineering businesses.[15] In April 2021, Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Kwasi Kwarteng rejected a request to bail LSG out.[16] In February 2022, HM Revenue & Customs sought winding up petitions against four LSG subsidiaries.[17]","title":"History"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Gerard

Leo Gerard

["1 Early life and career","2 USW presidency","3 Other roles","4 In popular culture","5 References","6 External links"]

Canadian trade union leader Leo GerardCCGerard speaking at an AFSCME rally for Obama in 2008.7th President of the United SteelworkersIn office2001–2019Preceded byGeorge BeckerSucceeded byTom Conway Personal detailsBorn1947 (age 76–77)Creighton Mine, OntarioSpouseSusan GerardChildrenKari-Ann, MeaghanOccupationLabor leaderSteelworker Leo W. Gerard CC (born 1947) is a retired steelworker and Canadian and American labour leader. He was elected president of the United Steelworkers (USW) in 2001, becoming the second Canadian to head the union. He served in the role until July 2019. He also served on the Executive Council of the AFL-CIO. Early life and career Gerard was born in 1947 in Creighton Mine, Ontario, at the time an unincorporated suburb of Sudbury. His father, Wilfred Gerard, was a miner at the Creighton Mine and a key organizer with the International Mine Mill and Smelter Workers' Union (which merged with the United Steelworkers in 1967). He grew up in Sudbury. Taught that unions were supposed to be engaged on social issues and not just collective bargaining, Gerard often listened in on union meetings conducted in the family home. He handed out leaflets on the eve of a strike at the age of 11, and accompanied his father on a union organizing drive at the age of 13. After graduating from Lively District Secondary School, Gerard took a job at the Inco nickel smelter in Sudbury, unclogging tuyeres with a sledgehammer. He was elected steward and then chief steward of the 7,000-member Local 6500. He enrolled at Laurentian University, studying economics and planning to be an economics professor. He quit college in 1977 when he was just a few credits short of graduation, and took a job as a staff representative for the international union. He married his high school sweetheart, Susan, and they have two daughters. Gerard rose steadily within the Steelworkers union hierarchy over the next two decades. He was elected director of USW District 6 in 1985 and re-elected in 1989, and was appointed national director of the Canadian division of the USW in August 1991. He was elected secretary-treasurer of the international union in 1993, and again in 1997. While USW secretary-treasurer, Gerard instituted a number of important administrative initiatives. He implemented cost-saving and revenue-generating initiatives, reorganized the secretary-treasurer's office, created an information technology department, developed a new union-to-member communications network, restructured member and local union servicing, and reinvigorated the union's organizing efforts. Gerard eventually returned to Laurentian University and received a bachelor's degree in economics and politics. The university awarded him an honorary Doctor of Laws degree in 1994. USW presidency Leo Gerard discusses jobs with Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack at Point Park University, Pittsburgh, PA, Sept. 16, 2011 Concerned that his age hindered the USW's ability to deal effectively with the problems confronting workers, President George Becker resigned effective February 28, 2001, seven months before his term of office was to end. The Steelworkers' executive council appointed Gerard his successor on February 21. Gerard quickly assembled a slate of supporters (many of them incumbent officers in the international union), and announced he would run for the presidency in the union's regularly scheduled elections in November 2001. He was elected without opposition to four-year terms in 2001, 2005 and 2009. Gerard was the second Canadian to head the United Steelworkers, after Lynn R. Williams (1983-1994). In his first two terms in office, Gerard oversaw in a significant number of union mergers with the USW. The USW merged with the 12,000-member American Flint Glass Workers' Union in 2003, the 50,000-member Industrial, Wood and Allied Workers of Canada in 2004, 3,000 former members of the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees in Canada in 2004, and the 1,150-member Independent Steelworkers Union in 2007. But the most important merger was in 2005 with the 250,000-member Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical and Energy Workers International Union (PACE), a merger which made the USW the largest industrial union in North America. Gerard has adopted a global perspective on unionization. Beginning in 2003, he has signed strategical alliances pledging mutual support on workers' rights, organizing, and collective bargaining with the World Aluminum Conference of the International Metalworkers' Federation, Australian Workers' Union, Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union of Australia, Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists, National Union of Mine and Metal Workers of the Mexican Republic, Confederação Nacional dos Metalúrgicos of Brazil, and the Canadian Region of the Communications Workers of America. In 2005, Gerard negotiated a strategic alliance with the million-member Amicus, the United Kingdom's second-largest trade union and the largest private sector union. Two years later, this strategic alliance led to a merger between the USW and Amicus' successor, the 1.8 million-member Unite. The two unions adopted a new name, Workers Uniting, although both unions will retain their individual identities for at least a few years. He returned to Sudbury for a visit in 2008 after an arson incident burned down the historic Sudbury Steelworkers Hall, where he had gotten his start as an organizer with Local 6500, and told the city's media that seeing the burned building was one of the most traumatic events of his life. Steel's head office subsequently donated $10,000 to the city's police force as a reward for any information that led to an arrest. Among his strategic alliances is the controversial friendship and support to the Mexican senator Napoleón Gómez Urrutia a disgraced union leader accused of having embezzled US$55 million that was supposed to be used to pay workers' severance payments at the Mexicana de Cananea mining company and that ended up being diverted by Gómez Urrutia, who later fled to Canada to avoid arrest. In April 2021, Gómez Urrutia was sentenced to return the US$55 million. He is currently free from jail thanks to the immunity he benefits from as a senator. Gerard suffered a blood clot (thrombus) in his heart in February 2008, and successfully underwent heart surgery to remove the blockage. Gerard retired in 2019, and was replaced by Thomas M. Conway as International President. In 2023, he was named a Companion of the Order of Canada. Other roles In 2002, he chaired the Second World Rubber Industries Conference in São Paulo, Brazil and served as chair of the Rubber Sector of the International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Unions (ICEM). A member of the executive committee of the International Metalworkers' Federation, he co-chaired the federation's World Aluminum Conference in 2003. Gerard is a member of the Labor Advisory Committee to the United States Trade Representative and the Secretary of Labor and the National Commission on Energy Policy. He is also a member of the Advisory Committee on Trade Policy and Negotiations (ACTPN). Gerard was elected a vice president of the AFL-CIO in 2001, elected to the AFL-CIO Executive Council in 2001, and appointed to serve on the labour federation's Executive Committee in February 2003. He was instrumental in the formation of the AFL-CIO Industrial Union Council, and was named chair of the AFL-CIO's Public Policy Committee in March 2005. He also is a member of the Apollo Alliance, a group which works toward North American energy independence and cleaner and more efficient energy alternatives, and is co-chair of the board of directors of the Blue Green Alliance Gerard was appointed to the Order of Canada in June 2023, with the rank of Companion. In popular culture News footage of Gerard is included in the 2008 documentary, Battle in Seattle by Stuart Townsend. Gerard and USW vice president Tom Conway are seen dragging two large concrete planters into an intersection near the Washington State Convention and Trade Center during the 1999 WTO protests in an attempt to help protesters block access to the WTO meetings. Gerard and Conway came under fire by Seattle police during the incident. References ^ a b c d e f g h Who's Who in America. 62nd ed. New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who, 2007. ISBN 978-0-8379-7011-0 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Investment Committee. Teacher's Retirement Board. California State Teachers' Retirement System. "Status Report on Clean Technology/Energy Investment." Item Number 6. November 3, 2004. ^ a b c d e f g h i McKay, Jim. "USW's New President Eyes Foreign Trade, Labor Laws." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. December 15, 2000. ^ Gerard was still a Canadian citizen as of January 2009. See: Belser, Ann. "After Health Scare, Steelworkers Union Leader Renews Push to Rebuild Manufacturing." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. January 11, 2009. ^ Moore, Daniel (29 May 2019). "Leo Gerard to step down after 18 years as head of United Steelworkers". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 29 June 2020. ^ "On the Retirement of Leo W. Gerard | AFL-CIO". aflcio.org. 17 June 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020. ^ "Steel and Mine Unions Set to Merge Canadian Units." Associated Press. April 30, 1967. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Belser, Ann. "After Health Scare, Steelworkers Union Leader Renews Push to Rebuild Manufacturing." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. January 11, 2009. ^ Greenhouse, Steven. "Bringing a Workingman's Perspective to a Union's Helm." New York Times. June 18, 2001. ^ Mandak, Joe. "Becker to Resign as Steelworkers' Union President Feb. 28." Associated Press. December 14, 2000. ^ "Gerard Succeeds Becker at USWA." New Steel. February 1, 2001. ^ McKay, Jim. "Shop Talk: Becker's Exit Creates Game of Musical Chairs." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. January 7, 2001. ^ "Leo W. Gerard". Archived from the original on 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2011-10-15. ^ a b c Ashack, Elizabeth A. "Major Union Mergers, Alliances, and Disaffiliations, 1995-2007." Bureau of Labor Statistics. September 24, 2008. ^ Pakulski, Gary T. "Toledo, Ohio-Based Flint Glass Workers Vote to Merge with Steelworkers." Toledo Blade. June 4, 2003. ^ Widenour, Marcus. "International Woodworkers of America." In Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History. Eric Arnesen, ed. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 2006. ISBN 0-415-96826-7 ^ Boselovic, Len. "Unions Stay in Step With Companies on the Merger Front." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 14, 2007. ^ McKay, Jim. "Merger Makes USW Biggest Industrial Union." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 14, 2005. ^ a b c d e f g "Bios: Leo Gerard." U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. July 17, 2006. Archived January 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ Meyerson, Harold. "Unions for a Global Economy." Washington Post. April 26, 2007; "Aluminum Unions Worldwide Commit to New Global Solidarity in Struggle to Strengthen Workers' Rights." Press release. International Metalworker Federation. October 6, 2003; "AWU Signs Strategic Alliance With Giant US Union." Press release. Australian Workers Union. February 8, 2005 Archived May 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine; "Steelworkers Stand Behind Canadian Actors." Press release. Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists. December 22, 2006; Procaccini, Mario. "Union Refugee Vows for Re-instatement in a Free Mexico." Columbia Journal. September 2006. ^ Hencke, David. "T&G and Amicus in Global Union Plan." The Guardian. April 19, 2007. ^ a b Sostek, Anya. "Steelworkers Plan Merger With 2 International Unions." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 18, 2007. ^ Greenhouse, Steven. "Steelworkers Merge With British Union." New York Times. July 3, 2008; Toland, Bill. "USW, Brits Near Creation of 'Super' Union." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. May 28, 2008. ^ "Steelworkers arson reward upped to $15,000" Archived 2008-12-11 at the Wayback Machine. Northern Life, September 30, 2008. ^ Navarro, María Fernanda (2019-01-16). "Entrevista | Gómez Urrutia, un cuestionado líder que quiere poner 'orden' en las empresas". Forbes México (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 2022-08-19. ^ "La danza de los millones que Napito defraudó a mineros". El Universal (in Spanish). 2021-04-16. Retrieved 2022-08-19. ^ "Napo deberá pagar deuda que lo exilió en 2006". El Economista (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 2022-08-19. ^ "Highest of honours for Sudbury's Leo Gerard". Sudbury Star, June 30, 2023. ^ "Commissioners: Leo W. Gerard." National Commission on Energy Policy. no date. Accessed February 6, 2007. ^ "Order of Canada appointees – June 2023". The Governor General of Canada. June 30, 2023. Retrieved June 30, 2023. ^ a b Belser, Ann. "Film Highlights Union Struggle." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. September 27, 2008. External links Media related to Leo Gerard at Wikimedia Commons Appearances on C-SPAN "USW Web Site" "Interview with Leo W. Gerard." Bill Moyers' Journal. January 9, 2009. Trade union offices Preceded byGeorge Becker President of the United Steelworkers 2001 - 2019 Succeeded byTom Conway

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WhosWho-1"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"United Steelworkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Steelworkers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKaynewpresident-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"AFL-CIO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL-CIO"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Leo W. Gerard CC (born 1947)[1] is a retired steelworker and Canadian and American labour leader. He was elected president of the United Steelworkers (USW) in 2001, becoming the second Canadian to head the union.[3][4] He served in the role until July 2019.[5] He also served on the Executive Council of the AFL-CIO.[6]","title":"Leo Gerard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Creighton Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creighton_Mine,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Sudbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Sudbury"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WhosWho-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CalSTRS-2"},{"link_name":"International Mine Mill and Smelter Workers' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Federation_of_Miners"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CalSTRS-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKaynewpresident-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belser-8"},{"link_name":"social issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Movement_Unionism"},{"link_name":"collective bargaining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_bargaining"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CalSTRS-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKaynewpresident-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CalSTRS-2"},{"link_name":"Inco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_Inco"},{"link_name":"tuyeres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuyeres"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKaynewpresident-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belser-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CalSTRS-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKaynewpresident-3"},{"link_name":"Laurentian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentian_University"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perspective-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WhosWho-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKaynewpresident-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belser-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CalSTRS-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WhosWho-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CalSTRS-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKaynewpresident-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belser-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WhosWho-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CalSTRS-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belser-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CalSTRS-2"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CalSTRS-2"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CalSTRS-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belser-8"}],"text":"Gerard was born in 1947 in Creighton Mine, Ontario, at the time an unincorporated suburb of Sudbury.[1][2] His father, Wilfred Gerard, was a miner at the Creighton Mine and a key organizer with the International Mine Mill and Smelter Workers' Union (which merged with the United Steelworkers in 1967).[2][3][7] He grew up in Sudbury.[8] Taught that unions were supposed to be engaged on social issues and not just collective bargaining, Gerard often listened in on union meetings conducted in the family home.[2] He handed out leaflets on the eve of a strike at the age of 11,[3] and accompanied his father on a union organizing drive at the age of 13.[2]After graduating from Lively District Secondary School, Gerard took a job at the Inco nickel smelter in Sudbury, unclogging tuyeres with a sledgehammer.[3][8] He was elected steward and then chief steward of the 7,000-member Local 6500.[2][3] He enrolled at Laurentian University, studying economics and planning to be an economics professor.[9] He quit college in 1977 when he was just a few credits short of graduation, and took a job as a staff representative for the international union.[1][3][8]He married his high school sweetheart, Susan, and they have two daughters.[2]Gerard rose steadily within the Steelworkers union hierarchy over the next two decades. He was elected director of USW District 6 in 1985 and re-elected in 1989, and was appointed national director of the Canadian division of the USW in August 1991.[1][2][3][8] He was elected secretary-treasurer of the international union in 1993, and again in 1997.[1][2][8] While USW secretary-treasurer, Gerard instituted a number of important administrative initiatives. He implemented cost-saving and revenue-generating initiatives, reorganized the secretary-treasurer's office, created an information technology department, developed a new union-to-member communications network, restructured member and local union servicing, and reinvigorated the union's organizing efforts.[2]Gerard eventually returned to Laurentian University and received a bachelor's degree in economics and politics.[2] The university awarded him an honorary Doctor of Laws degree in 1994.[2][8]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20110916-OSEC-CR-0003_-_Flickr_-_USDAgov.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tom Vilsack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Vilsack"},{"link_name":"Point Park University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Park_University"},{"link_name":"George Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Becker_(labor_leader)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKaynewpresident-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WhosWho-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKaynewpresident-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belser-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belser-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Lynn R. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_R._Williams"},{"link_name":"American Flint Glass Workers' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Flint_Glass_Workers%27_Union"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bureau-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Industrial, Wood and Allied Workers of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Woodworkers_of_America"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bureau-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belser-8"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical and Energy Workers International Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper,_Allied-Industrial,_Chemical_and_Energy_Workers_International_Union"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bureau-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"International Metalworkers' Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Metalworkers%27_Federation"},{"link_name":"Australian Workers' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Workers%27_Union"},{"link_name":"Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction,_Forestry,_Mining_and_Energy_Union"},{"link_name":"Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Canadian_Cinema,_Television_and_Radio_Artists"},{"link_name":"National Union of Mine and Metal Workers of the Mexican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Mine_and_Metal_Workers_of_the_Mexican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Confederação Nacional dos Metalúrgicos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confedera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_dos_Metal%C3%BArgicos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Communications Workers of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Workers_of_America"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bios-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Amicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_(trade_union)"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sostek-22"},{"link_name":"Unite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite_the_Union"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sostek-22"},{"link_name":"Workers Uniting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers_Uniting"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Sudbury Steelworkers Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury_Steelworkers_Hall"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reward-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"thrombus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombus"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belser-8"},{"link_name":"Companion of the Order of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Leo Gerard discusses jobs with Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack at Point Park University, Pittsburgh, PA, Sept. 16, 2011Concerned that his age hindered the USW's ability to deal effectively with the problems confronting workers, President George Becker resigned effective February 28, 2001, seven months before his term of office was to end.[3][10] The Steelworkers' executive council appointed Gerard his successor on February 21.[1][3][8][11] Gerard quickly assembled a slate of supporters (many of them incumbent officers in the international union), and announced he would run for the presidency in the union's regularly scheduled elections in November 2001.[12] He was elected without opposition to four-year terms in 2001, 2005 and 2009.[8][13] Gerard was the second Canadian to head the United Steelworkers, after Lynn R. Williams (1983-1994).In his first two terms in office, Gerard oversaw in a significant number of union mergers with the USW. The USW merged with the 12,000-member American Flint Glass Workers' Union in 2003,[14][15] the 50,000-member Industrial, Wood and Allied Workers of Canada in 2004,[14][16] 3,000 former members of the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees in Canada in 2004,[8] and the 1,150-member Independent Steelworkers Union in 2007.[17] But the most important merger was in 2005 with the 250,000-member Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical and Energy Workers International Union (PACE), a merger which made the USW the largest industrial union in North America.[14][18]Gerard has adopted a global perspective on unionization. Beginning in 2003, he has signed strategical alliances pledging mutual support on workers' rights, organizing, and collective bargaining with the World Aluminum Conference of the International Metalworkers' Federation, Australian Workers' Union, Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union of Australia, Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists, National Union of Mine and Metal Workers of the Mexican Republic, Confederação Nacional dos Metalúrgicos of Brazil, and the Canadian Region of the Communications Workers of America.[19][20] In 2005, Gerard negotiated a strategic alliance with the million-member Amicus, the United Kingdom's second-largest trade union and the largest private sector union.[21][22] Two years later, this strategic alliance led to a merger between the USW and Amicus' successor, the 1.8 million-member Unite.[22] The two unions adopted a new name, Workers Uniting, although both unions will retain their individual identities for at least a few years.[23]He returned to Sudbury for a visit in 2008 after an arson incident burned down the historic Sudbury Steelworkers Hall, where he had gotten his start as an organizer with Local 6500, and told the city's media that seeing the burned building was one of the most traumatic events of his life. Steel's head office subsequently donated $10,000 to the city's police force as a reward for any information that led to an arrest.[24]Among his strategic alliances is the controversial friendship and support to the Mexican senator Napoleón Gómez Urrutia a disgraced[25] union leader accused of having embezzled US$55 million that was supposed to be used to pay workers' severance payments at the Mexicana de Cananea mining company and that ended up being diverted[26] by Gómez Urrutia, who later fled to Canada to avoid arrest. In April 2021, Gómez Urrutia was sentenced[27] to return the US$55 million. He is currently free from jail thanks to the immunity he benefits from as a senator.Gerard suffered a blood clot (thrombus) in his heart in February 2008, and successfully underwent heart surgery to remove the blockage.[8]Gerard retired in 2019, and was replaced by Thomas M. Conway as International President.In 2023, he was named a Companion of the Order of Canada.[28]","title":"USW presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Chemical,_Energy,_Mine_and_General_Workers%27_Unions"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bios-19"},{"link_name":"International Metalworkers' Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Metalworkers%27_Federation"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bios-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bios-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bios-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bios-19"},{"link_name":"North American energy independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_energy_independence"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bios-19"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"In 2002, he chaired the Second World Rubber Industries Conference in São Paulo, Brazil and served as chair of the Rubber Sector of the International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Unions (ICEM).[19] A member of the executive committee of the International Metalworkers' Federation, he co-chaired the federation's World Aluminum Conference in 2003.[19]Gerard is a member of the Labor Advisory Committee to the United States Trade Representative and the Secretary of Labor and the National Commission on Energy Policy. He is also a member of the Advisory Committee on Trade Policy and Negotiations (ACTPN).[19]Gerard was elected a vice president of the AFL-CIO in 2001, elected to the AFL-CIO Executive Council in 2001, and appointed to serve on the labour federation's Executive Committee in February 2003.[19] He was instrumental in the formation of the AFL-CIO Industrial Union Council, and was named chair of the AFL-CIO's Public Policy Committee in March 2005.[19]He also is a member of the Apollo Alliance, a group which works toward North American energy independence and cleaner and more efficient energy alternatives, and is co-chair of the board of directors of the Blue Green Alliance[19][29]Gerard was appointed to the Order of Canada in June 2023, with the rank of Companion.[30]","title":"Other roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"documentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"Battle in Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_in_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Stuart Townsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Townsend"},{"link_name":"planters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardiniere"},{"link_name":"Washington State Convention and Trade Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Convention_and_Trade_Center"},{"link_name":"1999 WTO protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999_protest_activity"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WTOprotest-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WTOprotest-31"}],"text":"News footage of Gerard is included in the 2008 documentary, Battle in Seattle by Stuart Townsend. Gerard and USW vice president Tom Conway are seen dragging two large concrete planters into an intersection near the Washington State Convention and Trade Center during the 1999 WTO protests in an attempt to help protesters block access to the WTO meetings.[31] Gerard and Conway came under fire by Seattle police during the incident.[31]","title":"In popular culture"}]

[{"image_text":"Leo Gerard discusses jobs with Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack at Point Park University, Pittsburgh, PA, Sept. 16, 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/20110916-OSEC-CR-0003_-_Flickr_-_USDAgov.jpg/220px-20110916-OSEC-CR-0003_-_Flickr_-_USDAgov.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Moore, Daniel (29 May 2019). \"Leo Gerard to step down after 18 years as head of United Steelworkers\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 29 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.post-gazette.com/business/career-workplace/2019/05/29/Leo-Gerard-to-step-down-after-18-years-as-head-of-United-Steelworkers/stories/201905290138","url_text":"\"Leo Gerard to step down after 18 years as head of United Steelworkers\""}]},{"reference":"\"On the Retirement of Leo W. Gerard | AFL-CIO\". aflcio.org. 17 June 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://aflcio.org/about/leadership/statements/retirement-leo-w-gerard","url_text":"\"On the Retirement of Leo W. Gerard | AFL-CIO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leo W. Gerard\". Archived from the original on 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2011-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111007102647/http://www.usw.org/our_union/international_executive_board?id=0001","url_text":"\"Leo W. Gerard\""},{"url":"http://www.usw.org/our_union/international_executive_board?id%3D0001","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Navarro, María Fernanda (2019-01-16). \"Entrevista | Gómez Urrutia, un cuestionado líder que quiere poner 'orden' en las empresas\". Forbes México (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 2022-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com.mx/entrevista-gomez-urrutia-un-cuestionado-lider-que-quiere-poner-orden-en-las-empresas/","url_text":"\"Entrevista | Gómez Urrutia, un cuestionado líder que quiere poner 'orden' en las empresas\""}]},{"reference":"\"La danza de los millones que Napito defraudó a mineros\". El Universal (in Spanish). 2021-04-16. Retrieved 2022-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/opinion/raul-rodriguez-cortes/la-danza-de-los-millones-que-napito-defraudo-mineros","url_text":"\"La danza de los millones que Napito defraudó a mineros\""}]},{"reference":"\"Napo deberá pagar deuda que lo exilió en 2006\". El Economista (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 2022-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/empresas/Sindicato-minero-y-Gomez-Urrutia-deben-pagar-casi-55-millones-de-dolares-a-trabajadores-20210411-0014.html","url_text":"\"Napo deberá pagar deuda que lo exilió en 2006\""}]},{"reference":"\"Order of Canada appointees – June 2023\". The Governor General of Canada. June 30, 2023. Retrieved June 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gg.ca/en/order-canada-appointees-june-2023","url_text":"\"Order of Canada appointees – June 2023\""}]}]

[{"Link":"http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2916824/TEACHERS-RETIREMENT-BOARD-INVESTMENT-COMMITTEE-SUBJECT-Status-Report-on-Clean","external_links_name":"Investment Committee. Teacher's Retirement Board. California State Teachers' Retirement System. \"Status Report on Clean Technology/Energy Investment.\" Item Number 6. November 3, 2004."},{"Link":"http://www.post-gazette.com/businessnews/20001215gerard6.asp","external_links_name":"McKay, Jim. \"USW's New President Eyes Foreign Trade, Labor Laws.\" Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. December 15, 2000."},{"Link":"http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09011/940885-28.stm","external_links_name":"\"After Health Scare, Steelworkers Union Leader Renews Push to Rebuild Manufacturing.\""},{"Link":"https://www.post-gazette.com/business/career-workplace/2019/05/29/Leo-Gerard-to-step-down-after-18-years-as-head-of-United-Steelworkers/stories/201905290138","external_links_name":"\"Leo Gerard to step down after 18 years as head of United Steelworkers\""},{"Link":"https://aflcio.org/about/leadership/statements/retirement-leo-w-gerard","external_links_name":"\"On the Retirement of Leo W. Gerard | AFL-CIO\""},{"Link":"http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09011/940885-28.stm","external_links_name":"Belser, Ann. \"After Health Scare, Steelworkers Union Leader Renews Push to Rebuild Manufacturing.\" Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. January 11, 2009."},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E00E5DD1331F93BA25755C0A9679C8B63&scp=16&sq=%22Leo+Gerard%22&st=nyt","external_links_name":"Greenhouse, Steven. \"Bringing a Workingman's Perspective to a Union's Helm.\" New York Times. June 18, 2001."},{"Link":"http://www.post-gazette.com/businessnews/20010107shop8.asp","external_links_name":"McKay, Jim. \"Shop Talk: Becker's Exit Creates Game of Musical Chairs.\" Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. January 7, 2001."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111007102647/http://www.usw.org/our_union/international_executive_board?id=0001","external_links_name":"\"Leo W. Gerard\""},{"Link":"http://www.usw.org/our_union/international_executive_board?id%3D0001","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/cb20080919ar01p1.htm","external_links_name":"Ashack, Elizabeth A. \"Major Union Mergers, Alliances, and Disaffiliations, 1995-2007.\" Bureau of Labor Statistics. September 24, 2008."},{"Link":"http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05104/487849-28.stm","external_links_name":"McKay, Jim. \"Merger Makes USW Biggest Industrial Union.\" Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 14, 2005."},{"Link":"http://www.uscc.gov/bios/2006bios/06_07_17bios/gerard_leo.php","external_links_name":"\"Bios: Leo Gerard.\" U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. July 17, 2006."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090114062912/http://www.uscc.gov/bios/2006bios/06_07_17bios/gerard_leo.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/25/AR2007042502409.html","external_links_name":"Meyerson, Harold. \"Unions for a Global Economy.\" Washington Post. April 26, 2007"},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_/ai_108566008","external_links_name":"\"Aluminum Unions Worldwide Commit to New Global Solidarity in Struggle to Strengthen Workers' Rights.\" Press release. International Metalworker Federation. October 6, 2003"},{"Link":"http://www.awu.net.au/110798750816591.html","external_links_name":"\"AWU Signs Strategic Alliance With Giant US Union.\" Press release. Australian Workers Union. February 8, 2005"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110526232130/http://www.awu.net.au/110798750816591.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.canadanewswire.ca/fr/releases/archive/December2006/22/c2030.html","external_links_name":"\"Steelworkers Stand Behind Canadian Actors.\" Press release. Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists. December 22, 2006"},{"Link":"http://www.columbiajournal.ca/06-09/imageset.html","external_links_name":"Procaccini, Mario. \"Union Refugee Vows for Re-instatement in a Free Mexico.\" Columbia Journal. September 2006"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/apr/19/politics.tradeunions","external_links_name":"Hencke, David. \"T&G and Amicus in Global Union Plan.\" The Guardian. April 19, 2007."},{"Link":"http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07108/779008-100.stm","external_links_name":"Sostek, Anya. \"Steelworkers Plan Merger With 2 International Unions.\" Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 18, 2007."},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/03/us/03union.html?scp=2&sq=Steelworkers+Amicus&st=nyt","external_links_name":"Greenhouse, Steven. \"Steelworkers Merge With British Union.\" New York Times. July 3, 2008"},{"Link":"http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08149/885287-28.stm","external_links_name":"Toland, Bill. \"USW, Brits Near Creation of 'Super' Union.\" Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. May 28, 2008"},{"Link":"http://www.northernlife.ca/News/PoliceandCourt/2008/092908-RewardTOP.asp?NLStory=092908-RewardTOP","external_links_name":"\"Steelworkers arson reward upped to $15,000\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081211082610/http://www.northernlife.ca/News/PoliceandCourt/2008/092908-RewardTOP.asp?NLStory=092908-RewardTOP","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com.mx/entrevista-gomez-urrutia-un-cuestionado-lider-que-quiere-poner-orden-en-las-empresas/","external_links_name":"\"Entrevista | Gómez Urrutia, un cuestionado líder que quiere poner 'orden' en las empresas\""},{"Link":"https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/opinion/raul-rodriguez-cortes/la-danza-de-los-millones-que-napito-defraudo-mineros","external_links_name":"\"La danza de los millones que Napito defraudó a mineros\""},{"Link":"https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/empresas/Sindicato-minero-y-Gomez-Urrutia-deben-pagar-casi-55-millones-de-dolares-a-trabajadores-20210411-0014.html","external_links_name":"\"Napo deberá pagar deuda que lo exilió en 2006\""},{"Link":"https://www.thesudburystar.com/news/local-news/highest-of-honours-for-sudburys-leo-gerard","external_links_name":"\"Highest of honours for Sudbury's Leo Gerard\""},{"Link":"http://www.energycommission.org/site/page.php?node=25","external_links_name":"\"Commissioners: Leo W. Gerard.\" National Commission on Energy Policy. no date."},{"Link":"https://www.gg.ca/en/order-canada-appointees-june-2023","external_links_name":"\"Order of Canada appointees – June 2023\""},{"Link":"http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08271/915452-28.stm","external_links_name":"Belser, Ann. \"Film Highlights Union Struggle.\" Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. September 27, 2008."},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/person/?89618","external_links_name":"Appearances"},{"Link":"http://www.usw.org/","external_links_name":"\"USW Web Site\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/01092009/profile.html","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Leo W. Gerard.\" Bill Moyers' Journal. January 9, 2009."}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27Horticulture

École nationale supérieure d'horticulture

["1 History","2 Merger","3 See also","4 Footnote","5 References","6 External links"]

École nationale supérieure d'horticulturePierre Joigneaux Memorial in the parc BalbiActive1874–1998LocationVersailles, Ile de France, France L'École Nationale Supérieure d'Horticulture (Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Horticulture de Versailles, Ecole Nationale d'Horticulture) was a French grande école of horticulture. It was founded in 1874, on initiative of Pierre Joigneaux and the first Director was Auguste Hardy, to promote French agricultural education (Under the Act of 16 Dec. 1873). The school was located in the “Potager du Roi” (the King's kitchen garden) in Versailles where the former Institut National Agronomique had been established in October 1848 at the end of the Second Republic. At first it was named Ecole Nationale d'Horticulture, being changed to Ecole Nationale Supérieur d'Horticulture (ENSH) in 1961. In 1976, the Ecole Nationale Supérieure du Paysage (ENSP) was separated from the ENSH, and both remain located at the Potager du Roi. In 1995, the ENSH was transferred to Angers, while the ENSP remained at Versailles. Three year later, the ENSH was officially combined with the national school of practitioners of horticulture and landscape (Ecole National des Ingénieurs de l'Horticulture et du Paysage ENITHP) in Angers to produce the Institut National d'Horticulture et de Paysage (National Institute for Horticulture and Landscape Management). Diploma of the Ecole Nationale d'Horticulture, 1903 History In October 1848 France's agricultural education was reformed through the creation of the Institut National Agronomique at Versailles specialising in the vegetable garden. In 1849, Auguste Hardy, agronomist, became Head Gardener of the institute, replacing Mr Massey in the garden and beginning student education. At the end of the Republic, the institute is abandoned because the Emperor, like his royal predecessors, preferred the garden as a simple source of provisions. However, in 1865 Hardy created a school dedicated to the development of new fruit varieties using improved techniques, more greenhouses and sheltered areas. After 1866 many organisations vied for control of the school until in 1872 Pierre Joigneaux proposed l'École Nationale d'Horticulture (ENH), which was opened in 1874. It was to be self-financing from the sale of the products of the garden maintained by fifty "student-workers". Its mission was: "the training of expert gardeners who are able, after two years of theoretical and practical studies, to spread and popularize good horticultural practices and principles in our departments." The garden was considered ideally situated: "considering all the horticultural wealth gathered at Versailles, nowhere could provide a training more complete and more varied." The school then continued its tradition of production and experimentation. A weather station was installed, and different research programmes were implemented on cultivation, preservation of the fruit, chemical treatments. Greenhouses now covered the space between the Figuerie and Rue Satory near the gate of the King. It still uses some of these greenhouses. In 1889 a winter garden full of ornamental species was established, the covered area being 5,600 m2. The school was now at the forefront of French horticulture and had developed an international reputation with alumni taking leading positions in botanical gardens and farms worldwide. Hardy also accentuated the botanical nature of the ENH, implementing a school of Botany with 1900 plant species, a rose garden with 800 plants. After winter 1879–80, whose cold destroyed nearly 10,000 trees, new cultivars were introduced: 309 varieties of apples and 557 varieties of pears. More than thirty forms of fruit-producing trees were in the garden: spiral, triangular prism, fan, cords, and candelabras. In 1891 with the death of Auguste Hardy, Jules Nanot maintained the reputation of the Jardin du Roi and the ENH. Student education included studies of the architecture of the gardens and greenhouses taught by Darcel (a colleague of Alphand), and then by the famous landscape architect Édouard André, between 1892 and 1905, and his son René- Édouard André, who succeeded Duprat. Gradually, the teaching of the landscape architecture and design increased, creating a distinctive Versailles genre and its disciples. The program involves a thorough knowledge of plants, the science of architecture, optics, and project management. This lead in 1945 to a course on "the landscape and art of gardens". In 1961, the ENH awarded a diploma of horticultural engineer and became a National College recruiting students who had already completed their higher education and were seeing more theoretical and modern research. Merger The Institut National d'Horticulture et de Paysage (National Institute for Horticulture and Landscape Management) was established in 1997 as a merger of two grandes écoles, the Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Horticulture (ENSH) at Versailles and the Ecole Nationale des Ingénieurs de l'Horticulture et du Paysage (ENITHP) at Angers. In July 2008, the Institut National d'Horticulture et de Paysage at Angers and the Agrocampus Rennes (in Rennes), merged again to form a new grande école called Agrocampus Ouest. Agrocampus Ouest consists in two centres: one in Angers, the other at Rennes. Angers'centre of Agrocampus Ouest (or INHP) is located on the campus of Angers-Technopole, and this is now the only public higher education establishment specialising in horticultural engineering, and one of the few specialising in landscape design. Together with other educational and research establishments, the INHP researches the ecophysiology of plant development and production systems, genetic resources and plant breeding, plant protection, seed physiology, horticultural sectors of the economy, and forms in the landscape. Experimental farm at the former Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon INA P-G disappeared as an administrative entity on January 1, 2007, becoming part of AgroParisTech with ENSIA and ENGREF. See also Arboretum de Grignon Jardin botanique de l'Institut National Footnote ^ The Grandes Écoles (literally, in French, "great schools") of France are higher education establishments outside the main framework of the French university system. Student selection for a Grandes Écoles is based chiefly on national assessment in competitive written and oral exams. These exams occur mostly two years after graduation. Between graduation and the exams, students follow what are called classes préparatoires, as part of a higher selection system. References ^ Potager du Roi ^ History of the school ^ "La quintinie et le potager du roi - France-Diplomatie-Ministère des Affaires étrangères et européennes". www.diplomatie.gouv.fr. Archived from the original on 2011-02-13. ^ "1848-1870 : Le potager, lieu de production et de pédagogie - France-Diplomatie-Ministère des Affaires étrangères et européennes". www.diplomatie.gouv.fr. Archived from the original on 2011-02-13. External links Video dated 1929 showing the ENSH at Versailles Further information Agrocampus Ouest official site paysagisme.com Le portail de référence des paysagistes francophones Le site de l'exposition florale (in French) Official website (in English) Official website (in French) Official website of AgroParisTech Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grande école","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9coles"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Institut National Agronomique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_National_Agronomique"},{"link_name":"Second Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Second_Republic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Institut National d'Horticulture et de Paysage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_National_d%27Horticulture_et_de_Paysage"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diplom_G.Petkov.jpg"}],"text":"L'École Nationale Supérieure d'Horticulture (Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Horticulture de Versailles, Ecole Nationale d'Horticulture) was a French grande école[nb 1] of horticulture.It was founded in 1874, on initiative of Pierre Joigneaux and the first Director was Auguste Hardy, to promote French agricultural education (Under the Act of 16 Dec. 1873). The school was located in the “Potager du Roi” (the King's kitchen garden) in Versailles where the former Institut National Agronomique had been established in October 1848 at the end of the Second Republic.[1] At first it was named Ecole Nationale d'Horticulture, being changed to Ecole Nationale Supérieur d'Horticulture (ENSH) in 1961.In 1976, the Ecole Nationale Supérieure du Paysage (ENSP) was separated from the ENSH, and both remain located at the Potager du Roi. In 1995, the ENSH was transferred to Angers, while the ENSP remained at Versailles. Three year later, the ENSH was officially combined with the national school of practitioners of horticulture and landscape (Ecole National des Ingénieurs de l'Horticulture et du Paysage ENITHP) in Angers to produce the Institut National d'Horticulture et de Paysage (National Institute for Horticulture and Landscape Management).[2]Diploma of the Ecole Nationale d'Horticulture, 1903","title":"École nationale supérieure d'horticulture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Institut National Agronomique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_National_Agronomique"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In October 1848 France's agricultural education was reformed through the creation of the Institut National Agronomique at Versailles specialising in the vegetable garden. In 1849, Auguste Hardy, agronomist, became Head Gardener of the institute, replacing Mr Massey in the garden and beginning student education. At the end of the Republic, the institute is abandoned because the Emperor, like his royal predecessors, preferred the garden as a simple source of provisions. However, in 1865 Hardy created a school dedicated to the development of new fruit varieties using improved techniques, more greenhouses and sheltered areas.After 1866 many organisations vied for control of the school until in 1872 Pierre Joigneaux proposed l'École Nationale d'Horticulture (ENH), which was opened in 1874. It was to be self-financing from the sale of the products of the garden maintained by fifty \"student-workers\". Its mission was: \"the training of expert gardeners who are able, after two years of theoretical and practical studies, to spread and popularize good horticultural practices and principles in our departments.\" The garden was considered ideally situated: \"considering all the horticultural wealth gathered at Versailles, nowhere could provide a training more complete and more varied.\"The school then continued its tradition of production and experimentation. A weather station was installed, and different research programmes were implemented on cultivation, preservation of the fruit, chemical treatments. Greenhouses now covered the space between the Figuerie and Rue Satory near the gate of the King. It still uses some of these greenhouses.In 1889 a winter garden full of ornamental species was established, the covered area being 5,600 m2. The school was now at the forefront of French horticulture and had developed an international reputation with alumni taking leading positions in botanical gardens and farms worldwide. Hardy also accentuated the botanical nature of the ENH, implementing a school of Botany with 1900 plant species, a rose garden with 800 plants. After winter 1879–80, whose cold destroyed nearly 10,000 trees, new cultivars were introduced: 309 varieties of apples and 557 varieties of pears. More than thirty forms of fruit-producing trees were in the garden: spiral, triangular prism, fan, cords, and candelabras.In 1891 with the death of Auguste Hardy, Jules Nanot maintained the reputation of the Jardin du Roi and the ENH. Student education included studies of the architecture of the gardens and greenhouses taught by Darcel (a colleague of Alphand), and then by the famous landscape architect Édouard André, between 1892 and 1905, and his son René- Édouard André, who succeeded Duprat. Gradually, the teaching of the landscape architecture and design increased, creating a distinctive Versailles genre and its disciples. The program involves a thorough knowledge of plants, the science of architecture, optics, and project management. This lead in 1945 to a course on \"the landscape and art of gardens\".In 1961, the ENH awarded a diploma of horticultural engineer and became a National College recruiting students who had already completed their higher education and were seeing more theoretical and modern research.[3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Institut National d'Horticulture et de Paysage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_National_d%27Horticulture_et_de_Paysage"},{"link_name":"Institut National d'Horticulture et de Paysage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_National_d%27Horticulture_et_de_Paysage"},{"link_name":"Angers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angers"},{"link_name":"Rennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes"},{"link_name":"grande école","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole"},{"link_name":"Agrocampus Ouest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrocampus_Ouest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grignon_-_%C3%89table_-_ferme_exp%C3%A9rimentale02.jpg"}],"text":"The Institut National d'Horticulture et de Paysage (National Institute for Horticulture and Landscape Management) was established in 1997 as a merger of two grandes écoles, the Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Horticulture (ENSH) at Versailles and the Ecole Nationale des Ingénieurs de l'Horticulture et du Paysage (ENITHP) at Angers. In July 2008, the Institut National d'Horticulture et de Paysage at Angers and the Agrocampus Rennes (in Rennes), merged again to form a new grande école called Agrocampus Ouest. Agrocampus Ouest consists in two centres:one in Angers,\nthe other at Rennes.Angers'centre of Agrocampus Ouest (or INHP) is located on the campus of Angers-Technopole, and this is now the only public higher education establishment specialising in horticultural engineering, and one of the few specialising in landscape design. Together with other educational and research establishments, the INHP researches the ecophysiology of plant development and production systems, genetic resources and plant breeding, plant protection, seed physiology, horticultural sectors of the economy, and forms in the landscape.Experimental farm at the former Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon[The Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon (INA P-G) was a French grande école. It was created in 1971 by merging the Institut national agronomique (Paris) and the École nationale supérieure d'Agronomie de Grignon, thus having a history that goes back to 1826.] INA P-G disappeared as an administrative entity on January 1, 2007, becoming part of AgroParisTech with ENSIA and ENGREF.","title":"Merger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ The Grandes Écoles (literally, in French, \"great schools\") of France are higher education establishments outside the main framework of the French university system. Student selection for a Grandes Écoles is based chiefly on national assessment in competitive written and oral exams. These exams occur mostly two years after graduation. Between graduation and the exams, students follow what are called classes préparatoires, as part of a higher selection system.","title":"Footnote"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_series

Miniseries

["1 Definitions","1.1 21st-century definitions","2 History","2.1 United Kingdom","2.2 North America","2.3 Japan","2.4 South Korea","2.5 Soviet Union/Russia","2.6 Brazil","2.7 Australia","3 Popularity","4 See also","5 References"]

Television program with few episodes This article is about a TV show or series that has a predetermined number of episodes. For a series with the potential to be renewed, see Limited-run series. For the album by Sumin & Slom, see Miniseries (album). A miniseries or mini-series is a television show or series that tells a story in a predetermined, limited number of episodes. Many miniseries can also be referred to, and shown, as a television film. "Limited series" is a more recent US term which is sometimes used interchangeably. As of 2021, the popularity of miniseries format has increased in both streaming services and broadcast television. The term "serial" is used in the United Kingdom and in other Commonwealth nations to describe a show that has an ongoing narrative plotline, while "series" is used for a set of episodes in a similar way that "season" is used in North America. Definitions A miniseries is distinguished from an ongoing television series; the latter does not usually have a predetermined number of episodes and may continue for several years. Before the term was coined in the US in the early 1970s, the ongoing episodic form was always called a "serial", just as a novel appearing in episodes in successive editions of magazines or newspapers is called a serial. In Britain, miniseries are often still referred to as serials or series. Several commentators have offered more precise definitions of the term. In Halliwell's Television Companion (1987), Leslie Halliwell and Philip Purser suggest that miniseries tend to "appear in four to six episodes of various lengths", while Stuart Cunningham in Textual Innovation in the Australian Historical Mini-series (1989) defined a miniseries as "a limited run program of more than two and less than the 13-part season or half season block associated with serial or series programming". With the proliferation of the format in the 1980s and 90s, television films broadcast over even two or three nights were commonly referred to as miniseries in the US. In Television: A History (1985), Francis Wheen points out a difference in character development between the two: "Both soap operas and primetime series cannot afford to allow their leading characters to develop, since the shows are made with the intention of running indefinitely. In a miniseries on the other hand, there is a clearly defined beginning, middle, and end (as in a conventional play or novel), enabling characters to change, mature, or die as the serial proceeds". In 2015, the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences changed its guidelines on how Emmy nominees are classified, with shows with a limited run all referred to as "limited series" instead of "miniseries". This was a reversion to 1974, when the category was named "outstanding limited series". It had been changed to "outstanding miniseries" in 1986. Miniseries were put in the same category as made-for-television films from 2011 to 2014 before being given separate categories again. 21st-century definitions The Collins English Dictionary (online, as of 2021, UK) defines a miniseries as "a television programme in several parts that is shown on consecutive days or weeks for a short period; while Webster's New World College Dictionary's (4th ed., 2010, US) definition is "a TV drama or docudrama broadcast serially in a limited number of episodes". In popular usage, by around 2020, the boundaries between miniseries and limited series have become somewhat blurred; the format has been described as a series with "a self-contained narrative – whether three or 12 episodes long". History United Kingdom The British television serial is rooted in dramatic radio productions developed between the First and the Second World Wars. In the 1920s the BBC pioneered dramatic readings of books. In 1925 it broadcast A Christmas Carol, which became a holiday favourite. Later, John Reith, wanting to use radio waves to "part the clouds of ignorance", came up with the idea of a Classic Serial, based on a "classical" literary text. In 1939 the BBC adapted the romantic novel The Prisoner of Zenda for radio broadcast. Its adapter, Jack Inglis, compressed several characters into one and simplified the plotline. The production struck a chord with listeners and served as a prototype for serials that followed it. Post-war BBC Television picked up the classic radio serial tradition by broadcasting The Warden by Anthony Trollope over six-episodes in 1951. Pride and Prejudice was serialised in 1952, Jane Eyre in 1955. In 1953 the BBC broadcast the first serial written specifically for television: the six-part The Quatermass Experiment. Its success paved the way for two more six-part serials: Quatermass II in 1955 and Quatermass and the Pit in 1958. In November 1960 the BBC televised a thirteen-episode adaptation of Charles Dickens's Barnaby Rudge. In December of that year it broadcast a four-episode dramatisation of Jane Austen's Persuasion. To compete with commercial television, BBC launched BBC2 in 1964. It had a new time slot allocated for classic serial adaptations on Saturday evenings. The late-night broadcast allowed for more risky and sophisticated choices and for longer episodes. In 1967 The Forsyte Saga was broadcast in 26 50-minute episodes. Following its success in Britain, the series was shown in the United States on public television and broadcast all over the world, and became the first BBC television series to be sold to the Soviet Union. North America Anthology series dominated American dramatic programming during the Golden Age of Television, when "every night was opening night; one never knew when a flick of the knob would spark the birth of great theatrical literature". A different story and a different set of characters were presented in each episode. Very rarely the stories were split into several episodes, like 1955 Mr. Lincoln from Omnibus series, which was presented in two parts, or 1959 adaptation of For Whom the Bell Tolls from Playhouse 90 series, which was initially planned by the director John Frankenheimer to consist of three parts, but ultimately was broadcast as two 90-minute installments. The high cost and technical difficulties of staging a new play every week, which would cost as much as—or more than—an episode of a filmed television series, led to the demise of anthology programming by the end of the 1950s. The void was filled with less expensive series like Gunsmoke or Wagon Train, which featured the same characters every week and had higher potential for lucrative rebroadcast and syndication rights. It was the American success in 1969–1970 of the British 26-episode serial The Forsyte Saga (1967) that made TV executives realize that finite multi-episode stories based on novels could be popular and could provide a boost to weekly viewing figures. The Blue Knight, a four-hour made-for-television movie broadcast in one-hour segments over four nights in November 1973, is credited with being the first miniseries on American television. It starred William Holden as a Los Angeles beat cop about to retire. The miniseries form continued in earnest in the spring of 1974 with the CBC's eight-part serial The National Dream, based on Pierre Berton's nonfiction book of the same name about the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and ABC's two-part QB VII, based on the novel by Leon Uris. Following these initial forays, broadcasters used miniseries to bring other books to the screen. Rich Man, Poor Man, based on the novel by Irwin Shaw, was broadcast in 12 one-hour episodes in 1976 by ABC. It popularized the miniseries format and started a decade-long golden age of television miniseries versions of popular books featuring stars above television class. Alex Haley's Roots in 1977 can fairly be called the first blockbuster success of the format. Its success in the USA was partly due to its schedule: the 12-hour duration was split into eight episodes broadcast on consecutive nights, resulting in a finale with a 71 percent share of the audience and 130 million viewers, which at the time was the highest rated TV program of all time. TV Guide ( 11–17 April 1987) called 1977's Jesus of Nazareth "the best miniseries of all time" and "unparalleled television". North and South, the 1985 adaptation of a 1982 novel by John Jakes, remains one of the 10 highest rated miniseries in TV history. Japan Japanese serialized television production can be traced back to the Sunday Diary of My Home (Waga Ya no Nichiyo Nikki), which was aired by NTV in 1953 and consisted of 25 half-hour episodes. This "home drama" focused on generational differences and the contradictions of being a loving family in a confined space, outlining a style of drama that lives on to this day. In the same year NHK tried its own variation of the home drama format in the Ups and Downs Toward Happiness (Kofuku e no Kifuku), which comprised thirteen episodes. Its protagonists, a formerly wealthy family fallen on hard times, is forced to struggle for its own existence. Since then, Japanese television drama, also called dorama (ドラマ), became a staple of Japanese television. Evening dramas air weekly and usually comprise ten to fourteen one-hour long episodes. Typically, instead of being episodic there is one story running throughout the episodes. Since they are of a fixed length, dramas have a definite ending, and since they are relatively long, they can explore character, situation, and interesting dialogue in a way not possible in movies. Doramas are never canceled mid-season, but they also do not continue into the next season even if extremely popular. Popular dramas do often give rise to "specials" made after the final episode, if the show has been a huge success. South Korea South Korea started to broadcast television series (Korean: 드라마; RR: deurama) in the 1960s. Since then, the shows became popular worldwide, partially due to the spread of the Korean Wave, with streaming services that offer multiple language subtitles. Korean dramas are usually helmed by one director and written by one screenwriter, thus having a distinct directing style and language, unlike American television series, where often several directors and writers work together. Series set in contemporary times usually run for one season, for 12–24 episodes of 60 minutes each. Historical series (Sageuk) may be longer, with 50 to 200 episodes, and are either based on historical figures, incorporate historical events, or use a historical backdrop. While technically the word sageuk literally translates to "historical drama," the term is typically reserved for dramas taking place during Korean history. Popular subjects of sageuks have traditionally included famous battles, royalty, famous military leaders and political intrigues. Korean dramas are usually shot within a very tight schedule, often a few hours before actual broadcast. Screenplays are flexible and may change anytime during production, depending on viewers' feedback. Soviet Union/Russia While the Soviet Union was among the first European countries to resume television broadcast after the Second World War, early Soviet television did not indulge its viewers with a variety of programming. News, sports, concerts and movies were the main staples during the 1950s. With state control over television production and broadcast, television was intended not merely for entertainment, but also as the means of education and propaganda. Soap operas, quiz shows and games were considered too lowbrow. In the beginning of the 1960s television was expanding rapidly. The increase in the number of channels and the duration of daily broadcast caused shortage of content deemed suitable for broadcast. This led to production of television films, in particular multiple-episode television films (Russian: многосерийный телевизионный фильм mnogoseriyny televizionny film)—the official Soviet moniker for miniseries. Despite that the Soviet Union started broadcasting in color in 1967, color TV sets did not become widespread until the end of the 1980s. This justified shooting made-for-TV movies on black-and-white film. The 1965 four-episode Calling for fire, danger close is considered the first Soviet miniseries. It is a period drama set in the Second World War depicting the Soviet guerrilla fighters infiltrating German compound and directing the fire of the regular Soviet Army to destroy the German airfield. During the 1970s the straightforward fervor gave way to a more nuanced interplay of patriotism, family and everyday life wrapped into traditional genres of crime drama, spy show or thriller. One of the most popular Soviet miniseries—Seventeen Moments of Spring about a Soviet spy operating in Nazi Germany—was shot in 1972. This 12-episode miniseries incorporated features of political thriller and docudrama and included excerpts from period newsreels. Originally produced in black-and-white in 4:3 aspect ratio, it was colorized and re-formatted for wide-screen TVs in 2009. Other popular miniseries of the Soviet era include The Shadows Disappear at Noon (1971, 7 episodes) about the fate of several generations of locals from a Siberian village; The Long Recess (1973, 4 episodes) about the students and teachers of a night school; The Ordeal (1977, 13 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Aleksey Tolstoy, which traces the development of the Russian society during the critical years of the First World War, the 1917 revolution and the civil war that followed; The Days of the Turbins (1976, 3 episodes)—an adaptation of the play of the same name by Mikhail Bulgakov, about the fate of intelligentsia during the October Revolution in Russia; The Twelve Chairs (1976, 4 episodes)—an adaptation of the satirical novel of the same name by Ilf and Petrov, where two partners in crime search for chairs from a former twelve-chair set, one of which has jewelry stashed in it; Open Book (1977, 9 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Veniamin Kaverin about a Soviet female microbiologist who obtained the first batches of penicillin in the Soviet Union and organized its production; The Meeting Place Cannot Be Changed (1979, 5 episodes) about the fight against criminals in the immediate post-war period; Little Tragedies (1979, 3 episodes)—a collection of short theatrical plays based on works by Alexander Pushkin; The Suicide Club, or the Adventures of a Titled Person (1981, 3 episodes) about the adventures of Prince Florizel, a character of The Suicide Club stories by Robert Louis Stevenson; Dead Souls (1984, 5 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel of that name by Nikolai Gogol chronicling travels and adventures of Pavel Chichikov and the people whom he encounters; and TASS Is Authorized to Declare... (1984, 10 episodes) about the tug-of-war of Soviet and American intelligence agencies. Numerous miniseries were produced for children in the 1970s–1980s. Among them are: The Adventures of Buratino (1976, 2 episodes)—an adaptation of The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Buratino by Alexey Tolstoy, which in turn is a retelling of The Adventures of Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi; The Two Captains (1976, 6 episodes)—an adaptation of The Two Captains by Veniamin Kaverin about a search for a lost Arctic expedition and the discovery of Severnaya Zemlya; The Adventures of Elektronic (1979, 3 episodes) about a humanoid robot meeting and befriending his prototype—a 6th grade schoolboy; Guest from the Future (1985, 5 episodes) about a girl travelling to contemporary time from the future. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 the Russian television saw a period of privatization and liberalization. The television programming of the 1990s–2000s included a great deal of crime dramas set both in contemporary times (The Criminal Saint Petersburg, 2000, 90 episodes) as well in the Tsarist Russia (The Mysteries of Sankt Petersburg, 1994, 60 episodes). Starting from the 2000s, Russian TV saw a resurgence of book adaptations, such as The Idiot (2003, 10 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel by Fyodor Dostoyevsky; The Case of Kukotskiy (2005, 12 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel by Lyudmila Ulitskaya; The Master and Margarita (2005, 10 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel by Mikhail Bulgakov; Doctor Zhivago (2006, 11 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel by Boris Pasternak; Fathers and Sons (2008, 4 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel by Ivan Turgenev; Life and Fate (2012, 12 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel by Vasily Grossman; Kuprin (2014, 13 episodes)—an adaptation of several novels by Aleksandr Kuprin. Brazil In Brazil, the Rede Globo television network commenced the production of this type of television genre with the transmission of Lampião e Maria Bonita, written by Aguinaldo Silva and Doc Comparato and directed by Paulo Afonso Grisolli, and broadcast in 1982 in eight episodes; in Brazil these episodes are popularly known as "chapters", because each episode is analogous to a book chapter, where the following chapter begins at the same point where the previous one has ended. Rede Manchete, in the following year after its creation (1984), has produced and broadcast Marquesa de Santos. The Brazilian miniseries usually consist of several dozen chapters, occasionally having longer duration, like Brazilian Aquarelle that consists of 60 chapters, making it almost a "mini-telenovela". Due to the fact that they are broadcast at a later time than telenovelas (usually after 22:00 or 10 pm), miniseries are more daring in terms of themes, scenes, dialogues and situations, a function previously played by the "novelas das dez"—a popular term referring to the telenovelas that were broadcast at 10 p.m. between 1969 and 1979. Miniseries made by Rede Globo are released in the DVD format by the aforementioned television network, and a few of these miniseries are also released as a book, especially in the case of great successes such as Anos Rebeldes ("Rebel Years") and A Casa das Sete Mulheres ("The House of the Seven Women"); the latter was based on the eponymous book written by Letícia Wierzchowski, which became known due to the miniseries. Australia The first locally produced miniseries in Australia was Against the Wind, which aired in 1978. Over one hundred miniseries were produced in Australia over the next decade. Historical dramas were particularly popular with Australian audiences during this period. Between 1984 and 1987, twenty-seven out of a total of thirty-four Australian-made miniseries had historical themes. Some notable examples included The Dismissal, Bodyline, Eureka Stockade, The Cowra Breakout, Vietnam, and Brides of Christ. The narratives of these miniseries often followed one or two fictionalized individuals in the context of actual historical events and situations. Literary adaptations were also popular, with notable examples including A Town like Alice, A Fortunate Life, The Harp in the South, and Come In Spinner. Although most Australian miniseries during this period were historically focused, there were occasional variants into genres such as contemporary action/adventure and romantic melodrama. The 1983 miniseries Return to Eden was Australia's most successful miniseries ever, with over 300 million viewers around the world, and has been described as "the best Australian example of the melodramatic miniseries." The number of Australian-made miniseries declined in the 1990s, and many of those that were made had more of an "international" focus, often starring American or British actors in the leading roles and/or being filmed outside of Australia. Some notable examples included The Last Frontier, Which Way Home, A Dangerous Life, Bangkok Hilton, and Dadah Is Death. More recently, true crime docudrama miniseries have become popular, with notable examples including Blue Murder and the Underbelly anthology. Popularity The eighteen-hour 1983 miniseries The Winds of War was a ratings success, with 140 million viewers for all or part of the miniseries, making it the most-watched miniseries up to that time. Its 1988 sequel War and Remembrance won for best miniseries, special effects and single-camera production editing, and was considered by some critics the ultimate epic miniseries on the American television. However, it also signalled the start of the format's decline, as the $105 million production was a major ratings flop; the advent of VCR and cable television options was responsible for the decrease of length and ratings of most miniseries that continued into the mid-1990s. By 1996, the highest-rated miniseries of the winter season garnered a 19 rating, less than the rating average of 22 of that same season's top-rated regular series. In Egypt, the 1980s and 1990s was the golden age of television miniseries attracting millions of Egyptians. For example, The Family of Mr Shalash miniseries starring Salah Zulfikar was the highest rated at the time. The Emmy Award was taken three times by the British police procedural drama Prime Suspect. A highlight of the 1990s was an HBO production From the Earth to the Moon, telling the story of the landmark Apollo expeditions to the Moon during the 1960s and early 1970s. In the 21st century the format made a comeback on cable television and became popular on streaming services. History, for example, has had some of its greatest successes with miniseries such as America: The Story of Us, Hatfields & McCoys and The Bible, Political Animals by USA Network was honored with a Critics' Choice Television Award for Most Exciting New Series award, while HBO's Big Little Lies (which was eventually renewed for a second season) won eight Emmy awards. To designate one-season shows that are not intended for being renewed for additional seasons, the broadcast and television industry came up with terms like "limited series" or "event series". These terms also apply to multi-season shows which feature rotating casts and storylines each season, such as American Horror Story, Fargo and True Detective. This makes the self-contained season longer than a miniseries, but shorter than the entire run of the multi-season series. This terminology became relevant for the purpose of categorization of programs for industry awards. Several television executives interviewed by The Hollywood Reporter stated that the term "miniseries" has negative connotations to the public, having become associated with melodrama-heavy works that were commonly produced under the format, while "limited series" or "event series" demand higher respect. (Such was the cause of the parody miniseries The Spoils of Babylon, which lampooned many of the negative stereotypes of miniseries.) In the 21st century, two miniseries have had significant impact on pop culture, and are often named the two best shows ever made: Band of Brothers, released in 2001, and Chernobyl, released in 2019. When the final episode of Chernobyl aired, it was already the highest rated show in IMDb history. The mini-series as a format has become more popular than ever before. See also Anthology series Metaseries Telenovela References ^ a b c d "Miniseries". Museum of Broadcast Communication. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015. ^ Halliwell, Leslie, and Peter Purser, Halliwell's Television Companion, London: Paladin, 1987 ^ Cunningham, Stuart. "Textual Innovation in the Australian Historical Mini-series", chapter in Australian Television: Programs, Pleasures and Politics, Sidney: Allen and Unwin, 1989 ^ Corry, John (31 January 1986). "Joan Collins In Sins, A Mini-Series". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 March 2015. ^ Scott, Tony (16 October 1992). "Review: NBC Movie of the Week Danielle Steel's Jewels". Variety. Retrieved 8 March 2015. ^ a b Wheen, Francis; Television: A History, London: Century Publishing, 1985 ^ Albiniak, Paige (25 May 2015). "Rule Changes Open Gates To More Hopefuls". Broadcasting Cable. Retrieved 25 October 2021. ^ "Miniseries definition and meaning". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 25 October 2021. ^ a b Davies, Hannah J. (2 June 2020). "Less! Less! Less!: How the miniseries took over TV". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 October 2021. ^ Giddings, Robert; Selby, Keith. The Classic Serial on Television and Radio. p. 1. ^ Giddings, Robert; Selby, Keith. The Classic Serial on Television and Radio. p. 20. ^ The Forsyte Saga at PBS Masterpiece Theatre, URL accessed 12 October 2009 ^ "The Forsyte Saga". televisionheaven.co.uk. Archived from the original on 9 July 2009. ^ Settel, Irving; Laas, William (1969). "A pictorial history of television" (PDF). ^ "For Whom the Bell Tolls (part 1)". 1959. Retrieved 30 August 2018. ^ "For Whom the Bell Tolls (part 2)". 1959. Retrieved 30 August 2018. ^ Frankenheimer, John (23 October 2017). "Playhouse 90: "For Whom the Bell Tolls"". Television Academy Interviews. ^ "Producing Playhouse 90: 'For Whom the Bell Tolls'". The Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research. Retrieved 30 August 2018. ^ "Playhouse 90 and the end of the Golden Age". The Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research. Retrieved 30 August 2018. ^ Burlingame, Jon (1996). TV's Biggest Hits. Schirmer Books. p. 267. ^ a b c d De Vito, John; Tropea, Frank (8 March 2010). Epic Television Miniseries: A Critical History. McFarland. ISBN 9780786457335. ^ Bennett, Mark (11 August 2007). "John Jakes' journey to New York Times bestseller list included boyhood years in Terre Haute". Tribune-Star. ^ Thompson, Bill (18 March 2002). "Bestselling novelist penning saga of fictional Charleston family". The Post and Courier. Excerpted at DePauw.edu. Retrieved 7 January 2010. ^ Jones, Mary Ellen (30 November 1996). "The People's Author: The Life of John Jakes". John Jakes: A Critical Companion. Greenwood Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-313-29530-1. Retrieved 7 January 2010. ^ Clemens, Jonathan; Tamamuro, Motoko (2003). The Dorama Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese TV Drama Since 1953. Asahi TV. p. XIII. ISBN 978-1-880656-81-5. Retrieved 22 September 2017. ^ Leo, John (12 April 1997). "Renzoku Ren'ai Dorama". the Conference on Japanese Popular Culture. Retrieved 22 September 2017. ^ Chosun Ilbo (8 January 2007). "Korean Vs. U.S. Soaps". The Chosun Ilbo. Archived from the original on 9 January 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2011. ^ "Introduction to Sageuks". Sageuk: Korean Historical Dramas. Retrieved 1 March 2016. ^ a b "Television film in the USSR (in Russian)". russiancinema.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017. ^ "Vyzyvaem ogon na sebya (Calling for fire, danger close)". imdb.com. Retrieved 22 September 2017. ^ "Seventeen Moments of Spring". imdb.com. 11 August 1973. Retrieved 22 September 2017. ^ "Teni ischezayut v polden (The Shadows Disappear at Noon)". imdb.com. 16 November 1971. Retrieved 22 September 2017. ^ "The Long Recess". imdb.com. Retrieved 22 September 2017. ^ "The Ordeal". imdb.com. 11 October 1977. Retrieved 29 June 2018. ^ "Dni Turbinykh". imdb.com. November 1976. Retrieved 28 April 2019. ^ "12 stulev". imdb.com. 2 January 1977. Retrieved 28 April 2019. ^ "Otkrytaya kniga (Open Book)". imdb.com. 8 January 1980. Retrieved 22 September 2017. ^ "Dva kapitana (The Two Captains)". imdb.com. 26 February 1976. Retrieved 22 September 2017. ^ "Banditskiy Peterburg (The Criminal Sankt Petersburg)". imdb.com. Retrieved 22 September 2017. ^ "Peterburgskie tayny (The Mysteries of Sankt Petersburg)". imdb.com. 12 April 1994. Retrieved 22 September 2017. ^ "Idiot". imdb.com. 12 May 2003. Retrieved 22 September 2017. ^ "Kazus Kukotskogo (The Case of Kukotskiy)". imdb.com. Retrieved 22 September 2017. ^ "The Master and Margarita". imdb.com. 19 December 2005. Retrieved 22 September 2017. ^ "Doktor Zhivago". imdb.com. 10 May 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2018. ^ "Ottsy i deti". imdb.com. 12 October 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2018. ^ "Life and Fate". imdb.com. 14 October 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2018. ^ "Kuprin. Yama". imdb.com. 2 June 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2017. ^ "Kuprin. Vpotmakh". imdb.com. 5 June 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2017. ^ "Kuprin. Poedinok". imdb.com. 9 June 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2017. ^ "Bloody Destiny (Original title: Lampião e Maria Bonita)". IMDb. 26 April 1982. Retrieved 16 January 2018. ^ "Rede Globo irá reexibir séries em formato condensado: Saiba quais". adorocinema.com (in Brazilian Portuguese). 29 December 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2018. ^ "Lampião e Maria Bonita – Sinopse" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 January 2018. ^ "Minisséries" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 January 2018. ^ "Brazilian Aquarelle (Original title: Aquarela do Brasil)". imdb.com. 22 August 2000. Retrieved 16 January 2018. ^ Cunningham, Stuart (28 July 2020), "Textual Innovation in the Australian Historical Mini-Series", Australian Television, Routledge, pp. 39–51, doi:10.4324/9781003114949-4, ISBN 978-1-003-11494-9, S2CID 225356205, retrieved 15 March 2023 ^ a b Cunningham, Stuart (1994). Contemporary Australian television. N.S.W. University Press. ISBN 0-86840-397-0. OCLC 986689762. ^ Paterson, Richard Smith, Anthony (2005). Television : an international history. Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-815928-5. OCLC 255698381.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ a b Moran, Albert (28 July 2020), "Three Stages of Australian Television", Australian Television, Routledge, pp. 1–14, doi:10.4324/9781003114949-1, ISBN 978-1-003-11494-9, S2CID 225485835, retrieved 15 March 2023 ^ Mercado, Andrew (2006). Super Aussie soaps : behind the scenes of Australia's best loved TV shows. Vision Australia Information Library Service. OCLC 1122566950. ^ Humphries, Scott (2023). The Age of Melodramatic Miniseries: When Glamour Ruled on Television, 1980–1995. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company. p. 151. ISBN 9781476691626. ^ Lewis, Dan (16 February 1983). "'Winds of War' Takes Ratings By Storm". The Record. p. 53. Retrieved 26 December 2019 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Kijamii. "15 Timeless Egyptian Series You Should Watch Over And Over Again | NileFM | EGYPT'S#1 FOR HIT MUSIC". nilefm.com. Retrieved 7 January 2022. ^ "Television Academy: Big Little Lies". Retrieved 22 September 2017. ^ Schneider, Michael (9 March 2015). "Inside the Emmys' New Rules". TV Guide. pp 8–9. ^ Lacey Rose and Lesley Goldberg (28 February 2014). "Heroes, 24: What's the Difference Between a 'Miniseries,' 'Limited' or 'Event' Series?". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 25 February 2015. ^ Locker, Melissa (3 June 2013). "IFC's "The Spoils of Babylon" to feature Jessica Alba, Will Ferrell, Toby Maguire, Kristen Wiig, Tim Robbins and more". IFC. Retrieved 3 June 2013. ^ Spangler, Todd (5 June 2019). "HBO's 'Chernobyl' Is Now the Top-Rated TV Show on IMDb". Variety. Retrieved 22 April 2021. ^ Tassi, Paul. "'Chernobyl' Ends Its HBO Run As The Highest Audience Rated TV Series In History". Forbes. Retrieved 22 April 2021. ^ "The Rise and Rise of the Mini-Series". Australian Centre for the Moving Image. 24 August 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021. vteTelevision drama seriesBy location Arab world China Hong Kong India Japan Pakistan Philippines South Korea Taiwan Thailand Turkey Genres Buddy Comedy-drama Economics Legal Period Police Politic Medical Sitcom Animated sitcom Black sitcom Teen sitcom Soap opera Téléroman List by country Hongkongese Japanese Pakistani South Korean Taiwanese 2000s 2010s 2020s Thai List by genre Comedy-drama Medical drama Police drama Science fiction sitcom Serial Situation comedies Soap opera Teen drama Teen sitcoms Telenovela Format Serial Procedural Miniseries Telenovela Related topics Executive producer Showrunner Authority control databases International FAST National Israel United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Limited-run series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited-run_series"},{"link_name":"Miniseries (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniseries_(album)"},{"link_name":"Limited series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited-run_series"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miniseries&action=edit"},{"link_name":"streaming services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_service"},{"link_name":"serial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_(radio_and_television)"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"}],"text":"Television program with few episodesThis article is about a TV show or series that has a predetermined number of episodes. For a series with the potential to be renewed, see Limited-run series. For the album by Sumin & Slom, see Miniseries (album).A miniseries or mini-series is a television show or series that tells a story in a predetermined, limited number of episodes. Many miniseries can also be referred to, and shown, as a television film. \"Limited series\" is a more recent US term which is sometimes used interchangeably. As of 2021[update], the popularity of miniseries format has increased in both streaming services and broadcast television.The term \"serial\" is used in the United Kingdom and in other Commonwealth nations to describe a show that has an ongoing narrative plotline, while \"series\" is used for a set of episodes in a similar way that \"season\" is used in North America.","title":"Miniseries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Leslie Halliwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Halliwell"},{"link_name":"Philip Purser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Purser"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBC-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBC-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_Sins-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety_Jewels-5"},{"link_name":"Francis Wheen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Wheen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBC-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wheen-6"},{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"A miniseries is distinguished from an ongoing television series; the latter does not usually have a predetermined number of episodes and may continue for several years. Before the term was coined in the US in the early 1970s, the ongoing episodic form was always called a \"serial\", just as a novel appearing in episodes in successive editions of magazines or newspapers is called a serial. In Britain, miniseries are often still referred to as serials or series.[citation needed]Several commentators have offered more precise definitions of the term. In Halliwell's Television Companion (1987), Leslie Halliwell and Philip Purser suggest that miniseries tend to \"appear in four to six episodes of various lengths\",[1][2] while Stuart Cunningham in Textual Innovation in the Australian Historical Mini-series (1989) defined a miniseries as \"a limited run program of more than two and less than the 13-part season or half season block associated with serial or series programming\".[1][3] With the proliferation of the format in the 1980s and 90s, television films broadcast over even two or three nights were commonly referred to as miniseries in the US.[4][5]In Television: A History (1985), Francis Wheen points out a difference in character development between the two: \"Both soap operas and primetime series cannot afford to allow their leading characters to develop, since the shows are made with the intention of running indefinitely. In a miniseries on the other hand, there is a clearly defined beginning, middle, and end (as in a conventional play or novel), enabling characters to change, mature, or die as the serial proceeds\".[1][6]In 2015, the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences changed its guidelines on how Emmy nominees are classified, with shows with a limited run all referred to as \"limited series\" instead of \"miniseries\". This was a reversion to 1974, when the category was named \"outstanding limited series\". It had been changed to \"outstanding miniseries\" in 1986. Miniseries were put in the same category as made-for-television films from 2011 to 2014 before being given separate categories again.[7]","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collins English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"Webster's New World College Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster%27s_New_World_College_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ced-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies_2020-9"}],"sub_title":"21st-century definitions","text":"The Collins English Dictionary (online, as of 2021, UK) defines a miniseries as \"a television programme in several parts that is shown on consecutive days or weeks for a short period; while Webster's New World College Dictionary's (4th ed., 2010, US) definition is \"a TV drama or docudrama broadcast serially in a limited number of episodes\".[8]In popular usage, by around 2020, the boundaries between miniseries and limited series have become somewhat blurred; the format has been described as a series with \"a self-contained narrative – whether three or 12 episodes long\".[9]","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"A Christmas Carol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol"},{"link_name":"John Reith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Reith,_1st_Baron_Reith"},{"link_name":"Classic Serial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Serial"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The Prisoner of Zenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prisoner_of_Zenda"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"BBC Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Television"},{"link_name":"The Warden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Warden_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Anthony Trollope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Trollope"},{"link_name":"Pride and Prejudice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice"},{"link_name":"Jane Eyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Eyre"},{"link_name":"The Quatermass Experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quatermass_Experiment"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"Barnaby Rudge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnaby_Rudge_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Jane Austen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Austen"},{"link_name":"Persuasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persuasion_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"BBC2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC2"},{"link_name":"The Forsyte Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forsyte_Saga_(1967_series)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pbs-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-televisionheaven-13"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"The British television serial is rooted in dramatic radio productions developed between the First and the Second World Wars. In the 1920s the BBC pioneered dramatic readings of books. In 1925 it broadcast A Christmas Carol, which became a holiday favourite. Later, John Reith, wanting to use radio waves to \"part the clouds of ignorance\", came up with the idea of a Classic Serial, based on a \"classical\" literary text.[10]In 1939 the BBC adapted the romantic novel The Prisoner of Zenda for radio broadcast. Its adapter, Jack Inglis, compressed several characters into one and simplified the plotline. The production struck a chord with listeners and served as a prototype for serials that followed it.[citation needed]Post-war BBC Television picked up the classic radio serial tradition by broadcasting The Warden by Anthony Trollope over six-episodes in 1951. Pride and Prejudice was serialised in 1952, Jane Eyre in 1955. In 1953 the BBC broadcast the first serial written specifically for television: the six-part The Quatermass Experiment. Its success paved the way for two more six-part serials: Quatermass II in 1955 and Quatermass and the Pit in 1958. In November 1960 the BBC televised a thirteen-episode adaptation of Charles Dickens's Barnaby Rudge. In December of that year it broadcast a four-episode dramatisation of Jane Austen's Persuasion.[11]To compete with commercial television, BBC launched BBC2 in 1964. It had a new time slot allocated for classic serial adaptations on Saturday evenings. The late-night broadcast allowed for more risky and sophisticated choices and for longer episodes. In 1967 The Forsyte Saga was broadcast in 26 50-minute episodes. Following its success in Britain, the series was shown in the United States on public television and broadcast all over the world, and became the first BBC television series to be sold to the Soviet Union.[12][13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthology series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology_series"},{"link_name":"Golden Age of Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Television"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-picthist-14"},{"link_name":"Omnibus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"For Whom the Bell Tolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Playhouse 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playhouse_90"},{"link_name":"John Frankenheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frankenheimer"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Gunsmoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunsmoke"},{"link_name":"Wagon Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagon_Train"},{"link_name":"The Forsyte Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forsyte_Saga_(1967_series)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBC-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wheen-6"},{"link_name":"The Blue Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Knight_(film)"},{"link_name":"William Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Holden"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"CBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"The National Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Dream_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Pierre Berton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Berton"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"QB VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QB_VII"},{"link_name":"Leon Uris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Uris"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Rich Man, Poor Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Man,_Poor_Man_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Irwin Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_Shaw"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minihistory-21"},{"link_name":"Alex Haley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Haley"},{"link_name":"Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_(1977_miniseries)"},{"link_name":"blockbuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)"},{"link_name":"TV Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide"},{"link_name":"Jesus of Nazareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"North and South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_and_South_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"1982 novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_and_South_(trilogy)"},{"link_name":"John Jakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jakes"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TS_2007-08-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P&C_2002-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JJCC-24"}],"sub_title":"North America","text":"Anthology series dominated American dramatic programming during the Golden Age of Television, when \"every night was opening night; one never knew when a flick of the knob would spark the birth of great theatrical literature\".[14] A different story and a different set of characters were presented in each episode. Very rarely the stories were split into several episodes, like 1955 Mr. Lincoln from Omnibus series, which was presented in two parts, or 1959 adaptation of For Whom the Bell Tolls[15][16] from Playhouse 90 series, which was initially planned by the director John Frankenheimer to consist of three parts, but ultimately was broadcast as two 90-minute installments.[17][18] The high cost and technical difficulties of staging a new play every week, which would cost as much as—or more than—an episode of a filmed television series, led to the demise of anthology programming by the end of the 1950s.[19] The void was filled with less expensive series like Gunsmoke or Wagon Train, which featured the same characters every week and had higher potential for lucrative rebroadcast and syndication rights. It was the American success in 1969–1970 of the British 26-episode serial The Forsyte Saga (1967) that made TV executives realize that finite multi-episode stories based on novels could be popular and could provide a boost to weekly viewing figures.[1][6]The Blue Knight, a four-hour made-for-television movie broadcast in one-hour segments over four nights in November 1973, is credited with being the first miniseries on American television. It starred William Holden as a Los Angeles beat cop about to retire.[20] The miniseries form continued in earnest in the spring of 1974 with the CBC's eight-part serial The National Dream, based on Pierre Berton's nonfiction book of the same name about the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and ABC's two-part QB VII, based on the novel by Leon Uris. Following these initial forays, broadcasters used miniseries to bring other books to the screen.[citation needed]Rich Man, Poor Man, based on the novel by Irwin Shaw, was broadcast in 12 one-hour episodes in 1976 by ABC. It popularized the miniseries format and started a decade-long golden age of television miniseries versions of popular books featuring stars above television class.[21] Alex Haley's Roots in 1977 can fairly be called the first blockbuster success of the format. Its success in the USA was partly due to its schedule: the 12-hour duration was split into eight episodes broadcast on consecutive nights, resulting in a finale with a 71 percent share of the audience and 130 million viewers, which at the time was the highest rated TV program of all time. TV Guide ( 11–17 April 1987) called 1977's Jesus of Nazareth \"the best miniseries of all time\" and \"unparalleled television\". North and South, the 1985 adaptation of a 1982 novel by John Jakes, remains one of the 10 highest rated miniseries in TV history.[22][23][24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dorama-encyclopedia-25"},{"link_name":"Japanese television drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_television_drama"},{"link_name":"Japanese television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renzoku-26"}],"sub_title":"Japan","text":"Japanese serialized television production can be traced back to the Sunday Diary of My Home (Waga Ya no Nichiyo Nikki), which was aired by NTV in 1953 and consisted of 25 half-hour episodes. This \"home drama\" focused on generational differences and the contradictions of being a loving family in a confined space, outlining a style of drama that lives on to this day. In the same year NHK tried its own variation of the home drama format in the Ups and Downs Toward Happiness (Kofuku e no Kifuku), which comprised thirteen episodes. Its protagonists, a formerly wealthy family fallen on hard times, is forced to struggle for its own existence.[25] Since then, Japanese television drama, also called dorama (ドラマ), became a staple of Japanese television.Evening dramas air weekly and usually comprise ten to fourteen one-hour long episodes. Typically, instead of being episodic there is one story running throughout the episodes. Since they are of a fixed length, dramas have a definite ending, and since they are relatively long, they can explore character, situation, and interesting dialogue in a way not possible in movies. Doramas are never canceled mid-season, but they also do not continue into the next season even if extremely popular. Popular dramas do often give rise to \"specials\" made after the final episode, if the show has been a huge success.[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_drama"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"RR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean"},{"link_name":"Korean Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Wave"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Sageuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sageuk"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"South Korea","text":"South Korea started to broadcast television series (Korean: 드라마; RR: deurama) in the 1960s. Since then, the shows became popular worldwide, partially due to the spread of the Korean Wave, with streaming services that offer multiple language subtitles.Korean dramas are usually helmed by one director and written by one screenwriter, thus having a distinct directing style and language, unlike American television series, where often several directors and writers work together.[27] Series set in contemporary times usually run for one season, for 12–24 episodes of 60 minutes each.Historical series (Sageuk) may be longer, with 50 to 200 episodes, and are either based on historical figures, incorporate historical events, or use a historical backdrop. While technically the word sageuk literally translates to \"historical drama,\" the term is typically reserved for dramas taking place during Korean history.[28] Popular subjects of sageuks have traditionally included famous battles, royalty, famous military leaders and political intrigues.Korean dramas are usually shot within a very tight schedule, often a few hours before actual broadcast. Screenplays are flexible and may change anytime during production, depending on viewers' feedback.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sovtelefilm-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sovtelefilm-29"},{"link_name":"Calling for fire, danger close","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Seventeen Moments of Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeen_Moments_of_Spring"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"docudrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docudrama"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Aleksey Tolstoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy"},{"link_name":"The Days of the Turbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Days_of_the_Turbins_(1976_film)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"play of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Days_of_the_Turbins"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Bulgakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"The Twelve Chairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelve_Chairs_(1976_film)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"satirical novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelve_Chairs"},{"link_name":"Ilf and Petrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilf_and_Petrov"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Veniamin Kaverin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veniamin_Kaverin"},{"link_name":"penicillin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin"},{"link_name":"The Meeting Place Cannot Be Changed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Meeting_Place_Cannot_Be_Changed"},{"link_name":"Little Tragedies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Tragedies_(1979_film)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Pushkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin"},{"link_name":"The Suicide Club, or the Adventures of a Titled Person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Suicide_Club,_or_the_Adventures_of_a_Titled_Person"},{"link_name":"The Suicide Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Suicide_Club_(short_story_collection)"},{"link_name":"Robert Louis Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"Dead Souls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Souls_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"novel of that name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Souls"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Gogol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol"},{"link_name":"TASS Is Authorized to Declare...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TASS_Is_Authorized_to_Declare..."},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Buratino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Buratino_(1976_film)"},{"link_name":"The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Buratino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Key,_or_the_Adventures_of_Buratino"},{"link_name":"Alexey Tolstoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Pinocchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Pinocchio"},{"link_name":"Carlo Collodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Collodi"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"The Two Captains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Two_Captains"},{"link_name":"Veniamin Kaverin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veniamin_Kaverin"},{"link_name":"Severnaya Zemlya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaya_Zemlya"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Elektronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_the_Elektronic"},{"link_name":"Guest from the Future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_from_the_Future"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Tsarist Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"The Idiot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot"},{"link_name":"Fyodor Dostoyevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kukotsky_Enigma"},{"link_name":"Lyudmila Ulitskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyudmila_Ulitskaya"},{"link_name":"The Master and Margarita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Zhivago_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Boris Pasternak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Pasternak"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathers_and_Sons_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Ivan Turgenev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Turgenev"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_and_Fate"},{"link_name":"Vasily Grossman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Grossman"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Kuprin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Kuprin"}],"sub_title":"Soviet Union/Russia","text":"While the Soviet Union was among the first European countries to resume television broadcast after the Second World War, early Soviet television did not indulge its viewers with a variety of programming. News, sports, concerts and movies were the main staples during the 1950s. With state control over television production and broadcast, television was intended not merely for entertainment, but also as the means of education and propaganda. Soap operas, quiz shows and games were considered too lowbrow.[29]In the beginning of the 1960s television was expanding rapidly. The increase in the number of channels and the duration of daily broadcast caused shortage of content deemed suitable for broadcast. This led to production of television films, in particular multiple-episode television films (Russian: многосерийный телевизионный фильм mnogoseriyny televizionny film)—the official Soviet moniker for miniseries.[29] Despite that the Soviet Union started broadcasting in color in 1967, color TV sets did not become widespread until the end of the 1980s. This justified shooting made-for-TV movies on black-and-white film.The 1965 four-episode Calling for fire, danger close[30] is considered the first Soviet miniseries. It is a period drama set in the Second World War depicting the Soviet guerrilla fighters infiltrating German compound and directing the fire of the regular Soviet Army to destroy the German airfield. During the 1970s the straightforward fervor gave way to a more nuanced interplay of patriotism, family and everyday life wrapped into traditional genres of crime drama, spy show or thriller. One of the most popular Soviet miniseries—Seventeen Moments of Spring[31] about a Soviet spy operating in Nazi Germany—was shot in 1972. This 12-episode miniseries incorporated features of political thriller and docudrama and included excerpts from period newsreels. Originally produced in black-and-white in 4:3 aspect ratio, it was colorized and re-formatted for wide-screen TVs in 2009.Other popular miniseries of the Soviet era include The Shadows Disappear at Noon[32] (1971, 7 episodes) about the fate of several generations of locals from a Siberian village; The Long Recess[33] (1973, 4 episodes) about the students and teachers of a night school; The Ordeal[34] (1977, 13 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Aleksey Tolstoy, which traces the development of the Russian society during the critical years of the First World War, the 1917 revolution and the civil war that followed; The Days of the Turbins[35] (1976, 3 episodes)—an adaptation of the play of the same name by Mikhail Bulgakov, about the fate of intelligentsia during the October Revolution in Russia; The Twelve Chairs[36] (1976, 4 episodes)—an adaptation of the satirical novel of the same name by Ilf and Petrov, where two partners in crime search for chairs from a former twelve-chair set, one of which has jewelry stashed in it; Open Book[37] (1977, 9 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Veniamin Kaverin about a Soviet female microbiologist who obtained the first batches of penicillin in the Soviet Union and organized its production; The Meeting Place Cannot Be Changed (1979, 5 episodes) about the fight against criminals in the immediate post-war period; Little Tragedies (1979, 3 episodes)—a collection of short theatrical plays based on works by Alexander Pushkin; The Suicide Club, or the Adventures of a Titled Person (1981, 3 episodes) about the adventures of Prince Florizel, a character of The Suicide Club stories by Robert Louis Stevenson; Dead Souls (1984, 5 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel of that name by Nikolai Gogol chronicling travels and adventures of Pavel Chichikov and the people whom he encounters; and TASS Is Authorized to Declare... (1984, 10 episodes) about the tug-of-war of Soviet and American intelligence agencies.Numerous miniseries were produced for children in the 1970s–1980s. Among them are: The Adventures of Buratino (1976, 2 episodes)—an adaptation of The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Buratino by Alexey Tolstoy, which in turn is a retelling of The Adventures of Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi; The Two Captains[38] (1976, 6 episodes)—an adaptation of The Two Captains by Veniamin Kaverin about a search for a lost Arctic expedition and the discovery of Severnaya Zemlya; The Adventures of Elektronic (1979, 3 episodes) about a humanoid robot meeting and befriending his prototype—a 6th grade schoolboy; Guest from the Future (1985, 5 episodes) about a girl travelling to contemporary time from the future.After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 the Russian television saw a period of privatization and liberalization. The television programming of the 1990s–2000s included a great deal of crime dramas set both in contemporary times (The Criminal Saint Petersburg,[39] 2000, 90 episodes) as well in the Tsarist Russia (The Mysteries of Sankt Petersburg,[40] 1994, 60 episodes).Starting from the 2000s, Russian TV saw a resurgence of book adaptations, such as The Idiot[41] (2003, 10 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel by Fyodor Dostoyevsky; The Case of Kukotskiy[42] (2005, 12 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel by Lyudmila Ulitskaya; The Master and Margarita[43] (2005, 10 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel by Mikhail Bulgakov; Doctor Zhivago[44] (2006, 11 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel by Boris Pasternak; Fathers and Sons[45] (2008, 4 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel by Ivan Turgenev; Life and Fate[46] (2012, 12 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel by Vasily Grossman; Kuprin[47][48][49] (2014, 13 episodes)—an adaptation of several novels by Aleksandr Kuprin.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rede Globo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_Globo"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Aguinaldo Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguinaldo_Silva"},{"link_name":"Doc Comparato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Comparato"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"chapters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_(books)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Rede Manchete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_Manchete"},{"link_name":"Brazilian miniseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_miniss%C3%A9ries_da_Rede_Globo"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Aquarelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarela_do_Brasil_(miniss%C3%A9rie)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"telenovela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenovela"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Anos Rebeldes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anos_Rebeldes"},{"link_name":"A Casa das Sete Mulheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Casa_das_Sete_Mulheres"},{"link_name":"Letícia Wierzchowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%ADcia_Wierzchowski"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Brazil","text":"In Brazil, the Rede Globo television network commenced the production of this type of television genre with the transmission of Lampião e Maria Bonita,[50][51] written by Aguinaldo Silva and Doc Comparato and directed by Paulo Afonso Grisolli, and broadcast in 1982 in eight episodes;[52] in Brazil these episodes are popularly known as \"chapters\", because each episode is analogous to a book chapter, where the following chapter begins at the same point where the previous one has ended.[53]Rede Manchete, in the following year after its creation (1984), has produced and broadcast Marquesa de Santos.The Brazilian miniseries usually consist of several dozen chapters, occasionally having longer duration, like Brazilian Aquarelle[54] that consists of 60 chapters, making it almost a \"mini-telenovela\".Due to the fact that they are broadcast at a later time than telenovelas (usually after 22:00 or 10 pm), miniseries are more daring in terms of themes, scenes, dialogues and situations, a function previously played by the \"novelas das dez\"—a popular term referring to the telenovelas that were broadcast at 10 p.m. between 1969 and 1979.[citation needed]Miniseries made by Rede Globo are released in the DVD format by the aforementioned television network, and a few of these miniseries are also released as a book, especially in the case of great successes such as Anos Rebeldes (\"Rebel Years\") and A Casa das Sete Mulheres (\"The House of the Seven Women\"); the latter was based on the eponymous book written by Letícia Wierzchowski, which became known due to the miniseries.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Against the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Against_the_Wind_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"The Dismissal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dismissal_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Bodyline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodyline_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Eureka Stockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_Stockade_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"The Cowra Breakout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cowra_Breakout_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Brides of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brides_of_Christ"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-58"},{"link_name":"A Town like Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Town_Like_Alice_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"A Fortunate Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Fortunate_Life"},{"link_name":"The Harp in the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harp_in_the_South"},{"link_name":"Come In Spinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_In_Spinner"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-58"},{"link_name":"Return to Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_Eden"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-56"},{"link_name":"The Last Frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Frontier_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Which Way Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Which_Way_Home_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"A Dangerous Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dangerous_Life"},{"link_name":"Bangkok Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Hilton"},{"link_name":"Dadah Is Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadah_Is_Death"},{"link_name":"Blue Murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Murder_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Underbelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underbelly_(TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"The first locally produced miniseries in Australia was Against the Wind, which aired in 1978.[55] Over one hundred miniseries were produced in Australia over the next decade.[56] Historical dramas were particularly popular with Australian audiences during this period. Between 1984 and 1987, twenty-seven out of a total of thirty-four Australian-made miniseries had historical themes.[57] Some notable examples included The Dismissal, Bodyline, Eureka Stockade, The Cowra Breakout, Vietnam, and Brides of Christ. The narratives of these miniseries often followed one or two fictionalized individuals in the context of actual historical events and situations.[58] Literary adaptations were also popular, with notable examples including A Town like Alice, A Fortunate Life, The Harp in the South, and Come In Spinner.Although most Australian miniseries during this period were historically focused, there were occasional variants into genres such as contemporary action/adventure and romantic melodrama.[58] The 1983 miniseries Return to Eden was Australia's most successful miniseries ever, with over 300 million viewers around the world, and has been described as \"the best Australian example of the melodramatic miniseries.\"[59][60]The number of Australian-made miniseries declined in the 1990s, and many of those that were made had more of an \"international\" focus, often starring American or British actors in the leading roles and/or being filmed outside of Australia.[56] Some notable examples included The Last Frontier, Which Way Home, A Dangerous Life, Bangkok Hilton, and Dadah Is Death.More recently, true crime docudrama miniseries have become popular, with notable examples including Blue Murder and the Underbelly anthology.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Winds of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Winds_of_War_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-61"},{"link_name":"War and Remembrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_and_Remembrance_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minihistory-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minihistory-21"},{"link_name":"the highest-rated miniseries of the winter season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"that same season's top-rated regular series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ER_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minihistory-21"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"The Family of Mr Shalash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Family_of_Mr_Shalash"},{"link_name":"Salah Zulfikar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah_Zulfikar"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Limited_Series"},{"link_name":"Prime Suspect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Suspect"},{"link_name":"From the Earth to the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"America: The Story of Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America:_The_Story_of_Us"},{"link_name":"Hatfields & McCoys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatfields_%26_McCoys_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"The Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bible_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Political Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Animals_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"USA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Network"},{"link_name":"Critics' Choice Television Award for Most Exciting New Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Television_Award_for_Most_Exciting_New_Series"},{"link_name":"Big Little Lies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Little_Lies_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"American Horror Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Horror_Story"},{"link_name":"Fargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargo_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"True Detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Detective"},{"link_name":"categorization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Limited_Series"},{"link_name":"industry awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVGuide-64"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"melodrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodrama"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"The Spoils of Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spoils_of_Babylon"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-production-66"},{"link_name":"pop culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture"},{"link_name":"Band of Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_of_Brothers_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Chernobyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies_2020-9"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"text":"The eighteen-hour 1983 miniseries The Winds of War was a ratings success, with 140 million viewers for all or part of the miniseries, making it the most-watched miniseries up to that time.[61] Its 1988 sequel War and Remembrance won for best miniseries, special effects and single-camera production editing, and was considered by some critics the ultimate epic miniseries on the American television.[21] However, it also signalled the start of the format's decline, as the $105 million production was a major ratings flop; the advent of VCR and cable television options was responsible for the decrease of length and ratings of most miniseries that continued into the mid-1990s.[21] By 1996, the highest-rated miniseries of the winter season garnered a 19 rating, less than the rating average of 22 of that same season's top-rated regular series.[21]In Egypt, the 1980s and 1990s was the golden age of television miniseries attracting millions of Egyptians. For example, The Family of Mr Shalash miniseries starring Salah Zulfikar was the highest rated at the time.[62]The Emmy Award was taken three times by the British police procedural drama Prime Suspect. A highlight of the 1990s was an HBO production From the Earth to the Moon, telling the story of the landmark Apollo expeditions to the Moon during the 1960s and early 1970s.[citation needed]In the 21st century the format made a comeback on cable television and became popular on streaming services. History, for example, has had some of its greatest successes with miniseries such as America: The Story of Us, Hatfields & McCoys and The Bible,[citation needed] Political Animals by USA Network was honored with a Critics' Choice Television Award for Most Exciting New Series award, while HBO's Big Little Lies (which was eventually renewed for a second season) won eight Emmy awards.[63]To designate one-season shows that are not intended for being renewed for additional seasons, the broadcast and television industry came up with terms like \"limited series\" or \"event series\". These terms also apply to multi-season shows which feature rotating casts and storylines each season, such as American Horror Story, Fargo and True Detective. This makes the self-contained season longer than a miniseries, but shorter than the entire run of the multi-season series. This terminology became relevant for the purpose of categorization of programs for industry awards.[64]Several television executives interviewed by The Hollywood Reporter stated that the term \"miniseries\" has negative connotations to the public, having become associated with melodrama-heavy works that were commonly produced under the format, while \"limited series\" or \"event series\" demand higher respect.[65] (Such was the cause of the parody miniseries The Spoils of Babylon, which lampooned many of the negative stereotypes of miniseries.)[66]In the 21st century, two miniseries have had significant impact on pop culture, and are often named the two best shows ever made: Band of Brothers, released in 2001, and Chernobyl, released in 2019. When the final episode of Chernobyl aired, it was already the highest rated show in IMDb history.[67][68]The mini-series as a format has become more popular than ever before.[9][69]","title":"Popularity"}]

[]

[{"title":"Anthology series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology_series"},{"title":"Metaseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaseries"},{"title":"Telenovela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenovela"}]

[{"reference":"\"Miniseries\". Museum of Broadcast Communication. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150707221948/http://www.museum.tv/eotv/miniseries.htm","url_text":"\"Miniseries\""},{"url":"http://www.museum.tv/eotv/miniseries.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Corry, John (31 January 1986). \"Joan Collins In Sins, A Mini-Series\". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/31/arts/joan-collins-in-sins-a-mini-series.html","url_text":"\"Joan Collins In Sins, A Mini-Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Scott, Tony (16 October 1992). \"Review: NBC Movie of the Week Danielle Steel's Jewels\". Variety. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Leon

Greg Leon

["1 Career","2 Personal","3 Discography","3.1 The Greg Leon Invasion","3.2 Wishing Well","4 References"]

American rock musician Greg LeonBirth nameGregory Jay LeonBorn (1958-05-19) May 19, 1958 (age 66)Glendale, California, U.S.GenresHeavy metal, glam metal, hard rockOccupation(s)MusicianInstrument(s)Guitar, vocalsYears active1977–presentMusical artist Gregory Jay Leon (born May 19, 1958) is an American guitarist best known for his involvement with American heavy metal bands Quiet Riot and Dokken. He was also involved in the early formation of Mötley Crüe along with drummer Tommy Lee. Career Greg Leon was born in 1958 and grew up in Glendale, California, a foothills community of Los Angeles. As a teenager he was heavily influenced by T. Rex and the guitar playing of Marc Bolan. In his early twenties, Leon formed a power trio called Suite 19 as lead guitarist and vocalist, a band which included future Great White/Dokken drummer Gary Holland. Holland was soon replaced by future Mötley Crüe drummer Tommy Lee. Lee was a fan of the band who showed up for every gig they played in Los Angeles. When drummer Holland left the band, Leon immediately approached Lee, who "knew all the songs and fit right in". With Leon writing all the band's material, Suite 19 became regulars at West Hollywood clubs such as the Whisky a Go Go, The Starwood, and The Troubadour and subsequently the band earned the attention of record labels and became one of the more promising young bands on the Sunset Strip club circuit in the late 1970s. Lee described Leon as "a little Eddie Van Halen" and said Suite 19's music sounded like "a heavier version of T. Rex and Slade". When Randy Rhoads left Quiet Riot to record with Ozzy Osbourne in 1979, Leon was hired as his replacement and Suite 19 were no more. Lee was furious at Leon; "He and his folks didn't want to see me or talk to me. We went from being good friends to never talking. I was dead to him. So I said, 'Listen, Tommy, let me make a name for myself, and I'll come back and get you once I see this through,'" Leon recalled. His time in Quiet Riot would be brief, however, as the band's vocalist Kevin DuBrow "was impossible to work with". Leon subsequently joined Dokken at the insistence of Don Dokken and he played a handful of European gigs with the band. After being rejected by record labels who were more interested in new wave bands, Leon left Dokken and was replaced by George Lynch. During this period, Leon also moonlighted as a guitar teacher at Musonia music school in Burbank, owned and operated by the family of Randy Rhoads. After leaving Dokken, Leon reconnected with Tommy Lee and the pair set about forming a new band, a band which would eventually become Mötley Crüe. The pair attended the farewell gig of a popular local band called London, and Lee became obsessed with their bassist, Nikki Sixx. Lee "just loved how Nikki looked. He was gung-ho about him, saying, 'This is the guy we should get'," according to Leon. Though Sixx was a friend of Leon's, he auditioned twice and was rejected due to not being able to play his instrument, and Leon felt the bassist's musicianship was "awful". Lee made the decision to hire Sixx, prompting Leon to quit in protest; "The way I saw it was that my guitar playing would get me through. I didn't need a guy like Nikki dragging me down. I had seen London many times, and I knew I wanted none of it," he recalled. Leon subsequently formed The Greg Leon Invasion, a group that has released several albums. Personal Leon is married to Canadian singer Suza Wood. In 2005, he produced her first album titled Sweet Freedom. Discography The Greg Leon Invasion Greg Leon Invasion (1983) Born to Die (1984) Unfinished Business (2005) Suza,"Sweet Freedom" 2005 Guitars, Cars and Women (2010) Wishing Well Wishing Well (1997) References ^ "A Five and Dime with The Greg Leon Invasion". Dave's on Tour.com. Retrieved April 7, 2011. ^ a b "Greg Leon interview". Sleaze Roxx. March 25, 2007. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2011. ^ a b c Lee, Tommy (2005). Tommyland. Atria Books. ISBN 978-0743483445. ^ Miles, Paul. "1981". Chronological Crue. Ozemail.com.au. Retrieved April 7, 2011. ^ a b c d e Daly, Andrew. "Before Mick Mars, Greg Leon was Mötley Crüe's original guitarist". GuitarWorld.com. Retrieved December 12, 2023. ^ Leon, Suza (2008). "Happines Is Singing!". MySpace. Retrieved April 10, 2011. vteDokken Don Dokken Jon Levin Chris McCarvill BJ Zampa George Lynch Reb Beach John Norum Jeff Pilson Juan Croucier Barry Sparks Sean McNabb Greg Leon Peter Baltes Gary Holland Mick Brown Studio albums Breaking the Chains Tooth and Nail Under Lock and Key Back for the Attack Dysfunctional Shadowlife Erase the Slate Long Way Home Hell to Pay Lightning Strikes Again Broken Bones Heaven Comes Down EPs & compilations Back in the Streets The Very Best of Dokken Alone Again and Other Hits Change the World: An Introduction The Definitive Rock Collection Greatest Hits Live albums Beast from the East One Live Night Live from the Sun Japan Live '95 From Conception: Live 1981 Video albums One Live Night Live from the Sun Japan Live '95 Singles "Breaking the Chains" "Into the Fire" "Just Got Lucky" "Alone Again" "The Hunter" "In My Dreams" "Dream Warriors" "Burning Like a Flame" "Too High to Fly" Related articles Discography Lynch Mob T&N vteQuiet Riot Rudy Sarzo Alex Grossi Jizzy Pearl Johnny Kelly Kevin DuBrow Randy Rhoads Greg Leon Kelly Garni Frankie Banali Carlos Cavazo Chuck Wright Paul Shortino Sean McNabb Bobby Rondinelli Bjorn Englen Tracii Guns Neil Citron Tony Franklin Billy Morris Keith St. John Seann Nicols James Durbin Mike Dupke Studio albums Quiet Riot Quiet Riot II Metal Health Condition Critical QR III QR Terrified Down to the Bone Alive and Well Guilty Pleasures Rehab Quiet Riot 10 Road Rage Hollywood Cowboys Singles "Metal Health" "Cum On Feel the Noize" "Mama Weer All Crazee Now" "The Wild and the Young" "Itchycoo Park" Live albums Live & Rare Volume 1 Compilation albums Winners Take All The Randy Rhoads Years Greatest Hits The Collection Video albums '89 Live in Japan Related articles Hear 'n Aid House of Lords List of Ozzy Osbourne members Ratt Tony Franklin vteMötley Crüe Nikki Sixx Tommy Lee Vince Neil John 5 Greg Leon Mick Mars Michael White John Corabi Randy Castillo Studio albums Too Fast for Love Shout at the Devil Theatre of Pain Girls, Girls, Girls Dr. Feelgood Mötley Crüe Generation Swine New Tattoo Saints of Los Angeles Live albums Live: Entertainment or Death Carnival of Sins Live EPs Raw Tracks Quaternary Compilations Decade of Decadence 81–91 Greatest Hits (1998) Supersonic and Demonic Relics Loud as Fuck Red, White & Crüe Greatest Hits (2009) The Dirt Soundtrack Box sets Music to Crash Your Car To: Vol. 1 Music to Crash Your Car To: Vol. 2 Videos Uncensored Dr. Feelgood: The Videos Decade of Decadence Behind the Music Lewd, Crüed & Tattooed Carnival of Sins Live Crüe Fest Singles "Live Wire" "Shout at the Devil" "Looks That Kill" "Too Young to Fall in Love" "Helter Skelter" "Smokin' in the Boys Room" "Home Sweet Home" "Girls, Girls, Girls" "You're All I Need" "Dr. Feelgood" "Kickstart My Heart" "Without You" "Don't Go Away Mad (Just Go Away)" "Same Ol' Situation (S.O.S.)" "Primal Scream" "Home Sweet Home '91" "Anarchy in the U.K." "Hooligan's Holiday" "Misunderstood" "Afraid" "Beauty" "Hell on High Heels" "New Tattoo" "Treat Me Like the Dog I Am" "If I Die Tomorrow" "Sick Love Song" "Saints of Los Angeles" "Sex" "All Bad Things Must End" Tours Crüe Fest Crüe Fest 2 The Tour Mötley Crüe Final Tour The Stadium Tour The World Tour Related articles Discography Leathür Records Mötley Records The Dirt (film) The Heroin Diaries: A Year in the Life of a Shattered Rock Star Sister London Methods of Mayhem 58 Brides of Destruction Sixx:A.M. Rock Star Supernova Nashville Outlaws: A Tribute to Mötley Crüe Crüe Ball The Other Side of Mars Category Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz

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As a teenager he was heavily influenced by T. Rex and the guitar playing of Marc Bolan.[3] In his early twenties, Leon formed a power trio called Suite 19 as lead guitarist and vocalist, a band which included future Great White/Dokken drummer Gary Holland. Holland was soon replaced by future Mötley Crüe drummer Tommy Lee.[4] Lee was a fan of the band who showed up for every gig they played in Los Angeles.[5] When drummer Holland left the band, Leon immediately approached Lee, who \"knew all the songs and fit right in\". With Leon writing all the band's material, Suite 19 became regulars at West Hollywood clubs such as the Whisky a Go Go, The Starwood, and The Troubadour and subsequently the band earned the attention of record labels and became one of the more promising young bands on the Sunset Strip club circuit in the late 1970s.[5][3]Lee described Leon as \"a little Eddie Van Halen\" and said Suite 19's music sounded like \"a heavier version of T. Rex and Slade\".[3]When Randy Rhoads left Quiet Riot to record with Ozzy Osbourne in 1979, Leon was hired as his replacement and Suite 19 were no more. Lee was furious at Leon; \"He and his folks didn't want to see me or talk to me. We went from being good friends to never talking. I was dead to him. So I said, 'Listen, Tommy, let me make a name for myself, and I'll come back and get you once I see this through,'\" Leon recalled. His time in Quiet Riot would be brief, however, as the band's vocalist Kevin DuBrow \"was impossible to work with\".[5] Leon subsequently joined Dokken at the insistence of Don Dokken and he played a handful of European gigs with the band. 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I didn't need a guy like Nikki dragging me down. I had seen London many times, and I knew I wanted none of it,\" he recalled.[5]Leon subsequently formed The Greg Leon Invasion, a group that has released several albums.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Leon is married to Canadian singer Suza Wood. In 2005, he produced her first album titled Sweet Freedom.[6]","title":"Personal"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Greg Leon Invasion","text":"Greg Leon Invasion (1983)\nBorn to Die (1984)\nUnfinished Business (2005)\nSuza,\"Sweet Freedom\" 2005\nGuitars, Cars and Women (2010)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wishing Well","text":"Wishing Well (1997)","title":"Discography"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahasthangarh

Mahasthangarh

["1 Etymology","2 Geography","3 Discovery","4 Citadel","5 Suburb of the citadel","6 Excavations","7 Movable antiquities","8 Highlights of some excavated sites","8.1 Inside the citadel","8.2 Outside the citadel","9 Threats to Mahasthangarh","10 Anecdote","11 Some antiquity comparisons","12 Buddhist Viharas","13 Gallery","14 See also","15 References","16 External links","17 See also"]

Coordinates: 24°57′40″N 89°20′34″E / 24.96111°N 89.34278°E / 24.96111; 89.34278Archaeological site of Bangladesh Mahasthangarhমহাস্থানগড়Ramparts of the Mahasthangarh citadelShown within Bangladesh Rajshahi divisionShow map of Bangladesh Rajshahi divisionMahasthangarh (Bangladesh)Show map of BangladeshMahasthangarh (South Asia)Show map of South AsiaLocationMahasthan, Bogra District, Rajshahi Division, BangladeshCoordinates24°57′40″N 89°20′34″E / 24.96111°N 89.34278°E / 24.96111; 89.34278TypeSettlementHistoryFoundedNot later than 3rd century BCAbandoned8th century AD Part of a series on the History of Bangladesh Etymology Timeline Traditional Urheimat Ancient Neolithic, c. 7600 – c. 3300 BCE Bronze Age, c. 3300 – c. 1200 BCE Iron Age, c. 1200 – c. 200 BCE Janapada, c. 1200 – c. 600 BCE Northern Black Polished Ware, c. 700 – c. 200 BCE Pundra Kingdom, c. 700 – c. 200 BCE Bengal in Mahabharata, c. 400 – c. 325 BCE Gangaridai Kingdom, c. 350 – c. 325 BCE Mauryan Empire, c. 325 – c. 185 BCE Samatata Kingdom, c. 232 BCE – c. 800 AD Shunga-Kushan Period, c. 185 BCE – c. 75 AD Southwestern Silk Road, c. 114 BCE – c. 1450 AD Indo-Roman trade relations, c. 30 BCE – c. 600 AD Classical Gupta Empire, c. 240 – c. 550 AD Harikela Kingdom, c. 600 - c. 650 Gauda Kingdom, c. 590 – c. 626 Gour (Sylhet), c. 600 – c. 1303 Khadga dynasty, c. 650 – c. 750 Pala Empire, c. 750 – c. 1100 Arrival of Islam, c. 800 – c. 1050 Candra dynasty, c. 900 – c. 1050 Sena dynasty, c. 1070 – c. 1320 Deva dynasty, c. 1100 – c. 1250 Mediaeval Bhulua (Noakhali), c. 1203 – c. 1600s Delhi Sultanate, c. 1204 – c. 1338 Mamluk Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sonargaon Sultanate, c. 1338 – c. 1352 Bengal Sultanate, c. 1352 – c. 1576 Ilyas Shahi dynasty Hussain Shahi dynasty Karrani dynasty Suri Dynasty, c. 1540 – c. 1556 Twelve Bhuyans, c. 1550 – c. 1620 Porto Grande de Bengala, c. 1528 – c. 1666 Chittagong-Arakan Kingdom, c. 1530 – c. 1666 Mughal Empire, c. 1576 – c. 1717 Bengal Subah Modern Nawabs of Bengal, c. 1717 – c. 1757 Company Raj, c. 1757 – c. 1858 Bengal famine of 1770 Faraizi Movement, c. 1818 – c. 1884 The Great Rebellion, c. 1857 – c. 1858 British Raj, c. 1858 – c. 1947 Bengal Renaissance Partition of Bengal (1905) Eastern Bengal and Assam Bengal famine of 1943 Prime Minister of Bengal Noakhali riots East Bengal, c. 1947 – c. 1955 Partition of Bengal (1947) East Bengali refugees Bengali Language Movement East Pakistan, c. 1955 – c. 1971 1964 East Pakistan riots Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 Six Point Movement 1969 uprising in East Pakistan Pakistani general election, 1970 Non-cooperation movement, 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, c. 1971 Declaration of Independence Provisional Government of Bangladesh 1971 Bangladesh Genocide (Rape) Bangladesh Forces Surrender of Pakistan Contemporary Post-independence years, 1972 – 1975 Bangladesh famine of 1974 Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Jail Killing Day Military rule, 1975 – 1990 Military coups in Bangladesh Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict 1990 Mass Uprising Transition to democracy, 1991 – 2008 Caretaker government of Bangladesh Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord 2006–08 Bangladeshi political crisis Present parliamentary era, 2009– present Vision 2021 and Digital Bangladesh International Crimes Tribunal Quota reform movement 2021 Bangladesh Communal Violence Smart Bangladesh Related articles Timeline of Bangladeshi history Bangladeshi art Bengali literature Bangladesh portalvte Mahasthangarh is the oldest archaeological site in Bangladesh. It dates back to 300 BCE and was the ancient capital of the Pundra Kingdom. Mahasthangarh is the earliest urban archaeological sites discovered thus far in Bangladesh. The village Mahasthan in Shibganj upazila of Bogra District contains the remains of an ancient city which was called Pundranagara or Paundravardhanapura in the territory of Pundravardhana. A limestone slab bearing six lines in Prakrit in Brahmi script recording a land grant, discovered in 1931, dates Mahasthangarh to at least the 3rd century BCE. It was an important city under the Maurya Empire. The fortified area was in use until the 8th century CE. Etymology Mahasthan means a place that has excellent sanctity and garh means fort. Mahasthan was first mentioned in a Sanskrit text of the 13th century entitled Vallalcharita. It is also mentioned in an anonymous text Karatoya mahatmya, circumstantially placed in 12th–13th century. The same text also mentions two more names to mean the same place – Pundrakshetra, land of the Pundras, and Pundranagara, city of the Pundras. In 1685, an administrative decree mentioned the place as Mastangarh, a mixture of Sanskrit and Persian meaning fortified place of an auspicious personage. Subsequent discoveries have confirmed that the earlier name was Pundranagara or Paundravardhanapura, and that the present name of Mahasthangarh is of later origin. Instead of MAHASTHANGARH it has become utterly renowned as MASTAN GAR/মাস্তান গড় /মস্তান গড় (MASTAN means intoxicated with divine love; aversion to luxury. leaving the family due to spiritual reasons and GARH/GAR means fort). According to the sublime oral history of the Fakir-Sannasy rebel movement in India during the British Raj, these  MASTANS namely the wandering fakirs of Bengal took refuge in the ruins of the historic Pundravardhan or Pundranagar city and used it as fort(GARH).Majnu Shah was a fakir of the Madaria sect. Syed Badiuddin Qutubul Shah Madar is the founder of this order. His center of activity was at the shrine of Shah Madar at Makanpur near Kanpur. On 25 February 1771, he had his first encounter with sepoys led by Lieutenant Feltham at Dinajpur. This clash was unsuccessful. He then moved to Khanka in Mahasthangarh, Bogra. Geography Mahasthangarh (Pundranagar), the ancient capital of Pundravardhana is located 11 km (6.8 mi) north of Bogra on the Bogra-Rangpur highway, with a feeder road (running along the eastern side of the ramparts of the citadel for 1.5 km) leading to Jahajghata and site museum. Buses are available for Bogra from Dhaka and take 41⁄2 hours for the journey via Bangabandhu Jamuna Bridge across the Jamuna River. Accommodation is available at Bogra. It is believed that the for the city in the area was decided upon because it is one of the highest areas in Bangladesh. The land in the region is almost 36 metres (118 ft) above sea level, whereas Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is around 6 metres (20 ft) above sea level. Another reason for choosing this place was the position and size of the Karatoya, which as recently as in the 13th century was three times wider than Ganges. Mahasthangarh stands on the red soil of the Barind Tract which is slightly elevated within the largely alluvium area. The elevation of 15 to 25 metres above the surrounding areas makes it a relatively flood free physiographic unit. Discovery Several personalities contributed to the discovery and identification of the ruins at Mahasthangarh. Francis Buchanan Hamilton was the first to locate and visit Mahasthangarh in 1808, C.J.O'Donnell, E.V.Westmacott, and Beveridge followed. Alexander Cunningham was the first to identify the place as the capital of Pundravardhana. He visited the site in 1879. On 19 April 2004, The Daily Star reported that locals were looting bricks and valuables from the site. They were also building residences on the site ignoring government regulations. Citadel The citadel (see map alongside), the fortified heart of the ancient city, is rectangular in plan, measuring roughly 1.523 kilometres (0.946 mi) long from north to south, and 1.371 kilometres (0.852 mi) from east to west, with high and wide ramparts in all its wings. Area of the citadel is approximately 185 ha. The Karatoya, once a mighty river but now a small stream, flows on its east. Till the 1920s, when excavations started, the inside of the citadel was higher than the surrounding areas by over 4 metres and was dotted with several straggling elevated pieces of land. The rampart looked like a jungle clad mud rampart with forced openings at several points. The rampart was 11–13 metres (36–43 ft) higher than the surrounding area. At its south-east corner stood a mazhar (holy tomb). A later day mosque (built in 1718–19) was also there. At present there are several mounds and structural vestiges inside the fortifications. Of these a few of note are: Jiat Kunda (well which, according to legends, has life giving power), Mankalir Dhap (place consecrated to Mankali), Parasuramer Basgriha (palace of a king named Parasuram), Bairagir Bhita (palace of a female anchorite), Khodar Pathar Bhita (place of stone bestowed by God), and Munir Ghon (a bastion). There are some gateways at different points: Kata Duar (in the north), Dorab Shah Toran (in the east), Burir Fatak (in the south), and Tamra Dawaza (in the west) At the north-eastern corner there is a flight of steps (a later addition) that goes by the name of Jahajghata. A little beyond Jahajghata and on the banks of the Karatoya is Govinda Bhita (a temple dedicated to Govinda). In front of it is the site museum, displaying some of the representative findings. Beside it is a rest house. Suburb of the citadel Gokul Medh, Bogra Besides the fortified area, there are around a hundred mounds spread over an area with a radius of 9 km. (See map alongside). Excavated mounds: Gobhindo Bhita, a temple close to the north-eastern corner of the citadel Khulnar Dhap, a temple 1 km north of the citadel Mangalkot, a temple 400m south of Khulnar Dhap Godaibari Dhap, a temple 1 km south of Khulnar Dhap Totaram Panditer Dhap, a monastery 4 km north-west of the citadel Noropotir Dhap (Vashu Bihara), a group of monasteries 1 km north-west of Totaram Ponditer Dhap (said to be the place where Po-shi-po Bihara mentioned by Xuanzang (Hieun Tsang) was located) Gokul Medh (Lokhindorer Bashor Ghor), a temple 3 km south of the citadel Shkonder Dhap, a temple 2 km south-east of Gokul Medh Major unexcavated mounds: Shiladebir Ghat Chunoru Dighi Dhap Kaibilki Dhap Juraintala Poroshuramer Shobhabati Balai Dhap Prochir Dhibi Kanchir Hari Dhibi Lohonar Dhap Khujar Dhap Doshatina Dhap Dhoniker Dhap Mondirir Dorgah Bishmordana Dhibi Malinar Dhap Malpukuria Dhap Jogir Dhap Podmobhatir Dhap Kanai Dhap Dulu Mojhir Bhita Podda Debhir Bhita Rastala Dhap Shoshitola Dhap Dhonbandhor Dhap Chader Dhap Shindinath Dhap Shalibahon Rajar Kacharibari Dhipi Kacher Angina Mongolnather Dhap ChhoutoTengra/ Babur Dhap/ Kethar Dhap entrance of mahasthangarhBoro Tengra/ Shonyashir Dhap Excavations Systematic archaeological excavation of Mahasthangarh was first started in 1928–29 under the guidance of K.N.Dikshit of the Archaeological Survey of India. The areas around Jahajghata, Munir Ghon and Bairagir Bhita were explored. Excavation was resumed in 1934–36 at Bairagir Bhita and Govinda Bhita. Excavation was carried out in 1960s around the Mazhar, Parasuramer Prasad, Mankalir Dhap, Jiat Kunda and in a part of the northern rampart. In the next phase excavation was carried out sporadically in parts of the east and north ramparts but the final report is yet to be published. In the period 1992–98 excavation was conducted in the area lying between Bairagir Bhita and the gateway exposed in 1991 as a Bangla-Franco joint venture, which is now in its second phase with excavation around the mazhar in the western side of the citadel. Movable antiquities The Mauryan period Mahasthan inscription in Brahmi, recording a land grant. Buddha Sculpture The excavations have led to the recovery of a large number of items, a few of which are listed here. Inscriptions: A 4.4 cm x 5.7 cm limestone slab bearing six lines in Prakrit in Brahmi script, discovered accidentally by a day labourer in 1931 was an important find. The text appears to be a royal order of Magadh, possibly during the rule of Asoka. It dates the antiquity of Mahasthangarh to 3rd century BC. An Arabic inscriptional slab of 1300–1301 discovered in 1911–12 mentions the erection of a tomb in honour of Numar Khan, who was a Meer-e-Bahar (lieutenant of the naval fleet). A Persian inscriptional slab of 1718–19 records the construction of a mosque during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar. Coins: Silver punch marked coins are datable to a period between the 4th century BC and the 1st–2nd century AD. Some uninscribed copper cast coins have been found. Two Gupta period coins have been reported from a nearby village named Vamanpara. A number of coins belonging to the sultans of 14th–15th century and British East India Company have been found. Ceramics: Mostly represented by a vast number of shards. Sculpture: A 5th century Buddha stone sculpture recovered from Vasu Vihara, a Lokesvara stone sculpture showing blending of Vishnu and Avalokiteśvara, salvaged from neighbouring Namuja village, a number sandstone door-frames, pillars and lintels (datable to 5th–12th century), numerous Buddha bronze sculpture datable to 10th–11th century, a terracotta Surya discovered at Mankalir Bhita, and numerous other pieces. Terracotta Plaques: A number of terracotta plaques have been discovered. Many of these are on display in the site museum, which is open Sunday to Thursday summer:10 am to 6 pm, winter:9 am to 5 pm. Recess:1–2 pm, Friday recess is from 12.30 to 2.30, opens at 9 am in summer, other timings same. Summer timings 1 April to 30 September, winter timings 1 October to 30 March. Books on Mahasthangarh and other archaeological sites in Bangladesh (in Bengali and English) are available at the ticket counter for the site museum. Highlights of some excavated sites Inside the citadel Bairagir Bhita: Constructed/ reconstructed in four periods: 4th–5th century AD, 6th–7th century, 9th–10th century, and 11th century. Excavations have revealed impoverished base ruins resembling temples. Two sculptured sandstone pillars have been recovered. Khodarpathar Bhita: Some pieces of stone carved with transcendent Buddha along with devotees in anjali (kneeling with folded hands) recovered. Parasuramer Prasad: Contains remains of three occupation periods – 8th century AD findings include stone Visnupatta of Pala period, 15th- 16th century findings include some glazed shreds of Muslim origin, and the third period has revealed two coins of the British East India Company issued in 1835 and 1853. Mankalir Dhap: terracotta plaques, bronze Ganesha, bronze Garuda etc. were discovered. Base ruins of a 15-domed mosque (15th–16th century) was revealed. Bangla-Franco joint venture: Excavations have revealed 18 archaeological layers, ranging from 5th century BC to 12th century AD, until virgin soil at a depth of around 17 m. Outside the citadel Govinda Bhita: Situated 185 m north-east of Jahajghata and opposite the site museum. Remains dated from 3rd century BC to 15th century AD. Base remains of two temples have been exposed. Totaram Panditer Dhap: Situated in the village Vihara, about 6 km north-west of the citadel. Structural remains of a damaged monastery have been exposed. Narapatir Dhap (Vasu Bihar) Narapatir Dhap: Situated in the village Basu Vihara, 1.5 km north-west of Totaram Panditer Dhap. Base remains of two monasteries and a temple have been exposed. Cunningham identified this place as the one visited by Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang) in the 7th century AD. Gokul Medh: Also known as Behular Basar Ghar or Lakshindarer Medh, situated in the village Gokul, 3 km to the south of the citadel, off the Bogra-Rangpur road, connected by a narrow motorable road about 1 km. Excavations in 1934–36 revealed a terraced podium with 172 rectangular blind cells. It is dated 6th–7th century. Local mythology associates it with legendary Lakshmindara-Behula. The village Gokul also has several other mound Kansr Dhap has been excavated. Skandher Dhap: Situated in village Baghopara on the Bogra-Rangpur road, 3.5 km to the south of the citadel, a sandstone Kartika was found and structural vestiges of a damaged building were revealed. It is believed to be the remains of Skandha Mandira (temple consecrated to Kartika), mentioned in Karatoya mahatmya, as well as Kalhan's Rajatarangin, written in 1149–50. There also are references to Skandhnagara as a suburb of Pundranagara. Baghopara village has three other mounds. Khulnar Dhap: Situated in village Chenghispur, 700 m west of the north-west corner of the citadel has revealed remains of a temple. The mound is named after Khullana, wife of Chand Sadagar. From the present findings it can be deduced that there was a city called Pundravardhana at Mahasthangarh with a vast suburb around it, on all sides except the east, where the once mighty Karatoya used to flow. It is evident that the suburbs of Pundravardhana extended at least to Baghopara on the south-west, Gokul on the south, Vamanpara on the west, and Sekendrabad on the north. However, the plan of the city and much of its history are still to be revealed. a distance view of mahasthangarh wall Bhimer Jangal This well-known embankment starts from the north-east corner of Bogra town and proceeds northwards for about 30 miles to a marshy place called Damukdaher bit, under police station Govindaganj (Rangpur District) and it is said, goes oil to Ghoraghat. It is made of the red earth of the locality and retains at places even now a height of 20 feet above the level of the country. There is a break ill it of over three miles from Daulatpur (north west of Mahasthan-garh) to Hazaradighi (south-west, of it). About a mile south of Hazradighi. the stream Subil approaches the jangal and runs alongside it down to Bogra town. Some people think that the Subil is a moat formed by digging the earth for the jangal but as there is no embankment on the northern reach of the Subil now called the Ato nala. which merges in the Kalidaha bil; north of Mahasthan-garh O'Donnell was probably right in saying that the Subil represents the western of the two branches into which the Karatoya divided above Mahasthan. On the Bogra-Hazradighi section of the jangal, there are two cross embankments running down to the Karatoya, about 2 miles and 4 miles respectively north of Bogra town and there is a diagonal embankment connecting these cross bonds and then running along the Karatoya until it meets the main embankment near Bogra. This jangal or embankment appears to have been of a military character, thrown up to protect the country on its east. The break roar Mahasthan may be due to the embankment having been washed away or to the existence of natural protection by the bit. The Bhima to whom the embankment is ascribed may be the Kaivarta chief of the eleventh century who according to the Ramcharitam ruled over Varendra in succession to his father Rudraka and uncle Divyoka, who had ousted king Mahipala II of the Pala, dynasty. Bhima in his turn was defeated in battle and billed by Ramapala. Mahipala's son. Jogir Bhaban South west of Bagtahali (beyond Chak Bariapara) and some 3 miles west of the khetlal road is a settlement of the Natha sect of Saiva sannyasis, known as Yogir-bhavan, forming the eastern section of Arora village. An account of this settlement is given by Beveridge, J.:1.S.T., 1878; p. 94. It occupies about so, bighas of land and forms the headquarters of the sect. of which there are branches at Yogigopha and Gorakh-kui, both in the Dinajpur District, the former in its south-west part some 5 miles west of Paharpur, J.A.S.B.1875, p. 189, and the latter in its north-west part some 4 miles west of Nekmardan. The shrines at Yogir-bhavan are situated in the south-west corner of an en¬closure or-math. One of them called Dharmma-dungi, bears a brick inscription, reading scrvva-siddha sana 1148 Sri Suphala ... (the year =1741 A.D.). 'In front of it is another shrine called 'Gadighar,' where a fire is kept burn at all hours. Outside the enclose are four temples, dedicated respectively to Kalabhai¬rava, Sarvamangala Durga and Gorakshanatha. The Kalabhairava temple contains a diva linga and bears a brick inscription reading Sri Ramasiddha sana 1173 sala (=1766 A.D.) ample Sri Jayanatha Nara-Narayana. The Sarva¬mangala temple contains three images of Hara-Gauri, one of Mahishamardini, a fragment of an Ashta-matrika slab, a fragment of a three-faced female figure probably Ushnishavijava (Sadhanamala; II. pl. XIV) and a four-armed female figure playing on a vina (evidently Sarasvati, but worshipped here as Sarva¬ mangala). Over the entrance is a brick inscription reading 1089 Meher Natha sadaka sri Abhirama Mehetara (the year =1681 A.D.). In the Durga temple is a stone image of Chamunda, and in the Gorakshanatha one, a Siva lihga. There are three brick built samadhis near the latter temple. Arora South-west of the Dadhisugar and standing on the Masandighi, in Arora village; is Salvan Rajar bari referred to under Baghahali. This Silvan may possibly be the same as king Salavahan, son of Sahila-deva of the Chamba inscription who won the title of Kari-ghata-varsha (= hunjara-ghata-varsha ?) (R. C. Majumdar, vange kambojadhikara,' vanga-rani, Chaitara, 1330.B.S.p. 251, ind. Ant, XVII.pp. 7–13). Beveridge refers to this mound in JA.S.B., 1878, p 95. This name of Sahila seems, to occur again in Sahiladitya lakshmam in v. 10 of the Silimpllr inscription (Ep. Ind, XIII, p. 291). If this identification is correct, then the word kaunjanraghatacarshcna in the Bangarh stone inscription (Gauda-raja-mala, p. 35) is really the title or virudha of the Gudapati of the Kumboja family and not the date of the inscription. Teghar North of Chandnia that the road skirts the bil and comes to Teghar village Which juts out into the bil 'Near about here are several mounds; such as Naras¬patir dhap. Kacher Angina (or glazed courtyard, a term applied to many ruins in these parts) etc. The biggest of these mounds, Mangal-nather dhap, (Fig. 6) is situated close to the point, from which a road branches off to Bihar. It is said that terracotta plaques as well as stone images were found at this site, but were all consigned to the neighbouring dighi. Rojakpur Proceeding westward along the road from Gokul to Haripur, we pass into the western arm of the latter village, already referred to. and meet the Bogra¬ Khetlal road near the Chandnia hat. West of Haripur and south of the Somrai bil is the village of Rojakpur, into which, as already stated, the elevated ground from Chandnia hat extends. On this ground are two mounds called respectively Chandbhita. (probably referring to the Manasa legend) and Dhanbhandar. A little further west is another mound called Singhinath Dhap. Mathura East of Bumanpara and extending up to the garh on the east and the Kalidaha bill on the north, is the village of Mathura, in Which there are several tank and on a ridge overlooking the Gilatala moat, two mounds called Parasuramer Sabhabati and Yogir Dhap. Threats to Mahasthangarh In a 2010 report titled Saving Our Vanishing Heritage, Global Heritage Fund identified Mahasthangarh as one of 12 worldwide sites most "On the Verge" of irreparable loss and damage, citing insufficient management (poor water drainage in particular) and looting as primary causes. Anecdote There is a local legend that Shah Sultan Balkhi Mahisawar arrived at Pundravardhana in the garb of a fakir (mystic holy pedlar of Islamic philosophy) riding a fish. (Mahisawar is Persian word meaning a 'person who rides a fish'). He came from Balkh in Afghanistan with a retinue. The period of his arrival is variably put at 5th century AD, 11th century AD and 17th century AD. At that time there was a king named Parasuram with his seat and palace in Mahasthangarh. Mahisawar requested Parasuram for a piece of land to spread his prayer mat on which he could pray. The request was granted but the prayer mat started expanding as soon as it was laid on the ground. When the prayer mat reached the area around the palace bewildered Parasuram declared war. In the beginning the battle seemed to be favouring Parasuram. A scavenger Harapala informed Mahisawar that it was difficult to defeat the royal troops because of the pool called Jiat Kunda. A dead soldier bathed in the waters of Jiat Kunda came back to life. On knowing this Mahisawar asked a kite to drop a piece of beef in Jiat Kunda. When this was done, the pool lost its powers. The royal troops were on the verge of defeat. The commander of the royal troops, Chilhan, with a large number of his followers, went over to Mahisawar. Thereafter Parasuram and many members of the royal family committed suicide. There are many variations of this anecdote, some of which are sold in Bengali booklets in and around Mahasthangarh/Pundravardhana. Some antiquity comparisons Mahasthangarh dates back to at least 3rd century BC and is acknowledged as the earliest city-site discovered thus far in Bangladesh. Somapura Mahavihara at Paharpur in Naogaon District was once the biggest Buddhist monastery south of the Himalayas. It dates from the 8th century AD. Mainamati ruins in Comilla District date back to 6th–13th centuries AD. In neighbouring West Bengal, the ruins of Pandu Rajar Dhibi on the banks of the Ajay River in Bardhaman district date back to 2000 BC. However, this recent archaeological discovery has not yet been properly studied by outside experts and specialists in this field, and as such the historical value of many of the statements must be considered as uncertain. The ruins at Chandraketugarh in 24 Parganas South and Rajbadidanga in Murshidabad district date back to the early years of the Christian era. Buddhist Viharas Somapura Vihara Halud Vihara Vasu Vihara Ananda Vihara Sitakot Vihara Gallery This section contains an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images. Please help improve the section by removing excessive or indiscriminate images or by moving relevant images beside adjacent text, in accordance with the Manual of Style on use of images. (September 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Boundary wall of Mahasthangarh Ornamental stone carving on display at Mahasthangarh Mankalir Mound Govinda Bhita just outside the Mahasthangarh citadel Place of Parshuram Karatoya River by the Mahasthangarh citadel Lakshindar Behular Basar Ghar at Gokul Gokul Medh Gokul Medh Mahasthangarh Mahasthangarh Govinda Vita Govinda Vita Govinda Vita Mahasthangarh Museum Mahasthangarh Museum Mahasthangarh Museum Place of Parshuram Bihar Dhap Mahasthangarh Museum Mahasthangarh Museum mahasthangarh wall resort of mahashangarh wall of mahasthangarh mahasthangarh distance view mahasthangarh Mahasthangarh mahasthangarh wall Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mahasthangarh. See also Kantajew Temple Shahbaz Khan Mosque Shona Mosque Bagha Mosque Khan Mohammad Mridha Mosque Sixty Dome Mosque Saat Masjid Lalbagh Fort References ^ Hossain, Md. Mosharraf (2006). "Preface". Mahasthan: Anecdote to History. Dhaka: Dibyaprakash. ISBN 978-984-483-245-9. Mahasthan is the earliest urban archaeological site so far discovered in the present territory of ... Bangladesh ^ a b c d e f g Brochure: Mahasthan – the earliest city-site of Bangladesh, published by the Department of Archaeology, Ministry of Cultural Affairs, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, 2003 ^ Majumdar, R. C. (1971). History of Ancient Bengal. Calcutta: G. Bhardwaj & Co. pp. 5, 13. OCLC 961157849. ^ a b Sastri, Hirananda (1931). Epigraphia Indica vol.21. pp. 83–89. ^ Hossain, Md. Mosharraf, pp. 56–60. ^ a b c Hossain, Md. Mosharraf, pp. 16–19 ^ a b Hossain, Md. Mosharraf, pp. 14–15. ^ a b Mc Adam, Marika, Bangladesh, Lonely Planet ^ a b "Mahasthangarh". Wondermondo. ^ Chowdhury, Sifatul Quader (2012). "Mahasthangarh, Physical Setup". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ^ Ali, Anwar; Rahman, Hasibur. "Plunderers destroy Mahasthan Garh". The Daily Star. Retrieved 18 April 2021. ^ Hossain, Md. Mosharraf, pp. 21–23. ^ a b c d Hossain, Md. Mosharraf, pp. 56–65. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hossain, Md. Mosharraf, pp. 25–46. ^ Hossain, Md. Mosharraf, p. 67. ^ Hossain, Md. Mosharraf, p. 76. ^ "Global Heritage in the Peril: Sites on the Verge". Global Heritage Fund. Archived from the original on 20 August 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2015. ^ Majumdar, R.C., pp. 22–25 ^ Majumdar, R.C., pp. 612, 646 ^ Le, Huu Phuoc (2010). Buddhist Architecture. Grafikol. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-9844043-0-8. External links Alam, Shafiqul (2012). "Mahasthan". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Explore Mahasthangarh with Google Earth on Global Heritage Network See also List of archaeological sites in Bangladesh vteAncient-Medieval sites in BengalWest Bengal Bahiri Ballal Dhipi Bangarh Baneswardanga Betor Bharatpur Haraipur Bishnupur temples Chandraketugarh Debalgarh Deulpota Dihar Dhosa Gauda Gobindapur Harinarayanpur Jagjivanpur Kalikata Kana Karnasubarna Mahisdal Moghalmari Mongalkote Nanoor Natsal Pakhanna Pandu Rajar Dhibi Pandua Rajpat Saptagram Sijua Sutanuti Tamralipta Tanda Telkupi Tilpi Bangladesh Bhitargarh Bikrampur Vihara Chandrapur University Halud Vihara Gokul Medh Jagaddala Mahavihara Mahasthangarh Mainamati Nateshwar Deul Pandit Vihara Shalban Vihara Sitakot Vihara Somapura Mahavihara Sonargaon Vasu Vihara Wari-Bateshwar

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BD_Mahasthangarh3.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Pundra Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundra_Kingdom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BD_Map_Mahasthangarh_Suburb.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BD_Map_Mahasthangarh_Citadel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Shibganj upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibganj_Upazila,_Bogra"},{"link_name":"Bogra District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogra_District"},{"link_name":"Pundranagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundranagar"},{"link_name":"Pundravardhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundravardhana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brochure-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"Prakrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrit"},{"link_name":"Brahmi script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmi_script"},{"link_name":"BCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Maurya Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brochure-2"}],"text":"Archaeological site of BangladeshMahasthangarh is the oldest archaeological site in Bangladesh. It dates back to 300 BCE and was the ancient capital of the Pundra Kingdom.Mahasthangarh is the earliest urban archaeological sites discovered thus far in Bangladesh. The village Mahasthan in Shibganj upazila of Bogra District contains the remains of an ancient city which was called Pundranagara or Paundravardhanapura in the territory of Pundravardhana.[1][2][3] A limestone slab bearing six lines in Prakrit in Brahmi script recording a land grant, discovered in 1931, dates Mahasthangarh to at least the 3rd century BCE.[4][5] It was an important city under the Maurya Empire. The fortified area was in use until the 8th century CE.[2]","title":"Mahasthangarh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hossain_2-6"}],"text":"Mahasthan means a place that has excellent sanctity and garh means fort. Mahasthan was first mentioned in a Sanskrit text of the 13th century entitled Vallalcharita. It is also mentioned in an anonymous text Karatoya mahatmya, circumstantially placed in 12th–13th century. The same text also mentions two more names to mean the same place – Pundrakshetra, land of the Pundras, and Pundranagara, city of the Pundras. In 1685, an administrative decree mentioned the place as Mastangarh, a mixture of Sanskrit and Persian meaning fortified place of an auspicious personage. Subsequent discoveries have confirmed that the earlier name was Pundranagara or Paundravardhanapura, and that the present name of Mahasthangarh is of later origin.[6]Instead of MAHASTHANGARH it has become utterly renowned as MASTAN GAR/মাস্তান গড় /মস্তান গড় (MASTAN means intoxicated with divine love; aversion to luxury. leaving the family due to spiritual reasons and GARH/GAR means fort). According to the sublime oral history of the Fakir-Sannasy rebel movement in India during the British Raj, these  MASTANS namely the wandering fakirs of Bengal took refuge in the ruins of the historic Pundravardhan or Pundranagar city and used it as fort(GARH).Majnu Shah was a fakir of the Madaria sect. Syed Badiuddin Qutubul Shah Madar is the founder of this order. His center of activity was at the shrine of Shah Madar at Makanpur near Kanpur. On 25 February 1771, he had his first encounter with sepoys led by Lieutenant Feltham at Dinajpur. This clash was unsuccessful. He then moved to Khanka in Mahasthangarh, Bogra.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pundranagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundranagar"},{"link_name":"Pundravardhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundravardhana"},{"link_name":"Bogra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogra"},{"link_name":"Rangpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangpur_District"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hossain_1-7"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Bangabandhu Jamuna Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamuna_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Jamuna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamuna_River_(Bangladesh)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lonelyplanet-8"},{"link_name":"Karatoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatoya_River"},{"link_name":"Ganges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wondermondo-9"},{"link_name":"Barind Tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barind_Tract"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Mahasthangarh (Pundranagar), the ancient capital of Pundravardhana is located 11 km (6.8 mi) north of Bogra on the Bogra-Rangpur highway, with a feeder road (running along the eastern side of the ramparts of the citadel for 1.5 km) leading to Jahajghata and site museum.[7] Buses are available for Bogra from Dhaka and take 41⁄2 hours for the journey via Bangabandhu Jamuna Bridge across the Jamuna River. Accommodation is available at Bogra.[8]It is believed that the for the city in the area was decided upon because it is one of the highest areas in Bangladesh. The land in the region is almost 36 metres (118 ft) above sea level, whereas Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is around 6 metres (20 ft) above sea level. Another reason for choosing this place was the position and size of the Karatoya, which as recently as in the 13th century was three times wider than Ganges.[9]Mahasthangarh stands on the red soil of the Barind Tract which is slightly elevated within the largely alluvium area. The elevation of 15 to 25 metres above the surrounding areas makes it a relatively flood free physiographic unit.[10]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hossain_2-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Several personalities contributed to the discovery and identification of the ruins at Mahasthangarh. Francis Buchanan Hamilton was the first to locate and visit Mahasthangarh in 1808, C.J.O'Donnell, E.V.Westmacott, and Beveridge followed. Alexander Cunningham was the first to identify the place as the capital of Pundravardhana. He visited the site in 1879.[6]On 19 April 2004, The Daily Star reported that locals were looting bricks and valuables from the site. They were also building residences on the site ignoring government regulations.[11]","title":"Discovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wondermondo-9"},{"link_name":"Karatoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatoya_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brochure-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hossain_2-6"},{"link_name":"Dhap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhap"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brochure-2"}],"text":"The citadel (see map alongside), the fortified heart of the ancient city, is rectangular in plan, measuring roughly 1.523 kilometres (0.946 mi) long from north to south, and 1.371 kilometres (0.852 mi) from east to west, with high and wide ramparts in all its wings. Area of the citadel is approximately 185 ha.[9] The Karatoya, once a mighty river but now a small stream, flows on its east.[2]Till the 1920s, when excavations started, the inside of the citadel was higher than the surrounding areas by over 4 metres and was dotted with several straggling elevated pieces of land. The rampart looked like a jungle clad mud rampart with forced openings at several points. The rampart was 11–13 metres (36–43 ft) higher than the surrounding area. At its south-east corner stood a mazhar (holy tomb). A later day mosque (built in 1718–19) was also there.[6]At present there are several mounds and structural vestiges inside the fortifications. Of these a few of note are: Jiat Kunda (well which, according to legends, has life giving power), Mankalir Dhap (place consecrated to Mankali), Parasuramer Basgriha (palace of a king named Parasuram), Bairagir Bhita (palace of a female anchorite), Khodar Pathar Bhita (place of stone bestowed by God), and Munir Ghon (a bastion). There are some gateways at different points: Kata Duar (in the north), Dorab Shah Toran (in the east), Burir Fatak (in the south), and Tamra Dawaza (in the west)[2] At the north-eastern corner there is a flight of steps (a later addition) that goes by the name of Jahajghata. A little beyond Jahajghata and on the banks of the Karatoya is Govinda Bhita (a temple dedicated to Govinda). In front of it is the site museum, displaying some of the representative findings. Beside it is a rest house.","title":"Citadel"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gokul_Medh,_Bogra,_September_2016_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brochure-2"},{"link_name":"Gobhindo Bhita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gobhindo_Bhita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Khulnar Dhap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khulnar_Dhap&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mangalkot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangalkot,_Bogra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Godaibari Dhap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Godaibari_Dhap&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Totaram Panditer Dhap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Totaram_Panditer_Dhap&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Noropotir Dhap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noropotir_Dhap&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xuanzang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuanzang"},{"link_name":"Gokul Medh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokul_Medh"},{"link_name":"Shkonder Dhap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shkonder_Dhap&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brochure-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC_(11).jpg"}],"text":"Gokul Medh, BograBesides the fortified area, there are around a hundred mounds spread over an area with a radius of 9 km. (See map alongside).Excavated mounds:[2]Gobhindo Bhita, a temple close to the north-eastern corner of the citadel\nKhulnar Dhap, a temple 1 km north of the citadel\nMangalkot, a temple 400m south of Khulnar Dhap\nGodaibari Dhap, a temple 1 km south of Khulnar Dhap\nTotaram Panditer Dhap, a monastery 4 km north-west of the citadel\nNoropotir Dhap (Vashu Bihara), a group of monasteries 1 km north-west of Totaram Ponditer Dhap (said to be the place where Po-shi-po Bihara mentioned by Xuanzang (Hieun Tsang) was located)\nGokul Medh (Lokhindorer Bashor Ghor), a temple 3 km south of the citadel\nShkonder Dhap, a temple 2 km south-east of Gokul MedhMajor unexcavated mounds:[2]Shiladebir Ghat\nChunoru Dighi Dhap\nKaibilki Dhap\nJuraintala\nPoroshuramer Shobhabati\nBalai Dhap\nProchir Dhibi\nKanchir Hari Dhibi\nLohonar Dhap\nKhujar Dhap\nDoshatina Dhap\nDhoniker Dhap\nMondirir Dorgah\nBishmordana Dhibi\nMalinar Dhap\nMalpukuria Dhap\nJogir Dhap\nPodmobhatir Dhap\nKanai Dhap\nDulu Mojhir Bhita\nPodda Debhir Bhita\nRastala Dhap\nShoshitola Dhap\nDhonbandhor Dhap\nChader Dhap\nShindinath Dhap\nShalibahon Rajar Kacharibari Dhipi\nKacher Angina\nMongolnather Dhap\nChhoutoTengra/ Babur Dhap/ Kethar Dhap\nentrance of mahasthangarhBoro Tengra/ Shonyashir Dhap","title":"Suburb of the citadel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Systematic archaeological excavation of Mahasthangarh was first started in 1928–29 under the guidance of K.N.Dikshit of the Archaeological Survey of India. The areas around Jahajghata, Munir Ghon and Bairagir Bhita were explored. Excavation was resumed in 1934–36 at Bairagir Bhita and Govinda Bhita. Excavation was carried out in 1960s around the Mazhar, Parasuramer Prasad, Mankalir Dhap, Jiat Kunda and in a part of the northern rampart. In the next phase excavation was carried out sporadically in parts of the east and north ramparts but the final report is yet to be published. In the period 1992–98 excavation was conducted in the area lying between Bairagir Bhita and the gateway exposed in 1991 as a Bangla-Franco joint venture, which is now in its second phase with excavation around the mazhar in the western side of the citadel.[12]","title":"Excavations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahasthan_inscription.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brahmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddha_sculpture_in_Mahasthangarh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prakrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrit"},{"link_name":"Brahmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_script"},{"link_name":"Asoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asoka"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"Mughal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Farrukhsiyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrukhsiyar"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hossain_3-13"},{"link_name":"British East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hossain_3-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hossain_3-13"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Avalokiteśvara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hossain_3-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brochure-2"}],"text":"The Mauryan period Mahasthan inscription in Brahmi, recording a land grant.[4]Buddha SculptureThe excavations have led to the recovery of a large number of items, a few of which are listed here.Inscriptions: A 4.4 cm x 5.7 cm limestone slab bearing six lines in Prakrit in Brahmi script, discovered accidentally by a day labourer in 1931 was an important find. The text appears to be a royal order of Magadh, possibly during the rule of Asoka. It dates the antiquity of Mahasthangarh to 3rd century BC. An Arabic inscriptional slab of 1300–1301 discovered in 1911–12 mentions the erection of a tomb in honour of Numar Khan, who was a Meer-e-Bahar (lieutenant of the naval fleet). A Persian inscriptional slab of 1718–19 records the construction of a mosque during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar.[13]Coins: Silver punch marked coins are datable to a period between the 4th century BC and the 1st–2nd century AD. Some uninscribed copper cast coins have been found. Two Gupta period coins have been reported from a nearby village named Vamanpara. A number of coins belonging to the sultans of 14th–15th century and British East India Company have been found.[13]Ceramics: Mostly represented by a vast number of shards.[13]Sculpture: A 5th century Buddha stone sculpture recovered from Vasu Vihara, a Lokesvara stone sculpture showing blending of Vishnu and Avalokiteśvara, salvaged from neighbouring Namuja village, a number sandstone door-frames, pillars and lintels (datable to 5th–12th century), numerous Buddha bronze sculpture datable to 10th–11th century, a terracotta Surya discovered at Mankalir Bhita, and numerous other pieces.[13]Terracotta Plaques: A number of terracotta plaques have been discovered.Many of these are on display in the site museum, which is open Sunday to Thursday summer:10 am to 6 pm, winter:9 am to 5 pm. Recess:1–2 pm, Friday recess is from 12.30 to 2.30, opens at 9 am in summer, other timings same. Summer timings 1 April to 30 September, winter timings 1 October to 30 March.[2] Books on Mahasthangarh and other archaeological sites in Bangladesh (in Bengali and English) are available at the ticket counter for the site museum.","title":"Movable antiquities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Highlights of some excavated sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hossain_4-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hossain_4-14"},{"link_name":"Pala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_Empire"},{"link_name":"British East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hossain_4-14"},{"link_name":"Ganesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha"},{"link_name":"Garuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hossain_4-14"},{"link_name":"Bangla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hossain_4-14"}],"sub_title":"Inside the citadel","text":"Bairagir Bhita: Constructed/ reconstructed in four periods: 4th–5th century AD, 6th–7th century, 9th–10th century, and 11th century. Excavations have revealed impoverished base ruins resembling temples. Two sculptured sandstone pillars have been recovered.[14]Khodarpathar Bhita: Some pieces of stone carved with transcendent Buddha along with devotees in anjali (kneeling with folded hands) recovered.[14]Parasuramer Prasad: Contains remains of three occupation periods – 8th century AD findings include stone Visnupatta of Pala period, 15th- 16th century findings include some glazed shreds of Muslim origin, and the third period has revealed two coins of the British East India Company issued in 1835 and 1853.[14]Mankalir Dhap: terracotta plaques, bronze Ganesha, bronze Garuda etc. were discovered. Base ruins of a 15-domed mosque (15th–16th century) was revealed.[14]Bangla-Franco joint venture: Excavations have revealed 18 archaeological layers, ranging from 5th century BC to 12th century AD, until virgin soil at a depth of around 17 m.[14]","title":"Highlights of some excavated sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hossain_4-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hossain_4-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Narapatir_Dhap,_Vasu_Bihar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Xuanzang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuanzang"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hossain_4-14"},{"link_name":"Lakshmindara-Behula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chand_Sadagar#Lakshmindara_and_Behula"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hossain_4-14"},{"link_name":"Kartika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartikeya"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hossain_4-14"},{"link_name":"Chand Sadagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chand_Sadagar"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hossain_4-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC_(34).jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"R. C. Majumdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._C._Majumdar"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Outside the citadel","text":"Govinda Bhita: Situated 185 m north-east of Jahajghata and opposite the site museum. Remains dated from 3rd century BC to 15th century AD. Base remains of two temples have been exposed.[14]Totaram Panditer Dhap: Situated in the village Vihara, about 6 km north-west of the citadel. Structural remains of a damaged monastery have been exposed.[14]Narapatir Dhap (Vasu Bihar)Narapatir Dhap: Situated in the village Basu Vihara, 1.5 km north-west of Totaram Panditer Dhap. Base remains of two monasteries and a temple have been exposed. Cunningham identified this place as the one visited by Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang) in the 7th century AD.[14]Gokul Medh: Also known as Behular Basar Ghar or Lakshindarer Medh, situated in the village Gokul, 3 km to the south of the citadel, off the Bogra-Rangpur road, connected by a narrow motorable road about 1 km. Excavations in 1934–36 revealed a terraced podium with 172 rectangular blind cells. It is dated 6th–7th century. Local mythology associates it with legendary Lakshmindara-Behula. The village Gokul also has several other mound Kansr Dhap has been excavated.[14]Skandher Dhap: Situated in village Baghopara on the Bogra-Rangpur road, 3.5 km to the south of the citadel, a sandstone Kartika was found and structural vestiges of a damaged building were revealed. It is believed to be the remains of Skandha Mandira (temple consecrated to Kartika), mentioned in Karatoya mahatmya, as well as Kalhan's Rajatarangin, written in 1149–50. There also are references to Skandhnagara as a suburb of Pundranagara. Baghopara village has three other mounds.[14]Khulnar Dhap: Situated in village Chenghispur, 700 m west of the north-west corner of the citadel has revealed remains of a temple. The mound is named after Khullana, wife of Chand Sadagar.[14]From the present findings it can be deduced that there was a city called Pundravardhana at Mahasthangarh with a vast suburb around it, on all sides except the east, where the once mighty Karatoya used to flow. It is evident that the suburbs of Pundravardhana extended at least to Baghopara on the south-west, Gokul on the south, Vamanpara on the west, and Sekendrabad on the north.[15] However, the plan of the city and much of its history are still to be revealed.[16]a distance view of mahasthangarh wallBhimer Jangal This well-known embankment starts from the north-east corner of Bogra town and proceeds northwards for about 30 miles to a marshy place called Damukdaher bit, under police station Govindaganj (Rangpur District) and it is said, goes oil to Ghoraghat. It is made of the red earth of the locality and retains at places even now a height of 20 feet above the level of the country. There is a break ill it of over three miles from Daulatpur (north west of Mahasthan-garh) to Hazaradighi (south-west, of it). About a mile south of Hazradighi. the stream Subil approaches the jangal and runs alongside it down to Bogra town.Some people think that the Subil is a moat formed by digging the earth for the jangal but as there is no embankment on the northern reach of the Subil now called the Ato nala. which merges in the Kalidaha bil; north of Mahasthan-garh O'Donnell was probably right in saying that the Subil represents the western of the two branches into which the Karatoya divided above Mahasthan.On the Bogra-Hazradighi section of the jangal, there are two cross embankments running down to the Karatoya, about 2 miles and 4 miles respectively north of Bogra town and there is a diagonal embankment connecting these cross bonds and then running along the Karatoya until it meets the main embankment near Bogra.This jangal or embankment appears to have been of a military character, thrown up to protect the country on its east. The break roar Mahasthan may be due to the embankment having been washed away or to the existence of natural protection by the bit.The Bhima to whom the embankment is ascribed may be the Kaivarta chief of the eleventh century who according to the Ramcharitam ruled over Varendra in succession to his father Rudraka and uncle Divyoka, who had ousted king Mahipala II of the Pala, dynasty. Bhima in his turn was defeated in battle and billed by Ramapala. Mahipala's son.[citation needed]Jogir Bhaban South west of Bagtahali (beyond Chak Bariapara) and some 3 miles west of the khetlal road is a settlement of the Natha sect of Saiva sannyasis, known as Yogir-bhavan, forming the eastern section of Arora village. An account of this settlement is given by Beveridge, J.:1.S.T., 1878; p. 94. It occupies about so, bighas of land and forms the headquarters of the sect. of which there are branches at Yogigopha and Gorakh-kui, both in the Dinajpur District, the former in its south-west part some 5 miles west of Paharpur, J.A.S.B.1875, p. 189, and the latter in its north-west part some 4 miles west of Nekmardan.The shrines at Yogir-bhavan are situated in the south-west corner of an en¬closure or-math. One of them called Dharmma-dungi, bears a brick inscription, reading scrvva-siddha sana 1148 Sri Suphala ... (the year =1741 A.D.). 'In front of it is another shrine called 'Gadighar,' where a fire is kept burn at all hours.\nOutside the enclose are four temples, dedicated respectively to Kalabhai¬rava, Sarvamangala Durga and Gorakshanatha. The Kalabhairava temple contains a diva linga and bears a brick inscription reading Sri Ramasiddha sana 1173 sala (=1766 A.D.) ample Sri Jayanatha Nara-Narayana. The Sarva¬mangala temple contains three images of Hara-Gauri, one of Mahishamardini, a fragment of an Ashta-matrika slab, a fragment of a three-faced female figure probably Ushnishavijava (Sadhanamala; II. pl. XIV) and a four-armed female figure playing on a vina (evidently Sarasvati, but worshipped here as Sarva¬ mangala). Over the entrance is a brick inscription reading 1089 Meher Natha sadaka sri Abhirama Mehetara (the year =1681 A.D.). In the Durga temple is a stone image of Chamunda, and in the Gorakshanatha one, a Siva lihga. There are three brick built samadhis near the latter temple.[citation needed]Arora South-west of the Dadhisugar and standing on the Masandighi, in Arora village; is Salvan Rajar bari referred to under Baghahali. This Silvan may possibly be the same as king Salavahan, son of Sahila-deva of the Chamba inscription who won the title of Kari-ghata-varsha (= hunjara-ghata-varsha ?) (R. C. Majumdar, vange kambojadhikara,' vanga-rani, Chaitara, 1330.B.S.p. 251, ind. Ant, XVII.pp. 7–13). Beveridge refers to this mound in JA.S.B., 1878, p 95.This name of Sahila seems, to occur again in Sahiladitya lakshmam in v. 10 of the Silimpllr inscription (Ep. Ind, XIII, p. 291). If this identification is correct, then the word kaunjanraghatacarshcna in the Bangarh stone inscription (Gauda-raja-mala, p. 35) is really the title or virudha of the Gudapati of the Kumboja family and not the date of the inscription.[citation needed]Teghar North of Chandnia that the road skirts the bil and comes to Teghar village Which juts out into the bil 'Near about here are several mounds; such as Naras¬patir dhap. Kacher Angina (or glazed courtyard, a term applied to many ruins in these parts) etc. The biggest of these mounds, Mangal-nather dhap, (Fig. 6) is situated close to the point, from which a road branches off to Bihar. It is said that terracotta plaques as well as stone images were found at this site, but were all consigned to the neighbouring dighi.[citation needed]Rojakpur Proceeding westward along the road from Gokul to Haripur, we pass into the western arm of the latter village, already referred to. and meet the Bogra¬ Khetlal road near the Chandnia hat. West of Haripur and south of the Somrai bil is the village of Rojakpur, into which, as already stated, the elevated ground from Chandnia hat extends. On this ground are two mounds called respectively Chandbhita. (probably referring to the Manasa legend) and Dhanbhandar. A little further west is another mound called Singhinath Dhap.[citation needed]Mathura East of Bumanpara and extending up to the garh on the east and the Kalidaha bill on the north, is the village of Mathura, in Which there are several tank and on a ridge overlooking the Gilatala moat, two mounds called Parasuramer Sabhabati and Yogir Dhap.[citation needed]","title":"Highlights of some excavated sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saving Our Vanishing Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saving_Our_Vanishing_Heritage"},{"link_name":"Global Heritage Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Heritage_Fund"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In a 2010 report titled Saving Our Vanishing Heritage, Global Heritage Fund identified Mahasthangarh as one of 12 worldwide sites most \"On the Verge\" of irreparable loss and damage, citing insufficient management (poor water drainage in particular) and looting as primary causes.[17]","title":"Threats to Mahasthangarh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shah Sultan Balkhi Mahisawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Balkhi"},{"link_name":"fakir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakir"},{"link_name":"Balkh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkh"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_(bird)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hossain_1-7"}],"text":"There is a local legend that Shah Sultan Balkhi Mahisawar arrived at Pundravardhana in the garb of a fakir (mystic holy pedlar of Islamic philosophy) riding a fish. (Mahisawar is Persian word meaning a 'person who rides a fish'). He came from Balkh in Afghanistan with a retinue. The period of his arrival is variably put at 5th century AD, 11th century AD and 17th century AD. At that time there was a king named Parasuram with his seat and palace in Mahasthangarh. Mahisawar requested Parasuram for a piece of land to spread his prayer mat on which he could pray. The request was granted but the prayer mat started expanding as soon as it was laid on the ground. When the prayer mat reached the area around the palace bewildered Parasuram declared war. In the beginning the battle seemed to be favouring Parasuram. A scavenger Harapala informed Mahisawar that it was difficult to defeat the royal troops because of the pool called Jiat Kunda. A dead soldier bathed in the waters of Jiat Kunda came back to life. On knowing this Mahisawar asked a kite to drop a piece of beef in Jiat Kunda. When this was done, the pool lost its powers. The royal troops were on the verge of defeat. The commander of the royal troops, Chilhan, with a large number of his followers, went over to Mahisawar. Thereafter Parasuram and many members of the royal family committed suicide.[7] There are many variations of this anecdote, some of which are sold in Bengali booklets in and around Mahasthangarh/Pundravardhana.","title":"Anecdote"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Somapura Mahavihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somapura_Mahavihara"},{"link_name":"Naogaon District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naogaon_District"},{"link_name":"Mainamati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainamati"},{"link_name":"Comilla District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comilla_District"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lonelyplanet-8"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Pandu Rajar Dhibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandu_Rajar_Dhibi"},{"link_name":"Ajay River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajay_River"},{"link_name":"Bardhaman district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardhaman_district"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Chandraketugarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandraketugarh"},{"link_name":"24 Parganas South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Parganas_South"},{"link_name":"Murshidabad district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murshidabad_district"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Mahasthangarh dates back to at least 3rd century BC and is acknowledged as the earliest city-site discovered thus far in Bangladesh. Somapura Mahavihara at Paharpur in Naogaon District was once the biggest Buddhist monastery south of the Himalayas. It dates from the 8th century AD. Mainamati ruins in Comilla District date back to 6th–13th centuries AD.[8] In neighbouring West Bengal, the ruins of Pandu Rajar Dhibi on the banks of the Ajay River in Bardhaman district date back to 2000 BC. However, this recent archaeological discovery has not yet been properly studied by outside experts and specialists in this field, and as such the historical value of many of the statements must be considered as uncertain.[18] The ruins at Chandraketugarh in 24 Parganas South and Rajbadidanga in Murshidabad district date back to the early years of the Christian era.[19]","title":"Some antiquity comparisons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vasu Vihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasu_Vihara"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Somapura Vihara\nHalud Vihara\nVasu Vihara\nAnanda Vihara\nSitakot Vihara[20]","title":"Buddhist Viharas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahasthangarh,_Bogra,_September_2016_09.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BD_Mahasthangarh5.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mankalir_Mound_(17).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BD_Mahasthangarh6.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Place_of_parshuram_(42).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahasthangar_Karotoa_River_Bogra_Bangladesh.JPG"},{"link_name":"Karatoya River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatoya_River"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gokul_Medh,_Bogra,_September_2016_28.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahasthangar_Gokul_Medh_Bogra_Bangladesh.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gokul_Medh,_Bogra,_September_2016_18.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahasthangarh,_Bogra.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahasthanghor_bogra.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Govinda_Bhita,_Mahasthangarh,_Bogra,_September_2016_05.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahasthangar_Govinda_Bhita_Bogra_Bangladesh.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Govinda_Bhita_(6).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahasthangar_Museum_Bogra_Bangladesh_(3).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahasthangar_Museum_Bogra_Bangladesh_(6).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahasthangar_Museum_Bogra_Bangladesh_(7).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palace_of_Parshuram,_Mahasthangarh,_Bogra,_September_2016_06.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Totaram_Panditer_Dhap_(16).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahasthangar_Museum_Bogra_Bangladesh_(11).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shiva_Lingam_with_Gauripatta_at_Mahasthangarh_Museum.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC_(3).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC_(33).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC_(24).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC_(40).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC_(32).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC_(39).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC_(2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC_(7).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mahasthangarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mahasthangarh"}],"text":"Boundary wall of Mahasthangarh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOrnamental stone carving on display at Mahasthangarh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMankalir Mound\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGovinda Bhita just outside the Mahasthangarh citadel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPlace of Parshuram\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKaratoya River by the Mahasthangarh citadel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLakshindar Behular Basar Ghar at Gokul\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGokul Medh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGokul Medh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMahasthangarh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMahasthangarh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGovinda Vita\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGovinda Vita\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGovinda Vita\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMahasthangarh Museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMahasthangarh Museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMahasthangarh Museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPlace of Parshuram\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBihar Dhap\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMahasthangarh Museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMahasthangarh Museummahasthangarh wall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tresort of mahashangarh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\twall of mahasthangarh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tmahasthangarh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tdistance view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tmahasthangarh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMahasthangarh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tmahasthangarh wallWikimedia Commons has media related to Mahasthangarh.","title":"Gallery"}]

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[{"title":"Kantajew Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantajew_Temple"},{"title":"Shahbaz Khan Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahbaz_Khan_Mosque"},{"title":"Shona Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shona_Mosque"},{"title":"Bagha Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagha_Mosque"},{"title":"Khan Mohammad Mridha Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Mohammad_Mridha_Mosque"},{"title":"Sixty Dome Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixty_Dome_Mosque"},{"title":"Saat Masjid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saat_Masjid"},{"title":"Lalbagh Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalbagh_Fort"}]

[{"reference":"Hossain, Md. Mosharraf (2006). \"Preface\". Mahasthan: Anecdote to History. Dhaka: Dibyaprakash. ISBN 978-984-483-245-9. Mahasthan is the earliest urban archaeological site so far discovered in the present territory of ... Bangladesh","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-984-483-245-9","url_text":"978-984-483-245-9"}]},{"reference":"Majumdar, R. C. (1971). History of Ancient Bengal. Calcutta: G. Bhardwaj & Co. pp. 5, 13. OCLC 961157849.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._C._Majumdar","url_text":"Majumdar, R. C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/961157849","url_text":"961157849"}]},{"reference":"Sastri, Hirananda (1931). Epigraphia Indica vol.21. pp. 83–89.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.9580","url_text":"Epigraphia Indica vol.21"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.9580/page/n119","url_text":"83"}]},{"reference":"\"Mahasthangarh\". Wondermondo.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/As/Bangladesh/Rajshahi/Mahasthangarh.htm","url_text":"\"Mahasthangarh\""}]},{"reference":"Chowdhury, Sifatul Quader (2012). \"Mahasthangarh, Physical Setup\". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mahasthangarh,_Physical_Setup","url_text":"\"Mahasthangarh, Physical Setup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajul_Islam","url_text":"Islam, Sirajul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh","url_text":"Asiatic Society of Bangladesh"}]},{"reference":"Ali, Anwar; Rahman, Hasibur. \"Plunderers destroy Mahasthan Garh\". The Daily Star. Retrieved 18 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/04/19/d4041901044.htm","url_text":"\"Plunderers destroy Mahasthan Garh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Global Heritage in the Peril: Sites on the Verge\". Global Heritage Fund. Archived from the original on 20 August 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120820022935/http://globalheritagefund.org/index.php/what_we_do/sites_on_the_verge/","url_text":"\"Global Heritage in the Peril: Sites on the Verge\""},{"url":"http://globalheritagefund.org/index.php/what_we_do/sites_on_the_verge/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Le, Huu Phuoc (2010). Buddhist Architecture. Grafikol. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-9844043-0-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA71","url_text":"Buddhist Architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9844043-0-8","url_text":"978-0-9844043-0-8"}]},{"reference":"Alam, Shafiqul (2012). \"Mahasthan\". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mahasthan","url_text":"\"Mahasthan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajul_Islam","url_text":"Islam, Sirajul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh","url_text":"Asiatic Society of Bangladesh"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_M-48

Progress M-48

["1 Launch","2 Docking","3 See also","4 References"]

Russian cargo spacecraft Progress M-48Progress M-48 approaching the ISS.Mission typeISS resupplyOperatorRoskosmosCOSPAR ID2003-039A SATCAT no.27873Mission duration152 days Spacecraft propertiesSpacecraft typeProgress-M s/n 248ManufacturerRKK Energia Start of missionLaunch date29 August 2003, 01:47:59 UTCRocketSoyuz-ULaunch siteBaikonur, Site 1/5 End of missionDisposalDeorbitedDecay date28 January 2004, 13:57:12 UTC Orbital parametersReference systemGeocentricRegimeLow EarthPerigee altitude253 kmApogee altitude347 kmInclination51.6°Period90.5 minutesEpoch29 August 2003 Docking with ISSDocking portZvezda aftDocking date31 August 2003, 03:40:45 UTCUndocking date28 January 2004, 08:35:56 UTCTime docked150 days CargoMass2600 kg Progress ISS Resupply← Progress M1-10Progress M1-11 →  Progress M-48 (Russian: Прогресс М-48), identified by NASA as Progress 12P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station. It was a Progress-M 11F615A55 spacecraft, with the serial number 248. Launch Progress M-48 was launched by a Soyuz-U carrier rocket from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Launch occurred at 01:47:59 UTC on 29 August 2003. Docking The spacecraft docked with the aft port of the Zvezda module at 03:40:45 UTC on 31 August. It remained docked for 150 days before undocking at 08:35:56 UTC on 28 January 2004 to make way for Progress M1-11. It was deorbited at 13:11 UTC on the same day. The spacecraft burned up in the atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean, with any remaining debris landing in the ocean at around 13:57:12 UTC. Progress M-48 carried supplies to the International Space Station, including food, water and oxygen for the crew and equipment for conducting scientific research. See also Spaceflight portal List of Progress flights Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station References ^ a b McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 6 June 2009. ^ a b c d Anikeev, Alexander. "Cargo spacecraft "Progress M-48"". Manned Astronautics - Figures and Facts. Archived from the original on 18 October 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2009. ^ Wade, Mark. "Progress M". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2009. ^ Zak, Anatoly. "Progress cargo ship". RussianSpaceWeb. Retrieved 6 June 2009. ^ McDowell, Jonathan. "Satellite Catalog". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 6 June 2009. vteProgress spacecraftVersions Progress 7K-TG Progress-M Progress-M1 Progress-MS Custom versions M-SO1 M-MIM2 M-UM Missions1970s 1978 Progress 1 2 3 4 1979 5 6 7 1980s 1980 Progress 8 9 10 11 1981 12 1982 13 14 15 16 1983 17 18 1984 19 20 21 22 23 1985 24 Kosmos 1669 1986 25 26 1987 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 1988 34 35 36 37 38 39 1989 40 41 M-1 M-2 1990s 1990 Progress M-3 42 M-4 M-5 1991 M-6 M-7 M-8 M-9 M-10 1992 M-11 M-12 M-13 M-14 M-15 1993 M-16 M-17 M-18 M-19 M-20 1994 M-21 M-22 M-23 M-24 M-25 1995 M-26 M-27 M-28 M-29 M-30 1996 M-31 M-32 M-33 1997 M-34 M-35 M-36 M-37 1998 M-38 M-39 M-40 1999 M-41 M-42 2000s 2000 Progress M1-1 M1-2 M1-3 M-43 M1-4 2001 M1-5 M-44 M1-6 M-45 M-SO1 M1-7 2002 M1-8 M-46 M1-9 2003 M-47 M1-10 M-48 2004 M1-11 M-49 M-50 M-51 2005 M-52 M-53 M-54 M-55 2006 M-56 M-57 M-58 2007 M-59 M-60 M-61 M-62 2008 M-63 M-64 M-65 M-01M 2009 M-66 M-02M M-67 M-03M M-MIM2 2010s 2010 Progress M-04M M-05M M-06M M-07M M-08M 2011 M-09M M-10M M-11M M-12M† M-13M 2012 M-14M M-15M M-16M M-17M 2013 M-18M M-19M M-20M M-21M 2014 M-22M M-23M M-24M M-25M 2015 M-26M M-27M† M-28M M-29M MS-01 2016 MS-02 MS-03 MS-04† 2017 MS-05 MS-06 MS-07 2018 MS-08 MS-09 MS-10 2019 MS-11 MS-12 MS-13 2020s 2020 MS-14 MS-15 2021 MS-16 MS-17 MS-18 M-UM 2022 MS-19 MS-20 MS-21 2023 MS-22 MS-23 MS-24 MS-25 2024 MS-26 MS-27 Future 2024 MS-28 See also List of Progress missions Uncrewed spaceflights to Mir Uncrewed spaceflights to the ISS Signs † indicate launch or spacecraft failures. vteUncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station See also: {{Crewed ISS flights}} {{ISS expeditions}} 2000–2004 2000 2R / Zvezda 1P 2P 3P 2001 4P 5P SO1 / Pirs 6P 2002 7P 8P 9P 2003 10P 11P 12P 2004 13P 14P 15P 16P 2005–2009 2005 17P 18P 19P 20P 2006 21P 22P 23P 2007 24P 25P 26P 27P 2008 28P ATV-1 29P 30P 31P 2009 32P 33P 34P HTV-1 35P MIM2 / Poisk 2010–2014 2010 36P 37P 38P 39P 40P 2011 HTV-2 41P ATV-2 42P 43P 44P† 45P 2012 46P ATV-3 47P SpX-D HTV-3 48P SpX-1 49P 2013 50P SpX-2 51P ATV-4 52P HTV-4 Orb-D1 53P 2014 Orb-1 54P 55P SpX-3 Orb-2 56P ATV-5 SpX-4 Orb-3† 57P 2015–2019 2015 SpX-5 58P SpX-6 59P† SpX-7† 60P HTV-5 61P OA-4 62P 2016 OA-6 63P SpX-8 64P SpX-9 OA-5 65P† HTV-6 2017 SpX-10 66P OA-7 SpX-11 67P SpX-12 68P OA-8E SpX-13 2018 69P SpX-14 OA-9E SpX-15 70P HTV-7 71P NG-10 SpX-16 2019 SpX-DM1 72P NG-11 SpX-17 SpX-18 73P 60S HTV-8 NG-12 SpX-19 74P Boe-OFT† 2020–2024 2020 NG-13 SpX-20 75P HTV-9 76P NG-14 SpX-21 2021 77P NG-15 SpX-22 78P Nauka NG-16 SpX-23 79P M-UM / Prichal SpX-24 2022 80P NG-17 Boe-OFT 2 81P SpX-25 82P NG-18 SpX-26 2023 83P SpX-27 84P SpX-28 NG-19 85P SpX-29 86P 2024 NG-20 87P SpX-30 88P Future 2024 SNC Demo-1 NG-21 SpX-31 89P 2025 HTV-X1 SNC-1 Spacecraft Roscosmos Progress ESA ATV (past) JAXA HTV NASA CRS SpaceX Dragon 1 (past) SpaceX Dragon 2 Northrop Grumman Cygnus Sierra Nevada Dream Chaser (future) Ongoing spaceflights in underline Future spaceflights in italics † - mission failed to reach ISS vte← 2002Orbital launches in 20032004 →January Coriolis ICESat, CHIPSat STS-107 (SpaceHab RDM, EDO) SORCE USA-166, XSS-10 February Progress M-47 Intelsat 907 March USA-167 IGS-1A, IGS-1B USA-168 April Molniya-1 No.92 USA-169 INSAT-3A, Galaxy 12 AsiaSat-4 Kosmos 2397 Soyuz TMA-2 GALEX May GSAT-2 Hayabusa (Minerva) Hellas Sat 2 Beidou 1C June Mars Express (Beagle 2) Kosmos 2398 AMC-9 Progress M1-10 Thuraya 2 Spirit Optus and Defence C1, BSAT-2c Molniya-3 No.53 Orbview-3 Monitor-E GVM, MIMOSA, DTUSat, MOST, Cute-I, QuakeSat, AAU-Cubesat, CanX-1, Cubesat XI-IV July Opportunity Rainbow 1 August EchoStar IX Kosmos 2399 SCISAT-1 Kosmos 2400, Kosmos 2401 Spitzer Progress M-48 USA-170 September USA-171 / Orion 5 UK-DMC, BILSAT-1, STSat-1 e-Bird, INSAT-3E, SMART-1 October Galaxy 13/Horizons-1 Shenzhou 5 Resourcesat-1 Soyuz TMA-3 USA-172 CBERS-2, Chuang Xin 1 SERVIS-1 November FSW-3 1 Shen Tong 1 Yamal-201, Yamal-202 IGS-2A, IGS-2B December USA-173 Gruzomaket Kosmos 2402, Kosmos 2403, Kosmos 2404 USA-174 USA-175 Amos-2 Ekspress AM22 Tan Ce 1 Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses). This article about one or more spacecraft of the Russian Federation is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"Spaceflight portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight"},{"title":"List of Progress flights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Progress_flights"},{"title":"Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncrewed_spaceflights_to_the_International_Space_Station"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Terror

Timber Terror

["1 References","2 External links"]

Coordinates: 47°54′16″N 116°42′34″W / 47.90444°N 116.70944°W / 47.90444; -116.70944Amusement ride This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Timber Terror" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Timber TerrorSilverwood Theme ParkLocationSilverwood Theme ParkCoordinates47°54′16″N 116°42′34″W / 47.90444°N 116.70944°W / 47.90444; -116.70944StatusOperatingOpening date1996General statisticsTypeWoodManufacturerCustom Coasters InternationalDesignerGary NortonTrack layoutOut and BackHeight85 ft (26 m)Length2,700 ft (820 m)Speed55 mph (89 km/h)Duration1:32Height restriction42 in (107 cm)Timber Terror at RCDB Timber Terror is a wooden roller coaster located at Silverwood Theme Park in Athol, Idaho. Originally, the ride had been called Grizzly, but the park had to change the name to Timber Terror in 1997 to avoid litigation and confusion with the wooden roller coasters of the same name at California's Great America and Kings Dominion. Rocky Mountain Construction founder, Fred Grubb, assisted with the initial construction of the ride. The ride was designed by park owner and founder, Gary Norton. Similar to the park's larger wooden coaster Tremors, the design was finalized by Custom Coasters International and the ride was constructed in house. In 2007, Apple released a new version of its Photo Booth application for Macintosh computers as part of Mac OS X "Leopard". This update included looping footage of a portion of the coaster as a novelty video backdrop, which remained part of Photo Booth on every Mac until video backdrops were removed in 2019's release of "Catalina". Even on Catalina, the video of Timber Terror can still be found in its original location in the System folder (within "Compositions," inside the Library folder) on every current Mac computer. Although the backdrop was first released in 2007, the video includes visible "Grizzly" signage indicating it was actually filmed ten years prior in 1996-7. On September 26, 2010, Timber Terror soft opened to the public with a reversed train as part of the park's annual Scarywood Haunted Nights event. It has run in reverse for Scarywood and the last weekend in September since. Starting in 2022, Timber Terror has also been partially retracked with RMC's new 208 RetraK. References ^ "Clients & Portfolio". Rocky Mountain Construction. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2013. ^ "Silverwood Theme Park on Instagram: "Timber Terror AND Tremors are getting some new track this offseason 😍"". External links The ride's homepage vteSilverwood Theme Park roller coastersOperating roller coasters Aftershock Corkscrew Stunt Pilot Timber Terror Tiny Toot Tremors Kiddie Coaster vteCustom Coasters International roller coastersOperating roller coasters Kingdom Coaster Outlaw Hoosier Hurricane Zach's Zoomer Cyclops The Raven Great White Megafobia Pegasus Timber Terror Underground Tonnerre 2 Zeus Stampida Tomahawk Zeus Shivering Timbers Rampage Excalibur GhostRider Silver Comet Tremors The Boss The Legend Boulder Dash Cornball Express Lost Coaster of Superstition Mountain New Mexico Rattler Defunct roller coasters Cannonball Run Cheetah Hurricane: Category 5 Medusa Mega Zeph Villain Twisted Twins

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Popovi%C4%87

Oliver Popović

["1 Playing career","2 Coaching career","3 References"]

Serbian basketball player and coach Oliver PopovićPersonal informationBorn (1970-03-18) 18 March 1970 (age 54)Titovo Užice, SR Serbia, SFR YugoslaviaNationalitySerbianListed height2.00 m (6 ft 7 in)Career informationNBA draft1992: undraftedPlaying career1986–2005PositionSmall forwardCoaching career2005–presentCareer historyAs player:1986–1991Partizan1991–1992Infos RTM1992–1993Borac Čačak1993–1995Spartak Subotica1995–1997Beobanka1997–1999Crvena zvezda1999–2000Beobanka2000–2001Lokomotiv Rostov2001–2003UNICS Kazan2003–2005MaroussiAs coach:2005Avala Ada2005–2006Tamiš2006–2007Mega Ishrana2007–2008Vizura2008–2009Khimik2012–2014Vršac2015–2016SCM U Craiova2016–2017Napredak Kruševac2017Dynamic2018–2020Novi Pazar2020–2022Sloboda Užice Career highlights and awards Serbian League Cup winner (2019) Medals Representing Yugoslavia European Championship for Cadets 1987 Hungary Team Oliver Popović (Serbian Cyrillic: Оливер Поповић; born 18 March 1970) is a Serbian professional basketball coach and former player. Playing career He was a Yugoslav champion (1987, 1989, and 1998) and Cup holder (1989), silver medalist of Russian (2002) and Greek (2004) basketball championships; bronze medalist of 1988 European Champions' Cup, winner of 1989 Korać Cup and 2003 NEBL; finalist of the 2004 FIBA Euroleague. Coaching career On 7 August 2017, Popović was named a head coach of the Belgrade team Dynamic. On 19 December, he parted ways with Dynamic. On 21 June 2018, Popović became the head coach for Novi Pazar of the Basketball League of Serbia. He left Novi Pazar after the 2019–20 season. On 1 November 2020, Popović was hired as the new head coach for his hometown team Sloboda Užice. On 19 November 2022, Popović became the head coach of UNICS Kazan youth team. References ^ UMESTO MUTE: Oliver Popović trener Dinamika (in Serbian) ^ "Dynamic VIP PAY part ways with Oliver Popović and appoint Miroslav Nikolić as new head coach". druga.aba-liga.com. Retrieved 19 December 2017. ^ "Oliver Popović novi trener košarkaša Novog Pazara". novosti.rs. Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ "Popović preuzeo Slobodu, Lučić se iz Užica seli na klupu Vršca". mozzartsport.com. Retrieved 3 November 2020. ^ "Popović novi šef stručnog štaba KK Sloboda". radioluna.rs. Retrieved 3 November 2020. vtePartizan 1988–89 FIBA Korać Cup champions Divac Đorđević Danilović Paspalj Nakić Obradović Popović Savović Pecarski Vujačić Mutavdžić Orcev Prlinčević Lakićević Bosanac Parežanin Coach: Vujošević vteCrvena zvezda 1997–98 Winston YUBA League Champions 4 Igor Perović 5 Vojkan Benčić 6 Igor Rakočević 7 Vladimir Radmanović 9 Jovo Stanojević 10 Zlatko Bolić 11 Milenko Topić 12 Vladimir Kuzmanović 13 Oliver Popović 14 Dejan Mišković 15 Željko Topalović Dalibor Stupar Dušan Macura Head coach: Mihailo Pavićević Assistant coach: Aleksandar Petrović Ranko Žeravica Conditioning coach: Aleksandar Lukman This biographical article relating to Serbian sport is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"}],"text":"Oliver Popović (Serbian Cyrillic: Оливер Поповић; born 18 March 1970) is a Serbian professional basketball coach and former player.","title":"Oliver Popović"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Champions' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_European_Champions_Cup"},{"link_name":"Korać Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kora%C4%87_Cup"},{"link_name":"NEBL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_European_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"FIBA Euroleague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroChallenge"}],"text":"He was a Yugoslav champion (1987, 1989, and 1998) and Cup holder (1989), silver medalist of Russian (2002) and Greek (2004) basketball championships; bronze medalist of 1988 European Champions' Cup, winner of 1989 Korać Cup and 2003 NEBL; finalist of the 2004 FIBA Euroleague.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Dynamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Dynamic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Novi Pazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OKK_Novi_Pazar"},{"link_name":"Basketball League of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_League_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sloboda Užice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Sloboda_U%C5%BEice"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"UNICS Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_UNICS"}],"text":"On 7 August 2017, Popović was named a head coach of the Belgrade team Dynamic.[1] On 19 December, he parted ways with Dynamic.[2]On 21 June 2018, Popović became the head coach for Novi Pazar of the Basketball League of Serbia.[3] He left Novi Pazar after the 2019–20 season.On 1 November 2020, Popović was hired as the new head coach for his hometown team Sloboda Užice.[4][5]On 19 November 2022, Popović became the head coach of UNICS Kazan youth team.","title":"Coaching career"}]

[]

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[{"Link":"http://sport.blic.rs/kosarka/domaca-kosarka-i-aba/umesto-mute-oliver-popovic-trener-dinamika/tl06y2n","external_links_name":"UMESTO MUTE: Oliver Popović trener Dinamika"},{"Link":"http://druga.aba-liga.com/news.php?id=39415","external_links_name":"\"Dynamic VIP PAY part ways with Oliver Popović and appoint Miroslav Nikolić as new head coach\""},{"Link":"http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/sport.295.html:734249-Oliver-Popovic-novi-trener-kosarkasa-Novog-Pazara","external_links_name":"\"Oliver Popović novi trener košarkaša Novog Pazara\""},{"Link":"https://www.mozzartsport.com/kosarka/vesti/popovic-preuzeo-slobodu-lucic-se-iz-uzica-seli-na-klupu-vrsca/369783","external_links_name":"\"Popović preuzeo Slobodu, Lučić se iz Užica seli na klupu Vršca\""},{"Link":"https://www.radioluna.rs/popovic-novi-sef-strucnog-staba-kk-sloboda/","external_links_name":"\"Popović novi šef stručnog štaba KK Sloboda\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Popovi%C4%87&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolongaro_Trevor

Bolongaro Trevor

["1 References","2 External links"]

Bolongaro Trevor is a fashion brand from Kait Bolongaro and Stuart Trevor, original founders and former designers behind retail group AllSaints. They sold the business to investors in 2016 and now have no association with the brand Bolongaro Trevor was launched by the couple in 2006, after they sold their shares in AllSaints. Thebrand takes design inspiration from Victorian London, as well as vintage military wear. Stuart Trevor attended Nottingham Trent University and graduated in 1988 with a BA in fashion design. Following university he served as head of menswear at Reiss for seven years. before he went on to found AllSaints in 1994. Kait Bolongaro studied at Ravensbourne College of Design and Communication and graduated in 1990, she then subsequently earned an MA in Fashion Design from the Royal College of Art in 1992, following this, she joined Trevor at AllSaints in 1996. The brand is known for its celebrity following with the likes of Daisy Lowe, Gwen Stefani, Courtney Love, Liam Gallagher, Leighton Meester, Helena Bonham Carter, The Who and The Libertines wearing it. The company has previously shown at London Fashion Week in 2010, as well as frequenting the French trade show; Tranoï. The fashion brand now has eight stores, five in London; Old Spitalfields Market, Broadwick Street off Carnaby Street, Westbourne Grove off Portobello Market, Seven Dials and Richmond. They then have subsequent stores in Birmingham, Leeds and Nottingham, with plans as of October 2013 to open further stores across Britain and internationally over the following five years. Bolongaro Trevor has also been stocked in Selfridges, the world-famous department store, as well as internationally in cities such as Tokyo, Paris, Stockholm and New York. Bolongaro & Trevor is now being run by Muhammad Omar Jalil a graduate from London school of Economics. Kait Bolongaro and Stuart Trevor have had no involvement or association with the brand after selling it to the Jalil family in early 2016. The business has achieved a year on year growth of over 66 percent since 2016 and is presently being sold in Europe and US with plans to launch in Middle East. References ^ "Pop star chic is a hit in city". Nottingham Post. 11 January 2014. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2016. ^ Tate, Pam (6 January 2007). "AllSaints founders sign Religion deal | News | Drapers". Drapersonline.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016. ^ a b Oliver, Melinda (26 September 2008). "B+R, London | Shopwatch | Drapers". Drapersonline.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016. ^ "Bolongaro Trevor Flagship Store Launch | F.TAPE | Fashion Directory". Archived from the original on 4 February 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014. ^ Toulson, Gemma (22 November 2013). "Fashion chain branching out in city". Nottingham Post. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2016. ^ Weir, Laura (20 October 2008). "Stuart Trevor". Drapers. ^ "Gavin's Trousers… | Bolongaro Trevor". Archived from the original on 23 August 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2014. ^ Weir, Laura (20 October 2008). "Stuart Trevor | The Drapers Interview | Drapers". Drapersonline.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016. ^ "BOLONGARO TREVOR | Designer". Not Just A Label. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2016. ^ "The Who performing at the Royal Albert Hall dressed in the striped blazer with union jack lining for AW10 Bolongaro Trevor | Bolongaro Trevor". Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014. ^ "Libertines dressed in Bolongaro Trevor for come back gig | Bolongaro Trevor". Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014. ^ "London Fashion Week: Bolongaro Trevor | Blink London Blog". Blinklondon.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016. ^ "Spitalfields Shops - Fabulous Fashions, Gifts & Interiors | Spitalfields Market". Spitalfields.co.uk. 4 March 2015. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2016. ^ "Shopping, Fashion - Carnaby London - - Bolongaro Trevor". Carnaby.co.uk. Retrieved 18 January 2016. ^ "Bolongaro Trevor". Seven Dials. Retrieved 18 January 2016. ^ "Bolongaro Trevor Richmond is Now Open! | Bolongaro Trevor". Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014. ^ "Great Western Arcade Shopping Centre | Birmingham". Archived from the original on 28 January 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014. ^ "Bolongaro Trevor Leeds open 1st Store Outside London". On Magazine. 13 July 2012. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2016. ^ "Store Locator". Bolongaro Trevor. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014. ^ "HNW Investors Help Build The Next Chapter Of A Great British Fashion Brand". Pressat.co.uk. 24 October 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2016. ^ "Bolongaro Trevor, Not Saints | N.O.A". Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014. External links Official website

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllSaints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllSaints"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drapersonline26-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Trent University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Trent_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Reiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiss_(brand)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"AllSaints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllSaints"},{"link_name":"Ravensbourne College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravensbourne_College"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art"},{"link_name":"AllSaints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllSaints"},{"link_name":"Daisy Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Lowe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drapersonline26-3"},{"link_name":"Gwen Stefani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwen_Stefani"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Courtney Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Love"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Liam Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Leighton Meester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leighton_Meester"},{"link_name":"Helena Bonham Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Bonham_Carter"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The Libertines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Libertines"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"London Fashion Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Fashion_Week"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Old Spitalfields Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Spitalfields_Market"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Carnaby Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnaby_Street"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Portobello Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portobello_Market"},{"link_name":"Seven Dials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Dials,_London"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolongaro_Trevor&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Selfridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfridges"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Bolongaro Trevor was launched by the couple in 2006, after they sold their shares in AllSaints.[2]Thebrand takes design inspiration from Victorian London,[3] as well as vintage military wear.[4]Stuart Trevor attended Nottingham Trent University and graduated in 1988 with a BA in fashion design.[5] Following university he served as head of menswear at Reiss for seven years.[6] before he went on to found AllSaints in 1994. Kait Bolongaro studied at Ravensbourne College of Design and Communication and graduated in 1990, she then subsequently earned an MA in Fashion Design from the Royal College of Art in 1992, following this, she joined Trevor at AllSaints in 1996.The brand is known for its celebrity following with the likes of Daisy Lowe,[3] Gwen Stefani,[7] Courtney Love,[8] Liam Gallagher, Leighton Meester, Helena Bonham Carter,[9] The Who[10] and The Libertines[11] wearing it. The company has previously shown at London Fashion Week in 2010,[12] as well as frequenting the French trade show; Tranoï.The fashion brand now has eight stores, five in London; Old Spitalfields Market,[13] Broadwick Street off Carnaby Street,[14] Westbourne Grove off Portobello Market, Seven Dials[15] and Richmond.[16] They then have subsequent stores in Birmingham,[17] Leeds[18] and Nottingham,[19] with plans as of October 2013[update] to open further stores across Britain and internationally over the following five years.[20] Bolongaro Trevor has also been stocked in Selfridges, the world-famous department store, as well as internationally in cities such as Tokyo, Paris, Stockholm and New York.[21]Bolongaro & Trevor is now being run by Muhammad Omar Jalil a graduate from London school of Economics.Kait Bolongaro and Stuart Trevor have had no involvement or association with the brand after selling it to the Jalil family in early 2016.The business has achieved a year on year growth of over 66 percent since 2016 and is presently being sold in Europe and US with plans to launch in Middle East.","title":"Bolongaro Trevor"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guignicourt

Guignicourt

["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]

Coordinates: 49°26′09″N 3°58′00″E / 49.4358°N 3.9667°E / 49.4358; 3.9667You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (December 2008) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Guignicourt}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Part of Villeneuve-sur-Aisne in Hauts-de-France, FranceGuignicourtPart of Villeneuve-sur-AisneTown hall Coat of armsLocation of Guignicourt GuignicourtShow map of FranceGuignicourtShow map of Hauts-de-FranceCoordinates: 49°26′09″N 3°58′00″E / 49.4358°N 3.9667°E / 49.4358; 3.9667CountryFranceRegionHauts-de-FranceDepartmentAisneArrondissementLaonCantonVilleneuve-sur-AisneCommuneVilleneuve-sur-AisneArea117.74 km2 (6.85 sq mi)Population (2021)2,268 • Density130/km2 (330/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal code02190Elevation51–142 m (167–466 ft) (avg. 67 m or 220 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Guignicourt (French pronunciation: ) is a former commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Villeneuve-sur-Aisne. Population Historical populationYearPop.±%19621,312—    19681,411+7.5%19751,917+35.9%19822,002+4.4%19902,008+0.3%19992,203+9.7%20082,134−3.1%20122,169+1.6% See also Communes of the Aisne department References ^ "Populations légales 2021" (PDF) (in French). INSEE. December 2023. ^ Arrêté préfectoral (in French) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guignicourt. Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz area This Laon arrondissement geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bedrosian

Steve Bedrosian

["1 Biography","2 Personal","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

American baseball player Baseball player Steve BedrosianPitcherBorn: (1957-12-06) December 6, 1957 (age 66)Methuen, Massachusetts, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutAugust 14, 1981, for the Atlanta BravesLast MLB appearanceAugust 9, 1995, for the Atlanta BravesMLB statisticsWin–loss record76–79Earned run average3.38Strikeouts921Saves184 Teams Atlanta Braves (1981–1985) Philadelphia Phillies (1986–1989) San Francisco Giants (1989–1990) Minnesota Twins (1991) Atlanta Braves (1993–1995) Career highlights and awards All-Star (1987) World Series champion (1991) NL Cy Young Award (1987) NL Rolaids Relief Man Award (1987) NL saves leader (1987) Stephen Wayne Bedrosian (born December 6, 1957), nicknamed "Bedrock", is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played 14 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), primarily with the Atlanta Braves. He also played for the Philadelphia Phillies, where he won the 1987 National League Cy Young Award, and the Minnesota Twins, where he won the 1991 World Series. He is the father of Cam Bedrosian who played in MLB from 2014 to 2021. Biography At the University of New Haven, Bedrosian put up a career record of 13–3 and 3 saves. He helped the Chargers to a third-place finish in the 1978 Division II College World Series. He was then drafted by the Atlanta Braves in the 1978 MLB draft. In 1985, his only full season as a starter, Bedrosian went 7–15 and set a Major League record for most starts in a single season without a complete game (37). Bedrosian was traded by the Braves to the Phillies in the off-season and was converted to a reliever before the 1986 season. In his first year in relief, he saved 29 games. His best season came in 1987 when he posted a 5–3 record for the Phillies with a 2.83 earned run average, recorded a league-leading 40 saves, and was named the National League Cy Young Award winner. Since Bedrosian, only three other relievers (Mark Davis, Dennis Eckersley and Éric Gagné) have won Cy Young honors. He was traded to the Giants during the 1989 season to help their pennant drive that year. In 1990, he won the Willie Mac Award, voted upon by his teammates, honoring his spirit and leadership (his then two-year-old son Cody was battling leukemia). As a member of the Minnesota Twins, Bedrosian won his only World Series ring in the 1991 World Series, which the Twins won in seven games over his former team, the Atlanta Braves. Personal Currently, Bedrosian resides in Newnan, Georgia, where he served on the Coweta County Board of Education, through 2010, and is an assistant baseball coach at East Coweta High School. In 2008, Bedrosian was inducted into the Coweta Sports Hall of Fame. Bedrosian has also been inducted into the University of New Haven Hall of Fame. Bedrosian is of Armenian descent. He was referenced in the episode "A Very Sunny Christmas" of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia. See also List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders List of second-generation Major League Baseball players References ^ Great Baseball Feats, Facts and Figures, 2008 Edition, p.107, David Nemec and Scott Flatow, A Signet Book, Penguin Group, New York, ISBN 978-0-451-22363-0 ^ Murray Chass (November 11, 1987). "Phillies' Bedrosian Cy Young Winner". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 10, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2014. ^ "Phillies Trade Bedrosian to Giants, Samuel to Mets". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. June 19, 1989. Archived from the original on December 10, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2014. ^ Camp, Tommy (October 14, 2008). "Bedrosian, Cronic among Hall of Fame class". Times Herald-Record. Archived from the original on June 18, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009. ^ "Hall of Fame". New Haven Chargers. Archived from the original on May 30, 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2014. External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet Steve Bedrosian at Baseball Almanac vteMinnesota Twins 1991 World Series champions 0 Junior Ortiz 1 Jarvis Brown 7 Greg Gagne 9 Gene Larkin 11 Chuck Knoblauch 12 Brian Harper 13 Mike Pagliarulo 14 Kent Hrbek 18 Paul Sorrento 19 Scott Erickson 24 Shane Mack 25 Randy Bush 26 Al Newman 30 Terry Leach 31 Scott Leius 32 Dan Gladden 34 Kirby Puckett (ALCS MVP) 36 Kevin Tapani 38 Rick Aguilera 39 David West 40 Steve Bedrosian 44 Chili Davis 47 Jack Morris (World Series MVP) 51 Carl Willis 53 Mark Guthrie Manager 10 Tom Kelly Coaches 6 Tony Oliva 35 Ron Gardenhire 42 Dick Such 43 Rick Stelmaszek 45 Wayne Terwilliger 46 Terry Crowley Regular season American League Championship Series vteNational League Cy Young Award 1967: McCormick 1968: Gibson 1969: Seaver 1970: Gibson 1971: Jenkins 1972: Carlton 1973: Seaver 1974: Marshall 1975: Seaver 1976: Jones 1977: Carlton 1978: Perry 1979: Sutter 1980: Carlton 1981: Valenzuela 1982: Carlton 1983: Denny 1984: Sutcliffe 1985: Gooden 1986: Scott 1987: Bedrosian 1988: Hershiser 1989: Davis 1990: Drabek 1991: Glavine 1992: Maddux 1993: Maddux 1994: Maddux 1995: Maddux 1996: Smoltz 1997: Martínez 1998: Glavine 1999: Johnson 2000: Johnson 2001: Johnson 2002: Johnson 2003: Gagné 2004: Clemens 2005: Carpenter 2006: Webb 2007: Peavy 2008: Lincecum 2009: Lincecum 2010: Halladay 2011: Kershaw 2012: Dickey 2013: Kershaw 2014: Kershaw 2015: Arrieta 2016: Scherzer 2017: Scherzer 2018: deGrom 2019: deGrom 2020: Bauer 2021: Burnes 2022: Alcántara 2023: Snell vteNational League Rolaids Relief Man Award 1976: Eastwick 1977: Fingers 1978: Fingers 1979: Sutter 1980: Fingers 1981: Sutter 1982: Sutter 1983: Holland 1984: Sutter 1985: Reardon 1986: Worrell 1987: Bedrosian 1988: Franco 1989: Davis 1990: Franco 1991: Smith 1992: Smith 1993: Myers 1994: Beck 1995: Henke 1996: Brantley 1997: Shaw 1998: Hoffman 1999: Wagner 2000: Alfonseca 2001: Benítez 2002: Smoltz 2003: Gagné 2004: Gagné 2005: Cordero 2006: Hoffman 2007: Valverde 2008: Lidge 2009: Bell 2010: Bell 2011: Axford 2012: Kimbrel vteNational League season saves leaders 1969: Gladding 1970: Granger 1971: Giusti 1972: Carroll 1973: Marshall 1974: Marshall 1975: Eastwick & Hrabosky 1976: Eastwick 1977: Fingers 1978: Fingers 1979: Sutter 1980: Sutter 1981: Sutter 1982: Sutter 1983: Smith 1984: Sutter 1985: Reardon 1986: Worrell 1987: Bedrosian 1988: Franco 1989: M. Davis 1990: Franco 1991: Smith 1992: Smith 1993: Myers 1994: Franco 1995: Myers 1996: Brantley & Worrell 1997: Shaw 1998: Hoffman 1999: Urbina 2000: Alfonseca 2001: Nen 2002: Smoltz 2003: Gagné 2004: Benítez & Isringhausen 2005: Cordero 2006: Hoffman 2007: Valverde 2008: Valverde 2009: Bell 2010: Wilson 2011: Axford & Kimbrel 2012: Kimbrel & Motte 2013: Kimbrel 2014: Kimbrel 2015: Melancon 2016: Familia 2017: Holland & Jansen 2018: W. Davis 2019: Yates 2020: Hader 2021: Melancon 2022: Jansen 2023: Bednar & Doval vteSporting News MLB Rookie of the Year AwardMLB Rookie 1946: Ennis 1947: J. Robinson 1948: Ashburn 1950: Ford AL Rookie 1949: Sievers 1951: Miñoso 1952: Courtney 1953: Kuenn 1954: Grim 1955: Score 1956: Aparicio 1957: Kubek & Bouchee 1959: Allison 1960: Hansen 1962: Tresh 2004: Crosby 2005: Street 2006: Verlander 2007: Pedroia 2008: Longoria 2009: Bailey 2010: Jackson 2011: Trumbo 2012: Trout 2013: Myers 2014: Abreu 2015: Correa 2016: Fulmer 2017: Judge 2018: Ohtani 2019: Álvarez 2020: Lewis 2021: García 2022: Rodríguez 2023: Henderson NL Rookie 1949: Newcombe 1951: Mays 1952: Black 1953: Gilliam 1954: Moon 1955: Virdon 1956: F. Robinson 1957: Sanford 1959: McCovey 1960: Howard 1962: Hubbs 2004: Bay 2005: Taveras 2006: Ramírez 2007: Braun 2008: Soto 2009: Happ 2010: Heyward 2011: Kimbrel 2012: Miley 2013: Fernández 2014: deGrom 2015: Bryant 2016: Seager 2017: Bellinger 2018: Acuña Jr. 2019: Alonso 2020: Cronenworth 2021: India 2022: Strider 2023: Carroll AL RookiePlayer 1958: Pearson 1961: Howser 1963: Ward 1964: Oliva 1965: Blefary 1966: Agee 1967: Carew 1968: Unser 1969: C. May 1970: Foster 1971: Chambliss 1972: Fisk 1973: Bumbry 1974: Hargrove 1975: Lynn 1976: Wynegar 1977: Page 1978: Molitor 1979: Putnam 1980: Charboneau 1981: Gedman 1982: Ripken Jr. 1983: Kittle 1984: Davis 1985: Guillén 1986: Canseco 1987: McGwire 1988: Harvey 1989: Worthington 1990: Alomar Jr. 1991: Knoblauch 1992: Listach 1993: Salmon 1994: Hamelin 1995: G. Anderson 1996: Jeter 1997: Garciaparra 1998: Grieve 1999: Beltrán 2000: Quinn 2001: Suzuki 2002: Hinske 2003: Gerut AL RookiePitcher 1958: Duren 1961: Schwall 1963: Peters 1964: Bunker 1965: M. López 1966: Nash 1967: Phoebus 1968: Bahnsen 1969: Nagy 1970: Blyleven 1971: Parsons 1972: Tidrow 1973: Busby 1974: Tanana 1975: Eckersley 1976: Fidrych 1977: Rozema 1978: Gale 1979: Clear 1980: Burns 1981: Righetti 1982: Vande Berg 1983: Boddicker 1984: Langston 1985: Higuera 1986: Eichhorn 1987: Henneman 1988: Harvey 1989: Gordon 1990: Appier 1991: Guzmán 1992: Eldred 1993: Sele 1994: B. Anderson 1995: Tavárez 1996: Baldwin 1997: Dickson 1998: Arrojo 1999: Hudson 2000: Sasaki 2001: Sabathia 2002: R. López 2003: Soriano NL RookiePlayer 1958: Willey 1961: B. Williams 1963: Rose 1964: Allen 1965: Morgan 1966: Helms 1967: L. May 1968: Bench 1969: Laboy 1970: Carbo 1971: E. Williams 1972: Rader 1973: Matthews 1974: Gross 1975: Carter 1976: Herndon 1977: Dawson 1978: Horner 1979: Leonard 1980: Smith 1981: Raines 1982: Ray 1983: Strawberry 1984: Samuel 1985: Coleman 1986: Thompson 1987: Santiago 1988: Grace 1989: Walton 1990: Justice 1991: Bagwell 1992: Karros 1993: Piazza 1994: Mondesí 1995: Jones 1996: Kendall 1997: Rolen 1998: Helton 1999: Wilson 2000: Furcal 2001: Pujols 2002: Wilkerson 2003: Podsednik NL RookiePitcher 1958: Cepeda 1961: Hunt 1963: Culp 1964: McCool 1965: Linzy 1966: Sutton 1967: Hughes 1968: Koosman 1969: Griffin 1970: Morton 1971: Cleveland 1972: Matlack 1973: Rogers 1974: D'Acquisto 1975: Montefusco 1976: Metzger 1977: Owchinko 1978: D. Robinson 1979: Sutcliffe 1980: Burns 1981: Valenzuela 1982: Bedrosian 1983: McMurtry 1984: Gooden 1985: Browning 1986: Worrell 1987: Dunne 1988: Belcher 1989: Benes 1990: Harkey 1991: Osuna 1992: Wakefield 1993: Rueter 1994: Trachsel 1995: Nomo 1996: Benes 1997: Morris 1998: Wood 1999: Williamson 2000: Ankiel 2001: Oswalt 2002: Jennings 2003: Willis

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He also played for the Philadelphia Phillies, where he won the 1987 National League Cy Young Award, and the Minnesota Twins, where he won the 1991 World Series. He is the father of Cam Bedrosian who played in MLB from 2014 to 2021.","title":"Steve Bedrosian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of New Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Haven"},{"link_name":"1978 Division II College World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_NCAA_Division_II_baseball_tournament"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"1978 MLB draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Major_League_Baseball_draft"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"earned run average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average"},{"link_name":"saves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Cy Young Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cy_Young_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mark Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Davis_(pitcher)"},{"link_name":"Dennis Eckersley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Eckersley"},{"link_name":"Éric Gagné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric_Gagn%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Willie Mac Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Mac_Award"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twins"},{"link_name":"1991 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_World_Series"}],"text":"At the University of New Haven, Bedrosian put up a career record of 13–3 and 3 saves. He helped the Chargers to a third-place finish in the 1978 Division II College World Series. He was then drafted by the Atlanta Braves in the 1978 MLB draft.In 1985, his only full season as a starter, Bedrosian went 7–15 and set a Major League record for most starts in a single season without a complete game (37).[1]Bedrosian was traded by the Braves to the Phillies in the off-season and was converted to a reliever before the 1986 season. In his first year in relief, he saved 29 games. His best season came in 1987 when he posted a 5–3 record for the Phillies with a 2.83 earned run average, recorded a league-leading 40 saves, and was named the National League Cy Young Award winner.[2] Since Bedrosian, only three other relievers (Mark Davis, Dennis Eckersley and Éric Gagné) have won Cy Young honors.He was traded to the Giants during the 1989 season to help their pennant drive that year.[3] In 1990, he won the Willie Mac Award, voted upon by his teammates, honoring his spirit and leadership (his then two-year-old son Cody was battling leukemia).[citation needed]As a member of the Minnesota Twins, Bedrosian won his only World Series ring in the 1991 World Series, which the Twins won in seven games over his former team, the Atlanta Braves.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newnan, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newnan,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Coweta County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coweta_County"},{"link_name":"East Coweta High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coweta_High_School"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"University of New Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Haven"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Americans"},{"link_name":"A Very Sunny Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Always_Sunny_in_Philadelphia_(season_6)#ep70"},{"link_name":"It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Always_Sunny_in_Philadelphia"}],"text":"Currently, Bedrosian resides in Newnan, Georgia, where he served on the Coweta County Board of Education, through 2010, and is an assistant baseball coach at East Coweta High School.In 2008, Bedrosian was inducted into the Coweta Sports Hall of Fame.[4] Bedrosian has also been inducted into the University of New Haven Hall of Fame.[5]Bedrosian is of Armenian descent. He was referenced in the episode \"A Very Sunny Christmas\" of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia.","title":"Personal"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boetius_Egan_(archbishop_of_Tuam)

Boetius Egan (archbishop of Tuam)

["1 See also","2 Sources"]

For other people with the same name, see Boetius Egan. This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Boetius Egan" archbishop of Tuam – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2024) Styles ofBoetius EganReference styleThe Most ReverendSpoken styleYour Grace or Archbishop Boetius Egan (Irish: Baothnalach Mac Aodhagáin; 1734–1798) was a Roman Catholic Archbishop of Tuam in County Galway, Ireland. Egan was born near Tuam, Ireland, to a family owning large estates in the County Galway. His family was reduced in position and means, and British Penal Laws made it then difficult for an Irish Catholic to receive Catholic education at home. At some point, he went to France to be trained as a priest. Egan attended the College of Bordeaux, there, which had been founded by Irish exiles and endowed by queen Anne in the seventeenth century. After his ordination Egan returned to Ireland and served as a priest until he was appointed Bishop of Achonry in 1785. Two years later he was appointed Archbishop of Tuam. Accustomed during his whole life in Ireland to the barest toleration of his religion, he welcomed the Catholic Relief Act of 1793, and hastened to express his gratitude to king George III. When Maynooth College was founded in 1795, he became one of its trustees. One of his last public acts was to sign an address to the Irish viceroy, Lord Camden, condemning the revolutionary associations then in Ireland. In this address Egan described George III as "the best of kings" and the Irish Parliament as "our enlightened legislature". See also Egan (surname) Mac Aodhagáin Sources  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Boetius Egan". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. vteRoman Catholic Bishops of Achonry Andrew Lynch James Ó Fallamháin Louis Dillon Maurice Ó Duarcáin Hugh Mac Diarmata Dominic Ó Dálaigh John Ó hAirt Walter Blake Patrick Robert Kirwan Philip Phillips Boetius Egan Tomás Ó Conchúir Charles Lynagh John O'Flynn Patrick MacNicholas Patrick Durcan Francis McCormack John Lyster Patrick Morrisroe James Fergus Thomas Flynn Brendan Kelly Paul Dempsey vteArchbishops of TuamSchool of Tuam · Catholic Church in Ireland · Archdiocese of TuamAbbots6th—12th centuries Iarlaithe mac Loga Nuada ua Bolcain Feardomhnach Cormac mac Ciaran Litan Mughron Ua Níoc Áed Ua hOissín Archbishops12th—16th centuries Áed Ua h-Oissín Cadla Ua Dubthaig Felix Ua Ruanada Máel Muire Ó Lachtáin Flann Mac Flainn Walter de Saleron Tommaltach Ó Conchobair Nicol Mac Flainn Malachias Hibernicus Stephen de Fulbourn William de Bermingham Máel Sechlain Mac Áeda Tomás MacCearbhaill Eóin Ó Gráda Gregorius Ó Mocháin I Gregorius Ó Mocháin II Uilliam Ó Cormacáin Muircheartach mac Pilib Ó Ceallaigh John Babingle Cornelius Sean Mac Feorais Tomás mac Muircheartaigh Ó Ceallaigh John MacSeonin Burke Donatus Ó Muireadhaigh Walter Blake fitz John Uilliam Seóighe Philip Pinson Muiris Ó Fithcheallaigh Tomás Ó Maolalaidh Christopher Bodkin Arthur O'Friel Archbishops16th—21st centuries Nicholas Skerrett Maol Muire Ó hÚigínn Seamus Ó hÉilidhe Flaithrí Ó Maolchonaire Malachy Ó Caollaidhe John de Burgh James Lynch Francis Burke Bernard O'Gara Michael O'Gara Michael Skerrett Philip Phillips Boetius Egan Edward Dillon Oliver Kelly John MacHale John McEvilly John Healy Thomas Gilmartin Joseph Walsh Joseph Cunnane Joseph Cassidy Michael Neary Francis Duffy Italics indicate a person who was elected but not consecrated. Authority control databases: People Ireland

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His family was reduced in position and means, and British Penal Laws made it then difficult for an Irish Catholic to receive Catholic education at home. At some point, he went to France to be trained as a priest. Egan attended the College of Bordeaux, there, which had been founded by Irish exiles and endowed by queen Anne in the seventeenth century.After his ordination Egan returned to Ireland and served as a priest until he was appointed Bishop of Achonry in 1785. Two years later he was appointed Archbishop of Tuam. Accustomed during his whole life in Ireland to the barest toleration of his religion, he welcomed the Catholic Relief Act of 1793, and hastened to express his gratitude to king George III. When Maynooth College was founded in 1795, he became one of its trustees.One of his last public acts was to sign an address to the Irish viceroy, Lord Camden, condemning the revolutionary associations then in Ireland. 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Bodkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Bodkin"},{"link_name":"Arthur O'Friel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_O%27Friel"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Skerrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Skerrett"},{"link_name":"Maol Muire Ó hÚigínn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maol_Muire_%C3%93_h%C3%9Aig%C3%ADnn"},{"link_name":"Seamus Ó hÉilidhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_%C3%93_h%C3%89ilidhe"},{"link_name":"Flaithrí Ó Maolchonaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaithr%C3%AD_%C3%93_Maolchonaire"},{"link_name":"Malachy Ó Caollaidhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachy_%C3%93_Caollaidhe"},{"link_name":"John de Burgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Burgh_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"James Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lynch_(Archbishop_of_Tuam)"},{"link_name":"Francis Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Burke_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Bernard O'Gara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_O%27Gara"},{"link_name":"Michael O'Gara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_O%27Gara"},{"link_name":"Michael Skerrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Skerrett"},{"link_name":"Philip Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Phillips_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Boetius Egan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Edward Dillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Dillon_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Kelly"},{"link_name":"John MacHale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_MacHale"},{"link_name":"John McEvilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McEvilly"},{"link_name":"John Healy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Healy_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gilmartin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gilmartin"},{"link_name":"Joseph Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Walsh_(Archbishop_of_Tuam)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Cunnane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cunnane"},{"link_name":"Joseph Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cassidy_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Michael Neary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Neary_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Francis Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Duffy_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4937244#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3318/dib.002893.v1"}],"text":"This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Boetius Egan\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.vteRoman Catholic Bishops of Achonry\nAndrew Lynch\nJames Ó Fallamháin\nLouis Dillon\nMaurice Ó Duarcáin\nHugh Mac Diarmata\nDominic Ó Dálaigh\nJohn Ó hAirt\nWalter Blake\nPatrick Robert Kirwan\nPhilip Phillips\nBoetius Egan\nTomás Ó Conchúir\nCharles Lynagh\nJohn O'Flynn\nPatrick MacNicholas\nPatrick Durcan\nFrancis McCormack\nJohn Lyster\nPatrick Morrisroe\nJames Fergus\nThomas Flynn\nBrendan Kelly\nPaul DempseyvteArchbishops of TuamSchool of Tuam · Catholic Church in Ireland · Archdiocese of TuamAbbots6th—12th centuries\nIarlaithe mac Loga\nNuada ua Bolcain\nFeardomhnach\nCormac mac Ciaran\nLitan\nMughron Ua Níoc\nÁed Ua hOissín\nArchbishops12th—16th centuries\nÁed Ua h-Oissín\nCadla Ua Dubthaig\nFelix Ua Ruanada\nMáel Muire Ó Lachtáin\nFlann Mac Flainn\nWalter de Saleron\nTommaltach Ó Conchobair\nNicol Mac Flainn\nMalachias Hibernicus\nStephen de Fulbourn\nWilliam de Bermingham\nMáel Sechlain Mac Áeda\nTomás MacCearbhaill\nEóin Ó Gráda\nGregorius Ó Mocháin I\nGregorius Ó Mocháin II\nUilliam Ó Cormacáin\nMuircheartach mac Pilib Ó Ceallaigh\nJohn Babingle\nCornelius\nSean Mac Feorais\nTomás mac Muircheartaigh Ó Ceallaigh\nJohn MacSeonin Burke\nDonatus Ó Muireadhaigh\nWalter Blake fitz John\nUilliam Seóighe\nPhilip Pinson\nMuiris Ó Fithcheallaigh\nTomás Ó Maolalaidh\nChristopher Bodkin\nArthur O'Friel\nArchbishops16th—21st centuries\nNicholas Skerrett\nMaol Muire Ó hÚigínn\nSeamus Ó hÉilidhe\nFlaithrí Ó Maolchonaire\nMalachy Ó Caollaidhe\nJohn de Burgh\nJames Lynch\nFrancis Burke\nBernard O'Gara\nMichael O'Gara\nMichael Skerrett\nPhilip Phillips\nBoetius Egan\nEdward Dillon\nOliver Kelly\nJohn MacHale\nJohn McEvilly\nJohn Healy\nThomas Gilmartin\nJoseph Walsh\nJoseph Cunnane\nJoseph Cassidy\nMichael Neary\nFrancis Duffy\nItalics indicate a person who was elected but not consecrated.Authority control databases: People \nIreland","title":"Sources"}]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Kinnaird

Malcolm Kinnaird

["1 Boards","2 Recognition","3 References"]

Malcolm Alexander Kinnaird AC DUniv FIEAust FTSE (1933–2014) was a South Australian engineer, joint founder of international engineering company Kinhill Engineering responsible for many major engineering projects including the Alice Springs to Darwin railway. Within South Australia, he was responsible for developing West Lakes, North Haven and the David Jones building. Kinnaird was born and educated in Adelaide, graduating with a Bachelor of Engineering in 1959. In 1960, he founded Kinnaird Hill de Rohan and Young, (with Don Hill, Howard Young and Maurice de Rohan), which became Kinhill Pty Ltd and was acquired by Brown and Root / KBR (Kellog, Brown & Root) in 1997. In 2003 he led the "Kinnaird Review" of the defence procurement processes which laid out an integrated approach to the management of defence procurement. Kinnaird was the founder of the Cruising Yacht Club of South Australia. Boards Source: Executive Chairman of Kinnaird Hill de Rohan and Young / Kinhill Pty Ltd Chairman of Adelaide Brighton Ltd. Chairman of Asia Pacific Transport Pty Ltd. Chairman of FreightLink Pty Ltd. Chairman of United Water International Pty Ltd. Director of the Adelaide Community Healthcare Alliance Inc. Director of Adelaide Brighton Ltd. Director of FreightLink Pty Ltd. Director of Macmahon Holdings Ltd. Director of the National Electricity Market Management Company Ltd. (NEMMCO) Director of United Water International Pty Ltd. Member of the Defence Procurement Advisory Board Recognition 1991 Honorary Fellow of the Institution of Engineers, Australia 1991 Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) 1998 Chevalier de l'Ordre de la Legion d'Honneur 2000 Honorary Doctor of the University, University of South Australia 2001 Centenary Medal 2003 South Australian of the Year 2006 Inaugural appointee to the South Australian Engineers Hall of Fame 2009 Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) 2010 Honorary Doctor of the University, University of Adelaide References ^ a b c d "Malcolm Kinnaird, former South Australian of the Year, dies aged 80". , 26 September 2014, www.abc.net.au ^ a b Officer of the Order of Australia (AO), 26 January 1991, It's an Honour, "For service to engineering and to the community." ^ a b Centenary Medal, 1 January 2001, It's an Honour, "For service to Australian society through business" ^ Companion of the Order of Australia (AC), 8 June 2009, "For service through the development of public policy in the defence procurement, infrastructure and energy sectors, and to business". ^ a b c d e f Citation for Doctor of the University, www.adelaide.edu.au ^ a b c Citation for FIEAust, www.engineersaustralia.org.au ^ a b Bloomberg ^ AC notes, www.gg.gov.au ^ a b SA Engineering Excellence Awards 2010, 16 September 2010, issuu.com/engineersaustralia

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFTV

KFTV-DT

["1 History","1.1 Early years","1.2 As a Spanish-language station","2 News operation","3 Technical information","3.1 Subchannels","3.2 Analog-to-digital conversion","3.3 Spectrum auction repack","4 References","5 External links"]

Univision TV station in Hanford, California For other uses, see FTV (disambiguation). Not to be confused with WFTV. KFTV-DTHanford–Fresno, CaliforniaUnited StatesCityHanford, CaliforniaChannelsDigital: 21 (UHF)Virtual: 21BrandingUnivision 21; Noticias 21ProgrammingAffiliations21.1: Univision21.6: UniMás (KTFF-DT)for others, see § SubchannelsOwnershipOwnerTelevisaUnivision(KFTV License Partnership, G.P.)Sister stationsKTFF-DTHistoryFirst air dateSeptember 20, 1972 (51 years ago) (1972-09-20)Former call signsKFTV (1972–2009)Former channel number(s)Analog: 21 (UHF, 1972–2009)Digital: 20 (UHF, until 2020)Former affiliationsSIN (1972–1987)Call sign meaningFresno TelevisionTechnical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID34439ERP316 kWHAAT610 m (2,001 ft)Transmitter coordinates37°4′22″N 119°25′53″W / 37.07278°N 119.43139°W / 37.07278; -119.43139LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebsiteunivisionfresno.com KFTV-DT (channel 21) is a television station licensed to Hanford, California, United States, broadcasting the Spanish-language Univision network to the Fresno area. It is owned and operated by TelevisaUnivision alongside Porterville-licensed UniMás outlet KTFF-DT (channel 61). The two stations share studios on Univision Plaza near the corner of North Palm and West Herndon avenues in northwestern Fresno; KFTV-DT's transmitter is located on Blue Ridge in rural northwestern Tulare County. History KFTV has existed in its current form since 1972; however, its license predates Spanish-language television in the Fresno market by more than a decade, having seen two separate attempts to launch an independent station in the Hanford area before being sold and relaunched. Early years Gann Television Enterprises, a limited partnership of Harold D. Gann, Louis Maccagno and George L. Naron, filed for a construction permit to build a new TV station on channel 21 in Hanford on October 31, 1960; the application was granted on March 29, 1961. Before signing on, Maccagno was replaced by C. B. Stewart. From a transmitter site at Lakeside Park, where Highway 99 crosses the Kings River, KDAS, an independent station, went on air under special temporary authority on December 20, 1961. The "Local Hometown TV" station offered a variety of locally produced programs, including news, sports and church services. The joint partnership of Gann, Stewart and Naron ended in discordant fashion. In late November, the other two partners filed a suit against Gann asking for the dissolution of the partnership, alleging that Gann's conduct had caused the resignation of a number of employees and that resultant turnover had left the station in a "technical and engineering turmoil". The station was transferred to a new partnership run by Naron and Sweeney in June 1963 and remained operational for another 18 months; channel 21 received authority to go silent from the FCC on December 23, 1964. In January 1965, the sale of KDAS to car dealer Harvey F. Himes and Cy Newman, both of Fresno, was announced; the new owners announced plans to change the call sign to KSJV-TV, for "San Joaquin Valley", and relocate the transmitter to a mountaintop site. In addition, the station would be affiliated with a proposed television network known as the Unisphere Broadcasting System. The sale was not filed with the FCC until November, and it was not until February 1966 when the transaction was approved and the new call letters adopted. On February 10, channel 21 returned to the air, with its inaugural program being an hour of live entertainment from the Hanford studios in the Civic Center Building. It lasted just over three months. On May 14, Cy Newman announced the station would go off the air after the next day's programming for new equipment and technical changes, an outage slated to last three weeks. The former studio area in the Civic Center Building was used by Kings County to house the probation department. On December 8, 1967, the FCC moved to delete the channel 21 permit for failure to prosecute; KSJV Television, Inc., challenged the decision, and its petition for reconsideration was granted in April 1968. As a Spanish-language station Former logo, used until December 31, 2012. The reason that KSJV had staved off deletion was because Newman had found a buyer: the Spanish International Network, which at the time owned just two operating stations, in San Antonio and Los Angeles. In the sale, Newman noted that his group had lost over $100,000 since returning to air as KSJV-TV in 1966. The FCC granted the sale in March 1969, but SIBC did not immediately return channel 21—now bearing new KFTV call letters—to air, as it filed to move the transmitter to Black Mountain. It was not until September 20, 1972, that KFTV returned to air, the three weeks having turned into more than six years. Operated initially as a satellite of KMEX in Los Angeles and with Danny Villanueva as its first general manager, ground was broken in February 1973 for a new Hanford studio complex, which opened on April 30. In December 1977, SIN began distributing its programming by satellite to KFTV. In 1985, studio operations moved from Hanford to a new facility on Ashlan Avenue in Fresno. KFTV and sister station KTFF-DT, acquired in 2003, relocated from the Ashlan Avenue facility to a larger site on Herndon Avenue, which also houses the Univision Radio cluster in the market, in 2008. News operation Shortly after building its Hanford studios, KFTV began producing local newscasts. The station's first news anchor, Pedro Santos, was the longest-tenured in Fresno when he took a job as public relations director for KFTV in 1994. Univision KFTV Channel 21's modern studio and office space in Northern Fresno KFTV-DT presently broadcasts seven hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with one hour each on weekdays, Saturdays and Sundays); in addition, the station produces the public affairs program Arriba Valle Central, which airs weekday mornings from 5 to 7 a.m. After producing a dinner-hour local newscast since 1973, KFTV launched Arriba Valle Central in 1990 and a late local news program in 1996. Weekend newscasts were instituted in 2004. The station's news department, whose newscasts are currently titled Noticias 21, won two Edward R. Murrow Awards from the Radio-Television News Directors Association in the "Best Newscast" category in 2001 and 2007; the station also won Regional News Emmys for "Best Newscast" in May 2009, for "Best Evening Newscast" in June 2011 and for "Best Sports Weekly Program" for Accion Deportiva Extra. In late December 2010, KFTV became the first Spanish-language television station in the Fresno market and the third station overall (after Fox affiliate KMPH-TV (channel 26) and ABC owned-and-operated station KFSN-TV (channel 30)) to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition. Technical information Subchannels The station's signal is multiplexed: Subchannels of KFTV-DT Channel Res. Aspect Short name Programming 21.1 720p 16:9 KFTV-DT Univision 21.2 480i 4:3 getTV Get 21.3 16:9 LAFF Laff 21.4 GRIT Grit 21.5 Crime True Crime Network 21.6 720p UNM HD UniMás (KTFF-DT)   Simulcast of subchannels of another station Analog-to-digital conversion KFTV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 21, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 20, using virtual channel 21. Spectrum auction repack KFTV was one of nearly 1,000 television stations in the United States that had to change their digital channel allocation in the spectrum auction repack in 2019–2020. KFTV reallocated to UHF channel 21 in phase ten of the repack. References ^ "Facility Technical Data for KFTV-DT". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission. ^ a b c d e f FCC History Cards for KFTV-DT ^ Gann, Harold (January 17, 1962). "Channel 21 Is The Hanford Station". Hanford Sentinel. p. 12. Retrieved March 18, 2021. ^ "Take a Look! KDAS-TV Channel 21". Hanford Sentinel. December 15, 1962. p. 12. Retrieved March 18, 2021. ^ "Superior Court Notes". Hanford Sentinel. December 1, 1962. p. 2. Retrieved March 18, 2021. ^ "Hanford TV Station Is Sold To Fresno Men". Fresno Bee. January 5, 1965. p. 1-C. Retrieved March 18, 2021. ^ "Fresnans Plan To Purchase Kings TV Station". Fresno Bee. November 17, 1965. p. 14-B. Retrieved March 18, 2021. ^ "Hanford TV Station Will Return to Air". Hanford Sentinel. February 5, 1966. p. 1. Retrieved March 18, 2021. ^ "Hanford Station Leaves the Air". Hanford Sentinel. May 14, 1966. p. 15. Retrieved March 18, 2021. ^ "TV Station In Hanford Will Be Out 3 Weeks". The Fresno Bee. May 15, 1966. p. 24-B. Retrieved March 18, 2021. ^ "Kings County Borrows $750,000 from Bank". Hanford Sentinel. September 5, 1967. p. 1. Retrieved March 18, 2021. ^ "For the Record" (PDF). Broadcasting. April 15, 1968. p. 112. Retrieved March 18, 2021. ^ "Changing hands" (PDF). Broadcasting. April 8, 1968. pp. 74, 75. Retrieved March 18, 2021. ^ "Spanish-Language TV Station Opens". The Fresno Bee. September 21, 1972. p. B5. Retrieved March 18, 2021. ^ "New Valley Video Station Will Air All Programs In Spanish". The Fresno Bee. July 16, 1972. p. 9 TV. Retrieved March 18, 2021. ^ "TV Station Breaks Ground". The Hanford Sentinel. February 10, 1973. p. 4. Retrieved March 18, 2021. ^ Simpson, Dean (April 25, 1976). "KFTV Adds To Life In The Valley". The Fresno Bee. p. D1. Retrieved March 18, 2021. ^ "Channel 21: From a Fledgling To a Big Station". The Hanford Sentinel. February 18, 1978. p. 15. Retrieved March 18, 2021. ^ Pollock, Dennis (November 24, 1985). "KFTV's Jimenez is 'bullish' on his station's future". Fresno Bee. pp. J3, J23. Retrieved March 18, 2021. ^ Bentley, Rick (February 1, 2007). "Fresno's Univision station gets a fresh morning look". The Fresno Bee. p. E1, E2. Retrieved March 19, 2021. ^ Larson, Lanny (October 16, 1972). "20 years of serving Hispanics". The Fresno Bee. p. F5. Retrieved March 18, 2021. ^ a b Larson, Lanny (October 25, 1996). "KFTV puts Santos back on air in new role". The Fresno Bee. p. E7. Retrieved March 18, 2021. ^ "New news". Fresno Bee. March 22, 2004. p. B6. Retrieved March 19, 2021. ^ RabbitEars TV Query for KFTV ^ "DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and the Second Rounds" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 29, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2012. ^ "Repack Plan For Univision In Hanford, CA". Ericson, Trip. RabbitEars. Retrieved April 17, 2017. External links KFTV official website vteBroadcast television in the San Joaquin Valley/Central California, including Fresno, Clovis, Merced, Sanger, Hanford and VisaliaFull power KAIL 7 .1 TCT .2 Sonlife .3 H&I .4 Ion .5/.6/.7/.8 Blank .9 LC .10 SUMTV .11 SUMTV Latino KVPT 18 .1 PBS .2 PBS Kids .3 Create .4 World KFTV-DT 21 .1 UNI .2 Get .3 Laff .4 Grit .5 Crime .6 UniMás KSEE 24 .1 NBC .2 Bounce .3 Grit .4 REW KMPH-TV 26 .1/.4 Fox .2 Dabl .3 Comet .5 Nest KFSN-TV 30 .1 ABC .2 Localish .3 Charge! .4 HSN KGMC 43 .1 Estrella .3 Daystar .5 ANT .6 MeTV .8 Cozi .9 Laff .10 Start KGPE 47 .1 CBS .2 Mystery .3 ANT .4 Court KIFR 49 .1 CAS .2 GEB KNSO 51 .1 TMD .2 TXO .3 Cozi .4 LX .5 Oxygen KFRE-TV 59 .1 CW .2 Charge! .3 TBD .4 Fox KTFF-DT 61 .1 UniMás .2 UNI .3 Quest Low-power KVHF-LD 4 See article KMCF-LD 6 .1 TCN K13ZL-D 13 .1 Creation TV .2 HSN .10 SAB TV KVBC-LP 13 See article KHSC-LD 16 See article KMPH-CD 17 .1 Fox KZMM-CD 22 .1 Spanish Ind. .2 ShopHQ .3 SonLife KJKZ-LD 27 See article KBID-LP 31 See article KBNK-LD 39 .1 Canal de la Fe .3 CBN KMSG-LD 53 .1 MNTV ATSC 3.0 KMCF-LD KFRE-TV 24.1 NBC 26.1 Fox 47.1 CBS 51.1 TMD 59.1 CW Cable NBC Sports Bay Area NBC Sports California Streaming ABC 30 24/7 Defunct K11FU NBC, Porterville KHMM-CD 23 .1 Tres KICU-TV 43 Visalia California television Bakersfield Chico–Redding Eureka Fresno Los Angeles Medford OR Monterey Inland Empire (Palm Springs) Reno NV Sacramento San Diego San Francisco Santa Barbara El Centro CA / Yuma AZ vteSpanish-language television stations by affiliation in the state of CaliforniaUniMás KTFB-CA 4 / KBTF-CD 31 (Bakersfield) KEVC-CD 5 (Indio) K10OG 10 (Lompoc) KDTF-LD 16 (San Diego) K17GD 17 (Paso Robles) K28FK 28 (San Luis Obispo) KDJT-CD 33 (Salinas/Monterey) KKTF-LD 35 (Chico) KTSB-CD 35 (Santa Maria) KFTR 46 (Ontario) KRNS-CD 46 (Reno, NV) KAJB 54 (Calipatria) KTFF-DT 61 (Porterville) KTFK-DT 64 (Stockton) KFSF-DT 66 (Vallejo) Telemundo KCOY 12 (Santa Maria) KKEY-LP 13 (Bakersfield) KUNA-LD 15 (Indio/Palm Springs) KION-TV / KMUV-LD 23.1 (Monterey/Salinas) KNVN-DT2 24.2 (Chico) KXNV-LD 26 (Incline Village, NV) KCSO-LD / KMUM-CD / KMMW-LD 33 (Sacramento/Stockton) KSTS 48 (San Jose) KUAN-LD 48 (Poway) KFBI-LD 48.2 (Medford, OR) KNSO 51 (Clovis) KVEA 52 (Corona) Univision KVYE 7 (El Centro) KDTV-DT 14 / KDTV-CD 28 (San Francisco / Santa Rosa) KBNT-CD 17 / KTCD-LP 46 / KHAX-LD 49 (San Diego/Vista/La Jolla) KUVS-DT 19 (Sacramento) KFTV-DT 21 (Hanford / Fresno) KREN-TV 27 (Reno, NV) KUCO-LD 27 / K46HI (Chico / Redding) KMEX-DT 34 (Los Angeles) KEUV-LD 35 (Eureka) KPMR 38 (Santa Barbara) KABE-CD 39 (Bakersfield) KVER-CD 41 / KVES-LP 28 (Indio / Palm Springs) KSMS-TV 67 (Monterey) OtherLATV KCNZ-CD 28 (Oakland) KSEE-DT 24.3 (Fresno) KSTV-LD 32 (Sacramento) KVMD 31 (Twentynine Palms) Estrella TV KBBV-CD 19 (Bakersfield) KSBO-CD 42 (Santa Barbara) KSDX-LD 29 (San Diego) KGMC 43 (Merced) KEMO-TV 50 (Fremont) KQCA-DT 58.3 (Stockton) KRCA 62 (Riverside) Independent KWHY-TV 22 (Los Angeles) KJLA 57 (Ventura) Defunct KTVU-DT 2.2 (Oakland) KYAV-LD 12 Yucca Valley KMMK-LP 14 (Sacramento) KHMM-CD 23 (Hanford) KBLM-LP 25 (Riverside) KMMA-CD 41 (San Luis Obispo) KDUO-LP 43 (Palm Desert) See also ABC CBS CW Fox Ion MyNetworkTV NBC PBS Other stations in California See also Spanish Religious Independent vteTelevisaUnivisionCorporate directors Wade Davis U.S. television networksBroadcast Univision UniMás Cable Galavisión TUDN Univision Tlnovelas TeleHit TeleHit Música Bandamax Mexican television networks Las Estrellas Canal 5 Nu9ve TUDN Foro (operated by Tritón Comunicaciones) International networks Las Estrellas Europe Latin America Univision Canada (licensed) Latin America TUDN Tlnovelas TeleHit TeleHit Música TLN Network bitMe Bandamax De Película De Película Clásico Golden Golden Edge Golden Premier Uforia Audio NetworkStations KAMA-FM KBBT KBRG KDXX KESS-FM KHOT-FM KHOV-FM KLJA KLNO KLNV KLQB KLQV KLTN KLVE KMYO KOMR KOVE-FM KQBU-FM KQMR KRCD KRCV KROM KSCA KSOL KSQL KVBH KVVF KVVZ WAMR-FM WOJO WPPN WRTO-FM WVIV-FM WXNY-FM Radio networks TUDN Radio Univision Television GroupUnivision owned and/or operated stations KABE-CD KAKW-DT KCEC1 KDTV-DT KEZT-CD KFTV-DT KLUZ-TV1 KMEX-DT KTVW-DT KUTH-DT KUVE-DT KUVN-DT KUVS-DT KWEX-DT KXLN-DT WFDC-DT WGBO-DT WLTV-DT WQHS-DT WUNI1 WUVC-DT WUVG-DT WUVP-DT WVEA-TV WVEN-TV WXTV-DT UniMás owned and/or operated stations KBTF-CD KFPH-DT KFSF-DT KTFF-DT KFTH-DT KTFK-DT KTFO-CD KFTR-DT KFTU-DT KNIC-DT KCOR-CD KSTR-DT WAMI-DT WFPA-CD WFUT-DT WRCF-CD WTNC-LD WXFT-DT Quest, True Crime Network, and/or Ion Mystery affiliated stations KUVI-DT KXLK-CD WFTY-DT WMGM-TV WWJE-DT Other television stations WSTE-DT (Spanish Independent) Studios Televisa Studios Videocine W Studios Pantelion Films Univision Online Noticias Univision Fusion Media Group Other holdings ViX Entravision Communications (10%) Defunct/former assets Blim TV Prende TV El Rey Network Fusion TV Gizmodo Media Group Gawker Media Univision Music Group 1 TelevisaUnivision owns these stations, which are licensed to and operated by Entravision Communications under local marketing agreements. vteOwned-and-operated stations of the major television networks of the United StatesABC TV StationsABC/Localish KABC-TV KFSN-TV KGO-TV KTRK-TV WABC-TV WLS-TV WPVI-TV WTVD CBS News and StationsCBS/CBS News Local KCBS-TV KCNC-TV KDKA-TV KOVR KPIX-TV KTVT KYW-TV WBBM-TV WBZ-TV WCBS-TV WCCO-TV WFOR-TV WJZ-TV WWJ-TV Fox TV StationsFox KCPQ KDFW KMSP-TV KRIV KSAZ-TV KTBC KTTV KTVU WAGA-TV WFLD WITI WJBK WNYW WOFL / WOGX WTTG WTVT WTXF-TV MyNetworkTV KCOP-TV KDFI KTXH KUTP KZJO WDCA WFTC / KFTC WPWR-TV WRBW WWOR-TV NBCU TV StationsNBC/Cozi(NBCOTS) KNBC KNSD KNTV K15CU-D KXAS-TV WBTS-CD WCAU WMAQ-TV WNBC WKAQ-DT3 WRC-TV WTVJ WVIT Telemundo/TeleXitos (TSG) KASA-TV KBLR KCSO-LD KDEN-TV KHRR KNSO KSTS KTAZ KTDO KTLM KTMD KTMW KUAN-LD KVDA KVEA KXTX-TV WKAQ-TV WNEU WNJU WRDM-CD / WDMR-LD WRIW-CD / WYCN-LD WRMD-CD WRTD-CD WSCV WSNS-TV WTMO-CD WWDT-CD WWSI WZTD-LD WZDC-CD Nexstar Media GroupThe CW KASN1 KAZT-TV / KAZT-CD2 KCLO-DT2 KDAF KGCW KGET-DT2 KHON-DT2 / KHAW-DT2 / KAII-DT2 KIAH KNVA3 KPLR-TV KRCW-TV KRON-TV KTLA KTKA-DT33 KUCW KWBQ / KRWB-TV1 KWGN-TV KXMA-TV / KXMB-DT2 / KXMC-DT2 / KXMD-DT2 KXTU-LD / KXRM-DT2 WBDT3 WBRL-CD / WGMB-DT2 WCBD-DT2 WDCW WFNA WHDF / WHNT-DT2 WHLT-DT2 WJTV-DT2 WLAJ-DT21 WMBB-DT2 WNAC-DT21 WNCT-DT2 WNLO WOTV-DT2 WPIX1 WSAV-DT2 WTVW1 WWCW / WFXR-DT2 WWLP / WFXQ-CD WWTI-DT2 WYCW TelevisaUnivision USAUnivision KABE-CD KAKW-DT KCEC4 KDTV-DT KFTV-DT KLUZ-TV4 KMEX-DT KTVW-DT KUTH-DT KUVE-DT KUVN-DT KUVS-DT KWEX-DT KXLN-DT WFDC-DT WGBO-DT WLTV-DT WQHS-DT WUNI4 WUVC-DT WUVG-DT WUVP-DT WVEA-TV WVEN-TV WXTV-DT UniMás KBTF-CD KFPH-DT KFSF-DT KTFF-DT KFTH-DT KTFK-DT KTFO-CD KFTR-DT KFTU-DT KNIC-DT KSTR-DT WAMI-DT WFPA-CD WFUT-DT WTNC-LD WXFT-DT 1These stations are owned by Mission Broadcasting but operated by Nexstar under an LMA.2These stations are owned by Londen Media Group but operated by Nexstar under a TBA.3These stations are owned by Vaughan Media but operated by Nexstar under an LMA.4TelevisaUnivision USA owns the licenses to these stations but the stations themselves are operated by Entravision Communications under an LMA.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FTV (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTV_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"WFTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFTV"},{"link_name":"television station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_station"},{"link_name":"Hanford, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanford,_California"},{"link_name":"Univision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univision"},{"link_name":"Fresno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno"},{"link_name":"owned and operated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owned_and_operated"},{"link_name":"TelevisaUnivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TelevisaUnivision"},{"link_name":"Porterville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porterville,_California"},{"link_name":"UniMás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UniM%C3%A1s"},{"link_name":"KTFF-DT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTFF-DT"},{"link_name":"Tulare County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulare_County"}],"text":"For other uses, see FTV (disambiguation).Not to be confused with WFTV.KFTV-DT (channel 21) is a television station licensed to Hanford, California, United States, broadcasting the Spanish-language Univision network to the Fresno area. It is owned and operated by TelevisaUnivision alongside Porterville-licensed UniMás outlet KTFF-DT (channel 61). The two stations share studios on Univision Plaza near the corner of North Palm and West Herndon avenues in northwestern Fresno; KFTV-DT's transmitter is located on Blue Ridge in rural northwestern Tulare County.","title":"KFTV-DT"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"KFTV has existed in its current form since 1972; however, its license predates Spanish-language television in the Fresno market by more than a decade, having seen two separate attempts to launch an independent station in the Hanford area before being sold and relaunched.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hc-2"},{"link_name":"Highway 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_99"},{"link_name":"Kings River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_River_(California)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hc-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hc-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hc-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hc-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kings County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"Gann Television Enterprises, a limited partnership of Harold D. Gann, Louis Maccagno and George L. Naron, filed for a construction permit to build a new TV station on channel 21 in Hanford on October 31, 1960; the application was granted on March 29, 1961.[2] Before signing on, Maccagno was replaced by C. B. Stewart. From a transmitter site at Lakeside Park, where Highway 99 crosses the Kings River,[3] KDAS, an independent station, went on air under special temporary authority on December 20, 1961.[2] The \"Local Hometown TV\" station offered a variety of locally produced programs, including news, sports and church services.[4]The joint partnership of Gann, Stewart and Naron ended in discordant fashion. In late November, the other two partners filed a suit against Gann asking for the dissolution of the partnership, alleging that Gann's conduct had caused the resignation of a number of employees and that resultant turnover had left the station in a \"technical and engineering turmoil\".[5] The station was transferred to a new partnership run by Naron and Sweeney in June 1963[2] and remained operational for another 18 months; channel 21 received authority to go silent from the FCC on December 23, 1964.[2]In January 1965, the sale of KDAS to car dealer Harvey F. Himes and Cy Newman, both of Fresno, was announced; the new owners announced plans to change the call sign to KSJV-TV, for \"San Joaquin Valley\", and relocate the transmitter to a mountaintop site.[6] In addition, the station would be affiliated with a proposed television network known as the Unisphere Broadcasting System.[7] The sale was not filed with the FCC until November, and it was not until February 1966 when the transaction was approved and the new call letters adopted.[2] On February 10, channel 21 returned to the air, with its inaugural program being an hour of live entertainment from the Hanford studios in the Civic Center Building.[8] It lasted just over three months. On May 14, Cy Newman announced the station would go off the air after the next day's programming for new equipment and technical changes,[9] an outage slated to last three weeks.[10] The former studio area in the Civic Center Building was used by Kings County to house the probation department.[11]On December 8, 1967, the FCC moved to delete the channel 21 permit for failure to prosecute; KSJV Television, Inc., challenged the decision, and its petition for reconsideration was granted in April 1968.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KFTV-DT_Logo.png"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hc-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"KMEX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMEX"},{"link_name":"Danny Villanueva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Villanueva"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"KTFF-DT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTFF-DT"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"As a Spanish-language station","text":"Former logo, used until December 31, 2012.The reason that KSJV had staved off deletion was because Newman had found a buyer: the Spanish International Network, which at the time owned just two operating stations, in San Antonio and Los Angeles. In the sale, Newman noted that his group had lost over $100,000 since returning to air as KSJV-TV in 1966.[13] The FCC granted the sale in March 1969, but SIBC did not immediately return channel 21—now bearing new KFTV call letters—to air, as it filed to move the transmitter to Black Mountain.[2]It was not until September 20, 1972, that KFTV returned to air, the three weeks having turned into more than six years.[14] Operated initially as a satellite of KMEX in Los Angeles and with Danny Villanueva as its first general manager,[15] ground was broken in February 1973 for a new Hanford studio complex,[16] which opened on April 30.[17]In December 1977, SIN began distributing its programming by satellite to KFTV.[18] In 1985, studio operations moved from Hanford to a new facility on Ashlan Avenue in Fresno.[19] KFTV and sister station KTFF-DT, acquired in 2003, relocated from the Ashlan Avenue facility to a larger site on Herndon Avenue, which also houses the Univision Radio cluster in the market, in 2008.[20]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-puts-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Univision_KFTV_21_Fresno_CA_-_2023.jpg"},{"link_name":"public affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_affairs_(broadcasting)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-puts-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Edward R. Murrow Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTDNA_Edward_R._Murrow_Award"},{"link_name":"Radio-Television News Directors Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-Television_News_Directors_Association"},{"link_name":"Emmys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmys"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"KMPH-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMPH-TV"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"KFSN-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFSN-TV"},{"link_name":"high definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television"}],"text":"Shortly after building its Hanford studios, KFTV began producing local newscasts.[21] The station's first news anchor, Pedro Santos, was the longest-tenured in Fresno when he took a job as public relations director for KFTV in 1994.[22]Univision KFTV Channel 21's modern studio and office space in Northern FresnoKFTV-DT presently broadcasts seven hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with one hour each on weekdays, Saturdays and Sundays); in addition, the station produces the public affairs program Arriba Valle Central, which airs weekday mornings from 5 to 7 a.m. After producing a dinner-hour local newscast since 1973, KFTV launched Arriba Valle Central in 1990 and a late local news program in 1996.[22] Weekend newscasts were instituted in 2004.[23]The station's news department, whose newscasts are currently titled Noticias 21, won two Edward R. Murrow Awards from the Radio-Television News Directors Association in the \"Best Newscast\" category in 2001 and 2007; the station also won Regional News Emmys for \"Best Newscast\" in May 2009, for \"Best Evening Newscast\" in June 2011 and for \"Best Sports Weekly Program\" for Accion Deportiva Extra.In late December 2010, KFTV became the first Spanish-language television station in the Fresno market and the third station overall (after Fox affiliate KMPH-TV (channel 26) and ABC owned-and-operated station KFSN-TV (channel 30)) to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition.","title":"News operation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Technical information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiplexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplex_(TV)"}],"sub_title":"Subchannels","text":"The station's signal is multiplexed:Simulcast of subchannels of another station","title":"Technical information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF"},{"link_name":"transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_television_transition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"virtual channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_channel"}],"sub_title":"Analog-to-digital conversion","text":"KFTV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 21, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 20,[25] using virtual channel 21.","title":"Technical information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Spectrum auction repack","text":"KFTV was one of nearly 1,000 television stations in the United States that had to change their digital channel allocation in the spectrum auction repack in 2019–2020. KFTV reallocated to UHF channel 21 in phase ten of the repack.[26]","title":"Technical information"}]

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[{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for KFTV-DT\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=34439","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for KFTV-DT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"Gann, Harold (January 17, 1962). \"Channel 21 Is The Hanford Station\". Hanford Sentinel. p. 12. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73836414/","url_text":"\"Channel 21 Is The Hanford Station\""}]},{"reference":"\"Take a Look! KDAS-TV Channel 21\". Hanford Sentinel. December 15, 1962. p. 12. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72892092/take-a-look-kdas-tv-channel-21/","url_text":"\"Take a Look! KDAS-TV Channel 21\""}]},{"reference":"\"Superior Court Notes\". Hanford Sentinel. December 1, 1962. p. 2. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73836831/","url_text":"\"Superior Court Notes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hanford TV Station Is Sold To Fresno Men\". Fresno Bee. January 5, 1965. p. 1-C. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73837536/","url_text":"\"Hanford TV Station Is Sold To Fresno Men\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fresnans Plan To Purchase Kings TV Station\". Fresno Bee. November 17, 1965. p. 14-B. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73837626/","url_text":"\"Fresnans Plan To Purchase Kings TV Station\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hanford TV Station Will Return to Air\". Hanford Sentinel. February 5, 1966. p. 1. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73837757/","url_text":"\"Hanford TV Station Will Return to Air\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hanford Station Leaves the Air\". Hanford Sentinel. May 14, 1966. p. 15. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72859453/","url_text":"\"Hanford Station Leaves the Air\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV Station In Hanford Will Be Out 3 Weeks\". The Fresno Bee. May 15, 1966. p. 24-B. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72859422/","url_text":"\"TV Station In Hanford Will Be Out 3 Weeks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kings County Borrows $750,000 from Bank\". Hanford Sentinel. September 5, 1967. p. 1. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72891812/","url_text":"\"Kings County Borrows $750,000 from Bank\""}]},{"reference":"\"For the Record\" (PDF). Broadcasting. April 15, 1968. p. 112. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1968/1968-04-15-BC.pdf","url_text":"\"For the Record\""}]},{"reference":"\"Changing hands\" (PDF). Broadcasting. April 8, 1968. pp. 74, 75. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1968/1968-04-08-BC.pdf","url_text":"\"Changing hands\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spanish-Language TV Station Opens\". The Fresno Bee. September 21, 1972. p. B5. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73838272/","url_text":"\"Spanish-Language TV Station Opens\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Valley Video Station Will Air All Programs In Spanish\". The Fresno Bee. July 16, 1972. p. 9 TV. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73838237/","url_text":"\"New Valley Video Station Will Air All Programs In Spanish\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV Station Breaks Ground\". The Hanford Sentinel. February 10, 1973. p. 4. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73838312/","url_text":"\"TV Station Breaks Ground\""}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Dean (April 25, 1976). \"KFTV Adds To Life In The Valley\". The Fresno Bee. p. D1. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73838657/","url_text":"\"KFTV Adds To Life In The Valley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Channel 21: From a Fledgling To a Big Station\". The Hanford Sentinel. February 18, 1978. p. 15. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73839532/","url_text":"\"Channel 21: From a Fledgling To a Big Station\""}]},{"reference":"Pollock, Dennis (November 24, 1985). \"KFTV's Jimenez is 'bullish' on his station's future\". Fresno Bee. pp. J3, J23. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73838545/","url_text":"\"KFTV's Jimenez is 'bullish' on his station's future\""},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73838569/","url_text":"J23"}]},{"reference":"Bentley, Rick (February 1, 2007). \"Fresno's Univision station gets a fresh morning look\". The Fresno Bee. p. E1, E2. Retrieved March 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73874352/","url_text":"\"Fresno's Univision station gets a fresh morning look\""},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73875065/","url_text":"E2"}]},{"reference":"Larson, Lanny (October 16, 1972). \"20 years of serving Hispanics\". The Fresno Bee. p. F5. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73839625/","url_text":"\"20 years of serving Hispanics\""}]},{"reference":"Larson, Lanny (October 25, 1996). \"KFTV puts Santos back on air in new role\". The Fresno Bee. p. E7. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73839666/","url_text":"\"KFTV puts Santos back on air in new role\""}]},{"reference":"\"New news\". Fresno Bee. March 22, 2004. p. B6. Retrieved March 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73873300/","url_text":"\"New news\""}]},{"reference":"\"DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and the Second Rounds\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 29, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130829004251/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf","url_text":"\"DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and the Second Rounds\""},{"url":"http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Repack Plan For Univision In Hanford, CA\". Ericson, Trip. RabbitEars. Retrieved April 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rabbitears.info/repackchannels.php?country=B&city=Hanford&state=CA&mktid=&owner=Univision&sort=","url_text":"\"Repack Plan For Univision In Hanford, CA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RabbitEars","url_text":"RabbitEars"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigmor_Aar%C3%B8_Spiten

Rigmor Aarø Spiten

["1 References"]

Norwegian politician Rigmor Aarø Spiten (born 29 March 1943) is a Norwegian politician for the Centre Party. She served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway for the constituency Oppland during the term 1985–1989. In total she met during 43 days of parliamentary session. References ^ "Rigmor Aarø Spiten" (in Norwegian). Storting. This article about a Norwegian politician born in the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD78

CD78

["1 Function","2 Expression","3 Clinical significance","4 References"]

CD78 is a protein expressed on the surface of some immature and all mature B-cells. It is considered a pan-B cell antigen. Other names include Cdw78, Ba antigen, Leu21 and LO-panB-a. Function It is part of the MHC class II. Expression CD78 is expressed on all stages of B cell development from pre-B cell through plasma cells. Its expression is strongest on activated B cells. It is also present on tissue macrophages and on epithelial cells. Clinical significance With flow cytometry, it can be used to detect B cells during many stages of their development. It is one of relatively few markers usefully expressed on plasma cells, and when combined with detection of markers such as CD22, can be used to determine the relative proportion of plasma cells. References ^ a b Slack JL, Armitage RJ, Ziegler SF, Dower SK, Gruss HJ (July 1995). "Molecular characterization of the pan-B cell antigen CDw78 as a MHC class II molecule by direct expression cloning of the transcription factor CIITA". International Immunology. 7 (7): 1087–92. doi:10.1093/intimm/7.7.1087. PMID 8527406. ^ a b c "CD78 antibody (60-3G2) (ab24151) datasheet". Abcam. Retrieved 2008-10-28. ^ a b Bona, Constantin; Francisco A. Bonilla (1996). "5". Textbook of Immunology. Martin Soohoo (2 ed.). CRC Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-3-7186-0596-5. vteProteins: clusters of differentiation (see also list of human clusters of differentiation)1–50 CD1 a-c 1A 1B 1D 1E CD2 CD3 γ δ ε CD4 CD5 CD6 CD7 CD8 a CD9 CD10 CD11 a b c d CD13 CD14 CD15 CD16 A B CD18 CD19 CD20 CD21 CD22 CD23 CD24 CD25 CD26 CD27 CD28 CD29 CD30 CD31 CD32 A B CD33 CD34 CD35 CD36 CD37 CD38 CD39 CD40 CD41 CD42 a b c d CD43 CD44 CD45 CD46 CD47 CD48 CD49 a b c d e f CD50 51–100 CD51 CD52 CD53 CD54 CD55 CD56 CD57 CD58 CD59 CD61 CD62 E L P CD63 CD64 A B C CD66 a b c d e f CD68 CD69 CD70 CD71 CD72 CD73 CD74 CD78 CD79 a b CD80 CD81 CD82 CD83 CD84 CD85 a d e h j k CD86 CD87 CD88 CD89 CD90 CD91 - CD92 CD93 CD94 CD95 CD96 CD97 CD98 CD99 CD100 101–150 CD101 CD102 CD103 CD104 CD105 CD106 CD107 a b CD108 CD109 CD110 CD111 CD112 CD113 CD114 CD115 CD116 CD117 CD118 CD119 CD120 a b CD121 a b CD122 CD123 CD124 CD125 CD126 CD127 CD129 CD130 CD131 CD132 CD133 CD134 CD135 CD136 CD137 CD138 CD140b CD141 CD142 CD143 CD144 CD146 CD147 CD148 CD150 151–200 CD151 CD152 CD153 CD154 CD155 CD156 a b c CD157 CD158 (a d e i k) CD159 a c CD160 CD161 CD162 CD163 CD164 CD166 CD167 a b CD168 CD169 CD170 CD171 CD172 a b g CD174 CD177 CD178 CD179 a b CD180 CD181 CD182 CD183 CD184 CD185 CD186 CD191 CD192 CD193 CD194 CD195 CD196 CD197 CDw198 CDw199 CD200 201–250 CD201 CD202b CD204 CD205 CD206 CD207 CD208 CD209 CDw210 a b CD212 CD213a 1 2 CD217 CD218 (a b) CD220 CD221 CD222 CD223 CD224 CD225 CD226 CD227 CD228 CD229 CD230 CD233 CD234 CD235 a b CD236 CD238 CD239 CD240CE CD240D CD241 CD243 CD244 CD246 CD247 - CD248 CD249 251–300 CD252 CD253 CD254 CD256 CD257 CD258 CD261 CD262 CD263 CD264 CD265 CD266 CD267 CD268 CD269 CD271 CD272 CD273 CD274 CD275 CD276 CD278 CD279 CD280 CD281 CD282 CD283 CD284 CD286 CD288 CD289 CD290 CD292 CDw293 CD294 CD295 CD297 CD298 CD299 301–350 CD300A CD301 CD302 CD303 CD304 CD305 CD306 CD307 CD309 CD312 CD314 CD315 CD316 CD317 CD318 CD320 CD321 CD322 CD324 CD325 CD326 CD327 CD328 CD329 CD331 CD332 CD333 CD334 CD335 CD336 CD337 CD338 CD339 CD340 CD344 CD349 CD350

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaris_Ventures

Polaris Partners

["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]

American investment firm This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Polaris Partners" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Polaris PartnersCompany typePrivate ownershipIndustryVenture CapitalFounded1996HeadquartersBoston, Massachusetts, United StatesProductsInvestmentsAUM$5.0 billionNumber of employees35+Websitepolarispartners.com Polaris Partners is a venture capital firm active in the field of healthcare and biotechnology companies. The company has offices in Boston, Massachusetts, New York, NY and San Francisco, California. History Polaris Partners was founded in 1996 by Jon Flint, Terry McGuire, Steve Arnold. The firm has over $5 billion in committed capital and is now making investments through its tenth fund. The current managing partners are Amy Schulman, and Brian Chee. Polaris Partners also has two affiliate funds. Polaris Growth Fund targets investments in profitable, founder-owned technology companies and is led by managing partners Bryce Youngren and Dan Lombard. Polaris Innovation Fund focuses on the commercial and therapeutic potential of early-stage academic research and is led by managing partners Amy Schulman and Ellie McGuire. History of private equityand venture capital Early history (origins of modern private equity) The 1980s (leveraged buyout boom) The 1990s (leveraged buyout and the venture capital bubble) The 2000s (dot-com bubble to the credit crunch) The 2010s (expansion) The 2020s (COVID-19 recession) vte See also Polaris Growth Fund Polaris Innovation Fund References ^ a b c "Brian Chee". California Health Care Foundation. Retrieved 2022-09-08. ^ Polaris Venture Website: Who We Are Archived 2008-12-18 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Polaris Partners Portfolio". ^ DeAngelis, Allison. "Polaris Partners plans new $400M fund for life sciences, tech". ^ "Investors hope to collect big return from Exchange.com". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2022-09-08. ^ "Terrance G. McGuire". Dartmouth Engineering. Retrieved 2022-09-08. ^ "Stephen D. Arnold". Edutopia. Retrieved 2022-09-08. ^ "Polaris Team | Polaris Partners". Retrieved 2024-06-07. ^ FinSMEs (2022-07-31). "Amplifire Receives Strategic Investment from Polaris Growth Fund". FinSMEs. Retrieved 2022-09-08. ^ "Bryce Youngren". Polaris Growth. Retrieved 2022-09-08. ^ "Breaking into Biotech with Amy Schulman, Polaris Partners". HARVARD ALUMNI ENTREPRENEURS. 9 July 2020. Retrieved 2022-09-08. ^ "Amy Schulman '89 - Yale Law School". law.yale.edu. Retrieved 2022-09-08. ^ "Experts in Residence (XIRs)". Harvard Office of Technology Development. Retrieved 2022-09-08. ^ Solutions, Inc, Dude. "Women, Money & Tech". calendar.buffalo.edu. Retrieved 2022-09-08. A Generation Gap in Venture Capital Gupta, Udayan. Done Deals: Venture Capitalists Tell Their Stories, 2000 Venture-Capital Firms Prepare for Next Generation of Partners "The Thrill of Defeat". The Boston Globe, February 2001 Cocktails & Conversation with Bill Egan, Alta Communications. Wharton School of Business, 2006. External links Polaris Partners vtePrivate equity and venture capital investment firmsInvestment strategy Venture Growth Mezzanine Secondaries Leveraged buyout History History of private equity and venture capital Early history of private equity Private equity in the 1980s Private equity in the 1990s Private equity in the 2000s Investors Angel investor Commercial bank Corporate venture capital Crowdfunding Family office Endowment Fund of funds High-net-worth individual Institutional investor Insurance company Investment bank Merchant bank Pension fund Sovereign wealth fund Private equity firms Venture capital firms Portfolio companies

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birgit_Cullberg

Birgit Cullberg

["1 Selected choreography","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]

Swedish ballet choreographer (1908–1999) Birgit Cullberg in 1943 Portrait of Birgit Cullberg by Willy Gordon, outside the Theatre in Nyköping, Sweden Birgit Ragnhild Cullberg (3 August 1908 – 8 September 1999) was a Swedish choreographer. Her father Carl Cullberg was a bank director and her mother was Elna Westerström. Cullberg was born in Nyköping and was married from 1942 to 1949 to actor Anders Ek. She was the mother of Niklas Ek in 1943, and twins Mats Ek, and Malin Ek in 1945. Cullberg studied ballet under Kurt Jooss-Leeder and Lilian Karina and at The Royal Ballet, London (1952–1957). In 1960, Cullberg was appointed director and choreographer at the Stockholm City Theatre. Some of her choreographies were premiered at the Royal Opera in Stockholm. Cullberg gained international recognition by founding the Cullberg Ballet in the 1960s. On her retirement in 1985, her son Mats Ek took over the ballet company. The Swedish Arts Grants Committee instituted the Cullberg scholarship in her honour, and she was awarded an honorary professorship at Stockholm University, where she had studied when she was young. In 1977 she was awarded the Litteris et Artibus and in 1983 the Illis quorum. She also received the French honour Commandeur des Arts et Lettres and the Italian honour Cavaliere Ufficiale al Merito della Repubblica Italiana. Selected choreography 1950 Miss Julie 1957 The Moon Reindeer 1960 The Lady from the Sea References ^ a b Arent, Hans-Christian (8 September 2021), "Birgit Ragnhild Cullberg", Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian Bokmål), retrieved 19 May 2022 ^ a b c Cullberg, Birgit (3 August 1908). "Birgit Ragnhild Cullberg". Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon. Retrieved 27 February 2024. ^ "Birgit Cullberg". The Guardian. 22 September 1999. Retrieved 27 February 2024. ^ Gruhl, Boris (6 January 2016). "Choreograf Mats Ek beweist seinen subtilen Humor". Deutschlandfunk Kultur (in German). Retrieved 27 February 2024. ^ a b Malmström Olsson, Cecilia. "Birgit Ragnhild Cullberg". Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon. Translated by Alexia Grosjean. Retrieved 19 May 2022. ^ "Mats Ek". Staatstheater Nürnberg (in German). Retrieved 27 February 2024. ^ "Birgit Cullberg". www.kungahuset.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 19 May 2022. ^ "Regeringens belöningsmedaljer och regeringens utmärkelse: Professors namn". Regeringskansliet (in Swedish). January 2006. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2022. ^ "Miss Julie". American Ballet Theatre. 22 February 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2024. ^ "Moon Reindeer". American Ballet Theatre. 22 February 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2024. ^ "Lady from the Sea". American Ballet Theatre. 22 February 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2024. Further reading Birgit Ragnhild Cullberg at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon External links Official website NY Times obituary by Anna Kisselgoff, 13 September 1999 The Independent obituary by Nadine Meisner, 27 September 1999 Birgit Cullberg at IMDb Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Artists KulturNav MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballylongford_GAA

Ballylongford GAA

["1 Honours","2 Notable players","3 References"]

Coordinates: 52°32′37″N 9°28′25″W / 52.54361°N 9.47361°W / 52.54361; -9.47361This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ballylongford GAA" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) BallylongfordBéal Átha LongfoirtCounty:KerryColours:Blue & WhiteGrounds:O'Rahilly Park, BallylongfordCoordinates:52°32′37″N 9°28′25″W / 52.54361°N 9.47361°W / 52.54361; -9.47361Playing kits Standard colours Ballylongford GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association club from the village of Ballylongford in County Kerry, Ireland. They have won 13 North Kerry Senior Football Championships. Honours North Kerry Senior Football Championship: 13 1940, 1941, 1943, 1947, 1953, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1974, 1975, 1986, 1993, 2000 Kerry Intermediate Football Championship: 3 1971,1972, 1976, Notable players Kieran Culhane Paddy Kelly All-Ireland Senior Football Championship winner. John Kennedy Three time All-Ireland Senior Football Championship winner. Éamonn O'Donoghue Two time All-Ireland Senior Football Championship winner. Five time National Football League winner. Paudie O'Donoghue Two time All-Ireland Senior Football Championship winner. Five time National Football League winner. Johnny Walsh five time All-Ireland Senior Football Championship winner. References ^ "History of Ballylongford GAA". North Kerry Football Board. Retrieved 10 February 2024. vteKerry GAA clubsIndividual club* Austin Stacks Dingle Dr Crokes Kenmare Shamrocks Kerins O'Rahilly's Kilcummin Legion Templenoe East Kerry Dr Crokes Firies Fossa Glenflesk Gneeveguilla Kilcummin Legion Listry Rathmore Scartaglin Spa St Patrick's Mid Kerry Beaufort Cromane Glenbeigh-Glencar Keel Laune Rangers Milltown/Castlemaine North Kerry Ballyduff Beale Ballydonoghue Ballylongford Duagh Finuge Clounmacon Listowel Emmets Moyvane St Senan's Tarbert Knockanure South Kerry Sneem St Mary's Reenard St Michael's/Foilmore Skellig Rangers Valentia Dromid Pearses Waterville Derrynane West Kerry Lispole Castlegregory Annascaul Dingle An Ghaeltacht St Brendan's Churchill Ardfert St Pat's, Blennerville Na Gaeil, Tralee John Mitchell's Kenmare District Templenoe Kenmare Shamrocks Tuosist Kilgarvan St Kieran's Ballymacelligott Brosna Knocknagoshel Castleisland Desmonds Cordal Currow Scartaglin Tralee District Austin Stacks Ballymacelligott Churchill St Pat's Na Gaeil Kerins O'Rahilly's John Mitchell's Tralee Parnells Other divisions Feale Rangers Kenmare Shannon Rangers St Brendan's St Kieran's Former clubs Tralee Mitchels Banna Brick Rangers O'Connells Caherciveen Tralee Celtic *=Competing as individual club in 2010 Senior Football Championship This Kerry GAA club related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_standardised_Welsh_place-names_in_Denbighshire

List of standardised Welsh place-names in Denbighshire

["1 List","2 References"]

Location of Denbighshire in Wales. The list of standardised Welsh place-names, for places in Denbighshire, is a list compiled by the Welsh Language Commissioner to recommend the standardisation of the spelling of Welsh place-names, particularly in the Welsh language and when multiple forms are used, although some place-names in English were also recommended to be matched with the Welsh. The list contains 82 entries, as of November 2023. The list is based on recommendations provided by the Place-names Standardisation Panel, convened by the Commissioner, for expert advice on the standardisation of Welsh place-names. The panel bases their decisions on a set of guidelines (currently dating to June 2023), specific to Welsh settlement names (such as those of villages, towns, and cities) and topographic features (such as lakes, mountains and rivers). The panel does not cover house or building names, although similar principles could be applied to them or to names for new developments (for which the Commissioner offers their own advice to local authorities and housing developers). The panel may also have used additional guidelines. The list was first published in 2018, and took years to put together. Upon creation, these lists were published under the Open Government Licence 3.0. List Recommended standardised names Other name/spelling not recommended Type Grid reference Welsh English Aberchwiler Aberwheeler Settlement SJ0969 Alltmelyd Meliden Settlement SJ0680 Berwyn Berwyn Settlement SJ1943 Betws Gwerful Goch Betws Gwerful Goch Betws Gwerfil Goch Settlement SJ0346 Bodelwyddan Bodelwyddan Settlement SJ0075 Bodfari Bodfari Settlement SJ0970 Bontuchel Bontuchel Settlement SJ0857 Bryneglwys Bryneglwys Settlement SJ1447 Bryniau Bryniau Settlement SJ0680 Bryn-newydd Bryn-newydd Settlement SJ1841 Brynsaithmarchog Brynsaithmarchog Bryn Saith Marchog Settlement SJ0750 Carrog Carrog Settlement SJ1043 Clawddnewydd Clawddnewydd Settlement SJ0852 Clawddponcen Clawddponcen Clawdd Poncen Settlement SJ0744 Clocaenog Clocaenog Settlement SJ0854 Corwen Corwen Settlement SJ0743 Cwm Cwm Settlement SJ0677 Cynwyd Cynwyd Settlement SJ0541 Derwen Derwen Settlement SJ0650 Dinbych Denbigh Settlement SJ0566 Dyserth Dyserth Settlement SJ0579 Efenechdyd Efenechdyd Efenechtyd Settlement SJ1155 Eglwyseg Eglwyseg Area SJ2147 Eryrys Eryrys Settlement SJ2057 Fronbache Fronbache Settlement SJ2141 Galltegfa Galltegfa Settlement SJ1057 Gellifor Gellifor Settlement SJ1262 Glasgoed Glasgoed Settlement SH9973 Glyndyfrdwy Glyndyfrdwy Settlement SJ1442 Graianrhyd Graianrhyd Settlement SJ2156 Graigfechan Graigfechan Settlement SJ1454 Green Green Settlement SJ0568 Groesffordd Marli Groesffordd Marli Settlement SJ0073 Gwyddelwern Gwyddelwern Settlement SJ0746 Y Gyffylliog Y Gyffylliog Cyffylliog Settlement SJ0557 Hendre-rwydd Hendre-rwydd Settlement SJ1263 Henllan Henllan Settlement SJ0268 Lawnt Lawnt Settlement SJ0465 Llanarmon-yn-Iâl Llanarmon-yn-Iâl Settlement SJ1956 Llanbedr Dyffryn Clwyd Llanbedr Dyffryn Clwyd Settlement SJ1459 Llandegla Llandegla Settlement SJ1952 Llandynnan Llandynnan Llandynan Settlement SJ1844 Llandyrnog Llandyrnog Settlement SJ1065 Llanelidan Llanelidan Settlement SJ1050 Llanelwy St Asaph Settlement SJ0374 Llanfair Dyffryn Clwyd Llanfair Dyffryn Clwyd Settlement SJ1355 Llanferres Llanferres Settlement SJ1860 Llanfwrog Llanfwrog Settlement SJ1157 Llangollen Llangollen Settlement SJ2141 Llangwyfan Llangwyfan Settlement SJ1166 Llangynhafal Llangynhafal Settlement SJ1263 Llanrhaeadr-yng-Nghinmeirch Llanrhaeadr-yng-Nghinmeirch Settlement SJ0863 Llanynys Llanynys Settlement SJ1062 Llidiart Annie Llidiart Annie Settlement SJ1844 Llidiart-y-parc Llidiart-y-parc Settlement SJ1143 Loggerheads Loggerheads Settlement SJ1862 Maes-hafn Maes-hafn Maeshafn Settlement SJ2060 Marian Cwm Marian Cwm Settlement SJ0777 Melin-y-wig Melin-y-wig Melin-y-Wig Settlement SJ0348 Nantglyn Nantglyn Settlement SJ0062 Pandy’r Capel Pandy’r Capel Settlement SJ0850 Peniel Peniel Settlement SJ0362 Pentre Llanrhaeadr Pentre Llanrhaeadr Settlement SJ0862 Pentrecelyn Pentrecelyn Settlement SJ1453 Pentredŵr Pentredŵr Pentredwr Settlement SJ1946 Pentrefelin Pentrefelin Settlement SJ2043 Pontystrad Pontystrad Settlement SJ0564 Prestatyn Prestatyn Settlement SJ0682 Prion Prion Area SJ0562 Pwll-glas Pwll-glas Pwllglas Settlement SJ1154 Rhewl Rhewl Settlement SJ1060 Rhewl Rhewl Settlement SJ1844 Rhuallt Rhuallt Settlement SJ0775 Rhuddlan Rhuddlan Settlement SJ0278 Rhuthun Ruthin Settlement SJ1258 Rhydymeudwy Rhydymeudwy Settlement SJ1251 Y Rhyl Rhyl Settlement SJ0181 Saron Saron Settlement SJ0260 Trefnant Trefnant Settlement SJ0570 Trefor Trefor Settlement SJ2642 Tremeirchion Tremeirchion Settlement SJ0873 Waun Waun Settlement SJ1065 References ^ "Technical guidance". www.welshlanguagecommissioner.wales. Retrieved 2023-11-18. ^ "Guidelines for Standardising Place-names in Wales" (PDF). Welsh Language Commissioner. 19 June 2023. ^ School, Dr Dylan Foster Evans Head of. "Definitive list of Welsh place names published". Cardiff University. Retrieved 2023-11-18. ^ "Welsh Language Commissioner unveils place name list". BBC News. 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2023-11-18. ^ "Other resources: Place-names in Wales | GOV.WALES". www.gov.wales. 2023-11-06. Retrieved 2023-11-18. ^ "Welsh Place Names". www.welshlanguagecommissioner.wales. Retrieved 2023-11-18. vteDenbighshirePrincipal settlements Corwen Denbigh Llangollen Prestatyn Rhuddlan Rhyl Ruthin St Asaph Communities Aberwheeler Betws Gwerfil Goch Bodelwyddan Bodfari Bryneglwys Cefn Meiriadog Clocaenog Corwen Cwm Cyffylliog Cynwyd Denbigh Derwen Dyserth Efenechtyd Gwyddelwern Henllan Llanarmon-yn-Iâl Llanbedr Dyffryn Clwyd Llandegla Llandrillo Llandyrnog Llanelidan Llanfair Dyffryn Clwyd Llanferres Llangollen Llangynhafal Llanrhaeadr-yng-Nghinmeirch Llantysilio Llanynys Nantglyn Prestatyn Rhuddlan Rhyl Ruthin St Asaph Trefnant Tremeirchion Waen Villages Aberwheeler Berwyn Betws Gwerfil Goch Bodelwyddan Bodfari Bontuchel Bryneglwys Carrog Castell Cefnmeriadog Clawdd Poncen Clocaenog Clawddnewydd Crogen Cwm Cyffylliog Cynwyd Derwen Druid Dyserth Efenechtyd Gellifor Gellioedd Glasfryn Glyndyfrdwy Gronant Gwyddelwern Henllan Hirwaen Llanarmon-yn-Iâl Llanbedr Dyffryn Clwyd Llandegla Llandrillo Llandyrnog Llanelidan Llanferres Llanfwrog Llangar Llangwyfan Llangynhafal Llanrhaeadr-yng-Nghinmeirch Llansanffraid Glyndyfrdwy Llantysilio Llanychan Llanynys Loggerheads Maerdy Meliden Nantglyn Prion Pwllglas Pentrecelyn Rhewl Rhuallt Saron Tafarn Y Gelyn Trefnant Tremeirchion Oldest inhabited location Bontnewydd Palaeolithic site Geography Berwyn range Clwydian Range Clwydian Range and Dee Valley AONB Denbigh Moors Eglwyseg Vale of Clwyd World's End Topics List of parliamentary constituencies in Clwyd Schools Country houses SSSIs Scheduled Monuments Listed buildings Grade I Grade II* The historic county Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Public art Geography Wales vteList of standardised Welsh place-names Anglesey Blaenau Gwent Bridgend Caerphilly Cardiff Carmarthenshire Ceredigion Conwy Denbighshire Flintshire Gwynedd Merthyr Tydfil Monmouthshire Neath Port Talbot Newport Pembrokeshire Powys Rhondda Cynon Taf Swansea Torfaen Vale of Glamorgan Wrexham Wales

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_transparency_film

Reversal film

["1 History","1.1 Additive method","1.2 Subtractive methods","2 Film types","2.1 Black and white","3 Pros and cons","3.1 Pros","3.2 Cons","4 Uses","4.1 Viewing","4.2 Slide copier","4.3 Gallery","5 Notable films","6 See also","7 Notes and references","8 External links"]

Type of photographic film that produces a positive image on a transparent base A single slide, showing a color transparency in a plastic frame Slide projector, showing the lens and a typical double slide carrier In photography, reversal film or slide film is a type of photographic film that produces a positive image on a transparent base. Instead of negatives and prints, reversal film is processed to produce transparencies or diapositives (abbreviated as "diafilm" or "dia" in some languages like German, Romanian or Hungarian). Reversal film is produced in various sizes, from 35 mm to roll film to 8×10 inch sheet film. A slide is a specially mounted individual transparency intended for projection onto a screen using a slide projector. This allows the photograph to be viewed by a large audience at once. The most common form is the 35 mm slide, with the image framed in a 2×2 inch cardboard or plastic mount. Some specialized labs produce photographic slides from digital camera images in formats such as JPEG, from computer-generated presentation graphics, and from a wide variety of physical source material such as fingerprints, microscopic sections, paper documents, astronomical images, etc. Reversal film is sometimes used as motion picture film, mostly in the 16 mm, Super 8 and 8 mm "cine" formats, to yield a positive image on the camera original. This avoids the expense of using negative film, which requires additional film and processing to create a positive film print for projection. History Additive method The earliest practical and commercially successful color photography reversal process was the Lumière Autochrome, introduced in 1907. It was an additive method, using a panchromatic emulsion coated on a thin glass plate previously coated with a layer of dyed potato starch grains. Autochrome plates were discontinued in the 1930s, after the introduction of Lumière Filmcolor in sheet film and Lumicolor in roll film sizes. Also using the additive principle and reversal processing were the Agfa color screen plates and films and Dufaycolor film, all of which were discontinued by 1961. Subtractive methods Leopold Godowsky, Jr. and Leopold Mannes, working with the Eastman Kodak Company, developed Kodachrome, the first commercially successful color film to use the subtractive method. Kodachrome was introduced in 1935 as 16mm motion picture film, and in 1936 as 35mm film for still cameras. The Kodachrome films contained no color dye couplers; these were added during processing. In late 1936, Agfacolor Neu was launched, Agfa having overcome earlier difficulties with color sensitivity problems. This film had the dye couplers incorporated into the emulsion, making processing simpler than for Kodachrome. Early color negative film had many shortcomings, including the high cost of the film, processing and printing, the mediocre color quality, rapid fading and discoloration of highlights of some types of print that became noticeable after several years. Amateurs who owned projection equipment used reversal films extensively because the cost of projection equipment and slide film was offset by not having to pay for prints. Eventually, print quality improved and prices decreased, and, by the 1970s, color negative film and color prints had largely displaced slides as the primary method of amateur photography. Until about 1995, color transparency was preferred for publication because of the films' higher contrast and resolution, and was widely used in commercial and advertising photography, reportage, sports, stock and nature photography. Digital media gradually replaced transparency film. Film types All color reversal film sold today is developed with the E-6 process. The non-substantive Kodachrome films, the last of which was discontinued in 2009, were processed with the K-14 process. Polaroid produced an instant slide film called Polachrome. It was packaged in cassettes like normal 35mm film. A separate processing unit was used to develop it after exposure. Black and white This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Reversal film" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Picture of a boat taken on Fomapan R 100 black-and-white reversal film Black-and-white transparencies can be made directly with some modern black-and-white films, which normally yield negatives. The negative image is developed but not fixed. The negative image is removed by bleaching with a solution of potassium permanganate or potassium dichromate in dilute sulfuric acid, which is removed by washing and a clearing bath containing sodium metabisulfite or potassium metabisulfite. The remaining silver halide salts are re-exposed to light, developed and fixed, and the film is washed and dried. Black-and-white transparencies were once popular for presentation of lecture materials using 3¼"×4" (3¼" square in the UK) glass-mounted slides. Such positive black-and-white projection is now rarely done, except in motion pictures. Even where black-and-white positives are currently used, the process to create them typically uses an internegative with standard processing instead of a chemical reversal process. Black-and-white reversal films are less common than color reversal films. Agfa-Gevaert discontinued its Agfa Scala 200x Professional black-and-white reversal film. This could be developed with their proprietary Scala process. The Adox company released Scala 160 In 2017 , A black and white reversal film based on Agfa's discontinued Scala. The Foma company of the Czech Republic produces one of only remaining dedicated black-and-white reversal film for 35 mm stills, Fomapan R 100, which is also available in movie film formats. Kodak & Foma currently produce kits for reversal processing. Kodak formerly offered a kit ("Direct Positive Film Developing Outfit") for reversal processing of its now-discontinued Panatomic X film, which doubled the effective film speed from 32 to 64. The bleaching bath used potassium dichromate and sodium bisulfate; the redeveloper was a fogging developer, and so unstable that its shelf-life after mixing was only slightly longer than the amount of time needed to process a single roll. This was replaced with a "T-Max Direct Positive Film Developing Outfit", which uses potassium permanganate and sulfuric acid in the bleach. In this kit, the fogging redeveloper is stable, but the bleach is not, with a shelf-life, once mixed, of no more than two weeks. dr5 Chrome process, which produces black-and-white transparencies from most traditional halide (i.e., non-chromogenic) black-and-white negative films. Kodak Tri-X Reversal Film 7266 and Kodak Plus-X Reversal Film 7265 are black-and-white reversal films used for movie-making. Ilford has published a reversal process applicable to all current B&W emulsions, but recommended for Pan F+, FP4+, and Delta 100. Pros and cons Film scanner Pros Shows what exactly was captured on film without printing. More accurate color translation when digitizing. There is no need for color inversion processes. Much faster digitizing on professional scanner machines. In general, slide film produces much more vibrant colours than negative film. Finer grain, better resolution and sharpness compared to color negative films. Cons Generally fewer stops of exposure latitude when compared to color negative film. Lower film speeds than color negative. Typically higher priced. Uses Slide projector Leitz Prado Viewing Main articles: Slide projector and Slide viewer Finished transparencies are most frequently displayed by projection. Some projectors use a sliding mechanism to manually pull the transparency out of the side of the machine, where it is replaced by the next image. Modern, advanced projectors typically use a carousel that holds a large number of slides; a mechanism automatically pulls a single slide from the carousel and places it in front of the lamp. Small externally lit or battery-powered magnifying viewers are available. In traditional newsrooms and magazine offices slides were viewed using a lightbox and a loupe, which allowed rapid side by side comparison of similar images. Slide copier A slide copier is a simple optical device that can be fastened to the lens mount of a camera to enable slide duplicates to be made. Whilst these devices were formerly used to make duplicates on to slide film, they are often now used in conjunction with digital cameras to digitize images from film-based transparencies. This method usually gives better resolution than using attachments for digital A4 flat-bed scanners. The devices are typically about 30 cm long, and screw into an intermediate 't-mount' attached to the camera. The lens in the copier does not need to be complex, because the systems are usually stopped down to small f numbers (e.g. for the Makinon Zoom Unit, f/16 at 1:1 magnification, falling to f/22 at 3:1 magnification), and the object and image distances are similar, so that many aberrations are minimized. Gallery Slide viewer Slide viewer Slide archive box Slide frame 6×6 cm Slide frames 6×6 centimeters (2.4 in) A type 120 reversal film from the mid-1950s: the Italian Ferraniacolor Slide frames, 1940 (metal or card) to 1985 (plastic) Agfacolor slide dated 1939 Agfacolor slide dated 1942 A US soldier poses with North Korean soldiers in this Kodachrome slide from 1956 A positive image in a slide from 2004 The typical high-contrast appearance of a Fuji Velvia slide image Notable films Films notably shot on reversal film include Buffalo '66 (1998) - Shot entirely on color 35mm Eastman Ektachrome 160T 5239 reversal film. Pi (1998) - Shot entirely on black & white 16mm Eastman Tri-X 200 and Plus-X reversal film. Da 5 Bloods (2020) - Select scenes shot on color 16mm Ektachrome reversal film. Poor Things (2023) - Shot on color 35mm Ektachrome reversal film. See also Filmstrip Slide library Slide show View-Master Transparency (projection) Notes and references ^ Raso, Michael (30 October 2021). "Negative Film vs Reversal (Positive) Film? What's the Difference?". The Film Photography Project. Retrieved 13 August 2023. ^ Various print and online sources offer discontinuation dates ranging from 1932 to 1938. ^ a b A. L. M. Sowerby, ed. (1961). Dictionary of Photography: A Reference Book for Amateur and Professional Photographers (19th Ed.). London: Iliffe Books Ltd. pp. 126–132. ^ "Hall of Fame / Inventor Profile Leopold Mannes". Archived from the original on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2007-02-28. ^ http://www.preservation101.org/session2/expl_iv_cs-photo_cd.asp shows examples of the severe yellowing eventually produced by this staining and briefly explains the cause. This was a problem with early Kodacolor prints. ^ Langford, Michael (2000). Basic Photography (7th Ed.). Oxford: Focal Press. ISBN 0-240-51592-7. ^ Foresman, Chris (30 June 2009). "Death of Kodachrome belies technological leap it represented". Condé Nast Digital. Archived from the original on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2010. ^ a b "Ilford Application Sheet – Reversal Processing: Using Black-and-White Films to Produce Monochrome Transparencies" (PDF). Ilford Imaging UK Ltd. September 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2009. ^ "Fomapan R 100". FOMA BOHEMIA, spol. s r.o. 2004. Archived from the original on 15 June 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2009. ^ "Fomapan R" (PDF). Fomapan R. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ "Kodak Technical Data: Kodak Professional T-Max 100 Direct Positive Film Developing Outfit" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2012. ^ "MSDS, Kodak T-Max 100 Direct Positive Film Reversal Bleach" (PDF). Palomar College Facilities Dept. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2012. ^ "Black and White Reversal Film : KODAK TRI-X Reversal Film 7266 (16 mm) Technical Data". Eastman Kodak Company. 2003. Archived from the original on April 8, 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2009. ^ "Black and White Reversal Film : KODAK PLUS-X Reversal Film 7265 (16 mm) Technical Data". Eastman Kodak Company. 2003. Archived from the original on September 24, 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2009. ^ a b "Slide vs. Print Film". Vivid Light. 2001. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-04-27. ^ "Understanding Color Negative Film for Scanning". ^ "Negative Scanning vs. Print Scanning". ^ "What Is Slide Film: An Introduction To Color Reversal & E-6". I still shoot film. Archived from the original on 2016-04-16. ^ "E-6 Slide Film vs C-41Color Negative Film | the Darkroom". 23 September 2020. ^ Dawood, Usman (2020-05-08). "Testing the Dynamic Range Limits for Medium Format Film: Kodak Ektachrome E100". Fstoppers. Retrieved 2020-06-03. ^ "I STILL SHOOT FILM - The Real Dynamic Range of Film". istillshootfilm.org. Archived from the original on 2020-06-03. Retrieved 2020-06-03. ^ Faust, M. (30 March 2015). "From the Vaults: Vincent Gallo on Buffalo and Buffalo 66". The Public. ^ Buder, Emily (5 January 2017). "Kodak Brings Ektachrome Film Stock Back from the Dead". NoFilmSchool. ^ "Cinematography Style: Matthew Libatique". InDepthCine.com. ^ "DP Newton Thomas Sigel ASC used KODAK EKTACHROME 16mm Film to time-travel in Spike Lee's 'Da 5 Bloods'". Kodak.com. 18 June 2020. ^ "DP Robbie Ryan ISC BSC conjured up colorful, atmospheric looks for 'Poor Things' using KODAK 35mm B&W, color negative and EKTACHROME Reversal film stocks". Kodak.com. 29 November 2023. External links Kodak TRI-X Reversal Film 7266 Ilford B&W reversal processing description dr5CHROME Archived 2010-08-08 at the Wayback Machine (B&W reversal) Color Reversal Film Information and Comparison Chart A Black & White Reversal Process Archived 2021-08-26 at the Wayback Machine In Memory Of Agfa Scala vtePhotographyEquipment Camera light-field digital field instant pinhole press rangefinder SLR still TLR toy view Darkroom enlarger safelight Drone Film base format holder stock available films discontinued films Filter Flash beauty dish cucoloris gobo hot shoe lens hood monolight reflector snoot softbox Lens long-focus prime zoom wide-angle fisheye swivel telephoto Manufacturers Monopod Movie projector Slide projector Tripod head Zone plate Terminology 35 mm equivalent focal length Angle of view Aperture Backscatter Black-and-white Chromatic aberration Circle of confusion Color balance Color temperature Depth of field Depth of focus Exposure Exposure compensation Exposure value Zebra patterning F-number Film format large medium Film speed Focal length Guide number Hyperfocal distance Lens flare Metering mode Perspective distortion Photograph Photographic printing Albumen Photographic processes Reciprocity Red-eye effect Science of photography Shutter speed Sync Zone System Genres Abstract Aerial Aircraft Architectural Astrophotography Banquet Candid Conceptual Conservation Cloudscape Documentary Eclipse Ethnographic Erotic Fashion Fine-art Fire Forensic Glamour High-speed Landscape Nature Neues Sehen Nude Photojournalism Pictorialism Pornography Portrait Post-mortem Ruins Selfie Social documentary Sports Still life Stock Straight photography Street Toy camera Underwater Vernacular Wedding Wildlife Techniques Afocal Bokeh Brenizer Burst mode Contre-jour Cyanotype ETTR Fill flash Fireworks Harris shutter High-speed Holography Infrared Intentional camera movement Kirlian Kite aerial Lo-fi photography Long-exposure Luminogram Macro Mordançage Multiple exposure Multi-exposure HDR capture Night Panning Panoramic Photogram Print toning Pigeon photography Redscale Rephotography Rollout Scanography Schlieren photography Sabattier effect Slow motion Stereoscopy Stopping down Strip Slit-scan Sun printing Tilt–shift Miniature faking Time-lapse Ultraviolet Vignetting Xerography Zoom burst Composition Diagonal method Framing Headroom Lead room Rule of thirds Simplicity Golden triangle (composition) History Timeline of photography technology Ambrotype Analog photography Autochrome Lumière Box camera Calotype Camera obscura Daguerreotype Dufaycolor Heliography Painted photography backdrops Photography and the law Glass plate Tintype Visual arts Regional Albania Bangladesh Canada China Denmark Greece India Japan Korea Luxembourg Norway Philippines Serbia Slovenia Sudan Taiwan Turkey Ukraine United States Uzbekistan Vietnam Digital photography Digital camera D-SLR comparison MILC camera back Digiscoping Comparison of digital and film photography Film scanner Image sensor CMOS APS CCD Three-CCD camera Foveon X3 sensor Image sharing Pixel Color photography Color Print film Chromogenic print Reversal film Color management color space primary color CMYK color model RGB color model Photographicprocessing Bleach bypass C-41 process Collodion process Cross processing Developer Digital image processing Dye coupler E-6 process Fixer Gelatin silver process Gum printing Instant film K-14 process Print permanence Push processing Stop bath Lists Most expensive photographs Museums devoted to one photographer Photographs considered the most important Photographers Norwegian Polish street women Related Conservation and restoration of photographs film photographic plates Lomography Polaroid art Stereoscopy  Category  Outline Authority control databases: National Germany United States Czech Republic

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zett_Fafix_BW_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"},{"link_name":"photographic film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_film"},{"link_name":"positive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_(photography)"},{"link_name":"transparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_(optics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"negatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_(photography)"},{"link_name":"prints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_printing"},{"link_name":"diapositives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diapositive#English"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"35 mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/135_film"},{"link_name":"roll film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll_film"},{"link_name":"sheet film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_film"},{"link_name":"slide projector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_projector"},{"link_name":"JPEG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG"},{"link_name":"motion picture film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_film"},{"link_name":"16 mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_mm_film"},{"link_name":"Super 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_8_film"},{"link_name":"8 mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_mm_film"},{"link_name":"\"cine\" formats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_film"},{"link_name":"film print","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Release_print"}],"text":"A single slide, showing a color transparency in a plastic frameSlide projector, showing the lens and a typical double slide carrierIn photography, reversal film or slide film is a type of photographic film that produces a positive image on a transparent base.[1] Instead of negatives and prints, reversal film is processed to produce transparencies or diapositives (abbreviated as \"diafilm\" or \"dia\" in some languages like German, Romanian or Hungarian). Reversal film is produced in various sizes, from 35 mm to roll film to 8×10 inch sheet film.A slide is a specially mounted individual transparency intended for projection onto a screen using a slide projector. This allows the photograph to be viewed by a large audience at once. The most common form is the 35 mm slide, with the image framed in a 2×2 inch cardboard or plastic mount. Some specialized labs produce photographic slides from digital camera images in formats such as JPEG, from computer-generated presentation graphics, and from a wide variety of physical source material such as fingerprints, microscopic sections, paper documents, astronomical images, etc.Reversal film is sometimes used as motion picture film, mostly in the 16 mm, Super 8 and 8 mm \"cine\" formats, to yield a positive image on the camera original. This avoids the expense of using negative film, which requires additional film and processing to create a positive film print for projection.","title":"Reversal film"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"color photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_photography"},{"link_name":"Lumière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Autochrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"additive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_color"},{"link_name":"panchromatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchromatic"},{"link_name":"potato starch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato_starch"},{"link_name":"Autochrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"sheet film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_film"},{"link_name":"roll film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll_film"},{"link_name":"Agfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agfa"},{"link_name":"Dufaycolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dufaycolor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sowerby-3"}],"sub_title":"Additive method","text":"The earliest practical and commercially successful color photography reversal process was the Lumière Autochrome, introduced in 1907. It was an additive method, using a panchromatic emulsion coated on a thin glass plate previously coated with a layer of dyed potato starch grains. Autochrome plates were discontinued in the 1930s,[2] after the introduction of Lumière Filmcolor in sheet film and Lumicolor in roll film sizes. Also using the additive principle and reversal processing were the Agfa color screen plates and films and Dufaycolor film, all of which were discontinued by 1961.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leopold Godowsky, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Godowsky,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Leopold Mannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mannes"},{"link_name":"Eastman Kodak Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman_Kodak"},{"link_name":"Kodachrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodachrome"},{"link_name":"subtractive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtractive_color"},{"link_name":"motion picture film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_film"},{"link_name":"35mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/135_film"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"color dye couplers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye_coupler"},{"link_name":"Agfacolor Neu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agfacolor"},{"link_name":"Agfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agfa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sowerby-3"},{"link_name":"color negative film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_print_film"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising"},{"link_name":"Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_data"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Langford-6"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"sub_title":"Subtractive methods","text":"Leopold Godowsky, Jr. and Leopold Mannes, working with the Eastman Kodak Company, developed Kodachrome, the first commercially successful color film to use the subtractive method. Kodachrome was introduced in 1935 as 16mm motion picture film, and in 1936 as 35mm film for still cameras.[4] The Kodachrome films contained no color dye couplers; these were added during processing.In late 1936, Agfacolor Neu was launched, Agfa having overcome earlier difficulties with color sensitivity problems. This film had the dye couplers incorporated into the emulsion, making processing simpler than for Kodachrome.[3]Early color negative film had many shortcomings, including the high cost of the film, processing and printing, the mediocre color quality, rapid fading and discoloration of highlights[5] of some types of print that became noticeable after several years. Amateurs who owned projection equipment used reversal films extensively because the cost of projection equipment and slide film was offset by not having to pay for prints. Eventually, print quality improved and prices decreased, and, by the 1970s, color negative film and color prints had largely displaced slides as the primary method of amateur photography.Until about 1995, color transparency was preferred for publication because of the films' higher contrast and resolution, and was widely used in commercial and advertising photography, reportage, sports, stock and nature photography. Digital media gradually replaced transparency film.\n[6][page needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E-6 process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-6_process"},{"link_name":"Kodachrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodachrome"},{"link_name":"K-14 process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-14_process"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ars_Technica-7"},{"link_name":"Polaroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaroid_Corporation"},{"link_name":"instant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_film"},{"link_name":"Polachrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polachrome"},{"link_name":"35mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/135_film"}],"text":"All color reversal film sold today is developed with the E-6 process. The non-substantive Kodachrome films, the last of which was discontinued in 2009, were processed with the K-14 process.[7]Polaroid produced an instant slide film called Polachrome. It was packaged in cassettes like normal 35mm film. A separate processing unit was used to develop it after exposure.","title":"Film types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lone_Rowboat_(214612025).jpeg"},{"link_name":"black-and-white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-white"},{"link_name":"potassium permanganate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_permanganate"},{"link_name":"potassium dichromate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_dichromate"},{"link_name":"sulfuric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid"},{"link_name":"washing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_(photography)"},{"link_name":"sodium metabisulfite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_metabisulfite"},{"link_name":"potassium metabisulfite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_metabisulfite"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ilford_Ap_Sheet-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Agfa-Gevaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agfa-Gevaert"},{"link_name":"Adox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADOX"},{"link_name":"Foma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foma_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"movie film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_stock"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kodak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak"},{"link_name":"Panatomic X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films#Panatomic_X"},{"link_name":"potassium dichromate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_dichromate"},{"link_name":"sodium bisulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bisulfate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"dr5 Chrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr5_Chrome"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ilford_Ap_Sheet-8"}],"sub_title":"Black and white","text":"Picture of a boat taken on Fomapan R 100 black-and-white reversal filmBlack-and-white transparencies can be made directly with some modern black-and-white films, which normally yield negatives. The negative image is developed but not fixed. The negative image is removed by bleaching with a solution of potassium permanganate or potassium dichromate in dilute sulfuric acid, which is removed by washing and a clearing bath containing sodium metabisulfite or potassium metabisulfite. The remaining silver halide salts are re-exposed to light, developed and fixed, and the film is washed and dried.[8]Black-and-white transparencies were once popular for presentation of lecture materials using 3¼\"×4\" (3¼\" square in the UK) glass-mounted slides. Such positive black-and-white projection is now rarely done,[citation needed] except in motion pictures. Even where black-and-white positives are currently used, the process to create them typically uses an internegative with standard processing instead of a chemical reversal process.Black-and-white reversal films are less common than color reversal films.Agfa-Gevaert discontinued its Agfa Scala 200x Professional black-and-white reversal film. This could be developed with their proprietary Scala process.\nThe Adox company released Scala 160 In 2017 , A black and white reversal film based on Agfa's discontinued Scala.\nThe Foma company of the Czech Republic produces one of only remaining dedicated black-and-white reversal film for 35 mm stills, Fomapan R 100, which is also available in movie film formats.[9][10]Kodak & Foma currently produce kits for reversal processing.\nKodak formerly offered a kit (\"Direct Positive Film Developing Outfit\") for reversal processing of its now-discontinued Panatomic X film, which doubled the effective film speed from 32 to 64. The bleaching bath used potassium dichromate and sodium bisulfate; the redeveloper was a fogging developer, and so unstable that its shelf-life after mixing was only slightly longer than the amount of time needed to process a single roll. This was replaced with a \"T-Max Direct Positive Film Developing Outfit\",[11] which uses potassium permanganate and sulfuric acid in the bleach.[12] In this kit, the fogging redeveloper is stable, but the bleach is not, with a shelf-life, once mixed, of no more than two weeks.\ndr5 Chrome process, which produces black-and-white transparencies from most traditional halide (i.e., non-chromogenic) black-and-white negative films.\nKodak Tri-X Reversal Film 7266 and Kodak Plus-X Reversal Film 7265 are black-and-white reversal films used for movie-making.[13][14]\nIlford has published a reversal process applicable to all current B&W emulsions, but recommended for Pan F+, FP4+, and Delta 100.[8]","title":"Film types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reflecta_DigitDia_6000_Slide_Scanner_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Film scanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_scanner"}],"text":"Film scanner","title":"Pros and cons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slide_vs._Print_Film-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-I_still_shoot_film-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slide_vs._Print_Film-15"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Pros","text":"Shows what exactly was captured on film without printing.[15]\nMore accurate color translation when digitizing. There is no need for color inversion processes.[16]\nMuch faster digitizing on professional scanner machines.[17]\nIn general, slide film produces much more vibrant colours than negative film.[18][15]\nFiner grain, better resolution and sharpness compared to color negative films.[19]","title":"Pros and cons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"exposure latitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_latitude"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Cons","text":"Generally fewer stops of exposure latitude when compared to color negative film.[20][21]\nLower film speeds than color negative.\nTypically higher priced.","title":"Pros and cons"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leitz_Prado_BW_1.JPG"}],"text":"Slide projector Leitz Prado","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lightbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightbox"},{"link_name":"loupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loupe"}],"sub_title":"Viewing","text":"Finished transparencies are most frequently displayed by projection. Some projectors use a sliding mechanism to manually pull the transparency out of the side of the machine, where it is replaced by the next image. Modern, advanced projectors typically use a carousel that holds a large number of slides; a mechanism automatically pulls a single slide from the carousel and places it in front of the lamp. Small externally lit or battery-powered magnifying viewers are available.In traditional newsrooms and magazine offices slides were viewed using a lightbox and a loupe, which allowed rapid side by side comparison of similar images.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lens mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_mount"},{"link_name":"slide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_slide"},{"link_name":"slide film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_film"},{"link_name":"cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameras"},{"link_name":"scanners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scanner"},{"link_name":"t-mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-mount"},{"link_name":"aberrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberration_in_optical_systems"}],"sub_title":"Slide copier","text":"A slide copier is a simple optical device that can be fastened to the lens mount of a camera to enable slide duplicates to be made. Whilst these devices were formerly used to make duplicates on to slide film, they are often now used in conjunction with digital cameras to digitize images from film-based transparencies. This method usually gives better resolution than using attachments for digital A4 flat-bed scanners.The devices are typically about 30 cm long, and screw into an intermediate 't-mount' attached to the camera. The lens in the copier does not need to be complex, because the systems are usually stopped down to small f numbers (e.g. for the Makinon Zoom Unit, f/16 at 1:1 magnification, falling to f/22 at 3:1 magnification), and the object and image distances are similar, so that many aberrations are minimized.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agfa_Gucki_BW_1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide_magnifier.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide_archive_hg.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide_frame_60x60_hg.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diarahmen_Agfacolor_6x6_cm.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferraniacolor_R01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diapositive.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colorful,_portrait,_woman_Fortepan_26080.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bathing_suit,_women,_tableau,_paddle,_boat,_colorful_Fortepan_61665.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_And_NK_Soldiers_At_Joint_Security_Area_1956.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DiapositivaIntelaiata.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polochons-Velvia-04.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Gallery","text":"Slide viewer\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSlide viewer\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSlide archive box\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSlide frame 6×6 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSlide frames 6×6 centimeters (2.4 in)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA type 120 reversal film from the mid-1950s: the Italian Ferraniacolor\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSlide frames, 1940 (metal or card) to 1985 (plastic)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAgfacolor slide dated 1939\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAgfacolor slide dated 1942\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA US soldier poses with North Korean soldiers in this Kodachrome slide from 1956\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA positive image in a slide from 2004\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe typical high-contrast appearance of a Fuji Velvia slide image","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buffalo '66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_%2766"},{"link_name":"Eastman Ektachrome 160T 5239","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ektachrome"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_(film)"},{"link_name":"Eastman Tri-X 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak_Tri-X"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Da 5 Bloods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_5_Bloods"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Poor Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Things_(film)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Films notably shot on reversal film includeBuffalo '66 (1998) - Shot entirely on color 35mm Eastman Ektachrome 160T 5239 reversal film.[22][23]\nPi (1998) - Shot entirely on black & white 16mm Eastman Tri-X 200 and Plus-X reversal film.[24]\nDa 5 Bloods (2020) - Select scenes shot on color 16mm Ektachrome reversal film.[25]\nPoor Things (2023) - Shot on color 35mm Ektachrome reversal film.[26]","title":"Notable films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Negative Film vs Reversal (Positive) Film? What's the Difference?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//filmphotographyproject.com/negative-film-vs-reversal-positive-film-whats-the-difference/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sowerby_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sowerby_3-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Hall of Fame / Inventor Profile Leopold Mannes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111210165936/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/223.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.invent.org/Hall_Of_Fame/223.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"http://www.preservation101.org/session2/expl_iv_cs-photo_cd.asp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.preservation101.org/session2/expl_iv_cs-photo_cd.asp"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Langford_6-0"},{"link_name":"Basic Photography (7th Ed.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/basicphotography00lang"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-240-51592-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-51592-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ars_Technica_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"Death of Kodachrome belies technological leap it represented\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arstechnica.com/media/news/2009/06/death-of-kodachrome-belies-the-technological-advance-it-represented.ars"},{"link_name":"Condé Nast Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Digital"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100918064451/http://arstechnica.com/media/news/2009/06/death-of-kodachrome-belies-the-technological-advance-it-represented.ars"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ilford_Ap_Sheet_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ilford_Ap_Sheet_8-1"},{"link_name":"\"Ilford Application Sheet – Reversal Processing: Using Black-and-White Films to Produce Monochrome Transparencies\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090320053207/http://www.ilfordphoto.com/Webfiles/20061291034093.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ilfordphoto.com/Webfiles/20061291034093.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Fomapan R 100\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090615093631/http://foma.cz/foma/produkt/FotoDetail.asp?ProduktID=14&seznam=cernob_fot"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.foma.cz/foma/produkt/FotoDetail.asp?produktid=14&seznam=cernob_fot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Fomapan R\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fotofachversand.at/pdf/Foma_Fomapan_R_Datenblatt.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160418135416/http://www.fotofachversand.at/pdf/Foma_Fomapan_R_Datenblatt.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Kodak Technical Data: Kodak Professional T-Max 100 Direct Positive Film Developing Outfit\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121114200736/http://www.kodak.com:80/global/en/professional/support/techPubs/j87/j87.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kodak.com/global/en/professional/support/techPubs/j87/j87.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"MSDS, Kodak T-Max 100 Direct Positive Film Reversal Bleach\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151018094933/http://www.palomar.edu/facilities/LeftNav/EHS/Hazardous/Photography/Kodak%20T%20max%20100%20Film%20reversal%20Bleach.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.palomar.edu/facilities/LeftNav/EHS/Hazardous/Photography/Kodak%20T%20max%20100%20Film%20reversal%20Bleach.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Black and White Reversal Film : KODAK TRI-X Reversal Film 7266 (16 mm) Technical Data\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090408091654/http://motion.kodak.com/US/en/motion/Products/Production/Black_And_White_Films/7266/tech7266.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//motion.kodak.com/US/en/motion/Products/Production/Black_And_White_Films/7266/tech7266.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Black and White Reversal Film : KODAK PLUS-X Reversal Film 7265 (16 mm) Technical Data\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090924015559/http://motion.kodak.com/US/en/motion/Products/Production/Black_And_White_Films/7265/tech7265.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//motion.kodak.com/US/en/motion/Products/Production/Black_And_White_Films/7265/tech7265.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Slide_vs._Print_Film_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Slide_vs._Print_Film_15-1"},{"link_name":"\"Slide vs. Print Film\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160310202550/http://www.vividlight.com/articles/216.HTM"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//vividlight.com/articles/216.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Understanding Color Negative Film for Scanning\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sebastian-schlueter.com/blog/2015/8/27/understanding-color-negtaive-film-for-scanning"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Negative Scanning vs. Print Scanning\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//services.ezphotoscan.com/negative-scanning-vs-print-scanning-which-is-better/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-I_still_shoot_film_18-0"},{"link_name":"\"What Is Slide Film: An Introduction To Color Reversal & E-6\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//istillshootfilm.org/post/109320786450/what-is-slide-film-an-introduction-to-color"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160416015923/http://istillshootfilm.org/post/109320786450/what-is-slide-film-an-introduction-to-color"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"E-6 Slide Film vs C-41Color Negative Film | the Darkroom\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//thedarkroom.com/slide-film-vs-color-negative-film/#:~:text=In%20short%2C%20slide%20film%20produces,is%20then%20reversed%20during%20scanning."},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Testing the Dynamic Range Limits for Medium Format Film: Kodak Ektachrome E100\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fstoppers.com/film/testing-dynamic-range-limits-medium-format-film-kodak-ektachrome-e100-481687"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"I STILL SHOOT FILM - The Real Dynamic Range of Film\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200603083258/https://istillshootfilm.org/post/115292137585/the-real-dynamic-range-of-film#:~:text=In%20general,%20negative%20film%20can,maybe%204%20to%205%20stops."},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//istillshootfilm.org/post/115292137585/the-real-dynamic-range-of-film#:~:text=In%20general,%20negative%20film%20can,maybe%204%20to%205%20stops."},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"From the Vaults: Vincent Gallo on Buffalo and Buffalo 66\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dailypublic.com/articles/03302015/vaults-vincent-gallo-buffalo-and-buffalo-66"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"Kodak Brings Ektachrome Film Stock Back from the Dead\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nofilmschool.com/2017/01/kodak-ektachrome-35mm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"Cinematography Style: Matthew Libatique\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.indepthcine.com/videos/matthew-libatique"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"\"DP Newton Thomas Sigel ASC used KODAK EKTACHROME 16mm Film to time-travel in Spike Lee's 'Da 5 Bloods'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.kodak.com/en/motion/blog-post/spike-lee-da-5-bloods/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"DP Robbie Ryan ISC BSC conjured up colorful, atmospheric looks for 'Poor Things' using KODAK 35mm B&W, color negative and EKTACHROME Reversal film stocks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.kodak.com/en/motion/blog-post/poor-things/"}],"text":"^ Raso, Michael (30 October 2021). \"Negative Film vs Reversal (Positive) Film? What's the Difference?\". The Film Photography Project. Retrieved 13 August 2023.\n\n^ Various print and online sources offer discontinuation dates ranging from 1932 to 1938.\n\n^ a b A. L. M. Sowerby, ed. (1961). Dictionary of Photography: A Reference Book for Amateur and Professional Photographers (19th Ed.). London: Iliffe Books Ltd. pp. 126–132.\n\n^ \"Hall of Fame / Inventor Profile Leopold Mannes\". Archived from the original on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2007-02-28.\n\n^ http://www.preservation101.org/session2/expl_iv_cs-photo_cd.asp[dead link] shows examples of the severe yellowing eventually produced by this staining and briefly explains the cause. This was a problem with early Kodacolor prints.\n\n^ Langford, Michael (2000). Basic Photography (7th Ed.). Oxford: Focal Press. ISBN 0-240-51592-7.\n\n^ Foresman, Chris (30 June 2009). \"Death of Kodachrome belies technological leap it represented\". Condé Nast Digital. Archived from the original on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2010.\n\n^ a b \"Ilford Application Sheet – Reversal Processing: Using Black-and-White Films to Produce Monochrome Transparencies\" (PDF). Ilford Imaging UK Ltd. September 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2009.\n\n^ \"Fomapan R 100\". FOMA BOHEMIA, spol. s r.o. 2004. Archived from the original on 15 June 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2009.\n\n^ \"Fomapan R\" (PDF). Fomapan R. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.\n\n^ \"Kodak Technical Data: Kodak Professional T-Max 100 Direct Positive Film Developing Outfit\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2012.\n\n^ \"MSDS, Kodak T-Max 100 Direct Positive Film Reversal Bleach\" (PDF). Palomar College Facilities Dept. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2012.\n\n^ \"Black and White Reversal Film : KODAK TRI-X Reversal Film 7266 (16 mm) Technical Data\". Eastman Kodak Company. 2003. Archived from the original on April 8, 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2009.\n\n^ \"Black and White Reversal Film : KODAK PLUS-X Reversal Film 7265 (16 mm) Technical Data\". Eastman Kodak Company. 2003. Archived from the original on September 24, 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2009.\n\n^ a b \"Slide vs. Print Film\". Vivid Light. 2001. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-04-27.\n\n^ \"Understanding Color Negative Film for Scanning\".\n\n^ \"Negative Scanning vs. Print Scanning\".\n\n^ \"What Is Slide Film: An Introduction To Color Reversal & E-6\". I still shoot film. Archived from the original on 2016-04-16.\n\n^ \"E-6 Slide Film vs C-41Color Negative Film | the Darkroom\". 23 September 2020.\n\n^ Dawood, Usman (2020-05-08). \"Testing the Dynamic Range Limits for Medium Format Film: Kodak Ektachrome E100\". Fstoppers. Retrieved 2020-06-03.\n\n^ \"I STILL SHOOT FILM - The Real Dynamic Range of Film\". istillshootfilm.org. Archived from the original on 2020-06-03. Retrieved 2020-06-03.\n\n^ Faust, M. (30 March 2015). \"From the Vaults: Vincent Gallo on Buffalo and Buffalo 66\". The Public.\n\n^ Buder, Emily (5 January 2017). \"Kodak Brings Ektachrome Film Stock Back from the Dead\". NoFilmSchool.\n\n^ \"Cinematography Style: Matthew Libatique\". InDepthCine.com.\n\n^ \"DP Newton Thomas Sigel ASC used KODAK EKTACHROME 16mm Film to time-travel in Spike Lee's 'Da 5 Bloods'\". Kodak.com. 18 June 2020.\n\n^ \"DP Robbie Ryan ISC BSC conjured up colorful, atmospheric looks for 'Poor Things' using KODAK 35mm B&W, color negative and EKTACHROME Reversal film stocks\". Kodak.com. 29 November 2023.","title":"Notes and references"}]

[{"image_text":"A single slide, showing a color transparency in a plastic frame","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Slide.jpg/250px-Slide.jpg"},{"image_text":"Slide projector, showing the lens and a typical double slide carrier","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Zett_Fafix_BW_1.JPG/250px-Zett_Fafix_BW_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Picture of a boat taken on Fomapan R 100 black-and-white reversal film","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lone_Rowboat_%28214612025%29.jpeg/220px-Lone_Rowboat_%28214612025%29.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Film scanner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Reflecta_DigitDia_6000_Slide_Scanner_%281%29.jpg/220px-Reflecta_DigitDia_6000_Slide_Scanner_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Slide projector Leitz Prado","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Leitz_Prado_BW_1.JPG/220px-Leitz_Prado_BW_1.JPG"}]

[{"title":"Filmstrip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmstrip"},{"title":"Slide library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_library"},{"title":"Slide show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_show"},{"title":"View-Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View-Master"},{"title":"Transparency (projection)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_(projection)"}]

[{"reference":"Raso, Michael (30 October 2021). \"Negative Film vs Reversal (Positive) Film? What's the Difference?\". The Film Photography Project. Retrieved 13 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://filmphotographyproject.com/negative-film-vs-reversal-positive-film-whats-the-difference/","url_text":"\"Negative Film vs Reversal (Positive) Film? What's the Difference?\""}]},{"reference":"A. L. M. Sowerby, ed. (1961). Dictionary of Photography: A Reference Book for Amateur and Professional Photographers (19th Ed.). London: Iliffe Books Ltd. pp. 126–132.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Hall of Fame / Inventor Profile Leopold Mannes\". Archived from the original on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2007-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111210165936/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/223.html","url_text":"\"Hall of Fame / Inventor Profile Leopold Mannes\""},{"url":"http://www.invent.org/Hall_Of_Fame/223.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Langford, Michael (2000). Basic Photography (7th Ed.). Oxford: Focal Press. ISBN 0-240-51592-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/basicphotography00lang","url_text":"Basic Photography (7th Ed.)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-51592-7","url_text":"0-240-51592-7"}]},{"reference":"Foresman, Chris (30 June 2009). \"Death of Kodachrome belies technological leap it represented\". Condé Nast Digital. Archived from the original on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/media/news/2009/06/death-of-kodachrome-belies-the-technological-advance-it-represented.ars","url_text":"\"Death of Kodachrome belies technological leap it represented\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Digital","url_text":"Condé Nast Digital"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100918064451/http://arstechnica.com/media/news/2009/06/death-of-kodachrome-belies-the-technological-advance-it-represented.ars","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ilford Application Sheet – Reversal Processing: Using Black-and-White Films to Produce Monochrome Transparencies\" (PDF). Ilford Imaging UK Ltd. September 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090320053207/http://www.ilfordphoto.com/Webfiles/20061291034093.pdf","url_text":"\"Ilford Application Sheet – Reversal Processing: Using Black-and-White Films to Produce Monochrome Transparencies\""},{"url":"http://www.ilfordphoto.com/Webfiles/20061291034093.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fomapan R 100\". FOMA BOHEMIA, spol. s r.o. 2004. Archived from the original on 15 June 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090615093631/http://foma.cz/foma/produkt/FotoDetail.asp?ProduktID=14&seznam=cernob_fot","url_text":"\"Fomapan R 100\""},{"url":"http://www.foma.cz/foma/produkt/FotoDetail.asp?produktid=14&seznam=cernob_fot","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fomapan R\" (PDF). Fomapan R. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fotofachversand.at/pdf/Foma_Fomapan_R_Datenblatt.pdf","url_text":"\"Fomapan R\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160418135416/http://www.fotofachversand.at/pdf/Foma_Fomapan_R_Datenblatt.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kodak Technical Data: Kodak Professional T-Max 100 Direct Positive Film Developing Outfit\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121114200736/http://www.kodak.com:80/global/en/professional/support/techPubs/j87/j87.pdf","url_text":"\"Kodak Technical Data: Kodak Professional T-Max 100 Direct Positive Film Developing Outfit\""},{"url":"http://www.kodak.com/global/en/professional/support/techPubs/j87/j87.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MSDS, Kodak T-Max 100 Direct Positive Film Reversal Bleach\" (PDF). Palomar College Facilities Dept. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151018094933/http://www.palomar.edu/facilities/LeftNav/EHS/Hazardous/Photography/Kodak%20T%20max%20100%20Film%20reversal%20Bleach.pdf","url_text":"\"MSDS, Kodak T-Max 100 Direct Positive Film Reversal Bleach\""},{"url":"http://www.palomar.edu/facilities/LeftNav/EHS/Hazardous/Photography/Kodak%20T%20max%20100%20Film%20reversal%20Bleach.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Black and White Reversal Film : KODAK TRI-X Reversal Film 7266 (16 mm) Technical Data\". Eastman Kodak Company. 2003. Archived from the original on April 8, 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090408091654/http://motion.kodak.com/US/en/motion/Products/Production/Black_And_White_Films/7266/tech7266.htm","url_text":"\"Black and White Reversal Film : KODAK TRI-X Reversal Film 7266 (16 mm) Technical Data\""},{"url":"http://motion.kodak.com/US/en/motion/Products/Production/Black_And_White_Films/7266/tech7266.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Black and White Reversal Film : KODAK PLUS-X Reversal Film 7265 (16 mm) Technical Data\". Eastman Kodak Company. 2003. Archived from the original on September 24, 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090924015559/http://motion.kodak.com/US/en/motion/Products/Production/Black_And_White_Films/7265/tech7265.htm","url_text":"\"Black and White Reversal Film : KODAK PLUS-X Reversal Film 7265 (16 mm) Technical Data\""},{"url":"http://motion.kodak.com/US/en/motion/Products/Production/Black_And_White_Films/7265/tech7265.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Slide vs. Print Film\". Vivid Light. 2001. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160310202550/http://www.vividlight.com/articles/216.HTM","url_text":"\"Slide vs. Print Film\""},{"url":"http://vividlight.com/articles/216.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Understanding Color Negative Film for Scanning\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sebastian-schlueter.com/blog/2015/8/27/understanding-color-negtaive-film-for-scanning","url_text":"\"Understanding Color Negative Film for Scanning\""}]},{"reference":"\"Negative Scanning vs. Print Scanning\".","urls":[{"url":"https://services.ezphotoscan.com/negative-scanning-vs-print-scanning-which-is-better/","url_text":"\"Negative Scanning vs. Print Scanning\""}]},{"reference":"\"What Is Slide Film: An Introduction To Color Reversal & E-6\". I still shoot film. Archived from the original on 2016-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://istillshootfilm.org/post/109320786450/what-is-slide-film-an-introduction-to-color","url_text":"\"What Is Slide Film: An Introduction To Color Reversal & E-6\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160416015923/http://istillshootfilm.org/post/109320786450/what-is-slide-film-an-introduction-to-color","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"E-6 Slide Film vs C-41Color Negative Film | the Darkroom\". 23 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://thedarkroom.com/slide-film-vs-color-negative-film/#:~:text=In%20short%2C%20slide%20film%20produces,is%20then%20reversed%20during%20scanning.","url_text":"\"E-6 Slide Film vs C-41Color Negative Film | the Darkroom\""}]},{"reference":"Dawood, Usman (2020-05-08). \"Testing the Dynamic Range Limits for Medium Format Film: Kodak Ektachrome E100\". Fstoppers. Retrieved 2020-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://fstoppers.com/film/testing-dynamic-range-limits-medium-format-film-kodak-ektachrome-e100-481687","url_text":"\"Testing the Dynamic Range Limits for Medium Format Film: Kodak Ektachrome E100\""}]},{"reference":"\"I STILL SHOOT FILM - The Real Dynamic Range of Film\". istillshootfilm.org. Archived from the original on 2020-06-03. Retrieved 2020-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200603083258/https://istillshootfilm.org/post/115292137585/the-real-dynamic-range-of-film#:~:text=In%20general,%20negative%20film%20can,maybe%204%20to%205%20stops.","url_text":"\"I STILL SHOOT FILM - The Real Dynamic Range of Film\""},{"url":"https://istillshootfilm.org/post/115292137585/the-real-dynamic-range-of-film#:~:text=In%20general,%20negative%20film%20can,maybe%204%20to%205%20stops.","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Faust, M. (30 March 2015). \"From the Vaults: Vincent Gallo on Buffalo and Buffalo 66\". The Public.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailypublic.com/articles/03302015/vaults-vincent-gallo-buffalo-and-buffalo-66","url_text":"\"From the Vaults: Vincent Gallo on Buffalo and Buffalo 66\""}]},{"reference":"Buder, Emily (5 January 2017). \"Kodak Brings Ektachrome Film Stock Back from the Dead\". NoFilmSchool.","urls":[{"url":"https://nofilmschool.com/2017/01/kodak-ektachrome-35mm","url_text":"\"Kodak Brings Ektachrome Film Stock Back from the Dead\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cinematography Style: Matthew Libatique\". InDepthCine.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indepthcine.com/videos/matthew-libatique","url_text":"\"Cinematography Style: Matthew Libatique\""}]},{"reference":"\"DP Newton Thomas Sigel ASC used KODAK EKTACHROME 16mm Film to time-travel in Spike Lee's 'Da 5 Bloods'\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Keeley

James Keeley

["1 References","2 Bibliography","3 External links"]

For the American diplomat, see James Hugh Keeley Jr. James KeeleyJames Keeley circa 1914BornOctober 14, 1867DiedJune 7, 1934(1934-06-07) (aged 66)NationalityIrishOccupation(s)Journalist, newspaper editor and publisherYears active1884–1930Known forManaging editor of the Chicago Tribune (1898–1914)SpouseMarried (1895–1927) James Keeley (October 14, 1867 – June 7, 1934) was an Irish journalist, newspaper editor and publisher during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, who served as managing editor of the Chicago Tribune from 1898 to 1914. Keeley was born in London, England. His mother was a teacher who had been deserted by her Irish Catholic husband. At age 16, he emigrated alone to the United States, settling in Kansas. His career in the newspaper business began as a correspondent for the Kansas City Times, he then worked as a reporter and city editor for newspapers in Memphis and Louisville. By the late 1880s Keeley had joined the Chicago Tribune and enjoyed a notable career with this newspaper, serving as night police reporter, night city editor from 1892 to 1894, city editor from 1894 to 1898, and managing editor and general manager from 1898 to 1914. He served as Dean of the school of journalism at the University of Notre Dame, in South Bend, Indiana, from 1911. After the deadly Iroquois Theatre fire in 1903, Keeley famously listed all the victims on the front page, leaving the story of what happened to inside the paper, believing that readers wanted to see the names of the dead first. He was also known for lobbying for a "sane Fourth" of July to stop firework deaths, and for tracking down fugitive Chicago bank president Paul O. Stensland. In early 1914, Keeley bought two papers, the Chicago Record-Herald and Inter Ocean, combining the two to form the Chicago Herald. He served as the Chicago Herald's editor from 1914 to 1918. From 1917 to 1919, he covered World War I for the Herald in England and France. The Herald was bought by William Randolph Hearst's Chicago Examiner in 1918, and named the Chicago Herald and Examiner. In addition to his journalistic work, Keeley also served as vice-president of the Pullman Company during the 1920s. Keeley died at his home in Lake Forest, Illinois on June 7, 1934, after being ill since January with heart disease. His wife, a former newspaper writer for the Sunday Tribune in Boston, whom he married in 1895, died in 1927. Their daughter Dorothy Aldis was a children's author and poet. References ^ "James Keeley, Editor, dies". The Gettysburg Times. 8 June 1934 – via Associated Press. ^ Linn 1937, p. 17. ^ "James Keeley". Editor and Publisher Magazine. Vol. 12, no. 2. January 13, 1913. p. 19. ^ a b c d "James Keeley, 66, Once Editor, Dead". The New York Times. 8 June 1934. ^ "Banker Tells All - Stensland Implicates Others". Los Angeles Herald. Vol. 33, no. 360. 25 September 1906 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection. ^ "Sold Newspapers as a Lad; Now He Buys a Couple". New York Tribune. 17 May 1914 – via Chronicling America. ^ "It's the Chicago Herald" (PDF). The New York Times. 14 June 1914 – via TimesMachine. ^ "Chicago Herald Is Sold" (PDF). The New York Times. 1 May 1918 – via TimesMachine. ^ "Mrs. James Keeley Dies in France". The New York Times. 22 March 1927. Bibliography Linn, James Weber (1937). James Keeley, Newspaperman. Bobbs-Merrill Company. (biography of Keeley published in 1937) External links James Keeley papers, 1895-1937 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Netherlands

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His mother was a teacher who had been deserted by her Irish Catholic husband.[2] At age 16, he emigrated alone to the United States, settling in Kansas. His career in the newspaper business began as a correspondent for the Kansas City Times, he then worked as a reporter and city editor for newspapers in Memphis and Louisville. By the late 1880s Keeley had joined the Chicago Tribune and enjoyed a notable career with this newspaper, serving as night police reporter, night city editor from 1892 to 1894, city editor from 1894 to 1898, and managing editor and general manager from 1898 to 1914. He served as Dean of the school of journalism at the University of Notre Dame, in South Bend, Indiana, from 1911.[3]After the deadly Iroquois Theatre fire in 1903, Keeley famously listed all the victims on the front page, leaving the story of what happened to inside the paper, believing that readers wanted to see the names of the dead first.[4] He was also known for lobbying for a \"sane Fourth\" of July to stop firework deaths, and for tracking down fugitive Chicago bank president Paul O. Stensland.[4][5]In early 1914, Keeley bought two papers, the Chicago Record-Herald and Inter Ocean, combining the two to form the Chicago Herald.[6] He served as the Chicago Herald's editor from 1914 to 1918. From 1917 to 1919, he covered World War I for the Herald in England and France.[4] The Herald was bought by William Randolph Hearst's Chicago Examiner in 1918,[7][8] and named the Chicago Herald and Examiner.In addition to his journalistic work, Keeley also served as vice-president of the Pullman Company during the 1920s.Keeley died at his home in Lake Forest, Illinois on June 7, 1934, after being ill since January with heart disease. His wife, a former newspaper writer for the Sunday Tribune in Boston, whom he married in 1895, died in 1927.[4][9] Their daughter Dorothy Aldis was a children's author and poet.","title":"James Keeley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Keeley, Newspaperman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=WYU6AAAAMAAJ"}],"text":"Linn, James Weber (1937). James Keeley, Newspaperman. Bobbs-Merrill Company. (biography of Keeley published in 1937)","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Straight_Ahead

California Straight Ahead!

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Reception","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

1937 film by Arthur Lubin For the silent film, see California Straight Ahead (1925 film). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "California Straight Ahead!" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) California Straight Ahead!Directed byArthur LubinWritten byHerman BoxerScott DarlingProduced byTrem CarrStarringJohn WayneCinematographyHarry NeumannEdited byCharles CraftErma HorsleyProductioncompanyUniversal PicturesDistributed byUniversal PicturesRelease date April 16, 1937 (1937-04-16) (United States) Running time67 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish California Straight Ahead! is a 1937 American action film about truck drivers starring John Wayne and directed by Arthur Lubin for Universal Pictures. The action movie features a memorable cross-country race between a caravan of trucks and a special train. Plot A trucker named Biff Smith (Wayne) wins a contest between his caravan of trucks and a special train, the two competing against each other in a race to see who can deliver a load of aviation parts to an ocean liner before a labor strike takes place. Cast John Wayne as Biff Smith Louise Latimer as Mary Porter Robert McWade as "Corrigan" Theodore von Eltz as James Gifford Tully Marshall as "Harrison" Emerson Treacy as Charlie Porter Harry Allen as "Fish" McCorkle LeRoy Mason as "Padula" Grace Goodall as Mrs. Porter Olaf Hytten as "Huggins" Monte Vandergrift as "Clancy" Lorin Raker as a Secretary Production The film was known as Short Haul. John Wayne was meant to have made a film Maid of Orleans or Adventure's End but that was delayed due to the maritime strike. Universal then put him in Short Haul which was to have begun filming in November 1936. However filming on that was delayed due to a teamsters strike. It was to have been shot in San Francisco but that city had labor troubles so the script was rewritten so it could be shot in Los Angeles. Filming eventually took place in January 1937. The movie was the first in a series of films directed by Arthur Lubin starring John Wayne. Lubin recalled, "We had six days to shoot. There was no time schedule, as there is today, where if you go late at night or start early in the morning, you have to pay more. In those days, you could shoot twenty-four hours a day." Reception The Los Angeles Times called it a "fair supporting feature". See also List of American films of 1937 John Wayne filmography References ^ "California Straight Ahead". Monthly Film Bulletin. Vol. 4, no. 37. London. Jan 1, 1937. p. 78. ^ DOUGLAS W. CHURCHILL (Nov 15, 1936). "VIEWING THE HOLLYWOOD RUSHES". New York Times. p. X5. ^ "Miss Graves Breaks Betrothal; Will Bans Marriage as Minor". Chicago Daily Tribune. Nov 27, 1936. p. 17. ^ "HELEN JEPSON SIGNS FOR SERIES OF FILMS AT GRAND NATIONAL". Los Angeles Times. Jan 8, 1937. p. 10. ^ Vagg, Stephen (14 September 2019). "The Cinema of Arthur Lubin". Diabolique Magazine. ^ Levy, Emanuel (June 12, 2006). "Adventure's End: John Wayne's Feature, Directed by Arthur Lubin". Emanuellevy. ^ Schallert, Edwin (Apr 8, 1937). "Spectacular Musical Film Opens". Los Angeles Times. p. 14. External links California Straight Ahead! at IMDb California Straight Ahead at Letterbox DVD California Straight Ahead at BFI vteFilms directed by Arthur Lubin A Successful Failure (1934) Great God Gold (1935) Honeymoon Limited (1935) Two Sinners (1935) Frisco Waterfront (1935) The House of a Thousand Candles (1936) Yellowstone (1936) Mysterious Crossing (1936) California Straight Ahead! (1937) I Cover the War! (1937) Idol of the Crowds (1937) Adventure's End (1937) Midnight Intruder (1938) The Beloved Brat (1938) Prison Break (1938) Secrets of a Nurse (1938) Risky Business (1939) Big Town Czar (1939) Mickey the Kid (1939) Call a Messenger (1939) The Big Guy (1939) Black Friday (1940) Gangs of Chicago (1940) Meet the Wildcat (1940) I'm Nobody's Sweetheart Now (1940) Who Killed Aunt Maggie? (1940) The San Francisco Docks (1940) Where Did You Get That Girl? (1941) Buck Privates (1941) In the Navy (1941) Hold That Ghost (1941) Keep 'Em Flying (1941) Ride 'Em Cowboy (1942) Eagle Squadron (1942) Keeping Fit (1942) (short) To the People of the United States (1943) (short) White Savage (1943) Phantom of the Opera (1943) Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves (1944) Delightfully Dangerous (1945) The Spider Woman Strikes Back (1946) Night in Paradise (1946) New Orleans (1947) Impact (1949) Francis (1950) Queen for a Day (1951) Francis Goes to the Races (1951) Rhubarb (1951) Francis Goes to West Point (1952) It Grows on Trees (1952) South Sea Woman (1953) Francis Covers the Big Town (1953) Star of India (1954) Francis Joins the WACS (1954) Footsteps in the Fog (1955) Francis in the Navy (1955) Lady Godiva of Coventry (1955) The First Traveling Saleslady (1956) Escapade in Japan (1957) The Thief of Baghdad (1961) The Incredible Mr. Limpet (1964) Hold On! (1966) Rain for a Dusty Summer (1971) This article about an adventure film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"List of American films of 1937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_films_of_1937"},{"title":"John Wayne filmography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne_filmography"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragutin_Ili%C4%87

Dragutin Ilić

["1 Biography","2 Works","3 References","4 External links"]

This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Serbian writer (1858–1926) Dragutin Ilić Dragutin Ilić (Belgrade, 2 February or 14 February 1858 – Belgrade, 1 May 1926) was a Serbian playwright, poet, novelist, journalist and politician. Along with Matija Ban and Djordje Maletić, Ilić dominated the Serbian stage during the late 19th century. As far back as the end of the 18th century, science fiction elements can be found in Serbian literature, but its modern period foundation is considered to commence with "Posle milijon godina" (After Million of Years), written by Dragutin Ilić in 1889, which is also considered the first science fiction theatrical play in modern Serbian literature. Lazar Komarčić's novel "Jedna ugašena zvezda" (An Extinguished Star) followed in 1902. Biography Dragutin Ilić is the son of Jovan Ilić, and brother of the poet Vojislav Ilić, his younger sibling. Dragutin's best works, however, were his plays and novels. Educated to be a lawyer, but was drawn towards journalism and literary pursuits, particularly the theatre. He worked as an editor and civil servant. Though Dragutin wrote his first play in the mid-1870s, it was not till a few years after the Serbian-Ottoman War (1876-78) that he decided to offer a play to the National Theatre in Belgrade. The first play he gave to the theatre was a drama called Vukašin in 1881. The play was produced the following year with a resounding success. Dragutin followed up with another 12 plays up until 1906, all successfully performed with rave reviews. The tradition of patriotic theatre with music extended through the century, culminating in one aspect of the work of Slovene-born composer Davorin Jenko at the National Theatre in Belgrade. These were sung plays, but with Vračara (Sorceress) of 1882 Jenko composed what is often regarded as the first Serbian operetta and with his music for Dragutin Ilić's Pribislav i Bozana (1894) he came close to a full-blown opera. Also, in Pribislav i Bozana by Dragutin we find stylizations of folk motives appropriate to the very popular kind of Serbian singspiel such as Djido (The Village Playboy) by Janko Veselinvić. Dragutin is said to have approached the singspiel style of the German composer Carl Maria von Weber. His plays are intensely Serbian and knowledge of the times in which they are set is essential for a proper understanding of them. It was critic Jovan Skerlić's lack of understanding the man himself, rather than the plays and novels he wrote, which was responsible for omitting Dragutin Ilić's name from among the premier writers and poets in his Istorija nove srpske književnosti (History of Modern Serbian Literature). Unlike his younger brother Vojislav, Dragutin did not consider himself dedicated to poetry only; and most of his early work was written for some immediate, nonliterary purpose. That Dragutin was dedicated to literature, at least to literature in its broadest sense, is borne out of his opus and the fact that he was striving for the beauty of expression can be seen in his style. Today, however, his name stands among the noteworthy playwrights of that period such as Milorad Popović Šapčanin, Miloš Cvetić, Branislav Nušić, Laza Kostić, Đura Jakšić, and Janko Veselinović, people who constituted most of the intellectual and literary core of the National Theatre in Belgrade of the late nineteenth century. At that time, Belgrade was seething with social and political unrest, and Dragutin Ilić was drawn into the activities of various political parties and organizations. It is necessary to keep this picture of Belgrade that shaped Dragutin Ilić and made him the dramatist and novelist that he came to be; it alone explains his strength and his weakness and gives a clue to the many contradictions and enigmas that surround him. For political reasons Dragutin left Belgrade for Bucharest in 1888, only to return to his hometown intermittently for the next 38 years. In 1889 he settled in Zagreb, working as a journalist for "Srbobran", before returning to Serbia where he unsuccessfully sought employment. He left Belgrade for Sremski Karlovci, where he wrote articles for newspapers and periodicals such as Brankovo kolo, Bosanska vila, Zora, Nada, Zastava and Letopis Matice srpske. In 1898 he moved to Novi Sad to become the editor of "Zastava" and wrote a poem critical of Miloš Obrenović. In 1901 he returned to Bucharest where he started a bilingual (Russian and French) newspaper -- Pravoslavni Istok—aimed at the Russian reading public with the purpose to have Russia's foreign policy take a kinder and closer look at the Balkans. When his paper got banned, Dragutin returned to Serbia to take up his literary work in the theatre where he left off years before. At the time Belgrade was preparing for the First Balkan War (to rid itself of the Turkish occupier altogether), intellectuals were speaking of uniting all Southern Slavs into one nation. The first to win his allegiance was the Creation of Yugoslavia idea, which he joined at the beginning of World War I. Though primarily a language movement in its infancy, it had gradually achieved a political status. Dragutin was so enthusiastic for the Yugoslav cause that he left for Odessa to enlist volunteers for a new country called Yugoslavia. Ilić died in Belgrade in 1926, mostly forgotten by the public. In modern Serbia, Dragutin Ilić's work is more respected as part of the history of theatre and drama than his literary achievements. Works Vukašin (1882), drama Jakvinta (1883), drama Pesme (1884), poems Pribislav i Božana (1887), drama Otmica (1887), one-act drama Poslednji borac (1889), epic poem Posle milijon godina (1888), drama Ženidba Miloša Obilića (1898), drama Za veru i slobodu (1890), drama Tri deputacije (1906), novel Novele (1892) Lihvarka (1895), comedy Poslednji prorok (1896), biography of the Prophet Mohamed Saul (play 1900, published 1906), drama Hadži Đera (1904), novel Ženik slobode (1904), drama Viđenje Karađorđevo (1904), drama Uspomene iz Rumunije (1904, 1905), memoirs Neznani gost (1907), drama Hadži Diša (1908), roman Zaječarska buna (1909), memoirs Osvećeno Kosovo (1913), collected poems Pesma jednog života (1916), novel Sekund večnosti, istočnjački roman] (1921) Smrt kralja Vladimira (1925), epic poem References ^ Ковијанић, Гаврило. Драгутин Ј. Илијћ: Сјај његовог живота и стваралаштва, Стручна књига, Београд, 1991, стр 64. ^ Волк, Петар. "Илић, Ј. Драгутин", одредница у: Писци националног театра, Музеј позоришне уметности Србије, Београд, 1995, стр 458. ^ Živković, Zoran (1990). Enciklopedija naučne fantastike 1. Belgrade: Prosveta. p. 317. ^ Живковић, Зоран. „Драгутин Ј. Илић“, Енциклопедија научне фантастике, „Просвета“, Београд 1990. Riznica Srpska - Knjizevnost: http://riznicasrpska.net/knjizevnost/index.php?topic=570.0 External links English translation of Dragutin Ilić's sci-fi drama "After a Million Years" Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Croatia Poland Other Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine IdRef vteSerbian literatureRelated articles Serbian language Shtokavian History of Serbia History of Kosovo History of Vojvodina History of Republika Srpska Medieval Serbian literature Miroslav Gospel Charter of Ban Kulin Srbulja Republic of Ragusa Serbian Chancellery in Dubrovnik Serb-Catholic movement in Dubrovnik Serbian poetry Serbian epic poetry Slavic studies Romanticism Realism Serbian Literary Guild Association of Writers of Serbia Adligat Belgrade Book Fair Medieval literature Stefan the First-Crowned Saint Sava Domentijan Teodosije the Hilandarian Jakov of Serres Patriarch Jefrem Danilo II Stanislav of Lesnovo Princess Milica Jefimija Jelena Balšić Stefan Lazarević Konstantin Mihailović Segon Kantakouzenos Pachomius the Serb Dimitar of Kratovo Vladislav the Grammarian Hieromonk Makarije Pre-19th century de Boliris Pajsije of Janjevo Zmajević Arsenije III Branković Stefanović Venclović Kozačinski Vasilije Petrović Žefarović Rajić Orfelin Julinac Piščević Obradović Petar I Petrović-Njegoš Vićentije Rakić Zannowich Zelić Vezlić Miletić Janković Vujić Stojković Solarić 19th century Došenović Mušicki Nenadović Vidaković Karadžić Milutinović Sarajlija Sterija Popović Popović Šapčanin Marković Koder Petar II Petrović-Njegoš Subotić Ignjatović Ljubiša Radičević J. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dragutin_J._Ilic_(1858-1926).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"link_name":"Matija Ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matija_Ban"},{"link_name":"Djordje Maletić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djordje_Maleti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lazar Komarčić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Komar%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Serbian writer (1858–1926)Dragutin IlićDragutin Ilić (Belgrade, 2 February[1] or 14 February 1858[2] – Belgrade, 1 May 1926) was a Serbian playwright, poet, novelist, journalist and politician. Along with Matija Ban and Djordje Maletić, Ilić dominated the Serbian stage during the late 19th century.As far back as the end of the 18th century, science fiction elements can be found in Serbian literature, but its modern period foundation is considered to commence with \"Posle milijon godina\" (After Million of Years), written by Dragutin Ilić in 1889, which is also considered the first science fiction theatrical play in modern Serbian literature.[3] Lazar Komarčić's novel \"Jedna ugašena zvezda\" (An Extinguished Star) followed in 1902.[4]","title":"Dragutin Ilić"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jovan Ilić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Ili%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Vojislav Ilić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojislav_Ili%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Serbian-Ottoman War (1876-78)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian-Ottoman_War_(1876-78)"},{"link_name":"National Theatre in Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Theatre_in_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Davorin Jenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davorin_Jenko"},{"link_name":"Carl Maria von Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber"},{"link_name":"Jovan Skerlić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Skerli%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Milorad Popović Šapčanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milorad_Popovi%C4%87_%C5%A0ap%C4%8Danin"},{"link_name":"Miloš Cvetić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Cveti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Branislav Nušić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branislav_Nu%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Laza Kostić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Đura Jakšić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Janko Veselinović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janko_Veselinovi%C4%87_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Sremski Karlovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sremski_Karlovci"},{"link_name":"Novi Sad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Sad"},{"link_name":"Miloš Obrenović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obrenovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"Creation of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Odessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"}],"text":"Dragutin Ilić is the son of Jovan Ilić, and brother of the poet Vojislav Ilić, his younger sibling. Dragutin's best works, however, were his plays and novels. Educated to be a lawyer, but was drawn towards journalism and literary pursuits, particularly the theatre. He worked as an editor and civil servant.Though Dragutin wrote his first play in the mid-1870s, it was not till a few years after the Serbian-Ottoman War (1876-78) that he decided to offer a play to the National Theatre in Belgrade. The first play he gave to the theatre was a drama called Vukašin in 1881. The play was produced the following year with a resounding success. Dragutin followed up with another 12 plays up until 1906, all successfully performed with rave reviews. The tradition of patriotic theatre with music extended through the century, culminating in one aspect of the work of Slovene-born composer Davorin Jenko at the National Theatre in Belgrade. These were sung plays, but with Vračara (Sorceress) of 1882 Jenko composed what is often regarded as the first Serbian operetta and with his music for Dragutin Ilić's Pribislav i Bozana (1894) he came close to a full-blown opera. Also, in Pribislav i Bozana by Dragutin we find stylizations of folk motives appropriate to the very popular kind of Serbian singspiel such as Djido (The Village Playboy) by Janko Veselinvić. Dragutin is said to have approached the singspiel style of the German composer Carl Maria von Weber.His plays are intensely Serbian and knowledge of the times in which they are set is essential for a proper understanding of them. It was critic Jovan Skerlić's lack of understanding the man himself, rather than the plays and novels he wrote, which was responsible for omitting Dragutin Ilić's name from among the premier writers and poets in his Istorija nove srpske književnosti (History of Modern Serbian Literature). Unlike his younger brother Vojislav, Dragutin did not consider himself dedicated to poetry only; and most of his early work was written for some immediate, nonliterary purpose. That Dragutin was dedicated to literature, at least to literature in its broadest sense, is borne out of his opus and the fact that he was striving for the beauty of expression can be seen in his style.Today, however, his name stands among the noteworthy playwrights of that period such as Milorad Popović Šapčanin, Miloš Cvetić, Branislav Nušić, Laza Kostić, Đura Jakšić, and Janko Veselinović, people who constituted most of the intellectual and literary core of the National Theatre in Belgrade of the late nineteenth century.At that time, Belgrade was seething with social and political unrest, and Dragutin Ilić was drawn into the activities of various political parties and organizations. It is necessary to keep this picture of Belgrade that shaped Dragutin Ilić and made him the dramatist and novelist that he came to be; it alone explains his strength and his weakness and gives a clue to the many contradictions and enigmas that surround him. For political reasons Dragutin left Belgrade for Bucharest in 1888, only to return to his hometown intermittently for the next 38 years. In 1889 he settled in Zagreb, working as a journalist for \"Srbobran\", before returning to Serbia where he unsuccessfully sought employment. He left Belgrade for Sremski Karlovci, where he wrote articles for newspapers and periodicals such as Brankovo kolo, Bosanska vila, Zora, Nada, Zastava and Letopis Matice srpske. In 1898 he moved to Novi Sad to become the editor of \"Zastava\" and wrote a poem critical of Miloš Obrenović. In 1901 he returned to Bucharest where he started a bilingual (Russian and French) newspaper -- Pravoslavni Istok—aimed at the Russian reading public with the purpose to have Russia's foreign policy take a kinder and closer look at the Balkans. When his paper got banned, Dragutin returned to Serbia to take up his literary work in the theatre where he left off years before. At the time Belgrade was preparing for the First Balkan War (to rid itself of the Turkish occupier altogether), intellectuals were speaking of uniting all Southern Slavs into one nation. The first to win his allegiance was the Creation of Yugoslavia idea, which he joined at the beginning of World War I. Though primarily a language movement in its infancy, it had gradually achieved a political status. Dragutin was so enthusiastic for the Yugoslav cause that he left for Odessa to enlist volunteers for a new country called Yugoslavia.Ilić died in Belgrade in 1926, mostly forgotten by the public. In modern Serbia, Dragutin Ilić's work is more respected as part of the history of theatre and drama than his literary achievements.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Vukašin (1882), drama\nJakvinta (1883), drama\nPesme (1884), poems\nPribislav i Božana (1887), drama\nOtmica (1887), one-act drama\nPoslednji borac (1889), epic poem\nPosle milijon godina (1888), drama\nŽenidba Miloša Obilića (1898), drama\nZa veru i slobodu (1890), drama\nTri deputacije (1906), novel\nNovele (1892)\nLihvarka (1895), comedy\nPoslednji prorok (1896), biography of the Prophet Mohamed\nSaul (play 1900, published 1906), drama\nHadži Đera (1904), novel\nŽenik slobode (1904), drama\nViđenje Karađorđevo (1904), drama\nUspomene iz Rumunije (1904, 1905), memoirs\nNeznani gost (1907), drama\nHadži Diša (1908), roman\nZaječarska buna (1909), memoirs\nOsvećeno Kosovo (1913), collected poems\nPesma jednog života (1916), novel\nSekund večnosti, istočnjački roman] (1921)\nSmrt kralja Vladimira (1925), epic poem","title":"Works"}]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Tullio_Troia

Mariano Tullio Troia

["1 High ranking Mafia boss","2 Fugitive and arrest","3 Death","4 References"]

Member of the Sicilian Mafia Mariano Tullio Troia (Italian pronunciation: ; Palermo, September 3, 1933 – Viterbo, March 27, 2010) was a member of the Sicilian Mafia. He was on the "most wanted list" of the Italian ministry of the Interior since 1992 until his arrest in Palermo in September 1998. High ranking Mafia boss Mariano Tullio Troia was the son of Mariano Troia, the powerful Mafia boss that controlled the San Lorenzo neighbourhood of Palermo. Mariano Troia had been, alongside his allies Antonino Matranga of Resuttana, Vincenzo Nicoletti of Pallavicino, Pietro Torretta of Uditore and Michele Cavataio from Acquasanta, one of the instigators of the First Mafia War which broke out in Palermo in the early 1960s. Troia fled to Milan in the subsequent police crackdown, where he later died of natural causes in 1967, shortly after turning himself in. Despite his father's involvement with that group, most of whom was killed off in subsequent reprisals by the Mafia, Mariano Tullio Troia was allowed to rise up the ranks in Cosa Nostra. For a long time Troia remained unknown to police investigators although he had reached a major role within the organization as head of the mandamento of the neighbourhood of San Lorenzo. He was one of the most trusted lieutenants of the so-called boss of bosses Totò Riina. In the early 1990s his name emerged in statements of some collaborators of justice (pentiti), such as Gaspare Mutolo and Giuseppe Marchese. He substituted Giuseppe Giacomo Gambino who was jailed in 1986 as head of the San Lorenzo mandamento and on the Sicilian Mafia Commission. Police received detailed information from Alberto Lo Cicero, former driver and confidant of Troia. Lo Cicero said that some Commission members of Cosa Nostra, including Riina, met in Troia’s villa in San Lorenzo. Lo Cicero became a pentito in August 1992 after surviving an ambush on December 20, 1991, and the killing of Antimafia judges Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino in May and July 1992. Fugitive and arrest In October 1992, he was indicted for the murder of Christian Democrat politician Salvo Lima, the right hand man of Prime minister Giulio Andreotti. His name also appeared as backer of the killing of Mario Prestifilippo and Giovanni Fici, assassinated in 1987 and 1988 to prevent retaliation after the elimination of the Mafia killer Pino "Little Shoe" Greco. He was put on Italy’s most wanted list. Italian police claimed Troia had moved to South Africa where he was being harboured by Salvatore Morettino, a naturalised South African citizen living in Houghton (a wealthy suburb of Johannesburg), according to Western Cape police intelligence in a March 1998 briefing. He was also in contact with Vito Roberto Palazzolo, a Sicilian businessman with ties to the Mafia. He was arrested in Palermo on September 15, 1998. At the time, he was considered to be the number 3 of the Sicilian Mafia. He was captured on the second floor of a house in the Tommaso Natale neighbourhood in bed with the lady of the house while the woman's husband was asleep in downstairs in a room with her daughters. Death Troia died on March 27, 2010, in the prison hospital of Viterbo. He participated in or, as member of the Commission, was held responsible for some 40 murders. References ^ a b c d e f (in Italian) Nuovo colpo alla mafia arrestato il boss Troia, La Repubblica, September 15, 1998 ^ (in Italian) Ordinanza di custodia cautelare in carcere Archived 2008-12-07 at the Wayback Machine, Tribunale di Caltanissetta, Ufficio del giudice per le indagini preliminari, April 11, 1994 ^ (in Italian) Ville, terreni, azioni: scoperti i prestanome del "tesoro" di Riina, Corriere della Sera, March 13, 1993 ^ Palazzolo: The mobster from Burgersdorp, Mail & Guardian, November 19, 1999 ^ Palermo Draft Judgement 5th July 2006, Presumed Guilty website (accessed March 19, 2011) ^ (in Italian) Un "impero" sudafricano per il boss, Corriere della Sera, July 5, 1998 ^ a b (in Italian) Catturato il boss regista di 40 omicidi, Corriere della Sera, September 16, 1998 ^ (in Italian) E' morto il boss Mariano Tullio Troia, Antimafia Duemila, April 7, 2010 vteSicilian MafiaChain of command Commission (Cupola) Interprovincial Commission Capo dei capi Family (Cosca) Boss (Capomandamento) Underboss (Sottocapo) Consigliere Capodecina (Caporegime) Soldato (Soldier) Codes and terms Made man Mandamento Omertà Faida Pizzo Pizzino Clans Corleonesi Galatolo Greco Minore Motisi Inzerillo Cuntrera-Caruana Graviano MandamentiAgrigento Province Agrigento Santa Elisabetta Porto Empedocle Canicattì Cianciana Ribera Sambuca di Sicilia Casteltermini Palma di Montechiaro Campobello di Licata Caltanissetta Province Gela Vallelunga Pratameno Riesi Mussomeli Palermo Porta Nuova Brancaccio Pagliarelli Palermo Province Camporeale Corleone Cinisi Bagheria Trabia Belmonte Mezzagno San Mauro Castelverde Trapani Province Castelvetrano Trapani Mazara del Vallo Alcamo Other Mistretta Sud Siracusa Members List of Sicilian Mafia members List of Sicilian Mafia members by city Meetings Grand Hotel et des Palmes Mafia meeting Wars First Mafia War (1962–1963) Second Mafia War (1981–1984) Massacresand bombings Portella della Ginestra massacre (1947) Ciaculli bombing (1963) Viale Lazio massacre (1969) Circonvallazione massacre (1982) Via Carini massacre (1982) Via Federico Pipitone massacre (1983) Train 904 bombing (1984) Pizzolungo bombing (1985) Capaci bombing (1992) Via D'Amelio bombing (1992) Via dei Georgofili bombing (1993) Via Palestro massacre (1993) Antimafia Sangiorgi report (1898-1900) Italian Antimafia Commission (members) Direzione Investigativa Antimafia State-Mafia Pact Addiopizzo Pentito List of victims of the Sicilian Mafia Trials 1960s Sicilian Mafia trials Maxi Trial (1986–1992) Pizza Connection Trial (1985–1986) Related American Cosa Nostra Anonima sarda Article 41-bis prison regime Banda della Comasina Banda della Magliana Basilischi Beati Paoli Camorra Corsican mafia Unione Corse Garduña Italian brigandage (19th century) Sicilian brigandage and rebels (20th century) Mala del Brenta 'Ndrangheta Sacra Corona Unita Stidda Stuppagghiari Vendicatori American Cosa Nostra Organized crime in Italy Mafia bibliography

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[maˈrjaːno ˈtulljo ˈtrɔːja]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"link_name":"Viterbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viterbo"},{"link_name":"Sicilian Mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia"},{"link_name":"most wanted list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_wanted_fugitives_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rep150998-1"}],"text":"Mariano Tullio Troia (Italian pronunciation: [maˈrjaːno ˈtulljo ˈtrɔːja]; Palermo, September 3, 1933 – Viterbo, March 27, 2010) was a member of the Sicilian Mafia. He was on the \"most wanted list\" of the Italian ministry of the Interior since 1992 until his arrest in Palermo in September 1998.[1]","title":"Mariano Tullio Troia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pietro Torretta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Torretta"},{"link_name":"Michele Cavataio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Cavataio"},{"link_name":"First Mafia War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciaculli_massacre#First_Mafia_War"},{"link_name":"mandamento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandamento_(Sicilian_Mafia)"},{"link_name":"boss of bosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capo_di_tutti_capi"},{"link_name":"Totò Riina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tot%C3%B2_Riina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rep150998-1"},{"link_name":"pentiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentito"},{"link_name":"Gaspare Mutolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspare_Mutolo"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Marchese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Marchese"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Giacomo Gambino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Giacomo_Gambino"},{"link_name":"Sicilian Mafia Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia_Commission"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rep150998-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-custodia-2"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Falcone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Falcone"},{"link_name":"Paolo Borsellino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Borsellino"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rep150998-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cds130393-3"}],"text":"Mariano Tullio Troia was the son of Mariano Troia, the powerful Mafia boss that controlled the San Lorenzo neighbourhood of Palermo. Mariano Troia had been, alongside his allies Antonino Matranga of Resuttana, Vincenzo Nicoletti of Pallavicino, Pietro Torretta of Uditore and Michele Cavataio from Acquasanta, one of the instigators of the First Mafia War which broke out in Palermo in the early 1960s. Troia fled to Milan in the subsequent police crackdown, where he later died of natural causes in 1967, shortly after turning himself in.Despite his father's involvement with that group, most of whom was killed off in subsequent reprisals by the Mafia, Mariano Tullio Troia was allowed to rise up the ranks in Cosa Nostra. For a long time Troia remained unknown to police investigators although he had reached a major role within the organization as head of the mandamento of the neighbourhood of San Lorenzo. He was one of the most trusted lieutenants of the so-called boss of bosses Totò Riina.[1] In the early 1990s his name emerged in statements of some collaborators of justice (pentiti), such as Gaspare Mutolo and Giuseppe Marchese. He substituted Giuseppe Giacomo Gambino who was jailed in 1986 as head of the San Lorenzo mandamento and on the Sicilian Mafia Commission.[1][2]Police received detailed information from Alberto Lo Cicero, former driver and confidant of Troia. Lo Cicero said that some Commission members of Cosa Nostra, including Riina, met in Troia’s villa in San Lorenzo. Lo Cicero became a pentito in August 1992 after surviving an ambush on December 20, 1991, and the killing of Antimafia judges Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino in May and July 1992.[1][3]","title":"High ranking Mafia boss"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Salvo Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvo_Lima"},{"link_name":"Giulio Andreotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti"},{"link_name":"Mario Prestifilippo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Prestifilippo"},{"link_name":"Pino \"Little Shoe\" Greco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Greco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rep150998-1"},{"link_name":"Houghton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Estate,_Gauteng"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mg191199-4"},{"link_name":"Vito Roberto Palazzolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vito_Roberto_Palazzolo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-draft-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cor050798-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rep150998-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cds160998-7"}],"text":"In October 1992, he was indicted for the murder of Christian Democrat politician Salvo Lima, the right hand man of Prime minister Giulio Andreotti. His name also appeared as backer of the killing of Mario Prestifilippo and Giovanni Fici, assassinated in 1987 and 1988 to prevent retaliation after the elimination of the Mafia killer Pino \"Little Shoe\" Greco.[1]He was put on Italy’s most wanted list. Italian police claimed Troia had moved to South Africa where he was being harboured by Salvatore Morettino, a naturalised South African citizen living in Houghton (a wealthy suburb of Johannesburg), according to Western Cape police intelligence in a March 1998 briefing.[4] He was also in contact with Vito Roberto Palazzolo, a Sicilian businessman with ties to the Mafia.[5][6]He was arrested in Palermo on September 15, 1998.[1] At the time, he was considered to be the number 3 of the Sicilian Mafia. He was captured on the second floor of a house in the Tommaso Natale neighbourhood in bed with the lady of the house while the woman's husband was asleep in downstairs in a room with her daughters.[7]","title":"Fugitive and arrest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Viterbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viterbo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ad070410-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cds160998-7"}],"text":"Troia died on March 27, 2010, in the prison hospital of Viterbo.[8] He participated in or, as member of the Commission, was held responsible for some 40 murders.[7]","title":"Death"}]

[]

[]

[{"Link":"http://www.repubblica.it/online/fatti/mafiatro/troia/troia.html","external_links_name":"Nuovo colpo alla mafia arrestato il boss Troia"},{"Link":"http://www.capitanoultimo.it/d/antimafiadoc3.htm","external_links_name":"Ordinanza di custodia cautelare in carcere"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081207022713/http://www.capitanoultimo.it/d/antimafiadoc3.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1993/marzo/13/ville_terreni_azioni_scoperti_prestanome_co_0_93031316016.shtml","external_links_name":"Ville, terreni, azioni: scoperti i prestanome del \"tesoro\" di Riina"},{"Link":"http://allafrica.com/stories/199911180162.html","external_links_name":"Palazzolo: The mobster from Burgersdorp"},{"Link":"http://www.vrpalazzolo.com/?p=1742","external_links_name":"Palermo Draft Judgement 5th July 2006"},{"Link":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1998/luglio/05/impero_sudafricano_per_boss_co_0_9807052303.shtml","external_links_name":"Un \"impero\" sudafricano per il boss"},{"Link":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1998/settembre/16/Catturato_boss_regista_omicidi_co_0_9809169755.shtml","external_links_name":"Catturato il boss regista di 40 omicidi"},{"Link":"http://www.antimafiaduemila.com/content/view/27144/78/","external_links_name":"E' morto il boss Mariano Tullio Troia"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates

List of mountains in the United Arab Emirates

["1 List of mountains","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]

United Arab Emirates topographic map To the south of Jabal Raḩabah (1,543 m), there is a ridge of about 10 km in length, parallel to the coast View towards the Jabal Rams. In the background the city of Rams and the Persian Gulf Coast View from the top of Jabal Naqat Border marker - Oman - UAE View of Jebel Hafeet The U.A.E. is not a mountainous country, as most of its territory is desert or semi-desert and relatively flat, but it does have excellent mountains, which are part of the Hajar Mountains, located in the northeast of Oman and east of the U.A.E., which are the highest in the eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's mountains, with altitudes higher than 1,000 metres (3,300 feet), are located in the emirate of Ras al Khaimah, and it is no coincidence that some of its most important summits are located exactly on the border with the Sultanate of Oman, as, in some cases, their position was taken as a reference for the drawing of the border limits between both countries. A boundary agreement was signed and ratified in 2003 for the entire border between the United Arab Emirates and Oman, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al Madhah enclaves, but the contents of the agreement, and detailed maps showing the alignment, have not been published, although border stones have been placed. The future publication of these agreements and maps could make it necessary to modify the content of this article. This list includes the name and location of the summits located entirely within the territory of the United Arab Emirates, or at least with its summit located on the border line, regardless of its height. The list is open to new additions referring to mountains that meet these conditions, with a known name and position, and whose reference data is supported by historical maps or other reliable documentary sources. Many of these mountains are known by different names, the result of local tradition and of the various transcriptions from Arabic to English, so that an individual reference note includes the alternative names with which the mountain has been identified at some point, accompanied by their respective documentary sources. The region is represented in different satellite images, mainly Google Earth, Google Satellite and Bing Satellite. The exact coordinates of each summit and its altitude, with respect to sea level, have been established by comparing the OpenTopoMap and OpenMapTiles topographic maps with these images, treating each with the greatest objectivity and the same measurement criteria for all the summits. In some cases, direct recognition and location by GPS have also been used, or references have been checked against data provided by hikers and climbers in itineraries published online. In this article, the values of prominence were not taken into account, nor the topographic isolation, to give priority to identifying the mountains and location of their summits. List of mountains Mountains of United Arab Emirates Name Notes and citations Order Mountain range Country Emirate / Governorate Altitude (m) Coordinates Jabal as Sayh 001 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates Oman  Ras al-KhaimahMusandam 1,746 25°58′18.8″N 56°11′30″E / 25.971889°N 56.19167°E / 25.971889; 56.19167 (Jabal as Sayh) Jabal Hadaba 002 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates Oman  Ras al-KhaimahMusandam 1,712 26°01′08.4″N 56°10′56.2″E / 26.019000°N 56.182278°E / 26.019000; 56.182278 (Jabal Hadaba) Jabal ar Rahrah 003 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates  Ras al-Khaimah 1,691 25°56′39.1″N 56°09′07.9″E / 25.944194°N 56.152194°E / 25.944194; 56.152194 (Jabal ar Rahrah) Jabal Sal 004 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates  Ras al-Khaimah 1,575 25°55′57.0″N 56°10′09.2″E / 25.932500°N 56.169222°E / 25.932500; 56.169222 (Jabal Sal) Jabal Harf Tila 005 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates Oman  Ras al-KhaimahMusandam 1,568 25°41′21.4″N 56°09′30.6″E / 25.689278°N 56.158500°E / 25.689278; 56.158500 (Jabal Harf Tila) Jabal Rahabah 006 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates  Ras al-Khaimah 1,543 25°55′33″N 56°07′00″E / 25.92583°N 56.11667°E / 25.92583; 56.11667 (Jabal Rahabah) Jabal Yibir / Jabal Al-Mebrah 007 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates  Fujairah 1,527 25°38′54.9″N 56°07′42.9″E / 25.648583°N 56.128583°E / 25.648583; 56.128583 (Jabal Yibir / Jabal Al-Mebrah) Jabal Yabana 008 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates Oman  Ras al-KhaimahMusandam 1,480 25°52′30.0″N 56°09′36.0″E / 25.875000°N 56.160000°E / 25.875000; 56.160000 (Jabal Yabana) Jabal Shintal 009 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates  Ras al-Khaimah 1,435 25°56′30.6″N 56°08′06.4″E / 25.941833°N 56.135111°E / 25.941833; 56.135111 (Jabal Shintal) Jabal Harf 010 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates  Ras al-Khaimah 1,420 25°40′05.0″N 56°06′41.0″E / 25.668056°N 56.111389°E / 25.668056; 56.111389 (Jabal Harf) Jabal Al Ahqab / Jabal Qada'ah 011 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates  Ras al-Khaimah 1,375 25°46′40″N 56°08′31″E / 25.77778°N 56.14194°E / 25.77778; 56.14194 (Jabal Qada‘ah) Um Alnosoor / Jabal Hatta 012 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates Oman  Dubai 1,300 24°44′35.8″N 56°04′53.1″E / 24.743278°N 56.081417°E / 24.743278; 56.081417 (Um Alnosoor) Jabal Khabb 013 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates  Ras al-Khaimah 1,145 26°00′53″N 56°08′39.9″E / 26.01472°N 56.144417°E / 26.01472; 56.144417 (Jabal Khabb) Jabal Masafi 014 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates  Ras al-Khaimah Fujairah 1,134 25°18′40.0″N 56°12′37.1″E / 25.311111°N 56.210306°E / 25.311111; 56.210306 (Jabal Masafi) Jebel Hafeet 015 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates Oman  Abu Dhabi 1,108 24°03′28.3″N 55°46′52.5″E / 24.057861°N 55.781250°E / 24.057861; 55.781250 (Jebel Hafeet) Jabal Ghabbas 016 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates Oman  Ras al-KhaimahMusandam 1,100 25°50′52.3″N 56°09′09.1″E / 25.847861°N 56.152528°E / 25.847861; 56.152528 (Jabal Ghabbas) Jabal Hilqah 017 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates  Fujairah 1,058 25°18′49.1″N 56°12′07.0″E / 25.313639°N 56.201944°E / 25.313639; 56.201944 (Jabal Hilqah) Jabal Dad 018 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates  Fujairah 1,054 25°27′17.5″N 56°13′29.9″E / 25.454861°N 56.224972°E / 25.454861; 56.224972 (Jabal Dad) Jabal Hudayd 019 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates  Ras al-Khaimah 1,035 26°00′15.2″N 56°06′42.1″E / 26.004222°N 56.111694°E / 26.004222; 56.111694 (Jabal Hudayd) Jabal Al Itim 020 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates  Fujairah 1,017 25°06′15.0030″N 56°10′12.6772″E / 25.104167500°N 56.170188111°E / 25.104167500; 56.170188111 (Jabal Al Itim) Jabal Ayuzah 021 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates  Fujairah 1,005 25°37′09.34″N 56°11′42.47″E / 25.6192611°N 56.1951306°E / 25.6192611; 56.1951306 (Jabal Ayuzah) Jabal Qitab 022 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates  Fujairah 998 25°01′14.1″N 56°14′30.1″E / 25.020583°N 56.241694°E / 25.020583; 56.241694 (Jabal Qitab) Jabal Qandus 023 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates  Ras al-Khaimah 954 26°00′13.0″N 56°07′14.9″E / 26.003611°N 56.120806°E / 26.003611; 56.120806 (Jabal Qandus) Jabal Samah 024 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates  Fujairah 937 25°07′32.8″N 56°10′14.9″E / 25.125778°N 56.170806°E / 25.125778; 56.170806 (Jabal Samah) Jabal Bu Faraj 025 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates Oman  Ras al-KhaimahMusandam 913 24°52′15.7″N 56°03′42.2″E / 24.871028°N 56.061722°E / 24.871028; 56.061722 (Jabal Bu Faraj) Jabal Naqat 026 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates  Ras al-Khaimah 900 25°53′17.9″N 56°05′21.8″E / 25.888306°N 56.089389°E / 25.888306; 56.089389 (Jabal Naqat) Jabal Huwarah 027 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates  Ras al-Khaimah 890 25°05′20.9″N 56°08′29.8″E / 25.089139°N 56.141611°E / 25.089139; 56.141611 (Jabal Huwarah) Jabal Bulaydah 028 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates  Ras al-Khaimah 830 25°13′07.0″N 56°10′36.8″E / 25.218611°N 56.176889°E / 25.218611; 56.176889 (Jabal Bulaydah) Jabal Mimduk 029 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates  Fujairah 808 25°08′26.6″N 56°11′10.6″E / 25.140722°N 56.186278°E / 25.140722; 56.186278 (Jabal Mimduk) Jabal Al Himri 030 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates  Fujairah 803 25°34′33.2″N 56°09′16.8″E / 25.575889°N 56.154667°E / 25.575889; 56.154667 (Jabal Al Himri) Jabal Sall 031 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates  Ras al-Khaimah 778 25°45′41.0″N 56°05′16.8″E / 25.761389°N 56.088000°E / 25.761389; 56.088000 (Jabal Sall) Jabal Rams 032 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates  Ras al-Khaimah 761 25°52′10.9″N 56°04′09.1″E / 25.869694°N 56.069194°E / 25.869694; 56.069194 (Jabal Rams) Jabal Qutayyib 033 Hajar Mountains  United Arab Emirates  Ras al-Khaimah 755 25°56′24.9″N 56°05′36.9″E / 25.940250°N 56.093583°E / 25.940250; 56.093583 (Jabal Qutayyib) See also List of mountains in Oman List of wadis of the United Arab Emirates List of wadis of Oman Geology of the United Arab Emirates Geography of the United Arab Emirates Notes ^ Alternative Names: Jabal as Sayh, Jabal as Sayḩ. ^ Alternative Names: Jebel Hadaba. ^ Alternative Names: Jabal Rahah, Jabal Rāḩah, Jabal ar Rahrah, Jabal ar Raḩraḩ. ^ Alternative Names: Jabal Sal, Jabal Sall, Jabal Sāl, jbl sal, جبل سال ^ Alternative Names: Jabal Harf Tila (major) ^ Alternative Names: Jabal Rahabah, Jabal Raḩabah, Jabal ar Ra`aylah, Jabal ar Ra‘aylah. ^ Alternative Names: Jabal Al-Mebrah, Jabal Mibraḥ, Jabal Al-Mebraḥ, Jabal Mibrah, Jabal al Mebrah, Jabal al Mibrah, Jabal Mebrah, Jebel Al Mebrah. ^ Alternative Names: Jabal Yabbānah, Jabal Yabana (major), Jabal Yabana, Jabal Yabanah, Jabal Yabānah. ^ Alternative Names: Jabal Halhal ^ Alternative Names: Jabal Ḩarf, Jabal al Ḩarf. ^ Alternative Names: Jabal Qada‘a (major), Jabal Qada`a, Jabal Qada`ah, Jabal Qada‘a, Jabal Qada‘ah. ^ Alternative Names: Jabal Hajarain, Jabal Ḩajarayn, Jabal Hajarayn, Jabal Ḩattá, Jabal Ḩaţţah, Jabal Hattah, Jabal Hatta, Um Alnosoor, Umm Alnosoor, Jabal Umm Nasur. ^ Alternative Names: Jabal Khab, Jabal Kubb ^ Alternative Names: Jabal Masafi, Jabal Masāfī. ^ Alternative Names: Djabel Hafit, Djabel Ḩafīt, Jabal Hafi, Jabal Hafit, Jabal Ḥafī, Jabal Ḥafīt, Jabal Ḩafīt, jbl hfyt, جبل حفيت ^ Alternative Names: Jebel Ghabbas. ^ Alternative Names: Jebel Hilqah. ^ Alternative Names: Jabal Adhan, Jabal Dad, Jabal Dād. ^ Alternative Names: Jabal Hudayd, Jabal Ḩudayd. ^ Nombres alternativos: Jabal Al 'Itim ^ Alternative Names: Jabal 'Ayūzah ^ Alternative Names: Jabal Al Kitāb, Jabal Kitas, Jabal Qitab. ^ Alternative Names: Jabal Qandus, Jabal Qandoos, Jabal Ghandus. ^ Alternative Names: Jabal Şammāh, Jabal Samah, Jabal Samāḩ. ^ Alternative Names: Jabal Bu Faraj, Jabal Abu Faraj, Jabal Bū Faraj, Jabal Bū Farāj. ^ Alternative Names: Jebal Naqat, Jabal Niqaat. ^ Alternative Names: Jabal Ḩūwārah. ^ Alternative Names: Jabal Bilaida, Jabal Bilaidah, Jabal Bulaidha, Jabal Bulaydah. ^ Alternative Names: Jabal Mimdūk. ^ Alternative Names: Jabal Al Ḩimrī, Jabal Al Hamri. ^ Alternative Names: Jabal Sal, Jebel Sall. ^ Alternative Names: Jabal Rams, Jabal Bin Rams. ^ Alternative Names: Jabal Qutayyib, Jabal Qatayib. 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Retrieved 2023-05-08. ^ "FCO 18/1796 - Map of Trucial States, Muscat and Oman - Aswad - Scale 1:100 000 - Published by D Survey, Ministry of Defence, United Kingdom (1971) - Edition 3-GSGS - The National Archives, London, England". Arabian Gulf Digital Archives. Retrieved 2023-05-08. ^ a b "FCO 18/1898 Map Boundaries of the Northern Trucial States (1963) - The National Archives, London, England". Arabian Gulf Digital Archives. Retrieved 2023-05-08. ^ "Um Alnosoor trail". Wikiloc - Trails of the World. Retrieved 2023-05-12. ^ "Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid unveils six new tourism projects planned for Hatta. Attractions will centre around Jabal Umm Al Nusour, Dubai's highest peak |". www.thenationalnews.com. Retrieved 2023-05-13. ^ a b c d "FCO 18/1792 - Map of Trucial States, Muscat and Oman - Masafi - Scale 1:100 000 - Published by D Survey, Ministry of Defence, United Kingdom (1972) - Edition 3-GSGS - The National Archives, London, England". Arabian Gulf Digital Archives. Retrieved 2023-05-08. ^ "Mindat - Jabal Masafi". Mindat.org. Retrieved 2023-05-08. ^ "Jebel Masafi (or thereabouts)". Wikiloc - Trails of the World. Retrieved 2023-05-08. ^ "Mindat - Jabal Ḩafīt". Mindat.org. Retrieved 2023-05-08. ^ "Jebel Hafeet, United Arab Emirates". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2023-05-09. ^ "FO 371/168946 - 1966 - Map of ADPC's gravity surveys in southern Abu Dhabi - Oil - The National Archives, London, England". Arabian Gulf Digital Archives. Retrieved 2023-05-12. ^ "An adventure across Abu Dhabi's diverse landscapes. Jebel Hafit mountain, which at around 3,800 feet is one of the UAE's highest peaks |". www.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023. Retrieved 2023-05-13. ^ "Injured Emirati hiker rescued from Jebel Hafeet |". www.thenationalnews.com. Retrieved 2023-05-13. ^ "Mindat - Jabal Ghabbas, Umm al Qaywayn, United Arab Emirates". Mindat.org. Retrieved 2024-06-11. ^ "Mindat - Jabal Dād". Mindat.org. Retrieved 2023-05-08. ^ "Mindat - Jabal Hudayd". Mindat.org. Retrieved 2023-05-08. ^ "Mindat - Jabal Qitab". Mindat.org. Retrieved 2023-05-08. ^ "Mindat - Jabal Samah". Mindat.org. Retrieved 2023-05-08. ^ "FO 371/140224 - 1959 - Relations between rulers of Trucial States and Petroleum Development Trucial Coast Company. Code BA file 1531 (papers 12 to end) - The National Archives, London, England". Arabian Gulf Digital Archives. Retrieved 2024-05-31. ^ "Mindat - Jabal Bu Faraj". Mindat.org. Retrieved 2023-05-13. ^ "Mindat - Jabal Bulaydah". Mindat.org. Retrieved 2023-05-08. ^ "Mindat - Jabal Mimdūk, Al Fujayrah, United Arab Emirates". Mindat.org. Retrieved 2024-06-11. ^ "Mindat - Jabal Sall, Ra's al Khaymah, United Arab Emirates". Mindat.org. Retrieved 2023-06-11. ^ "Mindat - Jabal Rams". Mindat.org. Retrieved 2023-05-08. ^ "Mindat - Jabal Qutayyib". Mindat.org. Retrieved 2023-05-08. External links Hiking Adventures UAE - Jebel Yabanah Summit, 2021 (YouTube) Karim Mobay - Jabal Qada’ah: UAE’s Greatest Summit, 2021 (YouTube) Happy Hiker - Jebel Rahabah - Family Hiking, 2022 (YouTube) vteHills and mountains on the Arabian Peninsula OmanHajar rangeCentral Hajar Jebel Akhdar Jebel Shams (H) Eastern Hajar Jabal Aswad Jabal Bani Jabar Western Hajar Jebel Akhdar Jebel Ghawil Jebel Shams (H, HP) Ru'us al-Jibal Jabal Al Harim Jebel Qihwi Dhofar range Jebel Qamar Jebel Qarah Jabal Samhan  Saudi ArabiaList of mountains in Saudi Arabia List of volcanoes in Saudi Arabia Jabal Al-Qarah Sarat range Jabal Al-Oraif 'Asir range Harrat al Birk (LF) Jabal Ad-Dhoor Jabal Al-Hadab Jabal Al-Majaz Jabal Al-Qo'mah Jabal As-Sahla' Jebal As-Seqaa Jabal Atherb Jabal Khalaqah Jabal Lawa's Jabal Mana' Jabal Maomah Jabal Mareer Jabal Masher Jabal Moushref Jabal Nahran Jabal Natfa' Jabal 'Okran Jabal Sawdah Jabal Yar (VF) Jabal Warrab Sh'af A'l Nassir Sh'af Bayhan Al-Bahah Jabal Shada  Jizan Fifa Mountains Jebel Al-Qeher  Najran Jabal Abu Hamdan Jabal Raum Hijaz range Harrat Khaybar (VF) Harrat Kishb (LF) Al Wahbah crater (VC) Harrat Lunayyir Harrat Rahat (LF) Jabal Abu Qubays Jabal al-Nour Jabal 'Arafat Jabal Daka Jabal Hada Jabal Sela Jabal Thawr Jabal Uhud Jabal Werqan Safa and Marwa Midian range Harrat al-Sham (VF) Jabal Al-Amud? (VF) Jabal Al-Lawz Jabal Al-Qalom Jabal an Nukhaylah Jabal Hubaysh (Tabuk Region) Jabal Maqla Jabal `Umayyid Jabal Umm Hayfā' Mountains of Adh-Dhahr Shammar range Salma range Jabal Shammar Aja range Jabal Aja Shammar Mountains Tuwayr range Jabal Tuwaiq?  United Arab Emirates List of mountains in the United Arab Emirates Western HajarRu'us al-Jibal Jebel Jais (H) Jabal Ar-Rahrah Jabal Rahabah Jabal Qada'ah Jebel Yibir (HP) Shumayliyyah range Jebel Al-Heben Outliers, outcrops or anticlines Jebel Buhais (AC, OC) Jebel Faya (AC, OC) Jebel Hafeet (OL)  Yemen List of volcanoes in Yemen Hadhramaut range Jabal Ar-Rays? Jabal Husn Ghuraf Jebel Shaqb? Sarat range Harra of Arhab (VF) Harras of Dhamar (VF) Harra es-Sawad (VF) Jabal Hubaysh (Ibb Governorate) Jabal Kanin Jabal Nuqm Jabal Sabir Jabal Tiyal Haraz range Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb (H, HP) Note: Mountains are sorted in alphabetical order, unless where it concerns ranges. The highest confirmed mountains in each country are indicated with 'HP', and those with the highest peak are indicated with 'HP', bearing in mind that in the UAE, the highest mountain and the mountain with the highest peak are different. Outcrops are indicated with 'OC', and outliers with 'OL', and anticlines with 'AC'. Volcanoes are indicated with 'V', volcanic craters with 'VC', lava fields with 'LF', and volcanic fields with 'VF'. Other notes: ^ Shared with the UAE ^ Also regarded as being of the Western Hajar ^ Also regarded as being of the Western Hajar ^ Shared with the UAE ^ Shared with the UAE ^ Sensu lato, shared with Yemen ^ Shared with Yemen ^ Sensu lato ^ Sensu lato ^ Shared with Oman ^ Shared with Oman ^ Highest mountain in the UAE, but the peak is in Oman ^ Due to the peak of Jebel Jais being in Oman, this mountain has the highest confirmed peak in the UAE ^ Shared with Oman ^ Shared with Oman ^ Shared with Saudi Arabia ^ Highest confirmed peak in the Arabian Peninsula

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Arab_Emirates_Topography.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ridge_south_of_Jabal_Rahabah._Emirate_of_Ras_al_Khaimah._UAE.jpg"},{"link_name":"ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wadi_Naqat_-_Wadi_Sal_-_Wadi_Haqil_-_Rams.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jabal_Naqat.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Border_marker_-_OMAN_-_UAE_border.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jebel_Hafeet.jpg"},{"link_name":"U.A.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert"},{"link_name":"mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain"},{"link_name":"Hajar Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajar_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cavendish2007-1"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atlasNG-2"},{"link_name":"eastern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Arabian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ras al Khaimah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Ras_Al_Khaimah"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-border-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Musandam Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musandam_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Madhah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madha"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"border stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_marker"},{"link_name":"satellite images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_image"},{"link_name":"altitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude"},{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Height_above_mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"hikers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiking"},{"link_name":"climbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climbing"},{"link_name":"prominence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prominence"},{"link_name":"topographic isolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_isolation"}],"text":"United Arab Emirates topographic mapTo the south of Jabal Raḩabah (1,543 m), there is a ridge of about 10 km in length, parallel to the coastView towards the Jabal Rams. In the background the city of Rams and the Persian Gulf CoastView from the top of Jabal NaqatBorder marker - Oman - UAEView of Jebel HafeetThe U.A.E. is not a mountainous country, as most of its territory is desert or semi-desert and relatively flat, but it does have excellent mountains, which are part of the Hajar Mountains,[1] located in the northeast of Oman and east of the U.A.E., [2] which are the highest in the eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula.[3]Most of the country's mountains, with altitudes higher than 1,000 metres (3,300 feet), are located in the emirate of Ras al Khaimah, and it is no coincidence that some of its most important summits are located exactly on the border with the Sultanate of Oman, as, in some cases, their position was taken as a reference for the drawing of the border limits between both countries.[4][5]A boundary agreement was signed and ratified in 2003 for the entire border between the United Arab Emirates and Oman, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al Madhah enclaves, but the contents of the agreement, and detailed maps showing the alignment, have not been published, [6] although border stones have been placed. The future publication of these agreements and maps could make it necessary to modify the content of this article.This list includes the name and location of the summits located entirely within the territory of the United Arab Emirates, or at least with its summit located on the border line, regardless of its height. The list is open to new additions referring to mountains that meet these conditions, with a known name and position, and whose reference data is supported by historical maps or other reliable documentary sources.Many of these mountains are known by different names, the result of local tradition and of the various transcriptions from Arabic to English, so that an individual reference note includes the alternative names with which the mountain has been identified at some point, accompanied by their respective documentary sources.The region is represented in different satellite images, mainly Google Earth, Google Satellite and Bing Satellite. The exact coordinates of each summit and its altitude, with respect to sea level, have been established by comparing the OpenTopoMap and OpenMapTiles topographic maps with these images, treating each with the greatest objectivity and the same measurement criteria for all the summits. In some cases, direct recognition and location by GPS have also been used, or references have been checked against data provided by hikers and climbers in itineraries published online.In this article, the values of prominence were not taken into account, nor the topographic isolation, to give priority to identifying the mountains and location of their summits.","title":"List of mountains in the United Arab Emirates"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of mountains"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-67"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-68"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-70"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-71"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-73"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-76"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-77"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-78"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-80"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-82"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-83"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-85"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-87"}],"text":"^ Alternative Names: Jabal as Sayh, Jabal as Sayḩ.\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jebel Hadaba.\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal Rahah, Jabal Rāḩah, Jabal ar Rahrah, Jabal ar Raḩraḩ.\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal Sal, Jabal Sall, Jabal Sāl, jbl sal, جبل سال \n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal Harf Tila (major)\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal Rahabah, Jabal Raḩabah, Jabal ar Ra`aylah, Jabal ar Ra‘aylah.\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal Al-Mebrah, Jabal Mibraḥ, Jabal Al-Mebraḥ, Jabal Mibrah, Jabal al Mebrah, Jabal al Mibrah, Jabal Mebrah, Jebel Al Mebrah.\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal Yabbānah, Jabal Yabana (major), Jabal Yabana, Jabal Yabanah, Jabal Yabānah.\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal Halhal\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal Ḩarf, Jabal al Ḩarf.\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal Qada‘a (major), Jabal Qada`a, Jabal Qada`ah, Jabal Qada‘a, Jabal Qada‘ah.\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal Hajarain, Jabal Ḩajarayn, Jabal Hajarayn, Jabal Ḩattá, Jabal Ḩaţţah, Jabal Hattah, Jabal Hatta, Um Alnosoor, Umm Alnosoor, Jabal Umm Nasur.\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal Khab, Jabal Kubb \n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal Masafi, Jabal Masāfī.\n\n^ Alternative Names: Djabel Hafit, Djabel Ḩafīt, Jabal Hafi, Jabal Hafit, Jabal Ḥafī, Jabal Ḥafīt, Jabal Ḩafīt, jbl hfyt, جبل حفيت\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jebel Ghabbas.\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jebel Hilqah.\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal Adhan, Jabal Dad, Jabal Dād.\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal Hudayd, Jabal Ḩudayd.\n\n^ Nombres alternativos: Jabal Al 'Itim\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal 'Ayūzah\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal Al Kitāb, Jabal Kitas, Jabal Qitab.\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal Qandus, Jabal Qandoos, Jabal Ghandus.\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal Şammāh, Jabal Samah, Jabal Samāḩ.\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal Bu Faraj, Jabal Abu Faraj, Jabal Bū Faraj, Jabal Bū Farāj.\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jebal Naqat, Jabal Niqaat.\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal Ḩūwārah.\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal Bilaida, Jabal Bilaidah, Jabal Bulaidha, Jabal Bulaydah.\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal Mimdūk.\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal Al Ḩimrī, Jabal Al Hamri.\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal Sal, Jebel Sall.\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal Rams, Jabal Bin Rams.\n\n^ Alternative Names: Jabal Qutayyib, Jabal Qatayib.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"United Arab Emirates topographic map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/United_Arab_Emirates_Topography.png/220px-United_Arab_Emirates_Topography.png"},{"image_text":"To the south of Jabal Raḩabah (1,543 m), there is a ridge of about 10 km in length, parallel to the coast","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ridge_south_of_Jabal_Rahabah._Emirate_of_Ras_al_Khaimah._UAE.jpg/220px-Ridge_south_of_Jabal_Rahabah._Emirate_of_Ras_al_Khaimah._UAE.jpg"},{"image_text":"View towards the Jabal Rams. In the background the city of Rams and the Persian Gulf Coast","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Wadi_Naqat_-_Wadi_Sal_-_Wadi_Haqil_-_Rams.jpg/220px-Wadi_Naqat_-_Wadi_Sal_-_Wadi_Haqil_-_Rams.jpg"},{"image_text":"View from the top of Jabal Naqat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Jabal_Naqat.jpg/220px-Jabal_Naqat.jpg"},{"image_text":"Border marker - Oman - UAE","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Border_marker_-_OMAN_-_UAE_border.jpg/220px-Border_marker_-_OMAN_-_UAE_border.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of Jebel Hafeet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Jebel_Hafeet.jpg/220px-Jebel_Hafeet.jpg"}]

[{"title":"List of mountains in Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Oman"},{"title":"List of wadis of the United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wadis_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates"},{"title":"List of wadis of Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wadis_of_Oman"},{"title":"Geology of the United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates"},{"title":"Geography of the United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates"}]

[{"reference":"Cavendish, Marshall (2007). \"Geography and climate\". World and Its Peoples. Vol. 1. Cavendish Square Publishing. pp. 8–19. ISBN 978-0-7614-7571-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish","url_text":"Cavendish, Marshall"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C&pg=PA8","url_text":"\"Geography and climate\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse","url_text":"World and Its Peoples"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse/page/n151","url_text":"8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2","url_text":"978-0-7614-7571-2"}]},{"reference":"Atlas of the Middle East- National Geographic Society (U.S.). Book Division, National Geographic Society (U.S.)· 2008. National Geographic. 2008. ISBN 9781426202216. 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Retrieved 2023-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fco/18/1897/n/1","url_text":"\"FCO 18/1897 Map Boundaries of the Northern Trucial States (1963) - The National Archives, London, England\""}]},{"reference":"\"FCO 18/1791 - Map of Trucial States, Muscat and Oman - Dibba - Scale 1:100 000 - Published by D Survey, Ministry of Defence, United Kingdom (1971) - Edition 3-GSGS - The National Archives, London, England\". Arabian Gulf Digital Archives. Retrieved 2023-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fco/18/1791/n/1","url_text":"\"FCO 18/1791 - Map of Trucial States, Muscat and Oman - Dibba - Scale 1:100 000 - Published by D Survey, Ministry of Defence, United Kingdom (1971) - Edition 3-GSGS - The National Archives, London, England\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jabal Yibir, United Arab Emirates\". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2024-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10479","url_text":"\"Jabal Yibir, United Arab Emirates\""}]},{"reference":"\"FO 1016/840 - 1965 Jan 01 - 1965 Dec 31 - Map Trucial States: water resources; with hydrological and groundwater survey - The National Archives, London, England\". Arabian Gulf Digital Archives. Retrieved 2023-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fo/1016/840/n/185","url_text":"\"FO 1016/840 - 1965 Jan 01 - 1965 Dec 31 - Map Trucial States: water resources; with hydrological and groundwater survey - The National Archives, London, England\""}]},{"reference":"\"FO 1016/840 - 1965 Jan 01 - 1965 Dec 31 - Map Trucial States: water resources; with hydrological and groundwater survey - The National Archives, London, England\". Arabian Gulf Digital Archives. Retrieved 2023-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fo/1016/840/n/185","url_text":"\"FO 1016/840 - 1965 Jan 01 - 1965 Dec 31 - Map Trucial States: water resources; with hydrological and groundwater survey - The National Archives, London, England\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watch: UAE: Authorities airlift elderly Emirati who fell off mountain. Jabal Mebrah Mountain |\". www.khaleejtimes.com. Retrieved 2023-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/uae-authorities-airlift-elderly-emirati-who-fell-off-mountain","url_text":"\"Watch: UAE: Authorities airlift elderly Emirati who fell off mountain. Jabal Mebrah Mountain |\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mindat - Jabal Yabānah\". Mindat.org. Retrieved 2023-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mindat.org/feature-390006.html","url_text":"\"Mindat - Jabal Yabānah\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mindat - Jabal Qada'ah\". Mindat.org. 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Attractions will centre around Jabal Umm Al Nusour, Dubai's highest peak |\". www.thenationalnews.com. Retrieved 2023-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/2021/08/21/sheikh-mohammed-bin-rashid-unveils-six-new-tourism-projects-planned-for-hatta/","url_text":"\"Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid unveils six new tourism projects planned for Hatta. Attractions will centre around Jabal Umm Al Nusour, Dubai's highest peak |\""}]},{"reference":"\"FCO 18/1792 - Map of Trucial States, Muscat and Oman - Masafi - Scale 1:100 000 - Published by D Survey, Ministry of Defence, United Kingdom (1972) - Edition 3-GSGS - The National Archives, London, England\". Arabian Gulf Digital Archives. 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Retrieved 2023-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230109110129/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/paid-content-an-adventure-across-abu-dhabis-diverse-landscapes","url_text":"\"An adventure across Abu Dhabi's diverse landscapes. Jebel Hafit mountain, which at around 3,800 feet is one of the UAE's highest peaks |\""},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/paid-content-an-adventure-across-abu-dhabis-diverse-landscapes","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Injured Emirati hiker rescued from Jebel Hafeet |\". www.thenationalnews.com. Retrieved 2023-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/health/injured-emirati-hiker-rescued-from-jebel-hafeet-1.1232710","url_text":"\"Injured Emirati hiker rescued from Jebel Hafeet |\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mindat - Jabal Ghabbas, Umm al Qaywayn, United Arab Emirates\". Mindat.org. Retrieved 2024-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mindat.org/feature-390008.html","url_text":"\"Mindat - Jabal Ghabbas, Umm al Qaywayn, United Arab Emirates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mindat - Jabal Dād\". Mindat.org. Retrieved 2023-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mindat.org/feature-292310.html","url_text":"\"Mindat - Jabal Dād\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mindat - Jabal Hudayd\". Mindat.org. Retrieved 2023-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mindat.org/feature-291885.html","url_text":"\"Mindat - Jabal Hudayd\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mindat - Jabal Qitab\". Mindat.org. Retrieved 2023-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mindat.org/feature-291148.html","url_text":"\"Mindat - Jabal Qitab\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mindat - Jabal Samah\". Mindat.org. Retrieved 2023-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mindat.org/feature-290923.html","url_text":"\"Mindat - Jabal Samah\""}]},{"reference":"\"FO 371/140224 - 1959 - Relations between rulers of Trucial States and Petroleum Development Trucial Coast Company. Code BA file 1531 (papers 12 to end) - The National Archives, London, England\". Arabian Gulf Digital Archives. Retrieved 2024-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fo/371/140224/n/79","url_text":"\"FO 371/140224 - 1959 - Relations between rulers of Trucial States and Petroleum Development Trucial Coast Company. Code BA file 1531 (papers 12 to end) - The National Archives, London, England\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mindat - Jabal Bu Faraj\". Mindat.org. Retrieved 2023-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mindat.org/feature-288653.html","url_text":"\"Mindat - Jabal Bu Faraj\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mindat - Jabal Bulaydah\". Mindat.org. Retrieved 2023-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mindat.org/feature-292367.html","url_text":"\"Mindat - Jabal Bulaydah\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mindat - Jabal Mimdūk, Al Fujayrah, United Arab Emirates\". Mindat.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerealine

Cerealine

["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]

Former American breakfast cereal CerealineAmerican Hominy Co. advertisement for Toasted Cerealine FlakePlace of originUnited StatesRegion or stateColumbus, IndianaCreated byJames Vannoy circa 1884 or 1887Main ingredientsCorn grits Cerealine, also known as malt flakes, was a 19th-century American cereal product and the first dry breakfast food in American retailing. Similar to but predating corn flakes, which appeared in 1898 and are first rolled and then toasted, cerealine is corn grits in the form of uncooked flakes. It was originally used by the brewing industry. More popularly, Toasted Cerealine Flakes, colloquially called simply Cerealine, was also the brand name for raw-flake cereal made from grits by the Cerealine Manufacturing Company of Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, and its successor concern, the American Hominy Company. History Corn grits in the form of uncooked flakes, known as cerealine, was used for beer brewing as of at least the mid-19th century, with Aurora, Indiana's T. & J.W. Gaff & Co. distillery building the Cerealine Mill at 607 Jackson Street in Columbus, Indiana, in 1867. Their Cerealine Manufacturing Company moved to Indianapolis, Indiana sometime prior to 1898, though the Columbus mill's building remained extant and was restored in the late 20th or early 21st century for use as a cafeteria and conference center by the engine manufacturing corporation Cummins Inc. Prior to being annexed by Indianapolis in 1895, the settlement around what was then called the Cerealine Works was known as Cerealinetown. Cerealine trading card ("Marguerite"), late 19th century, Moss Engraving Co. White-corn cerealine flakes as a breakfast cereal were invented, perhaps accidentally, by Columbus, Indiana, mill worker James Vannoy circa 1884 or 1887. Vannoy's 1902 obituary said he found through experimentation a way to run the milled grain through rollers so that it would come out "in thin layers or flakes. He went to his employer, Joseph F. Gent, with the discovery. Gent rather disregarded the wonderful discovery and told Vannoy that he had better been tending to his duties. Later, Gent had the discovery patented, and it was not long until Cerealine was on the market and was being sold in large quantities." Cerealine was well established as a breakfast food by at least 1897, when the Illinois Farmer's Institute annual report noted that, "Some mills make hominy of white corn, roll it into broad, flat flakes, called cerealine, which are used here as a breakfast dish...." By this time it had become one of the three most popular cereals of that time, along with cracked wheat and oatmeal. All three were typically sold by retailers who bought cereal in barrel lots and scooped it out to sell by the pound to customers. Toasted Cerealine Flakes was later sold in packages. In 1902, the Cerealine Manufacturing Company was consolidated with Indianapolis Hominy Mills; the Hudmet Company, of Missouri and Indiana; the Pratt Cereal Mill, of Decatur, Illinois; the Hamburg Milling Company and the Shellabarger Mill and Elevator Company, also of Decatur; the M.M. Wright Company, of Danville, Illinois; the Miami Maize Company, of Toledo, Ohio; and the Purity Oats Company, of Iowa, to form the American Hominy Company, based in Indianapolis. A 1907 trade journal reported the company was reintroducing the cereal Toasted Cerealine Flakes, commenting that it would sound: ...familiar to the man who has a good memory. The American Hominy Co. is introducing this "new" flaked corn product in the East and the sale is going well. "Cerealine" will be remembered as an uncooked pure white cornflake sold several years ago all over the country. As a basis, "Cerealine" made some very appetizing dishes in its day. "Cerealine" enjoyed a wide sale, but its manufacture had to give way finally, we presume. to the increased production of ready prepared cereal foods. "Toasted Cerealine Flakes," or "Modern Cerealine"—if half as good as the old article, will no doubt meet with a cordial reception in this market when the time comes for its introduction. References Cerealine Flakes cook-booklet (1886) ^ "History of Hillforest". Hillforest.org. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. ^ Hart, Rev. Charles Coffin. Joseph Hart and His Descendants (1901), Gideon B. Hart. WebCitation archive. ^ Indianapolis Sanborn Map #61, 1898, The Digital Collections of IUPUI University Library. WebCitation archive. ^ Repp and Mundt: Restoration. Includes image of building. WebCitation archive. ^ Cummins Engine Co., Cartage.org, n.d. WebCitation archive. ^ "Columbus Indiana Pictures and Photos From Bygone Days", p. 8. HistoricColumbusIndiana.org, n.d. Includes image of building. WebCitation archive. ^ "Preservationists aim to save historic schools and taxpayer money". Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana press release. October 20, 2002. Archived from the original on July 16, 2007. ^ TripTrivia.com: Columbus, Indiana Tourism. WebCitation archive. ^ a b James Vannoy obituary, The Evening Republican, July 22, 1902, via Vannoy Genealogy. WebCitation archive. ^ Mills, Charles F. ed. Annual Report, Illinois Farmer's Institute with Reports of County Farmers' Institutes for the Year 1897 (Phillips Bros., State Printers, Springfield, Ill.) p. 122 ^ "The Story of a Pantry Shelf: An Outline History of Grocery Specialties". The Golden Heart of the Wheat. New York: Butterick Publishing. 1925. pp. 219–221. Archived from the original on December 5, 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2019. ^ Burnham's Manual of Mid-western Securities. Chicago: John Burnham & Company. 1921. p. 276. ^ "Another New Cereal Food", in Trade Vol. XIV, No. 24, June 17, 1907 (Detroit), p. 6, via Trade: An Independent Weekly Journal for Retail Merchants, Volume 14. Retrieved November 24, 2012 External links Carson, Gerald (1957). "Cornflake Crusade". None Genuine Without this Signature. New York: Rinehart & Company. pp. 200–211. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved June 26, 2019. Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. IN-34, "Cerealine Manufacturing Company, Mill A, Jackson & Brown Streets, Columbus, Bartholomew County, IN", 5 photos, 2 measured drawings, 5 data pages, 1 photo caption page Additional WebCitation archive, December 10, 2016; click on "View photos..." and "View drawings..." links

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cereal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"corn flakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_flakes"},{"link_name":"grits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grits"},{"link_name":"brewing industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewing_industry"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"}],"text":"Cerealine, also known as malt flakes, was a 19th-century American cereal product and the first dry breakfast food in American retailing. Similar to but predating corn flakes, which appeared in 1898 and are first rolled and then toasted, cerealine is corn grits in the form of uncooked flakes. It was originally used by the brewing industry.More popularly, Toasted Cerealine Flakes, colloquially called simply Cerealine, was also the brand name for raw-flake cereal made from grits by the Cerealine Manufacturing Company of Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, and its successor concern, the American Hominy Company.","title":"Cerealine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer"},{"link_name":"Aurora, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"distillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"cafeteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafeteria"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine"},{"link_name":"Cummins Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cerealine_card.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vannoyobit-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vannoyobit-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"cracked wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracked_wheat"},{"link_name":"oatmeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oatmeal"},{"link_name":"barrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Decatur, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decatur,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Danville, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Toledo, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Corn grits in the form of uncooked flakes, known as cerealine, was used for beer brewing as of at least the mid-19th century, with Aurora, Indiana's T. & J.W. Gaff & Co. distillery building the Cerealine Mill[1] at 607 Jackson Street in Columbus, Indiana, in 1867. Their Cerealine Manufacturing Company moved to Indianapolis, Indiana[2] sometime prior to 1898,[3] though the Columbus mill's building remained extant and was restored in the late 20th or early 21st century[4] for use as a cafeteria and conference center[5] by the engine manufacturing corporation Cummins Inc.[6] Prior to being annexed by Indianapolis in 1895, the settlement around what was then called the Cerealine Works was known as Cerealinetown.[7]Cerealine trading card (\"Marguerite\"), late 19th century, Moss Engraving Co.White-corn cerealine flakes as a breakfast cereal were invented, perhaps accidentally, by Columbus, Indiana, mill worker James Vannoy circa 1884[8] or 1887.[9] Vannoy's 1902 obituary said he found through experimentation a way to run the milled grain through rollers so that it would come out \"in thin layers or flakes. He went to his employer, Joseph F. Gent, with the discovery. Gent rather disregarded the wonderful discovery and told Vannoy that he had better been tending to his duties. Later, Gent had the discovery patented, and it was not long until Cerealine was on the market and was being sold in large quantities.\"[9]Cerealine was well established as a breakfast food by at least 1897, when the Illinois Farmer's Institute annual report noted that, \"Some mills make hominy of white corn, roll it into broad, flat flakes, called cerealine, which are used here as a breakfast dish....\"[10] By this time it had become one of the three most popular cereals of that time, along with cracked wheat and oatmeal. All three were typically sold by retailers who bought cereal in barrel lots and scooped it out to sell by the pound to customers. Toasted Cerealine Flakes was later sold in packages.[11]In 1902, the Cerealine Manufacturing Company was consolidated with Indianapolis Hominy Mills; the Hudmet Company, of Missouri and Indiana; the Pratt Cereal Mill, of Decatur, Illinois; the Hamburg Milling Company and the Shellabarger Mill and Elevator Company, also of Decatur; the M.M. Wright Company, of Danville, Illinois; the Miami Maize Company, of Toledo, Ohio; and the Purity Oats Company, of Iowa, to form the American Hominy Company, based in Indianapolis.[12]A 1907 trade journal reported the company was reintroducing the cereal Toasted Cerealine Flakes, commenting that it would sound:...familiar to the man who has a good memory. The American Hominy Co. is introducing this \"new\" flaked corn product in the East and the sale is going well. \"Cerealine\" will be remembered as an uncooked pure white cornflake sold several years ago all over the country. As a basis, \"Cerealine\" made some very appetizing dishes in its day. \"Cerealine\" enjoyed a wide sale, but its manufacture had to give way finally, we presume. to the increased production of ready prepared cereal foods.\n\"Toasted Cerealine Flakes,\" or \"Modern Cerealine\"—if half as good as the old article, will no doubt meet with a cordial reception in this market when the time comes for its introduction.[13]","title":"History"}]

[{"image_text":"Cerealine trading card (\"Marguerite\"), late 19th century, Moss Engraving Co.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/Cerealine_card.jpg/220px-Cerealine_card.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cerealine Flakes cook-booklet (1886)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/Cerealine.jpg/220px-Cerealine.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"History of Hillforest\". Hillforest.org. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726151830/http://www.hillforest.org/history.php","url_text":"\"History of Hillforest\""},{"url":"http://www.hillforest.org/history.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Preservationists aim to save historic schools and taxpayer money\". Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana press release. October 20, 2002. Archived from the original on July 16, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070716025327/http://www.historiclandmarks.org/news/2002releases/release103002a.html","url_text":"\"Preservationists aim to save historic schools and taxpayer money\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_release","url_text":"press release"},{"url":"http://www.historiclandmarks.org/news/2002releases/release103002a.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Story of a Pantry Shelf: An Outline History of Grocery Specialties\". The Golden Heart of the Wheat. New York: Butterick Publishing. 1925. pp. 219–221. Archived from the original on December 5, 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101205160541/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem%2Fcool%3A%40field%28DOCID+%40lit%28lg0573%29%29","url_text":"\"The Story of a Pantry Shelf: An Outline History of Grocery Specialties\""},{"url":"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?coolbib:1:./temp/~ammem_WqKP","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Burnham's Manual of Mid-western Securities. Chicago: John Burnham & Company. 1921. p. 276.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago","url_text":"Chicago"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mTQNAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22american+hominy+co.%22+cerealine&pg=PA276","url_text":"276"}]},{"reference":"Carson, Gerald (1957). \"Cornflake Crusade\". None Genuine Without this Signature. New York: Rinehart & Company. pp. 200–211. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved June 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190705034234/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem%2Flhbum%3A%40field%28DOCID+%40lit%28lhbum09631div20%29%29","url_text":"\"Cornflake Crusade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinehart_%26_Company","url_text":"Rinehart & Company"},{"url":"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/lhbumbib:@field(NUMBER+@band(lhbum+09631))","url_text":"the original"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726151830/http://www.hillforest.org/history.php","external_links_name":"\"History of Hillforest\""},{"Link":"http://www.hillforest.org/history.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://hart.paintrock.net/docs/chap4.htm","external_links_name":"Joseph Hart and His Descendants (1901)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100123094411/http://hart.paintrock.net/docs/chap4.htm","external_links_name":"WebCitation archive"},{"Link":"http://indiamond6.ulib.iupui.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/SanbornJP2&CISOPTR=639&CISOBOX=1&REC=9","external_links_name":"Indianapolis Sanborn Map #61, 1898"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719215512/http://indiamond6.ulib.iupui.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/SanbornJP2&CISOPTR=639&CISOBOX=1&REC=9","external_links_name":"WebCitation archive"},{"Link":"http://www.repp-mundt.com/restoration.html","external_links_name":"Repp and Mundt: Restoration"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110214132321/http://repp-mundt.com/restoration.html","external_links_name":"WebCitation archive"},{"Link":"http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/arts/Architec/20centuryArch/pages/R/cumminsengine.htm","external_links_name":"Cummins Engine Co."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606004044/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/arts/Architec/20centuryArch/pages/R/cumminsengine.htm","external_links_name":"WebCitation archive"},{"Link":"http://www.historiccolumbusindiana.org/pics/pics8.htm","external_links_name":"\"Columbus Indiana Pictures and Photos From Bygone Days\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110315032918/http://www.historiccolumbusindiana.org/pics/pics8.htm","external_links_name":"WebCitation archive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070716025327/http://www.historiclandmarks.org/news/2002releases/release103002a.html","external_links_name":"\"Preservationists aim to save historic schools and taxpayer money\""},{"Link":"http://www.historiclandmarks.org/news/2002releases/release103002a.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://triptrivia.com/step4.php?Submit=Submit&State=15&StartCity=29181","external_links_name":"TripTrivia.com: Columbus, Indiana Tourism"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717104102/http://triptrivia.com/step4.php?Submit=Submit&State=15&StartCity=29181","external_links_name":"WebCitation archive"},{"Link":"http://genforum.com/vannoy/messages/796.html","external_links_name":"James Vannoy obituary"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110711084608/http://genforum.com/vannoy/messages/796.html","external_links_name":"WebCitation archive"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pX00AAAAMAAJ&dq=cerealine&pg=PA122","external_links_name":"Annual Report, Illinois Farmer's Institute with Reports of County Farmers' Institutes for the Year 1897"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101205160541/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem%2Fcool%3A%40field%28DOCID+%40lit%28lg0573%29%29","external_links_name":"\"The Story of a Pantry Shelf: An Outline History of Grocery Specialties\""},{"Link":"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?coolbib:1:./temp/~ammem_WqKP","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mTQNAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22american+hominy+co.%22+cerealine&pg=PA276","external_links_name":"276"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v6gxAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22american+hominy+co.%22+%22cerealine+flakes%22&pg=PP580","external_links_name":"6"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190705034234/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem%2Flhbum%3A%40field%28DOCID+%40lit%28lhbum09631div20%29%29","external_links_name":"\"Cornflake Crusade\""},{"Link":"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/lhbumbib:@field(NUMBER+@band(lhbum+09631))","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://loc.gov/pictures/item/in0120/","external_links_name":"Cerealine Manufacturing Company, Mill A, Jackson & Brown Streets, Columbus, Bartholomew County, IN"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170104201152/https://loc.gov/pictures/item/in0120/","external_links_name":"WebCitation archive"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wutana_language

Wutana language

["1 Bibliography"]

A hypothetical Wutana language was mentioned in early editions of the Ethnologue as spoken in Nigeria, but has now been removed. The inclusion of Wutana in the Ethnologue was based on two sentences in a 1922 article by Olive Temple: There are 1,075 Wutana in Bauchi Emirate. (p. 367) and 105. Wutana, population 1,075 in Bauchi Emirate. (p. 431). Roger Blench also cites Temple in his Atlas of Nigerian languages. Nothing is known of this language apart from its name and location, including whether it even exists. Bibliography Temple, Olive. 1922. Notes on the Tribes, Provinces, Emirates and States of the Northern Provinces of Nigeria. Argus Printing and Publishing Co. Cape Town. pp. 367, 431.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bauchi Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauchi_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Roger Blench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Blench"},{"link_name":"Atlas of Nigerian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//rogerblench.info/Language/Africa/Nigeria/Atlas%20of%20Nigerian%20Languages%202020.pdf"}],"text":"There are 1,075 Wutana in Bauchi Emirate. (p. 367)and105. Wutana, population 1,075 in Bauchi Emirate. (p. 431).Roger Blench also cites Temple in his Atlas of Nigerian languages. Nothing is known of this language apart from its name and location, including whether it even exists.","title":"Wutana language"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Temple, Olive. 1922. Notes on the Tribes, Provinces, Emirates and States of the Northern Provinces of Nigeria. Argus Printing and Publishing Co. Cape Town. pp. 367, 431.","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

[]

[{"Link":"http://rogerblench.info/Language/Africa/Nigeria/Atlas%20of%20Nigerian%20Languages%202020.pdf","external_links_name":"Atlas of Nigerian languages"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMO_Harris_Financial_Center

BMO Tower (Milwaukee)

["1 History","2 Tenants","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Office tower in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States BMO TowerFormer namesBMO Harris Financial Center at Market SquareGeneral informationStatusCompletedTypeHigh-rise buildingLocationMilwaukee, WisconsinAddress790 North Water StreetCoordinates43°2′27.024″N 87°54′30.312″W / 43.04084000°N 87.90842000°W / 43.04084000; -87.90842000Construction started2017CompletedDecember 2019ClientBMO BankHeight328 feet (100 m)Technical detailsMaterialGlass and SteelFloor count25Floor area381,000 feet (116,000 m)Design and constructionArchitect(s)Kahler SlaterDeveloperIrgens Development PartnersOther informationPublic transit access MCTS The HopWebsitewww.bmotower.com BMO Tower, also known as BMO Financial Center at Market Square, is a 25-story, 328-foot tower in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The building was scheduled to be completed in December 2019, but construction delays postponed the opening until April 2020. The building is 281,000 square feet and 328 feet tall. History BMO Financial Center was under construction in June 2019. The developer, Irgens Development Partners, purchased a 20-story building and a parking lot as the site for this high-rise. On November 17, 2017 demolition of the existing structures began. Construction began in December 2017. The total cost of the BMO project was $175 million. It is one of the tallest office towers in Milwaukee. The construction encountered delays such as a water lateral break which flooded the lower floors of the building. In January 2020 The building's developer Irgens fired the general contractor J.H. Findorff & Son and hired another builder, Pepper Construction, to finish the building. The BMO Financial Center was designed by Kahler Slater. It is a glass tower. Tenants BMO Bank, N.A. Law firm Michael Best & Friedrich LLP - top three floors Heartland Advisors, Inc. Andrus Intellectual Property Law LLP Kahler Slater - 17th floor See also List of tallest buildings in Milwaukee References ^ Williams, Justin (8 December 2016). "BMO Harris' $137M office tower to be ready by late 2019; old building could become hotel, apartments". WITI. Retrieved 12 January 2020. ^ "Emporis building ID 1406209". Emporis. Archived from the original on January 12, 2020. ^ "BMO Tower". urbanmilwaukee.com. Urban Milwaukee Inc. Retrieved 12 January 2020. ^ Tanzilo, Bobby (20 September 2019). "Urban spelunking: Irgens' BMO Towers, both old and new". On Milwaukee. Retrieved 12 January 2020. ^ Daykin, Tom (16 November 2017). "BMO Tower development starts in downtown Milwaukee". The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved 12 January 2020. ^ "Deal closes on BMO Harris complex, clearing way for new tower construction". On Milwaukee. 1 August 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2020. ^ "BMO Harris Bank to Build Downtown Office Tower". Milwaukee Independent. 9 December 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2020. ^ Ryan, Sean (27 January 2020). "Irgens fires lead contractor on BMO Tower, names replacement". Milwaukee Business Journal. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ "BMO Tower". kahlerslater.com. Kahler Slater, Inc. Retrieved 12 January 2020. ^ a b c d Daykin, Tom (27 March 2020). "At downtown Milwaukee's newest office tower, a developer learns whether the pandemic will stop his project". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ Jannene, Jeramey. "Eyes on Milwaukee: Kahler Slater Moving to BMO Tower". Urban Milwaukee. Retrieved 2020-11-13. External links Official website Kahler Slater BMO Project Irgens Development Partners vteHigh-rises in Milwaukee, WisconsinTallestbuildings Allen-Bradley Clock Tower AT&T Center Basilica of St. Josaphat BMO Harris Financial Center Chase Tower The Couture Hilton Milwaukee City Center Kilbourn Tower Milwaukee Center Milwaukee City Hall The Moderne Northwestern Mutual Tower and Commons The Pfister Hotel Potawatomi Hotel & Casino Hotel Tower Sandburg Hall North Tower U.S. Bank Center University Club Tower 100 East Wisconsin Wisconsin Gas Building Wisconsin Tower 411 East Wisconsin Center 1000 North Water Street 7Seventy7 Demolished Pabst Building See also List of tallest buildings in Milwaukee

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milwaukee, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inc-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OM-4"}],"text":"BMO Tower, also known as BMO Financial Center at Market Square, is a 25-story, 328-foot tower in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The building was scheduled to be completed in December 2019, but construction delays postponed the opening until April 2020.[3] The building is 281,000 square feet and 328 feet tall.[4]","title":"BMO Tower (Milwaukee)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BMO_Harris_Financial_Center_Under_Construction_06-19-2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JS-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Close-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MI-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACBJ-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KSI-9"}],"text":"BMO Financial Center was under construction in June 2019.The developer, Irgens Development Partners, purchased a 20-story building and a parking lot as the site for this high-rise. On November 17, 2017 demolition of the existing structures began.[5] Construction began in December 2017. The total cost of the BMO project was $175 million.[6] It is one of the tallest office towers in Milwaukee.[7]The construction encountered delays such as a water lateral break which flooded the lower floors of the building. In January 2020 The building's developer Irgens fired the general contractor J.H. Findorff & Son and hired another builder, Pepper Construction, to finish the building.[8]The BMO Financial Center was designed by Kahler Slater. It is a glass tower.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BMO Bank, N.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMO_Bank,_N.A."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Down-10"},{"link_name":"Michael Best & Friedrich LLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Best_%26_Friedrich_LLP"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Down-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Down-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Down-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"BMO Bank, N.A.[10]\nLaw firm Michael Best & Friedrich LLP - top three floors[10]\nHeartland Advisors, Inc.[10]\nAndrus Intellectual Property Law LLP[10]\nKahler Slater - 17th floor[11]","title":"Tenants"}]

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[{"title":"List of tallest buildings in Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Milwaukee"}]

[{"reference":"Williams, Justin (8 December 2016). \"BMO Harris' $137M office tower to be ready by late 2019; old building could become hotel, apartments\". WITI. Retrieved 12 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://fox6now.com/2016/12/08/bmo-harris-137m-office-tower-to-be-ready-by-late-2019-old-building-could-become-hotel-apartments/","url_text":"\"BMO Harris' $137M office tower to be ready by late 2019; old building could become hotel, apartments\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emporis building ID 1406209\". Emporis. Archived from the original on January 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200112014324/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1406209","url_text":"\"Emporis building ID 1406209\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emporis","url_text":"Emporis"},{"url":"https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1406209","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BMO Tower\". urbanmilwaukee.com. Urban Milwaukee Inc. Retrieved 12 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://urbanmilwaukee.com/building/bmo-harris-financial-center-at-market-square/","url_text":"\"BMO Tower\""}]},{"reference":"Tanzilo, Bobby (20 September 2019). \"Urban spelunking: Irgens' BMO Towers, both old and new\". On Milwaukee. Retrieved 12 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://onmilwaukee.com/market/articles/irgens-bmo-towers-spelunking.html","url_text":"\"Urban spelunking: Irgens' BMO Towers, both old and new\""}]},{"reference":"Daykin, Tom (16 November 2017). \"BMO Tower development starts in downtown Milwaukee\". The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved 12 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jsonline.com/story/money/real-estate/commercial/2017/11/16/bmo-tower-development-downtown-milwaukee-parking-structure-demolition/864223001/","url_text":"\"BMO Tower development starts in downtown Milwaukee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deal closes on BMO Harris complex, clearing way for new tower construction\". On Milwaukee. 1 August 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://onmilwaukee.com/buzz/articles/irgens-closes-on-bmo-harris-site.html","url_text":"\"Deal closes on BMO Harris complex, clearing way for new tower construction\""}]},{"reference":"\"BMO Harris Bank to Build Downtown Office Tower\". Milwaukee Independent. 9 December 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.milwaukeeindependent.com/curated/bmo-harris-bank-to-build-downtown-office-tower/","url_text":"\"BMO Harris Bank to Build Downtown Office Tower\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Sean (27 January 2020). \"Irgens fires lead contractor on BMO Tower, names replacement\". Milwaukee Business Journal. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/news/2020/01/27/irgens-fires-lead-contractor-on-bmo-tower-names.html","url_text":"\"Irgens fires lead contractor on BMO Tower, names replacement\""}]},{"reference":"\"BMO Tower\". kahlerslater.com. Kahler Slater, Inc. Retrieved 12 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kahlerslater.com/expertise/corporate/bmo-tower-at-market-square","url_text":"\"BMO Tower\""}]},{"reference":"Daykin, Tom (27 March 2020). \"At downtown Milwaukee's newest office tower, a developer learns whether the pandemic will stop his project\". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jsonline.com/story/money/real-estate/commercial/2020/03/27/downtown-milwaukee-office-tower-opens-coronavirus-concerns-loom/2911499001/","url_text":"\"At downtown Milwaukee's newest office tower, a developer learns whether the pandemic will stop his project\""}]},{"reference":"Jannene, Jeramey. \"Eyes on Milwaukee: Kahler Slater Moving to BMO Tower\". Urban Milwaukee. Retrieved 2020-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://urbanmilwaukee.com/2020/11/13/eyes-on-milwaukee-kahler-slater-moving-to-bmo-tower/","url_text":"\"Eyes on Milwaukee: Kahler Slater Moving to BMO Tower\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa_College_of_Education

University of Iowa College of Education

["1 Academic Programs[4]","1.1 Educational Policy and Leadership Studies","1.2 Psychological and Quantitative Foundations","1.3 Rehabilitation and Counselor Therapy","1.4 Teaching and Learning","2 National Rankings","3 History [12]","4 Impact","5 References"]

The University of Iowa College of Education is one of 11 colleges that compose the University of Iowa. It is located in Iowa City, Iowa. The College of Education is divided into four departments that include Educational Policy and Leadership Studies, Psychological and Quantitative Foundations, Rehabilitation and Counselor Education, and Teaching and Learning. Within those four departments, there are more than 20 specific academic programs, 500 undergraduate students, and 640 graduate students. Academic Programs Educational Policy and Leadership Studies This department has three graduate programs and enrolls 150 students. Educational Policy and Leadership Studies Higher Education and Student Affairs Schools, Culture, and Society Psychological and Quantitative Foundations This department has four graduate programs. Counseling Psychology Educational Psychology School Psychology Educational Measurement and Statistics Rehabilitation and Counselor Therapy This department has five graduate programs. Counselor Education and Supervision Couple and Family Therapy Rehabilitation Counselor Education Rehabilitation and Mental Health Counseling School Counseling Teaching and Learning This department prepares students, both undergraduate and graduate, to teach in a variety of fields. Art Education Developmental Reading Elementary Education English Education Foreign Language and ESL Education Language, Literacy, and Culture Mathematics Education Music Education Science Education Secondary Education Social Studies Education Special Education National Rankings The College of Education and its programs rank competitively among the nation. U.S. News & World Report ranked the College of Education #40 for education schools. Counseling Psychology (PhD) CounselingPsychology.org ranked the Counseling Psychology doctoral program as the eighth best out of 60 in the nation. Elementary Education In 2014, the National Council on Teacher Quality ranked the College of Education's undergraduate elementary teaching preparation program as #44 out of 788 programs in the country. Secondary Education In their 2014 report, the National Council on Teacher Quality ranked the secondary education preparation programs as #14 out of 816 programs in the United States and Canada. U.S. News & World Report ranked the secondary and education graduate program as #18 in the nation. Educational Leadership The master's in educational leadership was ranked #13 on U.S. News & World Report's "Best Online Programs for Veterans." Higher Education and Student Affairs The U.S. News & World Report ranked the Higher Education and Student Affairs graduate program as #15 in the nation. History The University of Iowa was founded on February 25, 1847—exactly 59 days after Iowa officially became a state. Five out of the first six graduates received teacher education degrees. In addition, the University of Iowa was the first university in the nation to create a college-level department of education. From its inception, many discoveries and innovations have come from the University of Iowa College of Education. In 1945, Professor E.F. Lindquist created the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills, now called the Iowa Assessments, a standardized testing program for elementary and middle school students that is still used nationally today. In 1942, Professor Lindquist created the Iowa Tests of Educational Development, which tests high school students. Later in the 1950s, Professor Lindquist created the ACT, and also invented a machine that electronically scans and scores exams. Later, in the 1980s, The Connie Belin and Jacqueline N. Blank International Center for Gifted Education and Talent Development was created as Iowa’s first center for gifted education. The Belin-Blank Center has continued to pioneer research and programming for gifted education within the university, state, and country. Impact The University of Iowa College of Education places special emphasis on working with school districts and students all across the state and nation. Professors, graduate students, and undergraduate students all have components of their work outside of the University of Iowa and inside local classrooms. Additionally, professors serve as experts on many national topics involving education. Talk to Text Program This is a two-day bootcamp for Cedar Rapids students to learn about technologies that can help students who have a challenging time with writing or typing. It is hosted by the Iowa Center for Assistive Technology Education and Research. Innovation Institute This is a two-week program on the University of Iowa campus that teaches high school students entrepreneurship and technical skills. African American Awareness Program This annual event is for Cedar Rapids middle school students who identify with African American culture. They tour the University of Iowa and participate in a book discussion. Invent Iowa This event has occurred since 1987, and it is Iowa's oldest STEM program. Since its inception, it has engaged more than one million K-12 students. Malik Henfield, professor in the Counselor Education and Supervision program, addressed the racial and equity gaps in ACT scores to Education Week. John Westefeld, a professor in Counseling Psychology, shared his insight in suicide after the death of comedian, Robin Williams. Deborah Linebarger, an associate professor and director of the Children's Media Lab, presented her research on the effects of TV programs on the learning of babies and toddlers. David Tjaden was named to Forbes's 30 under 30 in education for his work leading the National Education Association Student Program. Leslie Flynn, a science education professor, serves on a state task force to review the Next Generation Science Standards. References ^ "Academics". University of Iowa. Retrieved 29 August 2014. ^ "Academic Programs". The University of Iowa College of Education. Retrieved 29 August 2014. ^ "Academic Programs". University of Iowa College of Education. Retrieved 29 August 2014. ^ "Academic Programs". University of Iowa College of Education. Retrieved 29 August 2014. ^ "University of Iowa". U.S. News & World Report Education. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 29 September 2014. ^ "PsyD & PhD in Counseling Psychology". Counseling Psychology. counselingpsychology.org. Retrieved 29 September 2014. ^ "2014 Teacher Prep Review". nctq.org. National Council on Teacher Quality. Retrieved 29 September 2014. ^ "2014 Teacher Prep Review". nctq.org. National Council on Teacher Quality. Retrieved 29 September 2014. ^ "University of Iowa". U.S. News & World Report Education. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 29 September 2014. ^ Haynie, Devon. "U.S. News Ranks Best Online Programs for Veterans". U.S. News & World Report. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 29 September 2014. ^ "University of Iowa". U.S. News & World Report Education. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 29 September 2014. ^ "History and Vision". University of Iowa College of Education. Retrieved 17 November 2014. ^ "Outreach and Careers". University of Iowa College of Education. University of Iowa. Retrieved 27 October 2014. ^ McCarthy, Sarah. "Talk-to-text program helps Cedar Rapids students prepare for school". KCRG 9. ABC. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2014. ^ Dillard, Christy. "UI hosts Innovation Institute: tech, entrepreneurship camp". Iowa City Press-Citizen. Gannett. Retrieved 15 September 2014. ^ Corless, Michelle. "Middle school students go to college for a day". KWWL.com. KWWL. Retrieved 26 September 2014. ^ Hines, Holly. "Invent Iowa sparks creativity in students". desmoinesregister.com. The Des Moines Register. Retrieved 26 September 2014. ^ Adams, Caralee. "ACT Scores Virtually Unchanged, but Participation Hits New High". Education Week. Retrieved 27 October 2014. ^ Westefeld, John. "Suicide: Asking "The Question"". The Cedar Rapids Gazette. Retrieved 27 October 2014. ^ Jayson, Sharon. "What's on the screen affects baby and toddler language". USA Today. Gannett. Retrieved 27 October 2014. ^ Casserly, Meghan; Howard, Caroline. "30 under 30: Education". Forbes. Retrieved 27 October 2014. ^ "Next Generation Science Standards Task Force". Iowa Department of Education. State of Iowa. Retrieved 27 October 2014. vteUniversity of IowaAcademicsColleges College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (School of Music · School of Art) College of Business College of Dentistry College of Education College of Engineering College of Law College of Medicine College of Pharmacy College of Public Health Affiliations Association of American Universities Big Ten Conference Big Ten Academic Alliance CIMBA Iowa Board of Regents Universities Research Association Programs/research Belin-Blank Center for Gifted Education and Talent Development Injun Satellite Program International Writing Program Iowa Electronic Markets Iowa Law Review Iowa Assessments The Iowa Review Iowa Women's Archives ISCABBS The Journal of Corporation Law Philological Quarterly University of Iowa Press UMPERLC Writers' Workshop AthleticsTeams Baseball Men's Basketball Women's Basketball Field hockey Football Men's soccer Softball Swimming and diving Wrestling Rivalries Iowa State (Cy-Hawk Series) Minnesota Nebraska Wisconsin "Big Four" men's basketball Campus Athletics Hall of Fame Beckwith Boathouse Carver–Hawkeye Arena Children's Hospital Cambus Duane Banks Field Hospitals and Clinics Iowa City Iowa Field House Iowa Memorial Union Iowa River Kinnick Stadium Museum of Art Museum of Natural History Old Capitol Old Capitol Mall Pappajohn Business Building Ped Mall Pentacrest Recreation & Wellness Center Thomas C. Carson House Student life Alumni Faculty "Alma Mater Iowa" The Daily Iowan Hawkeye Marching Band "Hawkeye Victory Polka" Herky the Hawk "Iowa Fight Song" Iowa Biennial KRUI-FM "On Iowa" "Roll Along Iowa" 1991 University of Iowa shooting

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[]

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Retrieved 15 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150405042725/http://www.kcrg.com/subject/news/talk-to-text-program-helps-cedar-rapids-students-prepare-for-school-20140813","url_text":"\"Talk-to-text program helps Cedar Rapids students prepare for school\""},{"url":"http://www.kcrg.com/subject/news/talk-to-text-program-helps-cedar-rapids-students-prepare-for-school-20140813","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dillard, Christy. \"UI hosts Innovation Institute: tech, entrepreneurship camp\". Iowa City Press-Citizen. Gannett. Retrieved 15 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.press-citizen.com/story/news/education/university-of-iowa/2014/07/22/ui-hosts-innovation-institute-tech-entrepreneurship-camp/12980733/","url_text":"\"UI hosts Innovation Institute: tech, entrepreneurship camp\""}]},{"reference":"Corless, Michelle. \"Middle school students go to college for a day\". KWWL.com. KWWL. 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The Cedar Rapids Gazette. Retrieved 27 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://thegazette.com/subject/opinion/guest-columnists/suicide-asking-the-question-20140821","url_text":"\"Suicide: Asking \"The Question\"\""}]},{"reference":"Jayson, Sharon. \"What's on the screen affects baby and toddler language\". USA Today. Gannett. Retrieved 27 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/08/10/infants-media-screens/13861689/","url_text":"\"What's on the screen affects baby and toddler language\""}]},{"reference":"Casserly, Meghan; Howard, Caroline. \"30 under 30: Education\". Forbes. Retrieved 27 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/special-report/2012/30-under-30/30-under-30_education.html","url_text":"\"30 under 30: Education\""}]},{"reference":"\"Next Generation Science Standards Task Force\". Iowa Department of Education. State of Iowa. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailar_District

Hailar District

["1 History","2 Transportation","3 Geography","3.1 Administrative divisions","3.2 Climate","4 Culture","5 Sister city","6 Gallery","7 References","8 External links"]

Coordinates: 49°14′05″N 119°49′28″E / 49.2347°N 119.8245°E / 49.2347; 119.8245"Hailar" redirects here. For other uses, see Hailar (disambiguation). District in Inner Mongolia, ChinaHailar 海拉尔区 • ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭDistrictHulunbuir City GovernmentHailar in HulunbuirHailarLocation in Inner MongoliaShow map of Inner MongoliaHailarHailar (China)Show map of ChinaCoordinates (Hailar District government): 49°14′05″N 119°49′28″E / 49.2347°N 119.8245°E / 49.2347; 119.8245CountryChinaAutonomous regionInner MongoliaPrefecture-level cityHulunbuirDistrict seatZhengyang SubdistrictArea • Total1,319.8 km2 (509.6 sq mi)Elevation614 m (2,014 ft)Population (2020) • Total365,012 • Density280/km2 (720/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)Postal code021000Area code0470Websitewww.hailar.gov.cn Hailar DistrictChinese nameTraditional Chinese海拉爾區Simplified Chinese海拉尔区TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinHǎilā'ěr QūMongolian nameMongolian CyrillicХайлаар ДүүрэгMongolian scriptᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭTranscriptionsSASM/GNCQayilar toɣoriɣ Hailar District, formerly a county-level city, is an urban district that serves as the seat of the prefecture-level city Hulunbuir in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. Hulunbuir, due to its massive size, is a city in administrative terms only, being mainly grassland and rural. Long known as the "Pearl of the Grasslands", Hailar acts as a gateway between China and Russia. The district spans an area of 1,319.8 square kilometers, and has an estimated population of 365,000 as of 2010. The district serves as a regional center for commerce, trade, and transportation. History Hailar was founded as a Chinese fort in 1734, and during the administration of the Republic of China, it was the capital city of Xing'an Province. It was a center of agricultural production on the historical Chinese Eastern Railway. Once known as Hulun, Hailar today is a relatively small, but thriving modern industrial city of around 300,000, its population having soared from an estimated 20,000 in the mid-20th century. After the Mukden Incident in 1931, Japan invaded China's northeastern provinces and established the puppet state of Manchukuo. Hailar Fortress, a huge underground Japanese fortress, was completed in 1937 by forced Chinese laborers. The Kwantung Army garrisoned in Manchukuo built the fortress complex as one of biggest Japanese fortifications in Manchukuo. Some of the fiercest fighting of the Soviet–Japanese War in August 1945 took place around Hailar. Prisoners of war and civilians were massacred by the Kwantung Army in August 1945 during the final month of World War II. The World Anti-fascist War Hailar Memorial Park, a museum and war memorial, is built on the site of the Hailar Fortress, parts of the fortress tunnels are open for public viewing. Transportation Hulunbeier Hailar Airport serves the city, with flights to Beijing and Shenyang amongst others. Hailar's railway station is the penultimate major station before Manzhouli, the port city that stands close to the Russian border. It is on the famous Western line of the Trans-Siberian express route and China National Highway 301. Trains to Harbin take about 12 hours, and 27 to Beijing. Hailar has a frequent series of buses that cover the town. Geography Hailar is located in close proximity to the Greater Xing'an Mountains, and has an elevation ranging from 603.0 to 776.6 m (1,978.3 to 2,547.9 ft). Of the city's 1,319.8 square kilometers, 28 square kilometers (or 2.12%) of the district is urban. Administrative divisions Hailar is divided into 7 subdistricts and 2 towns: Name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Mongolian (Hudum Script) Mongolian (Cyrillic) Administrative division code Subdistricts Zhengyang Subdistrict 正阳街道 Zhèngyáng Jiēdào ᠵᠧᠩ ᠶᠠᠩ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ Жен ян зээл гудамж 150702001 Jiankang Subdistrict 健康街道 Jiànkāng Jiēdào ᠵᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠺᠠᠩ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ Жаан кан зээл гудамж 150702002 Kaoshan Subdistrict 靠山街道 Kàoshān Jiēdào ᠺᠣᠤ ᠱᠠᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ Коо шин зээл гудамж 150702003 Shengli Subdistrict 胜利街道 Shènglì Jiēdào ᠱᠧᠩ ᠯᠢ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ Шен ли зээл гудамж 150702004 Hulun Subdistrict 呼伦街道 Hūlún Jiēdào ᠬᠥᠯᠥᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ Гүүлэн зээл гудамж 150702005 Jianshe Subdistrict 建设街道 Jiànshè Jiēdào ᠵᠢᠶᠠᠨᠱᠧ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ Жаанше зээл гудамж 150702007 Dongshan Subdistrict 东山街道 Dōngshān Jiēdào ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ Зүүн уул даахь зээл гудамж 150702008 Towns Hag Town 哈克镇 Hākè Zhèn ᠬᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ Хаг балгас 150702100 Fendou Town 奋斗镇 Fèndòu Zhèn ᠹᠧᠨᠳ᠋ᠧᠦ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ Фендуй балгас 150702101 Climate Hailar has a dry-winter humid continental climate (Köppen Dwb). Winters are long, very dry and severe, due to the semi−permanent Siberian High, while summers are short, though very warm, and rather wet, due to the East Asian monsoon. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −24.8 °C (−12.6 °F) in January to 20.4 °C (68.7 °F) in July, while the annual mean is −0.40 °C (31.3 °F). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 55% in December to 69% in February, sunshine is abundant year-round, and the annual total is 2,719 hours. More than two-thirds of the annual rainfall occurs during the three summer months. The Mohe-Huma-Hailar triangle between northern Heilongjiang and Northeastern Inner Mongolia, which is almost equivalent to China's subarctic climate zone, suffers the most severe cold winter in China. Hailar's extreme temperatures ranges from −48.2 to 37.7 °C (−54.8 to 99.9 °F). Climate data for Hailar District, elevation 650 m (2,130 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1909-present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) −1.0(30.2) 4.3(39.7) 16.2(61.2) 29.4(84.9) 35.4(95.7) 38.8(101.8) 39.5(103.1) 39.6(103.3) 33.2(91.8) 26.2(79.2) 13.7(56.7) 2.4(36.3) 39.6(103.3) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −19.8(−3.6) −13.7(7.3) −3.2(26.2) 9.7(49.5) 18.9(66.0) 24.9(76.8) 26.7(80.1) 24.7(76.5) 18.2(64.8) 7.9(46.2) −6.2(20.8) −17.1(1.2) 5.9(42.7) Daily mean °C (°F) −25.0(−13.0) −20.0(−4.0) −9.6(14.7) 3.2(37.8) 12.0(53.6) 18.4(65.1) 20.9(69.6) 18.6(65.5) 11.4(52.5) 1.3(34.3) −11.8(10.8) −22.0(−7.6) −0.2(31.6) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −29.2(−20.6) −25.3(−13.5) −15.5(4.1) −2.9(26.8) 4.9(40.8) 11.8(53.2) 15.4(59.7) 13.1(55.6) 5.5(41.9) −3.9(25.0) −16.3(2.7) −26.2(−15.2) −5.7(21.7) Record low °C (°F) −42.9(−45.2) −42.3(−44.1) −37.2(−35.0) −21.6(−6.9) −11.1(12.0) 0.0(32.0) 5.3(41.5) 1.1(34.0) −7.9(17.8) −23.9(−11.0) −38.0(−36.4) −42.8(−45.0) −42.9(−45.2) Average precipitation mm (inches) 3.9(0.15) 3.6(0.14) 5.9(0.23) 13.8(0.54) 24.9(0.98) 53.3(2.10) 96.5(3.80) 78.6(3.09) 35.7(1.41) 16.8(0.66) 6.7(0.26) 6.9(0.27) 346.6(13.63) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 6.3 4.6 4.7 5.3 7.6 11.9 13.9 12.1 8.7 6.4 6.8 8.5 96.8 Average snowy days 8.8 6.7 7.0 5.4 1.1 0.1 0 0 0.6 5.2 9.5 11.6 56 Average relative humidity (%) 75 75 68 50 45 57 66 68 62 61 72 77 65 Mean monthly sunshine hours 154.5 191.8 250.7 244.0 264.5 269.1 260.1 248.1 223.0 197.3 156.5 131.5 2,591.1 Percent possible sunshine 57 66 67 59 56 56 54 56 60 60 58 52 58 Source: China Meteorological Administration Culture Hailar is a multi-ethnic town, with notable Han, Mongolian, Hui, Daur, Evenki, Russian populations. As such, signs are usually bilingual and Mongolian influence pervades in songs played on shop CD players, domes on buildings and the everyday speech of some locals. Composer Vladimir Ussachevsky was born in Hailar, as well as leading news anchor Bai Yansong; the folk metal band Nine Treasures also originated in Hailar. Sister city Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia. Chinggis City, Mongolia. Gallery Hailar (labeled HU-LUN (HAILAR) 呼倫 (海拉爾)) (1951) Hailar Railway Station Hailar People's Congress References ^ a b c d e 走进海拉尔 (in Chinese (China)). Hailar District People's Government. Archived from the original on 2019-10-20. Retrieved 2020-05-30. ^ a b c d 海拉尔区概况地图. XZQH.org. 2013-04-23. Retrieved 2020-05-31. ^ Zapotoczny, Walter (2017). Beyond Duty: The Reason Some Soldiers Commit Atrocities. Fonthill Media. p. 171. ^ a b Wang, Kaihao (August 8, 2013). "Tale as old as the grassland". China Daily. ^ 2022年统计用区划代码. National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 2022-07-28. ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023. ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023. ^ 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）. China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2010-05-25. ^ Song, Yuwu (2013). Biographical Dictionary of the People's Republic of China. McFarland. p. 15. ^ ago, Matt Nolan 3 years (2015-03-31). "Nine Treasures – Mongolian Nomadic Folk Metal". AudioPhix. Retrieved 2019-02-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Sister cities of Inner Mongolia". Archived from the original on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2009-01-03. ^ "海拉尔区和成吉思市缔结友好城市". 呼伦贝尔市人民政府外事办公室. 自治区外事办. Retrieved 2018-10-19. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hailar. Hailar at Encyclopædia Britannica Official website of Hailar District Government Archived 2007-11-12 at the Wayback Machine Post codes of Inner Mongolia (English) vteCounty-level divisions of Inner Mongolia Autonomous RegionHohhot (capital)Prefecture-level citiesHohhot Huimin District Xincheng District Yuquan District Saihan District Togtoh County Wuchuan County Horinger County Qingshuihe County Tumed Left Banner Baotou Hondlon District Donghe District Qingshan District Shiguai District Bayan'obo Mining District Jiuyuan District Guyang County Tumed Right Banner Darhan'muminggan United Banner Wuhai Haibowan District Hainan District Wuda District Chifeng Hongshan District Yuanbaoshan District Songshan District Ningcheng County Linxi County Ar'horqin Banner Bairin Left Banner Bairin Right Banner Hexigten Banner Ongniud Banner Harqin Banner Aohan Banner Tongliao Horqin District Holingol city Kailu County Hure Banner Naiman Banner Jarud Banner Horqin Left Middle Banner Horqin Left Rear Banner Ordos Dongsheng District Kangbashi District Dalad Banner Jungar Banner Otog Front Banner Otog Banner Hanggin Banner Uxin Banner Ejin'horo Banner Hulunbuir Hailar District Zhalainuo'er District Manzhouli city Zalantun city Yakeshi city Genhe city Ergun city Arun Banner New Barag Right Banner New Barag Left Banner Old Barag Banner Oroqin Banner Evenk Banner Morin'dawa Daur Banner Bayannur Linhe District Wuyuan County Dengkou County Urad Front Banner Urad Middle Banner Urad Rear Banner Hanggin Rear Banner Ulanqab Jining District Fengzhen city Zhuozi County Huade County Shangdu County Xinghe County Liangcheng County Qahar Right Front Banner Qahar Right Middle Banner Qahar Right Rear Banner Dorbod Banner LeaguesHinggan Ulanhot city Arxan city Tuquan County Horqin Right Front Banner Horqin Right Middle Banner Jalaid Banner Xilingol Xilinhot city Erenhot city Duolun County Abag Banner Sonid Left Banner Sonid Right Banner East Ujimqin Banner West Ujimqin Banner Taibus Banner Bordered Yellow Banner Plain and Bordered White Banner Plain Blue Banner Alxa Alxa Left Banner Alxa Right Banner Ejin Banner Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National Israel United States

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For other uses, see Hailar (disambiguation).District in Inner Mongolia, ChinaHailar District, formerly a county-level city, is an urban district that serves as the seat of the prefecture-level city Hulunbuir in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China.[1] Hulunbuir, due to its massive size, is a city in administrative terms only, being mainly grassland and rural.Long known as the \"Pearl of the Grasslands\", Hailar acts as a gateway between China and Russia. The district spans an area of 1,319.8 square kilometers,[1] and has an estimated population of 365,000 as of 2010.[2] The district serves as a regional center for commerce, trade, and transportation.","title":"Hailar District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"Xing'an Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xing%27an_Province"},{"link_name":"Chinese Eastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway"},{"link_name":"Mukden Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukden_Incident"},{"link_name":"Manchukuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo"},{"link_name":"Kwantung Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwantung_Army"},{"link_name":"Soviet–Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-4"},{"link_name":"World Anti-fascist War Hailar Memorial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Anti-fascist_War_Hailar_Memorial_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-4"}],"text":"Hailar was founded as a Chinese fort in 1734, and during the administration of the Republic of China, it was the capital city of Xing'an Province. It was a center of agricultural production on the historical Chinese Eastern Railway. Once known as Hulun, Hailar today is a relatively small, but thriving modern industrial city of around 300,000, its population having soared from an estimated 20,000 in the mid-20th century.After the Mukden Incident in 1931, Japan invaded China's northeastern provinces and established the puppet state of Manchukuo. Hailar Fortress, a huge underground Japanese fortress, was completed in 1937 by forced Chinese laborers. The Kwantung Army garrisoned in Manchukuo built the fortress complex as one of biggest Japanese fortifications in Manchukuo. Some of the fiercest fighting of the Soviet–Japanese War in August 1945 took place around Hailar. Prisoners of war and civilians were massacred by the Kwantung Army in August 1945 during the final month of World War II.[3][4] The World Anti-fascist War Hailar Memorial Park, a museum and war memorial, is built on the site of the Hailar Fortress, parts of the fortress tunnels are open for public viewing.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hulunbeier Hailar Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulunbeier_Hailar_Airport"},{"link_name":"famous Western line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin-Manzhouli_Railway"},{"link_name":"Trans-Siberian express route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway"},{"link_name":"China National Highway 301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Highway_301"},{"link_name":"Harbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"}],"text":"Hulunbeier Hailar Airport serves the city, with flights to Beijing and Shenyang amongst others. Hailar's railway station is the penultimate major station before Manzhouli, the port city that stands close to the Russian border. It is on the famous Western line of the Trans-Siberian express route and China National Highway 301. Trains to Harbin take about 12 hours, and 27 to Beijing. Hailar has a frequent series of buses that cover the town.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greater Xing'an Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khingan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zoujin_Hailar-1"},{"link_name":"urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zoujin_Hailar-1"}],"text":"Hailar is located in close proximity to the Greater Xing'an Mountains, and has an elevation ranging from 603.0 to 776.6 m (1,978.3 to 2,547.9 ft).[1] Of the city's 1,319.8 square kilometers, 28 square kilometers (or 2.12%) of the district is urban.[1]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Administrative divisions","text":"Hailar is divided into 7 subdistricts and 2 towns:[2][5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"Siberian High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_High"},{"link_name":"East Asian monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_monsoon"},{"link_name":"Mohe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohe_County"},{"link_name":"Huma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huma_County"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cma_graphical-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMA_old-8"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Hailar has a dry-winter humid continental climate (Köppen Dwb). Winters are long, very dry and severe, due to the semi−permanent Siberian High, while summers are short, though very warm, and rather wet, due to the East Asian monsoon. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −24.8 °C (−12.6 °F) in January to 20.4 °C (68.7 °F) in July, while the annual mean is −0.40 °C (31.3 °F). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 55% in December to 69% in February, sunshine is abundant year-round, and the annual total is 2,719 hours. More than two-thirds of the annual rainfall occurs during the three summer months. The Mohe-Huma-Hailar triangle between northern Heilongjiang and Northeastern Inner Mongolia, which is almost equivalent to China's subarctic climate zone, suffers the most severe cold winter in China. Hailar's extreme temperatures ranges from −48.2 to 37.7 °C (−54.8 to 99.9 °F).[citation needed]Climate data for Hailar District, elevation 650 m (2,130 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1909-present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n−1.0(30.2)\n\n4.3(39.7)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n29.4(84.9)\n\n35.4(95.7)\n\n38.8(101.8)\n\n39.5(103.1)\n\n39.6(103.3)\n\n33.2(91.8)\n\n26.2(79.2)\n\n13.7(56.7)\n\n2.4(36.3)\n\n39.6(103.3)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n−19.8(−3.6)\n\n−13.7(7.3)\n\n−3.2(26.2)\n\n9.7(49.5)\n\n18.9(66.0)\n\n24.9(76.8)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n24.7(76.5)\n\n18.2(64.8)\n\n7.9(46.2)\n\n−6.2(20.8)\n\n−17.1(1.2)\n\n5.9(42.7)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−25.0(−13.0)\n\n−20.0(−4.0)\n\n−9.6(14.7)\n\n3.2(37.8)\n\n12.0(53.6)\n\n18.4(65.1)\n\n20.9(69.6)\n\n18.6(65.5)\n\n11.4(52.5)\n\n1.3(34.3)\n\n−11.8(10.8)\n\n−22.0(−7.6)\n\n−0.2(31.6)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−29.2(−20.6)\n\n−25.3(−13.5)\n\n−15.5(4.1)\n\n−2.9(26.8)\n\n4.9(40.8)\n\n11.8(53.2)\n\n15.4(59.7)\n\n13.1(55.6)\n\n5.5(41.9)\n\n−3.9(25.0)\n\n−16.3(2.7)\n\n−26.2(−15.2)\n\n−5.7(21.7)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−42.9(−45.2)\n\n−42.3(−44.1)\n\n−37.2(−35.0)\n\n−21.6(−6.9)\n\n−11.1(12.0)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n5.3(41.5)\n\n1.1(34.0)\n\n−7.9(17.8)\n\n−23.9(−11.0)\n\n−38.0(−36.4)\n\n−42.8(−45.0)\n\n−42.9(−45.2)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n3.9(0.15)\n\n3.6(0.14)\n\n5.9(0.23)\n\n13.8(0.54)\n\n24.9(0.98)\n\n53.3(2.10)\n\n96.5(3.80)\n\n78.6(3.09)\n\n35.7(1.41)\n\n16.8(0.66)\n\n6.7(0.26)\n\n6.9(0.27)\n\n346.6(13.63)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n6.3\n\n4.6\n\n4.7\n\n5.3\n\n7.6\n\n11.9\n\n13.9\n\n12.1\n\n8.7\n\n6.4\n\n6.8\n\n8.5\n\n96.8\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n8.8\n\n6.7\n\n7.0\n\n5.4\n\n1.1\n\n0.1\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0.6\n\n5.2\n\n9.5\n\n11.6\n\n56\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n75\n\n75\n\n68\n\n50\n\n45\n\n57\n\n66\n\n68\n\n62\n\n61\n\n72\n\n77\n\n65\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n154.5\n\n191.8\n\n250.7\n\n244.0\n\n264.5\n\n269.1\n\n260.1\n\n248.1\n\n223.0\n\n197.3\n\n156.5\n\n131.5\n\n2,591.1\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n57\n\n66\n\n67\n\n59\n\n56\n\n56\n\n54\n\n56\n\n60\n\n60\n\n58\n\n52\n\n58\n\n\nSource: China Meteorological Administration[6][7][8]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols"},{"link_name":"Hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui_people"},{"link_name":"Daur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daur_people"},{"link_name":"Evenki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evenks"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Ussachevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Ussachevsky"},{"link_name":"Bai Yansong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bai_Yansong"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Nine Treasures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Treasures"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Hailar is a multi-ethnic town, with notable Han, Mongolian, Hui, Daur, Evenki, Russian populations.[2] As such, signs are usually bilingual and Mongolian influence pervades in songs played on shop CD players, domes on buildings and the everyday speech of some locals.Composer Vladimir Ussachevsky was born in Hailar, as well as leading news anchor Bai Yansong;[9] the folk metal band Nine Treasures also originated in Hailar.[10]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chita,_Zabaykalsky_Krai"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Chinggis City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinggis_City"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia.[11]\n Chinggis City, Mongolia.[12]","title":"Sister city"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Txu-oclc-6614368-nm50-9.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hailar_Railway_Station.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E5%A4%A7%E3%80%81%E5%B8%82%E7%BA%AA%E5%A7%94_-_panoramio.jpg"}],"text":"Hailar (labeled HU-LUN (HAILAR) 呼倫 (海拉爾)) (1951)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHailar Railway Station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHailar People's Congress","title":"Gallery"}]

[]

[{"reference":"走进海拉尔 (in Chinese (China)). Hailar District People's Government. Archived from the original on 2019-10-20. Retrieved 2020-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hailar.gov.cn/about/","url_text":"走进海拉尔"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191020222326/http://www.hailar.gov.cn/about/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"海拉尔区概况地图. XZQH.org. 2013-04-23. Retrieved 2020-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://xzqh.org/html/show/nm/3858.html","url_text":"海拉尔区概况地图"}]},{"reference":"Zapotoczny, Walter (2017). Beyond Duty: The Reason Some Soldiers Commit Atrocities. Fonthill Media. p. 171.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wang, Kaihao (August 8, 2013). \"Tale as old as the grassland\". China Daily.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/travel/2013-08/08/content_16878671.htm","url_text":"\"Tale as old as the grassland\""}]},{"reference":"2022年统计用区划代码. National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 2022-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2022/15/07/150702.html","url_text":"2022年统计用区划代码"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China","url_text":"National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","url_text":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","url_text":"中国气象数据网"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]},{"reference":"中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）. China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2010-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3","url_text":"中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"},{"url":"http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Song, Yuwu (2013). Biographical Dictionary of the People's Republic of China. McFarland. p. 15.","urls":[]},{"reference":"ago, Matt Nolan 3 years (2015-03-31). \"Nine Treasures – Mongolian Nomadic Folk Metal\". AudioPhix. Retrieved 2019-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://audiophix.com/2015/03/31/nine-treasures-mongolian-nomadic-folk-metal/","url_text":"\"Nine Treasures – Mongolian Nomadic Folk Metal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sister cities of Inner Mongolia\". Archived from the original on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2009-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130514081149/http://eng.nmgnews.com.cn/system/2008/10/06/010119457.shtml","url_text":"\"Sister cities of Inner Mongolia\""},{"url":"http://eng.nmgnews.com.cn/system/2008/10/06/010119457.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"海拉尔区和成吉思市缔结友好城市\". 呼伦贝尔市人民政府外事办公室. 自治区外事办. Retrieved 2018-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://wsb.hlbe.gov.cn/Item/Show.asp?id=1511&m=1","url_text":"\"海拉尔区和成吉思市缔结友好城市\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAS_Galeshewe

SAS Galeshewe

["1 References"]

History South Africa NameSAS Galeshewe Namesakerenamed for the Tlhaping tribe's chief Galeshewe OperatorSouth African Navy BuilderSandock Austral, Durban Launched26 Mar 1982 Commissioned11 Feb 1983 Decommissioned8 Oct 2020 HomeportDurban StatusDecommissioned General characteristics Class and typeWarrior class strike craft TypeMissile boat Displacement415 tons (450 tons full loaded) Length58 m (190 ft) Beam7.62 m (25.0 ft) Draught2.4 m (7.9 ft) Propulsion4 MTU 16V 538 diesel engines, four shafts, total of 12,800 hp (9,500 kW) Speed34 knots (63 km/h; 39 mph) Range 4,000 nmi (7,400 km; 4,600 mi) at 17.5 kn (32.4 km/h) 1,650 nmi (3,060 km; 1,900 mi) at 30 kn (56 km/h; 35 mph) Complement45 officers and crewmen SAS Galeshewe was a Warrior-class strike craft of the South African Navy, configured as an Offshore Patrol Vessel before being decommissioned in 2020. She was commissioned in 1983 and originally named SAS Hendrik Mentz for South African Party minister of defence Hendrik Mentz; she was renamed SAS Galeshewe on 1 April 1997. She was upgraded in 2012/2013 to an Offshore Patrol Vessel role. Before decommissioning, the SAS Galeshewe was used for anti piracy patrols. References ^ "Patrol Forces". Navy.mil.za. Retrieved 2014-03-03. ^ "SAS Galeshewe decommissioned". Defenceweb. Nov 23, 2020. Retrieved November 26, 2020. ^ Wessels, Andre. "The South African Navy during the years of conflict in Southern Africa 1966-1989" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 2, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2014. ^ Wingrin, Dean (10 May 2013). "Navy commences upgrade of fourth strike craft". Defenceweb.co.za. Retrieved 18 July 2014. ^ Helfrich, Kim (November 14, 2013). "OPVs take up counter piracy duties". Defenceweb.co.za. Retrieved December 8, 2014. ^ Martin, Guy (July 30, 2013). "SAS Isaac Dyobha takes over from SAS Galeshewe patrolling Mozambique Channel". Defenceweb. Retrieved December 9, 2014. vte South African NavyLeadership Chief of the Navy Master at Arms of the Navy Fleet Command List of admirals Frigates SAS Amatola (F145) SAS Isandlwana (F146) SAS Spioenkop (F147) SAS Mendi (F148) Submarines SAS Manthatisi (S101) SAS Charlotte Maxeke (S102) SAS Queen Modjadji Patrol Vessels Warrior-class strike craft SAS Makhanda Warrior-class inshore patrol vessel SAS King Sekhukhune I T Craft Namacurra Support vessels SAS Drakensberg (A301) SAS Protea (A324) Tugs Mine hunters SAS Umhloti SAS Umzimkulu Bases and units Naval Base Simon's Town Naval Base Durban SAS Saldanha SAS Wingfield South African Naval College Maritime Reaction Squadron Operational Diving Division Reaction Force Division Operational Boat Division History History of the South African Navy South African Naval Ensign South Africa Marine Corps South African Naval Museum Simonstown Agreement Military history of South Africa Active ships Decommissioned ships Operations and exercises IBSAMAR Operation Savannah Operation Magersfontein Official website

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Extremes

The Age of Extremes

["1 Contents","2 Failure of prediction","3 Failure of communism","4 End of imperialism","5 Failure of free-market capitalism","6 Fascism","7 Hobsbawm's use of statistics","8 Hobsbawm on the arts","9 Hobsbawm on popular culture","10 Reception","11 Notes","12 External links"]

Book by Eric Hobsbawm This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 LanguageEnglishSubjectHistoryPublisherMichael Joseph (UK)Vintage Books (U.S.)Publication date1994Publication placeUnited Kingdom, United StatesPages640ISBN0-349-10671-1OCLC33817813Preceded byThe Age of Empire: 1875–1914  The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 is a book by Eric Hobsbawm, published in 1994. In it, Hobsbawm comments on what he sees as the disastrous failures of state socialism, capitalism, and nationalism; he offers an equally skeptical take on the progress of the arts and changes in society in the latter half of the twentieth century. Hobsbawm calls the period from the start of World War I to the fall of the so-called Soviet bloc "the short twentieth century", to follow on "the long 19th century", the period from the start of the French Revolution in 1789 to the start of World War I in 1914, which he covered in an earlier trilogy of histories (The Age of Revolution: Europe, 1789–1848, The Age of Capital: 1848–1875, The Age of Empire: 1875–1914). In the United States, the book was published with the subtitle A History of the World, 1914–1991 (ISBN 978-0-679-73005-7). Contents Part I. The Age of Catastrophe 1. The Age of Total War 2. The World Revolution 3. Into the Economic Abyss 4. The Fall of Liberalism 5. Against the Common Enemy 6. The Arts 1914–1945 7. End of Empires Part II. The Golden Age 8. Cold War 9. The Golden Years 10. The Social Revolution 1945–1990 11. Cultural Revolution 12. The Third World 13. "Real Socialism" Part III. The Landslide 14. The Crisis Decades 15. Third World and Revolution 16. End of Socialism 17. The Avant-Garde Dies: The Arts After 1950 18. Sorcerers and Apprentices: The Natural Sciences 19. Towards the Millennium Failure of prediction Hobsbawm points out the abysmal record of recent attempts to predict the world's future. "The record of forecasters in the past thirty or forty years, whatever their professional qualification as prophets, has been so spectacularly bad that only governments and economic research institutes still have, or pretend to have, much confidence in it." He quotes President Calvin Coolidge, in a message to Congress on December 4, 1928, on the eve of the Great Depression, as saying "The country can regard the present with satisfaction and anticipate the future with optimism." Speaking of the future himself, Hobsbawm largely confines himself to predicting continued turmoil: "The world of the third millennium will therefore almost certainly continue to be one of violent politics and violent political changes. The only thing uncertain about them is where they will lead," and expressing the view that "If humanity is to have a recognizable future, it cannot be by prolonging the past or the present." In one of his few more concrete predictions, he writes that "Social distribution and not growth would dominate the politics of the new millennium." Failure of communism The Russian Revolution of 1917 was not the revolution of the most advanced capitalist societies predicted by Karl Marx. As Hobsbawm, puts it, "Capitalism had proved far easier to overthrow where it was weak or barely existed than in its heartlands." Even within Russia, Hobsbawm doubts the ostensibly "progressive" effects of the revolution: "What remained was a Russia even more firmly anchored in the past... hat actually governed the country was an undergrowth of smaller and larger bureaucracy, on average even less educated and qualified than before." It is a central thesis of Hobsbawm's book that, from the start, State Socialism betrayed the socialist and internationalist vision it claimed to uphold. In particular, State Socialism always dispensed with the democratic element of the socialist vision: "Lenin... concluded from the start that the liberal horse was not a runner in the Russian revolutionary race." This anti-liberalism ran deep. In 1933, with Benito Mussolini firmly in control of Italy, "Moscow insisted that the Italian communist leader Palmiro Togliatti withdraw the suggestion that, perhaps, social-democracy was not the primary danger, at least in Italy." As for support for international revolution, "The communist revolutions actually made (Yugoslavia, Albania, later China) were made against Stalin's advice. The Soviet view was that, both internationally and within each country, post-war politics should continue within the framework of the all-embracing anti-fascist alliance.... There is no doubt that Stalin meant all this seriously, and tried to prove it by dissolving the Comintern in 1943, and the Communist Party of the United States in 1944. "he Chinese Communist regime, though it criticized the USSR for betraying revolutionary movements after the break between the two countries, has no comparable record of practical support for Third World liberation movements." On the other hand, he is no friend of the Maoist doctrine of perpetual revolution: "Mao was fundamentally convinced of the importance of struggle, conflict and high tension as something that was not only essential to life but prevented the relapse into the weaknesses of the old Chinese society, whose very insistence on unchanging permanence and harmony had been its weakness." Hobsbawm draws a straight line from this belief to the disastrous Great Leap Forward and the subsequent Chinese famine of 1959–1961. Socialism, Hobsbawm argues, ultimately fell because, eventually, "...hardly anyone believed in the system or felt any loyalty to it, not even those who governed it." End of imperialism Hobsbawm has very mixed feelings about the end of the nineteenth-century imperial order, largely because he is no happier with the nation-states that replaced the empires. "... had made the habitual and sensible process of international negotiation suspect as 'secret diplomacy'. This was largely a reaction against the secret treaties arranged among the Allies during the war... The Bolsheviks, discovering these sensitive documents in the Tsarist archives, had promptly published them for the world to read." "The botched peace settlements after 1918 multiplied what we, at the end of the twentieth century, know to be the fatal virus of democracy, namely the division of the body of citizens exclusively along ethnic-national or religious lines." "The reductio ad absurdum of... anti-colonialist logic was the attempt by an extremist Jewish fringe group in Palestine to negotiate with the Germans (via Damascus, then under the Vichy French) for help in liberating Palestine from the British, which they regarded as the top priority for Zionism. (A militant of the group involved in this mission eventually became prime minister of Israel: Yitzhak Shamir.)" Failure of free-market capitalism None of this throws Hobsbawm into the embrace of free-market capitalism: "Those of us who lived through the years of the Great Slump still find it almost impossible to understand how the orthodoxies of the pure free market, then so obviously discredited, once again came to preside over a global period of depression in the late 1980s and 1990s, which once again, they were equally unable to understand or to deal with." "As it happened, the regimes most deeply committed to laissez-faire economics were also sometimes, and notably in the case of Reagan's United States and Thatcher's Britain, profoundly and viscerally nationalist and distrustful of the outside world. The historian cannot but note that the two attitudes are contradictory." He points up the irony that "he most dynamic and rapidly growing economy of the globe after the fall of Soviet socialism was that of Communist China, leading Western business-school lectures and the authors of management manuals, a flourishing genre of literature, to scan the teachings of Confucius for the secrets of entrepreneurial success." Ultimately, in world terms, he sees capitalism being just as much of a failure as state socialism: "The belief, following neoclassical economics, that unrestricted international trade would allow the poorer countries to come closer to the rich, runs counter to historical experience as well as common sense. ." (brackets in the original) Fascism Denying fascism's claim to philosophical respectability, Hobsbawm writes: "Theory was not the strong point of movements devoted to the inadequacies of reason and rationalism and the superiority of instinct and will", and further on the same page: "Mussolini could have readily dispensed with his house philosopher, Giovanni Gentile, and Hitler probably neither knew nor cared about the support of the philosopher Heidegger." Instead, he claims, the popular appeal of fascism lay with its claims to technocratic achievement: "Was not the proverbial argument in favour of fascist Italy that 'Mussolini made the trains run on time'?" He also writes: "Would the horror of the holocaust be any less if historians concluded that it exterminated not six millions but five or even four?" Hobsbawm's use of statistics Hobsbawm often uses statistics to paint a broad picture of a society at a particular time. With reference to the contemporary United States (at the time of writing) he points out, "In 1991, 58 per cent of all black families in the United States were headed by a single woman and 70 per cent of all children were born to single mothers," and "In 1991 15 per cent of what was proportionally the largest prison population in the world — 426 prisoners per 100,000 population – were said to be mentally ill." He finds damning statistics to back up his claim of the total failure of state socialism to promote the general welfare: "In 1969, Austrians, Finns and Poles could expect to die at the same average age (70.1 years) but in 1989, Poles had a life expectancy about four years shorter than Austrians and Finns," "...The great famine of 1959–61, probably the greatest famine of the twentieth century: According to official Chinese statistics, the country's population in 1959 was 672.07 millions. At the natural growth rate of the preceding seven years, which was at least 20 per thousand per year, one would have expected the Chinese population in 1961 to have been 699 millions. In fact it was 658.59 millions or forty millions less than might have been expected." Similarly, "Brazil, a monument to social neglect, had a GNP per capita almost two-and-a-half as large as Sri Lanka in 1939, and over six times as large at the end of the 80s. In Sri Lanka, which had subsidized basic foodstuffs and given free education and health care until the later 1970s, the average newborn could expect to live several years longer than the average Brazilian, and to die as an infant at about half the Brazilian rate in 1969, at a third of the Brazilian rate in 1989. The percentage of illiteracy in 1989 was about twice as great in Brazil as on the Asian island." Hobsbawm on the arts Hobsbawm writes on Post-war modernist art practice: "...consisted largely in a series of increasingly desperate gimmicks by which artists sought to give their work an immediately recognizable individual trademark, a succession of manifestos of despair... or of gestures reducing the sort of art which was primarily bought for investment and its collectors ad absurdum, as by adding an individual's name to piles of brick or soil ('minimal art') or by preventing it from becoming such a commodity through making it too short-lived to be permanent ('performance art'). "The smell of impending death rose from these avant-gardes. The future was no longer theirs, though nobody knew whose it was. More than ever, they knew themselves to be on the margin." Hobsbawm on popular culture Hobsbawm also comments on popular culture, a subject he has left alone in other books. He writes, "Buddy Holly, Janis Joplin, Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones, Bob Marley, Jimi Hendrix and a number of other popular divinities fell victim of a life-style designed for early death. What made such deaths symbolic was that youth, which they represented, was impermanent by definition." Of these, Joplin's and Hendrix's deaths were drug-related; Jones's may have been (the coroner's verdict was "death by misadventure"; there has been much controversy surrounding the events leading to his death); Holly died in a plane crash and Marley of cancer. However, he does use youth culture as a lens to view the changes in the late-twentieth-century social order: "The novelty of the new youth culture was threefold. "First, 'youth' was not seen as a preparatory stage of adulthood but, in some sense, as the final stage of full human development. As in sport, the human activity in which youth is supreme, and which now defined the ambitions of more human beings than any other, life clearly went downhill after the age of thirty... "The second novelty of the youth culture...: it was or became dominant in the 'developed market economies'... What children could learn from their parents became less obvious than what parents did not know and children did. The role of generations was reversed. Blue jeans..., pioneered... by students who did not wish to look like their elders, came to appear... below many a grey head. "The third peculiarity of the new youth culture in urban societies was its astonishing internationalism... The English language of rock lyrics was often not even translated... The heartlands of Western youth culture themselves were the opposite of culturally chauvinist... They welcomed styles imported from the Caribbean, Latin America and, from the 1980s, increasingly Africa." Hobsbawm goes on to write that "The cultural revolution of the latest twentieth century can thus best be understood as the triumph of the individual over society, or rather, the breaking of the threads which in the past had woven human beings into social textures" and evokes this as paralleling Margaret Thatcher's claim that 'There is no society, only individuals'. Reception The book was praised for its broad scope and for its insights. Criticisms focused on the book's pessimism and Hobsbawm's alleged inability to appreciate capitalism's adaptability and contribution to living standards. Edward Said called the book "unsettling and powerful" in the London Review of Books. He also wrote that Hobsbawm's own participation in the events he narrated added to the appeal of the book, and that there was a significant overlap of history and memory in it. Moreover, Said commended Hobsbawm's ability to draw conclusions from political and economic trends in the West, but criticized him for being unaware of relevant debates in the historical study of non-Western societies. In particular, Said criticized Hobsbawm's claim that politicized religion was an exclusively Muslim phenomenon. Said also lamented the lack of "a view from within" in the book, constructed with the experiences of witnesses and activists, as opposed to the large scale and impersonal overview that Hobsbawm offered. Similarly to Said, M.E. Sharpe observed that the book was written as both history and memory. Sharpe also wrote that without historians like Hobsbawm we would be utterly lost. Francis Fukuyama wrote in Foreign Affairs that "it was a work of great insight coupled with extraordinary blindness". He commended Hobsbawm's erudition and the book's breadth but he criticized him for failing to appreciate the strengths of capitalism. Fukuyama similarly disparaged Hobsbawm's preference for centralized governments. Finally, Fukuyama was also critical of the short space that the book dedicated to capitalist Asia. Tony Judt, writing in the New York Review of Books, underlined Hobsbawm's impact on historical writing but criticized his Marxist convictions. Lawrence Freedman wrote that the book set the standards for accounts of the twentieth century and praised it for its "powerful analysis" and "broad sweep". Nevertheless, Freedman thought that Hobsbawm was not justified in seeing capitalism as an unruly and intrinsically extremist force nor did he share Hobsbawm's worry about anarchy becoming triumphant in the post-cold-war world. In his reply to Freedman's review, Hobsbawm criticized Freedman for passing his ideological beliefs as historical judgements and defended his pessimism on the world's future. Notes ^ The Age of Extremes, pp. 5–6 ^ The Age of Extremes, p.85 ^ The Age of Extremes, p.460 ^ The Age of Extremes, p. 585 ^ The Age of Extremes, p.77 ^ The Age of Extremes, p.82 ^ The Age of Extremes, p.379 ^ The Age of Extremes, p.58 ^ The Age of Extremes, p.104 ^ The Age of Extremes, p.168 ^ The Age of Extremes, p. 72 ^ The Age of Extremes, p.469 ^ The Age of Extremes, pp.468–9 ^ The Age of Extremes, p.488 ^ Danny Yee, The Age of Extremes, 1994 ^ The Age of Extremes, p.34 ^ The Age of Extremes, p.139 ^ The Age of Extremes, p.172 ^ The Age of Extremes, p.103 ^ The Age of Extremes, p.412 ^ The Age of Extremes, pp.412–413 ^ The Age of Extremes, p.571 ^ The Age of Extremes, p.117 ^ The Age of Extremes, p.124 ^ The Age of Extremes, p.43 ^ The Age of Extremes, p.322 ^ a b The Age of Extremes, p.337 ^ The Age of Extremes, p.472 ^ The Age of Extremes, pp.466–467, note ^ The Age of Extremes, p.577 ^ The Age of Extremes, pp.516–517 ^ The Age of Extremes, p.324 ^ The Age of Extremes, pp.325–327 ^ The Age of Extremes, p.334 ^ Margaret Thatcher (Wikiquote) ^ Said, Edward (1995-03-09). "Contra Mundum". London Review of Books. pp. 22–23. ^ Sharpe, M. E. (1997). "Reviewed work: The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914–1991, Eric Hobsbawm". Challenge. 40 (2): 121–127. doi:10.1080/05775132.1997.11471967. JSTOR 40721774. ^ Fukuyama, Francis (2009-01-28). "The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914–1991". Foreign Affairs. 74 (4). ^ Judt, Tony (1995-05-25). "Downhill All the Way". The New York Review of Books. 42 (9). ^ "The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 | Reviews in History". reviews.history.ac.uk. External links Hobsbawm's Age of Extremes The age of extremes 1914–1991 – Eric Hobsbawm

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Against the Common Enemy\n6. The Arts 1914–1945\n7. End of Empires\nPart II. The Golden Age\n8. Cold War\n9. The Golden Years\n10. The Social Revolution 1945–1990\n11. Cultural Revolution\n12. The Third World\n13. \"Real Socialism\"\nPart III. The Landslide\n14. The Crisis Decades\n15. Third World and Revolution\n16. End of Socialism\n17. The Avant-Garde Dies: The Arts After 1950\n18. Sorcerers and Apprentices: The Natural Sciences\n19. Towards the Millennium","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Calvin Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Hobsbawm points out the abysmal record of recent attempts to predict the world's future. \"The record of forecasters in the past thirty or forty years, whatever their professional qualification as prophets, has been so spectacularly bad that only governments and economic research institutes still have, or pretend to have, much confidence in it.\"[1] He quotes President Calvin Coolidge, in a message to Congress on December 4, 1928, on the eve of the Great Depression, as saying \"The country can regard the present with satisfaction and anticipate the future with optimism.\"[2]Speaking of the future himself, Hobsbawm largely confines himself to predicting continued turmoil: \"The world of the third millennium will therefore almost certainly continue to be one of violent politics and violent political changes. The only thing uncertain about them is where they will lead,\"[3] and expressing the view that \"If humanity is to have a recognizable future, it cannot be by prolonging the past or the present.\"[4]In one of his few more concrete predictions, he writes that \"Social distribution and not growth would dominate the politics of the new millennium.\"[5]","title":"Failure of prediction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian Revolution of 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917"},{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"internationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)"},{"link_name":"democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"Palmiro Togliatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Maoist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoist"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Great Leap Forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The Russian Revolution of 1917 was not the revolution of the most advanced capitalist societies predicted by Karl Marx. As Hobsbawm, puts it, \"Capitalism had proved far easier to overthrow where it was weak or barely existed than in its heartlands.\"[6] Even within Russia, Hobsbawm doubts the ostensibly \"progressive\" effects of the revolution: \"What remained [after revolution and civil war] was a Russia even more firmly anchored in the past... [W]hat actually governed the country was an undergrowth of smaller and larger bureaucracy, on average even less educated and qualified than before.\"[7]It is a central thesis of Hobsbawm's book that, from the start, State Socialism betrayed the socialist and internationalist vision it claimed to uphold. In particular, State Socialism always dispensed with the democratic element of the socialist vision: \"Lenin... concluded from the start that the liberal horse was not a runner in the Russian revolutionary race.\"[8] This anti-liberalism ran deep. In 1933, with Benito Mussolini firmly in control of Italy, \"Moscow insisted that the Italian communist leader Palmiro Togliatti withdraw the suggestion that, perhaps, social-democracy was not the primary danger, at least in Italy.\"[9]As for support for international revolution, \"The communist revolutions actually made (Yugoslavia, Albania, later China) were made against Stalin's advice. The Soviet view was that, both internationally and within each country, post-war politics should continue within the framework of the all-embracing anti-fascist alliance.... There is no doubt that Stalin meant all this seriously, and tried to prove it by dissolving the Comintern in 1943, and the Communist Party of the United States in 1944.[10] \"[T]he Chinese Communist regime, though it criticized the USSR for betraying revolutionary movements after the break between the two countries, has no comparable record of practical support for Third World liberation movements.\"[11]On the other hand, he is no friend of the Maoist doctrine of perpetual revolution: \"Mao was fundamentally convinced of the importance of struggle, conflict and high tension as something that was not only essential to life but prevented the relapse into the weaknesses of the old Chinese society, whose very insistence on unchanging permanence and harmony had been its weakness.\"[12] Hobsbawm draws a straight line from this belief to the disastrous Great Leap Forward and the subsequent Chinese famine of 1959–1961.[13]Socialism, Hobsbawm argues, ultimately fell because, eventually, \"...hardly anyone believed in the system or felt any loyalty to it, not even those who governed it.\"[14][15]","title":"Failure of communism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Bolsheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"reductio ad absurdum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum"},{"link_name":"Vichy French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"link_name":"Zionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism"},{"link_name":"Yitzhak Shamir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Hobsbawm has very mixed feelings about the end of the nineteenth-century imperial order, largely because he is no happier with the nation-states that replaced the empires. \"[World War I]... had made the habitual and sensible process of international negotiation suspect as 'secret diplomacy'. This was largely a reaction against the secret treaties arranged among the Allies during the war... The Bolsheviks, discovering these sensitive documents in the Tsarist archives, had promptly published them for the world to read.\"[16]\"The botched peace settlements after 1918 multiplied what we, at the end of the twentieth century, know to be the fatal virus of democracy, namely the division of the body of citizens exclusively along ethnic-national or religious lines.\"[17] \"The reductio ad absurdum of... anti-colonialist logic was the attempt by an extremist Jewish fringe group in Palestine to negotiate with the Germans (via Damascus, then under the Vichy French) for help in liberating Palestine from the British, which they regarded as the top priority for Zionism. (A militant of the group involved in this mission eventually became prime minister of Israel: Yitzhak Shamir.)\"[18]","title":"End of imperialism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"None of this throws Hobsbawm into the embrace of free-market capitalism: \"Those of us who lived through the years of the Great Slump still find it almost impossible to understand how the orthodoxies of the pure free market, then so obviously discredited, once again came to preside over a global period of depression in the late 1980s and 1990s, which once again, they were equally unable to understand or to deal with.\"[19]\"As it happened, the regimes most deeply committed to laissez-faire economics were also sometimes, and notably in the case of Reagan's United States and Thatcher's Britain, profoundly and viscerally nationalist and distrustful of the outside world. The historian cannot but note that the two attitudes are contradictory.\"[20] He points up the irony that \"[T]he most dynamic and rapidly growing economy of the globe after the fall of Soviet socialism was that of Communist China, leading Western business-school lectures and the authors of management manuals, a flourishing genre of literature, to scan the teachings of Confucius for the secrets of entrepreneurial success.\"[21]Ultimately, in world terms, he sees capitalism being just as much of a failure as state socialism: \"The belief, following neoclassical economics, that unrestricted international trade would allow the poorer countries to come closer to the rich, runs counter to historical experience as well as common sense. [The examples of successful export-led Third World industrialization usually quoted – Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and South Korea — represent less than two percent of the Third World population].\" (brackets in the original)[22]","title":"Failure of free-market capitalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Gentile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile"},{"link_name":"Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Heidegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Denying fascism's claim to philosophical respectability, Hobsbawm writes: \"Theory was not the strong point of movements devoted to the inadequacies of reason and rationalism and the superiority of instinct and will\", and further on the same page: \"Mussolini could have readily dispensed with his house philosopher, Giovanni Gentile, and Hitler probably neither knew nor cared about the support of the philosopher Heidegger.\"[23] Instead, he claims, the popular appeal of fascism lay with its claims to technocratic achievement: \"Was not the proverbial argument in favour of fascist Italy that 'Mussolini made the trains run on time'?\"[24]He also writes: \"Would the horror of the holocaust be any less if historians concluded that it exterminated not six millions but five or even four?\"[25]","title":"Fascism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Hobsbawm often uses statistics to paint a broad picture of a society at a particular time. With reference to the contemporary United States (at the time of writing) he points out, \"In 1991, 58 per cent of all black families in the United States were headed by a single woman and 70 per cent of all children were born to single mothers,\"[26] and \"In 1991 15 per cent of what was proportionally the largest prison population in the world — 426 prisoners per 100,000 population – were said to be mentally ill.\"[27]He finds damning statistics to back up his claim of the total failure of state socialism to promote the general welfare: \"In 1969, Austrians, Finns and Poles could expect to die at the same average age (70.1 years) but in 1989, Poles had a life expectancy about four years shorter than Austrians and Finns,\"[28] \"...The great [Chinese] famine of 1959–61, probably the greatest famine of the twentieth century: According to official Chinese statistics, the country's population in 1959 was 672.07 millions. At the natural growth rate of the preceding seven years, which was at least 20 per thousand per year, one would have expected the Chinese population in 1961 to have been 699 millions. In fact it was 658.59 millions or forty millions less than might have been expected.\"[29]Similarly, \"Brazil, a monument to social neglect, had a GNP per capita almost two-and-a-half as large as Sri Lanka in 1939, and over six times as large at the end of the 80s. In Sri Lanka, which had subsidized basic foodstuffs and given free education and health care until the later 1970s, the average newborn could expect to live several years longer than the average Brazilian, and to die as an infant at about half the Brazilian rate in 1969, at a third of the Brazilian rate in 1989. The percentage of illiteracy in 1989 was about twice as great in Brazil as on the Asian island.\"[30]","title":"Hobsbawm's use of statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalism"},{"link_name":"performance art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_art"},{"link_name":"avant-gardes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Hobsbawm writes on Post-war modernist art practice:\"...consisted largely in a series of increasingly desperate gimmicks by which artists sought to give their work an immediately recognizable individual trademark, a succession of manifestos of despair... or of gestures reducing the sort of art which was primarily bought for investment and its collectors ad absurdum, as by adding an individual's name to piles of brick or soil ('minimal art') or by preventing it from becoming such a commodity through making it too short-lived to be permanent ('performance art').\"The smell of impending death rose from these avant-gardes. The future was no longer theirs, though nobody knew whose it was. More than ever, they knew themselves to be on the margin.\"[31]","title":"Hobsbawm on the arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buddy Holly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Holly"},{"link_name":"Janis Joplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janis_Joplin"},{"link_name":"Brian Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Jones"},{"link_name":"the Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Bob Marley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Margaret Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-27"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Hobsbawm also comments on popular culture, a subject he has left alone in other books. He writes, \"Buddy Holly, Janis Joplin, Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones, Bob Marley, Jimi Hendrix and a number of other popular divinities fell victim of a life-style designed for early death. What made such deaths symbolic was that youth, which they represented, was impermanent by definition.\"[32] Of these, Joplin's and Hendrix's deaths were drug-related; Jones's may have been (the coroner's verdict was \"death by misadventure\"; there has been much controversy surrounding the events leading to his death); Holly died in a plane crash and Marley of cancer.However, he does use youth culture as a lens to view the changes in the late-twentieth-century social order:\"The novelty of the new youth culture was threefold.\"First, 'youth' was not seen as a preparatory stage of adulthood but, in some sense, as the final stage of full human development. As in sport, the human activity in which youth is supreme, and which now defined the ambitions of more human beings than any other, life clearly went downhill after the age of thirty...\"The second novelty of the youth culture...: it was or became dominant in the 'developed market economies'... What children could learn from their parents became less obvious than what parents did not know and children did. The role of generations was reversed. Blue jeans..., pioneered... by students who did not wish to look like their elders, came to appear... below many a grey head.\"The third peculiarity of the new youth culture in urban societies was its astonishing internationalism... The English language of rock lyrics was often not even translated... The heartlands of Western youth culture themselves were the opposite of culturally chauvinist... They welcomed styles imported from the Caribbean, Latin America and, from the 1980s, increasingly Africa.\"[33]Hobsbawm goes on to write that \"The cultural revolution of the latest twentieth century can thus best be understood as the triumph of the individual over society, or rather, the breaking of the threads which in the past had woven human beings into social textures\"[34] and evokes this as paralleling Margaret Thatcher's claim that 'There is no society, only individuals'.[27][35]","title":"Hobsbawm on popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said"},{"link_name":"London Review of Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Review_of_Books"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Francis Fukuyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama"},{"link_name":"Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Tony Judt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Judt"},{"link_name":"New York Review of Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Books"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Freedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Freedman"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"The book was praised for its broad scope and for its insights. Criticisms focused on the book's pessimism and Hobsbawm's alleged inability to appreciate capitalism's adaptability and contribution to living standards.Edward Said called the book \"unsettling and powerful\" in the London Review of Books. He also wrote that Hobsbawm's own participation in the events he narrated added to the appeal of the book, and that there was a significant overlap of history and memory in it. Moreover, Said commended Hobsbawm's ability to draw conclusions from political and economic trends in the West, but criticized him for being unaware of relevant debates in the historical study of non-Western societies. In particular, Said criticized Hobsbawm's claim that politicized religion was an exclusively Muslim phenomenon. Said also lamented the lack of \"a view from within\" in the book, constructed with the experiences of witnesses and activists, as opposed to the large scale and impersonal overview that Hobsbawm offered.[36]Similarly to Said, M.E. Sharpe observed that the book was written as both history and memory. Sharpe also wrote that without historians like Hobsbawm we would be utterly lost.[37]Francis Fukuyama wrote in Foreign Affairs that \"it was a work of great insight coupled with extraordinary blindness\". He commended Hobsbawm's erudition and the book's breadth but he criticized him for failing to appreciate the strengths of capitalism. Fukuyama similarly disparaged Hobsbawm's preference for centralized governments. Finally, Fukuyama was also critical of the short space that the book dedicated to capitalist Asia.[38]Tony Judt, writing in the New York Review of Books, underlined Hobsbawm's impact on historical writing but criticized his Marxist convictions.[39]Lawrence Freedman wrote that the book set the standards for accounts of the twentieth century and praised it for its \"powerful analysis\" and \"broad sweep\". Nevertheless, Freedman thought that Hobsbawm was not justified in seeing capitalism as an unruly and intrinsically extremist force nor did he share Hobsbawm's worry about anarchy becoming triumphant in the post-cold-war world. In his reply to Freedman's review, Hobsbawm criticized Freedman for passing his ideological beliefs as historical judgements and defended his pessimism on the world's future.[40]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"The Age of Extremes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dannyreviews.com/h/Age_Extremes.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_27-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_27-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"Margaret Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"Wikiquote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiquote"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"\"Contra Mundum\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lrb.co.uk/v17/n05/edward-said/contra-mundum"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/05775132.1997.11471967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F05775132.1997.11471967"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40721774","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/40721774"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"\"The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914–1991\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/1995-07-01/age-extremes-history-world-1914-1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"\"Downhill All the Way\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nybooks.com/articles/1995/05/25/downhill-all-the-way/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"\"The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 | Reviews in History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//reviews.history.ac.uk/review/28"}],"text":"^ The Age of Extremes, pp. 5–6 [all page numbers are from Time Warner Books, 2002 Abacus edition reprint.]\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p.85\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p.460\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p. 585\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p.77\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p.82\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p.379\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p.58\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p.104\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p.168\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p. 72\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p.469\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, pp.468–9\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p.488\n\n^ Danny Yee, The Age of Extremes, 1994\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p.34\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p.139\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p.172\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p.103\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p.412\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, pp.412–413\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p.571\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p.117\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p.124\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p.43\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p.322\n\n^ a b The Age of Extremes, p.337\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p.472\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, pp.466–467, note\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p.577\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, pp.516–517\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p.324\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, pp.325–327\n\n^ The Age of Extremes, p.334\n\n^ Margaret Thatcher (Wikiquote)\n\n^ Said, Edward (1995-03-09). \"Contra Mundum\". London Review of Books. pp. 22–23.\n\n^ Sharpe, M. E. (1997). \"Reviewed work: The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914–1991, Eric Hobsbawm\". Challenge. 40 (2): 121–127. doi:10.1080/05775132.1997.11471967. JSTOR 40721774.\n\n^ Fukuyama, Francis (2009-01-28). \"The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914–1991\". Foreign Affairs. 74 (4).\n\n^ Judt, Tony (1995-05-25). \"Downhill All the Way\". The New York Review of Books. 42 (9).\n\n^ \"The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 | Reviews in History\". reviews.history.ac.uk.","title":"Notes"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Said, Edward (1995-03-09). \"Contra Mundum\". London Review of Books. pp. 22–23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lrb.co.uk/v17/n05/edward-said/contra-mundum","url_text":"\"Contra Mundum\""}]},{"reference":"Sharpe, M. E. (1997). \"Reviewed work: The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914–1991, Eric Hobsbawm\". Challenge. 40 (2): 121–127. doi:10.1080/05775132.1997.11471967. JSTOR 40721774.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F05775132.1997.11471967","url_text":"10.1080/05775132.1997.11471967"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40721774","url_text":"40721774"}]},{"reference":"Fukuyama, Francis (2009-01-28). \"The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914–1991\". Foreign Affairs. 74 (4).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/1995-07-01/age-extremes-history-world-1914-1991","url_text":"\"The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914–1991\""}]},{"reference":"Judt, Tony (1995-05-25). \"Downhill All the Way\". The New York Review of Books. 42 (9).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1995/05/25/downhill-all-the-way/","url_text":"\"Downhill All the Way\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 | Reviews in History\". reviews.history.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/28","url_text":"\"The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 | Reviews in History\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Age_of_Extremes&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33817813","external_links_name":"33817813"},{"Link":"http://dannyreviews.com/h/Age_Extremes.html","external_links_name":"The Age of Extremes"},{"Link":"https://www.lrb.co.uk/v17/n05/edward-said/contra-mundum","external_links_name":"\"Contra Mundum\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F05775132.1997.11471967","external_links_name":"10.1080/05775132.1997.11471967"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40721774","external_links_name":"40721774"},{"Link":"https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/1995-07-01/age-extremes-history-world-1914-1991","external_links_name":"\"The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914–1991\""},{"Link":"https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1995/05/25/downhill-all-the-way/","external_links_name":"\"Downhill All the Way\""},{"Link":"https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/28","external_links_name":"\"The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 | Reviews in History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091014085320/http://econ161.berkeley.edu/Econ_Articles/hobsbawmsageofextremes.html","external_links_name":"Hobsbawm's Age of Extremes"},{"Link":"http://libcom.org/library/age-extremes-1914-1991-eric-hobsbawm","external_links_name":"The age of extremes 1914–1991 – Eric Hobsbawm"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_Air_Ambulance

Wales Air Ambulance

["1 Service","2 Fleet","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Welsh charity air ambulance Wales Air Ambulance Charitable TrustG-WENU, one of the charity's H145 aircraftFounded1 March 2001TypeCharitable organisationRegistration no.1083645LocationDafen, Carmarthenshire, WalesArea served WalesChief Executive OfficerDr Sue BarnesAircraft operatedAirbus H145Revenue (2022) £15.4 millionEmployees (2022) 82Volunteers (2022) 414Websitewww.walesairambulance.com The Wales Air Ambulance Charitable Trust (Welsh: Ymddiriedolaeth Elusennol Ambiwlans Awyr Cymru), known as Wales Air Ambulance Charity (WAAC) or (Welsh: Elusen Ambiwlans Awyr Cymru (EAAC)), is a charity air ambulance service providing a free, life-saving helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) for the critically ill and injured in Wales. It is an independent charity that relies on charitable donations to supply and maintain a fleet of emergency aircraft and rapid response vehicles. DafenWelshpoolCaernarfonCardiff (CWAA)class=notpageimage| The charity's three operational bases in Wales, plus the base for CWAA G-WASC, an EC135, was used by the Wales Air Ambulance prior the introduction of the H145 aircraft, but has since returned to be used as the Children's Wales Air Ambulance. Service WAAC has four helicopters and medical crews stationed at Caernarfon Airport, Welshpool Airport, Cardiff Heliport, and Dafen (near Llanelli). The teams are capable of reaching a critically ill patient anywhere in Wales, from any base. Each helicopter team consists of a pilot and two medics, typically a doctor and critical care practitioner, or two critical care practitioners. At present the aircraft operate (weather dependent) seven days a week from 08:00 to 20:00 at Caernarfon and Welshpool, 07:00–19:00 at Llanelli, 07:00–19:00 at Cardiff Heliport, and 19:00–07:00 at Cardiff Heliport to ensure that there is 24-hour emergency cover across the whole of Wales. The air ambulance service in Wales is delivered via a Third Sector and Public Sector partnership. The Wales Air Ambulance Charity needs to raise £11.2 million every year to supply and maintain the aircraft and rapid response vehicle fleets. The consultants and critical care practitioners who work for the service are supplied by EMRTS Cymru, a part of NHS Wales. Pilots are provided by specialist emergency services helicopter company, Babcock Mission Critical Services Onshore. The specialist medical teams can provide a range of critical care interventions, previously only found in hospitals, at the roadside, reducing the time taken for lifesaving care to take place. This includes giving a general anaesthetic to patients, providing sedation for painful procedures and undertaking critical surgical procedures. All vehicle platforms carry a range of equipment to facilitate this including monitoring, high level portable ventilator and specialist transfer equipment. More recently, the service has commenced carrying blood products. This includes red blood cells for transfusion to bleeding patients, as well as freeze-dried plasma and fibrinogen to help with clotting and monitors and drugs to help reverse bleeding in patients who are on blood thinning medicine (warfarin) in an emergency situation. In the year ending 31 July 2022, the Charity had an income of £15.4 million. Expenditure was £13.5M, which included £8.4M operating the charitable service. The remaining 37% was spent on fundraising and governance. Fleet Three of the aircraft operating for the Charity are Airbus Helicopters H145. Llanelli-based aircraft (G-WENU) has callsign Helimed 57, Welshpool (G-WOBR) is Helimed 59, while the Caernarfon-based aircraft (G-WROL) has callsign Helimed 61. There is also a Eurocopter EC135 based in Cardiff. This aircraft is staffed by two pilots and a specialist helicopter transfer practitioner (HTP). Alongside attending emergency incidents, the service also works conducts neonatal, paediatric and adult inter-hospital transfers. This EC135 aircraft, G-WASC, callsign Helimed 67, has specialist equipment and can be fitted with purpose designed equipment for transfer of young children and neonates, including a transport incubator. All helicopters are owned by Babcock Mission Critical Services Onshore, who also provide the pilots, base engineers and maintenance for the aircraft. In addition to the four aircraft, the Charity has a fleet of rapid response vehicles (RRV), spread across its four bases. These are adapted Audi Q7 or Volvo XC90 with full audio and visual warning systems that carry the same standard equipment as the aircraft, and are utilised if the aircraft is offline, for example due to weather conditions, or as an additional responding resource. See also Air ambulances in the United Kingdom References ^ "History and Facts". Wales Air Ambulance. Retrieved 20 October 2023. ^ a b c d e f "Charity Overview: 1083645 - WELSH AIR AMBULANCE CHARITABLE TRUST". Charity Commission for England and Wales. Retrieved 26 May 2023. ^ "Our Airbases". Welsh Air Ambulance Charitable Trust. Retrieved 7 June 2021. ^ "Wales Air Ambulance Charity Announces New Chief Executive". Wales Air Ambulance Charity. Retrieved 18 June 2021. ^ Powell, Leah (17 November 2020). "New Chief Executive at Wales Air Ambulance Charity announced". South Wales Argus. Retrieved 18 June 2021. ^ Picseli. "Welsh Flying Medics | Wales Air Ambulance". www.walesairambulance.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018. ^ "The New 24/7 Wales Air Ambulance". Wales Air Ambulance. Retrieved 24 March 2020. ^ "EMRTS Wales - Welsh Flying Medics". EMRTS Wales - Welsh Flying Medics. Retrieved 2 March 2018. ^ SemiColonWeb. "Latest News | Wales Air Ambulance". www.walesairambulance.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017. ^ "Meet the CWAA crew". Wales Air Ambulance Charity. Retrieved 27 November 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wales Air Ambulance. Official website "Wales Air Ambulance Charitable Trust, registered charity no. 1083645". Charity Commission for England and Wales. vteHealth in WalesHealth in the United KingdomHealthcareNHS WalesDivisions NHS Wales NHS Direct Wales NHS Pension Scheme NHS Business Services Authority Local health boards list NHS trusts list Velindre University NHS Trust Defunct Defunct district health authorities Health professionals Other National Health Services Ambulance service Welsh Ambulance Service Mental health Association of Mental Health Providers Mental Health (Wales) Measure 2010 Mental Health Act Commission Mental Health Act 1983 Social care Psychiatric hospitals Former Dentistry NHS dentistry list NHS treatments blacklist Drug Tariff Individual funding request EMRTS Cymru Hospitals Defunct Psychiatric Teaching Almshouses Welsh Blood ServiceHistory History of the National Health Service History of NHS Wales Physicians of Myddfai (folklore) List of Welsh medical pioneers Sanitary districts Local board of health (Aberdare) Community health councils 2022–2023 National Health Service strikes Medicine Medical education Chief Medical Officer for Wales (Frank Atherton) Chief Dental Officer for Wales Chief Nursing Officer for Wales Medical doctors Medical schools Cardiff University School of Medicine Swansea University Medical School North Wales Medical School (proposed for 2024) Diseases and epidemics COVID-19 pandemic UK-wide 2020 2021 2022 Dragon's Heart Hospital 2005 South Wales E. coli O157 outbreak 2013 Swansea measles epidemic Drug-use Government agenciesand institutes Minister for Health and Social Services Public Health Wales UK Health Security Agency Health and Care Research Wales Health Commission Wales Informing Healthcare (former) National Institute for Health and Care Excellence NHS Counter Fraud and Security Management Service Division Test, Trace, Protect Public Services Ombudsman for Wales Charities Autism Cymru (former) Centre for Health and International Relations Centre for Occupational and Health Psychology Sight Life St John Ambulance Cymru Trust PA Wales Air Ambulance Studies Caerphilly Heart Disease Study Demography Emergency planning Other issues Food and drink Doping Water supply and sanitation Medicine United Kingdom Wales Category Commons vteAir ambulance services in the United KingdomEngland Cornwall Derbyshire, Leicestershire & Rutland Devon Dorset & Somerset East Anglian Essex & Herts Great North Great Western Hampshire and Isle of Wight Kent Surrey Sussex Lincolnshire & Nottinghamshire London Magpas Midlands North West Thames Valley Warwickshire & Northamptonshire Wiltshire Yorkshire Scotland Scottish Ambulance Service Scotland's Charity Air Ambulance Wales Wales Air Ambulance and Children's Wales Air Ambulance Northern Ireland Air Ambulance Northern Ireland UK-wide Children's Air Ambulance Authority control databases International VIAF National United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"charity air ambulance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_ambulances_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"helicopter emergency medical service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_medical_services"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wales_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Dafen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafen,_Carmarthenshire"},{"link_name":"Welshpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welshpool_Airport"},{"link_name":"Caernarfon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarfon_Airport"},{"link_name":"Cardiff (CWAA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Heliport"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wales_location_map.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G-WASC_Eurocopter_EC-135T-2%2B_(cn_1074)_Bond_Helicopters_Wales_Air_Ambulance_(Bond_Helicopters)._(10444871213).jpg"},{"link_name":"EC135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_EC135"},{"link_name":"H145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_EC145"}],"text":"The Wales Air Ambulance Charitable Trust (Welsh: Ymddiriedolaeth Elusennol Ambiwlans Awyr Cymru), known as Wales Air Ambulance Charity (WAAC) or (Welsh: Elusen Ambiwlans Awyr Cymru (EAAC)), is a charity air ambulance service providing a free, life-saving helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) for the critically ill and injured in Wales. It is an independent charity that relies on charitable donations to supply and maintain a fleet of emergency aircraft and rapid response vehicles.DafenWelshpoolCaernarfonCardiff (CWAA)class=notpageimage| The charity's three operational bases in Wales, plus the base for CWAAG-WASC, an EC135, was used by the Wales Air Ambulance prior the introduction of the H145 aircraft, but has since returned to be used as the Children's Wales Air Ambulance.","title":"Wales Air Ambulance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caernarfon Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarfon_Airport"},{"link_name":"Welshpool Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welshpool_Airport"},{"link_name":"Dafen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafen,_Carmarthenshire"},{"link_name":"Llanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanelli"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24hrs-7"},{"link_name":"EMRTS Cymru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMRTS_Cymru"},{"link_name":"NHS Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Wales"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Babcock Mission Critical Services Onshore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babcock_Mission_Critical_Services_Onshore"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccoverview-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccoverview-2"}],"text":"WAAC has four helicopters and medical crews stationed at Caernarfon Airport, Welshpool Airport, Cardiff Heliport, and Dafen (near Llanelli). The teams are capable of reaching a critically ill patient anywhere in Wales, from any base. Each helicopter team consists of a pilot and two medics, typically a doctor and critical care practitioner, or two critical care practitioners.[6]At present the aircraft operate (weather dependent) seven days a week from 08:00 to 20:00 at Caernarfon and Welshpool, 07:00–19:00 at Llanelli, 07:00–19:00 at Cardiff Heliport, and 19:00–07:00 at Cardiff Heliport to ensure that there is 24-hour emergency cover across the whole of Wales.[7]The air ambulance service in Wales is delivered via a Third Sector and Public Sector partnership. The Wales Air Ambulance Charity needs to raise £11.2 million every year to supply and maintain the aircraft and rapid response vehicle fleets. The consultants and critical care practitioners who work for the service are supplied by EMRTS Cymru, a part of NHS Wales.[8] Pilots are provided by specialist emergency services helicopter company, Babcock Mission Critical Services Onshore.\nThe specialist medical teams can provide a range of critical care interventions, previously only found in hospitals, at the roadside, reducing the time taken for lifesaving care to take place. This includes giving a general anaesthetic to patients, providing sedation for painful procedures and undertaking critical surgical procedures. All vehicle platforms carry a range of equipment to facilitate this including monitoring, high level portable ventilator and specialist transfer equipment. More recently, the service has commenced carrying blood products. This includes red blood cells for transfusion to bleeding patients, as well as freeze-dried plasma and fibrinogen to help with clotting and monitors and drugs to help reverse bleeding in patients who are on blood thinning medicine (warfarin) in an emergency situation.In the year ending 31 July 2022, the Charity had an income of £15.4 million.[2]\nExpenditure was £13.5M, which included £8.4M operating the charitable service.[2] The remaining 37% was spent on fundraising and governance.","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Airbus Helicopters H145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_EC145"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter EC135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_EC135"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwaacrew-10"},{"link_name":"rapid response vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontransporting_EMS_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Audi Q7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_Q7"},{"link_name":"Volvo XC90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_XC90"}],"text":"Three of the aircraft operating for the Charity are Airbus Helicopters H145.[9]\nLlanelli-based aircraft (G-WENU) has callsign Helimed 57, Welshpool (G-WOBR) is Helimed 59, while the Caernarfon-based aircraft (G-WROL) has callsign Helimed 61.There is also a Eurocopter EC135 based in Cardiff. This aircraft is staffed by two pilots and a specialist helicopter transfer practitioner (HTP). Alongside attending emergency incidents, the service also works conducts neonatal, paediatric and adult inter-hospital transfers. This EC135 aircraft, G-WASC, callsign Helimed 67,[10] \nhas specialist equipment and can be fitted with purpose designed equipment for transfer of young children and neonates, including a transport incubator.All helicopters are owned by Babcock Mission Critical Services Onshore, who also provide the pilots, base engineers and maintenance for the aircraft.In addition to the four aircraft, the Charity has a fleet of rapid response vehicles (RRV), spread across its four bases. These are adapted Audi Q7 or Volvo XC90 with full audio and visual warning systems that carry the same standard equipment as the aircraft, and are utilised if the aircraft is offline, for example due to weather conditions, or as an additional responding resource.","title":"Fleet"}]

[{"image_text":"G-WASC, an EC135, was used by the Wales Air Ambulance prior the introduction of the H145 aircraft, but has since returned to be used as the Children's Wales Air Ambulance.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/G-WASC_Eurocopter_EC-135T-2%2B_%28cn_1074%29_Bond_Helicopters_Wales_Air_Ambulance_%28Bond_Helicopters%29._%2810444871213%29.jpg/220px-G-WASC_Eurocopter_EC-135T-2%2B_%28cn_1074%29_Bond_Helicopters_Wales_Air_Ambulance_%28Bond_Helicopters%29._%2810444871213%29.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Air ambulances in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_ambulances_in_the_United_Kingdom"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-sideband_suppressed-carrier_transmission

Single-sideband modulation

["1 Basic concept","2 History","3 Mathematical formulation","3.1 Lower sideband","4 Practical implementations","4.1 Bandpass filtering","4.2 Hartley modulator","4.3 Weaver modulator","4.4 Full, reduced, and suppressed-carrier SSB","5 Demodulation","6 SSB as a speech-scrambling technique","7 Vestigial sideband (VSB)","8 Frequencies for LSB and USB in amateur radio voice communication","9 Extended single sideband (eSSB)","10 Amplitude-companded single-sideband modulation (ACSSB)","11 Controlled-envelope single-sideband modulation (CESSB)","12 ITU designations","13 See also","14 References","15 Sources","16 Further reading"]

Type of modulation This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Single-sideband modulation" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Illustration of the spectrum of AM and SSB signals. The lower side band (LSB) spectrum is inverted compared to the baseband. As an example, a 2 kHz audio baseband signal modulated onto a 5 MHz carrier will produce a frequency of 5.002 MHz if upper side band (USB) is used or 4.998 MHz if LSB is used. Passband modulation Analog modulation AM FM PM QAM SM SSB Digital modulation ASK APSK CPM FSK MFSK MSK OOK PPM PSK QAM SC-FDE TCM WDM Hierarchical modulation QAM WDM Spread spectrum CSS DSSS FHSS THSS See also Capacity-approaching codes Demodulation Line coding Modem AnM PoM PAM PCM PDM PWM ΔΣM OFDM FDM Multiplexing vte In radio communications, single-sideband modulation (SSB) or single-sideband suppressed-carrier modulation (SSB-SC) is a type of modulation used to transmit information, such as an audio signal, by radio waves. A refinement of amplitude modulation, it uses transmitter power and bandwidth more efficiently. Amplitude modulation produces an output signal the bandwidth of which is twice the maximum frequency of the original baseband signal. Single-sideband modulation avoids this bandwidth increase, and the power wasted on a carrier, at the cost of increased device complexity and more difficult tuning at the receiver. Basic concept Radio transmitters work by mixing a radio frequency (RF) signal of a specific frequency, the carrier wave, with the audio signal to be broadcast. In AM transmitters this mixing usually takes place in the final RF amplifier (high level modulation). It is less common and much less efficient to do the mixing at low power and then amplify it in a linear amplifier. Either method produces a set of frequencies with a strong signal at the carrier frequency and with weaker signals at frequencies extending above and below the carrier frequency by the maximum frequency of the input signal. Thus the resulting signal has a spectrum whose bandwidth is twice the maximum frequency of the original input audio signal. SSB takes advantage of the fact that the entire original signal is encoded in each of these "sidebands". It is not necessary to transmit both sidebands plus the carrier, as a suitable receiver can extract the entire original signal from either the upper or lower sideband. There are several methods for eliminating the carrier and one sideband from the transmitted signal. Producing this single sideband signal can be done at high level in the final amplifier stage as with AM but it is usually produced at a low power level and linearly amplified. The lower efficiency of linear amplification partially offsets the power advantage gained by eliminating the carrier and one sideband. Nevertheless, SSB transmissions use the available amplifier energy considerably more efficiently, providing longer-range transmission for the same power output. In addition, the occupied spectrum is less than half that of a full carrier AM signal. SSB reception requires frequency stability and selectivity well beyond that of inexpensive AM receivers which is why broadcasters have seldom used it. In point-to-point communications where expensive receivers are in common use already they can successfully be adjusted to receive whichever sideband is being transmitted. History The first U.S. patent application for SSB modulation was filed on December 1, 1915, by John Renshaw Carson. The U.S. Navy experimented with SSB over its radio circuits before World War I. SSB first entered commercial service on January 7, 1927, on the longwave transatlantic public radiotelephone circuit between New York and London. The high power SSB transmitters were located at Rocky Point, New York, and Rugby, England. The receivers were in very quiet locations in Houlton, Maine, and Cupar, Scotland. SSB was also used over long-distance telephone lines, as part of a technique known as frequency-division multiplexing (FDM). FDM was pioneered by telephone companies in the 1930s. With this technology, many simultaneous voice channels could be transmitted on a single physical circuit, for example in L-carrier. With SSB, channels could be spaced (usually) only 4,000 Hz apart, while offering a speech bandwidth of nominally 300 Hz to 3,400 Hz. Amateur radio operators began serious experimentation with SSB after World War II. The Strategic Air Command established SSB as the radio standard for its aircraft in 1957. It has become a de facto standard for long-distance voice radio transmissions since then. Mathematical formulation Frequency-domain depiction of the mathematical steps that convert a baseband function into a single-sideband radio signal Single-sideband has the mathematical form of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) in the special case where one of the baseband waveforms is derived from the other, instead of being independent messages: s ssb ( t ) = s ( t ) ⋅ cos ⁡ ( 2 π f 0 t ) − s ^ ( t ) ⋅ sin ⁡ ( 2 π f 0 t ) , {\displaystyle s_{\text{ssb}}(t)=s(t)\cdot \cos \left(2\pi f_{0}t\right)-{\widehat {s}}(t)\cdot \sin \left(2\pi f_{0}t\right),\,} (Eq.1) where s ( t ) {\displaystyle s(t)\,} is the message (real-valued), s ^ ( t ) {\displaystyle {\widehat {s}}(t)\,} is its Hilbert transform, and f 0 {\displaystyle f_{0}\,} is the radio carrier frequency. To understand this formula, we may express s ( t ) {\displaystyle s(t)} as the real part of a complex-valued function, with no loss of information: s ( t ) = Re ⁡ { s a ( t ) } = Re ⁡ { s ( t ) + j ⋅ s ^ ( t ) } , {\displaystyle s(t)=\operatorname {Re} \left\{s_{\mathrm {a} }(t)\right\}=\operatorname {Re} \left\{s(t)+j\cdot {\widehat {s}}(t)\right\},} where j {\displaystyle j} represents the imaginary unit.  s a ( t ) {\displaystyle s_{\mathrm {a} }(t)} is the analytic representation of s ( t ) , {\displaystyle s(t),}   which means that it comprises only the positive-frequency components of s ( t ) {\displaystyle s(t)} : 1 2 S a ( f ) = { S ( f ) , for   f > 0 , 0 , for   f < 0 , {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}S_{\mathrm {a} }(f)={\begin{cases}S(f),&{\text{for}}\ f>0,\\0,&{\text{for}}\ f<0,\end{cases}}} where S a ( f ) {\displaystyle S_{\mathrm {a} }(f)} and S ( f ) {\displaystyle S(f)} are the respective Fourier transforms of s a ( t ) {\displaystyle s_{\mathrm {a} }(t)} and s ( t ) . {\displaystyle s(t).}   Therefore, the frequency-translated function S a ( f − f 0 ) {\displaystyle S_{\mathrm {a} }\left(f-f_{0}\right)} contains only one side of S ( f ) . {\displaystyle S(f).}   Since it also has only positive-frequency components, its inverse Fourier transform is the analytic representation of s ssb ( t ) : {\displaystyle s_{\text{ssb}}(t):} s ssb ( t ) + j ⋅ s ^ ssb ( t ) = F − 1 { S a ( f − f 0 ) } = s a ( t ) ⋅ e j 2 π f 0 t , {\displaystyle s_{\text{ssb}}(t)+j\cdot {\widehat {s}}_{\text{ssb}}(t)={\mathcal {F}}^{-1}\{S_{\mathrm {a} }\left(f-f_{0}\right)\}=s_{\mathrm {a} }(t)\cdot e^{j2\pi f_{0}t},\,} and again the real part of this expression causes no loss of information.  With Euler's formula to expand   e j 2 π f 0 t , {\displaystyle e^{j2\pi f_{0}t},\,}   we obtain Eq.1: s ssb ( t ) = Re ⁡ { s a ( t ) ⋅ e j 2 π f 0 t } = Re ⁡ { [ s ( t ) + j ⋅ s ^ ( t ) ] ⋅ [ cos ⁡ ( 2 π f 0 t ) + j ⋅ sin ⁡ ( 2 π f 0 t ) ] } = s ( t ) ⋅ cos ⁡ ( 2 π f 0 t ) − s ^ ( t ) ⋅ sin ⁡ ( 2 π f 0 t ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}s_{\text{ssb}}(t)&=\operatorname {Re} \left\{s_{\mathrm {a} }(t)\cdot e^{j2\pi f_{0}t}\right\}\\&=\operatorname {Re} \left\{\,\left\cdot \left\,\right\}\\&=s(t)\cdot \cos \left(2\pi f_{0}t\right)-{\widehat {s}}(t)\cdot \sin \left(2\pi f_{0}t\right).\end{aligned}}} Coherent demodulation of s ssb ( t ) {\displaystyle s_{\text{ssb}}(t)} to recover s ( t ) {\displaystyle s(t)} is the same as AM: multiply by cos ⁡ ( 2 π f 0 t ) , {\displaystyle \cos \left(2\pi f_{0}t\right),}   and lowpass to remove the "double-frequency" components around frequency 2 f 0 {\displaystyle 2f_{0}} . If the demodulating carrier is not in the correct phase (cosine phase here), then the demodulated signal will be some linear combination of s ( t ) {\displaystyle s(t)} and s ^ ( t ) {\displaystyle {\widehat {s}}(t)} , which is usually acceptable in voice communications (if the demodulation carrier frequency is not quite right, the phase will be drifting cyclically, which again is usually acceptable in voice communications if the frequency error is small enough, and amateur radio operators are sometimes tolerant of even larger frequency errors that cause unnatural-sounding pitch shifting effects). Lower sideband s ( t ) {\displaystyle s(t)} can also be recovered as the real part of the complex-conjugate, s a ∗ ( t ) , {\displaystyle s_{\mathrm {a} }^{*}(t),} which represents the negative frequency portion of S ( f ) . {\displaystyle S(f).} When f 0 {\displaystyle f_{0}\,} is large enough that S ( f − f 0 ) {\displaystyle S\left(f-f_{0}\right)} has no negative frequencies, the product s a ∗ ( t ) ⋅ e j 2 π f 0 t {\displaystyle s_{\mathrm {a} }^{*}(t)\cdot e^{j2\pi f_{0}t}} is another analytic signal, whose real part is the actual lower-sideband transmission: s a ∗ ( t ) ⋅ e j 2 π f 0 t = s lsb ( t ) + j ⋅ s ^ lsb ( t ) ⇒ s lsb ( t ) = Re ⁡ { s a ∗ ( t ) ⋅ e j 2 π f 0 t } = s ( t ) ⋅ cos ⁡ ( 2 π f 0 t ) + s ^ ( t ) ⋅ sin ⁡ ( 2 π f 0 t ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}s_{\mathrm {a} }^{*}(t)\cdot e^{j2\pi f_{0}t}&=s_{\text{lsb}}(t)+j\cdot {\widehat {s}}_{\text{lsb}}(t)\\\Rightarrow s_{\text{lsb}}(t)&=\operatorname {Re} \left\{s_{\mathrm {a} }^{*}(t)\cdot e^{j2\pi f_{0}t}\right\}\\&=s(t)\cdot \cos \left(2\pi f_{0}t\right)+{\widehat {s}}(t)\cdot \sin \left(2\pi f_{0}t\right).\end{aligned}}} The sum of the two sideband signals is: s usb ( t ) + s lsb ( t ) = 2 s ( t ) ⋅ cos ⁡ ( 2 π f 0 t ) , {\displaystyle s_{\text{usb}}(t)+s_{\text{lsb}}(t)=2s(t)\cdot \cos \left(2\pi f_{0}t\right),\,} which is the classic model of suppressed-carrier double sideband AM. Practical implementations A Collins KWM-1, an early Amateur Radio transceiver that featured SSB voice capability Bandpass filtering One method of producing an SSB signal is to remove one of the sidebands via filtering, leaving only either the upper sideband (USB), the sideband with the higher frequency, or less commonly the lower sideband (LSB), the sideband with the lower frequency. Most often, the carrier is reduced or removed entirely (suppressed), being referred to in full as single sideband suppressed carrier (SSBSC). Assuming both sidebands are symmetric, which is the case for a normal AM signal, no information is lost in the process. Since the final RF amplification is now concentrated in a single sideband, the effective power output is greater than in normal AM (the carrier and redundant sideband account for well over half of the power output of an AM transmitter). Though SSB uses substantially less bandwidth and power, it cannot be demodulated by a simple envelope detector like standard AM. Hartley modulator An alternate method of generation known as a Hartley modulator, named after R. V. L. Hartley, uses phasing to suppress the unwanted sideband. To generate an SSB signal with this method, two versions of the original signal are generated, mutually 90° out of phase for any single frequency within the operating bandwidth. Each one of these signals then modulates carrier waves (of one frequency) that are also 90° out of phase with each other. By either adding or subtracting the resulting signals, a lower or upper sideband signal results. A benefit of this approach is to allow an analytical expression for SSB signals, which can be used to understand effects such as synchronous detection of SSB. Shifting the baseband signal 90° out of phase cannot be done simply by delaying it, as it contains a large range of frequencies. In analog circuits, a wideband 90-degree phase-difference network is used. The method was popular in the days of vacuum tube radios, but later gained a bad reputation due to poorly adjusted commercial implementations. Modulation using this method is again gaining popularity in the homebrew and DSP fields. This method, utilizing the Hilbert transform to phase shift the baseband audio, can be done at low cost with digital circuitry. Weaver modulator Another variation, the Weaver modulator, uses only lowpass filters and quadrature mixers, and is a favored method in digital implementations. In Weaver's method, the band of interest is first translated to be centered at zero, conceptually by modulating a complex exponential exp ⁡ ( j ω t ) {\displaystyle \exp(j\omega t)} with frequency in the middle of the voiceband, but implemented by a quadrature pair of sine and cosine modulators at that frequency (e.g. 2 kHz). This complex signal or pair of real signals is then lowpass filtered to remove the undesired sideband that is not centered at zero. Then, the single-sideband complex signal centered at zero is upconverted to a real signal, by another pair of quadrature mixers, to the desired center frequency. Full, reduced, and suppressed-carrier SSB This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Conventional amplitude-modulated signals can be considered wasteful of power and bandwidth because they contain a carrier signal and two identical sidebands. Therefore, SSB transmitters are generally designed to minimize the amplitude of the carrier signal. When the carrier is removed from the transmitted signal, it is called suppressed-carrier SSB. However, in order for a receiver to reproduce the transmitted audio without distortion, it must be tuned to exactly the same frequency as the transmitter. Since this is difficult to achieve in practice, SSB transmissions can sound unnatural, and if the error in frequency is great enough, it can cause poor intelligibility. In order to correct this, a small amount of the original carrier signal can be transmitted so that receivers with the necessary circuitry to synchronize with the transmitted carrier can correctly demodulate the audio. This mode of transmission is called reduced-carrier single-sideband. In other cases, it may be desirable to maintain some degree of compatibility with simple AM receivers, while still reducing the signal's bandwidth. This can be accomplished by transmitting single-sideband with a normal or slightly reduced carrier. This mode is called compatible (or full-carrier) SSB or amplitude modulation equivalent (AME). In typical AME systems, harmonic distortion can reach 25%, and intermodulation distortion can be much higher than normal, but minimizing distortion in receivers with envelope detectors is generally considered less important than allowing them to produce intelligible audio. A second, and perhaps more correct, definition of "compatible single sideband" (CSSB) refers to a form of amplitude and phase modulation in which the carrier is transmitted along with a series of sidebands that are predominantly above or below the carrier term. Since phase modulation is present in the generation of the signal, energy is removed from the carrier term and redistributed into the sideband structure similar to that which occurs in analog frequency modulation. The signals feeding the phase modulator and the envelope modulator are further phase-shifted by 90° with respect to each other. This places the information terms in quadrature with each other; the Hilbert transform of information to be transmitted is utilized to cause constructive addition of one sideband and cancellation of the opposite primary sideband. Since phase modulation is employed, higher-order terms are also generated. Several methods have been employed to reduce the impact (amplitude) of most of these higher-order terms. In one system, the phase-modulated term is actually the log of the value of the carrier level plus the phase-shifted audio/information term. This produces an ideal CSSB signal, where at low modulation levels only a first-order term on one side of the carrier is predominant. As the modulation level is increased, the carrier level is reduced while a second-order term increases substantially in amplitude. At the point of 100% envelope modulation, 6 dB of power is removed from the carrier term, and the second-order term is identical in amplitude to carrier term. The first-order sideband has increased in level until it is now at the same level as the formerly unmodulated carrier. At the point of 100% modulation, the spectrum appears identical to a normal double-sideband AM transmission, with the center term (now the primary audio term) at a 0 dB reference level, and both terms on either side of the primary sideband at −6 dB. The difference is that what appears to be the carrier has shifted by the audio-frequency term towards the "sideband in use". At levels below 100% modulation, the sideband structure appears quite asymmetric. When voice is conveyed by a CSSB source of this type, low-frequency components are dominant, while higher-frequency terms are lower by as much as 20 dB at 3 kHz. The result is that the signal occupies approximately 1/2 the normal bandwidth of a full-carrier, DSB signal. There is one catch: the audio term utilized to phase-modulate the carrier is generated based on a log function that is biased by the carrier level. At negative 100% modulation, the term is driven to zero (0), and the modulator becomes undefined. Strict modulation control must be employed to maintain stability of the system and avoid splatter. This system is of Russian origin and was described in the late 1950s. It is uncertain whether it was ever deployed. A second series of approaches was designed and patented by Leonard R. Kahn. The various Kahn systems removed the hard limit imposed by the use of the strict log function in the generation of the signal. Earlier Kahn systems utilized various methods to reduce the second-order term through the insertion of a predistortion component. One example of this method was also used to generate one of the Kahn independent-sideband (ISB) AM stereo signals. It was known as the STR-77 exciter method, having been introduced in 1977. Later, the system was further improved by use of an arcsine-based modulator that included a 1-0.52E term in the denominator of the arcsin generator equation. E represents the envelope term; roughly half the modulation term applied to the envelope modulator is utilized to reduce the second-order term of the arcsin "phase"-modulated path; thus reducing the second-order term in the undesired sideband. A multi-loop modulator/demodulator feedback approach was used to generate an accurate arcsin signal. This approach was introduced in 1984 and became known as the STR-84 method. It was sold by Kahn Research Laboratories; later, Kahn Communications, Inc. of NY. An additional audio processing device further improved the sideband structure by selectively applying pre-emphasis to the modulating signals. Since the envelope of all the signals described remains an exact copy of the information applied to the modulator, it can be demodulated without distortion by an envelope detector such as a simple diode. In a practical receiver, some distortion may be present, usually at a low level (in AM broadcast, always below 5%), due to sharp filtering and nonlinear group delay in the IF filters of the receiver, which act to truncate the compatibility sideband – those terms that are not the result of a linear process of simply envelope modulating the signal as would be the case in full-carrier DSB-AM – and rotation of phase of these compatibility terms such that they no longer cancel the quadrature distortion term caused by a first-order SSB term along with the carrier. The small amount of distortion caused by this effect is generally quite low and acceptable. The Kahn CSSB method was also briefly used by Airphone as the modulation method employed for early consumer telephone calls that could be placed from an aircraft to ground. This was quickly supplanted by digital modulation methods to achieve even greater spectral efficiency. While CSSB is seldom used today in the AM/MW broadcast bands worldwide, some amateur radio operators still experiment with it. Demodulation Main article: Demodulation The front end of an SSB receiver is similar to that of an AM or FM receiver, consisting of a superheterodyne RF front end that produces a frequency-shifted version of the radio frequency (RF) signal within a standard intermediate frequency (IF) band. To recover the original signal from the IF SSB signal, the single sideband must be frequency-shifted down to its original range of baseband frequencies, by using a product detector which mixes it with the output of a beat frequency oscillator (BFO). In other words, it is just another stage of heterodyning. For this to work, the BFO frequency must be exactly adjusted. If the BFO frequency is off, the output signal will be frequency-shifted (up or down), making speech sound strange and "Donald Duck"-like, or unintelligible. For audio communications, there is a common agreement about the BFO oscillator shift of 1.7 kHz. A voice signal is sensitive to about 50 Hz shift, with up to 100 Hz still bearable. Some receivers use a carrier recovery system, which attempts to automatically lock on to the exact IF frequency. The carrier recovery doesn't solve the frequency shift. It gives better S/N ratio on the detector output. As an example, consider an IF SSB signal centered at frequency F if {\displaystyle F_{\text{if}}\,} = 45000 Hz. The baseband frequency it needs to be shifted to is F b {\displaystyle F_{b}\,} = 2000 Hz. The BFO output waveform is cos ⁡ ( 2 π ⋅ F bfo ⋅ t ) {\displaystyle \cos \left(2\pi \cdot F_{\text{bfo}}\cdot t\right)} . When the signal is multiplied by (aka heterodyned with) the BFO waveform, it shifts the signal to   ( F if + F bfo ) {\displaystyle \left(F_{\text{if}}+F_{\text{bfo}}\right)} , and to  | F if − F bfo | {\displaystyle \left|F_{\text{if}}-F_{\text{bfo}}\right|} , which is known as the beat frequency or image frequency. The objective is to choose an F bfo {\displaystyle F_{\text{bfo}}} that results in   | F if − F bfo | = F b {\displaystyle \left|F_{\text{if}}-F_{\text{bfo}}\right|=F_{b}\,} = 2000 Hz. (The unwanted components at ( F if + F bfo ) {\displaystyle \left(F_{\text{if}}+F_{\text{bfo}}\right)\,} can be removed by a lowpass filter; for which an output transducer or the human ear may serve). There are two choices for F bfo {\displaystyle F_{\text{bfo}}} : 43000 Hz and 47000 Hz, called low-side and high-side injection. With high-side injection, the spectral components that were distributed around 45000 Hz will be distributed around 2000 Hz in the reverse order, also known as an inverted spectrum. That is in fact desirable when the IF spectrum is also inverted, because the BFO inversion restores the proper relationships. One reason for that is when the IF spectrum is the output of an inverting stage in the receiver. Another reason is when the SSB signal is actually a lower sideband, instead of an upper sideband. But if both reasons are true, then the IF spectrum is not inverted, and the non-inverting BFO (43000 Hz) should be used. If F bfo {\displaystyle F_{\text{bfo}}\,} is off by a small amount, then the beat frequency is not exactly F b {\displaystyle F_{b}\,} , which can lead to the speech distortion mentioned earlier. SSB as a speech-scrambling technique SSB techniques can also be adapted to frequency-shift and frequency-invert baseband waveforms (voice inversion). This voice scrambling method was made by running the audio of one side band modulated audio sample through its opposite (e.g. running an LSB modulated audio sample through a radio running USB modulation). These effects were used, in conjunction with other filtering techniques, during World War II as a simple method for speech encryption. Radiotelephone conversations between the US and Britain were intercepted and "decrypted" by the Germans; they included some early conversations between Franklin D. Roosevelt and Churchill. In fact, the signals could be understood directly by trained operators. Largely to allow secure communications between Roosevelt and Churchill, the SIGSALY system of digital encryption was devised. Today, such simple inversion-based speech encryption techniques are easily decrypted using simple techniques and are no longer regarded as secure. Vestigial sideband (VSB) VSB modulation Limitation of single-sideband modulation being used for voice signals and not available for video/TV signals leads to the usage of vestigial sideband. A vestigial sideband (in radio communication) is a sideband that has been only partly cut off or suppressed. Television broadcasts (in analog video formats) use this method if the video is transmitted in AM, due to the large bandwidth used. It may also be used in digital transmission, such as the ATSC standardized 8VSB. The broadcast or transport channel for TV in countries that use NTSC or ATSC has a bandwidth of 6 MHz. To conserve bandwidth, SSB would be desirable, but the video signal has significant low-frequency content (average brightness) and has rectangular synchronising pulses. The engineering compromise is vestigial-sideband transmission. In vestigial sideband, the full upper sideband of bandwidth W2 = 4.0 MHz is transmitted, but only W1 = 0.75 MHz of the lower sideband is transmitted, along with a carrier. The carrier frequency is 1.25 MHz above the lower edge of the 6 MHz wide channel. This effectively makes the system AM at low modulation frequencies and SSB at high modulation frequencies. The absence of the lower sideband components at high frequencies must be compensated for, and this is done in the IF amplifier. Frequencies for LSB and USB in amateur radio voice communication When single-sideband is used in amateur radio voice communications, it is common practice that for frequencies below 10 MHz, lower sideband (LSB) is used and for frequencies of 10 MHz and above, upper sideband (USB) is used. For example, on the 40 m band, voice communications often take place around 7.100 MHz using LSB mode. On the 20 m band at 14.200 MHz, USB mode would be used. An exception to this rule applies to the five discrete amateur channels on the 60-meter band (near 5.3 MHz) where FCC rules specifically require USB. Extended single sideband (eSSB) Extended single sideband is any J3E (SSB-SC) mode that exceeds the audio bandwidth of standard or traditional 2.9 kHz SSB J3E modes (ITU 2K90J3E) to support higher-quality sound. Extended SSB modes Bandwidth Frequency response ITU Designator eSSB (Narrow-1a) 3 kHz 100 Hz ~ 3.10 kHz 3K00J3E eSSB (Narrow-1b) 3 kHz 50 Hz ~ 3.05 kHz 3K00J3E eSSB (Narrow-2) 3.5 kHz 50 Hz ~ 3.55 kHz 3K50J3E eSSB (Medium-1) 4 kHz 50 Hz ~ 4.05 kHz 4K00J3E eSSB (Medium-2) 4.5 kHz 50 Hz ~ 4.55 kHz 4K50J3E eSSB (Wide-1) 5 kHz 50 Hz ~ 5.05 kHz 5K00J3E eSSB (Wide-2) 6 kHz 50 Hz ~ 6.05 kHz 6K00J3E Amplitude-companded single-sideband modulation (ACSSB) Amplitude-companded single sideband (ACSSB) is a narrowband modulation method using a single sideband with a pilot tone, allowing an expander in the receiver to restore the amplitude that was severely compressed by the transmitter. It offers improved effective range over standard SSB modulation while simultaneously retaining backwards compatibility with standard SSB radios. ACSSB also offers reduced bandwidth and improved range for a given power level compared with narrow band FM modulation. Controlled-envelope single-sideband modulation (CESSB) The generation of standard SSB modulation results in large envelope overshoots well above the average envelope level for a sinusoidal tone (even when the audio signal is peak-limited). The standard SSB envelope peaks are due to truncation of the spectrum and nonlinear phase distortion from the approximation errors of the practical implementation of the required Hilbert transform. It was recently shown that suitable overshoot compensation (so-called controlled-envelope single-sideband modulation or CESSB) achieves about 3.8 dB of peak reduction for speech transmission. This results in an effective average power increase of about 140%. Although the generation of the CESSB signal can be integrated into the SSB modulator, it is feasible to separate the generation of the CESSB signal (e.g. in form of an external speech preprocessor) from a standard SSB radio. This requires that the standard SSB radio's modulator be linear-phase and have a sufficient bandwidth to pass the CESSB signal. If a standard SSB modulator meets these requirements, then the envelope control by the CESSB process is preserved. ITU designations In 1982, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) designated the types of amplitude modulation: Designation Description A3E Double-sideband full-carrier – the basic amplitude-modulation scheme R3E Single-sideband reduced-carrier H3E Single-sideband full-carrier J3E Single-sideband suppressed-carrier B8E Independent-sideband emission C3F Vestigial-sideband Lincompex Linked compressor and expander See also ACSSB, amplitude-companded single sideband Independent sideband Modulation for other examples of modulation techniques Sideband for more general information about a sideband References ^ Michael Murray Elliott (1953). Single sideband transmission by envelope elimination and restoration (Thesis). Naval Postgraduate School. hdl:10945/24839. ^ Leonard R Kahn (July 1952). "Single-sideband transmission by envelope elimination and restoration". Proceedings of the IRE. 40 (7): 803–806. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1952.273844. S2CID 51669401. ^ US 1449382  John Carson/AT&T: "Method and Means for Signaling with High Frequency Waves" filed on December 1, 1915; granted on March 27, 1923 ^ The History of Single Sideband Modulation Archived 2004-01-03 at the Wayback Machine, Ing. Peter Weber ^ IEEE, Early History of Single-Sideband Transmission, Oswald, A.A. ^ History Of Undersea Cables, (1927) ^ "Amateur Radio and the Rise of SSB" (PDF). National Association for Amateur Radio. ^ Tretter, Steven A. (1995). "Chapter 7, Eq 7.9". In Lucky, R.W. (ed.). Communication System Design Using DSP Algorithms. New York: Springer. p. 80. ISBN 0306450321. ^ Earthlink.net, listing numerous articles. ^ "A Third Method of Generation and Detection of Single-Sideband Signals" D K Weaver Jr. Proc. IRE, Dec. 1956 ^ "BRATS – Advanced Amateur Radio Tuition Course". Brats-qth.org. Retrieved 2013-01-29. ^ "FCC Part 97 - Amateur Service rules" (PDF). www.fcc.gov. ^ "Controlled Envelope Single Sideband" (PDF). www.arrl.org. 2014-11-01. Retrieved 2017-01-15. by David L. Hershberger, W9GR, QEX, issue Nov./Dec. 2014, pp. 3–13. ^ "External Processing for Controlled Envelope Single Sideband" (PDF). www.arrl.org. 2016-01-01. Retrieved 2017-01-15. by David L. Hershberger, W9GR, QEX, issue Jan./Feb. 2016, pp. 9–12. Sources Partly from Federal Standard 1037C in support of MIL-STD-188 Further reading Sgrignoli, G., W. Bretl, R. and Citta. (1995). "VSB modulation used for terrestrial and cable broadcasts." IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics. v. 41, issue 3, p. 367 - 382. J. Brittain, (1992). "Scanning the past: Ralph V.L. Hartley", Proc. IEEE, vol.80,p. 463. eSSB - Extended Single Sideband vteAnalog television broadcasting topicsSystems 180-line 343-line 375-line 405-line (System A) 441-line 455-line 525-line (System M) 625-line (System B, System C, System D, System G, System H, System I, System K, System L, System N) 819-line (System E, System F) Color systems NTSC NTSC-J Clear-Vision PAL PAL-M PAL-S PALplus SECAM Video Back porch and front porch Black level Blanking level Chrominance Chrominance subcarrier Colorburst Color killer Color TV Composite video Frame (video) Horizontal scan rate Horizontal blanking interval Luma Nominal analogue blanking Overscan Raster scan Safe area Television lines Vertical blanking interval White clipper Sound Multichannel television sound NICAM Sound-in-Syncs Zweikanalton Modulation Frequency modulation Quadrature amplitude modulation Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB) Transmission Amplifiers Antenna (radio) Broadcast transmitter/Transmitter station Cavity amplifier Differential gain Differential phase Diplexer Dipole antenna Dummy load Frequency mixer Intercarrier method Intermediate frequency Output power of an analog TV transmitter Pre-emphasis Residual carrier Split sound system Superheterodyne transmitter Television receive-only Direct-broadcast satellite television Television transmitter Terrestrial television Transposer Digital television transition Frequencies & bands Frequency offset Microwave transmission Television channel frequencies UHF VHF Propagation Beam tilt Distortion Earth bulge Field strength in free space Noise (electronics) Null fill Path loss Radiation pattern Skew Television interference Testing Distortionmeter Field strength meter Vectorscope VIT signals Zero reference pulse Artifacts Dot crawl Ghosting Hanover bars Sparklies

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SSB_bandform.svg"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"modulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation"},{"link_name":"audio signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_signal"},{"link_name":"radio waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave"},{"link_name":"amplitude modulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_modulation"},{"link_name":"transmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter"},{"link_name":"power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power"},{"link_name":"bandwidth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)"},{"link_name":"baseband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseband"}],"text":"Illustration of the spectrum of AM and SSB signals. The lower side band (LSB) spectrum is inverted compared to the baseband. As an example, a 2 kHz audio baseband signal modulated onto a 5 MHz carrier will produce a frequency of 5.002 MHz if upper side band (USB) is used or 4.998 MHz if LSB is used.In radio communications, single-sideband modulation (SSB) or single-sideband suppressed-carrier modulation (SSB-SC) is a type of modulation used to transmit information, such as an audio signal, by radio waves. A refinement of amplitude modulation, it uses transmitter power and bandwidth more efficiently. Amplitude modulation produces an output signal the bandwidth of which is twice the maximum frequency of the original baseband signal. Single-sideband modulation avoids this bandwidth increase, and the power wasted on a carrier, at the cost of increased device complexity and more difficult tuning at the receiver.","title":"Single-sideband modulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radio frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency"},{"link_name":"carrier wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_wave"},{"link_name":"spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Radio transmitters work by mixing a radio frequency (RF) signal of a specific frequency, the carrier wave, with the audio signal to be broadcast. In AM transmitters this mixing usually takes place in the final RF amplifier (high level modulation). It is less common and much less efficient to do the mixing at low power and then amplify it in a linear amplifier. Either method produces a set of frequencies with a strong signal at the carrier frequency and with weaker signals at frequencies extending above and below the carrier frequency by the maximum frequency of the input signal. Thus the resulting signal has a spectrum whose bandwidth is twice the maximum frequency of the original input audio signal.SSB takes advantage of the fact that the entire original signal is encoded in each of these \"sidebands\". It is not necessary to transmit both sidebands plus the carrier, as a suitable receiver can extract the entire original signal from either the upper or lower sideband. There are several methods for eliminating the carrier and one sideband from the transmitted signal. Producing this single sideband signal can be done at high level in the final amplifier stage as with AM\n[1]\n[2]\nbut it is usually produced at a low power level and linearly amplified. The lower efficiency of linear amplification partially offsets the power advantage gained by eliminating the carrier and one sideband. Nevertheless, SSB transmissions use the available amplifier energy considerably more efficiently, providing longer-range transmission for the same power output. In addition, the occupied spectrum is less than half that of a full carrier AM signal.SSB reception requires frequency stability and selectivity well beyond that of inexpensive AM receivers which is why broadcasters have seldom used it. In point-to-point communications where expensive receivers are in common use already they can successfully be adjusted to receive whichever sideband is being transmitted.","title":"Basic concept"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Renshaw Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Renshaw_Carson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"longwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwave"},{"link_name":"Rocky Point, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Point,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Rugby, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_transmitting_station"},{"link_name":"Houlton, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houlton,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Cupar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"long-distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-distance_calling"},{"link_name":"telephone lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_line"},{"link_name":"frequency-division multiplexing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing"},{"link_name":"L-carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-carrier"},{"link_name":"Hz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"Amateur radio operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio_operator"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The first U.S. patent application for SSB modulation was filed on December 1, 1915, by John Renshaw Carson.[3] The U.S. Navy experimented with SSB over its radio circuits before World War I.[4][5] SSB first entered commercial service on January 7, 1927, on the longwave transatlantic public radiotelephone circuit between New York and London. The high power SSB transmitters were located at Rocky Point, New York, and Rugby, England. The receivers were in very quiet locations in Houlton, Maine, and Cupar, Scotland.[6]SSB was also used over long-distance telephone lines, as part of a technique known as frequency-division multiplexing (FDM). FDM was pioneered by telephone companies in the 1930s. With this technology, many simultaneous voice channels could be transmitted on a single physical circuit, for example in L-carrier. With SSB, channels could be spaced (usually) only 4,000 Hz apart, while offering a speech bandwidth of nominally 300 Hz to 3,400 Hz.Amateur radio operators began serious experimentation with SSB after World War II. The Strategic Air Command established SSB as the radio standard for its aircraft in 1957.[7] It has become a de facto standard for long-distance voice radio transmissions since then.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Single-sideband_derivation.svg"},{"link_name":"quadrature amplitude modulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQ_Modulation"},{"link_name":"baseband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseband"},{"link_name":"Hilbert transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_transform"},{"link_name":"carrier frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_frequency"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"imaginary unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_unit"},{"link_name":"analytic representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_representation"},{"link_name":"Euler's formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_formula"},{"link_name":"Eq.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#math_Eq.1"}],"text":"Frequency-domain depiction of the mathematical steps that convert a baseband function into a single-sideband radio signalSingle-sideband has the mathematical form of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) in the special case where one of the baseband waveforms is derived from the other, instead of being independent messages:where \n \n \n \n s\n (\n t\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle s(t)\\,}\n \n is the message (real-valued), \n \n \n \n \n \n \n s\n ^\n \n \n \n (\n t\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widehat {s}}(t)\\,}\n \n is its Hilbert transform, and \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{0}\\,}\n \n is the radio carrier frequency.[8]To understand this formula, we may express \n \n \n \n s\n (\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s(t)}\n \n as the real part of a complex-valued function, with no loss of information:s\n (\n t\n )\n =\n Re\n ⁡\n \n {\n \n \n s\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n (\n t\n )\n \n }\n \n =\n Re\n ⁡\n \n {\n \n s\n (\n t\n )\n +\n j\n ⋅\n \n \n \n s\n ^\n \n \n \n (\n t\n )\n \n }\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s(t)=\\operatorname {Re} \\left\\{s_{\\mathrm {a} }(t)\\right\\}=\\operatorname {Re} \\left\\{s(t)+j\\cdot {\\widehat {s}}(t)\\right\\},}where \n \n \n \n j\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j}\n \n represents the imaginary unit.  \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n (\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{\\mathrm {a} }(t)}\n \n is the analytic representation of \n \n \n \n s\n (\n t\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s(t),}\n \n  which means that it comprises only the positive-frequency components of \n \n \n \n s\n (\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s(t)}\n \n:1\n 2\n \n \n \n S\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n (\n f\n )\n =\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n S\n (\n f\n )\n ,\n \n \n \n for\n \n  \n f\n >\n 0\n ,\n \n \n \n \n 0\n ,\n \n \n \n for\n \n  \n f\n <\n 0\n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {1}{2}}S_{\\mathrm {a} }(f)={\\begin{cases}S(f),&{\\text{for}}\\ f>0,\\\\0,&{\\text{for}}\\ f<0,\\end{cases}}}where \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n (\n f\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S_{\\mathrm {a} }(f)}\n \n and \n \n \n \n S\n (\n f\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S(f)}\n \n are the respective Fourier transforms of \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n (\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{\\mathrm {a} }(t)}\n \n and \n \n \n \n s\n (\n t\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s(t).}\n \n  Therefore, the frequency-translated function \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n f\n −\n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S_{\\mathrm {a} }\\left(f-f_{0}\\right)}\n \n contains only one side of \n \n \n \n S\n (\n f\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S(f).}\n \n  Since it also has only positive-frequency components, its inverse Fourier transform is the analytic representation of \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n ssb\n \n \n (\n t\n )\n :\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{\\text{ssb}}(t):}s\n \n ssb\n \n \n (\n t\n )\n +\n j\n ⋅\n \n \n \n \n s\n ^\n \n \n \n \n ssb\n \n \n (\n t\n )\n =\n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n {\n \n S\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n f\n −\n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n \n )\n \n }\n =\n \n s\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n (\n t\n )\n ⋅\n \n e\n \n j\n 2\n π\n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n t\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{\\text{ssb}}(t)+j\\cdot {\\widehat {s}}_{\\text{ssb}}(t)={\\mathcal {F}}^{-1}\\{S_{\\mathrm {a} }\\left(f-f_{0}\\right)\\}=s_{\\mathrm {a} }(t)\\cdot e^{j2\\pi f_{0}t},\\,}and again the real part of this expression causes no loss of information.  With Euler's formula to expand  \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n j\n 2\n π\n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n t\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{j2\\pi f_{0}t},\\,}\n \n  we obtain Eq.1:s\n \n ssb\n \n \n (\n t\n )\n \n \n \n =\n Re\n ⁡\n \n {\n \n \n s\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n (\n t\n )\n ⋅\n \n e\n \n j\n 2\n π\n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n t\n \n \n \n }\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n Re\n ⁡\n \n {\n \n \n \n [\n \n s\n (\n t\n )\n +\n j\n ⋅\n \n \n \n s\n ^\n \n \n \n (\n t\n )\n \n ]\n \n ⋅\n \n [\n \n cos\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n 2\n π\n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n t\n \n )\n \n +\n j\n ⋅\n sin\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n 2\n π\n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n t\n \n )\n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n }\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n s\n (\n t\n )\n ⋅\n cos\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n 2\n π\n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n t\n \n )\n \n −\n \n \n \n s\n ^\n \n \n \n (\n t\n )\n ⋅\n sin\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n 2\n π\n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n t\n \n )\n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}s_{\\text{ssb}}(t)&=\\operatorname {Re} \\left\\{s_{\\mathrm {a} }(t)\\cdot e^{j2\\pi f_{0}t}\\right\\}\\\\&=\\operatorname {Re} \\left\\{\\,\\left[s(t)+j\\cdot {\\widehat {s}}(t)\\right]\\cdot \\left[\\cos \\left(2\\pi f_{0}t\\right)+j\\cdot \\sin \\left(2\\pi f_{0}t\\right)\\right]\\,\\right\\}\\\\&=s(t)\\cdot \\cos \\left(2\\pi f_{0}t\\right)-{\\widehat {s}}(t)\\cdot \\sin \\left(2\\pi f_{0}t\\right).\\end{aligned}}}Coherent demodulation of \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n ssb\n \n \n (\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{\\text{ssb}}(t)}\n \n to recover \n \n \n \n s\n (\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s(t)}\n \n is the same as AM: multiply by \n \n \n \n cos\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n 2\n π\n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n t\n \n )\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\cos \\left(2\\pi f_{0}t\\right),}\n \n  and lowpass to remove the \"double-frequency\" components around frequency \n \n \n \n 2\n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2f_{0}}\n \n. If the demodulating carrier is not in the correct phase (cosine phase here), then the demodulated signal will be some linear combination of \n \n \n \n s\n (\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s(t)}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n \n s\n ^\n \n \n \n (\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widehat {s}}(t)}\n \n, which is usually acceptable in voice communications (if the demodulation carrier frequency is not quite right, the phase will be drifting cyclically, which again is usually acceptable in voice communications if the frequency error is small enough, and amateur radio operators are sometimes tolerant of even larger frequency errors that cause unnatural-sounding pitch shifting effects).","title":"Mathematical formulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"double sideband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_sideband"}],"sub_title":"Lower sideband","text":"s\n (\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s(t)}\n \n can also be recovered as the real part of the complex-conjugate, \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n (\n t\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{\\mathrm {a} }^{*}(t),}\n \n which represents the negative frequency portion of \n \n \n \n S\n (\n f\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S(f).}\n \n When \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{0}\\,}\n \n is large enough that \n \n \n \n S\n \n (\n \n f\n −\n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S\\left(f-f_{0}\\right)}\n \n has no negative frequencies, the product \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n (\n t\n )\n ⋅\n \n e\n \n j\n 2\n π\n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{\\mathrm {a} }^{*}(t)\\cdot e^{j2\\pi f_{0}t}}\n \n is another analytic signal, whose real part is the actual lower-sideband transmission:s\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n (\n t\n )\n ⋅\n \n e\n \n j\n 2\n π\n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n t\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n s\n \n lsb\n \n \n (\n t\n )\n +\n j\n ⋅\n \n \n \n \n s\n ^\n \n \n \n \n lsb\n \n \n (\n t\n )\n \n \n \n \n ⇒\n \n s\n \n lsb\n \n \n (\n t\n )\n \n \n \n =\n Re\n ⁡\n \n {\n \n \n s\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n (\n t\n )\n ⋅\n \n e\n \n j\n 2\n π\n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n t\n \n \n \n }\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n s\n (\n t\n )\n ⋅\n cos\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n 2\n π\n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n t\n \n )\n \n +\n \n \n \n s\n ^\n \n \n \n (\n t\n )\n ⋅\n sin\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n 2\n π\n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n t\n \n )\n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}s_{\\mathrm {a} }^{*}(t)\\cdot e^{j2\\pi f_{0}t}&=s_{\\text{lsb}}(t)+j\\cdot {\\widehat {s}}_{\\text{lsb}}(t)\\\\\\Rightarrow s_{\\text{lsb}}(t)&=\\operatorname {Re} \\left\\{s_{\\mathrm {a} }^{*}(t)\\cdot e^{j2\\pi f_{0}t}\\right\\}\\\\&=s(t)\\cdot \\cos \\left(2\\pi f_{0}t\\right)+{\\widehat {s}}(t)\\cdot \\sin \\left(2\\pi f_{0}t\\right).\\end{aligned}}}The sum of the two sideband signals is:s\n \n usb\n \n \n (\n t\n )\n +\n \n s\n \n lsb\n \n \n (\n t\n )\n =\n 2\n s\n (\n t\n )\n ⋅\n cos\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n 2\n π\n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n t\n \n )\n \n ,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{\\text{usb}}(t)+s_{\\text{lsb}}(t)=2s(t)\\cdot \\cos \\left(2\\pi f_{0}t\\right),\\,}which is the classic model of suppressed-carrier double sideband AM.","title":"Mathematical formulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Collins_KWM-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Collins KWM-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_Collins#Transceivers_and_systems"}],"text":"A Collins KWM-1, an early Amateur Radio transceiver that featured SSB voice capability","title":"Practical implementations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"filtering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(signal_processing)"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_modulation"},{"link_name":"envelope detector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envelope_detector"}],"sub_title":"Bandpass filtering","text":"One method of producing an SSB signal is to remove one of the sidebands via filtering, leaving only either the upper sideband (USB), the sideband with the higher frequency, or less commonly the lower sideband (LSB), the sideband with the lower frequency. Most often, the carrier is reduced or removed entirely (suppressed), being referred to in full as single sideband suppressed carrier (SSBSC). Assuming both sidebands are symmetric, which is the case for a normal AM signal, no information is lost in the process. Since the final RF amplification is now concentrated in a single sideband, the effective power output is greater than in normal AM (the carrier and redundant sideband account for well over half of the power output of an AM transmitter). Though SSB uses substantially less bandwidth and power, it cannot be demodulated by a simple envelope detector like standard AM.","title":"Practical implementations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"R. V. L. Hartley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Hartley"},{"link_name":"phasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(waves)"},{"link_name":"out of phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_phase"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"vacuum tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube"},{"link_name":"homebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio_homebrew"},{"link_name":"DSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor"},{"link_name":"Hilbert transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_transform"}],"sub_title":"Hartley modulator","text":"An alternate method of generation known as a Hartley modulator, named after R. V. L. Hartley, uses phasing to suppress the unwanted sideband. To generate an SSB signal with this method, two versions of the original signal are generated, mutually 90° out of phase for any single frequency within the operating bandwidth. Each one of these signals then modulates carrier waves (of one frequency) that are also 90° out of phase with each other. By either adding or subtracting the resulting signals, a lower or upper sideband signal results. A benefit of this approach is to allow an analytical expression for SSB signals, which can be used to understand effects such as synchronous detection of SSB.Shifting the baseband signal 90° out of phase cannot be done simply by delaying it, as it contains a large range of frequencies. In analog circuits, a wideband 90-degree phase-difference network[9] is used. The method was popular in the days of vacuum tube radios, but later gained a bad reputation due to poorly adjusted commercial implementations. Modulation using this method is again gaining popularity in the homebrew and DSP fields. This method, utilizing the Hilbert transform to phase shift the baseband audio, can be done at low cost with digital circuitry.","title":"Practical implementations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Weaver modulator","text":"Another variation, the Weaver modulator,[10] uses only lowpass filters and quadrature mixers, and is a favored method in digital implementations.In Weaver's method, the band of interest is first translated to be centered at zero, conceptually by modulating a complex exponential \n \n \n \n exp\n ⁡\n (\n j\n ω\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp(j\\omega t)}\n \n with frequency in the middle of the voiceband, but implemented by a quadrature pair of sine and cosine modulators at that frequency (e.g. 2 kHz). This complex signal or pair of real signals is then lowpass filtered to remove the undesired sideband that is not centered at zero. Then, the single-sideband complex signal centered at zero is upconverted to a real signal, by another pair of quadrature mixers, to the desired center frequency.","title":"Practical implementations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suppressed-carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppressed_carrier"},{"link_name":"reduced-carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_carrier"},{"link_name":"Leonard R. Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_R._Kahn"},{"link_name":"Airphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airphone"}],"sub_title":"Full, reduced, and suppressed-carrier SSB","text":"Conventional amplitude-modulated signals can be considered wasteful of power and bandwidth because they contain a carrier signal and two identical sidebands. Therefore, SSB transmitters are generally designed to minimize the amplitude of the carrier signal. When the carrier is removed from the transmitted signal, it is called suppressed-carrier SSB.However, in order for a receiver to reproduce the transmitted audio without distortion, it must be tuned to exactly the same frequency as the transmitter. Since this is difficult to achieve in practice, SSB transmissions can sound unnatural, and if the error in frequency is great enough, it can cause poor intelligibility. In order to correct this, a small amount of the original carrier signal can be transmitted so that receivers with the necessary circuitry to synchronize with the transmitted carrier can correctly demodulate the audio. This mode of transmission is called reduced-carrier single-sideband.In other cases, it may be desirable to maintain some degree of compatibility with simple AM receivers, while still reducing the signal's bandwidth. This can be accomplished by transmitting single-sideband with a normal or slightly reduced carrier. This mode is called compatible (or full-carrier) SSB or amplitude modulation equivalent (AME). In typical AME systems, harmonic distortion can reach 25%, and intermodulation distortion can be much higher than normal, but minimizing distortion in receivers with envelope detectors is generally considered less important than allowing them to produce intelligible audio.A second, and perhaps more correct, definition of \"compatible single sideband\" (CSSB) refers to a form of amplitude and phase modulation in which the carrier is transmitted along with a series of sidebands that are predominantly above or below the carrier term. Since phase modulation is present in the generation of the signal, energy is removed from the carrier term and redistributed into the sideband structure similar to that which occurs in analog frequency modulation. The signals feeding the phase modulator and the envelope modulator are further phase-shifted by 90° with respect to each other. This places the information terms in quadrature with each other; the Hilbert transform of information to be transmitted is utilized to cause constructive addition of one sideband and cancellation of the opposite primary sideband. Since phase modulation is employed, higher-order terms are also generated. Several methods have been employed to reduce the impact (amplitude) of most of these higher-order terms. In one system, the phase-modulated term is actually the log of the value of the carrier level plus the phase-shifted audio/information term. This produces an ideal CSSB signal, where at low modulation levels only a first-order term on one side of the carrier is predominant. As the modulation level is increased, the carrier level is reduced while a second-order term increases substantially in amplitude. At the point of 100% envelope modulation, 6 dB of power is removed from the carrier term, and the second-order term is identical in amplitude to carrier term. The first-order sideband has increased in level until it is now at the same level as the formerly unmodulated carrier. At the point of 100% modulation, the spectrum appears identical to a normal double-sideband AM transmission, with the center term (now the primary audio term) at a 0 dB reference level, and both terms on either side of the primary sideband at −6 dB. The difference is that what appears to be the carrier has shifted by the audio-frequency term towards the \"sideband in use\". At levels below 100% modulation, the sideband structure appears quite asymmetric. When voice is conveyed by a CSSB source of this type, low-frequency components are dominant, while higher-frequency terms are lower by as much as 20 dB at 3 kHz. The result is that the signal occupies approximately 1/2 the normal bandwidth of a full-carrier, DSB signal. There is one catch: the audio term utilized to phase-modulate the carrier is generated based on a log function that is biased by the carrier level. At negative 100% modulation, the term is driven to zero (0), and the modulator becomes undefined. Strict modulation control must be employed to maintain stability of the system and avoid splatter. This system is of Russian origin and was described in the late 1950s. It is uncertain whether it was ever deployed.A second series of approaches was designed and patented by Leonard R. Kahn. The various Kahn systems removed the hard limit imposed by the use of the strict log function in the generation of the signal. Earlier Kahn systems utilized various methods to reduce the second-order term through the insertion of a predistortion component. One example of this method was also used to generate one of the Kahn independent-sideband (ISB) AM stereo signals. It was known as the STR-77 exciter method, having been introduced in 1977. Later, the system was further improved by use of an arcsine-based modulator that included a 1-0.52E term in the denominator of the arcsin generator equation. E represents the envelope term; roughly half the modulation term applied to the envelope modulator is utilized to reduce the second-order term of the arcsin \"phase\"-modulated path; thus reducing the second-order term in the undesired sideband. A multi-loop modulator/demodulator feedback approach was used to generate an accurate arcsin signal. This approach was introduced in 1984 and became known as the STR-84 method. It was sold by Kahn Research Laboratories; later, Kahn Communications, Inc. of NY. An additional audio processing device further improved the sideband structure by selectively applying pre-emphasis to the modulating signals. Since the envelope of all the signals described remains an exact copy of the information applied to the modulator, it can be demodulated without distortion by an envelope detector such as a simple diode. In a practical receiver, some distortion may be present, usually at a low level (in AM broadcast, always below 5%), due to sharp filtering and nonlinear group delay in the IF filters of the receiver, which act to truncate the compatibility sideband – those terms that are not the result of a linear process of simply envelope modulating the signal as would be the case in full-carrier DSB-AM – and rotation of phase of these compatibility terms such that they no longer cancel the quadrature distortion term caused by a first-order SSB term along with the carrier. The small amount of distortion caused by this effect is generally quite low and acceptable.The Kahn CSSB method was also briefly used by Airphone as the modulation method employed for early consumer telephone calls that could be placed from an aircraft to ground. This was quickly supplanted by digital modulation methods to achieve even greater spectral efficiency.While CSSB is seldom used today in the AM/MW broadcast bands worldwide, some amateur radio operators still experiment with it.","title":"Practical implementations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_modulation"},{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation"},{"link_name":"superheterodyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superheterodyne"},{"link_name":"RF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency"},{"link_name":"intermediate frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_frequency"},{"link_name":"baseband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseband"},{"link_name":"product detector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_detector"},{"link_name":"beat frequency oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_frequency_oscillator"},{"link_name":"Donald Duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Duck"},{"link_name":"carrier recovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_recovery"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"heterodyned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterodyne"},{"link_name":"lowpass filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowpass_filter"},{"link_name":"ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear"}],"text":"The front end of an SSB receiver is similar to that of an AM or FM receiver, consisting of a superheterodyne RF front end that produces a frequency-shifted version of the radio frequency (RF) signal within a standard intermediate frequency (IF) band.To recover the original signal from the IF SSB signal, the single sideband must be frequency-shifted down to its original range of baseband frequencies, by using a product detector which mixes it with the output of a beat frequency oscillator (BFO). In other words, it is just another stage of heterodyning. For this to work, the BFO frequency must be exactly adjusted. \nIf the BFO frequency is off, the output signal will be frequency-shifted (up or down), making speech sound strange and \"Donald Duck\"-like, or unintelligible.For audio communications, there is a common agreement about the BFO oscillator shift of 1.7 kHz. A voice signal is sensitive to about 50 Hz shift, with up to 100 Hz still bearable. Some receivers use a carrier recovery system, which attempts to automatically lock on to the exact IF frequency. The carrier recovery doesn't solve the frequency shift. It gives better S/N ratio on the detector output.[citation needed]As an example, consider an IF SSB signal centered at frequency \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n if\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{\\text{if}}\\,}\n \n = 45000 Hz. The baseband frequency it needs to be shifted to is \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n b\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{b}\\,}\n \n = 2000 Hz. The BFO output waveform is \n \n \n \n cos\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n 2\n π\n ⋅\n \n F\n \n bfo\n \n \n ⋅\n t\n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\cos \\left(2\\pi \\cdot F_{\\text{bfo}}\\cdot t\\right)}\n \n. When the signal is multiplied by (aka heterodyned with) the BFO waveform, it shifts the signal to  \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n F\n \n if\n \n \n +\n \n F\n \n bfo\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(F_{\\text{if}}+F_{\\text{bfo}}\\right)}\n \n, and to \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n F\n \n if\n \n \n −\n \n F\n \n bfo\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left|F_{\\text{if}}-F_{\\text{bfo}}\\right|}\n \n, which is known as the beat frequency or image frequency. The objective is to choose an \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n bfo\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{\\text{bfo}}}\n \n that results in  \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n F\n \n if\n \n \n −\n \n F\n \n bfo\n \n \n \n |\n \n =\n \n F\n \n b\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left|F_{\\text{if}}-F_{\\text{bfo}}\\right|=F_{b}\\,}\n \n = 2000 Hz. (The unwanted components at \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n F\n \n if\n \n \n +\n \n F\n \n bfo\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(F_{\\text{if}}+F_{\\text{bfo}}\\right)\\,}\n \n can be removed by a lowpass filter; for which an output transducer or the human ear may serve).There are two choices for \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n bfo\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{\\text{bfo}}}\n \n: 43000 Hz and 47000 Hz, called low-side and high-side injection. With high-side injection, the spectral components that were distributed around 45000 Hz will be distributed around 2000 Hz in the reverse order, also known as an inverted spectrum. That is in fact desirable when the IF spectrum is also inverted, because the BFO inversion restores the proper relationships. One reason for that is when the IF spectrum is the output of an inverting stage in the receiver. Another reason is when the SSB signal is actually a lower sideband, instead of an upper sideband. But if both reasons are true, then the IF spectrum is not inverted, and the non-inverting BFO (43000 Hz) should be used.If \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n bfo\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{\\text{bfo}}\\,}\n \n is off by a small amount, then the beat frequency is not exactly \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n b\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{b}\\,}\n \n, which can lead to the speech distortion mentioned earlier.","title":"Demodulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"waveforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveform"},{"link_name":"voice inversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_inversion"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"encryption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryption"},{"link_name":"Radiotelephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelephone"},{"link_name":"conversations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"SIGSALY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGSALY"},{"link_name":"encryption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryption"}],"text":"SSB techniques can also be adapted to frequency-shift and frequency-invert baseband waveforms (voice inversion). This voice scrambling method was made by running the audio of one side band modulated audio sample through its opposite (e.g. running an LSB modulated audio sample through a radio running USB modulation). \nThese effects were used, in conjunction with other filtering techniques, during World War II as a simple method for speech encryption. Radiotelephone conversations between the US and Britain were intercepted and \"decrypted\" by the Germans; they included some early conversations between Franklin D. Roosevelt and Churchill.[citation needed] In fact, the signals could be understood directly by trained operators. Largely to allow secure communications between Roosevelt and Churchill, the SIGSALY system of digital encryption was devised.Today, such simple inversion-based speech encryption techniques are easily decrypted using simple techniques and are no longer regarded as secure.","title":"SSB as a speech-scrambling technique"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VSB_bandform.svg"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"sideband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideband"},{"link_name":"video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video"},{"link_name":"transmitted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_modulation"},{"link_name":"bandwidth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)"},{"link_name":"ATSC standardized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSC_standard"},{"link_name":"8VSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8VSB"},{"link_name":"NTSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC"},{"link_name":"ATSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSC"},{"link_name":"IF amplifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IF_amplifier"}],"text":"VSB modulationLimitation of single-sideband modulation being used for voice signals and not available for video/TV signals leads to the usage of vestigial sideband. A vestigial sideband (in radio communication) is a sideband that has been only partly cut off or suppressed. Television broadcasts (in analog video formats) use this method if the video is transmitted in AM, due to the large bandwidth used. It may also be used in digital transmission, such as the ATSC standardized 8VSB.The broadcast or transport channel for TV in countries that use NTSC or ATSC has a bandwidth of 6 MHz. To conserve bandwidth, SSB would be desirable, but the video signal has significant low-frequency content (average brightness) and has rectangular synchronising pulses. The engineering compromise is vestigial-sideband transmission. In vestigial sideband, the full upper sideband of bandwidth W2 = 4.0 MHz is transmitted, but only W1 = 0.75 MHz of the lower sideband is transmitted, along with a carrier. The carrier frequency is 1.25 MHz above the lower edge of the 6 MHz wide channel. This effectively makes the system AM at low modulation frequencies and SSB at high modulation frequencies. The absence of the lower sideband components at high frequencies must be compensated for, and this is done in the IF amplifier.","title":"Vestigial sideband (VSB)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"When single-sideband is used in amateur radio voice communications, it is common practice that for frequencies below 10 MHz, lower sideband (LSB) is used and for frequencies of 10 MHz and above, upper sideband (USB) is used.[11] For example, on the 40 m band, voice communications often take place around 7.100 MHz using LSB mode. On the 20 m band at 14.200 MHz, USB mode would be used.An exception to this rule applies to the five discrete amateur channels on the 60-meter band (near 5.3 MHz) where FCC rules specifically require USB.[12]","title":"Frequencies for LSB and USB in amateur radio voice communication"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J3E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J3E"}],"text":"Extended single sideband is any J3E (SSB-SC) mode that exceeds the audio bandwidth of standard or traditional 2.9 kHz SSB J3E modes (ITU 2K90J3E) to support higher-quality sound.","title":"Extended single sideband (eSSB)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ACSSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACSSB"}],"text":"Amplitude-companded single sideband (ACSSB) is a narrowband modulation method using a single sideband with a pilot tone, allowing an expander in the receiver to restore the amplitude that was severely compressed by the transmitter. It offers improved effective range over standard SSB modulation while simultaneously retaining backwards compatibility with standard SSB radios. ACSSB also offers reduced bandwidth and improved range for a given power level compared with narrow band FM modulation.","title":"Amplitude-companded single-sideband modulation (ACSSB)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"controlled-envelope single-sideband modulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled-envelope_single-sideband_modulation"},{"link_name":"CESSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CESSB"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The generation of standard SSB modulation results in large envelope overshoots well above the average envelope level for a sinusoidal tone (even when the audio signal is peak-limited). The standard SSB envelope peaks are due to truncation of the spectrum and nonlinear phase distortion from the approximation errors of the practical implementation of the required Hilbert transform. It was recently shown that suitable overshoot compensation (so-called controlled-envelope single-sideband modulation or CESSB) achieves about 3.8 dB of peak reduction for speech transmission. This results in an effective average power increase of about 140%.[13]\nAlthough the generation of the CESSB signal can be integrated into the SSB modulator, it is feasible to separate the generation of the CESSB signal (e.g. in form of an external speech preprocessor) from a standard SSB radio. This requires that the standard SSB radio's modulator be linear-phase and have a sufficient bandwidth to pass the CESSB signal. If a standard SSB modulator meets these requirements, then the envelope control by the CESSB process is preserved.[14]","title":"Controlled-envelope single-sideband modulation (CESSB)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Telecommunication Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union"}],"text":"In 1982, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) designated the types of amplitude modulation:","title":"ITU designations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Standard 1037C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Standard_1037C"},{"link_name":"MIL-STD-188","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIL-STD-188"}],"text":"Partly from Federal Standard 1037C in support of MIL-STD-188","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eSSB - Extended Single Sideband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nu9n.com/essb.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics"},{"link_name":"Analog television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_television"},{"link_name":"broadcasting topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_television_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems"},{"link_name":"180-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/180-line_television_system"},{"link_name":"343-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/343-line_television_system"},{"link_name":"375-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/375-line_television_system"},{"link_name":"405-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/405-line_television_system"},{"link_name":"System A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCIR_System_A"},{"link_name":"441-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/441-line_television_system"},{"link_name":"455-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/455-line_television_system"},{"link_name":"525-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/525-line_television_system"},{"link_name":"System M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCIR_System_M"},{"link_name":"625-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/625-line_television_system"},{"link_name":"System B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCIR_System_B"},{"link_name":"System C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCIR_System_C"},{"link_name":"System D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCIR_System_D"},{"link_name":"System G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCIR_System_G"},{"link_name":"System H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCIR_System_H"},{"link_name":"System I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCIR_System_I"},{"link_name":"System K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCIR_System_K"},{"link_name":"System L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCIR_System_L"},{"link_name":"System N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCIR_System_N"},{"link_name":"819-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/819_line"},{"link_name":"System E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCIR_System_E"},{"link_name":"System F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCIR_System_E#System_F"},{"link_name":"NTSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC"},{"link_name":"NTSC-J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC-J"},{"link_name":"Clear-Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear-Vision"},{"link_name":"PAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL"},{"link_name":"PAL-M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL-M"},{"link_name":"PAL-S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL-S"},{"link_name":"PALplus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PALplus"},{"link_name":"SECAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SECAM"},{"link_name":"Back porch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_television#Structure_of_a_video_signal"},{"link_name":"front porch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_television#Structure_of_a_video_signal"},{"link_name":"Black level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_level"},{"link_name":"Blanking level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanking_level"},{"link_name":"Chrominance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrominance"},{"link_name":"Chrominance subcarrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrominance_subcarrier"},{"link_name":"Colorburst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorburst"},{"link_name":"Color killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_killer"},{"link_name":"Color TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_television"},{"link_name":"Composite video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_video"},{"link_name":"Frame (video)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_(video)"},{"link_name":"Horizontal scan rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_scan_rate"},{"link_name":"Horizontal blanking interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_blanking_interval"},{"link_name":"Luma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luma_(video)"},{"link_name":"Nominal analogue blanking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_analogue_blanking"},{"link_name":"Overscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overscan"},{"link_name":"Raster scan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_scan"},{"link_name":"Safe area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_area_(television)"},{"link_name":"Television lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_lines"},{"link_name":"Vertical blanking interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval"},{"link_name":"White clipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_clipper"},{"link_name":"Multichannel television sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multichannel_television_sound"},{"link_name":"NICAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NICAM"},{"link_name":"Sound-in-Syncs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound-in-Syncs"},{"link_name":"Zweikanalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweikanalton"},{"link_name":"Frequency modulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation"},{"link_name":"Quadrature amplitude modulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation"},{"link_name":"Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Vestigial_sideband_(VSB)"},{"link_name":"Amplifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifier#Electronic_amplifiers"},{"link_name":"Antenna (radio)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)"},{"link_name":"Broadcast transmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_transmitter"},{"link_name":"Transmitter station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter_station"},{"link_name":"Cavity amplifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonator#Electromagnetic"},{"link_name":"Differential gain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_gain"},{"link_name":"Differential phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_phase"},{"link_name":"Diplexer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplexer"},{"link_name":"Dipole antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole_antenna"},{"link_name":"Dummy load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dummy_load"},{"link_name":"Frequency mixer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_mixer"},{"link_name":"Intercarrier method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercarrier_method"},{"link_name":"Intermediate frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_frequency"},{"link_name":"Output power of an analog TV transmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Output_power_of_an_analog_TV_transmitter"},{"link_name":"Pre-emphasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-emphasis"},{"link_name":"Residual carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual_carrier"},{"link_name":"Split sound system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_sound_system"},{"link_name":"Superheterodyne transmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superheterodyne_transmitter"},{"link_name":"Television receive-only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_receive-only"},{"link_name":"Direct-broadcast satellite television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-broadcast_satellite_television"},{"link_name":"Television transmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_transmitter"},{"link_name":"Terrestrial television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_television"},{"link_name":"Transposer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposer"},{"link_name":"Digital television transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_television_transition"},{"link_name":"Frequencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency"},{"link_name":"Frequency offset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_offset"},{"link_name":"Microwave transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_transmission"},{"link_name":"Television channel frequencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_channel_frequencies"},{"link_name":"UHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency"},{"link_name":"VHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_high_frequency"},{"link_name":"Propagation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_propagation"},{"link_name":"Beam tilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_tilt"},{"link_name":"Distortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion"},{"link_name":"Earth bulge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_bulge"},{"link_name":"Field strength in free space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_strength_in_free_space"},{"link_name":"Noise (electronics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_(electronics)"},{"link_name":"Null fill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_fill"},{"link_name":"Path loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_loss"},{"link_name":"Radiation pattern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_pattern"},{"link_name":"Skew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skew_(antenna)"},{"link_name":"Television interference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_interference"},{"link_name":"Distortionmeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortionmeter"},{"link_name":"Field strength meter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_strength_meter"},{"link_name":"Vectorscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vectorscope"},{"link_name":"VIT signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIT_signals"},{"link_name":"Zero reference pulse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_reference_pulse"},{"link_name":"Dot crawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_crawl"},{"link_name":"Ghosting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosting_(television)"},{"link_name":"Hanover bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover_bars"},{"link_name":"Sparklies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparklies"}],"text":"Sgrignoli, G., W. Bretl, R. and Citta. (1995). \"VSB modulation used for terrestrial and cable broadcasts.\" IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics. v. 41, issue 3, p. 367 - 382.\nJ. Brittain, (1992). \"Scanning the past: Ralph V.L. Hartley\", Proc. IEEE, vol.80,p. 463.\neSSB - Extended Single SidebandvteAnalog television broadcasting topicsSystems\n180-line\n343-line\n375-line\n405-line (System A)\n441-line\n455-line\n525-line (System M)\n625-line (System B, System C, System D, System G, System H, System I, System K, System L, System N)\n819-line (System E, System F)\nColor systems\nNTSC\nNTSC-J\nClear-Vision\nPAL\nPAL-M\nPAL-S\nPALplus\nSECAM\nVideo\nBack porch and front porch\nBlack level\nBlanking level\nChrominance\nChrominance subcarrier\nColorburst\nColor killer\nColor TV\nComposite video\nFrame (video)\nHorizontal scan rate\nHorizontal blanking interval\nLuma\nNominal analogue blanking\nOverscan\nRaster scan\nSafe area\nTelevision lines\nVertical blanking interval\nWhite clipper\nSound\nMultichannel television sound\nNICAM\nSound-in-Syncs\nZweikanalton\nModulation\nFrequency modulation\nQuadrature amplitude modulation\nVestigial sideband modulation (VSB)\nTransmission\nAmplifiers\nAntenna (radio)\nBroadcast transmitter/Transmitter station\nCavity amplifier\nDifferential gain\nDifferential phase\nDiplexer\nDipole antenna\nDummy load\nFrequency mixer\nIntercarrier method\nIntermediate frequency\nOutput power of an analog TV transmitter\nPre-emphasis\nResidual carrier\nSplit sound system\nSuperheterodyne transmitter\nTelevision receive-only\nDirect-broadcast satellite television\nTelevision transmitter\nTerrestrial television\nTransposer\nDigital television transition\nFrequencies & bands\nFrequency offset\nMicrowave transmission\nTelevision channel frequencies\nUHF\nVHF\nPropagation\nBeam tilt\nDistortion\nEarth bulge\nField strength in free space\nNoise (electronics)\nNull fill\nPath loss\nRadiation pattern\nSkew\nTelevision interference\nTesting\nDistortionmeter\nField strength meter\nVectorscope\nVIT signals\nZero reference pulse\nArtifacts\nDot crawl\nGhosting\nHanover bars\nSparklies","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Illustration of the spectrum of AM and SSB signals. The lower side band (LSB) spectrum is inverted compared to the baseband. As an example, a 2 kHz audio baseband signal modulated onto a 5 MHz carrier will produce a frequency of 5.002 MHz if upper side band (USB) is used or 4.998 MHz if LSB is used.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/SSB_bandform.svg/220px-SSB_bandform.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Frequency-domain depiction of the mathematical steps that convert a baseband function into a single-sideband radio signal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Single-sideband_derivation.svg/450px-Single-sideband_derivation.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A Collins KWM-1, an early Amateur Radio transceiver that featured SSB voice capability","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Collins_KWM-1.jpg/220px-Collins_KWM-1.jpg"},{"image_text":"VSB modulation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/VSB_bandform.svg/220px-VSB_bandform.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"ACSSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACSSB"},{"title":"Independent sideband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_sideband"},{"title":"Modulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation"},{"title":"Sideband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideband"}]

[{"reference":"Michael Murray Elliott (1953). Single sideband transmission by envelope elimination and restoration (Thesis). Naval Postgraduate School. hdl:10945/24839.","urls":[{"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10945/24839","url_text":"Single sideband transmission by envelope elimination and restoration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10945%2F24839","url_text":"10945/24839"}]},{"reference":"Leonard R Kahn (July 1952). \"Single-sideband transmission by envelope elimination and restoration\". Proceedings of the IRE. 40 (7): 803–806. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1952.273844. S2CID 51669401.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4051049","url_text":"\"Single-sideband transmission by envelope elimination and restoration\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJRPROC.1952.273844","url_text":"10.1109/JRPROC.1952.273844"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51669401","url_text":"51669401"}]},{"reference":"\"Amateur Radio and the Rise of SSB\" (PDF). National Association for Amateur Radio.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arrl.org/files/file/Technology/pdf/McElroy.pdf","url_text":"\"Amateur Radio and the Rise of SSB\""}]},{"reference":"Tretter, Steven A. (1995). \"Chapter 7, Eq 7.9\". In Lucky, R.W. (ed.). Communication System Design Using DSP Algorithms. New York: Springer. p. 80. ISBN 0306450321.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0306450321","url_text":"0306450321"}]},{"reference":"\"BRATS – Advanced Amateur Radio Tuition Course\". Brats-qth.org. Retrieved 2013-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brats-qth.org/training/advanced/operate5.htm","url_text":"\"BRATS – Advanced Amateur Radio Tuition Course\""}]},{"reference":"\"FCC Part 97 - Amateur Service rules\" (PDF). www.fcc.gov.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arrl.org/files/file/FCC%20Documents/47%20CFR%20Part%2097%20-%20September%2023%202014.pdf","url_text":"\"FCC Part 97 - Amateur Service rules\""}]},{"reference":"\"Controlled Envelope Single Sideband\" (PDF). www.arrl.org. 2014-11-01. Retrieved 2017-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arrl.org/files/file/QEX_Next_Issue/2014/Nov-Dec_2014/Hershberger_QEX_11_14.pdf","url_text":"\"Controlled Envelope Single Sideband\""}]},{"reference":"\"External Processing for Controlled Envelope Single Sideband\" (PDF). www.arrl.org. 2016-01-01. Retrieved 2017-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arrl.org/files/file/QEX_Next_Issue/2016/January_February_2016/Hershberger_QEX_1_16.pdf","url_text":"\"External Processing for Controlled Envelope Single Sideband\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Housing_Management

National Center for Housing Management

["1 References","2 External links"]

The National Center for Housing Management, Inc. (NCHM) was created by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), George W. Romney, pursuant to an Executive Order of President Richard Nixon in 1972. The President took the action on the recommendation of a blue-ribbon task force of national housing leaders chaired by Carter L. Burgess, the then Chairman of the National Corporation of Housing Partnerships (Executive Order No. 11668). The task force was made up of 13 members chosen by the President. The task force recognized that the country was in the process of greatly expanding its inventory of affordable housing but lacked the cadre of professional managers needed to successfully operate that inventory. President Nixon tasked NCHM with the mission of establishing industry standards for management and developing the training and other resources necessary to help achieve those standards. NCHM was established as a private, 501(c)(3) non-profit organization – not a federal agency – so that it would be free from political influence and able to establish meaningful and objective industry standards. NCHM's first president was Samuel J. Simmons. He served from 1972 to 1981. Simmons was previously Assistant Secretary for Equal Opportunity of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and Director of Field Operations for the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. After leaving NCHM he became the President and Chief Executive Officer of the National Caucus and Center on Black Aged, Inc. NCHM's current president, Paul R. Votto, was appointed to the position in February 2018. NCHM carries out its mission in three primary ways: professional training, certification, and direct technical assistance to both public and private housing organizations. Certifications offered by NCHM include: Certified Occupancy Specialist, Tax Credit Specialist, Blended Occupancy Specialist, Certified Manager of Housing, Certified Manager of Senior Housing, Certified Manager of Maintenance, Certified Financial Specialist, Registered Housing Manager, Fair Housing Specialist, HOME Compliance Specialist, Management and Occupancy Review Specialist, Enterprise Income Verification Specialist and Rural Housing Specialist. On March 19, 2019, NCHM launched the Veterans for Housing Initiative. The Initiative's mission is to recruit and train veterans of the US armed services for careers in housing management, with an emphasis on affordable housing. NCHM has pledged $1,000,000 in training and certification scholarships for veterans not currently employed in the housing industry. NCHM also is a financial contributor to the "Save the Soldiers Home" project on the grounds of the Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The overall project will eventually renovate and restore six historic buildings, some dating back to the 1860s. The restoration of the main building was completed in 2021 and resulted in the creation of 101 supportive housing units for veterans and their families who are either homeless or at risk of being homeless. The Milwaukee Soldiers Home is one of the three original Soldiers' Homes in the U.S. and was the result of one of the last pieces of legislation signed in 1865 by President Abraham Lincoln. References ^ "FG 347 (National Center for Housing Management) (White House Central Files: Subject Files) | Richard Nixon Museum and Library". www.nixonlibrary.gov. ^ "Congressional Record" (PDF). ^ GmbH, finanzen net. "Veterans for Housing Initiative Launched by National Center for Housing Management". markets.businessinsider.com. ^ "Veterans for Housing Initiative". Veterans for Housing Initiative. ^ "HOME". soldiershome. ^ Milwaukee, Urban. "NCHM Donates $100,000 to Save the Soldiers Home Project". Urban Milwaukee. External links Official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_gas

Associated petroleum gas

["1 Composition","2 Uses","3 Flaring","4 See also","5 References"]

Form of natural gas Associated petroleum gas (APG), or associated gas, is a form of natural gas which is found with deposits of petroleum, either dissolved in the oil or as a free "gas cap" above the oil in the reservoir. The gas can be utilized in a number of ways after processing: sold and included in the natural-gas distribution networks, used for on-site electricity generation with engines or turbines, reinjected for secondary recovery and used in enhanced oil recovery, converted from gas to liquids producing synthetic fuels, or used as feedstock for the petrochemical industry, but much of it worldwide is flared. Composition See also: Natural-gas processing APG is primarily a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules that are classified as alkanes. The following table lists typical percentages of the major alkanes in APG, and includes the typical levels of nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Water (wet gas) and hydrogen sulfide (sour gas) contaminate APG at more varied levels. Helium is present in significant amounts in some cases, and is a relatively valuable by-product. APG is processed to separate out most other components before the methane-rich gas is sold into natural-gas distribution networks. Component Chemical formula Volume fraction (%) Weight fraction (%) Methane CH4 81 60 Ethane C2H6 5.5 7.7 Propane C3H8 6.6 13.5 Butane C4H10 4.0 10.8 Pentane C5H12 1.4 4.8 Nitrogen N2 1.0 1.3 Carbon dioxide CO2 0.17 0.33 Uses Main article: Natural gas § Uses Like crude oil, APG is both a primary energy resource and a primary commodity that enables much of the modern world economy. Statistics from the International Energy Agency show that the natural-gas supplies steadily increased during 1990-2017 to meet the demands of expanding global population and consumerism. APG is nevertheless a finite fossil fuel, and the crossing of planetary boundaries could impose earlier limits on its value and usefulness. Following extraction, petroleum companies prefer to transport both crude oil and APG to their respective refiners for processing and distribution to consumers. Most modern wells are planned to include gas pipeline transport, but some oil wells are drilled only to get the more lucrative oil, in which case the options are to locally use, process, or dispose of the APG. A traditional local use is to re-inject the gas for storage, and to re-pressurize the well to extend the oil production lifetime. On-site processing with various mobile systems also exist for producing natural gas liquids (NGL), compressed natural gas (CNG), liquified natural gas (LNG), and gas to liquids (GTL) fuels that can be transported by truck or ship. Electricity generation from on-site microturbines and engines is also compatible with minimally processed APG.: 50–54  Flaring Main article: Routine flaring Historically APG was, and still may be, a waste product from the petroleum extraction industry. It may be a stranded gas reserve due to the remote location of the oil field, either at sea or on land. The gas is then simply vented or, preferably, burnt off in gas flares. When this occurs it is referred to as flare gas. APG flaring is controversial since it is a pollutant, a source of global warming and a waste of a finite fuel source. APG is flared in many countries where there are significant power shortages. In the United Kingdom, gas may not be flared without written consent from the UK government to prevent unnecessary waste and protect the environment. Russia is the world leader and contributed 30 percent of total global APG flared in 2009. The World Bank estimates that over 150 billion cubic metres of natural gas are flared or vented annually. Flared natural gas is worth approximately 30.6 billion dollars and equivalent to 25 percent of the United States' yearly gas consumption or 30 percent of the European Union's annual gas consumption. See also Coalbed methane — Methane associated with coal deposits Landfill gas — Methane associated with municipal landfills References ^ Røland, Tonje Hulbak (2010). Associated Petroleum Gas in Russia: Reasons for Non-utilization (PDF). FNI Report 13/2010 (Report). Lysaker: Fridtjof Nansen Institute. p. 53. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2018-10-26. ^ "Glossary of terms used in Petroleum Reserves/Resources Definitions" (PDF). The Society of Petroleum Engineers. 2005. Retrieved 24 December 2013. ^ "Associated Petroleum Gas in Gas Engines". Clarke Energy. Retrieved 25 November 2011. ^ (Roland 2010 cites Knizhnikov, A. and N Poussenkova (2009) ‘Russian Associated Gas Utilization: Problems and Prospects’, Annual Project Report Environment and Energy: International Context Issue 1. Moscow: World Wildlife Fund and Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences ^ Попутный нефтяной газ: основные способы переработки – утилизации ПНГ (in Russian). New Generation. 2013-05-05. ^ "Global Data and Statistics". International Energy Agency. Retrieved 10 January 2020. ^ Linnenluecke, Martina K.; Birt, Jac; Lyon John; Sidhu, Baljit K. (2015), "Planetary boundaries: implications for asset impairment", Accounting & Finance, 55 (4): 911–929, doi:10.1111/acfi.12173 ^ "Natural Gas Flaring and Venting: State and Federal Regulatory Overview, Trends, and Impacts" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. 2019-06-01. Retrieved 2019-12-29. ^ "Flare gas - Oilfield Glossary". Schlumberger Limited. Archived from the original on 6 January 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ "Gas flaring in Nigeria" (PDF) (Press release). London. Friends of the Earth. October 2004. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ Walker, Andrew (13 January 2009). "Nigeria's gas profits go up in smoke". Nigeria. BBC News. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ "Atmospheric Emission - Flaring". Oil & Gas UK. Retrieved 24 December 2013. ^ "Flaring Up - Companies Pay High Costs to be Green". Oil&Gas Eurasia. 26 April 2009. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ "World Bank, GGFR Partners Unlock Value of Wasted Gas". World Bank Group. 14 December 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2010. vteFuel gasTypesManufactured fuel gas(History) Coal gas Coal gasification Underground coal gasification Biogas Blast furnace gas Blau gas Gasification Landfill gas Mond gas Pintsch gas Producer gas Regasification Syngas Water gas Wood gas Natural gas APG CBM CNG HCNG LNG NGC SNG Bio-SNG LPG Autogas Butane Propane Other Hydrogen Infrastructure Compressor station Gas carrier Gas holder Gas meter Gasworks Natural-gas processing Natural gas storage Odorizer Pipeline transport Uses Bunsen burner Gas burner Gas cylinder Gas engine Gas heater Gas lighting Gas mantle Gas stove Gas turbine Pilot light

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas"},{"link_name":"petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_engine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbine"},{"link_name":"secondary recovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_recovery"},{"link_name":"enhanced oil recovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recovery"},{"link_name":"gas to liquids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_to_liquids"},{"link_name":"synthetic fuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_fuels"},{"link_name":"petrochemical industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemical_industry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"flared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flared"}],"text":"Associated petroleum gas (APG), or associated gas, is a form of natural gas which is found with deposits of petroleum, either dissolved in the oil or as a free \"gas cap\" above the oil in the reservoir.[1][2] The gas can be utilized in a number of ways after processing: sold and included in the natural-gas distribution networks, used for on-site electricity generation with engines[3] or turbines, reinjected for secondary recovery and used in enhanced oil recovery, converted from gas to liquids producing synthetic fuels, or used as feedstock for the petrochemical industry,[4] but much of it worldwide is flared.","title":"Associated petroleum gas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Natural-gas processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-gas_processing"},{"link_name":"hydrocarbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon"},{"link_name":"alkanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkanes"},{"link_name":"wet gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_gas"},{"link_name":"hydrogen sulfide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide"},{"link_name":"sour gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sour_gas"},{"link_name":"Helium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium"}],"text":"See also: Natural-gas processingAPG is primarily a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules that are classified as alkanes. The following table lists typical percentages of the major alkanes in APG, and includes the typical levels of nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Water (wet gas) and hydrogen sulfide (sour gas) contaminate APG at more varied levels. Helium is present in significant amounts in some cases, and is a relatively valuable by-product. APG is processed to separate out most other components before the methane-rich gas is sold into natural-gas distribution networks.","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primary energy resource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_energy_resource"},{"link_name":"primary commodity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_commodity"},{"link_name":"world economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_economy"},{"link_name":"International Energy Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Energy_Agency"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_growth"},{"link_name":"consumerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"fossil fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel"},{"link_name":"planetary boundaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_boundaries"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"pipeline transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_transport"},{"link_name":"natural gas liquids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_liquids"},{"link_name":"compressed natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas"},{"link_name":"liquified natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquified_natural_gas"},{"link_name":"gas to liquids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_to_liquids"},{"link_name":"microturbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microturbine"},{"link_name":"engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine-generator"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Like crude oil, APG is both a primary energy resource and a primary commodity that enables much of the modern world economy. Statistics from the International Energy Agency show that the natural-gas supplies steadily increased during 1990-2017 to meet the demands of expanding global population and consumerism.[6] APG is nevertheless a finite fossil fuel, and the crossing of planetary boundaries could impose earlier limits on its value and usefulness.[7]Following extraction, petroleum companies prefer to transport both crude oil and APG to their respective refiners for processing and distribution to consumers. Most modern wells are planned to include gas pipeline transport, but some oil wells are drilled only to get the more lucrative oil, in which case the options are to locally use, process, or dispose of the APG. A traditional local use is to re-inject the gas for storage, and to re-pressurize the well to extend the oil production lifetime. On-site processing with various mobile systems also exist for producing natural gas liquids (NGL), compressed natural gas (CNG), liquified natural gas (LNG), and gas to liquids (GTL) fuels that can be transported by truck or ship. Electricity generation from on-site microturbines and engines is also compatible with minimally processed APG.[8]: 50–54","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stranded gas reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranded_gas_reserve"},{"link_name":"vented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_venting"},{"link_name":"gas flares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_flare"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Historically APG was, and still may be, a waste product from the petroleum extraction industry. It may be a stranded gas reserve due to the remote location of the oil field, either at sea or on land. The gas is then simply vented or, preferably, burnt off in gas flares. When this occurs it is referred to as flare gas.[9]APG flaring is controversial since it is a pollutant, a source of global warming[10] and a waste of a finite fuel source. APG is flared in many countries where there are significant power shortages.[11] In the United Kingdom, gas may not be flared without written consent from the UK government to prevent unnecessary waste and protect the environment.[12] Russia is the world leader and contributed 30 percent of total global APG flared in 2009.[13]The World Bank estimates that over 150 billion cubic metres of natural gas are flared or vented annually. Flared natural gas is worth approximately 30.6 billion dollars and equivalent to 25 percent of the United States' yearly gas consumption or 30 percent of the European Union's annual gas consumption.[14]","title":"Flaring"}]

[]

[{"title":"Coalbed methane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalbed_methane"},{"title":"Landfill gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill_gas"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._E._Halbert

J. E. Halbert

["1 Notes"]

American politician J. E. Halbert (December 2, 1850 – August 28, 1892) was an American physician and politician. Born in Greene County, Alabama, Halbert moved with his family to Scott County, Mississippi, with his family. He went to the public schools and received his medical degree from Jefferson Medical School. He then practiced medicine in Forest, Mississippi, and in Leota, Mississippi. Halbert served as president of the Mississippi State Medical Association in 1889 and 1890. He also lived in Mound Landing, Mississippi. Halbert served in the Mississippi House of Representatives in 1888 and 1889. He died in New Orleans, Louisiana from congestion of the brain. Notes ^ 'J. E, Halbert,' History of the Mississippi State Medical Association, Howard Ewing Fox-editor, Mississippi State Medical Society, 1910, Biographical Sketch of J. E. Halbert, pg. 58 ^ 'Memphis Medical Monthly,' volume 12, F. L. Sims-editor, S. C. Toof, Memphis, Tennessee: 1892, Death of J. E. Halbert, pg. 520 This article about a Mississippi politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greene County, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greene_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Scott County, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_County,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"Forest, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Leota, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leota,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Mound Landing, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound_Landing,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Mississippi House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"New Orleans, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"J. E. Halbert (December 2, 1850 – August 28, 1892) was an American physician and politician.Born in Greene County, Alabama, Halbert moved with his family to Scott County, Mississippi, with his family. He went to the public schools and received his medical degree from Jefferson Medical School. He then practiced medicine in Forest, Mississippi, and in Leota, Mississippi. Halbert served as president of the Mississippi State Medical Association in 1889 and 1890. He also lived in Mound Landing, Mississippi. Halbert served in the Mississippi House of Representatives in 1888 and 1889. He died in New Orleans, Louisiana from congestion of the brain.[1][2]","title":"J. E. Halbert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mississippi.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._E._Halbert&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mississippi-politician-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mississippi-politician-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mississippi-politician-stub"}],"text":"^ 'J. E, Halbert,' History of the Mississippi State Medical Association, Howard Ewing Fox-editor, Mississippi State Medical Society, 1910, Biographical Sketch of J. E. Halbert, pg. 58\n\n^ 'Memphis Medical Monthly,' volume 12, F. L. Sims-editor, S. C. Toof, Memphis, Tennessee: 1892, Death of J. E. Halbert, pg. 520This article about a Mississippi politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Kuznetsov_(spy)

Nikolai Kuznetsov (spy)

["1 Biography","2 Legacy","2.1 Films about Kuznetsov","3 Kuznetsov's targets","3.1 Unsuccessful attempts","4 References","5 External links"]

Soviet partizan Not to be confused with Nikolai Kuznetsov (admiral). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Nikolai Kuznetsov" spy – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Nikolai KuznetsovBirth nameNikanor Ivanovich KuznetsovBorn(1911-07-27)27 July 1911Zyryanka village, Yekaterinburgsky Uyezd,Perm Governorate, Russian EmpireDied9 March 1944(1944-03-09) (aged 32)Near Brody, Reichskommissariat UkraineAllegiance Soviet UnionService/branchNKVDYears of service1938–1944RankSenior LieutenantAwardsHero of the Soviet Union Nikolai Ivanovich Kuznetsov (Russian: Николай Иванович Кузнецов; 27 July 1911 – 9 March 1944) was a Soviet intelligence agent and partisan who operated in Nazi-occupied Ukraine (Reichskommissariat Ukraine) during World War II and who personally killed six high-ranking German officials. His file is still not fully disclosed and will be held until 2025 in the FSB archives. It was not until 1990 that Kuznetsov was officially recognized as a NKVD agent. He used several pseudonyms during his intelligence operations: e.g. Rudolf Schmidt, Nikolai Vasilevitsh Grachev (Николай Васильевич Грачёв) and Oberleutnant Paul Siebert. Kuznetsov was posthumously awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. Biography Kuznetsov was born into a peasant family of Russian ethnicity in the Yekaterinburgsky Uyezd of the Perm Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia). He studied forestry in a technical school and, after discovering his linguistic talents, learned the German, Esperanto, Polish, Ukrainian and Mordvinic languages (particularly Erzya language). In 1926, at age 15, Kuznetsov enrolled at Tyumen Agricultural College but did not finish and was forced to return home because of the death of his father. During that time Kuznetsov joined the ranks of the Komsomol. At home he enrolled in the local forestry college but in 1929 Kuznetsov was accused of having counter-revolutionary origins and excluded from Komsomol and the college. After moving in 1930 to Kudymkar (Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug) Kuznetsov was recruited by the local department of the OGPU. In 1932 he enrolled into Sverdlovsk Industrial Institute and continued to study German and other foreign languages. In 1938 Kuznetsov moved to Moscow and joined the NKVD, his tasks included posing as a Volga German and collecting intelligence about German diplomats in Moscow. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union Kuznetsov, at his own request, was sent to join Soviet partisan units in the Nazi-occupied Ukraine. In 1942, the same year he became a member of the Communist Party, he fought as a member of the guerrilla group "Victors", led by Dmitry Medvedev, in central and western Ukraine. Kuznetsov was in charge of several complex operations involving assassinations and kidnappings of high-ranking Nazi officials in the Rivne and Lviv regions, such as successful operations against the German-appointed chief judge of Ukraine, the vice-governor of Galicia, the adviser to the Reichskommissar of Ukraine, three German generals and others. Kuznetsov was also the first intelligence agent to uncover German plans to launch a massive tank attack in the Kursk region, and information about German V-2 rockets, as well as about Operation Long Jump, Hitler's alleged plan to assassinate the heads of the USSR, USA and Great Britain during the Tehran Conference. Kuznetsov was operating in Rivne (the capital of Reichskommissariat Ukraine) using the fake German identity of Oberleutnant Paul Siebert. It was Kuznetsov who obtained information about the location of Hitler's "Werwolf" headquarters, near the city of Vinnitsya. According to a report submitted by Josef Witiska to Heinrich Müller (and cited by D. Medvedev in his memoir about Kuznetsov), "Paul Siebert" and his accomplices were detained and shot by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, which then informed SS-Obergruppenführer Hans-Adolf Prützmann about the incident. According to official Soviet version, Kuznetsov was killed in a firefight with members of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army near the city of Brody on 9 March 1944. In another version by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, Kuznetsov and his associates were detained in the village of Boratyn near Brody, dressed as German soldiers. To avoid being discovered, Kuznetsov blew himself up with a grenade. Kuznetsov is currently buried in Lviv, Ukraine. Since 2003, several unsuccessful attempts have been made to rebury him in Russia. A 2007 attempt was stopped by the Russian Foreign Ministry, which claimed that "such a move would open a kind of Pandora’s box and give Ukrainian nationalists a reason to launch a campaign to transfer other graves of Soviet soldiers buried in Ukraine." A 2018 attempt was prevented by the Lviv authorities, who claimed that such a reburial could not be considered while Ukrainian prisoners were being held captive in Russia during an ongoing Russian military intervention in Ukraine. Legacy Soviet 1966 postage stamp honoring Kuznetsov Nikolai Ivanovich Kuznetsov has been posthumously awarded the honorary title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Minor planet 2233 Kuznetsov, discovered in 1972 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Zhuravlyova, is named after him. Kuznetsovsk, a city in Volhynia, was named after the Soviet agent (renamed in 2016 to Varash conforming to a law prohibiting names of Communist origin). Films about Kuznetsov Strong with Spirit («Сильные духом») Special Operations Squad («Отряд специального назначения») Genius of the intelligence («Гений разведки») Saboteurs (2012) («Диверсанты (2012)») Kuznetsov's story was allegedly an inspiration for the Polish TV series More than Life at Stake and the Russian TV series Seventeen Moments of Spring, both of which narrated the exploits of agents who successfully infiltrated Nazi armed forces during World War II. Kuznetsov's targets Kuznetzov's main target, Nazi Party official Erich Koch, survived World War II and outlived his Soviet "nemesis", dying of old age in a Polish prison in 1986 at the age of 90. On 20 September 1943: the head of the financial department of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine, Ministerialrat (councilor of the ministry) Hans Gehl, and the Inspector General of Commissariat of the Rovno region, Adolf Winter, shot in the street in Rivne. On 15 November 1943: the chief of the Eastern Troops 740, Major General Max Iigen, abducted from his quarters in Rivne under the supervision and with the direct involvement of Kuznetsov. Along with Ilgen, Kuznetsov and his accomplices captured Paul Granau, driver of Gauleiter Erich Koch, who was an accidental witness. Both were executed shortly after interrogation. On 16 November 1943: Senate president Oberfuhrer Alfred Funk, shot at the courthouse in Rovno. On 9 February 1944: Deputy Governor of Galicia District, Otto Bauer, and his secretary Heinrich Schneider, shot outside their quarters in Lviv. According to the Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance Kuznetzov "carried out provocations against the Ukrainian liberation movement, as a result of which the Nazi invaders executed hostages". Colonel Dmitry Medvedev, who oversaw Kuznetsov's activities, repeatedly attributes him discovery of a planned Nazi operation against the Tehran Conference of Allied leaders. However, this version is not accepted by historians due to apparent controversy. He also mentions occasional killing of other middle-ranked Nazi officers by Kuznetsov, of which the last victim, major Kanter of Feldgendarmerie, shot at the checkpoint while Kuznetsov was trying to escape from Lviv, is mentioned in the SS report about Kuznetsov's death. Unsuccessful attempts 20 April 1943 – Erich Koch Summer 1943 – Erich Koch 5 June 1943 – Alfred Rosenberg 30 September 1943 – Paul Dargel References ^ Georgiy Zotov. (Разведчик Кузнецов собирался убить Гитлера?) Arguments and Facts. 27 July 2011 ^ "Герой Советского Союза Кузнецов Николай Иванович :: Герои страны (Hero of the Soviet Union Nikolai Ivanovich Kuznetsov)". warheroes.ru. ^ "Московские подвиги «Колониста»". Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2017. ^ a b Shpak, V. Legends of Nikolai Kuznetsov. Uryadovy Kuryer. 30 July 2011. ^ a b c d e (in Russian) Lviv will not hand over to Russia the dust of a Soviet intelligence until they release Ukrainian prisoners of war, BBC Russian (7 February 2020) ^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (5th ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. p. 181. ISBN 3-540-00238-3. ^ "Рада перейменувала Дніпродзержинськ на Кам'янське" (in Ukrainian). Українські Національні Новини. 19 May 2016. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) External links Unknown Nikolai Kuznetsov Scout's feat Forum discussions Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Poland

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nikolai Kuznetsov (admiral)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Kuznetsov_(admiral)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"intelligence agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_agent"},{"link_name":"partisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_partisans"},{"link_name":"Nazi-occupied Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi-occupied_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Reichskommissariat Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"FSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSB_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"NKVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD"},{"link_name":"pseudonyms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"Oberleutnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberleutnant"},{"link_name":"Hero of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Nikolai Kuznetsov (admiral).Nikolai Ivanovich Kuznetsov (Russian: Николай Иванович Кузнецов; 27 July 1911 – 9 March 1944) was a Soviet intelligence agent and partisan who operated in Nazi-occupied Ukraine (Reichskommissariat Ukraine) during World War II and who personally killed six high-ranking German officials. His file is still not fully disclosed and will be held until 2025 in the FSB archives. It was not until 1990 that Kuznetsov was officially recognized as a NKVD agent. He used several pseudonyms during his intelligence operations: e.g. Rudolf Schmidt, Nikolai Vasilevitsh Grachev (Николай Васильевич Грачёв) and Oberleutnant Paul Siebert. Kuznetsov was posthumously awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.","title":"Nikolai Kuznetsov (spy)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Yekaterinburgsky Uyezd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterinburgsky_Uyezd"},{"link_name":"Perm Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sverdlovsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverdlovsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Esperanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Mordvinic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordvinic_languages"},{"link_name":"Erzya language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzya_language"},{"link_name":"Komsomol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komsomol"},{"link_name":"Kudymkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudymkar"},{"link_name":"Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi-Permyak_Okrug"},{"link_name":"OGPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGPU"},{"link_name":"NKVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD"},{"link_name":"Volga German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Germans"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Germany invaded the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"Soviet partisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_partisan"},{"link_name":"Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Medvedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Nikolaevich_Medvedev"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"Rivne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivne_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)"},{"link_name":"Reichskommissar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissar"},{"link_name":"tank attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk"},{"link_name":"Kursk region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"V-2 rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket"},{"link_name":"Operation Long Jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Long_Jump"},{"link_name":"Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Tehran Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Conference"},{"link_name":"Rivne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivne"},{"link_name":"Reichskommissariat Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Werwolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werwolf_(Wehrmacht_HQ)"},{"link_name":"Vinnitsya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnitsya"},{"link_name":"Josef Witiska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Witiska&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Insurgent Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army"},{"link_name":"Hans-Adolf Prützmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Adolf_Pr%C3%BCtzmann"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Insurgent Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army"},{"link_name":"Brody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brody"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legends-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legends-4"},{"link_name":"Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7221526Kuznetzov-5"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7221526Kuznetzov-5"},{"link_name":"Russian Foreign Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Foreign_Ministry"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian nationalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalists"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7221526Kuznetzov-5"},{"link_name":"Russian military intervention in Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine_(2014%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7221526Kuznetzov-5"}],"text":"Kuznetsov was born into a peasant family of Russian ethnicity[2] in the Yekaterinburgsky Uyezd of the Perm Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia). He studied forestry in a technical school and, after discovering his linguistic talents, learned the German, Esperanto, Polish, Ukrainian and Mordvinic languages (particularly Erzya language). In 1926, at age 15, Kuznetsov enrolled at Tyumen Agricultural College but did not finish and was forced to return home because of the death of his father. During that time Kuznetsov joined the ranks of the Komsomol. At home he enrolled in the local forestry college but in 1929 Kuznetsov was accused of having counter-revolutionary origins and excluded from Komsomol and the college. After moving in 1930 to Kudymkar (Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug) Kuznetsov was recruited by the local department of the OGPU. In 1932 he enrolled into Sverdlovsk Industrial Institute and continued to study German and other foreign languages.In 1938 Kuznetsov moved to Moscow and joined the NKVD, his tasks included posing as a Volga German and collecting intelligence about German diplomats in Moscow.[3]When Germany invaded the Soviet Union Kuznetsov, at his own request, was sent to join Soviet partisan units in the Nazi-occupied Ukraine. In 1942, the same year he became a member of the Communist Party, he fought as a member of the guerrilla group \"Victors\", led by Dmitry Medvedev, in central and western Ukraine. Kuznetsov was in charge of several complex operations involving assassinations and kidnappings of high-ranking Nazi officials in the Rivne and Lviv regions, such as successful operations against the German-appointed chief judge of Ukraine, the vice-governor of Galicia, the adviser to the Reichskommissar of Ukraine, three German generals and others. Kuznetsov was also the first intelligence agent to uncover German plans to launch a massive tank attack in the Kursk region, and information about German V-2 rockets, as well as about Operation Long Jump, Hitler's alleged plan to assassinate the heads of the USSR, USA and Great Britain during the Tehran Conference. Kuznetsov was operating in Rivne (the capital of Reichskommissariat Ukraine) using the fake German identity of Oberleutnant Paul Siebert. It was Kuznetsov who obtained information about the location of Hitler's \"Werwolf\" headquarters, near the city of Vinnitsya.According to a report submitted by Josef Witiska to Heinrich Müller (and cited by D. Medvedev in his memoir about Kuznetsov), \"Paul Siebert\" and his accomplices were detained and shot by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, which then informed SS-Obergruppenführer Hans-Adolf Prützmann about the incident. According to official Soviet version, Kuznetsov was killed in a firefight with members of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army near the city of Brody on 9 March 1944. In another version by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, Kuznetsov and his associates were detained in the village of Boratyn near Brody, dressed as German soldiers.[4] To avoid being discovered, Kuznetsov blew himself up with a grenade.[4]Kuznetsov is currently buried in Lviv, Ukraine.[5] Since 2003, several unsuccessful attempts have been made to rebury him in Russia.[5] A 2007 attempt was stopped by the Russian Foreign Ministry, which claimed that \"such a move would open a kind of Pandora’s box and give Ukrainian nationalists a reason to launch a campaign to transfer other graves of Soviet soldiers buried in Ukraine.\"[5] A 2018 attempt was prevented by the Lviv authorities, who claimed that such a reburial could not be considered while Ukrainian prisoners were being held captive in Russia during an ongoing Russian military intervention in Ukraine.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1966_CPA_3363.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hero of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Minor planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_planet"},{"link_name":"2233 Kuznetsov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2233_Kuznetsov"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Lyudmila Zhuravlyova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyudmila_Zhuravlyova"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Volhynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhynia"},{"link_name":"Varash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varash"},{"link_name":"law prohibiting names of Communist origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommunization_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Soviet 1966 postage stamp honoring KuznetsovNikolai Ivanovich Kuznetsov has been posthumously awarded the honorary title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Minor planet 2233 Kuznetsov, discovered in 1972 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Zhuravlyova, is named after him.[6] Kuznetsovsk, a city in Volhynia, was named after the Soviet agent (renamed in 2016 to Varash conforming to a law prohibiting names of Communist origin).[7]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strong with Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_with_Spirit"},{"link_name":"Special Operations Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Squad"},{"link_name":"Отряд специального назначения","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC)"},{"link_name":"Genius of the intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genius_of_the_intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saboteurs (2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saboteurs_(2012)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"More than Life at Stake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stawka_wi%C4%99ksza_ni%C5%BC_%C5%BCycie"},{"link_name":"Seventeen Moments of Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeen_Moments_of_Spring"}],"sub_title":"Films about Kuznetsov","text":"Strong with Spirit («Сильные духом»)\nSpecial Operations Squad («Отряд специального назначения»)\nGenius of the intelligence («Гений разведки»)\nSaboteurs (2012) («Диверсанты (2012)»)Kuznetsov's story was allegedly an inspiration for the Polish TV series More than Life at Stake and the Russian TV series Seventeen Moments of Spring, both of which narrated the exploits of agents who successfully infiltrated Nazi armed forces during World War II.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"Erich Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Koch"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Reichskommissariat Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Hans Gehl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Gehl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Adolf Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Winter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rivne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivne"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"Max Iigen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Iigen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paul Granau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Granau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erich Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Koch"},{"link_name":"Oberfuhrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberfuhrer"},{"link_name":"Alfred Funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Funk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Galicia District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Galicia"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schneider&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Institute_of_National_Remembrance"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian liberation movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_liberation_movement"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7221526Kuznetzov-5"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Medvedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev_(partisan)"},{"link_name":"Tehran Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Conference"},{"link_name":"Feldgendarmerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldgendarmerie"}],"text":"Kuznetzov's main target, Nazi Party official Erich Koch, survived World War II and outlived his Soviet \"nemesis\", dying of old age in a Polish prison in 1986 at the age of 90.On 20 September 1943: the head of the financial department of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine, Ministerialrat (councilor of the ministry) Hans Gehl, and the Inspector General of Commissariat of the Rovno region, Adolf Winter, shot in the street in Rivne.\nOn 15 November 1943: the chief of the Eastern Troops 740, Major General Max Iigen, abducted from his quarters in Rivne under the supervision and with the direct involvement of Kuznetsov. Along with Ilgen, Kuznetsov and his accomplices captured Paul Granau, driver of Gauleiter Erich Koch, who was an accidental witness. Both were executed shortly after interrogation.\nOn 16 November 1943: Senate president Oberfuhrer Alfred Funk, shot at the courthouse in Rovno.\nOn 9 February 1944: Deputy Governor of Galicia District, Otto Bauer, and his secretary Heinrich Schneider, shot outside their quarters in Lviv.According to the Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance Kuznetzov \"carried out provocations against the Ukrainian liberation movement, as a result of which the Nazi invaders executed hostages\".[5]Colonel Dmitry Medvedev, who oversaw Kuznetsov's activities, repeatedly attributes him discovery of a planned Nazi operation against the Tehran Conference of Allied leaders. However, this version is not accepted by historians due to apparent controversy. He also mentions occasional killing of other middle-ranked Nazi officers by Kuznetsov, of which the last victim, major Kanter of Feldgendarmerie, shot at the checkpoint while Kuznetsov was trying to escape from Lviv, is mentioned in the SS report about Kuznetsov's death.","title":"Kuznetsov's targets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erich Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Koch"},{"link_name":"Erich Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Koch"},{"link_name":"Alfred Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"Paul Dargel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dargel&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Unsuccessful attempts","text":"20 April 1943 – Erich Koch\nSummer 1943 – Erich Koch\n5 June 1943 – Alfred Rosenberg\n30 September 1943 – Paul Dargel","title":"Kuznetsov's targets"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukurthi

Mukurthi

["1 Geography","2 Surroundings","3 Wildlife","4 References"]

Coordinates: 11°22′17″N 76°31′04″E / 11.3715°N 76.5177°E / 11.3715; 76.5177This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mukurthi" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Mukurthi peak Mukurthi Peak is one of the highest peaks in the Western Ghats, situated on the border of Udagamandalam taluk, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, Nilambur taluk, Malappuram, and Kerala in India. It reaches an altitude of 2,554 m (8,379ft), and is the fifth-highest peak in South India. Geography The western slope of the hill sits astride the Kerala/Tamil Nadu border. It has many cliffs ranging from 500 m to 2,500 m. Part of Mukurthi is situated within Malappuram district, which is the third-highest point in Kerala, after Anaimudi (2,696 m) and Meeshapulimala (2,651 m). The peak can only be accessed through Nilgiri district. The Mukurthi peak is said to resemble a "pointed nose." Mukurthi peak is part of Mukurthi National Park (Nilgiri Tahr National Park), in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Mukurthi is covered with shola (patches of stunted tropical montane forest (found in valleys amid rolling grassland in the higher montane regions of South India), including pine, grasslands and shrublands. Its habitat is favorable for Asian elephants, tigers, and Nilgiri Tahr. Mukurthi National Park is situated between the Mudumalai National Park and the Silent Valley National Park. Ooty is the nearest town (30 km away). Pichalbetta (2,544 m) and Nilgiri hill are the most prominent peaks adjacent to this area, and Mukurthi Dam is also nearby. Surroundings Many streams drain into Bhavani River. Among the peaks inside the National Park, the highest are Kolaribetta (2,630m), together with Mukurthi Peak (2,556m) and Nilgiri Peak (2,477m. Southwest of Mukurthi lies Silent Valley National Park, and to its west the land falls steeply to 2,000 m in the Amarabalam Forest. The area under monoculture forestry in Mukurthi is comparatively less than Nilgiris district, and consists mainly of Acacia mearnsii, Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus patula. The vegetation is either Southern Montane Wet Temperate Forest (shola), grassland and plantation. Pristine shola patches can be seen throughout the park, generally at the heads of streams in the folds of converging slopes. These forests support a variety of flora and fauna. This IBA site is among the richest regions of plant biodiversity, with many endemic orchids and other plant groups. Grasslands in Mukurthi are common and form a mosaic with shola. They are a mixture of Chrysopogon, Ischaemum, Dicanthium, Andropogon, Eragrostis and Panicum species. The ecological status of these grasslands is debated. Wildlife Mukurthi hosts many species of wildlife: Nilgiris tahr Sambar deer Barking deer Nilgiris marten Otter Jungle Cat Jackal Laughing thrushes Whistling thrushes Woodcock Wood pigeon Black eagle Blue Admiral Indian Red Admiral Indian Cabbage white References ^ "Top 10 Highest Peaks In South India - Highest Peaks Of South India". 20 August 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020. ^ Sundararaju, V (24 January 2020). "Why South India needs the Shola forests of the Nilgiris". Down to Earth. ^ "The Mukurthi Peak, Ooty, India Tourist Information". www.touristlink.com. Retrieved 18 May 2021. ^ "BirdLife Data Zone". datazone.birdlife.org. Retrieved 30 May 2021. ^ "::: TAMILNADU TOURISM :::". www.tamilnadutourism.org. Retrieved 19 May 2021. 11°22′17″N 76°31′04″E / 11.3715°N 76.5177°E / 11.3715; 76.5177 This Tamil Nadu location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mukurthi_peak.jpg"},{"link_name":"Western Ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats"},{"link_name":"Udagamandalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udagamandalam"},{"link_name":"Nilgiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiris"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Nilambur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilambur"},{"link_name":"Malappuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malappuram_district"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Mukurthi peakMukurthi Peak is one of the highest peaks in the Western Ghats, situated on the border of Udagamandalam taluk, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, Nilambur taluk, Malappuram, and Kerala in India. It reaches an altitude of 2,554 m (8,379ft), and is the fifth-highest peak in South India.[1]","title":"Mukurthi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anaimudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anamudi"},{"link_name":"Meeshapulimala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meesapulimala"},{"link_name":"Nilgiri district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiris_district"},{"link_name":"Mukurthi National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukurthi_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"shola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shola"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Asian elephants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_elephant"},{"link_name":"Nilgiri Tahr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Tahr"},{"link_name":"Mudumalai National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudumalai_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Silent Valley National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Valley_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Ooty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooty"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The western slope of the hill sits astride the Kerala/Tamil Nadu border. It has many cliffs ranging from 500 m to 2,500 m. Part of Mukurthi is situated within Malappuram district, which is the third-highest point in Kerala, after Anaimudi (2,696 m) and Meeshapulimala (2,651 m). The peak can only be accessed through Nilgiri district. The Mukurthi peak is said to resemble a \"pointed nose.\"Mukurthi peak is part of Mukurthi National Park (Nilgiri Tahr National Park), in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Mukurthi is covered with shola (patches of stunted tropical montane forest (found in valleys amid rolling grassland in the higher montane regions of South India),[2] including pine, grasslands and shrublands. Its habitat is favorable for Asian elephants, tigers, and Nilgiri Tahr. Mukurthi National Park is situated between the Mudumalai National Park and the Silent Valley National Park. Ooty is the nearest town (30 km away).[3]Pichalbetta (2,544 m) and Nilgiri hill are the most prominent peaks adjacent to this area, and Mukurthi Dam is also nearby.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bhavani River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavani_River"},{"link_name":"Silent Valley National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Valley_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Amarabalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarambalam"},{"link_name":"Acacia mearnsii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_mearnsii"},{"link_name":"Eucalyptus globulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_globulus"},{"link_name":"Pinus patula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_patula"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Many streams drain into Bhavani River. Among the peaks inside the National Park, the highest are Kolaribetta (2,630m), together with Mukurthi Peak (2,556m) and Nilgiri Peak (2,477m. Southwest of Mukurthi lies Silent Valley National Park, and to its west the land falls steeply to 2,000 m in the Amarabalam Forest.The area under monoculture forestry in Mukurthi is comparatively less than Nilgiris district, and consists mainly of Acacia mearnsii, Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus patula. The vegetation is either Southern Montane Wet Temperate Forest (shola), grassland and plantation. Pristine shola patches can be seen throughout the park, generally at the heads of streams in the folds of converging slopes. These forests support a variety of flora and fauna. This IBA site is among the richest regions of plant biodiversity, with many endemic orchids and other plant groups. Grasslands in Mukurthi are common and form a mosaic with shola. They are a mixture of Chrysopogon, Ischaemum, Dicanthium, Andropogon, Eragrostis and Panicum species. The ecological status of these grasslands is debated.[4]","title":"Surroundings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nilgiris tahr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr"},{"link_name":"Sambar deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambar_deer"},{"link_name":"Barking deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntjac"},{"link_name":"Nilgiris marten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_marten"},{"link_name":"Otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otter"},{"link_name":"Jungle Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_cat"},{"link_name":"Jackal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackal"},{"link_name":"Laughing thrushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughingthrushes"},{"link_name":"Whistling thrushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistling_thrush"},{"link_name":"Woodcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcock"},{"link_name":"Wood pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_wood_pigeon"},{"link_name":"Black eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_eagle"},{"link_name":"Blue Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaniska_canace"},{"link_name":"Indian Red Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_indica"},{"link_name":"Indian Cabbage white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieris_canidia"}],"text":"Mukurthi hosts many species of wildlife:[5]Nilgiris tahr\nSambar deer\nBarking deer\nNilgiris marten\nOtter\nJungle Cat\nJackal\nLaughing thrushes\nWhistling thrushes\nWoodcock\nWood pigeon\nBlack eagle\nBlue Admiral\nIndian Red Admiral\nIndian Cabbage white","title":"Wildlife"}]

[{"image_text":"Mukurthi peak","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mukurthi_peak.jpg/220px-Mukurthi_peak.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Clle_Kaljuste

Ülle Kaljuste

["1 Early life","2 Stage career","3 Film and television","4 Personal life","5 Awards","6 Selected filmography","7 References","8 External links"]

Estonian actress Ülle KaljusteBornÜlle Side (1957-04-10) 10 April 1957 (age 67)Tallinn, EstoniaOccupationActressYears active1980–presentSpouseTõnu Kaljuste (divorced)Awards Ülle Kaljuste (born Ülle Side; 10 April 1957) is an Estonian stage, film, television and radio actress. Early life Born Ülle Side in Tallinn, she attended Tallinn Secondary School No. 2 (Estonian: Tallinn Reaalkool), graduating in 1975. Afterward, she attended the Tallinn State Conservatory of Performing Arts Department (now, the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre), under the instruction of Merle Karusoo and graduating in 1980. Graduating classmates included actors Roman Baskin, Guido Kangur, Arvo Kukumägi, Ain Lutsepp, Anne Veesaar, and Paul Poom. Stage career Shortly after graduation, she began an engagement at the Vanalinnastuudio which lasted from 1980 until 1989. Since 1998, she has been a performer at the Estonian Drama Theatre in Tallinn. Among her more memorable international roles in theatre were in works by: William Shakespeare, Eugene O'Neill, Edward Albee, Henrik Ibsen, Bertolt Brecht, Anton Chekhov, Neil Simon, Tennessee Williams and Tom Stoppard, among many others. Roles Estonian playwrights and authors include works by: Andrus Kivirähk, Paul-Eerik Rummo, Jaan Kross, Madis Kõiv and Hendrik Toompere. Film and television Ülle Kaljuste made her film debut in the 1981 Estonian television movie Onu Tik-Taki seiklused, directed by Virve Koppel. In 1985, she made her screen debut in the 1985 musical comedy Savoy Ball, directed by Ago-Endrik Kerge. In 1992 Kaljuste was cast in the role of Emma in the Mati Põldre-directed biographical drama Need vanad armastuskirjad which explored the life of Raimond Valgre, an Estonian composer of the 1930s and the 1940s. In 1990, she played the title role in the Aimée Beekman and Vladimir Beekman penned and Kaljo Kiisk directed feature film drama Regina for Tallinnfilm. She would go one to appear in numerous films and television series. From 2006 until 2009 she appeared on the Kanal 2 television series Kelgukoerad as the character Signe. Personal life In 1980, she married conductor Tõnu Kaljuste; the couple later divorced. She currently resides in Tallinn and Laulasmaa. Awards 1986 annual award of the Estonian Theatre Association 1996 Best Actress Award of 1993 (Hedda Gabler) 1996 Best Supporting Actress for Estonian Film Week, Pärnu (Noorelt õpitud and Need vanad armastuskirjad) 2000 Little Ants, Estonian Drama Theatre Prize 2001 2001 Drama Festival (role of Judith, Aristocrats) 2002 Big Ants, Estonian Drama Theatre Prize 2005 Big Ants, Estonian Drama Theatre Prize 2006 Estonian Theatre Award 2008 Big Ants, Estonian Drama Theatre Prize 2009 Radio Theatre Actor Award 2011 Order of the White Star, IV Class 2011 Little Ants, Estonian Drama Theatre Prize Selected filmography Äratus (Awakening, 1989) Need vanad armastuskirjad (Those Old Love Letters, 1992) Vana daami visiit (The Visit of the Old Lady, 2006) Ruudi (2006) Idioot (The Idiot, 2011) Surnuaiavahi tütar (Graveyard Keeper's Daughter, 2011) References ^ Eesti Draamateater. Retrieved 21 November 2016. ^ Eesti filmi andmebaas. Retrieved 21 November 2016. ^ Eesti Teatri- ja Muusikamuuseum Lennud Retrieved 21 September 2018. ^ Eesti Draamateater. Retrieved 21 November 2016. ^ Eesti filmi andmebaas. Retrieved 21 November 2016. ^ Postimees: Tõnu Kaljuste hülgas Ülle, kosis Kadri. 10 September 2010. Retrieved 21 November 2016. ^ uudised.tv.ee Seitsmesed külas: Ülle Kaljuste idüllilise suvekodu juures elab rääkiv kass. 25 July 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2016. ^ Eesti Draamateater. Retrieved 21 November 2016. External links Ülle Kaljuste at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie

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Afterward, she attended the Tallinn State Conservatory of Performing Arts Department (now, the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre), under the instruction of Merle Karusoo and graduating in 1980.[2] Graduating classmates included actors Roman Baskin, Guido Kangur, Arvo Kukumägi, Ain Lutsepp, Anne Veesaar, and Paul Poom.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vanalinnastuudio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanalinnastuudio"},{"link_name":"Estonian Drama Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Drama_Theatre"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Eugene O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Edward Albee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Albee"},{"link_name":"Henrik Ibsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen"},{"link_name":"Bertolt Brecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht"},{"link_name":"Anton Chekhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Chekhov"},{"link_name":"Neil Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Simon"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams"},{"link_name":"Tom Stoppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Stoppard"},{"link_name":"Andrus Kivirähk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrus_Kivir%C3%A4hk"},{"link_name":"Paul-Eerik Rummo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-Eerik_Rummo"},{"link_name":"Jaan Kross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaan_Kross"},{"link_name":"Madis Kõiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madis_K%C3%B5iv"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Toompere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Toompere_Jr."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Shortly after graduation, she began an engagement at the Vanalinnastuudio which lasted from 1980 until 1989. Since 1998, she has been a performer at the Estonian Drama Theatre in Tallinn. Among her more memorable international roles in theatre were in works by: William Shakespeare, Eugene O'Neill, Edward Albee, Henrik Ibsen, Bertolt Brecht, Anton Chekhov, Neil Simon, Tennessee Williams and Tom Stoppard, among many others. Roles Estonian playwrights and authors include works by: Andrus Kivirähk, Paul-Eerik Rummo, Jaan Kross, Madis Kõiv and Hendrik Toompere.[4]","title":"Stage career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virve Koppel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virve_Koppel"},{"link_name":"Ago-Endrik Kerge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ago-Endrik_Kerge"},{"link_name":"Mati Põldre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mati_P%C3%B5ldre"},{"link_name":"Need vanad armastuskirjad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Those_Old_Love_Letters"},{"link_name":"Raimond Valgre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimond_Valgre"},{"link_name":"Aimée Beekman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aim%C3%A9e_Beekman"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Beekman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Beekman"},{"link_name":"Kaljo Kiisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaljo_Kiisk"},{"link_name":"Regina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"Tallinnfilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinnfilm"},{"link_name":"Kanal 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal_2"},{"link_name":"Kelgukoerad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelgukoerad"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Ülle Kaljuste made her film debut in the 1981 Estonian television movie Onu Tik-Taki seiklused, directed by Virve Koppel. In 1985, she made her screen debut in the 1985 musical comedy Savoy Ball, directed by Ago-Endrik Kerge. In 1992 Kaljuste was cast in the role of Emma in the Mati Põldre-directed biographical drama Need vanad armastuskirjad which explored the life of Raimond Valgre, an Estonian composer of the 1930s and the 1940s. In 1990, she played the title role in the Aimée Beekman and Vladimir Beekman penned and Kaljo Kiisk directed feature film drama Regina for Tallinnfilm. She would go one to appear in numerous films and television series. From 2006 until 2009 she appeared on the Kanal 2 television series Kelgukoerad as the character Signe.[5]","title":"Film and television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tõnu Kaljuste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B5nu_Kaljuste"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Laulasmaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laulasmaa"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1980, she married conductor Tõnu Kaljuste; the couple later divorced.[6] She currently resides in Tallinn and Laulasmaa.[7]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hedda Gabler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedda_Gabler"},{"link_name":"Order of the White Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Star"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"1986 annual award of the Estonian Theatre Association\n1996 Best Actress Award of 1993 (Hedda Gabler)\n1996 Best Supporting Actress for Estonian Film Week, Pärnu (Noorelt õpitud and Need vanad armastuskirjad)\n2000 Little Ants, Estonian Drama Theatre Prize\n2001 2001 Drama Festival (role of Judith, Aristocrats)\n2002 Big Ants, Estonian Drama Theatre Prize\n2005 Big Ants, Estonian Drama Theatre Prize\n2006 Estonian Theatre Award\n2008 Big Ants, Estonian Drama Theatre Prize\n2009 Radio Theatre Actor Award\n2011 Order of the White Star, IV Class\n2011 Little Ants, Estonian Drama Theatre Prize[8]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Äratus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84ratus"},{"link_name":"Need vanad armastuskirjad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Those_Old_Love_Letters"},{"link_name":"Vana daami visiit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vana_daami_visiit"},{"link_name":"Ruudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruudi"},{"link_name":"Idioot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot_(2011_film)"},{"link_name":"Surnuaiavahi tütar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graveyard_Keeper%27s_Daughter"}],"text":"Äratus (Awakening, 1989)\nNeed vanad armastuskirjad (Those Old Love Letters, 1992)\nVana daami visiit (The Visit of the Old Lady, 2006)\nRuudi (2006)\nIdioot (The Idiot, 2011)\nSurnuaiavahi tütar (Graveyard Keeper's Daughter, 2011)","title":"Selected filmography"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentication_and_authorization_infrastructure

Authentication and authorization infrastructure

["1 Projects","2 See also","3 References"]

Authentication and authorization infrastructure (AAI) refers to a service and a procedure that enables members of different institutions to access protected information that is distributed on different web servers. Traditional approaches to authorization and access control in computer systems are not sufficient to address the requirements of federated and distributed systems, where infrastructural support may be required. Authentication and authorization infrastructure solutions address such limitations. With an AAI, access control is not managed by a central register, but by the respective organization of the user who wishes to access a specific resource. In Switzerland, the SWITCH Information Technology Services Foundation is developing a Shibboleth-based AAI system that helps Swiss universities in particular to make their e-learning offers accessible to students beyond their own institutional boundaries. Based on the success of SWITCHaai, other countries are following with their own AAI projects. Projects CSTCloud AAI, China DFN-AAI, Germany ELIXIR AAI, UK EOSC-hub AAI, European Union GARR IDEM AAI, Italy GRNET AAI, Greece SWITCHaai, Switzerland See also Authentication Authorization Central Authentication Service Federated identity Identity as a service (IDaaS) Identity management Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) Keycloak List of single sign-on implementations OpenAthens Shibboleth Single Sign-on architecture References ^ "Authentication and authorization infrastructures (AAIs): A comparative survey". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2021-03-21. ^ "Authentication and Authorization Infrastructure: Portal Architecture and Prototype Implementation". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2021-03-21. ^ "Case Study of the Usage of an Authentication and Authorization Infrastructure (AAI) in an E-Learning Project". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2021-03-21. ^ "How to Adapt Authentication and Authorization Infrastructure of Applications for the Cloud". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2021-03-21. ^ "Realization of a Vision: Authentication and Authorization Infrastructure for the Swiss Higher Education Community". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2021-03-21. ^ "Landscape of EOSC-Related Infrastructures and Initiatives". The Publications Office of the European Union. 14 September 2020. Retrieved 2021-03-21. vteCloud computingBusiness models Content as a service Data as a service Desktop as a service Function as a service Infrastructure as a service Integration platform as a service Backend as a service Network as a service Platform as a service Security as a service Software as a service Technologies Cloud database Cloud-native computing Cloud storage Cloud storage gateways Data centers Dew computing Distributed file system for cloud Hardware virtualization Internet Mobile cloud computing Native cloud application Networking Personal cloud Security Serverless computing Structured storage Virtual appliance Web APIs Virtual private cloud Applications Box Dropbox Google Workspace Drive HP Cloud (closed) IBM Cloud Microsoft Office 365 OneDrive Nextcloud Oracle Cloud Owncloud Rackspace Salesforce Seafile Workday Zoho Platforms Alibaba Cloud Amazon Web Services AppScale Box CloudBolt Cloud Foundry Cocaine (PaaS) Creatio Engine Yard Helion GE Predix Google App Engine GreenQloud Heroku IBM Cloud Inktank Jelastic Microsoft Azure MindSphere Netlify Oracle Cloud OutSystems openQRM OpenShift PythonAnywhere RightScale Scalr Force.com SAP Cloud Platform Splunk Vercel vCloud Air WaveMaker Infrastructure Alibaba Cloud Amazon Web Services Abiquo Enterprise Edition CloudStack Citrix Cloud Deft DigitalOcean EMC Atmos Eucalyptus Fujitsu Google Cloud Platform GreenButton GreenQloud IBM Cloud iland Joyent Linode Lunacloud Microsoft Azure Mirantis Netlify Nimbula Nimbus OpenIO OpenNebula OpenStack Oracle Cloud OrionVM Rackspace Cloud Safe Swiss Cloud Zadara libvirt libguestfs OVirt Virtual Machine Manager Wakame-vdc Vercel Virtual Private Cloud OnDemand Category Commons

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[]

[{"title":"Authentication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentication"},{"title":"Authorization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorization"},{"title":"Central Authentication Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Authentication_Service"},{"title":"Federated identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_identity"},{"title":"Identity as a service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Identity_as_a_service&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Identity management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_management"},{"title":"Infrastructure as a service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_as_a_service"},{"title":"Keycloak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keycloak"},{"title":"List of single sign-on implementations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_single_sign-on_implementations"},{"title":"OpenAthens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAthens"},{"title":"Shibboleth Single Sign-on architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibboleth_Single_Sign-on_architecture"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Naturforschung_B

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B

["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]

Academic journalZeitschrift für Naturforschung BDisciplineChemistryLanguageEnglish, GermanEdited byGerhard MüllerPublication detailsHistory1947–presentPublisherDe GruyterFrequencyMonthlyOpen accessHybridImpact factor1.047Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4Z. Naturforsch. BIndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusCODENZNBSENISSN0932-0776LCCN87642615OCLC no.476230307Links Journal homepage The Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B: A Journal of Chemical Sciences is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal. The journal publishes "fundamental studies in all areas of inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, and analytical chemistry" in both English and German. Articles in German are required to be accompanied by an English-language title and abstract. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 0.744. The editors-in-chief are Gerhard Müller (University of Konstanz) and Annette Schier (Technical University Munich). History The Zeitschrift für Naturforschung (English: Journal for Nature Research) was established in 1946 by the Max Planck Institute and the physical sciences (Part A) were separated from the other natural sciences (Part B) from 1947. A further separation occurred in 1973 when the biological sciences were moved to a new journal (Part C). The titles used for Part B have been: Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. B, Anorganische, Organische und Biologische Chemie, Botanik, Zoologie und verwandte Gebiete. (1947–1961) Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. B, Chemie, Biochemie, Biophysik, Biologie und verwandte Gebiete. (ISSN 0044-3174, 1962–1971) Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. Teil B, Anorganische Chemie, Organische Chemie, Biochemie, Biophysik, Biologie. (1972) From 1973, the part B journal was split into Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. Teil B, Anorganische Chemie, Organische Chemie (ISSN 0340-5087, 1973–1987) and the new part C journal Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. Teil C, Biochemie, Biophysik, Biologie, Virologie, separating the chemical and biological sciences Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. B, A Journal of Chemical Sciences. (ISSN 0932-0776, 1987–present) References ^ "Verlag Z. Naturforsch. - Information for Authors B". Verlag der Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. Retrieved December 8, 2012. ^ "Manuskriptvorlage Z. Naturforsch. B (deutsch)". Verlag der Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. Retrieved December 8, 2012. ^ "Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B". 2014 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Thomson Reuters. 2015. ^ "VZN - Publisher". Verlag der Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. Retrieved December 5, 2012. External links Official website

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacul_Negru_(Ocna_Sibiului)

Lacul Negru (Ocna Sibiului)

["1 Name","2 History","3 Information","4 Lakes of the salt mine","5 References"]

Coordinates: 45°52′25″N 24°03′55″E / 45.8737°N 24.0654°E / 45.8737; 24.0654This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lacul Negru" Ocna Sibiului – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Salt lake in Transylvania, RomaniaLacul NegruLacul NegruLocationOcna Sibiului, Sibiu County, Transylvania, RomaniaCoordinates45°52′25″N 24°03′55″E / 45.8737°N 24.0654°E / 45.8737; 24.0654TypeSalt lakeSurface area504.8 m2 (5,434 sq ft)Max. depth1 m (3 ft 3 in)Salinity280 g/l Lacul Negru (meaning the black lake) is a natural salt lake in the town of Ocna Sibiului, Sibiu County, Transylvania, Romania. It is one of the many lakes of the Ocna Sibiului mine, a large salt mine which has one of the largest salt reserves in Romania. It has one of the smallest depths of all the lakes, with its maximum depth only reaching about 1 metre (3 ft 3 in). Ocna Sibiului within the Sibiu County Name The lake's name is The Black Lake, because the lake has mud at its bottom, making its water black. The salt mine only has two lakes with mud: Lacul Negru and Lacul cu Nămol (meaning the lake with mud). History Lacul Negru originates from three small salt lakes. Information Surface: 504.8 square metres (5,434 sq ft) Maximum depth: ~1 m Salinity: 280 g/l Lakes of the salt mine Auster Lake Avram Iancu-Ocniţa Balta cu Nămol Brâncoveanu Cloşca Crişan Lacul Fără Fund Gura Minei Horea Mâţelor Negru Pânzelor Rândunica Verde (Freshwater lake) Vrăjitoarelor (Freshwater lake) References ^ "Lacuri Naturale - Ocna Sibiului". www.ocna-sibiu.ro. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017. ^ Nelu Lupsa (25 August 2014). "Ocna Sibiului :Lacul Negru". Retrieved 13 June 2017 – via YouTube.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Gatti

Hugo Gatti

["1 Early life","2 Club career","2.1 Early career","2.2 Boca Juniors","3 International career","4 Post-retirement career","4.1 Rivalry","5 Honours","6 References and notes","7 External links"]

Argentine footballer Hugo Gatti Gatti while playing for Boca Juniors in 1977Personal informationFull name Hugo Orlando GattiDate of birth (1944-08-19) 19 August 1944 (age 79)Place of birth Carlos Tejedor, ArgentinaHeight 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)Position(s) GoalkeeperYouth career1960–1961 AtlantaSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1962–1964 Atlanta 38 (0)1964–1968 River Plate 77 (0)1969–1974 Gimnasia La Plata 224 (0)1974–1975 Unión Santa Fe 45 (0)1976–1988 Boca Juniors 381 (1)Total 765 (1)International career1966–1977 Argentina 18 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Hugo Orlando Gatti (born 19 August 1944) is an Argentine former professional football goalkeeper who played in the Argentine Primera División for 26 seasons and set a record of 765 league and 52 international appearances, totaling 817 games played. Gatti is the player with most appearances in the Argentine league ever. During his career, Gatti won three Primera División titles, two Copa Libertadores tournaments, and one Intercontinental Cup, all with Boca Juniors, and played professionally until the age of 44. Gatti, nicknamed El Loco (The Madman) was recognized for his charisma, his innovative playing style for his position and his eccentricity. He developed himself into a goalkeeper who relied on positional play rather than on his reflexes. He would frequently leave the penalty area to function as an additional field player, and join his teammates in defense – and many times in attack. Unlike most goalkeepers of his era, he made extensive use of his feet, head, and chest to control or strike the ball. He was one of the pioneers of the achique, the goalkeeping technique of running out to challenge an oncoming opposing player. He was also notable at facing penalty kicks, saving 26 of them throughout his career, tied for the most ever in Primera División with contemporary goalkeeper Ubaldo Fillol. Gatti was voted Player of the Year of Argentina in 1982, and was ranked as the third best Argentine goalkeeper of the 20th Century in a poll by the IFFHS. Early life Born in Carlos Tejedor, Province of Buenos Aires, Gatti was the youngest of siblings. During his youth he was adept at playing as a forward, which according to him was the best way of knowing how forwards tend to think and behave. Club career Early career In 1960, at the age of 16, Gatti attended a C.A. River Plate match and saw Amadeo Carrizo play, who would become one of his role models as a goalkeeper. He then started playing for Atlanta in the Argentine sixth division. His Primera División debut came in 1962 against Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata. Gatti in 1966. Gatti played 38 matches for Atlanta, and after that he was acquired by River Plate. He played 77 matches for River between 1964 and 1968, alternating as the first choice goalkeeper with Amadeo Carrizo, until he was transferred to Gimnasia y Esgrima, for which he appeared in 244 league matches between 1969 and 1974. In 1975, he joined Unión de Santa Fe, which put on an impressive season with coach Juan Carlos Lorenzo. Boca Juniors Although Gatti was already famous prior to his arrival to Boca Juniors, it was in that club where he became legendary, and it is Boca Juniors the club he is historically most associated with. Gatti played a total 381 league matches and 47 Copa Libertadores matches for the Xeneizes from 1976 until his retirement in 1988. He is the goalkeeper with the most appearances in Boca Juniors history and the second overall player behind Roberto Mouzo, who played in 396 league matches. His debut with Boca occurred on 15 February 1976. In 1976, he won the double of the Metropolitano and the Copa Libertadores. In the Copa Libertadores final, he saved a crucial penalty kick by Cruzeiro player Vanderlei. The following year, Boca won the Copa Libertadores again, and then beat Borussia Mönchengladbach in the final of the Intercontinental Cup. He won his third Metropolitano in 1981. The 1980s were a difficult time for Boca, and Gatti had periods of inactivity during those years. His last match was on 11 September 1988, a day in which an error by him cost him and Boca the result. He was made a reserve after that, and he would never play an official match again. On 24 January 1984, a friendly match between Boca Juniors and Gimnasia y Esgrima was played as a tribute to him. International career With the Argentina national team, Gatti won 18 caps. between 1967 and 1977. His international debut was on 13 August 1967 against Paraguay. He was part of the 1966 World Cup squad, but did not play as the first choice keeper was Antonio Roma. Argentina did not qualify for the 1970, and for the 1974 tournament, he was not selected to the squad. He was a starter during many friendlies prior to the 1978 World Cup under coach Cesar Menotti, but Gatti was left out of the Cup squad in favour of Ubaldo Fillol, Héctor Baley and Ricardo La Volpe. His last international match was on 5 June 1977. Post-retirement career Gatti has continued to be involved in football since his retirement as a player, writing columns and opinions that have been controversial at times. As of 2010, he lives in Spain and collaborates with several media outlets, notably "Punto Pelota" now "El Chiringuito de Jugones". Additionally, as of 2012, he collaborates with several football shows in Argentina. His son Lucas Gatti, born in 1978, was also a professional footballer and played as a midfielder for Argentinos Juniors, Dundee F.C. and CD Badajoz. Rivalry For his Boca Juniors career, he was the counterpart of Ubaldo Fillol, another great Argentine goalkeeper who played in the nemesis team, River Plate. Fillol was always the image of professionalism and seriousness; "Madman" Gatti, on the other hand, looked eccentric and unorthodox. Honours Boca Juniors Argentine Primera División: 1976 Metropolitano, 1976 Nacional, 1981 Metropolitano, Copa Libertadores: 1977, 1978 Intercontinental Cup: 1977 Individual Argentine Footballer of the Year: 1982 IFFHS Argentina All Times Dream Team (Team C): 2021 Records Argentine Primera División most appearances: 765 References and notes ^ a b c d (in Spanish)Hugo Orlando Gatti bio Archived 8 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine – Redargentina.com – educar.org ^ a b El abuelo y tapicero que se convertirá en el jugador con más partidos en el fútbol argentino Archived 10 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, La Nación, 5 November 2014 ^ a b A 30 AÑOS DEL RÉCORD INALCANZABLE DE HUGO GATTI Archived 10 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Deportea ^ "Revolution between the Latin American Goalposts" – fifa.com – FIFA, 10 January 2000. ^ IFFHS' Century Elections – rsssf.org – by Karel Stokkermans, RSSSF. ^ The World's best Goalkeeper of the Century – www.iffhs.de – IFFHS. Retrieved November 2006. ^ (in Spanish) Hugo Orlando Gatti: "El achique de Dios" – mediapunta.es – Sociedad Media Punta Ediciones, S.L., Madrid ^ Statistics of players in the Copa Libertadores – RSSSF ^ "Profile of Hugo Gatti – one of the all-time greats" ^ (in Portuguese) "Gatti, El loco" Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine – papodebola.com.br ^ (in Spanish) "Futbol Argentino: Los grandes del arco" – clarin.com – Grupo Clarín ^ Club Atlético Boca Juniors – All Results 1977–2001 – RSSSF ^ HUGO GATTI : Cuando el arte ataque ^ "Goalkeeping greats" – goalkeepersaredifferent.com ^ "Notable dates in Boca Juniors history". Archived from the original on 18 June 2006. Retrieved 13 October 2006. ^ "Lucas Gatti named Bromley U23's manager". Bromley Football Club. 25 July 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2023. ^ "IFFHS ALL TIME ARGENTINA MEN'S DREAM TEAM". 26 August 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hugo Gatti. Hugo Orlando Gatti's biography – informexeneize.com (in Spanish) "Hugo Orlando Gatti: El achique de Dios" – mediapunta.es (in Spanish) Hugo Gatti – palmares, photo gallery, video, wallpapers at the Wayback Machine (archived 14 October 2006) (in Spanish) Futbol Factory profile at the Wayback Machine (archived 20 October 2007) (in Spanish) vteFootballer of the Year of ArgentinaOriginal award 1970: Yazalde 1971: Pastoriza 1972: Bargas 1973: Brindisi 1974: Raimondo 1975: Scotta 1976: Passarella 1977: Fillol 1978: Kempes 1979: Maradona 1980: Maradona 1981: Maradona 1982: Gatti 1983: Bochini 1984: Márcico 1985: Francescoli 1986: Maradona 1987: Fabbri 1988: Paz 1989: Alfaro Moreno 1990: Goycochea 1991: Ruggeri 1992: Islas 1993: Medina Bello 1994: Navarro Montoya 1995: Francescoli 1996: Chilavert 1997: Salas 1998: Batistuta 1999: Saviola 2000: Riquelme 2001: Riquelme 2002: Milito 2003: Tevez 2004: Tevez 2005: Messi 2006: Verón 2007: Messi 2019: Messi 2020: Messi 2021: Messi 2022: Messi 2023: Messi Shared awardDomestic 2008: Riquelme 2009: Verón 2010: J. M. Martínez 2011: Riquelme 2012: L. López 2013: M. Rodríguez 2014: Pratto 2015: Ruben 2016: Belluschi 2017: Benedetto 2018: P. Martínez Abroad 2008: Messi 2009: Messi 2010: Messi 2011: Messi 2012: Messi 2013: Messi 2014: Di María 2015: Messi 2016: Messi 2017: Messi vteArgentina squad – 1966 FIFA World Cup 1 Roma 2 Irusta 3 Gatti 4 Perfumo 5 Varacka 6 Calics 7 Marzolini 8 Ferreiro 9 Simeone 10 Rattín (c) 11 Pastoriza 12 Albrecht 13 López 14 Chaldú 15 Solari 16 González 17 Sarnari 18 Rojas 19 Artime 20 Onega 21 Más 22 Tarabini Coach: Lorenzo vteArgentina squad – 1975 Copa América 1 Ardiles 2 Asad 3 Bóveda 4 Gallego 5 Gatti 6 Kempes 7 D. Killer 8 M. Killer 9 Luque 10 Pavoni 11 Pavón 12 Rebottaro 13 Valdano 14 Valencia 15 Zanabria Coach: Menotti Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Spain Argentina Germany

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football goalkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Argentine Primera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-educar-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APPP-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APP-3"},{"link_name":"Copa Libertadores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Libertadores"},{"link_name":"Intercontinental Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_Cup_(football)"},{"link_name":"Boca Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Juniors"},{"link_name":"penalty area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_area"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIFArev-4"},{"link_name":"penalty kicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"saving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_(sport)#Soccer"},{"link_name":"Primera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Ubaldo Fillol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubaldo_Fillol"},{"link_name":"Player of the Year of Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_of_the_Year_of_Argentina"},{"link_name":"IFFHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFFHS"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Hugo Orlando Gatti (born 19 August 1944) is an Argentine former professional football goalkeeper who played in the Argentine Primera División for 26 seasons[1] and set a record of 765 league and 52 international appearances, totaling 817 games played. Gatti is the player with most appearances in the Argentine league ever.[2][3]During his career, Gatti won three Primera División titles, two Copa Libertadores tournaments, and one Intercontinental Cup, all with Boca Juniors, and played professionally until the age of 44.Gatti, nicknamed El Loco (The Madman) was recognized for his charisma, his innovative playing style for his position and his eccentricity. He developed himself into a goalkeeper who relied on positional play rather than on his reflexes. He would frequently leave the penalty area to function as an additional field player, and join his teammates in defense – and many times in attack. Unlike most goalkeepers of his era, he made extensive use of his feet, head, and chest to control or strike the ball. He was one of the pioneers of the achique, the goalkeeping technique of running out to challenge an oncoming opposing player.[4] He was also notable at facing penalty kicks, saving 26 of them throughout his career, tied for the most ever in Primera División with contemporary goalkeeper Ubaldo Fillol.Gatti was voted Player of the Year of Argentina in 1982, and was ranked as the third best Argentine goalkeeper of the 20th Century in a poll by the IFFHS.[5][6]","title":"Hugo Gatti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlos Tejedor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Tejedor,_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Province of Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-educar-1"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Born in Carlos Tejedor, Province of Buenos Aires, Gatti was the youngest of siblings.[1] During his youth he was adept at playing as a forward, which according to him was the best way of knowing how forwards tend to think and behave.[7]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C.A. River Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.A._River_Plate"},{"link_name":"Amadeo Carrizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeo_Carrizo"},{"link_name":"role models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role_model"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-educar-1"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_de_Gimnasia_y_Esgrima_La_Plata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hugo_Gatti_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amadeo Carrizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeo_Carrizo"},{"link_name":"Unión de Santa Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_de_Santa_Fe"},{"link_name":"Juan Carlos Lorenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Lorenzo"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"In 1960, at the age of 16, Gatti attended a C.A. River Plate match and saw Amadeo Carrizo play, who would become one of his role models as a goalkeeper.[1] He then started playing for Atlanta in the Argentine sixth division. His Primera División debut came in 1962 against Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata.Gatti in 1966.Gatti played 38 matches for Atlanta, and after that he was acquired by River Plate. He played 77 matches for River between 1964 and 1968, alternating as the first choice goalkeeper with Amadeo Carrizo, until he was transferred to Gimnasia y Esgrima, for which he appeared in 244 league matches between 1969 and 1974. In 1975, he joined Unión de Santa Fe, which put on an impressive season with coach Juan Carlos Lorenzo.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boca Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Juniors"},{"link_name":"Copa Libertadores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Libertadores"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Xeneizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Juniors"},{"link_name":"Roberto Mouzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Mouzo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"double","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Metropolitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitano_championship"},{"link_name":"Cruzeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruzeiro_Esporte_Clube"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Copa Libertadores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Libertadores"},{"link_name":"Borussia Mönchengladbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borussia_M%C3%B6nchengladbach"},{"link_name":"Intercontinental Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_Cup_(football)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Boca Juniors","text":"Although Gatti was already famous prior to his arrival to Boca Juniors, it was in that club where he became legendary, and it is Boca Juniors the club he is historically most associated with. Gatti played a total 381 league matches and 47 Copa Libertadores matches[8] for the Xeneizes from 1976 until his retirement in 1988. He is the goalkeeper with the most appearances in Boca Juniors history and the second overall player behind Roberto Mouzo, who played in 396 league matches.[9]His debut with Boca occurred on 15 February 1976. In 1976, he won the double of the Metropolitano and the Copa Libertadores. In the Copa Libertadores final, he saved a crucial penalty kick by Cruzeiro player Vanderlei.[10][11] The following year, Boca won the Copa Libertadores again, and then beat Borussia Mönchengladbach in the final of the Intercontinental Cup. He won his third Metropolitano in 1981.The 1980s were a difficult time for Boca, and Gatti had periods of inactivity during those years. His last match was on 11 September 1988, a day in which an error by him cost him and Boca the result. He was made a reserve after that, and he would never play an official match again.On 24 January 1984, a friendly match between Boca Juniors and Gimnasia y Esgrima was played as a tribute to him.[12]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentina national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-educar-1"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"1966 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup_squads#Argentina"},{"link_name":"Antonio Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Roma"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1974 tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1978 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Cesar Menotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Menotti"},{"link_name":"Ubaldo Fillol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubaldo_Fillol"},{"link_name":"Héctor Baley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Baley"},{"link_name":"Ricardo La Volpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_La_Volpe"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"With the Argentina national team, Gatti won 18 caps.[1] between 1967 and 1977. His international debut was on 13 August 1967 against Paraguay.[13] He was part of the 1966 World Cup squad, but did not play as the first choice keeper was Antonio Roma. Argentina did not qualify for the 1970, and for the 1974 tournament, he was not selected to the squad. He was a starter during many friendlies prior to the 1978 World Cup under coach Cesar Menotti, but Gatti was left out of the Cup squad in favour of Ubaldo Fillol, Héctor Baley and Ricardo La Volpe.[14]His last international match was on 5 June 1977.[15]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucas Gatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Gatti"},{"link_name":"Argentinos Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinos_Juniors"},{"link_name":"Dundee F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_F.C."},{"link_name":"CD Badajoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Badajoz"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Gatti has continued to be involved in football since his retirement as a player, writing columns and opinions that have been controversial at times. As of 2010, he lives in Spain and collaborates with several media outlets, notably \"Punto Pelota\" now \"El Chiringuito de Jugones\". Additionally, as of 2012, he collaborates with several football shows in Argentina.His son Lucas Gatti, born in 1978, was also a professional footballer and played as a midfielder for Argentinos Juniors, Dundee F.C. and CD Badajoz.[16]","title":"Post-retirement career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boca Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Juniors"},{"link_name":"Ubaldo Fillol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubaldo_Fillol"},{"link_name":"River Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_River_Plate"}],"sub_title":"Rivalry","text":"For his Boca Juniors career, he was the counterpart of Ubaldo Fillol, another great Argentine goalkeeper who played in the nemesis team, River Plate. Fillol was always the image of professionalism and seriousness; \"Madman\" Gatti, on the other hand, looked eccentric and unorthodox.","title":"Post-retirement career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentine Primera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"1976 Metropolitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n#Metropolitano_Championship"},{"link_name":"1976 Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n#Campeonato_Nacional"},{"link_name":"1981 Metropolitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n#Metropolitano_championship"},{"link_name":"Copa Libertadores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Libertadores"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Copa_Libertadores"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Copa_Libertadores"},{"link_name":"Intercontinental Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_Cup_(football)"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Intercontinental_Cup"},{"link_name":"Argentine Footballer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Footballer_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"IFFHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Football_History_%26_Statistics"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APPP-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APP-3"}],"text":"Boca JuniorsArgentine Primera División: 1976 Metropolitano, 1976 Nacional, 1981 Metropolitano,\nCopa Libertadores: 1977, 1978\nIntercontinental Cup: 1977IndividualArgentine Footballer of the Year: 1982\nIFFHS Argentina All Times Dream Team (Team C): 2021[17]RecordsArgentine Primera División most appearances: 765[2][3]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-educar_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-educar_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-educar_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-educar_1-3"},{"link_name":"Hugo Orlando Gatti bio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.redargentina.com/DeportesArgentinos/Gatti.asp"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060908172813/http://www.redargentina.com/DeportesArgentinos/Gatti.asp"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-APPP_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-APPP_2-1"},{"link_name":"El abuelo y tapicero que se convertirá en el jugador con más partidos en el fútbol 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history\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060618142603/http://www.agrupacionnuevoboca.com.ar/Club/Historia/Efemerid/Efe06.asp"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.agrupacionnuevoboca.com.ar/Club/Historia/Efemerid/Efe06.asp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Lucas Gatti named Bromley U23's manager\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bromleyfc.co.uk/news/lucas-gatti-named-bromley-u23s-manager/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"IFFHS ALL TIME ARGENTINA MEN'S DREAM TEAM\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iffhs.com/posts/1239"}],"text":"^ a b c d (in Spanish)Hugo Orlando Gatti bio Archived 8 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine – Redargentina.com – educar.org\n\n^ a b El abuelo y tapicero que se convertirá en el jugador con más partidos en el fútbol argentino Archived 10 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, La Nación, 5 November 2014\n\n^ a b A 30 AÑOS DEL RÉCORD INALCANZABLE DE HUGO GATTI Archived 10 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Deportea\n\n^ \"Revolution between the Latin American Goalposts\"[dead link] – fifa.com – FIFA, 10 January 2000.\n\n^ IFFHS' Century Elections – rsssf.org – by Karel Stokkermans, RSSSF.\n\n^ The World's best Goalkeeper of the Century – www.iffhs.de – IFFHS. Retrieved November 2006.\n\n^ (in Spanish) Hugo Orlando Gatti: \"El achique de Dios\" – mediapunta.es – Sociedad Media Punta Ediciones, S.L., Madrid\n\n^ Statistics of players in the Copa Libertadores – RSSSF\n\n^ \"Profile of Hugo Gatti – one of the all-time greats\"\n\n^ (in Portuguese) \"Gatti, El loco\" Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine – papodebola.com.br\n\n^ (in Spanish) \"Futbol Argentino: Los grandes del arco\" – clarin.com – Grupo Clarín\n\n^ Club Atlético Boca Juniors – All Results 1977–2001 – RSSSF\n\n^ HUGO GATTI : Cuando el arte ataque\n\n^ \"Goalkeeping greats\" – goalkeepersaredifferent.com\n\n^ \"Notable dates in Boca Juniors history\". Archived from the original on 18 June 2006. Retrieved 13 October 2006.\n\n^ \"Lucas Gatti named Bromley U23's manager\". Bromley Football Club. 25 July 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2023.\n\n^ \"IFFHS ALL TIME ARGENTINA MEN'S DREAM TEAM\". 26 August 2021.","title":"References and notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Gatti in 1966.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Hugo_Gatti_2.jpg/160px-Hugo_Gatti_2.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphinase

Amphinase

["1 References"]

AmphinaseCrystallographic structure of amphinase.IdentifiersOrganismRana pipiensSymboln/aPDB2P7SUniProtP85073Other dataEC number3.1.27Search forStructuresSwiss-modelDomainsInterPro Amphinase is a ribonuclease enzyme found in the oocytes of the Northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens). Amphinase is a member of the pancreatic ribonuclease protein superfamily and degrades long RNA substrates. Along with ranpirnase, another leopard frog ribonuclease, amphinase has been studied as a potential cancer therapy due to its unusual mechanism of cytotoxicity tested against tumor cells. References ^ Singh UP, Ardelt W, Saxena SK, Holloway DE, Vidunas E, Lee HS, Saxena A, Shogen K, Acharya KR (August 2007). "Enzymatic and structural characterisation of amphinase, a novel cytotoxic ribonuclease from Rana pipiens oocytes". Journal of Molecular Biology. 371 (1): 93–111. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2007.04.071. PMID 17560606. ^ Singh UP, Ardelt W, Saxena SK, Holloway DE, Vidunas E, Lee HS, Saxena A, Shogen K, Acharya KR (August 2007). "Enzymatic and structural characterisation of amphinase, a novel cytotoxic ribonuclease from Rana pipiens oocytes". Journal of Molecular Biology. 371 (1): 93–111. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2007.04.071. PMID 17560606. ^ Ardelt W, Shogen K, Darzynkiewicz Z (June 2008). "Onconase and amphinase, the antitumor ribonucleases from Rana pipiens oocytes". Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 9 (3): 215–25. doi:10.2174/138920108784567245. PMC 2586917. PMID 18673287. vteHydrolase: esterases (EC 3.1)3.1.1: Carboxylicester hydrolases Cholinesterase Acetylcholinesterase Butyrylcholinesterase Pectinesterase 6-phosphogluconolactonase PAF acetylhydrolase Lipase Bile salt-dependent Gastric/Lingual Pancreatic Lysosomal Hormone-sensitive Endothelial Hepatic Lipoprotein Monoacylglycerol Diacylglycerol Phospholipase A1 A2 B Cutinase PETase 3.1.2: Thioesterase Palmitoyl protein thioesterase Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA thioesterase 3.1.3: Phosphatase Alkaline phosphatase ALPI ALPL ALPP Acid phosphatase (Prostatic)/Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase/Purple acid phosphatases Nucleotidase Glucose 6-phosphatase Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase Calcineurin Protein phosphatase PP2A OCRL Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase Fructose 6-P,2-kinase:fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase PTEN Phytase Beta-propeller phytase Inositol-phosphate phosphatase IMPA1, IMPA2, IMPA3 Protein phosphatase: Protein tyrosine phosphatase Protein serine/threonine phosphatase Dual-specificity phosphatase 3.1.4:Phosphodiesterase Autotaxin Phospholipase C D Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 PDE1 PDE2 PDE3 PDE4A/PDE4B PDE5 Lecithinase (Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin) Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 3.1.6: Sulfatase arylsulfatase Arylsulfatase A Arylsulfatase B Arylsulfatase L Steroid sulfatase Galactosamine-6 sulfatase Iduronate-2-sulfatase N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase Nuclease (includesdeoxyribonucleaseand ribonuclease)3.1.11-16:ExonucleaseExodeoxyribonuclease RecBCD Exoribonuclease Oligonucleotidase 3.1.21-31:EndonucleaseEndodeoxyribonuclease Deoxyribonuclease I Deoxyribonuclease II Deoxyribonuclease IV Restriction enzyme;see {{Restriction enzyme}} UvrABC endonuclease Endoribonuclease RNase III Drosha: Microprocessor complex Dicer: RNA-induced silencing complex RNase H 1 2A 2B 2C RNase P RNase A RNase Z RNase E 1 2 3 4/5 RNase T1 either deoxy- or ribo-     Nuclease S1 Mung bean nuclease Serratia marcescens nuclease Micrococcal nuclease vteEnzymesActivity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Diffusion-limited enzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie–Hofstee diagram Hanes–Woolf plot Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list) EC7 Translocases (list) Portal: Biology This EC 3.1 enzyme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomio_Hosoda

Tomio Hosoda

["1 Competition record","2 References"]

Japanese sprinter Tomio HosodaPersonal informationBirth name細田 富男NationalityJapaneseBorn(1926-01-19)19 January 1926Died27 July 2008(2008-07-27) (aged 82)Tokyo, JapanSportSportSprintingEvent100 metres Tomio Hosoda (細田 富男, 19 January 1926 – 27 July 2008) was a Japanese sprinter. He competed in the men's 100 metres at the 1952 Summer Olympics. Competition record Representing  Japan Year Competition Venue Position Event Notes 1952 Olympics Helsinki, Finland 4th (q-finals) 100 m 11.03/10.8 References ^ "細田富男氏死去／ヘルシンキ五輪陸上短距離代表". Shikoku News (in Japanese). 27 July 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2017. ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Tomio Hosoda Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2017. vteJapan Championships in Athletics men's 100 metres champions 1913–14 Kazue Akashi 1915 Yuzo Saito 1916 Shinpei Higashiguchi 1197 Sasago Tani 1918 Tsunemasa Matsuda 1919 Munetoshi Date 1920 Kunio Hiraoka 1921 Masayuki Takagi 1922–23 Sasago Tani 1924: Not held 1925 Sasago Tani 1926 Sadao Tajima 1927 Takeuchi Heizo 1928 Iwao Aizawa 1929 Sakae Yano 1930 Chūhei Nambu 1931–32 Takayoshi Yoshioka 1933 Chūhei Nambu 1934 Mutsuo Taniguchi 1935 Takayoshi Yoshioka 1936 Kanayuzawa 1937 Masao Yazawa 1938–40 Takayoshi Yoshioka 1941: Not held 1942 Toshihiro Osada 1943–45: Not held 1946 Nitawaki Isao 1947 Ichita Ikoma 1948 Nitawaki Isao 1949 Ichita Ikoma 1950 Tomio Hosoda 1951 Toshihiro Ohashi 1952 Herb McKenley (JAM) 1953 Ken Nakajima 1954–55 Kiyofuji Akira 1956–58 Kyohei Ushio 1959 Takeo Tamura 1960 Yojiro Muro 1961 Takeo Tamura 1962 Sergio Ottolina (ITA) 1963 Enrique Figuerola (CUB) 1964 Masaru Kamata 1965 Naoki Abe 1966 Toru Honda 1967 Junji Ishikawa 1968–71 Masahide Jinno 1972 Takao Ishizawa 1973–75 Masahide Jinno 1976 Tasaki Hiromichi 1977 Toshio Toyota 1978 Akira Harada 1979 Toshio Toyota 1980 Yasuhiro Harada 1981–82 Yoshihiro Shimizu 1983 Hirofumi Miyazaki 1984 Kaoru Matsubara 1985–86 Hirofumi Miyazaki 1987 Kaoru Matsubara 1988 Takahiko Kasahara 1989 Shinji Aoto 1990 Robson da Silva (BRA) 1991 Bruny Surin (CAN) 1992 Hisatsugu Suzuki 1993–94 Satoru Inoue 1995 Yoshitaka Ito 1996–97 Nobuharu Asahara 1998 Koji Ito 1999 Hiroyasu Tsuchie 2000–02 Nobuharu Asahara 2003–04 Shingo Suetsugu 2005 Shinya Saburi 2006–08 Naoki Tsukahara 2009–12 Masashi Eriguchi 2013 Ryota Yamagata 2014 Yoshihide Kiryū 2015 Kei Takase 2016 Asuka Cambridge 2017 Abdul Hakim Sani Brown 2018 Ryota Yamagata 2019 Abdul Hakim Sani Brown 2020 Yoshihide Kiryū 2021 Shuhei Tada 2022 Abdul Hakim Sani Brown 2023 Ryuichiro Sakai This biographical article relating to Japanese athletics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"reference":"\"細田富男氏死去／ヘルシンキ五輪陸上短距離代表\". Shikoku News (in Japanese). 27 July 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shikoku-np.co.jp/national/okuyami/print.aspx?id=20080727000274","url_text":"\"細田富男氏死去／ヘルシンキ五輪陸上短距離代表\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Tomio Hosoda Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417211029/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ho/tomio-hosoda-1.html","url_text":"\"Tomio Hosoda Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ho/tomio-hosoda-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]

[{"Link":"http://www.shikoku-np.co.jp/national/okuyami/print.aspx?id=20080727000274","external_links_name":"\"細田富男氏死去／ヘルシンキ五輪陸上短距離代表\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417211029/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ho/tomio-hosoda-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Tomio Hosoda Olympic Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ho/tomio-hosoda-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomio_Hosoda&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_life_of_Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn

Later life of José de San Martín

["1 Departure","2 European visit","3 Attempted return","4 Return to Europe","5 Bibliography","6 References"]

Photo of José de San Martín, taken in 1848 The later life of José de San Martín (national hero of Argentina) documents the life of San Martín after his retirement from the Spanish American wars of independence. He met Simón Bolívar at the Guayaquil conference, resigned from his political offices in Peru and handed him the command of the Army of the Andes. San Martín returned to Argentina, and then left for Europe. He spent his later life in France, and died in Boulogne-sur-Mer on August 17, 1850. Departure After his retirement, San Martín intended to live in Cuyo, modern Argentina. The Argentine theater of the Spanish American wars of independence had ended, and by that point the conflict was restricted to northern South America. However, the Argentine Civil Wars had begun, between the unitarians, who wanted to organize the country as a unitary state centered on Buenos Aires, and the federals, who preferred a federation of provinces. San Martín had good relations with the federal caudillos Juan Bautista Bustos, Estanislao López and Facundo Quiroga, and a personal feud with the unitarian leader Bernardino Rivadavia. However, he tried to stay neutral in the conflict. López offered him his military support to depose the government of Buenos Aires, so that San Martín would rule instead, but he declined the offer. Aware of San Martín's influence, the government of Buenos Aires kept him under surveillance, intercepted his mail, and urged him to leave the country. After San Martín's wife María de los Remedios de Escalada died in 1823, he returned to Buenos Aires. He wanted to take his daughter, María de las Mercedes, who was living with her mother's family, and spend some time with her in Europe, but the Escaladas did not give him a good reception. They resented the fact that he had not been present when Remedios died, and that he had refused to aid the city at the Battle of Cepeda. As the elections for a new governor were approaching, the government rushed through a law requiring that all candidates be natives of Buenos Aires, thus preventing San Martín from standing as he was born in Corrientes. San Martín left Buenos Aires and sailed to Europe. European visit San Martín arrived in Le Havre, in France. The country was under the rule of Louis XVIII as a result of the Bourbon Restoration that followed the defeat of Napoleon. San Martín's books were deemed too liberal, so he was not allowed to enter the country. He therefore sailed on to Britain. He disembarked in Southampton and went to London. After a brief stay there, he moved to Brussels, where he enrolled his daughter in a school and stayed for some years. He joined the lodges "La Parfaite Amitié" and "Les Amis Philanthropes". San Martín intended to stay in Brussels until his daughter finished her education and then retire to a farm in Argentina. During this time he got news of the final victory of Simón Bolívar in the war. He also received the news that the government of Buenos Aires had disbanded the Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers, and that Bernardo Monteagudo had been assassinated in Peru. Rivadavia visited Brussels and San Martín intended to challenge him to a duel, but was dissuaded by Diego Paroissien. Attempted return The execution of Manuel Dorrego convinced San Martín to return to Europe. Brazil invaded and annexed the Banda Oriental in 1816. The Thirty-Three Orientals began the liberation of the province in 1825, which led to the Argentine-Brazilian War. Despite his feud with Rivadavia, San Martín wrote to Manuel Escalada instructing him to offer his military services to the government. He received no response; it is unclear whether Rivadavia rejected him or whether the Escaladas did not pass on his offer because of his known hostility toward San Martín. Rivadavia was ousted from power shortly after, as the provinces rejected the 1826 constitution, and Manuel Dorrego became head of government instead. This convinced San Martín to move back to the Americas, but the war ended during his journey home after British diplomacy forced Dorrego to sign the 1828 Treaty of Montevideo. San Martín had intended to return anyway, as a federal government would spare him the persecution he would otherwise have been subjected to from the unitarians. San Martin's plans were disrupted after his ship docked in Rio de Janeiro (where he used the pseudonym "José Matorras") and learned that the unitarian Juan Lavalle had deposed Dorrego. When he reached Montevideo San Martin received news that Lavalle had captured and executed Dorrego, and begun a campaign of terror against all federals in the country. San Martin remained on board the ship after it docked in Buenos Aires, and returned with it to Montevideo. Lavalle was unable to put down the federal rebellion against him, and offered San Martín the government. The conditions of this offer, if any, are unknown. San Martín declined and returned to Europe. Return to Europe San Martín returned to Brussels. He stayed in touch with the news from Europe and South America, and began to face economic problems. By this time the federal Juan Manuel de Rosas had begun to pacify the civil war started by Lavalle, and earned San Martín's admiration. They began to exchange letters, in friendly terms. The Belgian Revolution against the Netherlands began in 1830. Lacking notable military leaders, the rebels requested San Martín to lead them, and offered him the command of their troops. He declined the offer, as when he settled in the country he had agreed to obey its laws. To avoid taking part in the conflict, he left Belgium and moved to Paris. He was also concerned by the cholera epidemic of 1831, but the disease was also present in Paris, where both San Martín and his daughter Mercedes became ill. They were helped by Mariano Balcarce. Mariano married Mercedes, and they had two daughters, María Mercedes and Josefa Dominga. In 1837 France began a blockade of the Rio de la Plata against Rosas. San Martín offered his military services to Rosas, but Rosas declined the offer: he thought the conflict would be resolved quickly, and did not want to disturb San Martín at his advanced age. San Martín condemned the role of the unitarians in that conflict, as they had allied themselves with France against their own nation. San Martín wrote his will on January 23, 1844. He declared his daughter his heir, and bequeathed his curved saber to Juan Manuel de Rosas. The conflict between France and Argentina renewed in the Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata, which San Martín also condemned. During this time he met Florencio Varela and Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. During the 1848 revolution, San Martin left Paris and moved to Boulogne-sur-Mer, a small city in northern France. He was almost blind and had many health problems because of his advanced age, but continued to write letters and keep in touch with the news from South America. He died at three o'clock on August 17, 1850, shortly after receiving news of the Argentine victory against the Anglo-French blockade. Bibliography Spanish Wikisource has original text related to this article: Last will of José de San Martín Pigna, Felipe (2010). Libertadores de América. Buenos Aires: Planeta. ISBN 978-950-49-2420-3. Galasso, Norberto (2009). Seamos Libres y lo demás no importa nada. Buenos Aires: Colihue. ISBN 978-950-581-779-5. References ^ Pigna, pp. 195–272 ^ Galasso, p. 569 ^ Galasso, pp. 453–456 ^ Galasso, pp. 457–465 ^ Galasso, pp. 467–468 ^ Galasso, pp. 470–476 ^ Galasso, pp. 477–488 ^ Galasso, pp. 489–495 ^ Galasso, pp. 497–513 ^ Galasso, pp. 513–521 ^ Galasso, pp. 523–538 ^ Galasso, pp. 545–558 ^ Galasso, pp. 559–570 vteJosé de San MartínPolitical career Lautaro Lodge Revolution of October 8, 1812 Inca plan Guayaquil conference Military careerSpain Military career in Spain Argentina Battle of San Lorenzo Yatasto relay Chile Crossing of the Andes Chacabuco Cancha Rayada Maipú Military units Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers Army of the Andes Personal life Early life María de los Remedios de Escalada Curved saber Later life Historiography San Martín National Institute Historia de San Martín y de la emancipación sudamericana Legacy Cerro de la Gloria El Santo de la Espada Revolución: El cruce de los Andes

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jose_de_San_Martin.jpg"},{"link_name":"José de San Martín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"José de San Martín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Spanish American wars of independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence"},{"link_name":"Simón Bolívar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar"},{"link_name":"Guayaquil conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayaquil_conference"},{"link_name":"Army of the Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Andes"},{"link_name":"Boulogne-sur-Mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Photo of José de San Martín, taken in 1848The later life of José de San Martín (national hero of Argentina[1]) documents the life of San Martín after his retirement from the Spanish American wars of independence. He met Simón Bolívar at the Guayaquil conference, resigned from his political offices in Peru and handed him the command of the Army of the Andes. San Martín returned to Argentina, and then left for Europe. He spent his later life in France, and died in Boulogne-sur-Mer on August 17, 1850.[2]","title":"Later life of José de San Martín"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyo_(Argentina)"},{"link_name":"Argentine theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Spanish American wars of independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence"},{"link_name":"Argentine Civil Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Civil_Wars"},{"link_name":"unitarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarian_Party"},{"link_name":"unitary state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"federals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federales_(Argentina)"},{"link_name":"federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation"},{"link_name":"caudillos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudillo"},{"link_name":"Juan Bautista Bustos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Bustos"},{"link_name":"Estanislao López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estanislao_L%C3%B3pez"},{"link_name":"Facundo Quiroga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facundo_Quiroga"},{"link_name":"Bernardino Rivadavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino_Rivadavia"},{"link_name":"intercepted his mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrecy_of_correspondence"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"María de los Remedios de Escalada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_los_Remedios_de_Escalada"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cepeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cepeda_(1820)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"After his retirement, San Martín intended to live in Cuyo, modern Argentina. The Argentine theater of the Spanish American wars of independence had ended, and by that point the conflict was restricted to northern South America. However, the Argentine Civil Wars had begun, between the unitarians, who wanted to organize the country as a unitary state centered on Buenos Aires, and the federals, who preferred a federation of provinces. San Martín had good relations with the federal caudillos Juan Bautista Bustos, Estanislao López and Facundo Quiroga, and a personal feud with the unitarian leader Bernardino Rivadavia. However, he tried to stay neutral in the conflict. López offered him his military support to depose the government of Buenos Aires, so that San Martín would rule instead, but he declined the offer. Aware of San Martín's influence, the government of Buenos Aires kept him under surveillance, intercepted his mail, and urged him to leave the country.[3]After San Martín's wife María de los Remedios de Escalada died in 1823, he returned to Buenos Aires. He wanted to take his daughter, María de las Mercedes, who was living with her mother's family, and spend some time with her in Europe, but the Escaladas did not give him a good reception. They resented the fact that he had not been present when Remedios died, and that he had refused to aid the city at the Battle of Cepeda. As the elections for a new governor were approaching, the government rushed through a law requiring that all candidates be natives of Buenos Aires, thus preventing San Martín from standing as he was born in Corrientes. San Martín left Buenos Aires and sailed to Europe.[4]","title":"Departure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le Havre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre"},{"link_name":"Louis XVIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Bourbon Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment_of_Mounted_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"Bernardo Monteagudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_de_Monteagudo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"San Martín arrived in Le Havre, in France. The country was under the rule of Louis XVIII as a result of the Bourbon Restoration that followed the defeat of Napoleon. San Martín's books were deemed too liberal, so he was not allowed to enter the country. He therefore sailed on to Britain. He disembarked in Southampton and went to London. After a brief stay there, he moved to Brussels, where he enrolled his daughter in a school and stayed for some years. He joined the lodges \"La Parfaite Amitié\" and \"Les Amis Philanthropes\".[5]San Martín intended to stay in Brussels until his daughter finished her education and then retire to a farm in Argentina. During this time he got news of the final victory of Simón Bolívar in the war. He also received the news that the government of Buenos Aires had disbanded the Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers, and that Bernardo Monteagudo had been assassinated in Peru. Rivadavia visited Brussels and San Martín intended to challenge him to a duel, but was dissuaded by Diego Paroissien.[6]","title":"European visit"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fusilamiento_de_Dorrego.jpg"},{"link_name":"Manuel Dorrego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Dorrego"},{"link_name":"invaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Portuguese-Brazilian_invasion_of_the_Eastern_Bank"},{"link_name":"Banda Oriental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Oriental"},{"link_name":"Thirty-Three Orientals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-Three_Orientals"},{"link_name":"Argentine-Brazilian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine-Brazilian_War"},{"link_name":"Manuel Dorrego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Dorrego"},{"link_name":"1828 Treaty of Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1828_Treaty_of_Montevideo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Juan Lavalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Lavalle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The execution of Manuel Dorrego convinced San Martín to return to Europe.Brazil invaded and annexed the Banda Oriental in 1816. The Thirty-Three Orientals began the liberation of the province in 1825, which led to the Argentine-Brazilian War. Despite his feud with Rivadavia, San Martín wrote to Manuel Escalada instructing him to offer his military services to the government. He received no response; it is unclear whether Rivadavia rejected him or whether the Escaladas did not pass on his offer because of his known hostility toward San Martín. Rivadavia was ousted from power shortly after, as the provinces rejected the 1826 constitution, and Manuel Dorrego became head of government instead. This convinced San Martín to move back to the Americas, but the war ended during his journey home after British diplomacy forced Dorrego to sign the 1828 Treaty of Montevideo. San Martín had intended to return anyway, as a federal government would spare him the persecution he would otherwise have been subjected to from the unitarians.[7]San Martin's plans were disrupted after his ship docked in Rio de Janeiro (where he used the pseudonym \"José Matorras\") and learned that the unitarian Juan Lavalle had deposed Dorrego. When he reached Montevideo San Martin received news that Lavalle had captured and executed Dorrego, and begun a campaign of terror against all federals in the country. San Martin remained on board the ship after it docked in Buenos Aires, and returned with it to Montevideo. Lavalle was unable to put down the federal rebellion against him, and offered San Martín the government. The conditions of this offer, if any, are unknown. San Martín declined and returned to Europe.[8]","title":"Attempted return"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juan Manuel de Rosas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Belgian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"cholera epidemic of 1831","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera_epidemic_of_1831"},{"link_name":"Mariano Balcarce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariano_Balcarce&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"blockade of the Rio de la Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"curved saber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curved_saber_of_San_Mart%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata"},{"link_name":"Florencio Varela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencio_Varela_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Domingo Faustino Sarmiento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"1848 revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848"},{"link_name":"Boulogne-sur-Mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"San Martín returned to Brussels. He stayed in touch with the news from Europe and South America, and began to face economic problems. By this time the federal Juan Manuel de Rosas had begun to pacify the civil war started by Lavalle, and earned San Martín's admiration. They began to exchange letters, in friendly terms.[9]The Belgian Revolution against the Netherlands began in 1830. Lacking notable military leaders, the rebels requested San Martín to lead them, and offered him the command of their troops. He declined the offer, as when he settled in the country he had agreed to obey its laws. To avoid taking part in the conflict, he left Belgium and moved to Paris. He was also concerned by the cholera epidemic of 1831, but the disease was also present in Paris, where both San Martín and his daughter Mercedes became ill. They were helped by Mariano Balcarce. Mariano married Mercedes, and they had two daughters, María Mercedes and Josefa Dominga.[10]In 1837 France began a blockade of the Rio de la Plata against Rosas. San Martín offered his military services to Rosas, but Rosas declined the offer: he thought the conflict would be resolved quickly, and did not want to disturb San Martín at his advanced age. San Martín condemned the role of the unitarians in that conflict, as they had allied themselves with France against their own nation.[11]San Martín wrote his will on January 23, 1844. He declared his daughter his heir, and bequeathed his curved saber to Juan Manuel de Rosas. The conflict between France and Argentina renewed in the Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata, which San Martín also condemned. During this time he met Florencio Varela and Domingo Faustino Sarmiento.[12]During the 1848 revolution, San Martin left Paris and moved to Boulogne-sur-Mer, a small city in northern France. He was almost blind and had many health problems because of his advanced age, but continued to write letters and keep in touch with the news from South America. He died at three o'clock on August 17, 1850, shortly after receiving news of the Argentine victory against the Anglo-French blockade.[13]","title":"Return to Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"Last will of José de San Martín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/es:Testamento_de_Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Pigna, Felipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Pigna"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-950-49-2420-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-950-49-2420-3"},{"link_name":"Galasso, Norberto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norberto_Galasso"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-950-581-779-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-950-581-779-5"}],"text":"Spanish Wikisource has original text related to this article:\nLast will of José de San MartínPigna, Felipe (2010). Libertadores de América. Buenos Aires: Planeta. ISBN 978-950-49-2420-3.\nGalasso, Norberto (2009). Seamos Libres y lo demás no importa nada. Buenos Aires: Colihue. ISBN 978-950-581-779-5.","title":"Bibliography"}]

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[{"reference":"Pigna, Felipe (2010). Libertadores de América. Buenos Aires: Planeta. ISBN 978-950-49-2420-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Pigna","url_text":"Pigna, Felipe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-950-49-2420-3","url_text":"978-950-49-2420-3"}]},{"reference":"Galasso, Norberto (2009). Seamos Libres y lo demás no importa nada. Buenos Aires: Colihue. ISBN 978-950-581-779-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norberto_Galasso","url_text":"Galasso, Norberto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-950-581-779-5","url_text":"978-950-581-779-5"}]}]

[]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pityrodia_lanuginosa

Pityrodia lanuginosa

["1 Description","2 Taxonomy and naming","3 Distribution","4 Conservation","5 References"]

Species of flowering plant Pityrodia lanuginosa Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Lamiales Family: Lamiaceae Genus: Pityrodia Species: P. lanuginosa Binomial name Pityrodia lanuginosaMunir Occurrence data from the ALA Pityrodia lanuginosa is a flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae and is endemic to Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory. It is a woolly, spreading shrub with its leaves arranged in four rows and off-white, bell-like flowers with dark purple streaks. Description Pityrodia lanuginosa is a spreading shrub which grows to a height of about 30 cm (10 in) and has branches densely covered with woolly hairs. The leaves are narrow egg-shaped to lance-shaped, usually 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long, 3–5 mm (0.1–0.2 in) wide, mostly smooth on the upper surface and have prominent veins on the lower surface. The flowers are arranged singly in upper leaf axils with leaf-like bracts and leafy, narrow lance-shaped bracteoles 3–7 mm (0.1–0.3 in) long at their base. The sepals are joined for about half their length to form a bell-shaped tube with five lance-shaped, slightly hairy lobes 5–7 mm (0.2–0.3 in) long. The five petals are off-white, 7–9 mm (0.3–0.4 in) long and joined to form a bell-shaped tube with five lobes on the end. The two upper lobes have dark purple streaks and are about 3 mm (0.1 in) long and the lower middle lobe is larger than the others. The petal tube and lobes are mostly glabrous apart from a dense hairy ring below the stamens. The four stamens extend beyond the end of the tube, the lower pair slightly longer than the other one. Flowering occurs mainly from January to June and is followed by an oval-shaped, hairy, fruit 3–4.5 mm (0.1–0.2 in) long and about 2 mm (0.08 in) wide. Taxonomy and naming Pityrodia lanuginosa was first formally described in 1979 by Ahmad Abid Munir from a specimen collected near El Sharana in Arnhem Land. The description was published in Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens. Distribution This pityrodia occurs in Arnhem Land including in the Kakadu National Park and Nitmiluk National Park. Conservation Pityrodia lanuginosa is classified as "least concern" under the Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 2000. References ^ "Pityrodia lanuginosa". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ^ a b c d Munir, Ahmad Abid (1979). "A taxonomic revision of the genus Pityrodia (Chloanthaceae)". Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden. 2 (1): 123–125. ^ a b c "Pityrodia lanuginosa". Northern Territory Government: Flora NT. Retrieved 21 January 2019. ^ "Pityrodia lanuginosa". APNI. Retrieved 21 January 2019. Taxon identifiersPityrodia lanuginosa Wikidata: Q15351516 APNI: 101144 CoL: 4JD99 GBIF: 3882553 iNaturalist: 877275 IPNI: 167753-1 NTFlora: 5913 Open Tree of Life: 6085330 Plant List: kew-156728 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:167753-1 Tropicos: 100243718 WFO: wfo-0000274005

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherpes

Canyon wren

["1 Taxonomy","2 Distribution","3 Habitat","4 Diet","5 Ecology","6 References","7 Cited texts","8 External links"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Canyon wren" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Species of bird Canyon wren in Madera Canyon, Arizona Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Troglodytidae Genus: CatherpesBaird, 1858 Species: C. mexicanus Binomial name Catherpes mexicanus(Swainson, 1829) The canyon wren (Catherpes mexicanus) is a small North American songbird of the wren family Troglodytidae. It is resident throughout its range and is generally found in arid, rocky cliffs, outcrops, and canyons. It is a small bird that is hard to see on its rocky habitat; however, it can be heard throughout the canyons by its distinctive, loud song. It is currently in a monotypic taxon and is the only species in the genus Catherpes. Taxonomy The taxonomy of the species has been altered and debated for many years, with from three to eleven subspecies being proposed at various times. Generally, three subspecies are recognized. Originally in the genus Thryothorus, it was moved into the genus Salpinctes along with the rock wren (Salpinctes obsoletus), where some researchers still place it; however, generally, now, the species is in the only species in the genus Catherpes. The three generally recognized subspecies are: C. m. mexicanus occurring in the central and southern portions of the Mexican Plateau C. m. albifrons occurring in the northern portion of the Mexican Plateau, into west-central through western Texas C. m. conspersus occurring in the remaining portion of the range in the U.S. and Canada These subspecies are distinguished by the bill of C. m. albifrons which is generally longer than that of C. m. mexicanus, and its plumage paler, with upperparts more grayish brown, with narrower black bars on tail. In C. m. conspersus the plumage is paler and it is smaller than C. m. mexicanus. Distribution Resident, although individuals may make short seasonal movements. It ranges from southern British Columbia in the Okanagan Valley and western and southern Idaho and southern Montana south through central Wyoming, Colorado throughout much of Mexico south to western Chiapas. It occurs east to southwest Oklahoma and in the Edwards Plateau of west-central Texas. Disjunct populations occur in the Black Hills of southwest South Dakota, northeast Wyoming and southeast Montana. During the winter season the distribution is generally the same; however, concentrations may occur in the Chihuahuan Desert of southwest Texas. Habitat Similar to the rock wren in habitat, the canyon wren prefers steeper rocky environments, particularly in arid landscapes and deep canyons and terrain (sometimes including buildings, woodpiles, and rock fences). This species regularly uses riparian areas for foraging and has bred away from rocky substrate. Canyon wren singing Diet The canyon wren feeds on small insects and spiders. Since they live on large rocks, they use their long beaks to scope out small crevices. They also get their source of liquid from the insects they consume. Ecology It feeds on insects and spiders by probing into crevices with its long bill. Its coloration is rustier than that of the rock wren, with a contrasting white throat and breast. The canyon wren is more often heard than seen, and its falling series of whistles is one of the more familiar bird calls of the canyons of the western United States. Canyon wren nest from Texas It builds a cup nest out of twigs and other vegetation in a rock crevice. It lays 4 to 6 eggs, white with reddish brown and gray speckles. References ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Catherpes mexicanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22711335A94289723. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22711335A94289723.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021. ^ American Ornithologists' Union (1957). Check-list of North American Birds (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Am. Ornithol. Union. ^ Jones, Stephanie L.; Deini, J. S. (1995). A. Poole (ed.). "Canyon Wren". The Birds of North America Online. 197. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bna.197. Retrieved 30 Jan 2012. ^ Fletcher, Dawn; Vander Pluym, David; Preston, Mel; Leist, Amy (2016). "CANYON WRENS BREEDING IN DESERT RIPARIAN VEGETATION: FIRST RECORDS IN A NOVEL HABITAT". Western Birds. 47 (1): 50-57. Cited texts Howell, Steve N. G.; Webb, Sophie (1995). A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854012-4. "Catherpes mexicanus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 24 January 2006. Jones, Stephanie L.; Dieni, J. S.; Araya, A. C. (2002). "Reproductive biology of Canyon Wrens in the Front Range of Colorado". Wilson Bulletin. 114 (4): 446–449. doi:10.1676/0043-5643(2002)1142.0.CO;2. JSTOR 4164488. S2CID 85965537. Brewer, D. (2001). Wrens, dippers, and thrashers. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300090598. External links Canyon Wren at USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter Canyon Wren Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology Canyon Wren Archived 2007-10-10 at the Wayback Machine on the Internet Bird Collection Canyon Wren photo gallery VIREO Photo-High Res--(Close-up); Article - i.pbase.com-(Photos) vteGenera of passerides and their extinct allies Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Suborder: Passeri Infraorder: Passerida PasseridaChaetopidae? Chaetops Chloropseidae? Chloropsis Hyliotidae? Hyliota Irenidae Irena Paridae Baeolophus Cyanistes Cephalopyrus Lophophanes Machlolophus Melaniparus Melanochlora Pardaliparus Parus Periparus Poecile Pseudopodoces Sittiparus Sylviparus Picathartidae? Picathartes Promeropidae? Promerops Remizidae Anthoscopus Auriparus Remiz Stenostiridae Chelidorhynx Culicicapa Elminia Stenostira Muscicapida See below ↓ Sylvioidea See below ↓ Passeroidea See Passeroidea MuscicapidaRegulidae Corthylio Regulus BombycilloideaBombycillidae Bombycilla Dulidae Dulus Hylocitreidae Hylocitrea Hypocoliidae Hypocolius †Mohoidae Chaetoptila Moho Ptiliogonatidae Phainopepla Phainoptila Ptiliogonys Certhioideaincertae sedis †Certhiops †Kischinskinia Certhiidae Certhia Salpornis Polioptilidae Microbates Polioptila Ramphocaenus Sittidae Sitta Tichodromidae Tichodroma Troglodytidae Campylorhynchus Cantorchilus Catherpes Cinnycerthia Cistothorus Cyphorhinus Ferminia Henicorhina Hylorchilus Microcerculus Odontorchilus Pheugopedius Salpinctes Thryomanes Thryophilus Thryorchilus Thryothorus Troglodytes Uropsila MuscicapoideaBuphagidae Buphagus Cinclidae Cinclus Elachuridae Elachura Mimidae Allenia Cinclocerthia Dumetella Margarops Melanotis Mimus Oreoscoptes Ramphocinclus Toxostoma MuscicapidaeErithacinae Chamaetylas Cichladusa Cossypha Cossyphicula Dessonornis Erithacus Pogonocichla Sheppardia Stiphrornis Swynnertonia Xenocopsychus MuscicapinaeCopsychini Alethe Cercotrichas Copsychus Muscicapini Agricola Bradornis Empidornis Fraseria Humblotia Melaenornis Muscicapa Namibornis Sigelus Niltavinae Anthipes Cyanoptila Cyornis Eumyias Leucoptilon Niltava Sholicola Saxicolinae Brachypteryx Calliope Campicoloides Cinclidium Emarginata Enicurus Ficedula Heinrichia Heteroxenicus Irania Larvivora Leonardina Luscinia Monticola Myiomela Myophonus Myrmecocichla Oenanthe Phoenicurus Pinarochroa Saxicola Tarsiger Thamnolaea Vauriella Sturnidae Acridotheres Agropsar Ampeliceps Aplonis Arizelopsar Basilornis Cinnyricinclus Creatophora †Cryptopsar Enodes †Fregilupus Goodfellowia Gracula Gracupica Grafisia Hartlaubius Hylopsar Lamprotornis Leucopsar Mino (bird) †Necropsar Neocichla Notopholia Onychognathus Pastor Pholia Poeoptera Rhabdornis Sarcops Saroglossa Scissirostrum Speculipastor Spodiopsar Streptocitta Sturnia Sturnornis Sturnus Turdidae †Meridiocichla Pinarornis Myadestinae Grandala Myadestes Neocossyphus Sialia Stizorhina Turdinae Catharus Chlamydochaera Cichlopsis Cochoa Entomodestes Geokichla Hylocichla Ridgwayia Ixoreus Turdus Zoothera SylvioideaAcrocephalidae Acrocephalus Calamonastides Chloropeta Hippolais Iduna Nesillas Aegithalidae Aegithalos Leptopoecile Psaltriparus AlaudidaeAlaudinae Alauda Alaudala Calandrella Chersophilus Eremalauda Eremophila Galerida Lullula Melanocorypha Spizocorys Certhilaudinae Alaemon Ammomanes Ammomanopsis Certhilauda Chersomanes Eremopterix Pinarocorys Ramphocoris Mirafrinae Calendulauda Heteromirafra Mirafra Alcippeidae Alcippe Bernieridae Bernieria Crossleyia Cryptosylvicola Hartertula Oxylabes Randia Thamnornis Xanthomixis Cettiidae Abroscopus Cettia Hemitesia Horornis Phyllergates Tesia Tickellia Urosphena Cisticolidae Apalis Artisornis Bathmocercus Calamonastes Camaroptera Cisticola Drymocichla Eminia Eremomela Euryptila Hypergerus Incana Malcorus Micromacronus Neomixis Oreolais Oreophilais Orthotomus Phragmacia Phyllolais Poliolais Prinia Scepomycter Schistolais Spiloptila Urolais Donacobiidae Donacobius Erythrocercidae Erythrocercus Hirundinidae Alopochelidon Atronanus Atticora Cecropis Cheramoeca Delichon Hirundo Neophedina Orochelidon Petrochelidon Phedina Phedinopsis Progne Psalidoprocne Pseudhirundo Pseudochelidon Ptyonoprogne Pygochelidon Riparia Stelgidopteryx Tachycineta Hyliidae Hylia Pholidornis Leiothrichidae Actinodura Argya Cutia Garrulax Grammatoptila Heterophasia Ianthocincla Laniellus Leioptila Leiothrix Liocichla Minla Montecincla Pterorhinus Trochalopteron Turdoides Locustellidae Bradypterus Catriscus Cincloramphus Elaphrornis Helopsaltes Locustella Malia Megalurus Poodytes Robsonius Schoenicola Macrosphenidae Achaetops Cryptillas Macrosphenus Melocichla Sphenoeacus Sylvietta Nicatoridae Nicator Panuridae Panurus Paradoxornithidae Chamaea Chrysomma Fulvetta Lioparus Moupinia Myzornis Paradoxornis Rhopophilus Suthora Pellorneidae Gampsorhynchus Graminicola Gypsophila Illadopsis Kenopia Laticilla Malacocincla Malacopteron Napothera Pellorneum Ptilocichla Schoeniparus Turdinus Phylloscopidae Phylloscopus Pnoepygidae Pnoepyga Pycnonotidae Acritillas Alcurus Alophoixus Altimastillas Andropadus Arizelocichla Baeopogon Bleda Brachypodius Calyptocichla Chlorocichla Criniger Euptilotus Eurillas Hemixos Hypsipetes Iole Ixodia Ixonotus Ixos Microtarsus Neolestes Nok Phyllastrephus Poliolophus Pycnonotus Rubigula Setornis Spizixos Stelgidillas Thescelocichla Tricholestes Scotocercidae Scotocerca Sylviidae Curruca Sylvia Timaliidae Cyanoderma Dumetia Erythrogenys Macronus Melanocichla Mixornis Pomatorhinus Spelaeornis Stachyris Timalia Zosteropidae Apalopteron Cleptornis Dasycrotapha Heleia Megazosterops Parayuhina Rukia Staphida Sterrhoptilus Tephrozosterops Yuhina Zosterops Zosterornis Taxon identifiersCatherpes mexicanus Wikidata: Q776497 Wikispecies: Catherpes mexicanus ABA: canwre ADW: Catherpes Avibase: EAD14427235AC534 BioLib: 25912 BirdLife: 22711335 BOLD: 17073 BOW: canwre CoL: 69FS3 eBird: canwre EoL: 45510085 GBIF: 5231430 GNAB: canyon-wren iNaturalist: 7464 IRMNG: 11248273 ITIS: 178610 IUCN: 22711335 NatureServe: 2.105578 NCBI: 241529 Neotropical: canwre Observation.org: 76524 Open Tree of Life: 406675 Xeno-canto: Catherpes-mexicanus

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"wren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wren"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Troglodytidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troglodytidae"},{"link_name":"monotypic taxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic_taxon"}],"text":"Species of birdThe canyon wren (Catherpes mexicanus) is a small North American songbird of the wren family Troglodytidae. It is resident throughout its range and is generally found in arid, rocky cliffs, outcrops, and canyons. It is a small bird that is hard to see on its rocky habitat; however, it can be heard throughout the canyons by its distinctive, loud song. It is currently in a monotypic taxon and is the only species in the genus Catherpes.","title":"Canyon wren"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thryothorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thryothorus"},{"link_name":"Salpinctes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_wren"},{"link_name":"rock wren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_wren"},{"link_name":"Salpinctes obsoletus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpinctes_obsoletus"},{"link_name":"Mexican Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The taxonomy of the species has been altered and debated for many years, with from three to eleven subspecies being proposed at various times. Generally, three subspecies are recognized. Originally in the genus Thryothorus, it was moved into the genus Salpinctes along with the rock wren (Salpinctes obsoletus), where some researchers still place it; however, generally, now, the species is in the only species in the genus Catherpes.The three generally recognized subspecies are:C. m. mexicanus occurring in the central and southern portions of the Mexican Plateau\nC. m. albifrons occurring in the northern portion of the Mexican Plateau, into west-central through western Texas\nC. m. conspersus occurring in the remaining portion of the range in the U.S. and CanadaThese subspecies are distinguished by the bill of C. m. albifrons which is generally longer than that of C. m. mexicanus, and its plumage paler, with upperparts more grayish brown, with narrower black bars on tail. In C. m. conspersus the plumage is paler and it is smaller than C. m. mexicanus.[2]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Okanagan Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okanagan_Valley"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Chiapas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiapas"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Edwards Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Chihuahuan Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihuahuan_Desert"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Resident, although individuals may make short seasonal movements. It ranges from southern British Columbia in the Okanagan Valley and western and southern Idaho and southern Montana south through central Wyoming, Colorado throughout much of Mexico south to western Chiapas. It occurs east to southwest Oklahoma and in the Edwards Plateau of west-central Texas. Disjunct populations occur in the Black Hills of southwest South Dakota, northeast Wyoming and southeast Montana. During the winter season the distribution is generally the same; however, concentrations may occur in the Chihuahuan Desert of southwest Texas.[3]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock wren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_wren"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catherpes_mexicanus2.jpg"}],"text":"Similar to the rock wren in habitat, the canyon wren prefers steeper rocky environments, particularly in arid landscapes and deep canyons and terrain (sometimes including buildings, woodpiles, and rock fences). This species regularly uses riparian areas for foraging and has bred away from rocky substrate.[4]Canyon wren singing","title":"Habitat"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The canyon wren feeds on small insects and spiders. Since they live on large rocks, they use their long beaks to scope out small crevices. They also get their source of liquid from the insects they consume.","title":"Diet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"spiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider"},{"link_name":"bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beak"},{"link_name":"rock wren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_wren"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CANW_nest.JPG"},{"link_name":"nest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_nest"},{"link_name":"eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(biology)"}],"text":"It feeds on insects and spiders by probing into crevices with its long bill. Its coloration is rustier than that of the rock wren, with a contrasting white throat and breast. The canyon wren is more often heard than seen, and its falling series of whistles is one of the more familiar bird calls of the canyons of the western United States.Canyon wren nest from TexasIt builds a cup nest out of twigs and other vegetation in a rock crevice. It lays 4 to 6 eggs, white with reddish brown and gray speckles.","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/guidetobirdsofme0000howe"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-854012-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-854012-4"},{"link_name":"\"Catherpes mexicanus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=178610"},{"link_name":"Integrated Taxonomic Information System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System"},{"link_name":"\"Reproductive biology of Canyon Wrens in the Front Range of Colorado\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/210406"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0446:RBOCWI]2.0.CO;2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1676%2F0043-5643%282002%29114%5B0446%3ARBOCWI%5D2.0.CO%3B2"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4164488","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/4164488"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"85965537","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85965537"},{"link_name":"Wrens, dippers, and thrashers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/wrensdippersthra0000brew"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780300090598","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300090598"}],"text":"Howell, Steve N. G.; Webb, Sophie (1995). A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854012-4.\n\"Catherpes mexicanus\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 24 January 2006.\nJones, Stephanie L.; Dieni, J. S.; Araya, A. C. (2002). \"Reproductive biology of Canyon Wrens in the Front Range of Colorado\". Wilson Bulletin. 114 (4): 446–449. doi:10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0446:RBOCWI]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 4164488. S2CID 85965537.\nBrewer, D. (2001). Wrens, dippers, and thrashers. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300090598.","title":"Cited texts"}]

[{"image_text":"Canyon wren singing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Catherpes_mexicanus2.jpg/220px-Catherpes_mexicanus2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Canyon wren nest from Texas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/CANW_nest.JPG/220px-CANW_nest.JPG"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borys_Martos

Borys Martos

["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]

Ukrainian politician and economist In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Mykolayovych and the family name is Martos. Borys MartosБорис Мартос5th Chairman of People's Ministers of UkraineIn office9 April 1919 – 27 August 1919PresidentDirectoratePreceded bySerhiy OstapenkoSucceeded byIsaak MazepaMinister of Food ProvisionsIn office26 December 1918 – 13 February 1919Prime MinisterVolodymyr ChekhivskyPreceded byG. Glinka (Ukrainian State)Succeeded byI. Feschenko-Chopivsky (as Minister of Economy)Secretary of Agrarian AffairsIn office28 June 1917 – 14 August 1917Prime MinisterVolodymyr VynnychenkoPreceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byM. Savchenko-Bilsky Personal detailsBorn(1879-05-20)20 May 1879Gradizhsk, Kremenchugsky Uyezd, Poltava Governorate, Russian EmpireDied19 September 1977(1977-09-19) (aged 98)Bound Brook, New Jersey, United StatesNationalityUkrainianPolitical partyUSDRP (1905)SpouseM. KucheryavenkoAlma materImperial Kharkov University (1908)OccupationPolitician/Activist/Pedagogue Borys Mykolayovych Martos (Ukrainian: Борис Миколайович Мартос; 20 May 1879 – 19 September 1977) was a Ukrainian politician, pedagogue, and economist who briefly served as Chairman of People's Ministers of the Ukrainian People's Republic from April to August 1919. Biography Martos was born in Gradizhsk, in the Poltava Governorate of the Russian Empire, into a noble family of the Ossorya coat of arms. Martos graduated from Lubny Classic gymnasium in 1897 and enrolled into the Mathematics Department of the Imperial Kharkov University. There Martos became a member of a secret Ukrainian student hromada of Kharkov. Here in 1900 he met with Symon Petliura and his future wife M. Kucheryavenko. In the summer of 1900 Martos participated in the First Ukrainian Student Congress in Halychyna. He was arrested three times for collaboration with the Revolutionary Ukrainian Party. After graduating and until 1917 Martos worked in several different places: a co-ed in Volhynia, a financial director at the Black Sea-Kuban Railway board, a director of the Kuban Cooperative Bank, and a cooperative instructor for the Poltava Governorate zemstvo (1913–1917). In 1917 Martos served on numerous official positions as delegate in the Central Rada and its Executive Committee (Mala Rada), and the General Secretariat. After the Hetman coup-d'etat worked as a cooperator. During that time Martos was heading the Central Ukrainian Cooperative Committee as its executive director as well working at the board of directors for the Dniprosoyuz, giving lectures at the Kyiv Commercial Institute, and had established the Kyiv Cooperative Institute. Under the Directorate of Ukraine, he served as the chairman of the Council of People's Ministers of the Ukrainian People's Republic from 9 April to 27 August 1919. In 1917-1918 Martos was a member of the Central Rada and the Secretary of Agrarian Affairs. In 1918 he also was heading the All-Ukrainian Cooperative Committee. In 1920 Martos emigrated to Czechoslovakia, where he used to teach in the Ukrainian management Academy in Prague. He died on 19 September 1977, and is buried in New Jersey, United States. References ^ "Мартос Борис Миколайович". ^ Profile of Borys Martos ^ "Borys Martos, Ex‐Leader of Independent Ukraine". The New York Times. 23 September 1977. External links Borys Martos at Encyclopedia of Ukraine.com (in English) Biography at the government portal of Ukraine (in Ukrainian) Records Preceded byFederico Páez Oldest living state leader 9 February 1974 – 22 March 1978 Succeeded byIsidro Ayora vtePrime ministers of UkraineList of prime ministers of UkraineUkrainian People's Republic(1917–1920) Volodymyr Vynnychenko Vsevolod Holubovych Mykola Sakhno-Ustymovych1 Mykola Vasylenko1 Fedir Lyzohub Serhii Gerbel Volodymyr Chekhivskyi Serhii Ostapenko Borys Martos Isaak Mazepa Vyacheslav ProkopovychCouncil of Ministers Yevgenia Bosch1 Mykola Skrypnyk Georgy Pyatakov Christian Rakovsky Vlas Chubar Panas Lyubchenko Mykhailo Bondarenko Mykola Marchak1 Demyan Korotchenko Leonid Korniyets Nikita Khrushchev Demyan Korotchenko Nikifor Kalchenko Volodymyr Shcherbytsky Ivan Kazanets Volodymyr Shcherbytsky Oleksandr Liashko Vitaliy Masol Kostyantyn Masyk1 Vitold FokinGovernment (in exile) Andriy Livytskyi Pylyp Pylypchuk Andriy Livytskyi Vyacheslav Prokopovych Oleksander Shulhyn Vyacheslav Prokopovych Andriy Yakovliv Kostiantyn Pankivskyi Isaak Mazepa Stepan Baran Spyrydon Dovhal Symon Sozontiv Mykola Livytskyi Spyrydon Dovhal Atanas Figol Spyrydon Dovhal Vasyl Fedoronchuk Teofil Leontiy Ivan Kedryn-Rudnytskyi Teofil Leontiy Yaroslav-Bohdan Rudnytsky Ivan SamiylenkoCabinet of Ministers Vitold Fokin Valentyn Symonenko1 Leonid Kuchma Yukhym Zvyahilsky1 Vitaliy Masol Yevhen Marchuk Pavlo Lazarenko Vasyl Durdynets1 Valeriy Pustovoitenko Viktor Yushchenko Anatoliy Kinakh Viktor Yanukovych Mykola Azarov1 Viktor Yanukovych Mykola Azarov1 Yulia Tymoshenko Yuriy Yekhanurov Viktor Yanukovych Yulia Tymoshenko Oleksandr Turchynov1 Mykola Azarov Serhiy Arbuzov1 Oleksandr Turchynov1 Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Oleksiy Honcharuk Denys Shmyhal1 denotes acting Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Czech Republic Poland Other Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine SNAC

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Slavic naming customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chairman of People's Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic"}],"text":"In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Mykolayovych and the family name is Martos.Borys Mykolayovych Martos (Ukrainian: Борис Миколайович Мартос; 20 May 1879 – 19 September 1977)[1][2] was a Ukrainian politician, pedagogue, and economist who briefly served as Chairman of People's Ministers of the Ukrainian People's Republic from April to August 1919.","title":"Borys Martos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poltava Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltava_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ossorya coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossorya_coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Lubny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubny"},{"link_name":"Imperial Kharkov University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv_University"},{"link_name":"Symon Petliura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symon_Petliura"},{"link_name":"Halychyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halychyna"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Ukrainian Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Ukrainian_Party"},{"link_name":"Volhynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhynia"},{"link_name":"Black Sea-Kuban Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea-Kuban_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kuban Cooperative Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuban_Cooperative_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Poltava Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltava_Governorate"},{"link_name":"zemstvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemstvo"},{"link_name":"Central Rada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"General Secretariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Dniprosoyuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dniprosoyuz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kyiv Commercial Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Institute_of_National_Economy"},{"link_name":"Kyiv Cooperative Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyiv_Cooperative_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Directorate of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Council of People's Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Ministers"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"Central Rada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Rada"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Martos was born in Gradizhsk, in the Poltava Governorate of the Russian Empire, into a noble family of the Ossorya coat of arms.Martos graduated from Lubny Classic gymnasium in 1897 and enrolled into the Mathematics Department of the Imperial Kharkov University. There Martos became a member of a secret Ukrainian student hromada of Kharkov. Here in 1900 he met with Symon Petliura and his future wife M. Kucheryavenko. In the summer of 1900 Martos participated in the First Ukrainian Student Congress in Halychyna.He was arrested three times for collaboration with the Revolutionary Ukrainian Party. After graduating and until 1917 Martos worked in several different places: a co-ed in Volhynia, a financial director at the Black Sea-Kuban Railway board, a director of the Kuban Cooperative Bank, and a cooperative instructor for the Poltava Governorate zemstvo (1913–1917). In 1917 Martos served on numerous official positions as delegate in the Central Rada and its Executive Committee (Mala Rada), and the General Secretariat. After the Hetman coup-d'etat worked as a cooperator. During that time Martos was heading the Central Ukrainian Cooperative Committee as its executive director as well working at the board of directors for the Dniprosoyuz, giving lectures at the Kyiv Commercial Institute, and had established the Kyiv Cooperative Institute.Under the Directorate of Ukraine, he served as the chairman of the Council of People's Ministers of the Ukrainian People's Republic from 9 April to 27 August 1919. In 1917-1918 Martos was a member of the Central Rada and the Secretary of Agrarian Affairs. In 1918 he also was heading the All-Ukrainian Cooperative Committee.In 1920 Martos emigrated to Czechoslovakia, where he used to teach in the Ukrainian management Academy in Prague. He died on 19 September 1977, and is buried in New Jersey, United States.[3]","title":"Biography"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_of_Capri

Capri

["1 Etymology","2 Government","3 History","3.1 Ancient and Roman times","3.2 Middle and Modern Ages","3.3 1800s–present","4 Cultural references","5 Climate","6 Main sights","7 Annual events","8 Economy","9 Transport","9.1 Airports","10 Twin towns – sister cities","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"]

Coordinates: 40°33′00″N 14°14′00″E / 40.55000°N 14.23333°E / 40.55000; 14.23333Island in Italy This article is about the Italian island. For the island's main town, see Capri (town). For other uses, see Capri (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Carpi. CapriView from TerminiCapriGeographyLocationTyrrhenian SeaCoordinates40°33′00″N 14°14′00″E / 40.55000°N 14.23333°E / 40.55000; 14.23333Area10.4 km2 (4.0 sq mi)Highest elevation589 m (1932 ft)Highest pointMonte SolaroAdministrationItalyRegionCampaniaMetropolitan CityNaplesLargest settlementCapri (pop. 7,278)DemographicsPopulation12,903 (2022)Pop. density1,170/km2 (3030/sq mi) Capri (/ˈkæpri/ KAP-ree, US also /kəˈpriː, ˈkɑːpri/ kə-PREE, KAH-pree; Italian: ; adjective Caprese) is an island located in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the Sorrento Peninsula, on the south side of the Gulf of Naples in the Campania region of Italy. The largest settlement on the island is the town of Capri. The island has been a resort since the time of the Roman Republic. Some of the main features of the island include the Marina Piccola (the little marina), the Belvedere of Tragara (a high panoramic promenade lined with villas), the limestone crags called sea stacks that project above the sea (the faraglioni), the town of Anacapri, the Blue Grotto (Grotta Azzurra), the ruins of the Imperial Roman villas, and the vistas of various towns surrounding the Island of Capri including Positano, Amalfi, Ravello, Sorrento, Nerano, and Naples. Capri is part of the region of Campania, Metropolitan City of Naples. The town of Capri is a comune and the island's main population centre. The island has two harbours, Marina Piccola and Marina Grande (the main port of the island). The separate comune of Anacapri is located high on the hills to the west. Etymology The etymology of the name Capri is unclear. It might be traced back to the Ancient Greek κάπρος kápros meaning 'wild boar', as the Greeks of Magna Graecia, who were the first recorded colonists to populate the island, called it Kapreai (Καπρέαι). It could also derive from Latin capreae ('goats'). Fossils of wild boars have been discovered, lending credence to the kápros etymology. Finally, there is also the possibility that the name derives from an Etruscan word for 'rocky', though any historical Etruscan rule of the island is disputed. Capri consists of limestone and sandstone rock; cliffs form much of the sides and surface of the island. Government The voters of the island elect representatives for the two municipalities (comuni) on the island. The chosen representatives then choose two mayors to govern with them. History Main article: History of Capri Ancient and Roman times The remains of Villa Jovis, built by emperor Tiberius and completed in AD 27 The island has been inhabited since early times. Evidence of human settlement was discovered during the Roman era; according to Suetonius, when the foundations for the villa of Augustus were being excavated, giant bones and 'weapons of stone' were discovered. The emperor ordered these to be displayed in the garden of his main residence, the Sea Palace. at Capreae the monstrous bones of huge sea monsters and wild beasts, called the "bones of the giants," and the weapons of the heroes. Modern excavations have shown that human presence on the island can be dated to the Neolithic and the Bronze Age. Augustus developed Capri; he built temples, villas, aqueducts, and planted gardens so he could enjoy his private paradise. In his Aeneid, Virgil states that the island had been populated by the Greek people of Teleboi, coming from the Ionian Islands. Strabo says that "in ancient times in Capri there were two towns, later reduced to one." Tacitus records that there were twelve Imperial villas in Capri. Ruins of one at Tragara could still be seen in the 19th century. Augustus' successor Tiberius built a series of villas at Capri, the most famous of which is the Villa Jovis, one of the best-preserved Roman villas in Italy. In 27 AD, Tiberius permanently moved to Capri, running the Empire from there until his death in 37 AD. In 182 AD, Emperor Commodus banished his sister Lucilla to Capri. She was executed shortly afterwards. Middle and Modern Ages Certosa di San Giacomo, a Carthusian monastery founded in 1363 After the end of the Western Roman Empire, Capri returned to the status of a dominion of Naples, and suffered various attacks and ravages by pirates. In 866 Emperor Louis II gave the island to Amalfi. In 987 Pope John XV consecrated the first bishop of Capri, when Capri, Scala, Minori, and Lettere were made dioceses to serve as suffragans of Amalfi, which thereby became a metropolitan see. Capri continued to be a residential diocese until 1818, when the island became part of the archdiocese of Sorrento. No longer a residential bishopric, Capri, Capreae in Latin, is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see. In 1496, Frederick IV of Naples established legal and administrative parity between the settlements of Capri and Anacapri. The pirate raids reached their peak during the reign of Charles V: the famous Turkish admirals Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis captured the island for the Ottoman Empire, in 1535 and 1553, respectively. The first recorded tourist to visit the island was French antiques dealer Jean-Jacques Bouchard in the 17th century. His diary, found in 1850, is an important information source about Capri. 1800s–present In 1909–1911 Maxim Gorky lived on Capri at villa Behring (burgundy). French troops under Napoleon occupied Capri in January 1806. The British ousted the French in the following May, after which Capri was turned into a powerful naval base (a "Second Gibraltar"), but the building program caused heavy damage to the archaeological sites. The French reconquered Capri in 1808, and remained there until the end of the Napoleonic era (1815), when Capri was returned to the Bourbon ruling house of Naples. The natural scientist Ignazio Cerio catalogued Capri's flora and fauna during the 19th century. His work was continued by his son, author and engineer Edwin Cerio, who wrote several books on life in Capri in the 20th century. Prior to the First World War the island was extremely popular with wealthy gay men. John Ellingham Brooks and Somerset Maugham shared a villa there. Friedrich Alfred Krupp, the German industrialist, was accused of homosexual orgies and eventually committed suicide. Norman Douglas, Jacques d'Adelswärd-Fersen, Christian Wilhelm Allers, Emil von Behring, Curzio Malaparte, Axel Munthe, Louis Coatalen and Maxim Gorky are all reported to have owned a villa there, or to have stayed there for more than three months. Swedish Queen Victoria often stayed there because Axel Munthe was her doctor. Rose O'Neill, the American illustrator and creator of the Kewpie, owned the Villa Narcissus, formerly owned by the famous Beaux-Arts painter Charles Caryl Coleman. Dame Gracie Fields also had a villa and restaurant on the island and is buried there. In 1908, Lenin was hosted by Maxim Gorky, the Russian author, at his house near the Giardini Augusto. In 1970, a monument by Giacomo Manzù was erected during the centennial celebration in Lenin's honour. Capri, as with the Sicilian resort of Taormina, became "high on the list of places to be visited by homosexual northerners", according to Gregory Woods, chair in Gay and Lesbian Studies. The history of Taormina was changed by the presence of Wilhelm von Gloeden, known for his homoerotic photography, whose studio from 1878 to 1931 drew many visitors to the town. Both Capri and Taormina were tolerant of gay men and artists, and there was much interchange between the two places. In December 1897 Oscar Wilde was planning to winter in Naples with his lover Lord Alfred Douglas; the couple made a short visit to Capri, but their presence proved too scandalous for even that liberal island ("They even denied us bread!"), so "Bosie" headed back to England and Wilde made his way to Taormina, where he spent time with von Gloeden. Jacques d'Adelswärd-Fersen, who settled in Capri and built Villa Lysis, visited von Gloeden in 1923, bringing with him his schoolboy lover/secretary. Today, Capri has become more of a resort and is visited by tourists during the summer months of July and August. Mariah Carey owns a villa on the island. A beach in Capri Cultural references The Blue Grotto During the later half of the 19th century, Capri became a popular resort for European artists, writers and other celebrities. The book that spawned the 19th century fascination with Capri in France, Germany, and England was Entdeckung der blauen Grotte auf der Insel Capri ('Discovery of the Blue Grotto on the Isle of Capri') by the German painter and writer August Kopisch, in which he describes his 1826 stay on the island and his (re)discovery of the Blue Grotto. John Singer Sargent: Head of a Capri Girl, 1878 John Singer Sargent and Frank Hyde are among the prominent artists who stayed on the island around the late 1870s. Sargent is known for his series of portraits featuring local model Rosina Ferrara. The English artist and adventurer, John Wood Shortridge, acquired a fortino at Marina Piccola in the 1880s, (later transformed into a private villa by Dame Gracie Fields) and married a Capri girl, Carmela Esposito. He formed a close friendship with the English novelist George Gissing who provides a colourful and insightful account of his stays with Shortridge in his Published Letters of George Gissing. In the Gissing Journal, vol. XXXV, no. 3 (July, 1999), p. 2. it is recorded that the only mention of him in a recent book, albeit partially inaccurate, occurs in James Money's Capri: Island of Pleasure (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1986, p. 42). Claude Debussy refers to the island's hills in the title of his impressionistic prélude Les collines d'Anacapri (1910). Capri is the setting for "The Lotus Eater" (1945), a short story by Somerset Maugham. In the story, the protagonist from Hendon, part of the borough of Barnet in London, comes to Capri on a holiday and is so enchanted by the place he gives up his job and decides to spend the rest of his life in leisure there. British novelist Compton Mackenzie lived there from 1913 to 1920, with later visits, and set some of his work on the island (e.g. Vestal Fire, 1927). As well as being a haven for writers and artists, Capri served as a relatively safe place for foreign gay men and lesbians to lead a more open life; a small nucleus of them were attracted to live there, overlapping to some extent with the creative types mentioned above. Poet August von Platen-Hallermünde was one of the first. Jacques d'Adelswärd-Fersen wrote the roman à clef Et le feu s'éteignit sur la mer (1910) about Capri and its residents in the early 20th century, causing a minor scandal. Fersen's life on Capri became the subject of Roger Peyrefitte's fictionalised biography, L'Exilé de Capri. A satirical presentation of the island's lesbian colony is made in Mackenzie's 1928 novel Extraordinary Women, inspired by the affairs of American painter Romaine Brooks (in the novel, under the pseudonym of Olimpia Leigh). One of the island's most famous foreign gay exiles was Norman Douglas; his novel South Wind (1917) is a thinly fictionalised description of Capri's residents and visitors, and a number of his other works, both books and pamphlets, deal with the island, including Capri (1930) and his last work, Footnote on Capri (1952). Memoirs set on Capri include Edwin Cerio's Aria di Capri (1928) (translated as That Capri Air), which contains a number of historical and biographical essays on the island, including a tribute to Norman Douglas; The Story of San Michele (1929) by Swedish royal physician Axel Munthe (1857–1949), who built a villa of that name, and Shirley Hazzard's Greene on Capri: A Memoir (2000), containing her reminiscences of Graham Greene. Graham Greene had a house in the town of Anacapri, the upper portion of the island, where he lived with his lover Catherine Walston. In Jojo's Bizarre Adventure Golden wind, the protagonist, Giorno Giovanna, and his crewmates go to Capri to get the treasure of the former Capo of their mafia. Climate Capri's climate is Mediterranean (Köppen climate classification: Csa, Trewartha climate classification: Cs). Weather is hot and relatively dry in summer and mild to cool in winters, with sub-zero temperatures being a rare phenomenon. On average, there are approximately 18 days per year with thunder. Climate data for Capri, elevation:160m (1991-2020) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 20.8(69.4) 22.6(72.7) 28.2(82.8) 32.2(90.0) 36.4(97.5) 38.0(100.4) 39.8(103.6) 42.9(109.2) 36.2(97.2) 32.2(90.0) 27.6(81.7) 21.4(70.5) 42.9(109.2) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.69(56.64) 14.29(57.72) 16.77(62.19) 19.83(67.69) 24.35(75.83) 28.74(83.73) 31.68(89.02) 32.40(90.32) 28.29(82.92) 23.54(74.37) 18.31(64.96) 14.60(58.28) 22.21(71.97) Daily mean °C (°F) 10.92(51.66) 10.73(51.31) 12.66(54.79) 15.40(59.72) 19.55(67.19) 23.78(74.80) 26.38(79.48) 27.02(80.64) 23.46(74.23) 19.54(67.17) 15.32(59.58) 12.04(53.67) 18.07(64.52) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.66(47.59) 8.20(46.76) 9.75(49.55) 12.07(53.73) 15.79(60.42) 19.88(67.78) 22.31(72.16) 22.97(73.35) 19.87(67.77) 16.61(61.90) 12.90(55.22) 9.90(49.82) 14.91(58.84) Record low °C (°F) −0.2(31.6) −0.4(31.3) 1.2(34.2) 2.8(37.0) 8.6(47.5) 10.0(50.0) 10.0(50.0) 14.8(58.6) 10.8(51.4) 5.8(42.4) 0.0(32.0) 0.0(32.0) −0.4(31.3) Average precipitation mm (inches) 71.36(2.81) 58.09(2.29) 52.67(2.07) 40.36(1.59) 25.78(1.01) 16.24(0.64) 10.87(0.43) 23.94(0.94) 58.43(2.30) 87.55(3.45) 95.55(3.76) 84.88(3.34) 625.72(24.63) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 8.28 6.79 6.66 5.48 3.90 2.34 1.33 1.67 5.50 6.67 9.37 8.90 66.89 Average relative humidity (%) 70.54 68.56 69.74 69.38 68.44 67.88 67.06 67.38 67.27 70.42 71.89 70.18 69.06 Average dew point °C (°F) 5.52(41.94) 4.89(40.80) 7.00(44.60) 9.42(48.96) 13.14(55.65) 17.04(62.67) 19.25(66.65) 20.25(68.45) 16.69(62.04) 13.91(57.04) 10.11(50.20) 6.38(43.48) 11.97(53.54) Source: ncei.noaa.gov Main sights A clickable map showing some of the most important sights on Capri. (Use icon on the right to enlarge) Villa San Michele Grotta Azzurra, the Blue Grotto Villa Lysis Villa Jovis La Piazzetta Via Krupp Gardens of Augustus Arco Naturale Villa Malaparte Torre Materita Certosa di San Giacomo (Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach museum) Faraglioni Monte Solaro Punta Carena Lighthouse Marina Grande Capri Philosophical Park Annual events Capri Art Film Festival (every April since 2006) Festival of San Costanzo (patron saint of Capri) – May 14 Festival of Sant'Antonio (patron saint of Anacapri) – June 13 Capri Tango Festival (every June since 2007) International Folklore Festival (Anacapri) – August Settembrata Anacaprese (Anacapri harvest festival) – September Capri Hollywood International Film Festival (every late December/early January since 1995) Capri Hollywood Eventi Villa San Michele Premio San Michele Premio Faraglioni Premio Cari dell Enigma Maraton del Golfo Capri Economy Panoramic view from Piazzetta, in Capri Centre Grotta Meravigliosa Capri is a tourist destination for both Italians and foreigners. In the 1950s, Capri became a popular resort. In summer, the island is heavily visited by tourists, especially by day trippers from Naples and Sorrento. Many of these visitors make it a point to wear the Capri pants named after the island. The center of Capri is the Piazza Umberto I. Capri is home to the Mediterranean bush, the Arboreal Euphorbia, and the Ilex Wood. The native fauna on the island include quails, robins, peregrine falcons, woodcocks, blackbirds, geckos, red goldfish, conger eels, sargos, groupers, mullets, and the blue lizard of the Faraglioni. Capri has twelve churches, seven museums and several monuments. The most visited attraction in Capri is the Grotta Azzurra ('Blue Grotto'), a cave discovered in the 19th century by foreign tourists. On one side of the grotto are the remains of ancient Roman rock, with a narrow cavern. As of 2018 there were plans to limit access to day tourists. The international luxury linen clothing brand 100% Capri opened its first boutique in the main town of Capri in 2000. Transport Harbour of Capri Typical local taxi Capri is served by ferry or hydrofoil from Naples, Sorrento, Positano and Amalfi as well as by boat services from the ports of the Bay of Naples and the Sorrentine Peninsula. Boats arrive in the morning and leave after lunch (3–4 pm). Naples is served by two ports: Mergellina and Molo Beverello. Molo Beverello has more frequent departures and a larger selection of boats than Mergellina. The ferry companies operating routes to Capri are SNAV, NLG, Positano Jet, Alilauro, Captain Morgan and Caremar in 2023. From Naples, the ferry takes 80 minutes, and the hydrofoil 40 minutes. From Sorrento, the ferry takes about 40 minutes while the hydrofoil takes about 20 minutes. Boats call at Marina Grande, from where the Capri funicular goes up to Capri town. From Anacapri, a chair lift takes passengers to Monte Solaro, the highest point on the island. There is also a bus service that connects the centre of Capri town with Marina Grande, Marina Piccola, Anacapri and other points. Airports The nearest airports are: Napoli-Capodichino (NAP) Salerno-Pontecagnano (QSR) Twin towns – sister cities See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy Capri is twinned with: Crosby, Merseyside, United Kingdom See also List of islands of Italy Amalfi Coast Ischia References ^ a b "capri | Etymology, origin and meaning of the name capri by etymonline". www.etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 2022-05-05. Retrieved 2023-09-21. ^ Strabo's Geography, 5, 4, 9, 38 ^ a b c Gellhorn, Martha. "Everybody's Happy on Capri". Saturday Evening Post. ^ Suetonius. The Lives of the Twelve Caesars. Augustus. LXXII. Retrieved 19 February 2021. ^ a b Fiori, Pamela. "Italy's Pleasure Island Capri". Town & Country. ^ Geography, 5, 4, 9, 38 ^ Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 1 Archived 2019-07-09 at the Wayback Machine, p. 164; vol. 2 Archived 2018-10-04 at the Wayback Machine, p. 117; vol. 3, p. 151; vol. 4 Archived 2018-10-04 at the Wayback Machine, p. 133; vol. 5, p. 140; vol. 6, p. 146 ^ Bolla De utiliori, in Bullarii romani continuatio, Tomo XV, Romae 1853, pp. 56–61 ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 858 ^ Selina Shirley Hastings: The Secret Lives of Somerset Maugham: A Biography，Random House Pub ，2009 ^ "Storia gay – Friedrich Alfred Krupp (1854–1902), l'omosessualità e lo scandalo di Capri". www.giovannidallorto.com. ^ Frankel, Nicholas (2017). Oscar Wilde: the unrepentant years. Cambridge, Massachusetts. p. 166. ISBN 978-0674737945.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Woods, Gregory (2016). Homintern: how gay culture liberated the modern world. New Haven, Connecticut. p. 220. ISBN 978-0300218039.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Swallow, Nicky. Amalfi Coast with Naples, Capri & Pompeii. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc. p. 265. ^ "Capri Island APP, Personalities, Romaine Brooks". Archived from the original on 2012-01-13. ^ Hazzard, Shirley (2000). Greene on Capri. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 4. ^ a b "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Capri-16294" (CSV) (Excel). National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. Retrieved 27 February 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) ^ "Capri Art 2011 – Festival della diversità". Capriartfilmfestival.com. 29 April 2011. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2011. ^ a b c "Capri Tourism". Capri Tourism. Retrieved 2 June 2011. ^ a b "Events". Travelplan. Retrieved 2 June 2011. ^ "Going Through Italy (website), accessed 9 January 2012". Archived from the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2012. ^ a b c d e f g Capritourism, Azienda Autonoma Cura Suggiorno e Tourismo Isola di Capri ^ Swallow, Nicky (2012). Amalfi Coast with Naples, Capri & Pompeii. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc. ^ Sendlhofer, Thomas (13 May 2018). "Zu viele Touristen: Hallstatt zieht Notbremse". Kurier (in German). Retrieved 2020-01-13. ^ Gafurova, Olga (25 November 2018). "100% Capri opens its flagship boutique in Middle East at Dubai Mall Fashion Avenue". AviaMost. Retrieved 11 March 2020. ^ External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Capri (island). Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Capri. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Capri". Official Capri Tour Guide Archived 2021-11-30 at the Wayback Machine TourItaly.org: Capri Archived 2017-07-27 at the Wayback Machine Capri Insider Tips — by the locals. Capri Capri 360 panoramas Archived 2007-12-30 at the Wayback Machine (in French) IIalyheaven.co.uk: Capri Capri Island APP, a complete guide to Capri on iPad Photo Gallery by Leonardo Bellotti (in Italian) Capri Life Portals: Geography Islands Italy vtePhlegraean Islands Capri Ischia Nisida Procida Vivara vteCampanian ArchipelagoPhlegraean Islands Capri Ischia Procida Nisida Vivara Smaller islands Aragonese Castle Sirenuse (Li Galli) Gallo Lungo La Rotonda La Castelluccia Islets Faraglioni di Capri Gaiola Island Megaride Pennata San Martino Islet Rovigliano Skerry Vetara Skerry vteCapriHistory History of Capri Geography Anacapri Arco Naturale Blue Grotto Capri (municipality) Faraglioni Grotta Bianca Grotta del Castiglione Grotta del Pisco Grotta dell'Arco Grotta dell'Arsenale Grotta delle Felci Grotta di Matromania Grotta Verde Gulf of Naples Marina Grande Marina Piccola Monte Solaro Tyrrhenian Sea Culture Contempt (Le Mépris) Entdeckung der blauen Grotte auf der Insel Capri South Wind The Story of San Michele Archaeological sites Castello Barbarossa Cloaca Palazzo a Mare Notable landmarks Capri Philosophical Park Cemetery Certosa di San Giacomo Gardens of Augustus Grand Hotel Quisisana JK Place Capri Ospedale G. Capilupi Capri Phoenician Steps Piazza Umberto I Punta Carena Lighthouse Torre Materita Via Camerelle Via Krupp Churches Chiesa di San Michele Arcangelo Chiesa di San Michele alla Croce Chiesa di Sant'Andrea Chiesa di Sant'Anna Chiesa di Sant'Antonio Chiesa di Santa Maria a Cetrella Chiesa di Santa Maria di Costantinopoli Chiesa di Santa Maria del Soccorso Chiesa di Santa Sofia Chiesa di Santo Stefano Chiesa di San Costanzo Chiesa del Santissimo Salvatore Eremo di Santa Maria a Cetrella Villas Villa Certosella Villa Jovis Villa Lysis Villa Malaparte Villa Monacone Villa San Michele Villa Solitaria Related articles Capri Hollywood International Film Festival Insalata Caprese Torta caprese Authority control databases International VIAF 2 National Spain Germany Israel United States 2 Japan Czech Republic Geographic Pleiades 2 Other NARA 2

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Capri (town)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capri_(town)"},{"link_name":"Capri (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capri_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Carpi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpi_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capri_and_Ischia_map.png"},{"link_name":"/ˈkæpri/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"KAP-ree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"/kəˈpriː, ˈkɑːpri/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"kə-PREE, KAH-pree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[ˈkaːpri]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"Tyrrhenian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea"},{"link_name":"Sorrento Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorrento_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Campania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania"},{"link_name":"Capri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capri_(town)"},{"link_name":"resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resort"},{"link_name":"Roman Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"Marina Piccola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Piccola"},{"link_name":"faraglioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraglioni#Capri_faraglioni"},{"link_name":"Anacapri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacapri"},{"link_name":"Blue Grotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Grotto_(Capri)"},{"link_name":"Positano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positano"},{"link_name":"Amalfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalfi"},{"link_name":"Ravello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravello"},{"link_name":"Sorrento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorrento"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Campania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan City of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Capri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capri_(town)"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Marina Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Grande,_Capri"}],"text":"Island in ItalyThis article is about the Italian island. For the island's main town, see Capri (town). For other uses, see Capri (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Carpi.Capri (/ˈkæpri/ KAP-ree, US also /kəˈpriː, ˈkɑːpri/ kə-PREE, KAH-pree; Italian: [ˈkaːpri]; adjective Caprese) is an island located in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the Sorrento Peninsula, on the south side of the Gulf of Naples in the Campania region of Italy. The largest settlement on the island is the town of Capri. The island has been a resort since the time of the Roman Republic.Some of the main features of the island include the Marina Piccola (the little marina), the Belvedere of Tragara (a high panoramic promenade lined with villas), the limestone crags called sea stacks that project above the sea (the faraglioni), the town of Anacapri, the Blue Grotto (Grotta Azzurra), the ruins of the Imperial Roman villas, and the vistas of various towns surrounding the Island of Capri including Positano, Amalfi, Ravello, Sorrento, Nerano, and Naples.Capri is part of the region of Campania, Metropolitan City of Naples. The town of Capri is a comune and the island's main population centre. The island has two harbours, Marina Piccola and Marina Grande (the main port of the island). The separate comune of Anacapri is located high on the hills to the west.","title":"Capri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"wild boar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Magna Graecia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"goats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Etruscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gellhorn-3"}],"text":"The etymology of the name Capri is unclear. It might be traced back to the Ancient Greek κάπρος kápros meaning 'wild boar',[1] as the Greeks of Magna Graecia, who were the first recorded colonists to populate the island, called it Kapreai (Καπρέαι).[2] It could also derive from Latin capreae ('goats').[1] Fossils of wild boars have been discovered, lending credence to the kápros etymology.[citation needed]Finally, there is also the possibility that the name derives from an Etruscan word for 'rocky', though any historical Etruscan rule of the island is disputed. Capri consists of limestone and sandstone rock; cliffs form much of the sides and surface of the island.[3]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gellhorn-3"}],"text":"The voters of the island elect representatives for the two municipalities (comuni) on the island. The chosen representatives then choose two mayors to govern with them.[3]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg"},{"link_name":"Villa Jovis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Jovis"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius"},{"link_name":"Suetonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Twelve_Caesars"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fiori-5"},{"link_name":"Aeneid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneid"},{"link_name":"Virgil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil"},{"link_name":"Ionian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionian_Islands"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tacitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius"},{"link_name":"Villa Jovis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Jovis"},{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Commodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodus"},{"link_name":"Lucilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucilla"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Ancient and Roman times","text":"The remains of Villa Jovis, built by emperor Tiberius and completed in AD 27The island has been inhabited since early times. Evidence of human settlement was discovered during the Roman era; according to Suetonius, when the foundations for the villa of Augustus were being excavated, giant bones and 'weapons of stone' were discovered. The emperor ordered these to be displayed in the garden of his main residence, the Sea Palace.at Capreae the monstrous bones of huge sea monsters and wild beasts, called the \"bones of the giants,\" and the weapons of the heroes.[4]Modern excavations have shown that human presence on the island can be dated to the Neolithic and the Bronze Age. Augustus developed Capri; he built temples, villas, aqueducts, and planted gardens so he could enjoy his private paradise.[5]In his Aeneid, Virgil states that the island had been populated by the Greek people of Teleboi, coming from the Ionian Islands. Strabo says that \"in ancient times in Capri there were two towns, later reduced to one.\"[6] Tacitus records that there were twelve Imperial villas in Capri. Ruins of one at Tragara could still be seen in the 19th century.[citation needed]Augustus' successor Tiberius built a series of villas at Capri, the most famous of which is the Villa Jovis, one of the best-preserved Roman villas in Italy. In 27 AD, Tiberius permanently moved to Capri, running the Empire from there until his death in 37 AD.[citation needed]In 182 AD, Emperor Commodus banished his sister Lucilla to Capri. She was executed shortly afterwards.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capri_BW_2013-05-14_16-04-44_DxO.jpg"},{"link_name":"Certosa di San Giacomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certosa_di_San_Giacomo"},{"link_name":"Western Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Louis II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Amalfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalfi"},{"link_name":"Pope John XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_XV"},{"link_name":"Scala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala,_Campania"},{"link_name":"Minori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minori,_Campania"},{"link_name":"Lettere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettere"},{"link_name":"suffragans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan"},{"link_name":"Amalfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Amalfi-Cava_de%27_Tirreni"},{"link_name":"metropolitan see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_see"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"archdiocese of Sorrento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Sorrento-Castellammare_di_Stabia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"titular see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_see"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Frederick IV of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarossa_(Ottoman_admiral)"},{"link_name":"Turgut Reis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgut_Reis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"tourist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism"},{"link_name":"Jean-Jacques Bouchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Bouchard"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Middle and Modern Ages","text":"Certosa di San Giacomo, a Carthusian monastery founded in 1363After the end of the Western Roman Empire, Capri returned to the status of a dominion of Naples, and suffered various attacks and ravages by pirates. In 866 Emperor Louis II gave the island to Amalfi. In 987 Pope John XV consecrated the first bishop of Capri, when Capri, Scala, Minori, and Lettere were made dioceses to serve as suffragans of Amalfi, which thereby became a metropolitan see.[7] Capri continued to be a residential diocese until 1818, when the island became part of the archdiocese of Sorrento.[8] No longer a residential bishopric, Capri, Capreae in Latin, is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.[9]In 1496, Frederick IV of Naples established legal and administrative parity between the settlements of Capri and Anacapri. The pirate raids reached their peak during the reign of Charles V: the famous Turkish admirals Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis captured the island for the Ottoman Empire, in 1535 and 1553, respectively.[citation needed]The first recorded tourist to visit the island was French antiques dealer Jean-Jacques Bouchard in the 17th century. His diary, found in 1850, is an important information source about Capri.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Villa_Behring_on_Capri.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maxim Gorky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Gorky"},{"link_name":"Behring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Adolf_von_Behring"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"natural scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_science"},{"link_name":"Ignazio Cerio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Cerio"},{"link_name":"flora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora"},{"link_name":"fauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna"},{"link_name":"Edwin Cerio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Cerio"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John Ellingham Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ellingham_Brooks"},{"link_name":"Somerset Maugham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Somerset_Maugham"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Alfred Krupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Alfred_Krupp"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giovannidallorto.com-11"},{"link_name":"Norman Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Jacques d'Adelswärd-Fersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_d%27Adelsw%C3%A4rd-Fersen"},{"link_name":"Christian Wilhelm Allers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wilhelm_Allers"},{"link_name":"Emil von Behring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_von_Behring"},{"link_name":"Curzio Malaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte"},{"link_name":"Axel Munthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Munthe"},{"link_name":"Louis Coatalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Coatalen"},{"link_name":"Maxim Gorky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Gorky"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"Rose O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Kewpie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewpie"},{"link_name":"Charles Caryl Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Caryl_Coleman"},{"link_name":"Gracie Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracie_Fields"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin"},{"link_name":"Maxim Gorky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Gorky"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Manzù","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Manz%C3%B9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Taormina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taormina"},{"link_name":"Gregory Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Woods"},{"link_name":"history of Taormina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Taormina"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm von Gloeden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Gloeden"},{"link_name":"Oscar Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde"},{"link_name":"Lord Alfred Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Alfred_Douglas"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Villa Lysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Lysis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Mariah Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CAPRI_LANDSCAPE.jpg"}],"sub_title":"1800s–present","text":"In 1909–1911 Maxim Gorky lived on Capri at villa Behring (burgundy).French troops under Napoleon occupied Capri in January 1806. The British ousted the French in the following May, after which Capri was turned into a powerful naval base (a \"Second Gibraltar\"), but the building program caused heavy damage to the archaeological sites. The French reconquered Capri in 1808, and remained there until the end of the Napoleonic era (1815), when Capri was returned to the Bourbon ruling house of Naples.[citation needed]The natural scientist Ignazio Cerio catalogued Capri's flora and fauna during the 19th century. His work was continued by his son, author and engineer Edwin Cerio, who wrote several books on life in Capri in the 20th century.[citation needed]Prior to the First World War the island was extremely popular with wealthy gay men. John Ellingham Brooks and Somerset Maugham shared a villa there.[10] Friedrich Alfred Krupp, the German industrialist, was accused of homosexual orgies[11] and eventually committed suicide.Norman Douglas, Jacques d'Adelswärd-Fersen, Christian Wilhelm Allers, Emil von Behring, Curzio Malaparte, Axel Munthe, Louis Coatalen and Maxim Gorky are all reported to have owned a villa there, or to have stayed there for more than three months. Swedish Queen Victoria often stayed there because Axel Munthe was her doctor. Rose O'Neill, the American illustrator and creator of the Kewpie, owned the Villa Narcissus, formerly owned by the famous Beaux-Arts painter Charles Caryl Coleman. Dame Gracie Fields also had a villa and restaurant on the island and is buried there.[citation needed]In 1908, Lenin was hosted by Maxim Gorky, the Russian author, at his house near the Giardini Augusto. In 1970, a monument by Giacomo Manzù was erected during the centennial celebration in Lenin's honour.[citation needed]Capri, as with the Sicilian resort of Taormina, became \"high on the list of places to be visited by homosexual northerners\", according to Gregory Woods, chair in Gay and Lesbian Studies. The history of Taormina was changed by the presence of Wilhelm von Gloeden, known for his homoerotic photography, whose studio from 1878 to 1931 drew many visitors to the town. Both Capri and Taormina were tolerant of gay men and artists, and there was much interchange between the two places. In December 1897 Oscar Wilde was planning to winter in Naples with his lover Lord Alfred Douglas; the couple made a short visit to Capri, but their presence proved too scandalous for even that liberal island (\"They even denied us bread!\"), so \"Bosie\" headed back to England and Wilde made his way to Taormina, where he spent time with von Gloeden.[12] Jacques d'Adelswärd-Fersen, who settled in Capri and built Villa Lysis, visited von Gloeden in 1923, bringing with him his schoolboy lover/secretary.[13]Today, Capri has become more of a resort and is visited by tourists during the summer months of July and August.[14] Mariah Carey owns a villa on the island.[citation needed]A beach in Capri","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grotta_azzurra.jpg"},{"link_name":"Blue Grotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Grotto_(Capri)"},{"link_name":"Entdeckung der blauen Grotte auf der Insel Capri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entdeckung_der_blauen_Grotte_auf_der_Insel_Capri"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"August Kopisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Kopisch"},{"link_name":"Blue Grotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Grotto_(Capri)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Head_of_a_Capri_Girl-John_Singer_Sargent_1878.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Singer Sargent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent"},{"link_name":"John Singer Sargent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent"},{"link_name":"Frank Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Hyde_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Rosina Ferrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosina_Ferrara"},{"link_name":"Marina Piccola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Piccola"},{"link_name":"Gracie Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracie_Fields"},{"link_name":"George Gissing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gissing"},{"link_name":"Claude Debussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy"},{"link_name":"prélude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preludes_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"The Lotus Eater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lotus_Eater"},{"link_name":"Somerset Maugham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Somerset_Maugham"},{"link_name":"Compton Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_Mackenzie"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"August von Platen-Hallermünde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_von_Platen-Hallerm%C3%BCnde"},{"link_name":"Jacques d'Adelswärd-Fersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_d%27Adelsw%C3%A4rd-Fersen"},{"link_name":"roman à clef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_%C3%A0_clef"},{"link_name":"Roger Peyrefitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Peyrefitte"},{"link_name":"L'Exilé de Capri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exile_of_Capri"},{"link_name":"Extraordinary Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraordinary_Women_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Romaine Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaine_Brooks"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Norman Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Douglas"},{"link_name":"South Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wind_(novel)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Edwin Cerio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Cerio"},{"link_name":"Aria di Capri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aria_di_Capri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Story of San Michele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_San_Michele"},{"link_name":"Axel Munthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Munthe"},{"link_name":"villa of that name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_San_Michele"},{"link_name":"Shirley Hazzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Hazzard"},{"link_name":"Graham Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Greene"},{"link_name":"Catherine Walston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Walston"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Jojo's Bizarre Adventure Golden wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Wind_(manga)"},{"link_name":"Giorno Giovanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorno_Giovanna"}],"text":"The Blue GrottoDuring the later half of the 19th century, Capri became a popular resort for European artists, writers and other celebrities. The book that spawned the 19th century fascination with Capri in France, Germany, and England was Entdeckung der blauen Grotte auf der Insel Capri ('Discovery of the Blue Grotto on the Isle of Capri') by the German painter and writer August Kopisch, in which he describes his 1826 stay on the island and his (re)discovery of the Blue Grotto.[citation needed]John Singer Sargent: Head of a Capri Girl, 1878John Singer Sargent and Frank Hyde are among the prominent artists who stayed on the island around the late 1870s. Sargent is known for his series of portraits featuring local model Rosina Ferrara. The English artist and adventurer, John Wood Shortridge, acquired a fortino at Marina Piccola in the 1880s, (later transformed into a private villa by Dame Gracie Fields) and married a Capri girl, Carmela Esposito. He formed a close friendship with the English novelist George Gissing who provides a colourful and insightful account of his stays with Shortridge in his Published Letters of George Gissing. In the Gissing Journal, vol. XXXV, no. 3 (July, 1999), p. 2. it is recorded that the only mention of him in a recent book, albeit partially inaccurate, occurs in James Money's Capri: Island of Pleasure (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1986, p. 42). Claude Debussy refers to the island's hills in the title of his impressionistic prélude Les collines d'Anacapri (1910). Capri is the setting for \"The Lotus Eater\" (1945), a short story by Somerset Maugham. In the story, the protagonist from Hendon, part of the borough of Barnet in London, comes to Capri on a holiday and is so enchanted by the place he gives up his job and decides to spend the rest of his life in leisure there. British novelist Compton Mackenzie lived there from 1913 to 1920, with later visits, and set some of his work on the island (e.g. Vestal Fire, 1927).[citation needed]As well as being a haven for writers and artists, Capri served as a relatively safe place for foreign gay men and lesbians to lead a more open life; a small nucleus of them were attracted to live there, overlapping to some extent with the creative types mentioned above. Poet August von Platen-Hallermünde was one of the first. Jacques d'Adelswärd-Fersen wrote the roman à clef Et le feu s'éteignit sur la mer (1910) about Capri and its residents in the early 20th century, causing a minor scandal. Fersen's life on Capri became the subject of Roger Peyrefitte's fictionalised biography, L'Exilé de Capri. A satirical presentation of the island's lesbian colony is made in Mackenzie's 1928 novel Extraordinary Women, inspired by the affairs of American painter Romaine Brooks (in the novel, under the pseudonym of Olimpia Leigh).[15] One of the island's most famous foreign gay exiles was Norman Douglas; his novel South Wind (1917) is a thinly fictionalised description of Capri's residents and visitors, and a number of his other works, both books and pamphlets, deal with the island, including Capri (1930) and his last work, Footnote on Capri (1952).[citation needed]Memoirs set on Capri include Edwin Cerio's Aria di Capri (1928) (translated as That Capri Air), which contains a number of historical and biographical essays on the island, including a tribute to Norman Douglas; The Story of San Michele (1929) by Swedish royal physician Axel Munthe (1857–1949), who built a villa of that name, and Shirley Hazzard's Greene on Capri: A Memoir (2000), containing her reminiscences of Graham Greene. Graham Greene had a house in the town of Anacapri, the upper portion of the island, where he lived with his lover Catherine Walston.[16]In Jojo's Bizarre Adventure Golden wind, the protagonist, Giorno Giovanna, and his crewmates go to Capri to get the treasure of the former Capo of their mafia.","title":"Cultural references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"Trewartha climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI-17"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"dew point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point"},{"link_name":"ncei.noaa.gov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCEI"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI-17"}],"text":"Capri's climate is Mediterranean (Köppen climate classification: Csa, Trewartha climate classification: Cs). Weather is hot and relatively dry in summer and mild to cool in winters, with sub-zero temperatures being a rare phenomenon. On average, there are approximately 18 days per year with thunder.[17]Climate data for Capri, elevation:160m (1991-2020)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n20.8(69.4)\n\n22.6(72.7)\n\n28.2(82.8)\n\n32.2(90.0)\n\n36.4(97.5)\n\n38.0(100.4)\n\n39.8(103.6)\n\n42.9(109.2)\n\n36.2(97.2)\n\n32.2(90.0)\n\n27.6(81.7)\n\n21.4(70.5)\n\n42.9(109.2)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n13.69(56.64)\n\n14.29(57.72)\n\n16.77(62.19)\n\n19.83(67.69)\n\n24.35(75.83)\n\n28.74(83.73)\n\n31.68(89.02)\n\n32.40(90.32)\n\n28.29(82.92)\n\n23.54(74.37)\n\n18.31(64.96)\n\n14.60(58.28)\n\n22.21(71.97)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n10.92(51.66)\n\n10.73(51.31)\n\n12.66(54.79)\n\n15.40(59.72)\n\n19.55(67.19)\n\n23.78(74.80)\n\n26.38(79.48)\n\n27.02(80.64)\n\n23.46(74.23)\n\n19.54(67.17)\n\n15.32(59.58)\n\n12.04(53.67)\n\n18.07(64.52)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n8.66(47.59)\n\n8.20(46.76)\n\n9.75(49.55)\n\n12.07(53.73)\n\n15.79(60.42)\n\n19.88(67.78)\n\n22.31(72.16)\n\n22.97(73.35)\n\n19.87(67.77)\n\n16.61(61.90)\n\n12.90(55.22)\n\n9.90(49.82)\n\n14.91(58.84)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−0.2(31.6)\n\n−0.4(31.3)\n\n1.2(34.2)\n\n2.8(37.0)\n\n8.6(47.5)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n14.8(58.6)\n\n10.8(51.4)\n\n5.8(42.4)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n−0.4(31.3)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n71.36(2.81)\n\n58.09(2.29)\n\n52.67(2.07)\n\n40.36(1.59)\n\n25.78(1.01)\n\n16.24(0.64)\n\n10.87(0.43)\n\n23.94(0.94)\n\n58.43(2.30)\n\n87.55(3.45)\n\n95.55(3.76)\n\n84.88(3.34)\n\n625.72(24.63)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n8.28\n\n6.79\n\n6.66\n\n5.48\n\n3.90\n\n2.34\n\n1.33\n\n1.67\n\n5.50\n\n6.67\n\n9.37\n\n8.90\n\n66.89\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n70.54\n\n68.56\n\n69.74\n\n69.38\n\n68.44\n\n67.88\n\n67.06\n\n67.38\n\n67.27\n\n70.42\n\n71.89\n\n70.18\n\n69.06\n\n\nAverage dew point °C (°F)\n\n5.52(41.94)\n\n4.89(40.80)\n\n7.00(44.60)\n\n9.42(48.96)\n\n13.14(55.65)\n\n17.04(62.67)\n\n19.25(66.65)\n\n20.25(68.45)\n\n16.69(62.04)\n\n13.91(57.04)\n\n10.11(50.20)\n\n6.38(43.48)\n\n11.97(53.54)\n\n\nSource: ncei.noaa.gov[17]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A clickable map showing some of the most important sights on Capri. (Use icon on the right to enlarge)","title":"Main sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"patron saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-capritourism-events-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-capritourism-events-19"},{"link_name":"Capri Tango Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capri_Tango_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-capritourism-events-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-travelplan-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-travelplan-20"},{"link_name":"Capri Hollywood International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capri_Hollywood_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Capritourism-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Capritourism-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Capritourism-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Capritourism-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Capritourism-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Capritourism-22"}],"text":"Capri Art Film Festival (every April since 2006)[18]\nFestival of San Costanzo (patron saint of Capri) – May 14[19]\nFestival of Sant'Antonio (patron saint of Anacapri) – June 13[19]\nCapri Tango Festival (every June since 2007)[19]\nInternational Folklore Festival (Anacapri) – August[20]\nSettembrata Anacaprese (Anacapri harvest festival) – September[20]\nCapri Hollywood International Film Festival (every late December/early January since 1995)[21]\nCapri Hollywood[22]\nEventi Villa San Michele[22]\nPremio San Michele[22]\nPremio Faraglioni[22]\nPremio Cari dell Enigma[22]\nMaraton del Golfo Capri[22]","title":"Annual events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capri_Centre_Belvedere.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grotta_Meravigliosa_Capri.jpg"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Capri pants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capri_pants"},{"link_name":"Piazza Umberto I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_Umberto_I"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gellhorn-3"},{"link_name":"Ilex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_aquifolium"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Blue Grotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Grotto_(Capri)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Capritourism-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avia-25"}],"text":"Panoramic view from Piazzetta, in Capri CentreGrotta MeravigliosaCapri is a tourist destination for both Italians and foreigners. In the 1950s, Capri became a popular resort. In summer, the island is heavily visited by tourists, especially by day trippers from Naples and Sorrento.[23] Many of these visitors make it a point to wear the Capri pants named after the island. The center of Capri is the Piazza Umberto I.[3]\nCapri is home to the Mediterranean bush, the Arboreal Euphorbia, and the Ilex Wood. The native fauna on the island include quails, robins, peregrine falcons, woodcocks, blackbirds, geckos, red goldfish, conger eels, sargos, groupers, mullets, and the blue lizard of the Faraglioni.[citation needed]Capri has twelve churches, seven museums and several monuments. The most visited attraction in Capri is the Grotta Azzurra ('Blue Grotto'), a cave discovered in the 19th century by foreign tourists. On one side of the grotto are the remains of ancient Roman rock, with a narrow cavern.[22] As of 2018 there were plans to limit access to day tourists.[24]The international luxury linen clothing brand 100% Capri opened its first boutique in the main town of Capri in 2000.[25]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Habour_of_Capri.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taxi_Capri.jpg"},{"link_name":"ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry"},{"link_name":"hydrofoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofoil"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Sorrento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorrento,_Italy"},{"link_name":"Positano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positano"},{"link_name":"Amalfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalfi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fiori-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Capri funicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capri_funicular"},{"link_name":"Monte Solaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Solaro"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Harbour of CapriTypical local taxiCapri is served by ferry or hydrofoil from Naples, Sorrento, Positano and Amalfi as well as by boat services from the ports of the Bay of Naples and the Sorrentine Peninsula. Boats arrive in the morning and leave after lunch (3–4 pm).[5] Naples is served by two ports: Mergellina and Molo Beverello. Molo Beverello has more frequent departures and a larger selection of boats than Mergellina.[citation needed]The ferry companies operating routes to Capri are SNAV, NLG, Positano Jet, Alilauro, Captain Morgan and Caremar in 2023.[26]From Naples, the ferry takes 80 minutes, and the hydrofoil 40 minutes. From Sorrento, the ferry takes about 40 minutes while the hydrofoil takes about 20 minutes.[citation needed]Boats call at Marina Grande, from where the Capri funicular goes up to Capri town. From Anacapri, a chair lift takes passengers to Monte Solaro, the highest point on the island. There is also a bus service that connects the centre of Capri town with Marina Grande, Marina Piccola, Anacapri and other points.[citation needed]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Napoli-Capodichino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Salerno-Pontecagnano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salerno_Costa_d%27Amalfi_Airport"}],"sub_title":"Airports","text":"The nearest airports are:Napoli-Capodichino (NAP)\nSalerno-Pontecagnano (QSR)","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Crosby, Merseyside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in ItalyCapri is twinned with:Crosby, Merseyside, United Kingdom","title":"Twin towns – sister cities"}]

[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Capri_and_Ischia_map.png/300px-Capri_and_Ischia_map.png"},{"image_text":"The remains of Villa Jovis, built by emperor Tiberius and completed in AD 27","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg"},{"image_text":"Certosa di San Giacomo, a Carthusian monastery founded in 1363","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Capri_BW_2013-05-14_16-04-44_DxO.jpg/220px-Capri_BW_2013-05-14_16-04-44_DxO.jpg"},{"image_text":"In 1909–1911 Maxim Gorky lived on Capri at villa Behring (burgundy).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Villa_Behring_on_Capri.jpg/220px-Villa_Behring_on_Capri.jpg"},{"image_text":"A beach in Capri","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CAPRI_LANDSCAPE.jpg/170px-CAPRI_LANDSCAPE.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Blue Grotto","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Grotta_azzurra.jpg/220px-Grotta_azzurra.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Singer Sargent: Head of a Capri Girl, 1878","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Head_of_a_Capri_Girl-John_Singer_Sargent_1878.jpg/170px-Head_of_a_Capri_Girl-John_Singer_Sargent_1878.jpg"},{"image_text":"A clickable map showing some of the most important sights on Capri. (Use icon on the right to enlarge)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Capri_sights.png/520px-Capri_sights.png"},{"image_text":"Panoramic view from Piazzetta, in Capri Centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Capri_Centre_Belvedere.jpg/220px-Capri_Centre_Belvedere.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grotta Meravigliosa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Grotta_Meravigliosa_Capri.jpg/170px-Grotta_Meravigliosa_Capri.jpg"},{"image_text":"Harbour of Capri","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Habour_of_Capri.JPG/220px-Habour_of_Capri.JPG"},{"image_text":"Typical local taxi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Taxi_Capri.jpg/220px-Taxi_Capri.jpg"}]

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Town & Country.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Storia gay – Friedrich Alfred Krupp (1854–1902), l'omosessualità e lo scandalo di Capri\". www.giovannidallorto.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.giovannidallorto.com/krupp/krupp.html#grotta","url_text":"\"Storia gay – Friedrich Alfred Krupp (1854–1902), l'omosessualità e lo scandalo di Capri\""}]},{"reference":"Frankel, Nicholas (2017). Oscar Wilde: the unrepentant years. Cambridge, Massachusetts. p. 166. ISBN 978-0674737945.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674737945","url_text":"978-0674737945"}]},{"reference":"Woods, Gregory (2016). Homintern: how gay culture liberated the modern world. New Haven, Connecticut. p. 220. ISBN 978-0300218039.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut","url_text":"New Haven, Connecticut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300218039","url_text":"978-0300218039"}]},{"reference":"Swallow, Nicky. Amalfi Coast with Naples, Capri & Pompeii. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc. p. 265.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Capri Island APP, Personalities, Romaine Brooks\". Archived from the original on 2012-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120113042007/http://www.caprisland.com/","url_text":"\"Capri Island APP, Personalities, Romaine Brooks\""},{"url":"http://www.caprisland.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hazzard, Shirley (2000). Greene on Capri. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Capri-16294\" (CSV) (Excel). National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. Retrieved 27 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/Capri_16294.csv","url_text":"\"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Capri-16294\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"Capri Art 2011 – Festival della diversità\". Capriartfilmfestival.com. 29 April 2011. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151119202955/http://capriartfilmfestival.com/","url_text":"\"Capri Art 2011 – Festival della diversità\""},{"url":"http://www.capriartfilmfestival.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Capri Tourism\". Capri Tourism. Retrieved 2 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.capritourism.com/en/events","url_text":"\"Capri Tourism\""}]},{"reference":"\"Events\". Travelplan. Retrieved 2 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.travelplan.it/capri_guide_events.htm","url_text":"\"Events\""}]},{"reference":"\"Going Through Italy (website), accessed 9 January 2012\". Archived from the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110527061435/http://www.goingthroughitaly.com/791/capri-hollywood/","url_text":"\"Going Through Italy (website), accessed 9 January 2012\""},{"url":"http://www.goingthroughitaly.com/791/capri-hollywood/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Capritourism, Azienda Autonoma Cura Suggiorno e Tourismo Isola di Capri","urls":[]},{"reference":"Swallow, Nicky (2012). Amalfi Coast with Naples, Capri & Pompeii. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sendlhofer, Thomas (13 May 2018). \"Zu viele Touristen: Hallstatt zieht Notbremse\". Kurier (in German). Retrieved 2020-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://kurier.at/chronik/oesterreich/zu-viele-touristen-hallstatt-zieht-notbremse/400034545","url_text":"\"Zu viele Touristen: Hallstatt zieht Notbremse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurier","url_text":"Kurier"}]},{"reference":"Gafurova, Olga (25 November 2018). \"100% Capri opens its flagship boutique in Middle East at Dubai Mall Fashion Avenue\". AviaMost. Retrieved 11 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aviamost.ae/en/100-capri-opens-its-flagship-boutique-middle-east-dubai-mall-fashion-avenue","url_text":"\"100% Capri opens its flagship boutique in Middle East at Dubai Mall Fashion Avenue\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Grunfeld

Amanda Grunfeld

["1 Biography","1.1 Tennis career","1.2 Personal life","2 ITF finals","2.1 Singles (3–0)","2.2 Doubles (2–0)","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

British tennis player Amanda GrunfeldFull nameAmanda Grunfeld RosenfieldCountry (sports) Great BritainBorn (1967-03-01) 1 March 1967 (age 57)Manchester, EnglandPlaysLeft-handedPrize money$111,432SinglesHighest rankingNo. 138 (28 September 1992)Grand Slam singles resultsWimbledon2R (1991, 1992)DoublesHighest rankingNo. 148 (25 November 1991)Grand Slam doubles resultsAustralian Open1R (1988, 1989)Wimbledon1R (1989, 1991, 1992, 1993) Amanda Grunfeld Rosenfield (born 1 March 1967) is a British former professional tennis player. Biography Tennis career A left-handed player from Manchester, Grunfeld won the British Under-18 Indoor Championship as a 16 year old in 1984. Her ITF titles include the $25,000 event in her home town of Manchester in 1991, where she beat Irina Spîrlea en route to a win in the final against Samantha Smith. Grunfeld featured in the singles main draw at Wimbledon on seven occasions, twice reaching the second round. In the 1991 Wimbledon Championships she lost in the second round to Martina Navratilova, after earlier beating Alexia Dechaume-Balleret. At the 1992 tournament she had a win over Silke Meier, then lost a close second round match to Mana Endo, 5–7 in the third set. In addition to her Wimbledon appearances she also played main draw doubles at the Australian Open and featured in qualifying at the French Open and US Open during her career. She attained her career best ranking of 138 in the world in 1992, which at the time placed her behind only Jo Durie and Monique Javer in the British rankings. In 1993, her final year on tour, she represented Great Britain in two Federation Cup ties. In both ties she was used as a doubles player alongside Julie Salmon and they won both rubbers, over Ukraine and Turkey. A shoulder injury ended her tennis career and she left the tour to study for a degree at Manchester University. Personal life Grunfeld, who is Jewish, is married to Peter Rosenfield. She now coaches tennis in Florida, at the Windermere Preparatory School. ITF finals Legend $25,000 tournaments $10,000 tournaments Singles (3–0) Outcome No. Date Tournament Surface Opponent Score Winner 1. 10 October 1988 Telford, United Kingdom Hard (i) Cecilia Dahlman 6–3, 7–6 Winner 2. 26 August 1990 Chiang Mai, Thailand Hard Choi Jeom-sang 7–5, 6–4 Winner 3. 4 November 1991 Manchester, United Kingdom Carpet (i) Samantha Smith 4–6, 6–4, 6–2 Doubles (2–0) Outcome No. Date Tournament Surface Partner Opponents Score Winner 1. 25 April 1988 Sutton, United Kingdom Clay Jo Louis Maria Ekstrand Monica Lundqvist 4–6, 7–6, 6–4 Winner 2. 10 November 1991 Manchester, United Kingdom Carpet (i) Julie Salmon Lubomira Bacheva Barbara Griffiths 7–6(2), 6–1 See also List of Great Britain Fed Cup team representatives List of select Jewish tennis players References ^ "Budding British Tennis Star". Jewish Post. 1 February 1984. Retrieved 7 June 2018. ^ "Sampras and Ivanisevic bounced from Wimbledon". United Press International. 29 June 1991. Retrieved 7 June 2018. ^ "Grunfeld is not giving up". Jewish Post. 8 February 1995. Retrieved 7 June 2018. ^ "Playing against Navratilova reward enough for Grunfeld". Jewish Post. 7 July 1991. Retrieved 7 June 2018. ^ "Windermere Prep middle-school girls tennis wins GOAC". Windermere Observer. 20 April 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018. External links Amanda Grunfeld at the Women's Tennis Association Amanda Grunfeld at the International Tennis Federation Amanda Grunfeld at the Billie Jean King Cup

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuthal_of_the_Dusk

The Slithering Shadow

["1 Plot summary","2 Reception","3 Adaptation","4 References","5 External links"]

Conan novelette by Robert E. Howard "The Slithering Shadow"Short story by Robert E. HowardOriginal titleXuthal of the DuskCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishGenre(s)FantasyPublicationPublished inWeird TalesPublication typePulp magazinePublisherRural Publishing CorporationPublication dateSeptember 1933ChronologySeriesConan the Cimmerian  Black Colossus   The Pool of the Black One "The Slithering Shadow" is one of the original short stories starring the fictional sword and sorcery hero Conan the Cimmerian, written by American author Robert E. Howard and first published in the September 1933 issue of Weird Tales magazine. "The Slithering Shadow" is the original title, but the story is also known as "Xuthal of the Dusk" in further publications. It is set in the fictional Hyborian Age, and concerns Conan discovering a lost city in a remote desert while encountering a Lovecraftian demon known as Thog. The story was republished in the collections The Sword of Conan (Gnome Press, 1952) and Conan the Adventurer (Lancer Books, 1966). It has more recently been published in the collections The Conan Chronicles Volume 1: The People of the Black Circle (Gollancz, 2000) as "The Slithering Shadow" and in Conan of Cimmeria: Volume One (1932–1933) (Wandering Star, 2002) and The Coming of Conan the Cimmerian (Del Rey, 2003) as "Xuthal of the Dusk." Plot summary Conan and his ally, Natala the Brythunian, are the sole survivors of Prince Almuric's army which swept through the Lands of Shem and the wilderness of Stygia. With a Stygian host on their heels, Almuric's soldiers had cut their way across the kingdom of Kush, only to be annihilated near the edge of Stygia's southern desert. In the resulting conflict, when the Stygians and Kushites surrounded the trapped remnants, Conan sliced his way through the Stygian militia and fled on a camel, with Natala, into the southern desert. For days, the two pushed on, seeking water, until their camel died. Then, they continued on foot. When their canteen is empty, Conan prepares to slay Natala in an act of mercy-killing. However, they spy the distant city of Xuthal. Eventually, Conan and Natala enter Xuthal while pursued by an entrance guard. They soon encounter Thalis, a beautiful Stygian mage, who reveals the history of her fabled city and the existence of Thog. Thog is a monstrous demon from the city-states of ancient Valusia, his current form summoned by the sorcerers of Xuthal from the darkness between the stars. For an ageless time, Thog has haunted the depths of Xuthal in search of living flesh to support the continuing manifestation of his body on the physical plane. Thalis falls in love with Conan and, to eliminate her rival, kidnaps Natala in the hopes of sacrificing her to Thog. Thalis first strips Natala of her tunic and flagellates her with a jewel-handled whip. Thog suddenly appears, snatches Thalis, and devours her. The demon returns for Natala, but Conan intervenes and saves her. Conan fights Thog with all his might, but is scarcely harming the demon's supernatural form, while receiving hideous wounds in the coils of its pseudopods and tentacles. However, Conan manages to pierce what he perceives as the head of the monster and throws it down a well. Conan frees Natala, who sets forth to help him, but he is rapidly dying. Fortunately, the Brythunian girl soon brings him a jade goblet full of golden wine, retrieved from a room with a dreaming woman of Xuthal in it. The beverage proves to be a life-giving elixir briefly mentioned by Thalis in a previous conversation, which miraculously heals all of Conan's wounds. Finally, the couple retrieve enough food and water for their journey through the rest of the desert. The two depart while Natala jokingly blames Conan for having aroused Thalis' lustful nature. He retorts playfully about the jealous nature of women. Reception Fritz Leiber rated it as one of three of the worst Conan stories, which he said were "repetitious and childish, a self-vitiating brew of pseudo-science, stage illusions, and the 'genuine' supernatural." Howard Andrew Jones reviewed the story in 2015 as part of a "Conan Re-Read" series of articles and was more positive. He stated that the story is "short, atmospheric, crammed with mystery and action, and doesn’t overstay its welcome." Adaptation The story was adapted by Roy Thomas, John Buscema and Alfredo Alcala in Savage Sword of Conan #20, then by Fred Van Lente and Guiu Vilanova in Conan the Avenger #13-15 (2015). References ^ Cover of Weird Tales September 1934, with original tile. ^ Fritz Leiber, "Fantasy Books", Fantastic, May 1968, p.143 ^ Jones, Howard Andrew (2 October 2015). "The Coming of Conan Re-Read: 'Xuthal of the Dusk'". Howard Andrew Jones. Retrieved 4 May 2023. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Slithering Shadow The Slithering Shadow at Project Gutenberg Australia Conan the Barbarian at AmratheLion.com Conan.com: The Official Website Preceded by"Black Colossus" Original Howard Canon(publication order) Succeeded by"The Pool of the Black One" Preceded by"The Snout in the Dark" Original Howard Canon(Dale Rippke chronology) Succeeded by"A Witch Shall be Born" Preceded byConan and the Mists of Doom Complete Conan Saga(William Galen Gray chronology) Succeeded by"Drums of Tombalku" vteConan the BarbarianStories, booksBooks Conan (books) Original works byRobert E. Howard "Beyond the Black River" "Black Colossus" "The Black Stranger" "The Devil in Iron" "Drums of Tombalku" "The Frost-Giant's Daughter" "The God in the Bowl" "The Hall of the Dead" "The Hand of Nergal" The Hour of the Dragon "Jewels of Gwahlur" "The People of the Black Circle" "The Phoenix on the Sword" "The Pool of the Black One" "Queen of the Black Coast" "Red Nails" "Rogues in the House" "The Scarlet Citadel" "Shadows in the Moonlight" "Shadows in Zamboula" "The Slithering Shadow" "The Snout in the Dark" "The Tower of the Elephant" "The Vale of Lost Women" "A Witch Shall be Born" "Wolves Beyond the Border" Non-Howard works(some based on non-Conan Howard works) "Black Sphinx of Nebthu" "Black Tears" The Blood-Stained God "The Castle of Terror" "The City of Skulls" Conan and the Amazon Conan and the Death Lord of Thanza Conan and the Emerald Lotus Conan and the Gods of the Mountain Conan and the Grim Grey God Conan and the Manhunters Conan and the Mists of Doom Conan and the Shaman's Curse Conan and the Sorcerer Conan and the Spider God Conan and the Treasure of Python Conan at the Demon's Gate Conan, Lord of the Black River Conan of the Isles Conan of the Red Brotherhood Conan of Venarium Conan, Scourge of the Bloody Coast Conan the Barbarian (1982) Conan the Barbarian (2011) Conan the Bold Conan the Buccaneer Conan the Champion Conan the Defender Conan the Defiant Conan the Destroyer Conan the Fearless Conan the Formidable Conan the Free Lance Conan the Gladiator Conan the Great Conan the Guardian Conan the Hero Conan the Hunter Conan the Indomitable Conan the Invincible Conan the Liberator Conan the Magnificent Conan the Marauder Conan the Mercenary Conan the Outcast Conan the Raider Conan the Rebel Conan the Relentless Conan the Renegade Conan the Rogue Conan the Savage Conan the Triumphant Conan the Unconquered Conan the Valiant Conan the Valorous Conan the Victorious Conan the Warlord "The Curse of the Monolith" "Death-Song of Conan the Cimmerian" The Flame Knife "The Gem in the Tower" "Hawks over Shem" "The Ivory Goddess" "The Lair of the Ice Worm" "Legions of the Dead" "Moon of Blood" "The People of the Summit" "Red Moon of Zembabwei" The Return of Conan The Road of Kings "The Road of the Eagles" "Shadows in the Dark" "Shadows in the Skull" "The Star of Khorala" The Sword of Skelos "The Thing in the Crypt" "The Witch of the Mists" Collections Black Colossus The Bloody Crown of Conan The Coming of Conan The Coming of Conan the Cimmerian The Complete Chronicles of Conan Conan The Conan Chronicles (Howard, et al) The Conan Chronicles (Jordan) The Conan Chronicles, 1 The Conan Chronicles 2 The Conan Chronicles, 2 The Conan Chronicles II Conan of Aquilonia Conan of Cimmeria Conan the Adventurer Conan the Avenger Conan the Barbarian (1954) Conan the Barbarian (2011) Conan the Freebooter Conan the Swordsman Conan the Usurper Conan the Wanderer Conan the Warrior The Conquering Sword of Conan The Devil in Iron The Essential Conan The Further Chronicles of Conan Jewels of Gwahlur King Conan The People of the Black Circle The Pool of the Black One Queen of the Black Coast Red Nails Rogues in the House Sagas of Conan The Sword of Conan Tales of Conan The Tower of the Elephant The Treasure of Tranicos Scholarship The Blade of Conan The Conan Grimoire The Conan Reader The Conan Swordbook The Spell of Conan AuthorsCreator Robert E. Howard Laterauthors Poul Anderson Leonard Carpenter Lin Carter L. Sprague de Camp Roland J. Green John C. Hocking Robert Jordan Sean A. Moore Björn Nyberg Andrew J. Offutt Steve Perry John Maddox Roberts Michael A. Stackpole Roy Thomas Harry Turtledove Karl Edward Wagner Other mediaFilms Conan the Barbarian (1982) Conan the Destroyer (1984) Conan the Barbarian (2011) Related films Red Sonja (1985) Kull the Conqueror (1997) Red Sonja (2024) Television Conan the Adventurer (1992) Conan and the Young Warriors (1994) Conan the Adventurer (1997) Comics Conan (comics) Conan (Dark Horse Comics) Conan (Marvel comics) The Savage Sword of Conan GamesTabletop Unchained! Against Darkness! Role-Playing Game (1985) GURPS The Roleplaying Game (2004) Collectible Card Game Adventures in an Age Undreamed Of Video Hall of Volta The Mysteries of Time The Cimmerian Conan (2004) Conan (2007) Age of Conan Rise of the Godslayer Exiles Other Hyborian War SettingCharacters Bêlit Conan the Barbarian Kulan Gath Red Sonja Serpent Men Thulsa Doom Valeria Chronology Hyborian Age The Hyborian Age Conan chronologies Related articles "The Shadow of the Vulture" Red Sonja Cerebus the Aardvark Conan the Librarian The Adventures of Conan: A Sword and Sorcery Spectacular

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Howard and first published in the September 1933 issue of Weird Tales magazine. \"The Slithering Shadow\" is the original title, but the story is also known as \"Xuthal of the Dusk\" in further publications.[1] It is set in the fictional Hyborian Age, and concerns Conan discovering a lost city in a remote desert while encountering a Lovecraftian demon known as Thog.The story was republished in the collections The Sword of Conan (Gnome Press, 1952) and Conan the Adventurer (Lancer Books, 1966). 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With a Stygian host on their heels, Almuric's soldiers had cut their way across the kingdom of Kush, only to be annihilated near the edge of Stygia's southern desert.In the resulting conflict, when the Stygians and Kushites surrounded the trapped remnants, Conan sliced his way through the Stygian militia and fled on a camel, with Natala, into the southern desert. For days, the two pushed on, seeking water, until their camel died. Then, they continued on foot.When their canteen is empty, Conan prepares to slay Natala in an act of mercy-killing. However, they spy the distant city of Xuthal. Eventually, Conan and Natala enter Xuthal while pursued by an entrance guard. They soon encounter Thalis, a beautiful Stygian mage, who reveals the history of her fabled city and the existence of Thog. Thog is a monstrous demon from the city-states of ancient Valusia, his current form summoned by the sorcerers of Xuthal from the darkness between the stars. 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The beverage proves to be a life-giving elixir briefly mentioned by Thalis in a previous conversation, which miraculously heals all of Conan's wounds. Finally, the couple retrieve enough food and water for their journey through the rest of the desert. The two depart while Natala jokingly blames Conan for having aroused Thalis' lustful nature. 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He stated that the story is \"short, atmospheric, crammed with mystery and action, and doesn’t overstay its welcome.\"[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roy Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Thomas"},{"link_name":"John Buscema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Buscema"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Alcala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Alcala"},{"link_name":"Fred Van Lente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Van_Lente"}],"text":"The story was adapted by Roy Thomas, John Buscema and Alfredo Alcala in Savage Sword of Conan #20, then by Fred Van Lente and Guiu Vilanova in Conan the Avenger #13-15 (2015).","title":"Adaptation"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Legrand

Claire Legrand

["1 Personal life","2 Career","3 Bibliography","3.1 Middle Grade","3.2 Young Adult","3.3 Adult","3.4 Others","4 References","5 External links"]

American writer of children's and young adult literature Claire LegrandLegrand in October 2018BornIrving, Texas, U.S.OccupationWriter, librarianEducationUniversity of North Texas (BA, MSLS)GenreScience fiction, fantasy, children's literature, young adult fictionNotable worksThe Empirium TrilogyNotable awards2017 Edgar Award finalist, 2018 Bram Stoker Award finalist, 2019 Lambda Literary Award finalistWebsiteclaire-legrand.comClaire Legrand is an American writer of children's and young adult literature, including novels and short stories. She is best known for her New York Times bestselling Empirium trilogy, published by Sourcebooks Fire. Personal life Legrand is from North Texas but now resides in Princeton, New Jersey, where she worked as a librarian. She is now a full time author. Legrand graduated from the University of North Texas with a Bachelor of Arts in English Literature and a Master of Science in Library Science. Initially, she planned to study music before switching to major in English. Legrand remains passionate about music and creates playlists for each of her published novels. Career Legrand published her debut novel, The Cavendish Home for Boys and Girls, in August 2012 with Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers. After its release, the middle grade novel was recognized as nominee for two children's book award: the Michigan Mitten Award and the Dorothy Canfield Fisher Book Award. Legrand's second book, The Year of Shadows, released a year later in August 2013. In 2014, Legrand released Winterspell (September 2014), along with Summerfall (August 2014), a prequel novella, and Homecoming (December 2014), an epilogue available online in e-book form that is available for free on her author website. This set of stories was her first published work that fell into the category of young adult instead of middle grade. Legrand was also one of four contributors to The Cabinet of Curiosities: 36 Tales Brief & Sinister, an anthology book that released in May 2014. Legrand has been included in two other anthologies to date, Guys Read: Terrifying Tales (September 2015) and Been There, Done That: Writing Stories from Real Life (November 2015). Her fourth full length novel, Some Kind of Happiness, released in May 2016. This was a return to middle grade writing, and it was nominated for the 2017 Edgar Award, as well as being included in Publishers Weekly's Best Book of the Year list and the New York Library's Best Book for Children list. In October 2016, she released Foxheart, her fifth novel and fourth middle grade book. In November 2017, advanced copies of Legrand's upcoming young adult fantasy, Furyborn, were featured in a book subscription box, Fairyloot. When the book released in May 2018, it debuted at #4 on the New York Times Best Seller List. Furyborn was also listed as a Kids' Indie Next Pick for their Summer 2018 list. Furyborn is the first book of the Emperium trilogy, the series Legrand is best known for. Book two of the trilogy, Kingsbane, also debuted in the #4 spot on the NYT List a year later in May 2019, and the third book, Lightbringer, released in October 2020. Legrand's seventh novel, Sawkill Girls, was another young adult horror standalone and released in October 2018. Notably, it was nominated for both a Lambda Award and the Bram Stoker Award. Her tenth novel, Thornlight, released in April 2021 and was chosen as a Spring 2021 Kids' Indie Next Pick. This book is her latest middle grade novel to date. Her eleventh novel, Extasia, released in February 2022 and was chosen as a March/April 2022 Kids' Indie Next Pick. It is a return to young adult horror. In May 2023, Legrand is set to release her twelfth novel and first adult book, A Crown of Ivy and Glass. Bibliography Middle Grade The Cavendish Home for Boys and Girls (Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, August 28 2012; illustrated by Sarah Watts) The Year of Shadows (Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, August 27 2013; illustrated by Karl Kwasny) Some Kind of Happiness (Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, May 17, 2016) Foxheart (Greenwillow Books, October 4, 2016; illustrated by Jaime Zollars) Thornlight (Greenwillow Books, April 20, 2021; illustrated by Jaime Zollars) Young Adult Winterspell: Winterspell (Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, September 30, 2014) Summerfall (Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, August 26, 2014) — Winterspell prequel novella Homecoming (available only as a free e-book download from Legrand's website, December 29, 2014) — Winterspell epilogue Empirium: Furyborn (Sourcebooks Fire, May 22, 2018) Kingsbane (Sourcebooks Fire, May 21, 2019) Lightbringer (Sourcebooks Fire, October 13, 2020) Standalones Sawkill Girls (Katherine Tegen Books, Oct 2, 2018) Extasia (Katherine Tegen Books February 22, 2022) Adult The Middlemist Trilogy: A Crown of Ivy and Glass (Sourcebooks Fire, May 9, 2023) A Song of Ash and Moonlight (Sourcebooks Fire, September 17, 2024) Untitled Book 3 (Sourcebooks Fire, TBA) Others The Cabinet of Curiosities: 36 Tales Brief & Sinister (Greenwillow Books, May 27, 2014) — a book of short stories by Stefan Bachmann, Katherine Catmull, Emma Trevayne, and Legrand; illustrated by Alexander Jansson Guys Read: Terrifying Tales: (Walden Pond Press, Sep 1 2015) — a book of short stories by Kelly Barnhill, Michael Buckley, Adam Gidwitz, Adele Griffin and Lisa Brown, Nikki Loftin, Daniel José Older, Dav Pilkey, R.L. Stine, Rita Williams-Garcia and Claire Legrand; edited by Jon Scieszka Been There, Done That: Writing Stories from Real Life (Grosset & Dunlap, Nov 3 2015) — a diverse collection of short stories by Gary D. Schmidt, Linda Sue Park, Grace Lin, Matthew J. Kirby, Adam Rex, Jane Yolen, Heidi Y. Stemple, Rita Williams-Garcia, Karen Cushman, Caroline Starr Rose, Lisa Yee, Nathan Hale, Julia Alvarez, Kate Messner, Margarita Engle, Alan Lawrence Sitomer, Tracy Edward Wymer, Dee Garretson and Legrand; edited by Mike Winchell, illustrated by Eglantine Ceulemans The Mandigore (short story published in "Guys Read: Terrifying Tales") References ^ "Home". claire-legrand.com. ^ "Claire Legrand - New York Times Bestselling Author". ^ "Claire Legrand". ^ "Claire Legrand". Simon & Schuster. Retrieved 2022-11-30. ^ "Claire Legrand in Denton". Dallas Eventful. Retrieved 29 August 2020. ^ "Claire Legrand Interview - Extasia". Retrieved 2022-11-30. ^ "Book Playlists". Claire Legrand. Retrieved 2022-11-30. ^ "2013 Mitten Award | Michigan Library Association". www.milibraries.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01. ^ "DCFMasterlist13-14". Google Docs. Retrieved 2022-12-01. ^ "MWA Announces the 2017 Edgar Nominations – Mystery Writers of America". Retrieved 2022-12-01. ^ "Best Books 2016 Publishers Weekly". PublishersWeekly.com. Retrieved 2022-12-01. ^ "New York Public Library Reveals its List of Best Books for Kids and Teens Just in Time for The Holidays". The New York Public Library. Retrieved 2022-12-01. ^ "View all Past Boxes". FairyLoot. Retrieved 2022-12-01. ^ "Young Adult Hardcover Books - Best Sellers - Books - June 10, 2018 - The New York Times". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-12-01. ^ "Indie Next List | IndieBound.org". www.indiebound.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01. ^ "Young Adult Hardcover Books - Best Sellers - Books - June 9, 2019 - The New York Times". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-12-01. ^ Team, Edit (2019-03-07). "31st Annual Lammy Finalists". Lambda Literary. Retrieved 2022-12-01. ^ "2018 Bram Stoker Awards Winners & Nominees – The Bram Stoker Awards". Retrieved 2022-12-01. ^ "Indie Next List | IndieBound.org". www.indiebound.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01. ^ "Indie Next List | IndieBound.org". www.indiebound.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Claire Legrand. Children's literature portal Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Czech Republic This article about an American writer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"children's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_literature"},{"link_name":"young adult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_adult_fiction"},{"link_name":"short stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"},{"link_name":"New York Times bestselling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list"},{"link_name":"Sourcebooks Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sourcebooks_Fire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Claire Legrand is an American writer of children's and young adult literature, including novels and short stories. She is best known for her New York Times bestselling Empirium trilogy, published by Sourcebooks Fire.[1]","title":"Claire Legrand"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Texas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Princeton, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"librarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"University of North Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Master of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Legrand is from North Texas[2] but now resides in Princeton, New Jersey,[3] where she worked as a librarian. She is now a full time author.[4] Legrand graduated from the University of North Texas with a Bachelor of Arts in English Literature and a Master of Science in Library Science.[5] Initially, she planned to study music before switching to major in English.[6] Legrand remains passionate about music and creates playlists for each of her published novels.[7]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster"},{"link_name":"middle grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_grade_fiction"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Canfield Fisher Book Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Golden_Dome_Book_Award"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"young adult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_adult_fiction"},{"link_name":"Edgar Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Awards"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"New York Times Best Seller List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Lambda Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_Literary_Award"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Bram Stoker Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bram_Stoker_Award"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Legrand published her debut novel, The Cavendish Home for Boys and Girls, in August 2012 with Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers. After its release, the middle grade novel was recognized as nominee for two children's book award: the Michigan Mitten Award[8] and the Dorothy Canfield Fisher Book Award.[9]Legrand's second book, The Year of Shadows, released a year later in August 2013.In 2014, Legrand released Winterspell (September 2014), along with Summerfall (August 2014), a prequel novella, and Homecoming (December 2014), an epilogue available online in e-book form that is available for free on her author website. This set of stories was her first published work that fell into the category of young adult instead of middle grade. Legrand was also one of four contributors to The Cabinet of Curiosities: 36 Tales Brief & Sinister, an anthology book that released in May 2014.Legrand has been included in two other anthologies to date, Guys Read: Terrifying Tales (September 2015) and Been There, Done That: Writing Stories from Real Life (November 2015).Her fourth full length novel, Some Kind of Happiness, released in May 2016. This was a return to middle grade writing, and it was nominated for the 2017 Edgar Award,[10] as well as being included in Publishers Weekly's Best Book of the Year list[11] and the New York Library's Best Book for Children list.[12] In October 2016, she released Foxheart, her fifth novel and fourth middle grade book.In November 2017, advanced copies of Legrand's upcoming young adult fantasy, Furyborn, were featured in a book subscription box, Fairyloot.[13] When the book released in May 2018, it debuted at #4 on the New York Times Best Seller List.[14] Furyborn was also listed as a Kids' Indie Next Pick for their Summer 2018 list.[15] Furyborn is the first book of the Emperium trilogy, the series Legrand is best known for. Book two of the trilogy, Kingsbane, also debuted in the #4 spot on the NYT List a year later in May 2019,[16] and the third book, Lightbringer, released in October 2020.Legrand's seventh novel, Sawkill Girls, was another young adult horror standalone and released in October 2018. Notably, it was nominated for both a Lambda Award[17] and the Bram Stoker Award.[18]Her tenth novel, Thornlight, released in April 2021 and was chosen as a Spring 2021 Kids' Indie Next Pick.[19] This book is her latest middle grade novel to date.Her eleventh novel, Extasia, released in February 2022 and was chosen as a March/April 2022 Kids' Indie Next Pick.[20] It is a return to young adult horror.In May 2023, Legrand is set to release her twelfth novel and first adult book, A Crown of Ivy and Glass.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster_Books_for_Young_Readers"},{"link_name":"Greenwillow Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwillow_Books"}],"sub_title":"Middle Grade","text":"The Cavendish Home for Boys and Girls (Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, August 28 2012; illustrated by Sarah Watts)\nThe Year of Shadows (Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, August 27 2013; illustrated by Karl Kwasny)\nSome Kind of Happiness (Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, May 17, 2016)\nFoxheart (Greenwillow Books, October 4, 2016; illustrated by Jaime Zollars)\nThornlight (Greenwillow Books, April 20, 2021; illustrated by Jaime Zollars)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.claire-legrand.com/home/books/winterspell/"},{"link_name":"Sourcebooks Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sourcebooks"},{"link_name":"Katherine Tegen Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Tegen_Books"}],"sub_title":"Young Adult","text":"Winterspell:Winterspell (Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, September 30, 2014)\nSummerfall (Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, August 26, 2014) — Winterspell prequel novella\nHomecoming (available only as a free e-book download from Legrand's website, December 29, 2014) — Winterspell epilogueEmpirium:Furyborn (Sourcebooks Fire, May 22, 2018)\nKingsbane (Sourcebooks Fire, May 21, 2019)\nLightbringer (Sourcebooks Fire, October 13, 2020)StandalonesSawkill Girls (Katherine Tegen Books, Oct 2, 2018)\nExtasia (Katherine Tegen Books February 22, 2022)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sourcebooks Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sourcebooks"}],"sub_title":"Adult","text":"The Middlemist Trilogy:A Crown of Ivy and Glass (Sourcebooks Fire, May 9, 2023)\nA Song of Ash and Moonlight (Sourcebooks Fire, September 17, 2024)\nUntitled Book 3 (Sourcebooks Fire, TBA)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stefan Bachmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Bachmann"},{"link_name":"Emma Trevayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Trevayne"},{"link_name":"Kelly Barnhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Barnhill_(author)"},{"link_name":"Michael Buckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Buckley_(author)"},{"link_name":"Adam Gidwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Gidwitz"},{"link_name":"Adele Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele_Griffin"},{"link_name":"Nikki Loftin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Loftin"},{"link_name":"Daniel José Older","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jos%C3%A9_Older"},{"link_name":"Dav Pilkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dav_Pilkey"},{"link_name":"R.L. Stine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._L._Stine"},{"link_name":"Rita Williams-Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Williams-Garcia"},{"link_name":"Jon Scieszka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Scieszka"},{"link_name":"Linda Sue Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Sue_Park"},{"link_name":"Adam Rex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Rex"},{"link_name":"Jane Yolen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Yolen"},{"link_name":"Rita Williams-Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Williams-Garcia"},{"link_name":"Guys Read: Terrifying Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guys_Read"}],"sub_title":"Others","text":"The Cabinet of Curiosities: 36 Tales Brief & Sinister (Greenwillow Books, May 27, 2014) — a book of short stories by Stefan Bachmann, Katherine Catmull, Emma Trevayne, and Legrand; illustrated by Alexander Jansson\nGuys Read: Terrifying Tales: (Walden Pond Press, Sep 1 2015) — a book of short stories by Kelly Barnhill, Michael Buckley, Adam Gidwitz, Adele Griffin and Lisa Brown, Nikki Loftin, Daniel José Older, Dav Pilkey, R.L. Stine, Rita Williams-Garcia and Claire Legrand; edited by Jon Scieszka\nBeen There, Done That: Writing Stories from Real Life (Grosset & Dunlap, Nov 3 2015) — a diverse collection of short stories by Gary D. Schmidt, Linda Sue Park, Grace Lin, Matthew J. Kirby, Adam Rex, Jane Yolen, Heidi Y. Stemple, Rita Williams-Garcia, Karen Cushman, Caroline Starr Rose, Lisa Yee, Nathan Hale, Julia Alvarez, Kate Messner, Margarita Engle, Alan Lawrence Sitomer, Tracy Edward Wymer, Dee Garretson and Legrand; edited by Mike Winchell, illustrated by Eglantine Ceulemans\nThe Mandigore (short story published in \"Guys Read: Terrifying Tales\")","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_32

Morgan 32

["1 Production","2 Design","3 See also","4 References"]

Sailboat class Morgan 32DevelopmentDesignerTed Brewer and Jack CoreyLocationUnited StatesYear1980Builder(s)Morgan YachtsNameMorgan 32BoatDisplacement11,000 lb (4,990 kg)Draft5.33 ft (1.62 m)HullTypeMonohullConstructionFiberglassLOA31.92 ft (9.73 m)LWL25.00 ft (7.62 m)Beam11.50 ft (3.51 m)Engine typeYanmar 2GM20 20 hp (15 kW) diesel engineHull appendagesKeel/board typefin keelBallast4,000 lb (1,814 kg)Rudder(s)Skeg-mounted rudderRigRig typeBermuda rigI foretriangle height41.50 ft (12.65 m)J foretriangle base13.33 ft (4.06 m)P mainsail luff36.00 ft (10.97 m)E mainsail foot12.00 ft (3.66 m)SailsSailplanMasthead sloopMainsail area216.00 sq ft (20.067 m2)Jib/genoa area276.60 sq ft (25.697 m2)Total sail area492.60 sq ft (45.764 m2)RacingD-PN86.0 The Morgan 32 is an American sailboat that was designed by Ted Brewer and Jack Corey and first built in 1980. The Morgan 32 is a scaled-down development of the Morgan 38. The design was developed into the Morgan 321, Morgan 322 and Morgan 323 in 1983. Production The Morgan 32 was built by Morgan Yachts in the United States from 1980 to 1986, but it is now out of production. Design The Morgan 32 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a masthead sloop rig with aluminum spars, a raked stem, a reverse transom, a skeg-mounted rudder controlled by a wheel and a fixed fin keel. It displaces 11,000 lb (4,990 kg) and carries 4,000 lb (1,814 kg) of lead ballast. The boat has a draft of 5.33 ft (1.62 m) with the standard keel and 4.00 ft (1.22 m) with the optional shoal draft keel. The boat is fitted with a Japanese Yanmar 2GM20 20 hp (15 kW) diesel engine. The fuel tank holds 27 U.S. gallons (100 L; 22 imp gal) and the fresh water tank has a capacity of 35 U.S. gallons (130 L; 29 imp gal). The galley is located on the port side, at the bottom of the companionway stairs and features a two-burner alcohol stove and oven, a 7 cu ft (0.20 m3) icebox and a single sink with foot-pumped water. The head is located forward, just aft of the bow "V"-berth. Additional sleeping accommodation is provided by settees in the main cabin and a aft double berth. One cabin quarter berth also serves as a seat for the navigation table. The cabin trim is teak with ash striping on the ceiling. Ventilation is provided by six opening ports, plus opening hatches in the head and bow cabin. The mainsheet is of a 6:1, mid-boom configuration and attaches at the bridge deck. The cockpit has two genoa winches and the genoa has inboard tracks. There are also two halyard winches. Original factory optional equipment included jiffy reefing, a bow anchor roller and pressure water. The design has a Portsmouth Yardstick racing average handicap of 86.0. See also List of sailing boat types Similar sailboats Bayfield 30/32 Beneteau 323 C&C 32 Columbia 32 Douglas 32 Hunter 32 Vision Mirage 32 Nonsuch 324 Ontario 32 Ranger 32 Watkins 32 References ^ a b c d e f McArthur, Bruce (2019). "Morgan 32 sailboat". sailboatdata.com. Archived from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019. ^ McArthur, Bruce (2019). "Jack Corey". sailboatdata.com. Archived from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019. ^ McArthur, Bruce (2019). "Edward S. Brewer". sailboatdata.com. Archived from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019. ^ a b c d e f g h i Sherwood, Richard M.: A Field Guide to Sailboats of North America, Second Edition, pages 226-227. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1994. ISBN 0-395-65239-1 ^ McArthur, Bruce (2019). "Morgan 32-2/3 sailboat". sailboatdata.com. Archived from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019. ^ McArthur, Bruce (2019). "Morgan Yachts (USA)". sailboatdata.com. Archived from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019.

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It has a masthead sloop rig with aluminum spars, a raked stem, a reverse transom, a skeg-mounted rudder controlled by a wheel and a fixed fin keel. It displaces 11,000 lb (4,990 kg) and carries 4,000 lb (1,814 kg) of lead ballast.[1][4]The boat has a draft of 5.33 ft (1.62 m) with the standard keel and 4.00 ft (1.22 m) with the optional shoal draft keel.[1]The boat is fitted with a Japanese Yanmar 2GM20 20 hp (15 kW) diesel engine. The fuel tank holds 27 U.S. gallons (100 L; 22 imp gal) and the fresh water tank has a capacity of 35 U.S. gallons (130 L; 29 imp gal).[1]The galley is located on the port side, at the bottom of the companionway stairs and features a two-burner alcohol stove and oven, a 7 cu ft (0.20 m3) icebox and a single sink with foot-pumped water. The head is located forward, just aft of the bow \"V\"-berth. Additional sleeping accommodation is provided by settees in the main cabin and a aft double berth. One cabin quarter berth also serves as a seat for the navigation table. The cabin trim is teak with ash striping on the ceiling.[4]Ventilation is provided by six opening ports, plus opening hatches in the head and bow cabin.[4]The mainsheet is of a 6:1, mid-boom configuration and attaches at the bridge deck. The cockpit has two genoa winches and the genoa has inboard tracks. There are also two halyard winches.[4]Original factory optional equipment included jiffy reefing, a bow anchor roller and pressure water.[4]The design has a Portsmouth Yardstick racing average handicap of 86.0.[4]","title":"Design"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Australia_rugby_union_tour_of_Europe

2004 Australia rugby union tour of Europe

["1 Matches","2 See also","3 References"]

2004 Australia rugby union tour of EuropeSummaryP W D L Total05 03 00 02Test match04 02 00 02OpponentP W D L  Scotland2 2 0 0 France1 0 0 1 England1 0 0 1 The 2004 Wallabies spring tour was a series of five matches played by the Australia national rugby union team in November 2004. Matches 6 November 2004Scotland 14–31 AustraliaTry: Lamont, SouthwellCon: Paterson 2Try: Mortlock, Rathbone 2Con: TuqiriPen: Giteau 4Drop: GiteauMurrayfield Stadium, EdinburghAttendance: 42,000Referee: Steve Walsh (New Zealand) Scotland: 15. Stuart Moffat, 14. Sean Lamont, 13. Graeme Morrison, 12. Andrew Henderson, 11. Chris Paterson, 10. Dan Parks, 9. Chris Cusiter, 8. Ally Hogg, 7. Donnie Macfadyen, 6. Scott Gray, 5. Scott Macleod, 4. Nathan Hines, 3. Bruce Douglas, 2. Gordon Bulloch (c), 1. Allan Jacobsen – Replacements: 16. Ross Ford, 17. Craig Smith, 18. Alastair Kellock, 19. Jon Petrie, 20. Mike Blair, 21. Andy Craig, 22. Hugo Southwell Australia: 15. Chris Latham, 14. Clyde Rathbone, 13. Stirling Mortlock, 12. Matt Giteau, 11. Lote Tuqiri, 10. Stephen Larkham, 9. George Gregan (c), 8. John Roe, 7. Phil Waugh, 6. George Smith, 5. Dan Vickerman, 4. Justin Harrison, 3. Al Baxter, 2. Jeremy Paul, 1. Bill Young – Replacements: 16. Brendan Cannon, 17. Matt Dunning, 18. Mark Chisholm, 19. David Lyons, 20. Elton Flatley, 21. Wendell Sailor, 22. Mat Rogers 13 November 2004France 27–14 AustraliaTry: Brusque, MichalakCon: ÉlissaldePen: Élissalde 5Try: GreganPen: Flatley, Giteau 2Stade de France, ParisAttendance: 72,750Referee: Chris White (England) France: 15. Nicolas Brusque, 14. Aurélien Rougerie, 13. Tony Marsh, 12. Yannick Jauzion, 11. Cédric Heymans, 10. Frédéric Michalak, 9. Jean-Baptiste Élissalde, 8. Imanol Harinordoquy, 7. Olivier Magne, 6. Serge Betsen, 5. Jérôme Thion, 4. Fabien Pelous (c), 3. Sylvain Marconnet, 2. William Servat, 1. Olivier Milloud – Replacements: 16. Sébastien Bruno, 19. Julien Bonnaire, 20. Julien Peyrelongue, 22. Christophe Dominici – Unused: 17. Nicolas Mas, 18. Pascal Papé, 21. Clément Poitrenaud Australia: 15. Chris Latham, 14. Clyde Rathbone, 13. Stirling Mortlock, 12. Matt Giteau, 11. Lote Tuqiri, 10. Stephen Larkham, 9. George Gregan (c), 8. John Roe, 7. Phil Waugh, 6. George Smith, 5. Dan Vickerman, 4. Justin Harrison, 3. Al Baxter, 2. Jeremy Paul, 1. Bill Young – Replacements: 17. Matt Dunning, 19. David Lyons, 20. Elton Flatley, 21. Wendell Sailor, 22. Mat Rogers – Unused: 16. Brendan Cannon, 18. Mark Chisholm 5 November 2004French Barbarians 15–47 Australia AStade Jean-Bouin, Paris 20 November 2004Scotland 17–31 AustraliaTry: HoggPen: Paterson 4Try: Giteau, GreganTuqiri, WaughCon: Flatley, Giteau 3Pen: GiteauHampden Park, GlasgowAttendance: 28,000Referee: Daniel Lewis (Ireland) Scotland: 15. Hugo Southwell, 14. Chris Paterson, 13. Ben Hinshelwood, 12. Andrew Henderson, 11. Sean Lamont, 10. Dan Parks, 9. Chris Cusiter, 8. Jon Petrie, 7. Donnie Macfadyen, 6. Ally Hogg, 5. Nathan Hines, 4. Stuart Grimes, 3. Gavin Kerr, 2. Gordon Bulloch (c), 1. Allan Jacobsen – Replacements: 16. Robbie Russell, 17. Bruce Douglas, 18. Scott Macleod, 19. Jason White, 20. Mike Blair, 22. Graeme Morrison – Unused: 21. Gordon Ross Australia: 15. Chris Latham, 14. Clyde Rathbone, 13. Stirling Mortlock, 12. Matt Giteau, 11. Lote Tuqiri, 10. Stephen Larkham, 9. George Gregan (c), 8. David Lyons, 7. Phil Waugh, 6. George Smith, 5. Dan Vickerman, 4. Justin Harrison, 3. Al Baxter, 2. Jeremy Paul, 1. Bill Young – Replacements: 16. Brendan Cannon, 17. Matt Dunning, 18. Radike Samo, 19. Stephen Hoiles, 20. Elton Flatley, 21. Wendell Sailor, 22. Mat Rogers 27 November 2004England 19–21 AustraliaTry: Cueto, LewseyMoodyCon: Tindall 2Try: Latham, PaulCon: FlatleyPen: Giteau 3Twickenham Stadium, LondonAttendance: 73,000Referee: Paul Honiss (New Zealand) England: 15. Jason Robinson (c), 14. Mark Cueto, 13. Henry Paul, 12. Mike Tindall, 11. Josh Lewsey, 10. Charlie Hodgson, 9. Andy Gomarsall, 8. Martin Corry, 7. Lewis Moody, 6. Joe Worsley, 5. Steve Borthwick, 4. Danny Grewcock, 3. Julian White, 2. Steve Thompson, 1. Graham Rowntree – Replacements: 20. Harry Ellis, 21. Will Greenwood, 22. Ben Cohen – Unused: 16. Andy Titterrell, 17. Andrew Sheridan, 18. Ben Kay, 19. Andy Hazell Australia: 15. Chris Latham, 14. Wendell Sailor, 13. Morgan Turinui, 12. Matt Giteau, 11. Lote Tuqiri, 10. Elton Flatley, 9. George Gregan (c), 8. David Lyons, 7. Phil Waugh, 6. George Smith, 5. Dan Vickerman, 4. Justin Harrison, 3. Al Baxter, 2. Jeremy Paul, 1. Bill Young – Replacements: 17. Matt Dunning, 19. Stephen Hoiles, 22. Mat Rogers – Unused: 16. Brendan Cannon, 18. Radike Samo, 20. Matt Henjak, 21. Drew Mitchell See also 2004 end-of-year rugby union tests References "Scotland ride Aussies' first-half romp". The Observer. 7 November 2004. Retrieved 17 June 2013. "France forwards make their mark". The Observer. 14 November 2004. Retrieved 17 June 2013. "Hogg stirs Scots' blood but Wallabies carry on pigging out". The Observer. 21 November 2004. Retrieved 17 June 2013. "Game swings back and forth as Giteau toys with England's defence". The Observer. 28 November 2004. Retrieved 17 June 2013. "England 19–21 Australia". BBC Sport. 27 November 2004. Retrieved 28 November 2012. vteAustralia national rugby union team Rugby Australia History Records Players All Players Captains Team of the Decade Giteau's law Tries by David Campese Tries by Israel Folau Home stadium Stadium Australia Competitions and trophies Rugby World Cup The Rugby Championship Bledisloe Cup James Bevan Trophy Ella-Mobbs Trophy Hopetoun Cup Lansdowne Cup Mandela Challenge Plate Puma Trophy Tom Richards Cup Trophée des Bicentenaires Related teams ANZAC XV Sevens Australia A U21s U20s U19s Schoolboys MatchesWorld Cup finals 1991 1999 2003 2015 By opponent Argentina Barbarians British & Irish Lions England Fiji France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales ToursArgentina 1979 1987 1997 2002 New Zealand 1905 1913 1921 1923 1925 1928 1931 1936 1946 1949 1952 1955 1958 1962 1964 1967 1972 1978 1982 1986 1990 1991 South Africa 1933 1953 1961 1963 1969 1992 Europe 1908–09 1927–28 1939–40 1947–48 1957–58 1966–67 1968 1971 1973 1975–76 1976 1981–82 1983 1984 1988 1989 1992 1993 1996 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 2013 Oceania 1972 1980 1984 North America 1909 1912 1928 1948 1958 1967 1976 1989 1993 Asia 2000 2008 2009 2010 See also Wally vteRugby union tours of EnglandArgentina 1978 1990 1999 2000 2006 2022 Australia 1908–09 1927–28 (Waratahs) 1947–48 1957–58 1966–67 1973 1975–76 1981–82 1984 1988 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002 2004 2005 2008 2009 2013 New Zealand 1905 1924–25 1935–36 1953–54 1963–64 1967 1972–73 1974 (no test) 1978 1979 1983 1993 1997 2002 2005 2006 2008 South Africa 1906–07 1912–13 1931–32 1951–52 1960–61 1969–70 1992 1996 ("A" team) 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002 2004 2006 2008 Romania 1984–85 Japan 1973 (no test) 1976 (no test) 1986 Fiji 1982 (no test) 1985 (no test) 1989 Samoa 1989 (no test) 1995 1996 (no test) 2005 Tonga 1997 (no test) Pacific Islanders 2008 Canada 1979 (no test) 1983 (no test) 1994 1999 2004 United States 1924 (no test) 1977 (no test) 1999 Maori All Blacks 1888–89 1926–27 vteRugby union tours of FranceArgentina 1975 1982 1988 1992 1998 2004 2006 2008 2021 Australia 1927–28 (Waratahs) 1947–48 1957–58 1966–67 1971 1976 1983 1989 1993 1998 2000 2001 2004 2005 2008 Canada 1979 1994 2002 2005 Fiji 1964 1989 no test 1990 2001 Ireland 1988 Japan 1973 2000 Maori All Blacks 1926–27 New Zealand 1905 1924–25 1953–54 1963–64 1972–73 1977 1986 1981 1990 1995 2000 2002 2004 2006 Pacific Islanders 2008 Samoa 1989 (no test) South Africa 1906–07 1912–13 1951–52 1960–61 1992 1996 1997 2001 2002 2005 Tonga 2005 USA 1924 Olympic Games vteRugby union tours of ScotlandArgentina 1973 1990 1999 2001 2005 2022 Australia 1947–48 1957–58 1966–67 1968 1975–76 1981–82 1984 1988 1996 1997 2000 2006 2009 2013 New South Wales 1927–28 New Zealand 1888–89 (NZ Natives) 1905 1935–36 1953–54 1963–64 1967 1972–73 1978 1979 1983 1993 2001 2005 2008 South Africa 1906–07 1912–13 1931–32 1951–52 1960–61 1965 1969–70 1994 1996 ("A" team) 1997 1998 2002 2004 2008 Romania 1981 2002 Fiji 1982 (no test) 1989 2002 Samoa 1995 2000 2005 Tonga 1997 (no test) 2001 Pacific Islanders 2006 Japan 1976 (no test) 1986 2004 United States 2000 Canada 2008

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Lamont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Lamont"},{"link_name":"Graeme Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Andrew Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Henderson_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Chris Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Paterson"},{"link_name":"Dan Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Parks"},{"link_name":"Chris Cusiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cusiter"},{"link_name":"Ally Hogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ally_Hogg"},{"link_name":"Donnie Macfadyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnie_Macfadyen"},{"link_name":"Scott Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Gray_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Scott Macleod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_MacLeod_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Nathan Hines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Hines"},{"link_name":"Bruce Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Douglas_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Gordon Bulloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Bulloch"},{"link_name":"Allan Jacobsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Jacobsen_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Ross Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Ford"},{"link_name":"Craig Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Smith_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Alastair Kellock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_Kellock"},{"link_name":"Jon Petrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Petrie"},{"link_name":"Mike Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Blair"},{"link_name":"Andy Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Craig"},{"link_name":"Hugo Southwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Southwell"},{"link_name":"Chris Latham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Latham_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Clyde Rathbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Rathbone"},{"link_name":"Stirling Mortlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_Mortlock"},{"link_name":"Matt Giteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Giteau"},{"link_name":"Lote Tuqiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lote_Tuqiri_(rugby,_born_1979)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Larkham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Larkham"},{"link_name":"George Gregan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gregan"},{"link_name":"John Roe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roe_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Phil Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Waugh"},{"link_name":"George Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Smith_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Dan Vickerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Vickerman"},{"link_name":"Justin Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Al Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Paul_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Bill Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Young_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Brendan Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Cannon"},{"link_name":"Matt Dunning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Dunning"},{"link_name":"Mark Chisholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"David Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyons_(rugby_union,_born_1980)"},{"link_name":"Elton Flatley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_Flatley"},{"link_name":"Wendell Sailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Sailor"},{"link_name":"Mat Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat_Rogers"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Stade de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_France"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Brusque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Brusque"},{"link_name":"Aurélien Rougerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lien_Rougerie"},{"link_name":"Tony Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Marsh_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Yannick Jauzion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yannick_Jauzion"},{"link_name":"Cédric Heymans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9dric_Heymans"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Michalak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Michalak"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Élissalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_%C3%89lissalde"},{"link_name":"Imanol Harinordoquy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imanol_Harinordoquy"},{"link_name":"Olivier Magne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Magne"},{"link_name":"Serge Betsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Betsen"},{"link_name":"Jérôme Thion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Thion"},{"link_name":"Fabien Pelous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabien_Pelous"},{"link_name":"Sylvain Marconnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvain_Marconnet"},{"link_name":"William Servat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Servat"},{"link_name":"Olivier Milloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Milloud"},{"link_name":"Sébastien Bruno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Bruno"},{"link_name":"Julien Bonnaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Bonnaire"},{"link_name":"Julien Peyrelongue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Peyrelongue"},{"link_name":"Christophe Dominici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Dominici"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Mas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Mas"},{"link_name":"Pascal Papé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Pap%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Clément Poitrenaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Poitrenaud"},{"link_name":"Chris Latham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Latham_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Clyde Rathbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Rathbone"},{"link_name":"Stirling Mortlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_Mortlock"},{"link_name":"Matt Giteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Giteau"},{"link_name":"Lote Tuqiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lote_Tuqiri_(rugby,_born_1979)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Larkham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Larkham"},{"link_name":"George Gregan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gregan"},{"link_name":"John Roe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roe_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Phil Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Waugh"},{"link_name":"George Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Smith_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Dan Vickerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Vickerman"},{"link_name":"Justin Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Al Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Paul_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Bill Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Young_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Matt Dunning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Dunning"},{"link_name":"David Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyons_(rugby_union,_born_1980)"},{"link_name":"Elton Flatley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_Flatley"},{"link_name":"Wendell Sailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Sailor"},{"link_name":"Mat Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Brendan Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Cannon"},{"link_name":"Mark Chisholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"French Barbarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Barbarians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Australia A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_A_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Stade Jean-Bouin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Jean-Bouin_(Paris)"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Hampden Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampden_Park"},{"link_name":"Daniel Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Lewis_(rugby_referee)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"Hugo Southwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Southwell"},{"link_name":"Chris Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Paterson"},{"link_name":"Ben Hinshelwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Hinshelwood"},{"link_name":"Andrew Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Henderson_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Sean Lamont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Lamont"},{"link_name":"Dan Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Parks"},{"link_name":"Chris Cusiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cusiter"},{"link_name":"Jon Petrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Petrie"},{"link_name":"Donnie Macfadyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnie_Macfadyen"},{"link_name":"Ally Hogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ally_Hogg"},{"link_name":"Nathan Hines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Hines"},{"link_name":"Stuart Grimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Grimes"},{"link_name":"Gavin Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Kerr"},{"link_name":"Gordon Bulloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Bulloch"},{"link_name":"Allan Jacobsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Jacobsen_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Robbie Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Russell_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Bruce Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Douglas_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Scott Macleod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_MacLeod_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Jason White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_White_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Mike Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Blair"},{"link_name":"Graeme Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Gordon Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Ross_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Chris Latham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Latham_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Clyde Rathbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Rathbone"},{"link_name":"Stirling Mortlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_Mortlock"},{"link_name":"Matt Giteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Giteau"},{"link_name":"Lote Tuqiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lote_Tuqiri_(rugby,_born_1979)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Larkham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Larkham"},{"link_name":"George Gregan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gregan"},{"link_name":"David Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyons_(rugby_union,_born_1980)"},{"link_name":"Phil Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Waugh"},{"link_name":"George Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Smith_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Dan Vickerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Vickerman"},{"link_name":"Justin Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Al Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Paul_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Bill Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Young_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Brendan Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Cannon"},{"link_name":"Matt Dunning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Dunning"},{"link_name":"Radike Samo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radike_Samo"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hoiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hoiles"},{"link_name":"Elton Flatley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_Flatley"},{"link_name":"Wendell Sailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Sailor"},{"link_name":"Mat Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat_Rogers"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Paul Honiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Honiss"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Jason Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Robinson_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"Mark Cueto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Cueto"},{"link_name":"Henry Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Paul"},{"link_name":"Mike Tindall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Tindall"},{"link_name":"Josh Lewsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Lewsey"},{"link_name":"Charlie Hodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Hodgson"},{"link_name":"Andy Gomarsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Gomarsall"},{"link_name":"Martin Corry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Corry_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Lewis Moody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Moody"},{"link_name":"Joe Worsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Worsley"},{"link_name":"Steve Borthwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Borthwick"},{"link_name":"Danny Grewcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Grewcock"},{"link_name":"Julian White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_White"},{"link_name":"Steve Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Thompson_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Graham Rowntree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Rowntree"},{"link_name":"Harry Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Will Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Greenwood"},{"link_name":"Ben Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Cohen_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Andy Titterrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Titterrell"},{"link_name":"Andrew Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"Ben Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Kay"},{"link_name":"Andy Hazell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Hazell"},{"link_name":"Chris Latham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Latham_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Wendell Sailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Sailor"},{"link_name":"Morgan Turinui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Turinui"},{"link_name":"Matt Giteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Giteau"},{"link_name":"Lote Tuqiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lote_Tuqiri_(rugby,_born_1979)"},{"link_name":"Elton Flatley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_Flatley"},{"link_name":"George Gregan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gregan"},{"link_name":"David Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyons_(rugby_union,_born_1980)"},{"link_name":"Phil Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Waugh"},{"link_name":"George Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Smith_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Dan Vickerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Vickerman"},{"link_name":"Justin Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Al Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Paul_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Bill Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Young_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Matt Dunning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Dunning"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hoiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hoiles"},{"link_name":"Mat Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Brendan Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Cannon"},{"link_name":"Radike Samo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radike_Samo"},{"link_name":"Matt Henjak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Henjak"},{"link_name":"Drew Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Mitchell"}],"text":"6 November 2004Scotland 14–31 AustraliaTry: Lamont, SouthwellCon: Paterson 2Try: Mortlock, Rathbone 2Con: TuqiriPen: Giteau 4Drop: GiteauMurrayfield Stadium, EdinburghAttendance: 42,000Referee: Steve Walsh (New Zealand)Scotland: 15. Stuart Moffat, 14. Sean Lamont, 13. Graeme Morrison, 12. Andrew Henderson, 11. Chris Paterson, 10. Dan Parks, 9. Chris Cusiter, 8. Ally Hogg, 7. Donnie Macfadyen, 6. Scott Gray, 5. Scott Macleod, 4. Nathan Hines, 3. Bruce Douglas, 2. Gordon Bulloch (c), 1. Allan Jacobsen – Replacements: 16. Ross Ford, 17. Craig Smith, 18. Alastair Kellock, 19. Jon Petrie, 20. Mike Blair, 21. Andy Craig, 22. Hugo Southwell \nAustralia: 15. Chris Latham, 14. Clyde Rathbone, 13. Stirling Mortlock, 12. Matt Giteau, 11. Lote Tuqiri, 10. Stephen Larkham, 9. George Gregan (c), 8. John Roe, 7. Phil Waugh, 6. George Smith, 5. Dan Vickerman, 4. Justin Harrison, 3. Al Baxter, 2. Jeremy Paul, 1. Bill Young – Replacements: 16. Brendan Cannon, 17. Matt Dunning, 18. Mark Chisholm, 19. David Lyons, 20. Elton Flatley, 21. Wendell Sailor, 22. Mat Rogers13 November 2004France 27–14 AustraliaTry: Brusque, MichalakCon: ÉlissaldePen: Élissalde 5Try: GreganPen: Flatley, Giteau 2Stade de France, ParisAttendance: 72,750Referee: Chris White (England)France: 15. Nicolas Brusque, 14. Aurélien Rougerie, 13. Tony Marsh, 12. Yannick Jauzion, 11. Cédric Heymans, 10. Frédéric Michalak, 9. Jean-Baptiste Élissalde, 8. Imanol Harinordoquy, 7. Olivier Magne, 6. Serge Betsen, 5. Jérôme Thion, 4. Fabien Pelous (c), 3. Sylvain Marconnet, 2. William Servat, 1. Olivier Milloud – Replacements: 16. Sébastien Bruno, 19. Julien Bonnaire, 20. Julien Peyrelongue, 22. Christophe Dominici – Unused: 17. Nicolas Mas, 18. Pascal Papé, 21. Clément Poitrenaud\nAustralia: 15. Chris Latham, 14. Clyde Rathbone, 13. Stirling Mortlock, 12. Matt Giteau, 11. Lote Tuqiri, 10. Stephen Larkham, 9. George Gregan (c), 8. John Roe, 7. Phil Waugh, 6. George Smith, 5. Dan Vickerman, 4. Justin Harrison, 3. Al Baxter, 2. Jeremy Paul, 1. Bill Young – Replacements: 17. Matt Dunning, 19. David Lyons, 20. Elton Flatley, 21. Wendell Sailor, 22. Mat Rogers – Unused: 16. Brendan Cannon, 18. Mark Chisholm5 November 2004French Barbarians 15–47 Australia AStade Jean-Bouin, Paris20 November 2004Scotland 17–31 AustraliaTry: HoggPen: Paterson 4Try: Giteau, GreganTuqiri, WaughCon: Flatley, Giteau 3Pen: GiteauHampden Park, GlasgowAttendance: 28,000Referee: Daniel Lewis (Ireland)Scotland: 15. Hugo Southwell, 14. Chris Paterson, 13. Ben Hinshelwood, 12. Andrew Henderson, 11. Sean Lamont, 10. Dan Parks, 9. Chris Cusiter, 8. Jon Petrie, 7. Donnie Macfadyen, 6. Ally Hogg, 5. Nathan Hines, 4. Stuart Grimes, 3. Gavin Kerr, 2. Gordon Bulloch (c), 1. Allan Jacobsen – Replacements: 16. Robbie Russell, 17. Bruce Douglas, 18. Scott Macleod, 19. Jason White, 20. Mike Blair, 22. Graeme Morrison – Unused: 21. Gordon Ross\nAustralia: 15. Chris Latham, 14. Clyde Rathbone, 13. Stirling Mortlock, 12. Matt Giteau, 11. Lote Tuqiri, 10. Stephen Larkham, 9. George Gregan (c), 8. David Lyons, 7. Phil Waugh, 6. George Smith, 5. Dan Vickerman, 4. Justin Harrison, 3. Al Baxter, 2. Jeremy Paul, 1. Bill Young – Replacements: 16. Brendan Cannon, 17. Matt Dunning, 18. Radike Samo, 19. Stephen Hoiles, 20. Elton Flatley, 21. Wendell Sailor, 22. Mat Rogers27 November 2004England 19–21 AustraliaTry: Cueto, LewseyMoodyCon: Tindall 2Try: Latham, PaulCon: FlatleyPen: Giteau 3Twickenham Stadium, LondonAttendance: 73,000Referee: Paul Honiss (New Zealand)England: 15. Jason Robinson (c), 14. Mark Cueto, 13. Henry Paul, 12. Mike Tindall, 11. Josh Lewsey, 10. Charlie Hodgson, 9. Andy Gomarsall, 8. Martin Corry, 7. Lewis Moody, 6. Joe Worsley, 5. Steve Borthwick, 4. Danny Grewcock, 3. Julian White, 2. Steve Thompson, 1. Graham Rowntree – Replacements: 20. Harry Ellis, 21. Will Greenwood, 22. Ben Cohen – Unused: 16. Andy Titterrell, 17. Andrew Sheridan, 18. Ben Kay, 19. Andy Hazell\nAustralia: 15. Chris Latham, 14. Wendell Sailor, 13. Morgan Turinui, 12. Matt Giteau, 11. Lote Tuqiri, 10. Elton Flatley, 9. George Gregan (c), 8. David Lyons, 7. Phil Waugh, 6. George Smith, 5. Dan Vickerman, 4. Justin Harrison, 3. Al Baxter, 2. Jeremy Paul, 1. Bill Young – Replacements: 17. Matt Dunning, 19. Stephen Hoiles, 22. Mat Rogers – Unused: 16. Brendan Cannon, 18. Radike Samo, 20. Matt Henjak, 21. Drew Mitchell","title":"Matches"}]

[]

[{"title":"2004 end-of-year rugby union tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_end-of-year_rugby_union_tests"}]

[{"reference":"\"Scotland ride Aussies' first-half romp\". The Observer. 7 November 2004. Retrieved 17 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/nov/07/rugbyunion.australiarugbyunionteam","url_text":"\"Scotland ride Aussies' first-half romp\""}]},{"reference":"\"France forwards make their mark\". The Observer. 14 November 2004. Retrieved 17 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/nov/14/rugbyunion.australiarugbyunionteam","url_text":"\"France forwards make their mark\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hogg stirs Scots' blood but Wallabies carry on pigging out\". The Observer. 21 November 2004. Retrieved 17 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/nov/21/rugbyunion.australiarugbyunionteam","url_text":"\"Hogg stirs Scots' blood but Wallabies carry on pigging out\""}]},{"reference":"\"Game swings back and forth as Giteau toys with England's defence\". The Observer. 28 November 2004. Retrieved 17 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/nov/28/rugbyunion.australiarugbyunionteam","url_text":"\"Game swings back and forth as Giteau toys with England's defence\""}]},{"reference":"\"England 19–21 Australia\". BBC Sport. 27 November 2004. Retrieved 28 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/international/4043273.stm","url_text":"\"England 19–21 Australia\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/nov/07/rugbyunion.australiarugbyunionteam","external_links_name":"\"Scotland ride Aussies' first-half romp\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/nov/14/rugbyunion.australiarugbyunionteam","external_links_name":"\"France forwards make their mark\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/nov/21/rugbyunion.australiarugbyunionteam","external_links_name":"\"Hogg stirs Scots' blood but Wallabies carry on pigging out\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/nov/28/rugbyunion.australiarugbyunionteam","external_links_name":"\"Game swings back and forth as Giteau toys with England's defence\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/international/4043273.stm","external_links_name":"\"England 19–21 Australia\""}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_(bishop_of_Rochester)

Walter (bishop of Rochester)

["1 Citations","2 References"]

12th-century Bishop of Rochester WalterBishop of RochesterElected27 January 1148Term ended26 July 1182PredecessorAscelinSuccessorWaleranOther post(s)Archdeacon of CanterburyOrdersConsecration14 March 1148Personal detailsDied26 July 1182DenominationCatholic Walter was a medieval Bishop of Rochester. Walter was the brother of Theobald of Bec, who was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1139 to 1161. Theobald selected Walter to be Archdeacon of Canterbury soon after Theobald's election, and it was Theobald who secured Walter's election to Rochester. Walter was elected on 27 January 1148 and consecrated on 14 March 1148. He died on 26 July 1182. Citations ^ British History Online Archdeacons of Canterbury accessed on 30 October 2007 ^ Bartlett England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings p. 401 ^ British History Online Bishops of Rochester accessed on 30 October 2007 ^ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 267 References Bartlett, Robert C. (2000). England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings: 1075–1225. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822741-8. British History Online Archdeacons of Canterbury accessed on 30 October 2007 British History Online Bishops of Rochester accessed on 30 October 2007 Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X. Catholic Church titles Preceded byAscelin Bishop of Rochester 1148–1182 Succeeded byWaleran vteBishops of RochesterPre-Conquest Justus Romanus Paulinus of York Ithamar Damianus Putta Cwichelm Gebmund Tobias Aldwulf Dunn Eardwulf Diora Waermund (I) Beornmod Tatnoth Badenoth Waermund (II) Cuthwulf Swithwulf Ceolmund Cyneferth Burgric Beorhtsige Ælfstan Godwine (I) Godwine (II) Siward Conquest toReformation Arnost Gundulf Ralph d'Escures Ernulf John (I) John (II) Ascelin Walter Waleran Gilbert Glanvill Benedict of Sausetun Henry Sandford Richard Wendene Lawrence of St Martin Walter de Merton John Bradfield John Kirkby Thomas Ingoldsthorpe Thomas Wouldham Hamo Hethe John Sheppey William Whittlesey Thomas Trilleck Thomas Brinton William Bottlesham John Bottlesham Richard Young John Kemp John Langdon Thomas Brunce William Wells John Low Thomas Rotherham John Alcock John Russell Edmund Audley Thomas Savage Richard FitzJames John Fisher Post-Reformation John Hilsey Nicholas Heath Henry Holbeach Nicholas Ridley John Ponet John Scory Maurice Griffith Edmund Allen Edmund Gheast Edmund Freke John Piers John Young William Barlow Richard Neile John Buckeridge Walter Curle John Bowle John Warner Episcopacy abolished (Commonwealth) John Warner John Dolben Francis Turner Thomas Sprat Francis Atterbury Samuel Bradford Joseph Wilcocks Zachary Pearce John Thomas Samuel Horsley Thomas Dampier Walker King Hugh Percy George Murray Joseph Wigram Thomas Legh Claughton Anthony Thorold Randall Davidson Edward Talbot John Harmer Linton Smith Christopher Chavasse David Say Michael Turnbull Michael Nazir-Ali James Langstaff Jonathan Gibbs This article about an English bishop or archbishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_right_whale

Pygmy right whale

["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Behavior and ecology","4 Population and distribution","5 Whaling and whale-watching","6 Conservation","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]

Species of mammal Pygmy right whaleTemporal range: 6.2–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Late Miocene – Recent Size compared to an average human Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) CITES Appendix I (CITES) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Infraorder: Cetacea Family: Cetotheriidae Subfamily: Neobalaeninae(Gray, 1873) Genus: CapereaGray, 1864 Species: C. marginata Binomial name Caperea marginata(Gray, 1846) Pygmy right whale range The pygmy right whale (Caperea marginata) is a species of baleen whale. It may be a member of the cetotheres, a family of baleen whales which until 2012 were thought to be extinct; C. marginata has otherwise been considered the sole member of the family Neobalaenidae and is the only member of the genus Caperea. First described by John Edward Gray in 1846, it is the smallest of the baleen whales, ranging between 6 and 6.5 metres (20 and 21 ft) in length and 3,000 and 3,500 kilograms (6,610 and 7,720 lb) in mass. Despite its name, the pygmy right whale may have more in common with the gray whale and rorquals than the bowhead and right whales. The pygmy right whale is found in temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere, and feeds on copepods and euphausiids. Little is known about its population or social habits. Unlike most other baleen whales, it has rarely been subject to exploitation. Taxonomy During the 1839-43 voyage of James Clark Ross, naturalists found bones and baleen plates resembling a smaller version of the right whale. In his Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Erebus and Terror (1846), John Edward Gray described the new species, naming it Balaena marginata. In 1864, Gray established a new genus (Caperea) after receiving a skull and some bones of another specimen. Six years later, in 1870, he added the name Neobalaena. He soon realized the three species were one and the same: Caperea marginata (caperea means "wrinkle" in Latin, "referring to the wrinkled appearance of the ear bone"; while marginata translates to "enclosed with a border", which "refers to the dark border around the baleen plates of some individuals"). In research findings published on December 18, 2012, paleontologist Felix Marx compared the skull bones of pygmy right whales to those of extinct cetaceans, finding it to be a close relative to the Cetotheriidae, making the pygmy right whale a living fossil. A 2023 study using genomic DNA confirmed that pygmy right whales are more closely related to rorquals than to balaenid right whales, consistent with a close relationship with the cetotheres. In 2012, Italian palaeontologist Michelangelo Bisconti described Miocaperea pulchra, a first fossil pygmy right whale from Peru. This new genus differs from the living genus in some cranial details, but Bisconti's study confirmed the monophyly of the Neobalaenidae and he concluded that the rorqual-like features in C. marginata must be the result of parallel evolution. The presence of a fossil neobalaenid some 2,000 km (1,200 mi) north of the known range of C. marginata, suggests that environmental change has caused a southern shift in neobalaenid distribution. A second, undescribed species was tentatively assigned to Neobalaenidae in 2012. A fossil from the Messinian age (Late Miocene) about 6.2 to 5.4 million years ago has been identified as Caperea sp. in 2018. Description The pygmy right whale is rarely encountered and consequently little studied. However, it is known that it is by far the smallest of the baleen whales. Calves are estimated to be about 1.6 metres (5 ft 3 in) to 2.2 metres (7 ft 3 in) at birth (an approximately 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) fetus was reported from a 6 metres (20 ft) female that had stranded in Perkins Bay, Tasmania, in 1982). By the time they are weaned, they may be about 3 to 3.5 metres (9.8 to 11.5 ft) long. It is believed they become sexually mature at about 5 metres (16 ft) and physically mature at about 6 metres (20 ft). The longest male registered, was a 6.1 metres (20 ft) individual which had stranded in Cloudy Bay, Tasmania, while the longest female was a 6.45 metres (21.2 ft) individual which had stranded in Stanley, Tasmania in 1981. Pygmy right whales can weigh as much as 3,430 kilograms (7,560 lb). A 6.21 metres (20.4 ft) female weighed 3,200 kilograms (7,100 lb) and a 5.47 metres (17.9 ft) male weighed 2,850 kilograms (6,280 lb). Gestation and lactation periods and longevity are all unknown. Part of the reason for the scarcity of data may be the relative inactivity of the whale, making location for study difficult. The blow is small and indistinct and the whale is usually a slow undulating swimmer, although capable of bursts of acceleration. The coloring and shape of the pygmy right whale, dark gray dorsally and lighter gray ventrally, commonly with a pair of chevron-shaped lighter patches behind the eyes, is similar to that of the dwarf minke and Antarctic minke whales and at sea the species may easily be confused with these two species, in case the jaw and flippers are not carefully observed. The arched jawline is not as pronounced as other right whales and may not be sufficient to distinguish a pygmy right whale from a minke whale. The long, narrow cream-coloured baleen plates with a distinctive white gumline are the most effective discriminators. Unlike true right whales, pygmy rights do not have callosities. The dorsal fin is falcate (crescent-shaped) and located about three-quarters of the way along the back of the animal. Unlike the minke whales, occasionally the dorsal will not be seen on the whale surfacing. Like the minkes, though, it doesn't raise its flukes when it dives. The skull and skeleton of the pygmy right whale is unlike those of any other extant whale: the supraoccipital shield extends farther posteriorly; the ear bone has a lateral wrinkle and is roughly square in outline. All seven cervical vertebrae are fused, and the pygmy right has only 44 vertebrae. The 18 pairs of ribs are broad and flat, and make up 39–45% of the vertebral column (compared to 33% in other mysticetes). Each thoracic vertebrae has a pair of huge wing-like transverse processes, many of which overlap. The dorsal end of the ribs are remarkably thin and almost fail to make contact with the transverse processes. The reduced tail (or sacrocaudal region) features a vestigial pelvis and small chevron bones. The flippers have four digits. The lungs and heart are relatively small, which suggests that the pygmy right whale is not a deep diver. The larynx is reported to be different from any other cetacean. Like other mysticetes, the pygmy right whale has a large laryngeal sac, but in contrast to other mysticetes, this sac is positioned on the right side of the midline in the pygmy right. The presence of this laryngeal sac can possibly be the explanation for the long thorax and flattened ribs, but the peculiar ribs have led to multiple speculations as to their origin. Behavior and ecology Analysis of the stomach contents of dead pygmy right whales indicates that it feeds on copepods and euphausiids (krill). The social and mating structures are unknown. The whale is typically seen alone or in pairs, sometimes associated with other cetaceans (including dolphins, pilot whales, minke whales, and once a sei whale cow and calf). Occasionally larger groups are seen — in 2001 a group of 14 were seen at 46°S in the South Pacific about 450 km southeast of New Zealand, while in 1992 a group of about 80 individuals were seen 320 nautical miles (590 km) southwest of Cape Leeuwin and another group of over 100 individuals were sighted in June 2007 about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Portland, Victoria. The flukes, blubber, and baleen plates of a pygmy right whale calf were found in a 7.47 m (24.5 ft) killer whale caught by whalers off South Africa. Population and distribution The pygmy right whale is among the least studied cetaceans; until 2008, fewer than 25 sightings of the species had been made at sea. The species lives in the Southern Hemisphere and is believed to be circumpolar, living in a band from about 30°S to 55°S in areas with surface water temperatures between 5 and 20 °C (41 and 68 °F). Individuals have been found on the coasts of Chile, Tierra del Fuego, Namibia, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. One group may be a year-round resident off Tasmania. The total population is unknown. There is an extralimital stranding record in the Northern Hemisphere. Whaling and whale-watching On account of its relatively small size and sparse distribution, the pygmy right whale has rarely been taken by whalers. A 3.39 metres (11.1 ft) male was taken off South Africa in 1917, and a couple were caught for scientific purposes by Soviet whalers in the South Atlantic in 1970. Also a few pygmy right whales are known to have been caught in fishing nets. These factors are not believed to have had a significant impact on the population. Most data about pygmy right whales come from individual specimens washed up on coastlines; they are rarely encountered at sea and so they are not the primary subject of any whale watching cruises. Conservation The pygmy right whale is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). It is listed on Appendix II, as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements. The pygmy right whale is also covered by Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MOU). See also List of cetaceans References ^ Mead, J. G.; Brownell, R. L. Jr. (2005). "Order Cetacea". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 723–743. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. ^ a b Marx, Felix G.; Park, Travis; Fitzgerald, Erich M.G.; Evans, Alistair R. (2018). "A Miocene pygmy right whale fossil from Australia". PeerJ. 6: e5025. doi:10.7717/peerj.5025. PMC 6016540. PMID 29942692. ^ a b c Cooke, J.G. (2018). "Caperea marginata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T3778A50351626. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T3778A50351626.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022. ^ a b Fordyce, R. E.; Marx, F. G. (2013). "The pygmy right whale Caperea marginata: the last of the cetotheres". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 280 (1753): 1–6. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.2645. PMC 3574355. PMID 23256199. ^ a b c d e f g h Kemper, Catherine (2008). "Pygmy Right Whale". In Perrin, W.; Wursig, B.; Thewissen, J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. pp. 939–41. ^ Cousteau, Jacques, Whales (1986), p. 70. ^ Reeves, Randall, Guide to Marine Mammals of the World (2002), p. 202. ^ "'Extinct' whale found: Odd-looking pygmy whale traced back 2 million years". CSMonitor.com. 23 April 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012. ^ Dutoit, L.; Mitchell, K.J.; et al. (July 2023). "Convergent evolution of skim feeding in baleen whales". Marine Mammal Science. 39 (4): 1337–1343. doi:10.1111/mms.13047. ^ Bisconti, M. (2012). "Comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Miocaperea pulchra, the first fossil pygmy right whale genus and species (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Neobalaenidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 166 (4): 876–911. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00862.x. ^ Fitzgerald, Erich M. G. (2012). "Possible neobalaenid from the Miocene of Australia implies a long evolutionary history for the pygmy right whale Caperea marginata (Cetacea, Mysticeti)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (4): 976–980. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.669803. S2CID 83784488. ^ a b Klinowska, M. (1991). Dolphins, Porpoises and Whales of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book. Cambridge, U.K.: IUCN. ^ a b Munday, B. L.; Green, R. H.; Obendorf, D. L. (1982). "A pygmy right whale Caperea marginata (Grey, 1846) stranded at Stanley, Tasmania". Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. 116: 1–4. doi:10.26749/rstpp.116.1. ^ Mead, James G. and Joy P. Gold (2002). Whales and Dolphins In Question: the Smithsonian Answer Book. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ^ Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ^ a b Naish, Dairen (October 2010). "Pouches, pockets and sacs in the heads, necks and chests of mammals, part III: baleen whales". Retrieved 31 December 2013. ^ Naish, Darren (October 2010). "Did I mention that Caperea is really, really weird?". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 150 (4): 875–894. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00313.x. Retrieved 31 December 2013. ^ a b c Shirihai, H. & Jarrett, B. (2006). Whales, Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals of the World. Princeton Field Guides. pp. 43–45. ISBN 978-0-69112757-6. ^ Ford, John K. B.; Reeves, Randall R. (2010). "Caperea Alive!". Mammal Review. 38: 50–86. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.573.6671. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2008.00118.x. Retrieved 30 September 2013. ^ Gill, P. C.; Kemper, C. M.; Talbot, M.; Lydon, S. A. (2008). "Large group of pygmy right whales seen in a shelf upwelling region off Victoria, Australia". Marine Mammal Science. 24 (4): 962–968. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00220.x. ^ Best, P.B., A. Meyer, and C. Lockyer. 2010. "Killer whales in South African waters – a review of their biology". African Journal of Marine Science 32:171-186. ^ Cabrera, E.; Carlson, C.; Galletti, V.M.B.; Cardenas, J.C.; Brownell Jr., R.L. (2005). A pygmy right whale (Caperea marginata) from Chiloe Island, Chile. SC/57/O20. ^ Tsai, Cheng-Hsiu; Mead, James G. (2018). "Crossing the equator: a northern occurrence of the pygmy right whale". Zoological Letters. 4 (30): 30. doi:10.1186/s40851-018-0117-8. PMC 6296048. PMID 30574356. ^ Best, P. B.; Ross, G. J. (1986). "Catches of right whales from shore-based establishments in southern Africa, 1792-1975". Reports of the International Whaling Commission. 10: 275–289. ^ Cousteau, J. T. and Y. Paccalet. 1988. Whales. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York, p. 169. ^ a b "Appendix II Archived 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine" of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008. Effective: 5 March 2009. ^ "CMS Pacific Cetaceans MOU for Cetaceans and their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region". Further reading Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, Perrin Wursig and Thewissen (eds). ISBN 0-12-551340-2 Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises, Mark Carwardine. ISBN 0-7513-2781-6 National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. ISBN 0-375-41141-0 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caperea marginata. Wikispecies has information related to Caperea marginata. Reidenberg, Bruce (May 2008). "What are we looking for in the throat? Dissection of a stranded pygmy right whale". Retrieved 30 November 2013. vteExtant Cetacea species Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Infraclass Eutheria Superorder Laurasiatheria Order Artiodactyla Suborder Whippomorpha Parvorder Mysticeti (Baleen whales)BalaenidaeBalaena Bowhead whale (B. mysticetus) Eubalaena(Right whales) Southern right whale (E. australis) North Atlantic right whale (E. glacialis) North Pacific right whale (E. japonica) Balaenopteridae(Rorquals)Balaenoptera Common minke whale (B. acutorostrata) Antarctic minke whale (B. bonaerensis) Sei whale (B. borealis) Bryde's whale (B. brydei) Pygmy Bryde's whale (B. edeni) Blue whale (B. musculus) Omura's whale (B. omurai) Fin whale (B. physalus) Rice's whale (B. ricei) Eschrichtius Gray whale (E. robustus) Megaptera Humpback whale (M. novaeangliae) CetotheriidaeCaperea Pygmy right whale (C. marginata) Parvorder Odontoceti (Toothed whales)Delphinidae(Oceanic dolphins)Cephalorhynchus Commerson's dolphin (C. commersonii) Chilean dolphin (C. eutropia) Heaviside's dolphin (C. heavisidii) Hector's dolphin (C. hectori) Delphinus Common dolphin (D. delphis) Feresa Pygmy killer whale (F. attenuata) Globicephala(Pilot whales) Short-finned pilot whale (G. macrorhynchus) Long-finned pilot whale (G. melas) Grampus Risso's dolphin (G. griseus) Lagenodelphis Fraser's dolphin (L. hosei) Lagenorhynchus White-beaked dolphin (L. albirostris) Atlantic white-sided dolphin (L. acutus) Peale's dolphin (L. australis) Hourglass dolphin (L. cruciger) Pacific white-sided dolphin (L. obliquidens) Dusky dolphin (L. obscurus) Lissodelphis(Right whale dolphins) Northern right whale dolphin (L. borealis) Southern right whale dolphin (L. peronii) Orcaella Irrawaddy dolphin (O. brevirostris) Australian snubfin dolphin (O. heinsohni) Orcinus Orca or killer whale (O. orca) Peponocephala Melon-headed whale (P. electra) Pseudorca False killer whale (P. crassidens) Sotalia Tucuxi (S. fluviatilis) Guiana dolphin (S. guianensis) Sousa(Humpback dolphins) Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (S. chinensis) Indian Ocean humpback dolphin (S. plumbea) Australian humpback dolphin (S. sahulensis) Atlantic humpback dolphin (S. teuszii) Stenella Pantropical spotted dolphin (S. attenuata) Clymene dolphin (S. clymene) Striped dolphin (S. coeruleoalba) Atlantic spotted dolphin (S. frontalis) Spinner dolphin (S. longirostris) Steno Rough-toothed dolphin (S. bredanensis) Tursiops(Bottlenose dolphins) Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (T. aduncus) Burrunan dolphin (T. australis) Tamanend's bottlenose dolphin (T. erebennus) Common bottlenose dolphin (T. truncatus) MonodontidaeDelphinapterus Beluga whale (D. leucas) Monodon Narwhal (M. monoceros) Phocoenidae(Porpoises)Neophocoena(Finless porpoises) Indo-Pacific finless porpoise (N. phocaenoides) Yangtze finless porpoise (N. asiaeorientalis) Phocoena Spectacled porpoise (P. dioptrica) Harbour porpoise (P. phocoena) Vaquita (P. sinus) Burmeister's porpoise (P. spinipinnis) Phocoenoides Dall's porpoise (P. dalli) PhyseteridaePhyseter Sperm whale (P. macrocephalus) KogiidaeKogia Pygmy sperm whale (K. breviceps) Dwarf sperm whale (K. simus) IniidaeInia Araguaian river dolphin (I. araguaiaensis) Bolivian river dolphin (I. boliviensis) Amazon river dolphin (I. geoffrensis) LipotidaeLipotes Baiji (L. vexillifer) PlatanistidaePlatanista Ganges river dolphin (P. gangetica) Indus river dolphin (P. minor) PontoporiidaePontoporia La Plata dolphin (P. blainvillei) Ziphiidae(Beaked whales)Berardius Arnoux's beaked whale (B. arnuxii) Baird's beaked whale (B. bairdii) Sato's beaked whale (B. minimus) Hyperoodon(Bottlenose whales) Northern bottlenose whale (H. ampullatus) Southern bottlenose whale (H. planifrons) Indopacetus Tropical bottlenose whale (I. pacificus) Mesoplodon(Mesoplodont whales) Sowerby's beaked whale (M. bidens) Andrews' beaked whale (M. bowdoini) Hubbs' beaked whale (M. carlhubbsi) Blainville's beaked whale (M. densirostris) Ramari's beaked whale (M. eueu) Gervais's beaked whale (M. europaeus) Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale (M. ginkgodens) Gray's beaked whale (M. grayi) Hector's beaked whale (M. hectori) Deraniyagala's beaked whale (M. hotaula) Strap-toothed whale (M. layardii) True's beaked whale (M. mirus) Perrin's beaked whale (M. perrini) Pygmy beaked whale (M. peruvianus) Stejneger's beaked whale (M. stejnegeri) Spade-toothed whale (M. traversii) Tasmacetus Shepherd's beaked whale (T. shepherdi) Ziphius Cuvier's beaked whale (Z. cavirostris) vteGenera of baleen whales and their extinct allies Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Infraorder: Cetacea MysticetiMysticeti †Borealodon †Coronodon †Imerocetus †Mioceta? †Piscocetus †Siphonocetus? †Tretulias? †Ulias? †Aetiocetidae Aetiocetus Ashorocetus Chonecetus Fucaia Morawanocetus Willungacetus †Llanocetidae Llanocetus Mystacodon †Mammalodontidae Janjucetus Mammalodon Chaeomysticeti Horopeta Sitsqwayk Whakakai †Eomysticetoidea Cetotheriopsis †Eomysticetidae Eomysticetus Micromysticetus Tohoraata Tokarahia Waharoa Yamatocetus BalaenomorphaBalaenidae †Antwerpibalaena †Archaeobalaena Balaena †Balaenella †Balaenula †Balaenotus Eubalaena †Idiocetus †Mesoteras †Morenocetus †Peripolocetus †Protobalaena Thalassotherii †Hibacetus †Isanacetus †Isocetus †Mauicetus †Pinocetus †Taikicetus †Tiphyocetus †Uranocetus †Aglaocetidae Aglaocetus †Diorocetidae Amphicetus Diorocetus Plesiocetopsis Thinocetus †Pelocetidae Cophocetus Halicetus Parietobalaena Pelocetus †Tranatocetidae Mesocetus Mixocetus Tranatocetus Cetotheriidae †Cephalotropis †Journocetus †Otradnocetus †Palaeobalaena? †Titanocetus? †Tiucetus †Cetotheriinae Brandtocetus Cetotherium Ciuciulea Eucetotherium Kurdalagonus Mithridatocetus Vampalus Zygiocetus Herpetocetinae Caperea †Herentalia †Herpetocetus †Metopocetus †Miocaperea †Nannocetus †Piscobalaena Balaenopteroidea †Eobalaenoptera Balaenopteridae †Archaebalaenoptera †Archaeschrichtius Balaenoptera †Burtinopsis? †Cetoteriophanes †Diunatans †Eschrichtioides Eschrichtius †Gricetoides †Incakujira Megaptera †Megapteropsis? †Miobalaenoptera †Nehalaennia †Notiocetus †Parabalaenoptera †Plesiobalaenoptera †Plesiocetus †Praemegaptera †Protororqualus Portals: Cetaceans Mammals Animals Biology Marine Life Taxon identifiersCaperea marginata Wikidata: Q189615 Wikispecies: Caperea marginata ADW: Caperea_marginata AFD: Caperea_marginata ARKive: caperea-marginata BioLib: 20753 BOLD: 26408 CMS: caperea-marginata GBIF: 2440310 iNaturalist: 41456 IRMNG: 10839915 ITIS: 180535 IUCN: 3778 MDD: 1006406 MSW: 14300033 NCBI: 27604 NZOR: fc747835-90ae-4a3d-b087-bce94faed56c Observation.org: 80603 OBIS: 231424 Open Tree of Life: 397243 Paleobiology Database: 77391 SeaLifeBase: 69010 Species+: 8608 WoRMS: 231424 Balaena marginata Wikidata: Q41162834 CoL: KF7M GBIF: 2440311 IRMNG: 10377985 ITIS: 771032 WoRMS: 380459

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baleen whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baleen_whale"},{"link_name":"cetotheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetothere"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fordyce2013-5"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct"},{"link_name":"sole member","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic_taxon"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kemper-6"},{"link_name":"John Edward Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edward_Gray"},{"link_name":"baleen whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baleen_whales"},{"link_name":"gray whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_whale"},{"link_name":"rorquals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rorqual"},{"link_name":"bowhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowhead_whale"},{"link_name":"right whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_whale"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kemper-6"},{"link_name":"Southern Hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere"},{"link_name":"copepods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copepod"},{"link_name":"euphausiids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphausiid"}],"text":"The pygmy right whale (Caperea marginata) is a species of baleen whale. It may be a member of the cetotheres,[5] a family of baleen whales which until 2012 were thought to be extinct; C. marginata has otherwise been considered the sole member of the family Neobalaenidae[6] and is the only member of the genus Caperea. First described by John Edward Gray in 1846, it is the smallest of the baleen whales, ranging between 6 and 6.5 metres (20 and 21 ft) in length and 3,000 and 3,500 kilograms (6,610 and 7,720 lb) in mass. Despite its name, the pygmy right whale may have more in common with the gray whale and rorquals than the bowhead and right whales.[6]The pygmy right whale is found in temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere, and feeds on copepods and euphausiids. Little is known about its population or social habits. Unlike most other baleen whales, it has rarely been subject to exploitation.","title":"Pygmy right whale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Clark Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clark_Ross"},{"link_name":"right whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_whale"},{"link_name":"John Edward Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edward_Gray"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Cetotheriidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetotheriidae"},{"link_name":"living fossil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_fossil"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fordyce2013-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"genomic DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic_DNA"},{"link_name":"rorquals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rorqual"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dutoit2023-10"},{"link_name":"Miocaperea pulchra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocaperea_pulchra"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fitzgerald2012-12"},{"link_name":"Messinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messinian"},{"link_name":"Late Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Miocene"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miocene-2"}],"text":"During the 1839-43 voyage of James Clark Ross, naturalists found bones and baleen plates resembling a smaller version of the right whale. In his Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Erebus and Terror (1846), John Edward Gray described the new species, naming it Balaena marginata. In 1864, Gray established a new genus (Caperea) after receiving a skull and some bones of another specimen. Six years later, in 1870, he added the name Neobalaena. He soon realized the three species were one and the same: Caperea marginata[7] (caperea means \"wrinkle\" in Latin, \"referring to the wrinkled appearance of the ear bone\"; while marginata translates to \"enclosed with a border\", which \"refers to the dark border around the baleen plates of some individuals\").[8] In research findings published on December 18, 2012, paleontologist Felix Marx compared the skull bones of pygmy right whales to those of extinct cetaceans, finding it to be a close relative to the Cetotheriidae, making the pygmy right whale a living fossil.[5][9] A 2023 study using genomic DNA confirmed that pygmy right whales are more closely related to rorquals than to balaenid right whales, consistent with a close relationship with the cetotheres.[10]In 2012, Italian palaeontologist Michelangelo Bisconti described Miocaperea pulchra, a first fossil pygmy right whale from Peru. This new genus differs from the living genus in some cranial details, but Bisconti's study confirmed the monophyly of the Neobalaenidae and he concluded that the rorqual-like features in C. marginata must be the result of parallel evolution. The presence of a fossil neobalaenid some 2,000 km (1,200 mi) north of the known range of C. marginata, suggests that environmental change has caused a southern shift in neobalaenid distribution.[11] A second, undescribed species was tentatively assigned to Neobalaenidae in 2012.[12] A fossil from the Messinian age (Late Miocene) about 6.2 to 5.4 million years ago has been identified as Caperea sp. in 2018.[2]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klinowska-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Munday1982-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kemper-6"},{"link_name":"Cloudy Bay, Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudy_Bay_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mead-15"},{"link_name":"Stanley, Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Munday1982-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kemper-6"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nowak-16"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"dwarf minke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_minke_whale"},{"link_name":"Antarctic minke whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_minke_whale"},{"link_name":"right whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_whale"},{"link_name":"callosities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callosity"},{"link_name":"dorsal fin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_fin"},{"link_name":"flukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluke_(tail)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"supraoccipital shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supraoccipital_shield&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ear bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrous_part_of_the_temporal_bone"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kemper-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naish-pouch-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naish-weird-18"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kemper-6"},{"link_name":"laryngeal sac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngeal_pouch"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naish-pouch-17"}],"text":"The pygmy right whale is rarely encountered and consequently little studied. However, it is known that it is by far the smallest of the baleen whales. Calves are estimated to be about 1.6 metres (5 ft 3 in) to 2.2 metres (7 ft 3 in) at birth[13] (an approximately 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) fetus was reported from a 6 metres (20 ft) female that had stranded in Perkins Bay, Tasmania, in 1982[14]). By the time they are weaned, they may be about 3 to 3.5 metres (9.8 to 11.5 ft) long. It is believed they become sexually mature at about 5 metres (16 ft) and physically mature at about 6 metres (20 ft).[6] The longest male registered, was a 6.1 metres (20 ft) individual which had stranded in Cloudy Bay, Tasmania,[15] while the longest female was a 6.45 metres (21.2 ft) individual which had stranded in Stanley, Tasmania in 1981.[14] Pygmy right whales can weigh as much as 3,430 kilograms (7,560 lb).[6] A 6.21 metres (20.4 ft) female weighed 3,200 kilograms (7,100 lb) and a 5.47 metres (17.9 ft) male weighed 2,850 kilograms (6,280 lb).[16] Gestation and lactation periods and longevity are all unknown. Part of the reason for the scarcity of data may be the relative inactivity of the whale, making location for study difficult. The blow is small and indistinct and the whale is usually a slow undulating swimmer, although capable of bursts of acceleration.[citation needed]The coloring and shape of the pygmy right whale, dark gray dorsally and lighter gray ventrally, commonly with a pair of chevron-shaped lighter patches behind the eyes, is similar to that of the dwarf minke and Antarctic minke whales and at sea the species may easily be confused with these two species, in case the jaw and flippers are not carefully observed. The arched jawline is not as pronounced as other right whales and may not be sufficient to distinguish a pygmy right whale from a minke whale. The long, narrow cream-coloured baleen plates with a distinctive white gumline are the most effective discriminators. Unlike true right whales, pygmy rights do not have callosities. The dorsal fin is falcate (crescent-shaped) and located about three-quarters of the way along the back of the animal. Unlike the minke whales, occasionally the dorsal will not be seen on the whale surfacing. Like the minkes, though, it doesn't raise its flukes when it dives.[citation needed]The skull and skeleton of the pygmy right whale is unlike those of any other extant whale: the supraoccipital shield extends farther posteriorly; the ear bone has a lateral wrinkle and is roughly square in outline. All seven cervical vertebrae are fused, and the pygmy right has only 44 vertebrae. The 18 pairs of ribs are broad and flat, and make up 39–45% of the vertebral column (compared to 33% in other mysticetes).[6][17] Each thoracic vertebrae has a pair of huge wing-like transverse processes, many of which overlap. The dorsal end of the ribs are remarkably thin and almost fail to make contact with the transverse processes. The reduced tail (or sacrocaudal region) features a vestigial pelvis and small chevron bones.[18] The flippers have four digits. The lungs and heart are relatively small, which suggests that the pygmy right whale is not a deep diver. The larynx is reported to be different from any other cetacean.[6]Like other mysticetes, the pygmy right whale has a large laryngeal sac, but in contrast to other mysticetes, this sac is positioned on the right side of the midline in the pygmy right. The presence of this laryngeal sac can possibly be the explanation for the long thorax and flattened ribs, but the peculiar ribs have led to multiple speculations as to their origin.[17]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"copepods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copepod"},{"link_name":"euphausiids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphausiid"},{"link_name":"pilot whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-finned_pilot_whale"},{"link_name":"minke whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minke_whale"},{"link_name":"sei whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sei_whale"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kemper-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klinowska-13"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shirihai-19"},{"link_name":"46°S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46th_parallel_south"},{"link_name":"Cape Leeuwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Leeuwin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-3"},{"link_name":"Portland, Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gill2008-21"},{"link_name":"blubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blubber"},{"link_name":"killer whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_whale"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Analysis of the stomach contents of dead pygmy right whales indicates that it feeds on copepods and euphausiids (krill). The social and mating structures are unknown. The whale is typically seen alone or in pairs, sometimes associated with other cetaceans (including dolphins, pilot whales, minke whales, and once a sei whale cow and calf).[6][13][19] Occasionally larger groups are seen — in 2001 a group of 14 were seen at 46°S in the South Pacific about 450 km southeast of New Zealand, while in 1992 a group of about 80 individuals were seen 320 nautical miles (590 km) southwest of Cape Leeuwin[3] and another group of over 100 individuals were sighted in June 2007 about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Portland, Victoria.[20][21]The flukes, blubber, and baleen plates of a pygmy right whale calf were found in a 7.47 m (24.5 ft) killer whale caught by whalers off South Africa.[22]","title":"Behavior and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kemper-6"},{"link_name":"circumpolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circumpolar"},{"link_name":"30°S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_parallel_south"},{"link_name":"55°S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_parallel_south"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-3"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shirihai-19"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Tierra del Fuego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shirihai-19"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"The pygmy right whale is among the least studied cetaceans; until 2008, fewer than 25 sightings of the species had been made at sea.[6] The species lives in the Southern Hemisphere and is believed to be circumpolar, living in a band from about 30°S to 55°S[3] in areas with surface water temperatures between 5 and 20 °C (41 and 68 °F).[19] Individuals have been found on the coasts of Chile,[23] Tierra del Fuego, Namibia, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. One group may be a year-round resident off Tasmania.[19] The total population is unknown.There is an extralimital stranding record in the Northern Hemisphere.[24]","title":"Population and distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best1986-25"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"South Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"whale watching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_watching"}],"text":"On account of its relatively small size and sparse distribution, the pygmy right whale has rarely been taken by whalers. A 3.39 metres (11.1 ft) male was taken off South Africa in 1917,[25] and a couple were caught for scientific purposes by Soviet whalers in the South Atlantic in 1970.[26] Also a few pygmy right whales are known to have been caught in fishing nets. These factors are not believed to have had a significant impact on the population.Most data about pygmy right whales come from individual specimens washed up on coastlines; they are rarely encountered at sea and so they are not the primary subject of any whale watching cruises.","title":"Whaling and whale-watching"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appendices-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appendices-27"},{"link_name":"Pacific Cetaceans MOU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Cetaceans_Memorandum_of_Understanding"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"The pygmy right whale is listed on Appendix II [27] of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). It is listed on Appendix II,[27] as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements.The pygmy right whale is also covered by Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MOU).[28]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-12-551340-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-551340-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7513-2781-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7513-2781-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-375-41141-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-41141-0"}],"text":"Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, Perrin Wursig and Thewissen (eds). ISBN 0-12-551340-2\nWhales, Dolphins and Porpoises, Mark Carwardine. ISBN 0-7513-2781-6\nNational Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. ISBN 0-375-41141-0","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of cetaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cetaceans"}]

[{"reference":"Mead, J. G.; Brownell, R. L. Jr. (2005). \"Order Cetacea\". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 723–743. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14300033","url_text":"\"Order Cetacea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, D. E."},{"url":"http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA723","url_text":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0","url_text":"978-0-8018-8221-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","url_text":"62265494"}]},{"reference":"Marx, Felix G.; Park, Travis; Fitzgerald, Erich M.G.; Evans, Alistair R. (2018). \"A Miocene pygmy right whale fossil from Australia\". PeerJ. 6: e5025. doi:10.7717/peerj.5025. PMC 6016540. PMID 29942692.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6016540","url_text":"\"A Miocene pygmy right whale fossil from Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.5025","url_text":"10.7717/peerj.5025"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6016540","url_text":"6016540"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29942692","url_text":"29942692"}]},{"reference":"Cooke, J.G. (2018). \"Caperea marginata\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T3778A50351626. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T3778A50351626.en. 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PMID 23256199.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3574355","url_text":"\"The pygmy right whale Caperea marginata: the last of the cetotheres\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2012.2645","url_text":"10.1098/rspb.2012.2645"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3574355","url_text":"3574355"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23256199","url_text":"23256199"}]},{"reference":"Kemper, Catherine (2008). \"Pygmy Right Whale\". In Perrin, W.; Wursig, B.; Thewissen, J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. pp. 939–41.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"'Extinct' whale found: Odd-looking pygmy whale traced back 2 million years\". CSMonitor.com. 23 April 2012. 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Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 166 (4): 876–911. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00862.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2012.00862.x","url_text":"\"Comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Miocaperea pulchra, the first fossil pygmy right whale genus and species (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Neobalaenidae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2012.00862.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00862.x"}]},{"reference":"Fitzgerald, Erich M. G. (2012). \"Possible neobalaenid from the Miocene of Australia implies a long evolutionary history for the pygmy right whale Caperea marginata (Cetacea, Mysticeti)\". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (4): 976–980. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.669803. S2CID 83784488.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2012.669803","url_text":"10.1080/02724634.2012.669803"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83784488","url_text":"83784488"}]},{"reference":"Klinowska, M. (1991). Dolphins, Porpoises and Whales of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book. Cambridge, U.K.: IUCN.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Munday, B. L.; Green, R. H.; Obendorf, D. L. (1982). \"A pygmy right whale Caperea marginata (Grey, 1846) stranded at Stanley, Tasmania\". 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Retrieved 31 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2010/10/18/baleen-whale-laryngeal-sac/","url_text":"\"Pouches, pockets and sacs in the heads, necks and chests of mammals, part III: baleen whales\""}]},{"reference":"Naish, Darren (October 2010). \"Did I mention that Caperea is really, really weird?\". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 150 (4): 875–894. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00313.x. Retrieved 31 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2010/10/20/caperea-is-really-weird/","url_text":"\"Did I mention that Caperea is really, really weird?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2007.00313.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00313.x"}]},{"reference":"Shirihai, H. & Jarrett, B. (2006). Whales, Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals of the World. Princeton Field Guides. pp. 43–45. ISBN 978-0-69112757-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-69112757-6","url_text":"978-0-69112757-6"}]},{"reference":"Ford, John K. B.; Reeves, Randall R. (2010). \"Caperea Alive!\". Mammal Review. 38: 50–86. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.573.6671. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2008.00118.x. Retrieved 30 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2010/11/08/caperea-alive/","url_text":"\"Caperea Alive!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.573.6671","url_text":"10.1.1.573.6671"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2907.2008.00118.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-2907.2008.00118.x"}]},{"reference":"Gill, P. C.; Kemper, C. M.; Talbot, M.; Lydon, S. A. (2008). \"Large group of pygmy right whales seen in a shelf upwelling region off Victoria, Australia\". Marine Mammal Science. 24 (4): 962–968. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00220.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1748-7692.2008.00220.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00220.x"}]},{"reference":"Cabrera, E.; Carlson, C.; Galletti, V.M.B.; Cardenas, J.C.; Brownell Jr., R.L. (2005). A pygmy right whale (Caperea marginata) from Chiloe Island, Chile. SC/57/O20.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tsai, Cheng-Hsiu; Mead, James G. (2018). \"Crossing the equator: a northern occurrence of the pygmy right whale\". Zoological Letters. 4 (30): 30. doi:10.1186/s40851-018-0117-8. PMC 6296048. 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Reports of the International Whaling Commission. 10: 275–289.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"CMS Pacific Cetaceans MOU for Cetaceans and their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pacificcetaceans.org/","url_text":"\"CMS Pacific Cetaceans MOU for Cetaceans and their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region\""}]},{"reference":"Reidenberg, Bruce (May 2008). \"What are we looking for in the throat? Dissection of a stranded pygmy right whale\". Retrieved 30 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2008/05/06/what-are-we-looking-for-in-the-throat/","url_text":"\"What are we looking for in the throat? Dissection of a stranded pygmy right whale\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election

2003 Louisiana gubernatorial election

["1 Background","2 Candidates","3 Campaign","3.1 Jungle Primary Results","4 Runoff results","5 Sources"]

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(September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) See also: 2003 United States gubernatorial elections 2003 Louisiana gubernatorial election ← 1999 October 4, 2003 (first round)November 15, 2003 (runoff) 2007 →   Candidate Kathleen Blanco Bobby Jindal Richard Ieyoub Party Democratic Republican Democratic First round 250,13618.36% 443,38932.54% 223,51316.4% Runoff 731,35851.95% 676,48448.05% Eliminated   Candidate Buddy Leach Randy Ewing Hunt Downer Party Democratic Democratic Republican First round 187,87213.79% 123,9369.1% 84,7186.22% Runoff Eliminated Eliminated Eliminated First round parish results Runoff parish resultsBlanco:      20–30%      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%Jindal:      20–30%      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%Ieyoub:      20–30%      30–40%Leach:      20–30%      30–40%      50–60%Ewing:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%Downer:      20–30%      40–50% Governor before election Mike Foster Republican Elected Governor Kathleen Blanco Democratic Elections in Louisiana Federal government Presidential elections 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Presidential primaries Democratic 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Republican 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 U.S. Senate elections 1812 1813 1813 sp 1817 1818 1818 sp 1819 1823 1824 1824 sp 1825 1829 1831 1831 sp 1833 sp 1835 1836 sp 1837 1837 sp 1840 1843 1844 sp 1847 1847 sp 1848 1852 1853 1853 sp 1859 1868 1876 1876 sp 1879 1882 1889 1891 1894 1894 sp 1896 1900 1904 1908 1910 sp 1912 1914 1918 1918 sp 1920 1924 1926 1930 1932 1936 1936 sp 1938 1942 1944 1948 1948 sp 1950 1954 1956 1960 1962 1966 1968 1972 1974 1978 1980 1984 1986 1990 1992 1996 1998 2002 2004 2008 2010 2014 2016 2020 2022 2026 2028 U.S. House of Representatives elections 1812 1814 1816 1818 AL sp 1820 1822 1824 1826 1828 1830 1832 1834 1st sp 3rd sp 1836 1838 1840 3rd sp 1843 1844 4th sp 1847 1849 1850 2nd sp 3rd sp 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1868 1870 1872 4th sp 1873 4th sp 1874 1876 1878 5th sp 1880 1882 1884 1886 2nd sp 1887 6th sp 1888 1889 3rd sp 1890 1892 1894 4th sp 1896 5th sp 1898 1899 5th sp 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1st sp 1909 2nd sp 1910 2nd sp 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 2nd sp 1926 1927 7th sp 1928 1929 3rd sp 1930 1931 8th sp 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 3rd sp 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1961 4th sp 1962 1964 4th sp 1965 7th sp 1966 1968 1970 1972 7th sp 1973 2nd sp 1974 1975 6th sp 1976 1977 1st sp 1978 1980 3rd sp 1982 1984 1985 8th sp 1986 1988 4th sp 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 1999 1st sp 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 1st sp 6th sp 2010 2012 2013 5th sp 2014 2016 2018 2020 2021 2nd sp 5th sp 2022 2024 State government General elections 2007 2010 2011 2015 2019 2020 2023 Gubernatorial elections 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1830 sp 1834 1838 1842 1846 1849 1852 1855 1859 1863 (C) 1864 (U) 1865 1868 1872 1876 1879 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 2027 Lieutenant gubernatorial elections 2011 2015 2019 2023 Attorney General elections 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Treasurer elections 2017 sp State Senate elections 2019 2023 House of Representatives elections 2023 Ballot measures 2004 Amendment 1 Baton Rouge Mayoral elections 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 New Orleans Mayoral elections 1866 1930 1934 1946 1950 1958 1962 1965 1969 1973 1977 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2017 2021 City Council elections 2006 2010 Shreveport Mayoral elections 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Governmentvte The 2003 Louisiana gubernatorial election was held on November 15, 2003 to elect the Governor of Louisiana. Incumbent Republican Governor Mike Foster was not eligible to run for re-election to a third term because of term limits established by the Louisiana Constitution. As of 2024, this is the most recent Louisiana gubernatorial election in which the winner of the first round did not win the runoff, and the last time the governorships of Louisiana and neighboring Mississippi simultaneously flipped to the opposite political party. Background Elections in Louisiana—with the exception of U.S. presidential elections—follow a variation of the open primary system called the jungle primary. Candidates of any and all parties are listed on one ballot; voters need not limit themselves to the candidates of one party. Unless one candidate takes more than 50 percent of the vote in the first round, a run-off election is then held between the top two candidates, who may in fact be members of the same party. In this election, the first round of voting was held on October 4, 2003, and the runoff was held on November 15, 2003. Candidates Democrats Kathleen Blanco of Lafayette had led the high-profile growth of the state's tourism industry in her two terms as Lieutenant Governor. Blanco ran as a conservative anti-abortion Democrat, hoping to appeal to enough Republican voters to enter the runoff over her Democratic rivals. Attorney General Richard Ieyoub of Lake Charles had endorsements from labor and from the Louisiana Sheriffs Association, and had the most campaign contributions of any candidate. His campaign strategy was to try to secure the votes of the Democrats' traditional base: labor, African-Americans, and teachers and professional groups. Anthony Claude "Buddy" Leach, Jr., of Leesville and Lake Charles spent a large amount of his own money on the campaign. Leach ran a liberal populist campaign which included promises of minimum wage increases and of teacher raises and social programs funded by a new oil-processing tax. Former state Senate President Randy Ewing of Quitman ran on a reform platform. Ewing was endorsed by New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin in the primary, and had a significant base in north Louisiana. Former state Senator J. E. Jumonville, Jr. of Ventress ran on a platform of cutting the severance tax as well as lowering the taxes on barrels of oil produced in state. He also took an uncharacteristic stance of a Democrat in advocating the placing of the Ten Commandments in all the parish courthouses and in the State Capitol. A former sixteen-year veteran of the state Senate, Jumonville self-funded his race but couldn't seem to gain traction as he started way too late in the race. Republicans Bobby Jindal of Baton Rouge, the state Secretary of Health and Hospitals. He received early support from departing Governor Murphy J. "Mike" Foster, Jr. His policy experience and educational background made him a natural fit among suburban and business-oriented Republicans, and he made a strong effort to reach out to rural conservatives. Former state House Speaker Huntington B. Downer, Jr., of Houma, a brigadier general in the National Guard. Downer had the support of several prominent Republican politicians, but his campaign never caught on with large sections of the public. Public Service Commissioner Jack A. "Jay" Blossman, Jr., ran a series of provocative campaign ads designed to appeal to social conservatives, but he failed to gain much support in preliminary polls. He dropped out of the race a week before the primary and endorsed Hunt Downer. Campaign Departing Governor Foster was disqualified from succeeding himself for a third term by Louisiana's constitution, so the 2003 race was perceived as wide open and saw a large number of candidates enter the campaign. The primary phase of the campaign was characterized by the large number of strong Democratic contenders. Ieyoub was seen as one of the strongest Democratic candidates throughout the campaign, and only narrowly lost a slot in the runoff to Blanco, who had a strong base of support in the Acadian parishes and among women voters. The efforts of Leach to appeal to the same base as Ieyoub led them to split the Democratic vote and to come in third and fourth. The leading Republican candidate, by contrast, was chosen fairly early on. Jindal took a commanding lead among Republican supporters early in the campaign, leaving Hunt Downer far behind. In the runoff, Jindal received endorsements from the New Orleans Times-Picayune (the largest paper in Louisiana), New Orleans Mayor Nagin (who had supported Ewing in the primary but declined to endorse Blanco in the runoff), and outgoing Republican Governor Mike Foster. Some political analysts believe that his narrow loss was partly due to racism. Other political analysts have blamed Jindal for his refusal to answer questions about his record brought up in several ads, which the Jindal campaign called "negative attack ads", the most effective of which denounced his health care plan. Still others note that a significant number of conservative Louisianans remained more comfortable voting for a conservative Democrat than for a Republican. The runoff between Bobby Jindal and Kathleen Blanco brought two 'firsts' for Louisiana political history. If elected, Jindal would have been the United States' first Indian-American governor (which he did 4 years later). The victorious Blanco became Louisiana's first woman governor. She was also the second woman to have been lieutenant governor. Jungle Primary Results Louisiana gubernatorial election jungle primary, 2003 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Bobby Jindal 443,389 32.54 Democratic Kathleen Blanco 250,136 18.36 Democratic Richard Ieyoub 223,513 16.4 Democratic Claude "Buddy" Leach 187,872 13.79 Democratic Randy Ewing 123,936 9.10 Republican Hunt Downer 84,718 6.22 Democratic J. E. Jumonville, Jr. 13,410 1.25 Republican Alan Allgood 7,866 0.58 Democratic Patrick Henry "Dat" Barthel 7,338 0.54 Independent Patrick "Live Wire" Landry 7,195 0.53 Independent Eddie Mangin 6,745 0.50 Independent J. D. "Boudreaux" Estilette 6,439 0.47 Independent John M. "Doc" Simoneaux, Jr. 3,280 0.24 Independent Quentin R. Brown, Jr. 2,414 0.18 Democratic Mike Stagg 1,667 0.12 Democratic Richard McCoy 1,513 0.11 Democratic Fred Robertson 1,093 0.08 Total votes 1,362,524 100.00 Runoff results The race was close, with Blanco prevailing by almost 4%. Blanco won a huge majority of Louisiana's parishes, however, Jindal was able to keep Blanco's margin of victory in the single digits with a strong performance in Jefferson Parish and St. Tammany Parish, plus a narrow win in East Baton Rouge Parish. It was ultimately Orleans Parish home of New Orleans that insured a Blanco victory, though her 68.3% victory here was much smaller than Al Gore's 76% in the 2000 presidential election. This was the closest gubernatorial election since 1979, and there would not be another close gubernatorial race in Louisiana until 2019. Louisiana gubernatorial election runoff, 2003 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Kathleen Blanco 731,358 51.95% Republican Bobby Jindal 676,484 48.05% Total votes 1,407,842 100.00% Democratic gain from Republican Sources Louisiana Secretary of State Elections Division. Official Election Results Database Parent, Wayne. Inside the Carnival: Unmasking Louisiana Politics. LSU Press, 2004. The New Orleans Times-Picayune. "Jindal takes easy lead heading into runoff." October 5, 2003. vteSelect elections in LouisianaGeneral 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019 2020 2022 2023 State Senate 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 State House 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Governor 1838 … 1876 1879 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 U.S. President 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 U.S. SenateClass 2 1812 1817 1823 1829 1835 1840 1847 1852 1859 1868 1876 1882 1889 1894 1900 1904 (special) 1912 1918 1924 1930 1936 1942 1948 1954 1960 1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002 2008 2014 2020 Class 3 1812 1813 1818 1819 1824 1825 1831 1837 1843 1848 1853 1868 1876 (special) 1879 1891 1894 (special) 1896 1900 1908 1914 1918 (special) 1920 1926 1932 1938 1944 1950 1956 1962 1968 1974 1980 1986 1992 1998 2004 2010 2016 2022 U.S. House 1806 1812 1814 1816 1818 1820 1822 1824 1826 1828 1830 1832 1834 1836 1838 1840 1843 1844 1847 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1920 1928 1936 1940 1942 1946 1948 1952 1956 1958 1968 1972 1980 1986 1988 1990 1994 1996 1998 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 See also: Political party strength in Louisiana vte(2002 ←)   2003 United States elections   (→ 2004)U.S. House Hawaii 2nd sp Texas 19th sp Governors California (recall) Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi States and territories Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi New Jersey Virginia Northern Mariana Islands Mayors Anchorage, AK Arlington, TX Austin, TX Baltimore, MD Charlotte, NC Chicago, IL Colorado Springs, CO Dallas, TX Denver, CO Des Moines, IA Durham, NC El Paso, TX Evansville, IN Fayetteville, NC Fort Lauderdale, FL Fort Wayne, IN Fort Worth, TX Green Bay, WI Hartford, CT Houston, TX Indianapolis, IN Jacksonville, FL Kansas City, MO Knoxville, TN Las Vegas, NV Madison, WI Manchester, NH Memphis, TN Montgomery, AL Nashville, TN Orlando, FL (special) Philadelphia, PA Phoenix, AZ Raleigh, NC Salt Lake City, UT San Francisco, CA South Bend, IN Springfield, MA Tallahassee, FL (special) Tampa, FL Tucson, AZ Wichita, KS Worcester, MA

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2003 United States gubernatorial elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_United_States_gubernatorial_elections"},{"link_name":"Governor of Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Mike Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_J._Foster,_Jr."},{"link_name":"term limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_limits_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Constitution"}],"text":"See also: 2003 United States gubernatorial electionsThe 2003 Louisiana gubernatorial election was held on November 15, 2003 to elect the Governor of Louisiana. Incumbent Republican Governor Mike Foster was not eligible to run for re-election to a third term because of term limits established by the Louisiana Constitution.As of 2024, this is the most recent Louisiana gubernatorial election in which the winner of the first round did not win the runoff, and the last time the governorships of Louisiana and neighboring Mississippi simultaneously flipped to the opposite political party.","title":"2003 Louisiana gubernatorial election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"open primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_primary"},{"link_name":"jungle primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_primary"}],"text":"Elections in Louisiana—with the exception of U.S. presidential elections—follow a variation of the open primary system called the jungle primary. Candidates of any and all parties are listed on one ballot; voters need not limit themselves to the candidates of one party. Unless one candidate takes more than 50 percent of the vote in the first round, a run-off election is then held between the top two candidates, who may in fact be members of the same party. In this election, the first round of voting was held on October 4, 2003, and the runoff was held on November 15, 2003.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kathleen Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Blanco"},{"link_name":"Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"anti-abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-abortion"},{"link_name":"Richard Ieyoub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ieyoub"},{"link_name":"Lake Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Charles,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Anthony Claude \"Buddy\" Leach, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_%22Buddy%22_Leach"},{"link_name":"Leesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leesville,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Lake Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Charles,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Randy Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Randy_Ewing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Quitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quitman,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Ray Nagin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Nagin"},{"link_name":"J. E. Jumonville, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._E._Jumonville,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ventress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventress,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Bobby Jindal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Jindal"},{"link_name":"Baton Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge"},{"link_name":"Murphy J. \"Mike\" Foster, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_J._Foster,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Huntington B. Downer, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_Downer"},{"link_name":"Houma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houma,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Jack A. \"Jay\" Blossman, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jay_Blossman&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"DemocratsKathleen Blanco of Lafayette had led the high-profile growth of the state's tourism industry in her two terms as Lieutenant Governor. Blanco ran as a conservative anti-abortion Democrat, hoping to appeal to enough Republican voters to enter the runoff over her Democratic rivals.\nAttorney General Richard Ieyoub of Lake Charles had endorsements from labor and from the Louisiana Sheriffs Association, and had the most campaign contributions of any candidate. His campaign strategy was to try to secure the votes of the Democrats' traditional base: labor, African-Americans, and teachers and professional groups.\nAnthony Claude \"Buddy\" Leach, Jr., of Leesville and Lake Charles spent a large amount of his own money on the campaign. Leach ran a liberal populist campaign which included promises of minimum wage increases and of teacher raises and social programs funded by a new oil-processing tax.\nFormer state Senate President Randy Ewing of Quitman ran on a reform platform. Ewing was endorsed by New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin in the primary, and had a significant base in north Louisiana.\nFormer state Senator J. E. Jumonville, Jr. of Ventress ran on a platform of cutting the severance tax as well as lowering the taxes on barrels of oil produced in state. He also took an uncharacteristic stance of a Democrat in advocating the placing of the Ten Commandments in all the parish courthouses and in the State Capitol. A former sixteen-year veteran of the state Senate, Jumonville self-funded his race but couldn't seem to gain traction as he started way too late in the race.RepublicansBobby Jindal of Baton Rouge, the state Secretary of Health and Hospitals. He received early support from departing Governor Murphy J. \"Mike\" Foster, Jr. His policy experience and educational background made him a natural fit among suburban and business-oriented Republicans, and he made a strong effort to reach out to rural conservatives.\nFormer state House Speaker Huntington B. Downer, Jr., of Houma, a brigadier general in the National Guard. Downer had the support of several prominent Republican politicians, but his campaign never caught on with large sections of the public.\nPublic Service Commissioner Jack A. \"Jay\" Blossman, Jr., ran a series of provocative campaign ads designed to appeal to social conservatives, but he failed to gain much support in preliminary polls. He dropped out of the race a week before the primary and endorsed Hunt Downer.","title":"Candidates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Times-Picayune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times-Picayune"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Departing Governor Foster was disqualified from succeeding himself for a third term by Louisiana's constitution, so the 2003 race was perceived as wide open and saw a large number of candidates enter the campaign. The primary phase of the campaign was characterized by the large number of strong Democratic contenders. Ieyoub was seen as one of the strongest Democratic candidates throughout the campaign, and only narrowly lost a slot in the runoff to Blanco, who had a strong base of support in the Acadian parishes and among women voters. The efforts of Leach to appeal to the same base as Ieyoub led them to split the Democratic vote and to come in third and fourth.The leading Republican candidate, by contrast, was chosen fairly early on. Jindal took a commanding lead among Republican supporters early in the campaign, leaving Hunt Downer far behind.In the runoff, Jindal received endorsements from the New Orleans Times-Picayune (the largest paper in Louisiana), New Orleans Mayor Nagin (who had supported Ewing in the primary but declined to endorse Blanco in the runoff), and outgoing Republican Governor Mike Foster. Some political analysts believe that his narrow loss was partly due to racism.[citation needed] Other political analysts have blamed Jindal for his refusal to answer questions about his record brought up in several ads, which the Jindal campaign called \"negative attack ads\", the most effective of which denounced his health care plan. Still others note that a significant number of conservative Louisianans remained more comfortable voting for a conservative Democrat than for a Republican.[citation needed] The runoff between Bobby Jindal and Kathleen Blanco brought two 'firsts' for Louisiana political history. If elected, Jindal would have been the United States' first Indian-American governor (which he did 4 years later). The victorious Blanco became Louisiana's first woman governor. She was also the second woman to have been lieutenant governor.","title":"Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Jungle Primary Results","title":"Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"St. Tammany Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Tammany_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"East Baton Rouge Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Baton_Rouge_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Orleans Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orleans_Parish"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Al Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore"},{"link_name":"2000 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana"}],"text":"The race was close, with Blanco prevailing by almost 4%. Blanco won a huge majority of Louisiana's parishes, however, Jindal was able to keep Blanco's margin of victory in the single digits with a strong performance in Jefferson Parish and St. Tammany Parish, plus a narrow win in East Baton Rouge Parish. It was ultimately Orleans Parish home of New Orleans that insured a Blanco victory, though her 68.3% victory here was much smaller than Al Gore's 76% in the 2000 presidential election. This was the closest gubernatorial election since 1979, and there would not be another close gubernatorial race in Louisiana until 2019.","title":"Runoff results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louisiana Secretary of State Elections Division. Official Election Results Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20040405100904/http://www.sos.louisiana.gov:8090/cgibin/?rqstyp=elcinq&rqsdta=start"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Elections_in_Louisiana_footer"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Elections_in_Louisiana_footer"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elections_in_Louisiana_footer"},{"link_name":"elections in 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IA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Des_Moines_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Durham, NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Durham_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"El Paso, TX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_El_Paso_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Evansville, IN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Evansville,_Indiana,_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Fayetteville, NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Fayetteville,_North_Carolina_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Fort Lauderdale, FL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Fort_Lauderdale_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne, IN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Fort_Wayne_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Fort Worth, TX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Fort_Worth_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Green Bay, WI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Green_Bay_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Hartford, CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Hartford_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Houston, TX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Houston_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis, IN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Indianapolis_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville, FL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Jacksonville_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Kansas City, MO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Kansas_City_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Knoxville, TN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Knoxville_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas, NV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Las_Vegas_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Madison, WI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Madison_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Manchester, NH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Manchester,_New_Hampshire,_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Memphis, TN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2003_Memphis_mayoral_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Montgomery, AL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2003_Montgomery_mayoral_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nashville, TN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2003_Nashville_mayoral_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Orlando, FL (special)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Orlando_mayoral_special_election"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia, PA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Philadelphia_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Phoenix, AZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Phoenix_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Raleigh, NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Raleigh_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City, UT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Salt_Lake_City_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"San Francisco, CA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_San_Francisco_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"South Bend, IN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_South_Bend_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Springfield, MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Springfield,_Massachusetts_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Tallahassee, FL (special)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Tallahassee_mayoral_special_election"},{"link_name":"Tampa, FL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Tampa_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Tucson, AZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Tucson_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Wichita, KS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Wichita_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Worcester, MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Worcester,_Massachusetts_mayoral_election"}],"text":"Louisiana Secretary of State Elections Division. Official Election Results Database\nParent, Wayne. Inside the Carnival: Unmasking Louisiana Politics. LSU Press, 2004.\nThe New Orleans Times-Picayune. \"Jindal takes easy lead heading into runoff.\" October 5, 2003.vteSelect elections in LouisianaGeneral\n2000\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2022\n2023\nState Senate\n2003\n2007\n2011\n2015\n2019\n2023\nState House\n2003\n2007\n2011\n2015\n2019\n2023\nGovernor\n1838\n…\n1876\n1879\n1884\n1888\n1892\n1896\n1900\n1904\n1908\n1912\n1916\n1920\n1924\n1928\n1932\n1936\n1940\n1944\n1948\n1952\n1956\n1960\n1964\n1968\n1972\n1975\n1979\n1983\n1987\n1991\n1995\n1999\n2003\n2007\n2011\n2015\n2019\n2023\nU.S. President\n1820\n1824\n1828\n1832\n1836\n1840\n1844\n1848\n1852\n1856\n1860\n1864\n1868\n1872\n1876\n1880\n1884\n1888\n1892\n1896\n1900\n1904\n1908\n1912\n1916\n1920\n1924\n1928\n1932\n1936\n1940\n1944\n1948\n1952\n1956\n1960\n1964\n1968\n1972\n1976\n1980\n1984\n1988\n1992\n1996\n2000\n2004\n2008\n2012\n2016\n2020\nU.S. SenateClass 2\n1812\n1817\n1823\n1829\n1835\n1840\n1847\n1852\n1859\n1868\n1876\n1882\n1889\n1894\n1900\n1904 (special)\n1912\n1918\n1924\n1930\n1936\n1942\n1948\n1954\n1960\n1966\n1972\n1978\n1984\n1990\n1996\n2002\n2008\n2014\n2020\n\nClass 3\n1812\n1813\n1818\n1819\n1824\n1825\n1831\n1837\n1843\n1848\n1853\n1868\n1876 (special)\n1879\n1891\n1894 (special)\n1896\n1900\n1908\n1914\n1918 (special)\n1920\n1926\n1932\n1938\n1944\n1950\n1956\n1962\n1968\n1974\n1980\n1986\n1992\n1998\n2004\n2010\n2016\n2022\nU.S. House\n1806\n1812\n1814\n1816\n1818\n1820\n1822\n1824\n1826\n1828\n1830\n1832\n1834\n1836\n1838\n1840\n1843\n1844\n1847\n1849\n1851\n1853\n1855\n1857\n1859\n1868\n1870\n1872\n1874\n1876\n1878\n1880\n1882\n1884\n1886\n1888\n1890\n1892\n1894\n1896\n1898\n1900\n1902\n1904\n1906\n1908\n1910\n1912\n1914\n1916\n1920\n1928\n1936\n1940\n1942\n1946\n1948\n1952\n1956\n1958\n1968\n1972\n1980\n1986\n1988\n1990\n1994\n1996\n1998\n2002\n2004\n2006\n2008\n2010\n2012\n2014\n2016\n2018\n2020\n2022\nSee also: Political party strength in Louisianavte(2002 ←)   2003 United States elections   (→ 2004)U.S. House\nHawaii\n2nd sp\nTexas\n19th sp\nGovernors\nCalifornia (recall)\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nMississippi\nStates and territories\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nMississippi\nNew Jersey\nVirginia\nNorthern Mariana Islands\nMayors\nAnchorage, AK\nArlington, TX\nAustin, TX\nBaltimore, MD\nCharlotte, NC\nChicago, IL\nColorado Springs, CO\nDallas, TX\nDenver, CO\nDes Moines, IA\nDurham, NC\nEl Paso, TX\nEvansville, IN\nFayetteville, NC\nFort Lauderdale, FL\nFort Wayne, IN\nFort Worth, TX\nGreen Bay, WI\nHartford, CT\nHouston, TX\nIndianapolis, IN\nJacksonville, FL\nKansas City, MO\nKnoxville, TN\nLas Vegas, NV\nMadison, WI\nManchester, NH\nMemphis, TN\nMontgomery, AL\nNashville, TN\nOrlando, FL (special)\nPhiladelphia, PA\nPhoenix, AZ\nRaleigh, NC\nSalt Lake City, UT\nSan Francisco, CA\nSouth Bend, IN\nSpringfield, MA\nTallahassee, FL (special)\nTampa, FL\nTucson, AZ\nWichita, KS\nWorcester, MA","title":"Sources"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_A._Sullivan

Mary A. Sullivan

["1 Early life","2 Police career","3 Death and legacy","4 In popular media","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]

New York City Police detective (1878/1879 – 1950) Mary Agnes SullivanSullivan in 1911Born1878 or 1879DiedSeptember 11, 1950OccupationPolice officerYears active1911–1946EmployerNew York City Police DepartmentKnown forFirst woman homicide detectiveChildrenGrace Marie Lagay Mary Agnes Sullivan (1878 or 1879 – September 11, 1950) was a pioneering policewoman in New York City for 35 years. She was the first woman homicide detective in the New York City Police Department. She was also the first woman to make lieutenant, the second woman to achieve the rank of first grade detective, and the first woman inducted into the NYPD Honor Legion. She had a 35-year career with the NYPD, the last 20 of which was as director of the bureau of policewomen. Early life She was born and raised on Gansevoort Street in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of New York City, the daughter of John J. and Johanna Gayne Sullivan, both immigrants from Killarney in Ireland. She was named for a Catholic nun named Sister Mary Agnes, a good friend of her mother's. She had six brothers and one sister. Her father was a grocer but many family members were on the police force, including her brothers and an uncle as well as three cousins. She also had a cousin who worked for Scotland Yard. She married a businessman named Timothy D. Sullivan in 1904. In 1905 she had a baby daughter but her husband suddenly died, leaving her a young widow with an infant. For a time she had a job as a salesgirl at the Siegel-Cooper Company department store, where she had some success but also befriended the store detective. That woman pointed out to Sullivan that there were now positions on the police force for women. Police career And so Sullivan took the exam to join the police in March 1911 with hundreds of others. She was confused by many of the questions, but soon found out she had gotten the fifth highest score on the test, and was offered a job. When she joined the force on June 2, 1911 at the West 47th Street station it was as a "police matron". Her duties often involved processing women prisoners. Although matrons were not considered part of the police ranks, they were required to take a civil service examination to get their positions. Sullivan quickly made a name for herself in the department via her involvement in the Rosenthal murder case. The police initially arrested Frank Cirofici in the case, and his "moll" Rosie Harris pleaded for his release. The police had Sullivan go undercover to befriend Rosie and work her for information. She adopted the role of a boarding house keeper. Eventually she met the wives of other suspects Harry Horowitz, Louis Rosenberg, and Jacob Seidenshner. Sullivan learned key details about the men's habits, and tailed the women when she wasn't with them. All three men were caught via wiretaps enabled by Sullivan's work. That work brought an end to the then-notorious Lenox Avenue Gang. Sullivan in 1909 From 1913 to 1918 Sullivan was assigned to Harlem where as a detective she investigated illicit activities in "clip joints" and other crimes. On March 20, 1918, she was made a detective in the department's Homicide Squad, the first women in the department. She had much success in this department, solving many murder cases. In 1918 she also co-founded city's Policewoman's Endowment Association in an effort to lobby the department for better treatment of its women employees, such as equal pay. Over many years she served as its President, and in that position took complaints to the New York State Assembly in Albany. Her successes angered her NYPD bosses, who demoted her back to matron and transferred her to Long Island. However, Sullivan continued her good work with the department. On April 15, 1925 she was inducted into the NYPD's Honor Legion for her work in obtaining evidence in the Harry Fenton murder case the previous year, from the murderer's wife. At the time she was the only woman to receive that award. In April 1926 she was made head of the Women's Bureau at the department (the first time a woman headed such a department in the U.S.) and elevated to the rank of lieutenant, the first woman to achieve this rank in the NYPD. In this position she supervised 75 other women. By 1929 this number had grown to 125, but Sullivan pleaded for the department to hire more. (By contrast there were 18,000 men on the police force at the time). On October 2, 1926, she was made a first grade detective by then Police Commissioner George V. McLaughlin. She was only the second woman to attain that rank (the first was Isabella Goodwin). Sullivan had another career setback when, in April 1929 she led a raid of one of Margaret Sanger's birth control clinics, leading to protests. (Sanger herself was not arrested, but she accompanied her doctors and nurses to the police station). On May 11, 1929, Sullivan was demoted from director of the Women's Bureau and made assistant to the new director. She said she believed it was unrelated. The New York City Federation of Women's Clubs complained to the department about the appointment of a man to head the department. Sullivan's demotion did not last long, she was quietly reinstated a few months later. In 1931 it was announced Sullivan and her policewomen would be working on a new initiative against "fortune tellers, palmists, mediums, clairvoyants" with the assistance of Julien Proskauer and the Society of American Magicians. Sullivan had dealt with fraud of this nature in several cases previously. By her retirement in April 1946, she was only one of three women to reach first grade detective in the NYPD, and worked with famous NYPD detectives such as Arthur Carey and John Coughlin. Notwithstanding the temporary demotion in 1929, she was director of the Policewoman's Bureau for 20 years from 1926 to 1946. In 1938 she published an autobiography entitled My Double Life which was optioned as a motion picture but never produced. Death and legacy She died September 11, 1950, at St. Vincent's Hospital after a "brief illness". At time of her death (at age 71) she lived on West Twelfth street, still in Greenwich Village. Her funeral at St. Bernard's Church was attended by 139 police officers and a total of 700 people. She was survived by three of her brothers, her daughter, two grandchildren and three great-grandchildren. She was buried at Calvary Cemetery in Queens. Her daughter Grace Marie Lagay carried on the family legacy as a detective – she trained as a police officer and later worked as a hotel detective and as a consultant to a detective agency run by her mother after retirement. In popular media ABC Radio Network (Spring 1946 – June 1947) broadcast a 15 minute radio drama about her career titled "Police Woman", Sullivan herself narrated. In the stories Sullivan was played by Betty Garde and the show was produced by Phillips Lord and sponsored by Carter's Pills. True Comics #67 (December 1947) dramatized her career in "Lady Detective" in this issue. See also Lola Baldwin – early policewoman in Portland Marie Owens – of Chicago, possibly the first policewoman in the U.S. Mary Shanley – another early woman NYPD detective Alice Stebbins Wells – early policewoman in Los Angeles References ^ a b "Mrs. Sullivan's Funeral; Ex-Head of Policewomen's Unit Mourned by Members of Force". The New York Times. September 15, 1950. p. 25. Retrieved March 10, 2017. ^ a b c Sullivan 1938, p. 4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Mary A. Sullivan, Police Detective; Former Director of Women's Bureau, Who Served for 35 Years on Force, Is Dead". The New York Times. September 12, 1950. p. 28. Retrieved March 10, 2017. ^ Sullivan 1938, p. 3. ^ a b Loxton 2013, p. 80. ^ a b c Meegan, Jean (July 30, 1946). "Lady House Detective Cops Unique Position". Intelligencer Journal. Lancaster, Pennsylvania. p. 20. Retrieved June 27, 2020 – via newspapers.com. ^ a b c d e f g "35 Years on Force, Woman to Retire". The New York Times. April 3, 1946. p. 26. Retrieved June 27, 2020. ^ a b Sullivan 1938, p. 10. ^ Sullivan 1938, pp. 10–11. ^ a b Sullivan 1938, p. 16. ^ a b c "Detective Ranks Opened to Women – Mary A. Sullivan, First to Gain Lieutenancy, Began as Matron, Performed Dangerous Missions, Heads 75 Policewomen". The New York Times. October 24, 1926. p. 13. Retrieved March 28, 2017. ^ Mullenbach 2016, pp. 60–61. ^ a b "More Policewomen Urged for City". The New York Times. January 27, 1929. p. 19. Retrieved May 4, 2017. ^ Mullenbach 2016, pp. 59–61. ^ a b Mullenbach 2016, p. 61. ^ a b c "Director of Policewomen Marks 30 Years on Force". The New York Times. June 3, 1941. p. 9. Retrieved March 10, 2017. ^ Janik 2016. ^ "The History of Women in the NYPD". NYPD Policewomen's Endowment Association. Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2020. ^ Whalen & Whalen 2014, p. 132. ^ a b c Mullenbach 2016, p. 63. ^ a b Lavrova, Nadia (December 20, 1925). "Highlights in the Life of a New York Policewoman". The San Francisco Examiner. p. 8K. Retrieved June 27, 2020 – via newspapers.com. ^ a b c "Woman Detective Raised To 1st Grade". The New York Times. October 3, 1926. p. 21. Retrieved May 7, 2017. ^ a b "Women Police Head Demoted by Whalen in Birth Clinic Raid". The New York Times. May 12, 1929. pp. 1, 15. Retrieved May 4, 2017. ^ Segrave 2014, pp. 156–158. ^ "For Woman in Police Job". The New York Times. May 25, 1929. p. 19. Retrieved May 4, 2017. ^ Mullenbach 2016, p. 66. ^ "Policewoman to Head Drive on Soothsayers; Mulrooney Names Mrs. Sullivan to Act With Magicians' Group in Exposing Fortune Tellers". The New York Times. July 18, 1931. p. 15. Retrieved March 28, 2017. ^ Sullivan 1938. ^ "Woman Detective Scorns Theatrics". The New York Times. June 8, 1950. p. 27. Retrieved May 4, 2017. ^ a b French, Jack. "Lady Crimefighters". Thrilling Detective website. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020. ^ a b Mullenbach 2016, pp. 55–56. ^ "Recorded Sound Section – Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division". American Women. Library of Congress. Retrieved June 27, 2020. Of particular interest are scripts and papers relating to writer and producer Phillips H. Lord's programs, including Gang Busters (1937–53), which featured crime stories based on FBI files, and Policewoman (1946–47), which was based on the life of New York City policewoman Mary Sullivan. ^ Whalen & Whalen 2014, p. 151. Bibliography Sullivan, Mary (1938). My Double Life: The Story of a New York Policewoman. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, Inc. OCLC 1179909 – via Internet Archive. Loxton, Daniel (Winter 2013). "Ghostbuster Girls!". Junior Skeptic. Vol. 18, no. 1. pp. 80–89. ISSN 1063-9330. Whalen, Bernard; Whalen, Jon (2014). The NYPD's First Fifty Years: Politicians, Police Commissioners, and Patrolmen. Lincoln, Nebraska: Potomac Books. pp. 132, 151. ISBN 978-1612346564. OCLC 980700069. Retrieved June 27, 2020. Segrave, Kerry (2014). Policewomen: A History (2nd ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 156–158, 190. ISBN 978-0786477050. OCLC 879792055 – via Google Books. Mullenbach, Cheryl (2016). Women in Blue : 16 Brave Officers, Forensics Experts, Police Chiefs, and More. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. pp. 55–68. ISBN 978-1613734223. OCLC 920683298 – via Google Books. Janik, Erika (2016). Pistols and Petticoats: 175 Years of Lady Detectives in Fact and Fiction. Boston: Beacon Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-0807039380. OCLC 920817633. External links True Comics #67 containing "Lady Detective" via ComicBookPlus website Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States

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That woman pointed out to Sullivan that there were now positions on the police force for women.[9]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan193816-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes1950-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan193816-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes1926b-11"},{"link_name":"Rosenthal murder case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenthal_murder_case"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes1946-7"},{"link_name":"Frank Cirofici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Cirofici"},{"link_name":"moll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_moll"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes1946-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullenbach201660%E2%80%9361-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes1929a-13"},{"link_name":"Harry Horowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Horowitz"},{"link_name":"Lenox Avenue Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenox_Avenue_Gang"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullenbach201659%E2%80%9361-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Sullivan_myself_in_1909.jpg"},{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem"},{"link_name":"clip joints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clip_joint"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullenbach201661-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes1941-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanik2016-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullenbach201661-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nypdpea-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhalenWhalen2014132-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullenbach201663-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lavrova-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes1926a-22"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes1941-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes1950-3"},{"link_name":"New York State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullenbach201663-20"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullenbach201663-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes1941-16"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes1946-7"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lavrova-21"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes1926b-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes1926b-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes1929a-13"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes1926a-22"},{"link_name":"George V. 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She was confused by many of the questions, but soon found out she had gotten the fifth highest score on the test, and was offered a job.[10]\nWhen she joined the force on June 2, 1911[3] at the West 47th Street station[10] it was as a \"police matron\". Her duties often involved processing women prisoners. Although matrons were not considered part of the police ranks, they were required to take a civil service examination to get their positions.[11]Sullivan quickly made a name for herself in the department via her involvement in the Rosenthal murder case.[7] The police initially arrested Frank Cirofici in the case, and his \"moll\" Rosie Harris[7] pleaded for his release. The police had Sullivan go undercover to befriend Rosie and work her for information.[12] She adopted the role of a boarding house keeper.[13] Eventually she met the wives of other suspects Harry Horowitz, Louis Rosenberg, and Jacob Seidenshner. Sullivan learned key details about the men's habits, and tailed the women when she wasn't with them. All three men were caught via wiretaps enabled by Sullivan's work. That work brought an end to the then-notorious Lenox Avenue Gang.[14]Sullivan in 1909From 1913 to 1918 Sullivan was assigned to Harlem where as a detective she investigated illicit activities in \"clip joints\" and other crimes.[15]On March 20, 1918, she was made a detective in the department's Homicide Squad,[16] the first women in the department.[17] She had much success in this department, solving many murder cases.[15]In 1918 she also co-founded city's Policewoman's Endowment Association[18][19] in an effort to lobby the department for better treatment of its women employees, such as equal pay.[20] Over many years she served as its President,[21][22][16][3] and in that position took complaints to the New York State Assembly in Albany.[20] Her successes angered her NYPD bosses, who demoted her back to matron and transferred her to Long Island.[20]However, Sullivan continued her good work with the department. On April 15, 1925[16] she was inducted into the NYPD's Honor Legion for her work in obtaining evidence in the Harry Fenton murder case the previous year, from the murderer's wife.[7] At the time she was the only woman to receive that award.[21][11]In April 1926 she was made head of the Women's Bureau at the department (the first time a woman headed such a department in the U.S.) and elevated to the rank of lieutenant, the first woman to achieve this rank in the NYPD. In this position she supervised 75 other women.[11] By 1929 this number had grown to 125, but Sullivan pleaded for the department to hire more. (By contrast there were 18,000 men on the police force at the time).[13]On October 2, 1926, she was made a first grade detective[22] by then Police Commissioner George V. McLaughlin.[23] She was only the second woman to attain that rank (the first was Isabella Goodwin).[22]Sullivan had another career setback when, in April 1929 she led a raid of one of Margaret Sanger's birth control clinics, leading to protests. (Sanger herself was not arrested, but she accompanied her doctors and nurses to the police station). On May 11, 1929, Sullivan was demoted from director of the Women's Bureau and made assistant to the new director. She said she believed it was unrelated.[23][24] The New York City Federation of Women's Clubs complained to the department about the appointment of a man to head the department.[25] Sullivan's demotion did not last long, she was quietly reinstated a few months later.[26]In 1931 it was announced Sullivan and her policewomen would be working on a new initiative against \"fortune tellers, palmists, mediums, clairvoyants\" with the assistance of Julien Proskauer and the Society of American Magicians. Sullivan had dealt with fraud of this nature in several cases previously.[27]By her retirement in April 1946, she was only one of three women to reach first grade detective in the NYPD,[7] and worked with famous NYPD detectives such as Arthur Carey and John Coughlin.[7] Notwithstanding the temporary demotion in 1929, she was director of the Policewoman's Bureau for 20 years from 1926 to 1946.[7]In 1938 she published an autobiography entitled My Double Life[28] which was optioned as a motion picture but never produced.[3]","title":"Police career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Vincent's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Vincent%27s_Hospital_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes1950-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes1950-3"},{"link_name":"St. Bernard's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bernard%27s_Church_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Calvary Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary_Cemetery_(Queens,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes1950Funeral-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes1950-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meegan-6"},{"link_name":"hotel detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_detective"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes1950Legay-29"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meegan-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes1950-3"}],"text":"She died September 11, 1950, at St. Vincent's Hospital after a \"brief illness\".[3] At time of her death (at age 71) she lived on West Twelfth street, still in Greenwich Village.[3] Her funeral at St. Bernard's Church was attended by 139 police officers and a total of 700 people. She was survived by three of her brothers, her daughter, two grandchildren and three great-grandchildren. She was buried at Calvary Cemetery in Queens.[1]Her daughter Grace Marie Lagay[3] carried on the family legacy as a detective – she trained as a police officer[6] and later worked as a hotel detective[29][6] and as a consultant to a detective agency run by her mother after retirement.[3]","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Radio Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Radio_Network"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-French-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullenbach201655%E2%80%9356-31"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes1950-3"},{"link_name":"Betty Garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Garde"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-French-30"},{"link_name":"Phillips Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Lord"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loc-32"},{"link_name":"Carter's Pills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter%27s_Little_Liver_Pills"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullenbach201655%E2%80%9356-31"},{"link_name":"True Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Comics"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhalenWhalen2014151-33"}],"text":"ABC Radio Network (Spring 1946 – June 1947)[30] broadcast a 15 minute radio drama about her career titled \"Police Woman\",[31] Sullivan herself narrated.[3] In the stories Sullivan was played by Betty Garde[30] and the show was produced by Phillips Lord[32] and sponsored by Carter's Pills.[31]\nTrue Comics #67 (December 1947) dramatized her career in \"Lady Detective\" in this issue.[33]","title":"In popular media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"My Double Life: The Story of a New York Policewoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/mydoublelifestor00sull"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1179909","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1179909"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive"},{"link_name":"Loxton, Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Loxton"},{"link_name":"\"Ghostbuster Girls!\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA326851952"},{"link_name":"Junior Skeptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptic_(U.S._magazine)"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1063-9330","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1063-9330"},{"link_name":"The NYPD's First Fifty Years: Politicians, Police Commissioners, and Patrolmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Q2nwBQAAQBAJ&q=sullivan&pg=PA19"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1612346564","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612346564"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"980700069","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/980700069"},{"link_name":"Policewomen: A History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Wy9iAgAAQBAJ&q=mary+sullivan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0786477050","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786477050"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"879792055","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/879792055"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"Women in Blue : 16 Brave Officers, Forensics Experts, Police Chiefs, and More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_abECwAAQBAJ&q=Mary%20Sullivan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1613734223","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1613734223"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"920683298","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/920683298"},{"link_name":"Pistols and Petticoats: 175 Years of Lady Detectives in Fact and Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=MYOCCgAAQBAJ&q=sullivan&pg=PT227"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0807039380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807039380"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"920817633","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/920817633"}],"text":"Sullivan, Mary (1938). My Double Life: The Story of a New York Policewoman. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, Inc. OCLC 1179909 – via Internet Archive.\nLoxton, Daniel (Winter 2013). \"Ghostbuster Girls!\". Junior Skeptic. Vol. 18, no. 1. pp. 80–89. ISSN 1063-9330.\nWhalen, Bernard; Whalen, Jon (2014). The NYPD's First Fifty Years: Politicians, Police Commissioners, and Patrolmen. Lincoln, Nebraska: Potomac Books. pp. 132, 151. ISBN 978-1612346564. OCLC 980700069. Retrieved June 27, 2020.\nSegrave, Kerry (2014). Policewomen: A History (2nd ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 156–158, 190. ISBN 978-0786477050. OCLC 879792055 – via Google Books.\nMullenbach, Cheryl (2016). Women in Blue : 16 Brave Officers, Forensics Experts, Police Chiefs, and More. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. pp. 55–68. ISBN 978-1613734223. OCLC 920683298 – via Google Books.\nJanik, Erika (2016). Pistols and Petticoats: 175 Years of Lady Detectives in Fact and Fiction. Boston: Beacon Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-0807039380. OCLC 920817633.","title":"Bibliography"}]

[{"image_text":"Sullivan in 1909","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mary_Sullivan_myself_in_1909.jpg/220px-Mary_Sullivan_myself_in_1909.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Lola Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola_Baldwin"},{"title":"Marie Owens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Owens"},{"title":"Mary Shanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shanley"},{"title":"Alice Stebbins Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Stebbins_Wells"}]

[{"reference":"\"Mrs. Sullivan's Funeral; Ex-Head of Policewomen's Unit Mourned by Members of Force\". The New York Times. September 15, 1950. p. 25. Retrieved March 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nytimes.com/1950/09/15/archives/mrs-sullivans-funeral-exhead-of-policewomens-unit-mourned-by.html","url_text":"\"Mrs. Sullivan's Funeral; Ex-Head of Policewomen's Unit Mourned by Members of Force\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Mary A. Sullivan, Police Detective; Former Director of Women's Bureau, Who Served for 35 Years on Force, Is Dead\". The New York Times. September 12, 1950. p. 28. Retrieved March 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nytimes.com/1950/09/12/archives/mary-a-sullivan-police-detective-former-director-of-womens-bureau.html","url_text":"\"Mary A. Sullivan, Police Detective; Former Director of Women's Bureau, Who Served for 35 Years on Force, Is Dead\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Meegan, Jean (July 30, 1946). \"Lady House Detective Cops Unique Position\". Intelligencer Journal. Lancaster, Pennsylvania. p. 20. Retrieved June 27, 2020 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/54222728/lady-house-detective-cops-unique/","url_text":"\"Lady House Detective Cops Unique Position\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligencer_Journal","url_text":"Intelligencer Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"35 Years on Force, Woman to Retire\". The New York Times. April 3, 1946. p. 26. Retrieved June 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1946/04/03/archives/35-years-on-force-woman-to-retire-mary-agnes-sullivan-has-been.html","url_text":"\"35 Years on Force, Woman to Retire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Detective Ranks Opened to Women – Mary A. Sullivan, First to Gain Lieutenancy, Began as Matron, Performed Dangerous Missions, Heads 75 Policewomen\". The New York Times. October 24, 1926. p. 13. Retrieved March 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D00E2DF163DEE3ABC4C51DFB667838D639EDE&legacy=true","url_text":"\"Detective Ranks Opened to Women – Mary A. Sullivan, First to Gain Lieutenancy, Began as Matron, Performed Dangerous Missions, Heads 75 Policewomen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"More Policewomen Urged for City\". The New York Times. January 27, 1929. p. 19. Retrieved May 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=940DEED8143AE532A25754C2A9679C946895D6CF&legacy=true","url_text":"\"More Policewomen Urged for City\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Director of Policewomen Marks 30 Years on Force\". The New York Times. June 3, 1941. p. 9. Retrieved March 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C03E2D9173FE13BBC4B53DFB066838A659EDE&legacy=true","url_text":"\"Director of Policewomen Marks 30 Years on Force\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"The History of Women in the NYPD\". NYPD Policewomen's Endowment Association. Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://nypdpea1.org/index.php/history/","url_text":"\"The History of Women in the NYPD\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200627203512/http://nypdpea1.org/index.php/history/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lavrova, Nadia (December 20, 1925). \"Highlights in the Life of a New York Policewoman\". The San Francisco Examiner. p. 8K. Retrieved June 27, 2020 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28140658/the-san-francisco-examiner/","url_text":"\"Highlights in the Life of a New York Policewoman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Francisco_Examiner","url_text":"The San Francisco Examiner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Woman Detective Raised To 1st Grade\". The New York Times. October 3, 1926. p. 21. Retrieved May 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1926/10/03/98513962.html?pageNumber=21","url_text":"\"Woman Detective Raised To 1st Grade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Women Police Head Demoted by Whalen in Birth Clinic Raid\". The New York Times. May 12, 1929. pp. 1, 15. Retrieved May 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A02E4DF1E3EE73ABC4A52DFB3668382639EDE&legacy=true","url_text":"\"Women Police Head Demoted by Whalen in Birth Clinic Raid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"For Woman in Police Job\". The New York Times. May 25, 1929. p. 19. Retrieved May 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A02EFD91330E33ABC4D51DFB3668382639EDE&legacy=true","url_text":"\"For Woman in Police Job\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Policewoman to Head Drive on Soothsayers; Mulrooney Names Mrs. Sullivan to Act With Magicians' Group in Exposing Fortune Tellers\". The New York Times. July 18, 1931. p. 15. Retrieved March 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B07EED8153AEE3ABC4052DFB166838A629EDE&legacy=true","url_text":"\"Policewoman to Head Drive on Soothsayers; Mulrooney Names Mrs. Sullivan to Act With Magicians' Group in Exposing Fortune Tellers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Woman Detective Scorns Theatrics\". The New York Times. June 8, 1950. p. 27. Retrieved May 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nytimes.com/1950/06/08/archives/woman-detective-scorns-theatrics-hotel-detective.html","url_text":"\"Woman Detective Scorns Theatrics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"French, Jack. \"Lady Crimefighters\". Thrilling Detective website. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.otrsite.com/articles/artjf009.html","url_text":"\"Lady Crimefighters\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200627192136/http://www.otrsite.com/articles/artjf009.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Recorded Sound Section – Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division\". American Women. Library of Congress. Retrieved June 27, 2020. Of particular interest are scripts and papers relating to writer and producer Phillips H. Lord's programs, including Gang Busters (1937–53), which featured crime stories based on FBI files, and Policewoman (1946–47), which was based on the life of New York City policewoman Mary Sullivan.","urls":[{"url":"https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/awhhtml/awrs9/wor.html","url_text":"\"Recorded Sound Section – Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress","url_text":"Library of Congress"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Mary (1938). My Double Life: The Story of a New York Policewoman. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, Inc. OCLC 1179909 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mydoublelifestor00sull","url_text":"My Double Life: The Story of a New York Policewoman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1179909","url_text":"1179909"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"Loxton, Daniel (Winter 2013). \"Ghostbuster Girls!\". Junior Skeptic. Vol. 18, no. 1. pp. 80–89. ISSN 1063-9330.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Loxton","url_text":"Loxton, Daniel"},{"url":"https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA326851952","url_text":"\"Ghostbuster Girls!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptic_(U.S._magazine)","url_text":"Junior Skeptic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1063-9330","url_text":"1063-9330"}]},{"reference":"Whalen, Bernard; Whalen, Jon (2014). The NYPD's First Fifty Years: Politicians, Police Commissioners, and Patrolmen. Lincoln, Nebraska: Potomac Books. pp. 132, 151. ISBN 978-1612346564. OCLC 980700069. Retrieved June 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2nwBQAAQBAJ&q=sullivan&pg=PA19","url_text":"The NYPD's First Fifty Years: Politicians, Police Commissioners, and Patrolmen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612346564","url_text":"978-1612346564"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/980700069","url_text":"980700069"}]},{"reference":"Segrave, Kerry (2014). Policewomen: A History (2nd ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 156–158, 190. ISBN 978-0786477050. OCLC 879792055 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy9iAgAAQBAJ&q=mary+sullivan","url_text":"Policewomen: A History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786477050","url_text":"978-0786477050"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/879792055","url_text":"879792055"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Mullenbach, Cheryl (2016). Women in Blue : 16 Brave Officers, Forensics Experts, Police Chiefs, and More. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. pp. 55–68. ISBN 978-1613734223. OCLC 920683298 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_abECwAAQBAJ&q=Mary%20Sullivan","url_text":"Women in Blue : 16 Brave Officers, Forensics Experts, Police Chiefs, and More"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1613734223","url_text":"978-1613734223"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/920683298","url_text":"920683298"}]},{"reference":"Janik, Erika (2016). Pistols and Petticoats: 175 Years of Lady Detectives in Fact and Fiction. Boston: Beacon Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-0807039380. OCLC 920817633.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MYOCCgAAQBAJ&q=sullivan&pg=PT227","url_text":"Pistols and Petticoats: 175 Years of Lady Detectives in Fact and Fiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807039380","url_text":"978-0807039380"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/920817633","url_text":"920817633"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hutchinson_(captain)

Edward Hutchinson (captain)

["1 Early life","2 Later life","3 Military service","4 Family","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Bibliography","7 Further reading","8 External links"]

Edward HutchinsonBornbaptized 28 May 1613Alford, Lincolnshire, EnglandDied19 August 1675Marlborough, Massachusetts Bay ColonyCause of deathbattle wounds (King Phillips War)Resting placeSpringhill Cemetery, MarlboroughOther namesEdward Hutchinson, Jr.Occupation(s)Soldier, land investorSpouse(s)(1) Katherine Hamby(2) Abigail (Fermayes) ButtonChildren(first wife) Elishua, Elizabeth, Elisha, Anne, William, Katherine, Susanna; (second wife) Edward, Katharine, Benjamin, HannahParent(s)William and Anne Hutchinson Edward Hutchinson (1613–1675) (sometimes referred to as junior to differentiate him from his uncle) was the oldest child of Massachusetts and Rhode Island magistrate William Hutchinson and his wife, the dissident minister Anne Hutchinson. He is noted for making peace with the authorities following his mother's banishment from the Massachusetts Bay Colony during the Antinomian Controversy, returning to Boston, and ultimately dying in the service of the colony that had treated his family so harshly. Born in Alford, in eastern England, Hutchinson sailed to New England at the age of 20, a year ahead of the remainder of his family. Following the events of the Antinomian Controversy, he, his father, and his uncle Edward were among 23 signers of a compact for a new government which they soon established at Portsmouth on Rhode Island. Young Hutchinson only remained there a short while, and had returned to Boston to occupy the family house. Here he had 11 children with two wives. He became a charter member of the Military Company of Massachusetts (today known as the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts in 1638 and became its lieutenant (second in command) in 1654. He was elected the company's captain (commanding officer) in 1657 and served a one-year term. He also served as a Deputy to the General Court in 1658, and in this capacity voiced his opposition to the persecution of the Quakers that took place in the late 1650s. During King Phillips War, in 1675, Captain Hutchinson and Captain Thomas Wheeler were given an assignment to negotiate with the Nipmuck Indians to keep them out of the war. While searching for the tribal chief, Muttawmp, the two captains, with a company of men, were ambushed, and both were wounded. Two weeks later Hutchinson died from his wounds, and was interred in a cemetery in Marlborough, Massachusetts Bay Colony. Hutchinson is the ancestor of three United States presidents, as well as the loyalist governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Hutchinson. Early life Coat of Arms of Edward Hutchinson Baptized in Alford, Lincolnshire, England on 28 May 1613, Edward Hutchinson was the son of cloth merchant and magistrate William Hutchinson and his famed wife Anne Hutchinson. Edward was the oldest of the Hutchinson's 15 children, and in 1633 when Edward's pregnant mother realized that she was going to emigrate from England, she allowed Edward to travel to New England a year ahead of the family, and he sailed aboard the Griffin with his uncle Edward Hutchinson (Sr.) and wife, also being on the same ship as the Reverend John Cotton who soon became teaching minister in the Boston church. While Edward's uncle, Edward, was admitted to the Boston church in 1633, the young Edward wasn't admitted until 10 August 1634, just about the time that the remainder of the family arrived in Boston from England. Portsmouth Compact where Hutchinson's name appears ninth on the list In 1636 Hutchinson sailed back to England, and while there he married Katherine Hamby, likely in Lawford in Essex. His father-in-law, Robert Hamby, had been a legal counselor in Ipswich. With his wife, he returned to the colonies later the same year, and it was about this time that his mother became embroiled in the events of the Antinomian Controversy. As the controversy came to a peak, his mother was brought to trial in November 1637, then sentenced to banishment by the General Court of the colony. She was not allowed to leave, however, until enduring a second trial in March 1638, this time by the clergy, and she was held in detention in the interim. Many members of the colony who shared the views of Mrs. Hutchinson, including Edward, met on 7 March 1638 to sign a document establishing a new government, and most of the signers left the Massachusetts colony shortly thereafter to go build houses on Aquidneck Island. Edward was one of the few family members who stayed in Boston in March, and was present at his mother's church trial, when he argued on her behalf that she should not be condemned for holding opinions in which she was not yet settled. It was then deemed by the church that since he showed natural love for his mother, that he too should be admonished, along with a few others who were also close to Mrs. Hutchinson, and by removing the dissent from the family members, the ministers were able to proceed with the excommunication against her. Hutchinson likely accompanied his mother and siblings from Boston to Aquidneck Island in early April 1638, and there he became one of the founding settlers of the island community that was initially named Pocasset, but was soon renamed Portsmouth. However, since no charges were ever preferred against him by the Massachusetts authorities, he soon returned to Boston, and he and his young family became the residents and caretakers of the family house there. Ownership of the house went to his uncle, Richard Hutchinson, ironmonger of London, who never came to New England, but had many land and business interests there. Hutchinson's mother, Anne Hutchinson, and many of his younger siblings perished in an Indian massacre in New Netherland in August 1643, and he likely learned of this in early September, about the same time that Governor John Winthrop recorded it in his journal. It is not clear when he learned that one of his siblings survived the attack and was taken hostage, but it was two and a half years after her capture that Winthrop wrote, "A daughter of Mistress Hutchinson was carried away by the Indians near the Dutch." After several years of living with the Siwanoy natives, Edward's young sister Susanna was released in an exchange, and brought back to Boston. While no record has survived detailing which of her siblings took her in, Kirkpatrick believes that it was Edward's house where she came to live. Hutchinson's wife had seven children before her untimely death about 1650, and he soon after married the widow Abigail Button. Court records from the time show that in 1656 Abigail testified against Eunice Cole at her witch trial, Cole likely being the only woman convicted of witchcraft in New Hampshire. Later life The Nipmucs attacked the fortified house in Brookfield for several days, until Hutchinson's party escaped to Marlborough. In the late 1650s strict laws had been enacted against the Quakers by the Massachusetts colony, but this didn't prevent Quaker evangelists from coming into the colony from outside. It was during this period that Hutchinson served for a year as a Deputy to the General Court from Boston, elected in 1658. While the magistrates were the most zealous enforcers of the laws against the Quakers, the general population was more sympathetic to their plight, and the Deputies, of which Hutchinson was one, made their opposition to the law known. Hutchinson's first cousin, 11-year-old Patience Scott, the daughter of Providence Quakers Richard and Katherine Scott, had arrived in Boston unaccompanied. It then became Captain Hutchinson's "undertaking to send her home," and the Court took no action against her. Historian James Savage stated that Hutchinson "deserves honor for his firmness in opposing cruelty to the Quakers," and he was also tolerant of the Baptists, signing a 1668 petition for the release of those who were imprisoned. In November 1659, Hutchinson was admitted to an equal share with the seven original purchasers of the Humphrey Atherton land investment company for lands in the "Narragansett Country" (later North Kingstown, Rhode Island), with his share being about 1000 acres. The land was in disputed territory, with the three colonies of Connecticut, Rhode Island and Plymouth all staking claims to the area. Whether Hutchinson actually occupied his land is uncertain, but he and two others were appointed by the Connecticut colony as selectmen to the area which was given the name Wickford in 1663. Hutchinson's youngest living sister, Susanna, with her husband John Cole, left Boston to become caretakers of his property, and they ended up staying there for the remainder of their lives. Military service Grave marker for Captain Edward Hutchinson, Springhill Cemetery, Marlborough, Massachusetts Hutchinson was active in the militia of the colony. In 1638, he was one of the charter member of the Military Company of Massachusetts (today known as the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts) and in 1641 he was a junior sergeant in the company. In 1654 he was elected and commissioned as the lieutenant (second in command) of the Company and, three years later, in 1657, he was elected as the captain (commanding officer) of the company. As a captain in the militia, Hutchinson was called to active service during King Philip's War in 1675, and was given command of a company which fell under the overall command of his brother-in-law, Major Thomas Savage. On 28 July 1675 he co-lead an expedition with Captain Thomas Wheeler and a small company of men to negotiate a peace settlement with the Nipmuc sachem Muttawmp. The natives evaded the party, however, until on 2 August, near the town of Brookfield, the captains and their men were ambushed in what became known as Wheeler's Surprise. Hutchinson was seriously wounded during the engagement, and Wheeler was also wounded, but the survivors managed to get to a garrison house in Brookfield, where they spent over a week, while being continuously attacked by the natives. With some reinforcements, they eventually escaped from Brookfield, and Wheeler later recounted Hutchinson's fate: "We came to Marlborough on 14 August when Capt. Hutchinson being not recovered of his wounds before his coming from Brookfield, and over-tired with his long journey, by reason of his weakness, soon grew worse, and more dangerously ill, and on the 19th day of the same month, died, and was there the next day after buried..." He was buried in the town cemetery, now the Springhill Cemetery, where a marker was erected in his honor in 1926. Commenting on his giving his life for the cause of the Massachusetts colony, historian Oliver Roberts noted that "he, who, with his mother, was persecuted, poured out his blood in the service of that uncharitable country." Family The loyalist Massachusetts governor, Thomas Hutchinson was Edward's great grandson. Hutchinson had 11 children with two wives. His first wife was Katherine Hamby (Hanby/Hambie/Hemby) whom he married shortly after 19 October 1636 (the date of the marriage license), probably at Lawford, Essex, England. Katherine was baptized at St. Matthews parish in Ipswich, Suffolk on 10 December 1615, the daughter of Robert Hamby and Elizabeth Arnold, her father being a "counsellor at law in Ipswich, in England." Of the seven children of Edward and Katherine, Elishua was baptized in Boston on 5 November 1637 and probably died young, and Elizabeth (1639–1728) married Edward Winslow, the son of John Winslow and Mary Chilton, and grandson of Mayflower passenger James Chilton. Elisha (1641–1717) married first Hannah Hawkins, and second Elizabeth (Clark) Freak, and had 12 children. Anne (1643–1717) married first Samuel Dyre (Dyer), the son of William Dyer and Mary Barrett, then married second Daniel Vernon, and had a total of 11 children with both husbands. William, baptized 18 January 1645 and Katherine, baptized 14 May 1648 both probably died young. Susanna (1649-after 1716) married Nathaniel Coddington, the son of Rhode Island Governor William Coddington and his wife Anne Brinley, and the couple had six known children. Katherine died sometime after 10 June 1649 when her last child was born, but by 1650 when Hutchinson was married to his second wife. His second wife was Abigail (Fermayes) Button, the daughter of Alice (Blessing) Fermayes (or Vermais), and widow of Robert Button. The oldest child of this marriage was Edward, who was born 4 January 1651 and died unmarried in 1692. Katherine, born in 1653, married Henry Bartholomew and was still living about 1730; and Benjamin, born at Boston 2 June 1656 probably died young. The youngest child of this marriage was Hannah, born at Boston 16 May 1658, who married Peter Walker, probably at Taunton; the couple had six children. Descendants of Hutchinson, through his son Elisha, include United States Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, as well as the loyalist governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, Thomas Hutchinson. See also United States portalNew England portalRhode Island portalBiography portal List of early settlers of Rhode Island Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Massachusetts Bay Colony References ^ a b c Anderson 2003, p. 480. ^ Roberts 1895, p. 64. ^ LaPlante 2004, p. xxx. ^ a b Wilcox 1991a, p. 99; Wilcox 1991b, p. 258. ^ Winship 2002, p. 201. ^ Winship 2002, pp. 201–202. ^ a b c d e LaPlante 2004, p. 240. ^ a b Kirkpatrick 1998, p. 228. ^ LaPlante 2004, p. 239. ^ Demos 1983, p. 322. ^ a b c d e f g Roberts 1895, p. 65. ^ Duffy 2008, p. 97. ^ Duffy 2008, p. 96. ^ Updike 1907, p. 401. ^ Updike 1907, p. 328. ^ Austin 1887, p. 50. ^ "Commissioned Officers: 1638-1699 | the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts | American Wars". ^ a b "Captain Thomas Wheeler's Narrative". West Brookfield Historical Commission. Retrieved 10 November 2021. ^ Sherry G. (2006). "Find-a-grave, Edward Hutchinson". Find a Grave. Retrieved 1 September 2012. ^ Wilcox 1991a, p. 99. ^ a b c Wilcox 1991b, p. 261. ^ Wilcox 1991b, p. 262. ^ Wilcox 1991b, p. 263. ^ Wilcox 1991b, pp. 263–264. ^ Wilcox 1991b, p. 258. ^ Wilcox 1991b, pp. 264–265. Bibliography Anderson, Robert Charles (2003). The Great Migration, Immigrants to New England 1634–1635. Vol. III G-H. Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society. ISBN 0-88082-158-2. Austin, John Osborne (1887). Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island. Albany, New York: J. Munsell's Sons. ISBN 978-0-8063-0006-1. Demos, John Putnam (1983). Entertaining Satan: witchcraft and the culture of early New England. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 9780199726318. Duffy, Shannon E. (2008). An Enlightened American: the Political Ideology of Thomas Hutchinson. Ann Arbor, Michigan. ISBN 9780549966753.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Kirkpatrick, Katherine (1998). Trouble's Daughter, the Story of Susanna Hutchinson, Indian Captive. New York: Delacorte Press. ISBN 0-385-32600-9. LaPlante, Eve (2004). American Jezebel, the Uncommon Life of Anne Hutchinson, the Woman who Defied the Puritans. San Francisco: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-056233-1. Roberts, Oliver Ayer (1895). History of the Military Company of the Massachusetts, now called the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts, 1637-1888. Vol. 1. Boston: A. Mudge & Son, Printers. pp. 64–65. Updike, Wilkins (1907). A history of the Episcopal Church in Narragansett, Rhode Island: including a history of other Episcopal churches in the state. Vol. 1. Boston: Printed and published by D.B. Updike. Wilcox, Wayne Howard Miller (April 1991a). "The Ancestry of Katherine Hamby, Wife of Captain Edward Hutchinson of Boston, Massachusetts". New England Historical and Genealogical Register. 145: 99–121. ISBN 0-7884-0293-5. Wilcox, Wayne Howard Miller (July 1991b). "The Ancestry of Katherine Hamby, Wife of Captain Edward Hutchinson of Boston, Massachusetts". New England Historical and Genealogical Register. 145: 258–268. ISBN 0-7884-0293-5. Winship, Michael Paul (2002). Making Heretics: Militant Protestantism and Free Grace in Massachusetts, 1636–1641. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08943-4. Further reading Bonfanti, Leo (1981). Biographies and Legends of the New England Indians. Pride Publications. Karlsen, Carol F. (1998). The devil in the shape of a woman: witchcraft in colonial New England. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393317596. Eunice Cole. Winsor, Justin (1885). The memorial history of Boston: including Suffolk County, Massachusetts, 1630-1880. Vol. 1. James R. Osgood. Winthrop, Adam; Winthrop, John; Winthrop, Wait Still (1889). The Winthrop papers. The Massachusetts Historical Society. External links biography includes material on Wheeler's Surprise. History of New Braintree includes Wheeler's Surprise. Captain Wheeler's narrative vteOriginal proprietors of Rhode Island's first settlementsFirst settlers of Providence with Roger Williams(1636) Roger Williams William Harris John Smith (miller) Francis Wickes Thomas Angell Joshua Verin William Arnold Benedict Arnold William Carpenter William Mann Thomas Hopkins Original proprietors of Providence(signers of "initial deed," October 1638) Roger Williams Stukely Westcott William Arnold Thomas James Robert Coles John Greene John Throckmorton William Harris William Carpenter Thomas Olney Francis Weston Richard Waterman Ezekiel Holyman Pawtuxet Claimants(Settled 1638; under Massachusetts jurisdiction 1642-1658) William Arnold Benedict Arnold William Carpenter Robert Coles Founders of Portsmouth(signers of Portsmouth Compact, 7 March 1638) William Coddington John Clarke William Hutchinson John Coggeshall William Aspinwall Samuel Wilbore John Porter John Sanford Edward Hutchinson, Jr. Thomas Savage William Dyre William Freeborn Philip Shearman John Walker Richard Carder William Baulston Edward Hutchinson, Sr. Henry Bull Randall Holden Thomas Clarke John Johnson William Hall John Brightman Founders of Newport (Signers of initial agreement, 28 April 1639) William Coddington (Judge) Nicholas Easton (Elder) John Coggeshall (Elder) William Brenton (Elder) John Clarke (Elder) Jeremy Clarke (Elder) Thomas Hazard (Elder) Henry Bull (Elder) William Dyre (Elder; clerk) Founders of Warwick (Original purchasers, 1643) Randall Holden John Greene John Wickes Francis Weston Samuel Gorton Richard Waterman John Warner Richard Carder Samson Shotten Robert Potter William Wodell Nicholas Power Italics: The names of Clarke, Johnson, Hall, and Brightman at the end of the Portsmouth list were crossed out, and it is uncertain if they came to Portsmouth, though most, if not all, of them did appear on Aquidneck Island. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Other SNAC

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He is noted for making peace with the authorities following his mother's banishment from the Massachusetts Bay Colony during the Antinomian Controversy, returning to Boston, and ultimately dying in the service of the colony that had treated his family so harshly.Born in Alford, in eastern England, Hutchinson sailed to New England at the age of 20, a year ahead of the remainder of his family. Following the events of the Antinomian Controversy, he, his father, and his uncle Edward were among 23 signers of a compact for a new government which they soon established at Portsmouth on Rhode Island. Young Hutchinson only remained there a short while, and had returned to Boston to occupy the family house. Here he had 11 children with two wives.He became a charter member of the Military Company of Massachusetts (today known as the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts in 1638 and became its lieutenant (second in command) in 1654. He was elected the company's captain (commanding officer) in 1657 and served a one-year term.He also served as a Deputy to the General Court in 1658, and in this capacity voiced his opposition to the persecution of the Quakers that took place in the late 1650s.During King Phillips War, in 1675, Captain Hutchinson and Captain Thomas Wheeler were given an assignment to negotiate with the Nipmuck Indians to keep them out of the war. While searching for the tribal chief, Muttawmp, the two captains, with a company of men, were ambushed, and both were wounded. Two weeks later Hutchinson died from his wounds, and was interred in a cemetery in Marlborough, Massachusetts Bay Colony.Hutchinson is the ancestor of three United States presidents, as well as the loyalist governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Hutchinson.","title":"Edward Hutchinson (captain)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Hutchinson.svg"},{"link_name":"Alford, Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alford,_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"William Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hutchinson_(Rhode_Island_judge)"},{"link_name":"Anne Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2003480-1"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"Edward Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hutchinson_(mercer)#Edward_Hutchinson,_Sr."},{"link_name":"John Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cotton_(Puritan)"},{"link_name":"Boston church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Church_of_Boston"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts189564-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004xxx-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2003480-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portsmouth_Compact_document.jpg"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth Compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Compact"},{"link_name":"Lawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawford"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"Ipswich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilcox1991a99Wilcox1991b258-4"},{"link_name":"Antinomian Controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinomian_Controversy"},{"link_name":"Aquidneck Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquidneck_Island"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinship2002201-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinship2002201%E2%80%93202-6"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004240-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004240-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004240-7"},{"link_name":"Anne Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson"},{"link_name":"New Netherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Netherland"},{"link_name":"John Winthrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winthrop"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkpatrick1998228-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004239-9"},{"link_name":"Siwanoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwanoy"},{"link_name":"Susanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Cole"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkpatrick1998228-8"},{"link_name":"Eunice Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunice_Cole"},{"link_name":"witch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004240-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemos1983322-10"}],"text":"Coat of Arms of Edward HutchinsonBaptized in Alford, Lincolnshire, England on 28 May 1613, Edward Hutchinson was the son of cloth merchant and magistrate William Hutchinson and his famed wife Anne Hutchinson.[1] Edward was the oldest of the Hutchinson's 15 children, and in 1633 when Edward's pregnant mother realized that she was going to emigrate from England, she allowed Edward to travel to New England a year ahead of the family, and he sailed aboard the Griffin with his uncle Edward Hutchinson (Sr.) and wife, also being on the same ship as the Reverend John Cotton who soon became teaching minister in the Boston church.[2][3] While Edward's uncle, Edward, was admitted to the Boston church in 1633, the young Edward wasn't admitted until 10 August 1634, just about the time that the remainder of the family arrived in Boston from England.[1]Portsmouth Compact where Hutchinson's name appears ninth on the listIn 1636 Hutchinson sailed back to England, and while there he married Katherine Hamby, likely in Lawford in Essex. His father-in-law, Robert Hamby, had been a legal counselor in Ipswich.[4] With his wife, he returned to the colonies later the same year, and it was about this time that his mother became embroiled in the events of the Antinomian Controversy. As the controversy came to a peak, his mother was brought to trial in November 1637, then sentenced to banishment by the General Court of the colony. She was not allowed to leave, however, until enduring a second trial in March 1638, this time by the clergy, and she was held in detention in the interim. Many members of the colony who shared the views of Mrs. Hutchinson, including Edward, met on 7 March 1638 to sign a document establishing a new government, and most of the signers left the Massachusetts colony shortly thereafter to go build houses on Aquidneck Island. Edward was one of the few family members who stayed in Boston in March, and was present at his mother's church trial, when he argued on her behalf that she should not be condemned for holding opinions in which she was not yet settled.[5] It was then deemed by the church that since he showed natural love for his mother, that he too should be admonished, along with a few others who were also close to Mrs. Hutchinson, and by removing the dissent from the family members, the ministers were able to proceed with the excommunication against her.[6]Hutchinson likely accompanied his mother and siblings from Boston to Aquidneck Island in early April 1638, and there he became one of the founding settlers of the island community that was initially named Pocasset, but was soon renamed Portsmouth.[7] However, since no charges were ever preferred against him by the Massachusetts authorities, he soon returned to Boston, and he and his young family became the residents and caretakers of the family house there.[7] Ownership of the house went to his uncle, Richard Hutchinson, ironmonger of London, who never came to New England, but had many land and business interests there.[7]Hutchinson's mother, Anne Hutchinson, and many of his younger siblings perished in an Indian massacre in New Netherland in August 1643, and he likely learned of this in early September, about the same time that Governor John Winthrop recorded it in his journal.[8] It is not clear when he learned that one of his siblings survived the attack and was taken hostage, but it was two and a half years after her capture that Winthrop wrote, \"A daughter of Mistress Hutchinson was carried away by the Indians near the Dutch.\"[9] After several years of living with the Siwanoy natives, Edward's young sister Susanna was released in an exchange, and brought back to Boston. While no record has survived detailing which of her siblings took her in, Kirkpatrick believes that it was Edward's house where she came to live.[8]Hutchinson's wife had seven children before her untimely death about 1650, and he soon after married the widow Abigail Button. Court records from the time show that in 1656 Abigail testified against Eunice Cole at her witch trial, Cole likely being the only woman convicted of witchcraft in New Hampshire.[7][10]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indians_Attacking_a_Garrison_House.jpg"},{"link_name":"Quakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts189565-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy200897-12"},{"link_name":"Richard and Katherine Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Scott_(settler)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy200896-13"},{"link_name":"Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004240-7"},{"link_name":"Humphrey Atherton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Atherton"},{"link_name":"North Kingstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Kingstown"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpdike1907401-14"},{"link_name":"selectmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selectmen"},{"link_name":"Wickford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickford"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpdike1907328-15"},{"link_name":"Susanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Cole"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin188750-16"}],"text":"The Nipmucs attacked the fortified house in Brookfield for several days, until Hutchinson's party escaped to Marlborough.In the late 1650s strict laws had been enacted against the Quakers by the Massachusetts colony, but this didn't prevent Quaker evangelists from coming into the colony from outside. It was during this period that Hutchinson served for a year as a Deputy to the General Court from Boston, elected in 1658.[11] While the magistrates were the most zealous enforcers of the laws against the Quakers, the general population was more sympathetic to their plight, and the Deputies, of which Hutchinson was one, made their opposition to the law known.[12] Hutchinson's first cousin, 11-year-old Patience Scott, the daughter of Providence Quakers Richard and Katherine Scott, had arrived in Boston unaccompanied. It then became Captain Hutchinson's \"undertaking to send her home,\" and the Court took no action against her.[13] Historian James Savage stated that Hutchinson \"deserves honor for his firmness in opposing cruelty to the Quakers,\" and he was also tolerant of the Baptists, signing a 1668 petition for the release of those who were imprisoned.[7]In November 1659, Hutchinson was admitted to an equal share with the seven original purchasers of the Humphrey Atherton land investment company for lands in the \"Narragansett Country\" (later North Kingstown, Rhode Island), with his share being about 1000 acres.[14] The land was in disputed territory, with the three colonies of Connecticut, Rhode Island and Plymouth all staking claims to the area. Whether Hutchinson actually occupied his land is uncertain, but he and two others were appointed by the Connecticut colony as selectmen to the area which was given the name Wickford in 1663.[15] Hutchinson's youngest living sister, Susanna, with her husband John Cole, left Boston to become caretakers of his property, and they ended up staying there for the remainder of their lives.[16]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Hutchinson_mem_marlboro_20130401.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_and_Honorable_Artillery_Company_of_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts189565-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts189565-11"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"King Philip's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War"},{"link_name":"Thomas Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Savage_(major)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts189565-11"},{"link_name":"Thomas Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wheeler_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"Nipmuc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipmuc"},{"link_name":"Muttawmp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttawmp"},{"link_name":"Brookfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Wheeler's Surprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler%27s_Surprise"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts189565-11"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wheeler's_Narrative-18"},{"link_name":"Marlborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wheeler's_Narrative-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts189565-11"}],"text":"Grave marker for Captain Edward Hutchinson, Springhill Cemetery, Marlborough, MassachusettsHutchinson was active in the militia of the colony. In 1638, he was one of the charter member of the Military Company of Massachusetts (today known as the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts) and in 1641 he was a junior sergeant in the company.[11] In 1654 he was elected and commissioned as the lieutenant (second in command) of the Company and, three years later, in 1657, he was elected as the captain (commanding officer) of the company.[11][17]As a captain in the militia, Hutchinson was called to active service during King Philip's War in 1675, and was given command of a company which fell under the overall command of his brother-in-law, Major Thomas Savage.[11] On 28 July 1675 he co-lead an expedition with Captain Thomas Wheeler and a small company of men to negotiate a peace settlement with the Nipmuc sachem Muttawmp. The natives evaded the party, however, until on 2 August, near the town of Brookfield, the captains and their men were ambushed in what became known as Wheeler's Surprise.[11][18] Hutchinson was seriously wounded during the engagement, and Wheeler was also wounded, but the survivors managed to get to a garrison house in Brookfield, where they spent over a week, while being continuously attacked by the natives.With some reinforcements, they eventually escaped from Brookfield, and Wheeler later recounted Hutchinson's fate: \"We came to Marlborough on 14 August when Capt. Hutchinson being not recovered of his wounds before his coming from Brookfield, and over-tired with his long journey, by reason of his weakness, soon grew worse, and more dangerously ill, and on the 19th day of the same month, died, and was there the next day after buried...\"[18] He was buried in the town cemetery, now the Springhill Cemetery, where a marker was erected in his honor in 1926.[19] Commenting on his giving his life for the cause of the Massachusetts colony, historian Oliver Roberts noted that \"he, who, with his mother, was persecuted, poured out his blood in the service of that uncharitable country.\"[11]","title":"Military service"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ThomasHutchinsonByEdwardTruman.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts189565-11"},{"link_name":"Lawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawford"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilcox1991a99-20"},{"link_name":"Ipswich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilcox1991a99Wilcox1991b258-4"},{"link_name":"John Winslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winslow_(1597%E2%80%931674)"},{"link_name":"Mary Chilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Chilton"},{"link_name":"Mayflower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower"},{"link_name":"James Chilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chilton"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilcox1991b261-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilcox1991b261-21"},{"link_name":"William Dyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dyer_(settler)"},{"link_name":"Mary Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dyer"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilcox1991b262-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilcox1991b263-23"},{"link_name":"William Coddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Coddington"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilcox1991b263%E2%80%93264-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilcox1991b258-25"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2003480-1"},{"link_name":"Taunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilcox1991b264%E2%80%93265-26"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Province of Massachusetts Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilcox1991b261-21"}],"text":"The loyalist Massachusetts governor, Thomas Hutchinson was Edward's great grandson.Hutchinson had 11 children with two wives.[11] His first wife was Katherine Hamby (Hanby/Hambie/Hemby) whom he married shortly after 19 October 1636 (the date of the marriage license), probably at Lawford, Essex, England.[20] Katherine was baptized at St. Matthews parish in Ipswich, Suffolk on 10 December 1615, the daughter of Robert Hamby and Elizabeth Arnold, her father being a \"counsellor at law in Ipswich, in England.\"[4]Of the seven children of Edward and Katherine, Elishua was baptized in Boston on 5 November 1637 and probably died young, and Elizabeth (1639–1728) married Edward Winslow, the son of John Winslow and Mary Chilton, and grandson of Mayflower passenger James Chilton.[21] Elisha (1641–1717) married first Hannah Hawkins, and second Elizabeth (Clark) Freak, and had 12 children.[21] Anne (1643–1717) married first Samuel Dyre (Dyer), the son of William Dyer and Mary Barrett, then married second Daniel Vernon, and had a total of 11 children with both husbands.[22] William, baptized 18 January 1645 and Katherine, baptized 14 May 1648 both probably died young.[23] Susanna (1649-after 1716) married Nathaniel Coddington, the son of Rhode Island Governor William Coddington and his wife Anne Brinley, and the couple had six known children.[24]Katherine died sometime after 10 June 1649 when her last child was born, but by 1650 when Hutchinson was married to his second wife.[25] His second wife was Abigail (Fermayes) Button, the daughter of Alice (Blessing) Fermayes (or Vermais), and widow of Robert Button.[1] The oldest child of this marriage was Edward, who was born 4 January 1651 and died unmarried in 1692. Katherine, born in 1653, married Henry Bartholomew and was still living about 1730; and Benjamin, born at Boston 2 June 1656 probably died young. The youngest child of this marriage was Hannah, born at Boston 16 May 1658, who married Peter Walker, probably at Taunton; the couple had six children.[26]Descendants of Hutchinson, through his son Elisha, include United States Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, as well as the loyalist governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, Thomas Hutchinson.[21]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The devil in the shape of a woman: witchcraft in colonial New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/devilinshapeofwo00karl_0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780393317596","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393317596"},{"link_name":"The memorial history of Boston: including Suffolk County, Massachusetts, 1630-1880","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=M6wTAAAAYAAJ&q=Anne+Hutchinson+son+Edward&pg=PA579"},{"link_name":"The Winthrop papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=zxPVAAAAMAAJ&q=Nathaniel+Coddington&pg=PA356"}],"text":"Bonfanti, Leo (1981). Biographies and Legends of the New England Indians. Pride Publications.\nKarlsen, Carol F. (1998). The devil in the shape of a woman: witchcraft in colonial New England. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393317596. Eunice Cole.\nWinsor, Justin (1885). The memorial history of Boston: including Suffolk County, Massachusetts, 1630-1880. Vol. 1. James R. Osgood.\nWinthrop, Adam; Winthrop, John; Winthrop, Wait Still (1889). The Winthrop papers. The Massachusetts Historical Society.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Coat of Arms of Edward Hutchinson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Hutchinson.svg/175px-Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Hutchinson.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Portsmouth Compact where Hutchinson's name appears ninth on the list","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Portsmouth_Compact_document.jpg/180px-Portsmouth_Compact_document.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Nipmucs attacked the fortified house in Brookfield for several days, until Hutchinson's party escaped to Marlborough.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Indians_Attacking_a_Garrison_House.jpg/220px-Indians_Attacking_a_Garrison_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grave marker for Captain Edward Hutchinson, Springhill Cemetery, Marlborough, Massachusetts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Edward_Hutchinson_mem_marlboro_20130401.jpg/180px-Edward_Hutchinson_mem_marlboro_20130401.jpg"},{"image_text":"The loyalist Massachusetts governor, Thomas Hutchinson was Edward's great grandson.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/ThomasHutchinsonByEdwardTruman.jpg/180px-ThomasHutchinsonByEdwardTruman.jpg"}]

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[{"reference":"\"Commissioned Officers: 1638-1699 | the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts | American Wars\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanwars.org/ma-ancient-artillery-company/commissioned-officers-1638-1699.htm","url_text":"\"Commissioned Officers: 1638-1699 | the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts | American Wars\""}]},{"reference":"\"Captain Thomas Wheeler's Narrative\". West Brookfield Historical Commission. Retrieved 10 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://westbrookfield.org/?s=Wheeler%27s+Surprise","url_text":"\"Captain Thomas Wheeler's Narrative\""}]},{"reference":"Sherry G. (2006). \"Find-a-grave, Edward Hutchinson\". Find a Grave. Retrieved 1 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/15705253","url_text":"\"Find-a-grave, Edward Hutchinson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Find_a_Grave","url_text":"Find a Grave"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Robert Charles (2003). The Great Migration, Immigrants to New England 1634–1635. Vol. III G-H. Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society. ISBN 0-88082-158-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Historic_Genealogical_Society","url_text":"New England Historic Genealogical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88082-158-2","url_text":"0-88082-158-2"}]},{"reference":"Austin, John Osborne (1887). Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island. Albany, New York: J. Munsell's Sons. ISBN 978-0-8063-0006-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Osborne_Austin","url_text":"Austin, John Osborne"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LA7ntaS11ocC","url_text":"Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8063-0006-1","url_text":"978-0-8063-0006-1"}]},{"reference":"Demos, John Putnam (1983). Entertaining Satan: witchcraft and the culture of early New England. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 9780199726318.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=igBQccp-wqAC&q=Eunice+Cole&pg=PA315","url_text":"Entertaining Satan: witchcraft and the culture of early New England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199726318","url_text":"9780199726318"}]},{"reference":"Duffy, Shannon E. (2008). An Enlightened American: the Political Ideology of Thomas Hutchinson. Ann Arbor, Michigan. ISBN 9780549966753.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qzIO3N0RlaQC&q=Edward+Hutchinson+Quakers&pg=PA97","url_text":"An Enlightened American: the Political Ideology of Thomas Hutchinson."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780549966753","url_text":"9780549966753"}]},{"reference":"Kirkpatrick, Katherine (1998). Trouble's Daughter, the Story of Susanna Hutchinson, Indian Captive. New York: Delacorte Press. 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ISBN 0-06-056233-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_LaPlante","url_text":"LaPlante, Eve"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TTj1N-egHsMC&q=portsmouth+rhode+hutchinson&pg=PA209","url_text":"American Jezebel, the Uncommon Life of Anne Hutchinson, the Woman who Defied the Puritans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-056233-1","url_text":"0-06-056233-1"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Oliver Ayer (1895). History of the Military Company of the Massachusetts, now called the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts, 1637-1888. Vol. 1. Boston: A. Mudge & Son, Printers. pp. 64–65.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CWUUAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Edward+Hutchinson%22+Boston&pg=PA65","url_text":"History of the Military Company of the Massachusetts, now called the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts, 1637-1888"}]},{"reference":"Updike, Wilkins (1907). A history of the Episcopal Church in Narragansett, Rhode Island: including a history of other Episcopal churches in the state. Vol. 1. Boston: Printed and published by D.B. Updike.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FGrGRfuDRxoC&q=Edward+Hutchinson&pg=PA396","url_text":"A history of the Episcopal Church in Narragansett, Rhode Island: including a history of other Episcopal churches in the state"}]},{"reference":"Wilcox, Wayne Howard Miller (April 1991a). \"The Ancestry of Katherine Hamby, Wife of Captain Edward Hutchinson of Boston, Massachusetts\". New England Historical and Genealogical Register. 145: 99–121. ISBN 0-7884-0293-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7884-0293-5","url_text":"0-7884-0293-5"}]},{"reference":"Wilcox, Wayne Howard Miller (July 1991b). \"The Ancestry of Katherine Hamby, Wife of Captain Edward Hutchinson of Boston, Massachusetts\". New England Historical and Genealogical Register. 145: 258–268. ISBN 0-7884-0293-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7884-0293-5","url_text":"0-7884-0293-5"}]},{"reference":"Winship, Michael Paul (2002). Making Heretics: Militant Protestantism and Free Grace in Massachusetts, 1636–1641. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 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Eunice Cole.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/devilinshapeofwo00karl_0","url_text":"The devil in the shape of a woman: witchcraft in colonial New England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393317596","url_text":"9780393317596"}]},{"reference":"Winsor, Justin (1885). The memorial history of Boston: including Suffolk County, Massachusetts, 1630-1880. Vol. 1. James R. Osgood.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M6wTAAAAYAAJ&q=Anne+Hutchinson+son+Edward&pg=PA579","url_text":"The memorial history of Boston: including Suffolk County, Massachusetts, 1630-1880"}]},{"reference":"Winthrop, Adam; Winthrop, John; Winthrop, Wait Still (1889). The Winthrop papers. The Massachusetts Historical Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zxPVAAAAMAAJ&q=Nathaniel+Coddington&pg=PA356","url_text":"The Winthrop papers"}]}]

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