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Rehearsal pics: Gordon Greenberg, Carlos Acosta and the cast of Guys and Dolls
Rehearsal photos have been released of the classic musical starring Sophie Thompson, Jamie Parker, Clare Foster and Peter Polycarpou, ahead of it's opening at Chichester Festival Theatre next week
Broadway classic Guys and Dolls is to open at Chichester Festival Theatre next week. Clare Foster and Jamie Parker lead the cast as Sarah Brown and Sky Masterson. Also in principle roles are Sophie Thompson and Peter Polycarpou as Miss Adelaide and Nathan Detroit.
The show is directed by Gordon Greenberg, with choreography from Carlos Acosta and Andrew Wright and musical direction from Gareth Valentine. Design is by Peter McKintosh, with lighting and sound by Tim Mitchell and Paul Groothuis. | <urn:uuid:33f0a58a-e51d-4b83-a8c3-bb642c03efa8> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.whatsonstage.com/chichester-theatre/news/guys-and-dolls-chichester-rehearsal-pics_35288.html | 2018-05-25T13:08:39Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867092.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525121739-20180525141739-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.929578 | 165 |
Hello Kitty - Rose gold plated - GaGà Milano
15% DISCOUNT ON YOUR FIRST* GaGà Milano WATCH WITH CODE: GAGA15
*Valid just on the first purchase
Quartz, 40 mm, Rose gold plated
The design of the 40mm case is inspired by the face of Hello Kitty and the details reflect the silhouettes of Sanrio's famous protagonist. The case is round with Hello Kitty ears and the iconic red bow. On the white enameled dial, the black eyes and moustache of Hello Kitty are reproduced in applique, the strap is in red or white leather, handmade in Italy.
The watch has a quartz movement, the case back is engraved with the serial number. A real piece for collectors! The details, decorations and colors of the watch immediately transport the world of Hello Kitty with a super Kawaii look!
CASE SIZE: 40 mm
CASE THICKNESS: 14 mm
CASE MATERIAL: Rose gold plated
BEZEL MATERIAL: Rose gold plated
WATERPROOF: Up to 5 atm
STRAP: Leather, red
CASE BACK: Screw
DECORATION: Hello Kitty | <urn:uuid:fe8704ec-42dd-4ac1-ad07-ba1f800057a7> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://artluxurymilano.com/products/hello-kitty-rose-gold-plated-gaga-milano | 2021-10-20T07:40:09Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585302.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020055136-20211020085136-00377.warc.gz | en | 0.829252 | 255 |
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This paper outlines the application of the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to a frequency domain representation of a signal. The application to frequency domain representations, as opposed to time domain representations, may provide more useful decomposition in the case where signal components overlap in frequency. The combined use of the EMD for both time and frequency domain representations of a signal is capable of generating more desirable signal decompositions for nonstationary signals. The results of the time-frequency EMD on two example signals shows improvement in nonstationary signal separation with little loss of desirable decomposition performance measures such as IMF orthogonality. | <urn:uuid:b89def29-90c9-45c3-8dc2-a76c8a4fcbfe> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?reload=true&arnumber=4555307&contentType=Conference+Publications | 2014-07-22T07:24:30Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997857710.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025737-00233-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926464 | 130 |
Ushering in the New Year, wherever you are in the world, is such a festivity. Fireworks, toasts, kisses… Good, fun vibes and (drunken!) parties all around.
Customarily, festivities of this magnitude call to mind (and mouth) bottles upon bottles of sparkling wine, preferably Champagne.
Our family (and most friends), as you can probably tell, is pretty unconventional. We wouldn’t be averse to partying with the more affordable Champagne alternatives (like Cava, Prosecco, or a new world Brut), but we’re not the types to shy away from a fabulous bottle of Champagne, especially when brought by a fellow wino.
Our chef BFF normally comes around during Christmas with a plated dish for a present (fancy!). This year, with our family home from the US, our schedule just could not accommodate his usual yummy delights. He settled instead for the next best thing and brought over a bottle of Möet en Chandon. Champagne plus crazy conversations (and the latest gossip!) equals fun fun FUN!
Champagne being an aperitif, we decided to raid our cellar and got a bottle of red, the Lapostolle Carmenère. Wonderfully complex, it went famously with the Puttanesca.
Typically, after watching the fireworks (either from our window or with fellow revellers along the streets of CBD), we would venture out to Chihuahua and have some of their killer margaritas. It would be such an adventure, walking/driving through the last bits of fireworks just to get there. We would be rewarded with some of the best booze, conversation, and tacos in town. Going through what seems like a war zone has always been worth it.
This year, however, we celebrated the coming of 2015 in our parents’ house, setting off fireworks, and having a bottle of Asti. Refreshingly sweet and easy even for novice wine drinkers to consume, it went perfectly with the 12 grapes we had.
Eating 12 grapes on the stroke of midnight apparently symbolises good luck for all the 12 months in the year. Interesting tradition we inherited from Chad’s side of the family.
As you can see, I like my grapes fermented or fresh from the supermarket. 😉 2014 was a fabulous year. I say 2015 will be even more stupendous. Happy New Year! | <urn:uuid:29915148-36af-4312-a076-bd18ccf1885e> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://2shotsandapint.com/2015/01/07/new-year-traditions-of-the-educated-alcoholic-holidays-part-2/ | 2021-01-26T18:22:53Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704803308.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126170854-20210126200854-00420.warc.gz | en | 0.938832 | 507 |
Phd thesis on cement industry phd thesis on cement industry as part of the rothman phd thesis on cement industry institute’s joint thesis e government pdf. Phd thesis concrete technology phd thesis concrete technology civil engineering theses, dissertations, and student research phd candidates: deposit of your. Concrete phd thesis concrete phd thesis ghost writer research paper phd thesis concrete will services help graduate essayyour victorian homework helper concrete phd. What should i write about for my research paper phd thesis chemical kinetics phd comics dissertation proposal help on history homework.
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Vacature delft university of technology - phd: self-healing, bacteria-based concrete u kunt niet meer op deze vacature solliciteren delft university of technology. Dissertation employee engagement phd thesis concrete slabs computer engineering resume cover letter 2014 writing a research paper thesis. Phd thesis concrete technologyphd thesis concrete technology phd thesis concrete technology mum helps with homework phd thesis concrete slabs guide in writing a phd. Find a phd search funded phd projects, programs & scholarships in concrete technology search for phd funding, scholarships & studentships in the uk, europe and. | <urn:uuid:a4e7b52f-a992-4a19-a237-f270f7b00495> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://excourseworkzwqw.comment-changer-de-banque.info/phd-thesis-concrete-technology.html | 2018-10-19T22:24:14Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512460.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019212313-20181019233813-00552.warc.gz | en | 0.887557 | 704 |
If you couldn't stop yourself from dyeing every little bottle brush tree you could get your hands on (like, ahem, me!) here's a practical idea for your extras: make personalized gift toppers!
Here's what you'll need:
- Custom-dyed trees made with this tutorial
- Kraft cardstock
- Glue. I used rubber cement and removable glue dots
Cut a few strips of kraft paper about 1/4" wide and 5-6" long. Cut out v-shaped notches in the ends.
Fold it not quite in half and at an angle so you can see both sides.
Write the "to" and "from." Wrap it around the trunk of the tree and add a little bit of rubber cement to hold it closed.
Attach it to your gift! You can tie it with a ribbon or stick it on with a removable glue dot. Super cute! | <urn:uuid:d6c65a5d-746c-4220-abaa-8822f3d7f2a0> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.vitaminihandmade.com/2013/12/diy-bottle-brush-tree-gift-toppers.html | 2017-04-28T23:44:50Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123102.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00407-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923462 | 190 |
The BBC is launching five new subscription-free HD channels tomorrow, Tuesday December 10.
BBC Three HD, BBC Four HD, BBC News HD, CBeebies HD and CBBC HD will all launch on December 10 on Freeview HD, Freesat HD, YouView, Sky HD and Virgin Media.
The UK broadcasting giant originally said it would launch the channels by early 2014 to extend its existing HD offerings, but has managed to introduce them just in time for Christmas.
The HD content will also be available via BBC iPlayer, including the New Year's Day concert from Vienna via BBC Four HD.
The new channels will complement the current BBC One HD and BBC Two HD channels.
“BBC One HD and BBC Two HD have already proved to be highly valued by our audiences and I’m delighted that we’re able to follow this with the launch of five new subscription-free BBC HD channels by early 2014,” said Tony Hall, BBC Director-General. “These new channels will allow us to showcase more of our programming at its very best.”
According to the latest data, over 50 per cent of UK homes are already receiving HD channels, with that figure expected to grow to over 20 million or 80 per cent of the British population by 2016.
By 2019, the number of UK homes watching HD channels is predicted to reach 90 per cent, equivalent to 23 million households.
In addition to these five new free BBC HD channels, the broadcaster is looking to launch regional varieties of the BBC One HD channel and a BBC Two HD channel for Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland as part of a proposal it is putting forward to the BBC Trust.
The BBC has already launching BBC One Scotland HD, BBC One Wales HD and BBC One Northern Ireland HD.
Next read our pick of the best TVs of 2013. | <urn:uuid:f6e06c11-26da-49e5-a1b8-72d5bb10f058> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.trustedreviews.com/news/bbc-to-launch-five-new-free-hd-channels-by-early-2014 | 2016-02-11T07:16:21Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701161718.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193921-00094-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931048 | 378 |
The New York Timesleads with rare good news out of Burma, where relief workers are coming back from some of the areas devastated by Cyclone Nargis with reports that survivors aren’t doing as badly as initially feared. Of course, this doesn’t mean survivors aren’t struggling to stay alive, but there’s little evidence that the delay in reaching the Irrawaddy Delta led to large numbers of deaths or disease outbreaks. The Wall Street Journal leads its world-wide newsbox with the car bomb that exploded in a predominantly Shiite area of Baghdad and killed at least 51 people. It was the deadliest bombing in Iraq’s capital in three months. USA Todayleads with a look at how the rising Mississippi River threatens to break through levees in several towns that continue to rely on outdated flood protection. A review done by the paper found that at least 17 levees in the affected region “are too low to hold off a 100-year flood.”
The Washington Postleads with the latest back-and-forth between Sens. Barack Obama and John McCain, which yesterday focused on terrorism and who would do a better job at keeping Americans safe. It all began when McCain’s camp said Obama has an “extremely naive approach to terrorism” and accused the presumptive Democratic nominee of wanting to treat terrorists like ordinary criminals. Obama fought back and said those who are criticizing him are the same people who let Osama Bin Laden get away and “helped to engineer the distraction of the war in Iraq.” The Los Angeles Timesleads with the first full day of legalized same-sex marriages in California. Hundreds of couples, including Star Trek actor George Takei and his partner, Brad Altman, descended on courthouses and city halls across the state to get married. By the end of the day, more than 2,300 marriage licenses had been issued, and the ceremonies largely went off without a hitch as opponents of same-sex marriage remained mostly silent as they continued planning their campaign to overturn last month’s state Supreme Court decision that allowed the unions. “We are silent today, but we’re just biding our time,” one activist said.
Relief workers in Burma say that the main reason why the predictions of massive amounts of deaths among survivors of Cyclone Nargis never materialized has to do with the nature of the disaster. Most who died in the cyclone drowned, and those who survived were unlikely to need urgent medical assistance. The Burmese are used to being ignored by their government, so villagers took matters into their own hands and managed to survive by relying on food that was immediately available. And while the international world was focused on the military junta’s reluctance to allow foreign aid, Burmese citizens and monks were busy carrying out large relief efforts that many now credit with preventing mass starvation. Still, the good news is all relative, and relief workers emphasize that they continue to face obstacles from the government to carry out their work as thousands of survivors still don’t have enough food or adequate shelter and remain vulnerable to disease.
Angry Shiites called for revenge after yesterday’s devastating car bomb ripped through a crowded marketplace in the Huriya district of Baghdad. Although residents were quick to blame Sunni extremists, the NYT, which is alone in fronting the news,talked to an American military spokesman who said “a special group extremist,” meaning Shiite militants, claimed responsibility for the attack that was supposedly aimed at killing coalition forces. But the spokesman was careful to emphasize that since no coalition forces were injured, the U.S. military is questioning “the validity of the claim” of responsibility.
Yesterday’s heated exchanges between the campaigns of Obama and McCain marked the first time that the two presumptive nominees have engaged on the issue of terrorism. The Post says the intensity of the back-and-forth “demonstrated that both sides are confident that they have a winning message on the issue.” In 2004, many think President Bush managed to sway undecided voters by pushing the idea that Sen. John Kerry had a pre-Sept. 11 mindset when it came to dealing with terrorism. The way Obama quickly fought back against that assertion shows he’s willing to engage in the debate and take it a step further by arguing that the way this administration has dealt with terrorism has been nothing short of a failure.
The WP is alone in fronting new documents released by congressional investigators yesterday that suggest the CIA played a larger role in advising Pentagon officials on tough interrogation techniques than was previously known. The top lawyer at the CIA’s Counterterrorism Center defended the harsh techniques and explained that the definition of what constitutes torture “is basically subject to perception.” He helpfully added: “If the detainee dies, you’re doing it wrong.” The documents illustrate how military officials were confused about what was allowed and gathered opinions from other government agencies before implementing the techniques despite objections from lawyers and others in the military who said they were probably illegal.
In another explosive revelation that doesn’t get much play in the papers, the documents show that lawyers openly discussed cutting down on the harsher techniques when observers from the Red Cross were present. McClatchy does emphasize this bit of news and notes that a senior CIA lawyer said during a 2002 meeting that it was common practice to move detainees in order to avoid the prying eyes of Red Cross officials. But McClatchy also points out that the documents don’t specify whether U.S. officials “moved the detainees from one place to another or merely told the ICRC they were no longer present at a facility.”
The WSJ and NYT front news that Bush will call on Congress today to repeal the federal ban on offshore oil drilling. The announcement came hours after McCain said he wants the ban lifted so states can decide whether drilling should be allowed off their coastlines. Florida’s Republican governor, Charlie Crist, followed McCain’s lead and reversed his long-standing opposition to offshore drilling. The WSJ points out that Crist is widely considered to be on the shortlist of possible vice-presidential candidates. The NYT says Bush is currently considering whether to repeal an executive order signed by his father in 1990 that banned offshore drilling, but the White House emphasized the president wants Congress to act first.
The NYT’s David Leonhardt points out that “there are some big unanswered questions about Mr. McCain’s economic plans. And we in the media have largely overlooked those questions so far.” Simply put, what McCain says on the campaign trail simply doesn’t match what he tells “budget wonks” who look at the details of each candidate’s proposals to see what effect they’d have on the deficit. Although neither Obama nor McCain seems terribly serious about getting rid of the budget deficit, “the unknowns about the McCain agenda are simply on a different scale.”
The LAT catches up with the infamous Iraqi informant known as Curveball, who gave Western intelligence officials information about supposed weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, and finds that he still insists he was telling the truth. Rafid Ahmed Alwan wasn’t eager to speak to reporters, but “in a series of sometimes reluctant interviews,” he said he’s being blamed for the mistakes of others. Germany’s intelligence agency believed much of what he told them soon after he began seeking political asylum, but if government officials had bothered to do a little digging, they would have found that Alwan was famous for being a dishonest man. He constantly lied and “was not embarrassed when caught in a lie,” a former supervisor said. The trend seems to continue. “Everything I said was true,” Alwan said. “For what I’ve done, I should be treated like a king.” | <urn:uuid:5f21c135-69bf-4531-855d-2e93a4523620> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2008/06/cyclone-survivors-manage-to-stay-alive-same-sex-couples-get-married-in-california.html | 2019-02-22T23:26:45Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249406966.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222220601-20190223002601-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.975223 | 1,635 |
Sapp is a new-to-market craft water product that needed to make a splash in order to get any attention in this oversaturated beverage market. (Ten points for spotting the two ‘water’ jokes in that first sentence.) Since most people have not heard of birch water, our job in this project was to educate while also being entertaining. We needed to create the right Humor Identity that would speak to their earthy, savvy, health-conscious audience and the right Creative Direction that would tap into their deeper beliefs, hopes, and wishes so that they would connect with this brand enough to want to try it out.
In terms of Creative Direction, we focused on a core position of “Branch out.” Aside from tasting great and having ingredient integrity, we knew it would be critical to speak to how this beverage empowers and emboldens the user to branch out...in their health and their world. Designed to be viscerally memorable and stand out from that overwhelming lineup of ‘health’ beverages, this project featured hilarious collateral full of tree jokes, a birch slap or two, and a newly-established authority via confident playfulness. | <urn:uuid:69f89bb2-f77e-48a5-b4ab-9657326da074> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.obedientagency.com/sapp | 2019-09-20T05:21:57Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573832.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920050858-20190920072858-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.974017 | 240 |
The James B. Hunter Award goes to individuals, community groups, non-profit organizations and business establishments that promote cultural diversity and equal rights for all residents.
The award is named for former Arlington County Board member James B. Hunter, who dedicated many years to helping underserved groups access government services designed to protect their rights.
1. Individual Achievement Award
To be presented to an individual who has:
- demonstrated dedication and commitment to promoting civil and advocating and protecting civil and human rights;
- led the development of contemporary measures to fight discrimination and prejudice and the effects of past discrimination; and/or
- fostered positive intergroup relations among persons of different races, ages, ethnic origin, gender, religious backgrounds, or physical and mental abilities.
2. Business and Industry Awards
To be presented to a business or industry that has:
- developed and implemented an effective equal opportunity/ affirmative action program as demonstrated by a diversified workforce in which all persons are afforded opportunities for employment and upward mobility, regardless of race, ethnic origin, gender, religion, color, age, sexual orientation, disability, or any other prohibited basis of discrimination; and
- demonstrated their corporate responsibility by devoting resources for the improvement of the community at large.
3. Community Groups UPS and Non-Profit Organizations
To be presented to a community group or non-profit organization that has:
- demonstrated sustained commitment to the raising of the level of awareness and concern for violation of human rights;
- advocating the development and improvement of legal mechanisms to protect basic civil and human rights;
- educated and informed persons of their civil and human rights; and/or
- led affirmative action efforts to bring full equality of opportunity.
4. Educational Organizations
To be presented to educational organizations that promote civil and human rights, including:
- School groups and other educational organizations | <urn:uuid:27c351ad-102b-43c3-bedd-c6f77bb23ddb> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://commissions.arlingtonva.us/human-rights-commission-hrc/james-b-hunter-award/ | 2020-06-04T12:14:50Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347439928.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604094848-20200604124848-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.93921 | 377 |
The contents of this document are copyright 1976, Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust, Pondicherry, India. You may make a digital copy or printout of this text for your personal, non-commercial use under the condition that you copy this document without modifications and in its entirety, including this copyright notice.
November 28, 1912
THE outer life, the activity of each day and each instant, is it not the indispensable complement of our hours of meditation and contemplation? And is not the proportion of time given to each the exact image of the proportion which exists between the amount of effort to be made for the preparation and realisation? For meditation, contemplation, Union is the result obtained --the flower that blooms; the daily activity is the anvil on which all the elements must pass and repass in order to be purified, refined, made supple and ripe for the illumination which contemplation gives to them. All these elements must be passed one after the other through the crucible before outer activity becomes needless for integral development. Then is this activity turned into the means to manifest Thee so as to awaken the other centres of consciousness to the same dual work of the forge and the illumination. Therefore are pride and satisfaction with oneself the worst of all obstacles. Very modestly we must take advantage of all the minute opportunities offered to knead and purify some of innumerable elements, to make them supple, to make them impersonal, to teach them forgetfulness of self and abnegation and devotion and kindness and gentleness; and when all these modes of being have become habitual to them, then they are ready to participate in the Contemplation, and to identify themselves with Thee in the supreme Concentration. That is why it seems to me that the work must be long and slow even for the best and that striking conversions cannot be integral. They change the orientation of the being, they put it definitely on the straight path; but truly to attain the goal none can escape the need of innumerable experiences of every kind and every instant.
...O Supreme Master who shinest in my being and each thing, let Thy Light be manifest and the reign of Thy Peace come for all.
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Last modified on Nov. 05, 1996 | <urn:uuid:f321c837-9e70-4a8c-bf7b-47edca97b1aa> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.miraura.org/lit/ma/pm/12-11-28.html | 2014-12-20T00:49:57Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769305.158/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00171-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92786 | 486 |
ProRad OE Replacement Radiator (New)
ProRad specializes in manufacturing engine and engine components for all makes and models since 2008. Whenever it's time to restore your engine cooling system, ProRad Radiators are perfect replacement. These are engineered to meet or even exceed OE part specifications that ensure precise fit and function. These Radiators are constructed from premium materials with improved durability and dependability. | <urn:uuid:472b12d2-ddd5-4988-b0f0-6b07a3fedec0> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.carparts.com/details/ProRad/Radiator/APDI8011623.html | 2015-03-01T19:34:51Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00265-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928614 | 83 |
A slowdown in new dwelling construction and record levels of overseas migration have induced a massive housing shortage across the country that is expected to prevail for at least the next four years.
Lucky country lacking housing
BIS Shrapnel’s Outlook for the Australian Residential Housing Market report indicated that there was a shortfall of around 100,000 dwellings in June. The report anticipated this to double by 2016 on the back of unprecedented population increases brought about by overseas migration.
According to the report, net overseas migration between 2006 and 2012 was double that of figures for the preceding 10 years. In contrast, new dwelling completions fell over 2011, indicating that the population is increasingly squeezing into the existing dwelling stock.
As evidence of this, the report cited the low level of rental vacancy rates in a number of capital cities and regional areas, which has underpinned solid growth in rents in recent years.
As skill shortages in a number of industries become more acute, BIS Shrapnel forecasted overseas migration to increase and remain high, averaging at 1.7% annually until 2016.
At this rate of population growth, the report said that around 182,000 new dwellings will be required to be built each year. However, with new dwelling completions lagging the underlying demand, the national dwelling shortfall will almost double to around 200,000 dwellings in 2016.
Despite differences in the size of this undersupply across states, the report added that the rising shortage could result in rental pressure being maintained through much of the next five years. This would push more tenants and investors into the property market as the former sought refuge from rising rents and the latter sought to profit from higher yields. This, in turn, would fuel prices growth.
The tight rental market would have the additional effect of barring disposed home owners of an easy return to the rental market. “Pressures on the rental market will put a floor under rents, and consequently, house prices,” it said, adding that such an outcome would be unlikely given that the undersupply in dwellings would support moderate house price growth in the medium term.
Source: Your Investment Property
Current as at 6th March 2012 | <urn:uuid:e0e864b3-4a99-40b3-a7ef-29a5511e15ad> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://www.assuredhomeloans.com.au/australia-housing-shortage/ | 2019-08-18T14:11:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313889.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818124516-20190818150516-00144.warc.gz | en | 0.963183 | 437 |
Leah LOVES Beyonce,………….and this is a little taste of just how much she loves “B”
Leah LOVES Beyonce,………….and this is a little taste of just how much she loves “B”
We went through all our unmarked disks and came across this video, I posted it on YouTube about 6 months after Leah’s birth, after that I started the blog, I was so emotional while watching it the tears just flowed …. I felt so silly because I realized that my little sunshine was not so little anymore…. guess its true what they say time waits for no man.
In the sprit of Dwarfism Awareness I though I would introduce you to some special little friends living in South Africa
My name is Pamela, I got married to Mick when I was 24 and two years later I feel pregnant with twin girls. It was quite a challenge, but we managed. When my daughters where 5 years old, Mick and I decided to try for another baby – I really wanted to have one baby that I could enjoy. We tried for quite long, and I didn’t want to go on any medication, because I was really worried about having another set of twins.
Three years later we got it right and I was really over the moon with joy. The doctor confirmed that I was pregnant and it was just one baby, so now it was a race to find a name that all four of us loved. At about 3 months we went on holiday, and I remember seeing at least 5 special needs children with their families on holiday, I told Mick how I thought this was a sign that something is not right with our baby – he told me it is just normal for me to worry about the baby. But still I had this feeling that all was not well. At 27 weeks, the doctor saw problems – and told me that the baby’s arms and legs had stopped growing – ‘what does that mean???’ I had never heard of such a thing, that is just ridiculous!!! I wasn’t worried about Down syndrome, because I had had all the tests and all were fine. Then the word ‘Dwarf’ came up, and I was sent to a specialist that confirmed my baby was going to be a dwarf with a condition called Achondroplasia. I really can’t explain the shock I was in, we knew nothing about this condition and I think I had seen maybe 1 or 2 dwarfs in my entire life. Naturally we started gathering information from the internet, and then realized it was not such a terrible disability.
The last few months of my pregnancy were really bad, I was so worried that my other daughter’s were not going to accept her, I was worried about was she was going to look like. I was worried about her mentally, and with all the hormones raging – I cried for three months straight. My husband didn’t know what to do with me. Then the day finally arrived and the moment she was born the room, which was full with nurses and doctors, went completely silent… I could only hear my voice asking ‘Is she alright?’ No one would answer me. Then I looked at her and she looked completely normal, I think everyone was shocked that she looked like any other new born baby. The only thing we notice was her tiny little hands, her little fingers and palms where short and fat, non-the-less, they were the most gorgeous hands I had ever seen. We all fell in love with her immediately, she was just as gorgeous and my other two darlings.
Other than Valentina having yellow jaundice, everything was pretty normal in the beginning. At 6 weeks we went to the Geneticist, Mick and I didn’t want to do the blood tests on her – thinking what ever she will be, she will be. The diagnosis was either a severe case of hypocondroplasia or a mild case of achondroplasia. We were really happy with this, and were given a list of symptoms. I battled to find growth charts and milestone charts, but realized early on that her muscle tone was not great, so we started with physio and a lot of other activities for her. Her first operation was of grommets and removing her adenoids at 8 months, which went really well and made a huge difference. A big concern was her spine, initially it was confirmed that she had scoliosis and kyphosis, but both were not very bad, and were just to be monitored. At about 12 months the kyphosis started looking really bad, and I struggled to get a straight answer from all the doctors I had seen. After months of searching for a doctor that knew something, I found a professor that specialized in congenital spinal conditions. He assured us all was fine and it was just her bones growing at a different rate. I was overjoyed.
It has been a really long road and a lot of doctor’s visits, Geneticist visits, lots of x-rays and one operation so far, but what has touched me the most has been the overwhelming support I have received from my family and friends. Don’t get me wrong, there have been many hurtful comments and remarks, but mostly it has been really good. People are far more willing to except differences than I thought. I really try to be open and upfront with Valentina’s bone condition, but sometimes you really don’t feel like opening up and discussing it all the time. I am lucky to have a handful of people that I can turn to if I have had a bad day, mostly my sister which has been a wonderful pillar of support. It is also sometimes really hard to see children of her age and younger doing what they do, and seeing how far behind she is, but it is something I have to get used to. I often find myself looking at other babies and admiring their long arms, long legs and beautifully straight spines and think I never noticed that before Valentina was born. I know she will be able to do what ever it is that she wants to, but as a mother – knowing her battles ahead just to do day to day things is really heart breaking.
As Valentina grew, we notice that she is really a shining light – everyone that meets her falls in love with her instantly. Her blue eyes and gorgeous smile captivates everyone’s heart. Now that she is 15 months old and I look back on the past two years, I have grown as a human being because of her. There has been such hard times, and a lot of soul searching – many tears and questions. But I think our family has become a lot stronger and a lot closer because of our experience. At the moment I am just trying to enjoy my three girls, and I know there will still be hard time in the future, but I will worry about them as they arise. Over all I am looking forward to our future
Its been a hectic past few weeks at home, work seems to be busy and I like that because the days seems to fly past, nothing worse than a dragging work day. The other thing I have realized is that we are way past the half mark of the year!!!! Wow pretty soon it will be time to dust off the old Christmas trimmings!!!
Leah has been doing really well over the past few weeks its been a good winter with not much colds to deal with and her physical development is just phenomenal. She has become our little miss chatterbox, with some new personality traits. I have noticed that she loves being the center of attention!!!!! And she love to socialize with the older age group, now when I say older Im not talking 4 or 5 lets jump ahead to 17-21. How all of this came about is quite funny, usually Leah goes into quiet mode when we are not around familiar faces, but recently she just came out of her shell and is now the party queen.
Recently my niece Cleo celebrated her17th birthday and besides having all the family over to celebrate… it was all the young friends who joined in the celebration well. We had four age groups dominating the get-together, we had the adults , teenagers, 6 –13 years and our little toddlers which would be Leah’s category. She however decided other wise and joined the teenagers who welcomed her with open arms. She chatted, sang Beyonce’ songs… (Leah loves Beyonce) danced and shook her little behind, posed for pictures like a celebrity and dished out hugs to just about all the young guys, yes my little Leah worked the room, and now she is the cell phone screen saver of most of the party girls and boys because to them she is just the cutest, free spirited little girl they have ever come across… There is a twist to this whole story Leah in turn got all the sweets and cakes and soda she could possibly eat from her adoring fans this uncontrolled eating frenzy lead to her being on the best sugar trip ever!!! She has formed a new fan base of friends because they (the teenage party crew) have asked her to visit soon because they miss her so much.
Best of all, they got to learn so much about dwarfism and we made them understand that the “M” word was a NO-NO. I’m sure they took every word to heart and realized that even though she looks different she was just the same as every other little 2 year old, and as the day moved on I could see that her dwarfism didn’t really matter in the end they were just enjoying Leah.
The rest of the family just sat back and wondered were did our quiet little mouse go!!!! I guess she decided its time to break out!!! Well we just had a good laughed because she really was the light of the party and I hope that when she is older she won’t allow anything to get her down, she is such a happy child and she somehow manages to make everyone around her love her for who she is. I’m sure she is going to be the life and soul of many more parties to come.
So I leave you with Leahs new photo look…..
Death is never an easy topic to deal with and some tend to shy away from it completely. Danielle’s passing has had a profound effect on our family. I will always remember the first time we met her and her family, we were so excited and Leah had found her first little friend who lived not to far from home.
I have been doing some thinking over the past few days and I realize that sometimes we tend to take life for granted and we forget just how fragile we are. Sometimes we live our lives so energetically we often miss out on the little things because we are to busy to see those special moments, like the feel of the wind on your skin or the cute sound a baby makes when they stretch after a long nap. Sometimes we let our thoughts become consumed with all the things that go wrong in our lives, when in actual fact we should try to reflect on the good and simple things then only do you realize how luck you actually are.
The loss of a child has to be the most devastating situation a family has to deal with, how do you fill the emptiness? I don’t think you ever do, but I do believe in time it will fill with happy tears and soft smiles, because they somehow live on in our memories.
Heather (Danielle’s mom) said something to me the Sunday after Danielle passed away “How does someone you love so much get ripped out of your life so suddenly” I don’t think we will ever get the answer to that question, but I do know that in everything there is a greater plan, and even though we only got to enjoy Danielle for 1 year…. it was a perfect year that God had planned for her life. Leah has a little ritual that we have to go through every evening before she goes to bed, she will name every person she can think of and ask if they are sleeping… and when we get to Danielle she smiles and says “Danielle’s sleeping in heaven” and you know what my little tot!!! You are so right… that is where Danielle and all our other little friends who have passed on are…. safe in heaven and always in your heart.
It is with a broken heart I post of the unexpected passing of Danielle Bougard.
Heather, Danielle’s mother notified us on Friday evening. Danielle held a very special place in my heart and she was especially special to Leah.
I send out my deepest sympathy to Richard, Heather and the rest of the family and we pray that God will comfort you during this difficult time.
We love you always our precious little
Danielle Maisie Anne Bougard
12 of July 2008 – 17 July 2009
When Leah was about 5 months old, we decided to get 2 Goldfish for Nicole and Simone. I clearly remember our trip to the pet store and how the girls spent hours trying to choose 2 fish from an aquarium that must have contained hundreds of the little creatures, but eventually a decision was made and so we welcomed Goldie 1 and Goldie 2 as our new family pets. Last year while I was away in Hong Kong I returned home from my trip I found the fish tank only contained Goldie 2, I was told that Goldie 1 had mysteriously passed away, and from what we were told by Dad its was peaceful departure. We moved on …and Goldie 2 worked through the grief and after a few days had become her usual “happy fish personality” again.
This past week we noticed that Goldie 2 had started to behave strangely, she seemed less happy and excited, she would stop swimming and stare into space and I knew from those signs that it would only be a matter of time and we would have to bid farewell to our little fish friend. So I prepped the girls so that it would not be to hard to handle and they spoke to Goldie every night during her last days.
Friday morning we woke to find that Goldie had slipped away peacefully during the night… and we decided seen that we never got to say goodbye to Goldie 1 we would do the right thing and give Goldie 2 a honorary Goldfish farewell….. | <urn:uuid:73f1432c-7a6f-424f-b94e-a9668acd36f9> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://raisingleah.wordpress.com/category/friends/ | 2018-01-17T09:18:42Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886860.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117082758-20180117102758-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.989413 | 2,967 |
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I haven’t added this to my profile yet
Which song from RED do you keep playing:)xx
On Tue, Jun 4, 2013 at 11:07 AM,
I love your profile so much!
On Thu, Apr 11, 2013 at 12:26 PM,
Aww thank you! :)
On Wed, Apr 10, 2013 at 11:02 AM,
Thanks a lot ^_^
On Wed, Apr 10, 2013 at 9:55 AM,
Thanks for the friend request! :)
On Mon, Feb 11, 2013 at 5:24 PM,
I love your avatar :)
On Tue, Jan 29, 2013 at 1:29 PM,
you're welcome! :) and thanks :D
so sorry it took me so long to get back to you!
On Wed, Jan 23, 2013 at 3:00 PM,
Love your avi!
On Sun, Dec 30, 2012 at 6:26 PM,
no problem :)
On Sun, Dec 30, 2012 at 2:31 PM,
You have to check this video out!: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0Zl9hZyyCM
I guess the number 13 really is a part of Taylor's life!
On Sat, Dec 29, 2012 at 6:21 PM,
I like your dispaly picture :D
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Visit www.OnGuardOnline.gov for social networking safety tips for parents and youth. | <urn:uuid:1806da22-c99b-4851-8c24-aed0f0549dc8> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://taylorswift.com/users/vCjZ4WnO | 2016-05-06T15:02:04Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861831994.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164351-00179-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.865716 | 391 |
Careers in law continue to expand in scope and prominence. Whether you’d like to work as a private attorney, judge or prosecutor, or as legal counsel to professional athletes or a rock band, experts agree you’ll need a good, broad background in undergraduate course work. According to the American Bar Association (ABA), the best preparation for law school is a rigorous course of study under demanding professors — precisely the kind of program offered at North Central College — to demonstrate you have the academic skills and intelligence to pursue a legal education.
Program and Degree Options
North Central offers no specific pre-law track or curriculum. Instead, we agree with the ABA and former U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter who advised undergraduate students to choose majors and programs of study that interest them — whether it’s political science, music theory or education. A broad liberal arts background is best. Regardless of the path you choose, success in a legal career requires your
- ability to read carefully and argue effectively
- capacity to write, speak and listen well
- sense of justice and fairness
We recommend you seek advice from our pre-law advisors in North Central’s political science department.
You’ll have many opportunities to exercise and hone your skills for debating, speaking, writing and confronting issues of justice, freedom and equality.
Through extra-curricular involvement in organizations like Mock Trial, Model United Nations and Dispute Resolution, you can distinguish yourself by participating in competitions with students from other colleges and universities. Involvement in our College Scholars Honors Program and Annual Rall Symposium for Undergraduate Research are further opportunities for research and presentation. | <urn:uuid:2f733c70-92d0-43ed-b4d4-dc05e7013a52> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://northcentralcollege.edu/academics/dept-div-progs/pre-law/pre-law | 2014-10-20T18:59:02Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507443062.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005723-00203-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944119 | 342 |
Wynton Learson Marsalis also known by his stage name, Wynton Marsalis is a trumpeter, composer, teacher, music educator, and Artistic Director of Jazz at Lincoln Center in New York City, United States. On according to recent study upon his net wealth accumulation from his occupation, his net worth has been stated to be around $15 million dollars. Marsalis is the son of jazz musician Ellis Marsalis, Jr. (pianist), grandson of Ellis Marsalis, Sr., and brother of Branford (saxophonist), Delfeayo (trombonist), and Jason (drummer). He performed the National anthem of Super Bowl XX in 1986. At present probably he is one of the richest Jazz musicians around with such high net worth.
Wynton Marsalis was born as Wynton Learson Marsalis on October 18, 1961 in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States as the second son of Dolores and Ellis Louis Marsalis, Jr., a pianist and music professor. At age eight, Wynton performed traditional New Orleans music in the Fairview Baptist Church band led by banjoist Danny Barker, and at 14, he performed with the New Orleans Philharmonic. During high school, Marsalis performed with the New Orleans Symphony Brass Quintet, New Orleans Community Concert Band, New Orleans Youth Orchestra, New Orleans Symphony, various jazz bands and with a local funk band, the Creators.
For his education, Marsalis has graduated from Benjamin Franklin High School with a 3.98 GPA. At age 17, he was the youngest musician admitted to Tanglewood's Berkshire Music Center, where he had won the school's Harvey Shapiro Award for outstanding brass student. He moved to New York City to attend Juilliard in 1979, and picked up gigs around town. During this period, Marsalis also received a grant from the National Endowment of the Arts to spend time and study with trumpet innovator Woody Shaw, one of Marsalis' major influences at the time. In 1980, he joined the Jazz Messengers led by Art Blakey. In the years that followed, Marsalis performed with Sarah Vaughan, Dizzy Gillespie, Sweets Edison, Clark Terry, Sonny Rollins, Ron Carter, Herbie Hancock, Tony Williams and countless other jazz musicians. | <urn:uuid:8ca8f57f-e812-401e-88de-5a40f0f5cf0c> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://ecelebrityfacts.com/wynton-marsalis-net-worth | 2019-08-25T22:04:23Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330907.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825215958-20190826001958-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.964787 | 469 |
President Trump freezes funding to WHO
On Tuesday, President Trump announced that the United States would immediately halt funding to the WHO and that the U.S would begin a 60-to-90 day investigation of the organization’s response to COVID-19.
The Trump Administration and other GOP officials have been highly critical of the WHO in the wake of the coronavirus pandemic, as the WHO repeatedly peddled Chinese propaganda in the early months of the outbreak.
According to the WHO’s website, the official role of the organization during health emergencies is as follows:
- prepare for emergencies by identifying, mitigating and managing risks
- prevent emergencies and support development of tools necessary during outbreaks
- detect and respond to acute health emergencies
- support delivery of essential health services in fragile settings.
Unfortunately, the WHO did not properly identify the risks of the coronavirus, or appropriately respond to the emergency, which left governments around the world underprepared. As a result, thousands have died, and economies are on the verge of depression.
Trump has received a lot of backlash for this decision, many Democrats calling the decision “irresponsible.”
However, Trump has also received criticism for his lack of early mitigation efforts. Though he instituted a “China ban” on January 31 and began deploying testing kits in February, many say he could have done more; but, the world was receiving false information from both the Chinese government and the WHO about the true nature of the virus in January and February, barring all world leaders from acting sooner.
On January 14, the WHO tweeted that Chinese authorities had found “no clear evidence of human-to-human transmission of the novel coronavirus.”
The WHO has also neglected to restrict international travel. In a letter to the WHO’s leader, GOP House Oversight Committee members had this to say:
“Despite declaring COVID-19 a PHEIC and extensive evidence of transmission through travel, the WHO insisted other countries not restrict travel or trade to China. On January 31, 2020, President Trump came under intense criticism when he barred travel from China. A certain politician called the order “xenophobi[c].” In comparison to the WHO’s inaction, the President’s actions saved lives. Between December 31 – when cases were first reported – and January 31, over 430,000 people were on direct flights from China to the U.S. The WHO has not issued updated travel restrictions since February 29 and has still not recommended restricting international travel.”
Fox News reports that total contributions from the U.S. to the WHO is $893 million, whereas China’s contributions total $86 million. Will this funding freeze hurt the WHO? Absolutely. But perhaps the WHO should have considered this when deciding not to do its job.
Updates will be reported when available. | <urn:uuid:60989fe9-2ce2-4f64-8744-f3a050185a1d> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://theusawire.com/2020/04/20011-president-trump-freezes-funding-to-who/ | 2020-10-25T05:46:10Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107887810.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025041701-20201025071701-00442.warc.gz | en | 0.972481 | 594 |
Going out with friends is not just a stress buster but also a luxury. And grateful for this luxury, I with four of my friends visited Woodside in Oshiwara, Andheri West last weekend. It was a Sunday night and we were apprehensive that we might not get a table for 5 at 8pm. But to our delight we got the table right away. Luckily one got vacated just when we arrived.
The place has good ambience with walls covered with the framed black and white artsy pictures. Certain pictures with quotes also lined the wall. The black board announcing the specials for the day in the mix of colourful chalks is sure to grab your attention. There is also a peculiar picture on a wall of framed pictures on a wall! They play a good selection of music but it’s not loud to be a nuisance while talking. Major points for that. The Sunday night crowd was much more polished and the entire place had a sophisticated look about it.
The drink menu is extensive and we were happy with the plethora of choices it offered us. We ordered the different variety of Sangria – Rossa Sangria (Red wine) and Melon Sangria (white wine). On the recommendation of our server, we ordered a beer called Viru, imported from Peru. The Sangria was good and the beer of premium quality. Out of the specials of the day we ordered Raw mango mojito which was the only disappointment. The mojito had lots of mint flavour to it but no essence of raw mangoes. But the server and staff was quick to address our disappointment and added raw mango flavour to the drink. The result turned out to be OK. We decided to avoid the specials completely post this.
In starters, we ordered Smoked prawns & calamari ajillo with salsa tapenade, Baked chicken wings glazed in Jim Beam barbeque sauce, baked goat cheese bruschetta with tomato basil confit. I don’t think any dinner/ meal could be completed without French fries! So we ordered French fries with wasabi mayo and peanut butter. Smoked prawns was a tasty affair but there was less of prawns and more of squids, which I mostly left untouched. Baked chicken wings had sweet undertone due to the Jim Bean BBQ sauce but nevertheless it was tasty and was rather good in quantity. Bruschetta was good, but being a pure non vegetarian I just had a bite of that. French fries as usual was the best. Though I stirred clear of the wasabi mayo as it tasted a bit off and minty. Nevertheless, we ended up ordering for more fries and the next variety was Cajun spiced potato fries with roasted garlic, wasabi mayo & paprika aioli, it was a lil spicy but definitely tasted better.
By the time we moved to the main course our appetite had almost been sated. We ended up ordering BBQ chicken burger with English cheddar. It was a huge burger with the side of fries and coleslaw. Didn’t manage to finish it between the 3 of us! The two vegetarians had called for thin crust pizza with toppings of Artichokes, oven dried tomatoes & roquet with Pndicherry gruyere. My friends really liked it I never gotten around to taste it. The Arrabiata Penne Chicken pasta with spicy ripe tomato, fresh basil and olives was a good choice and we finished all of it. It was cooked perfectly and you could taste the different flavours in it.
Post dinner we called in our friends’ birthday, cut the cake, and had the lovely chocolate cake as dessert. The staff was cordial and attentive. Overall we liked the place and intend to visit again.
Food: 3.5/5 | Ambience: 4/5 | Service: 3.5/5 | Drinks: 4/5 |
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Always up to date. Here you can find all press releases of Automechanika.
Press releases: Automechanika Global Show all
Messe Frankfurt launches seven brand events in Central Asia
Messe Frankfurt will extend its footprint in the Central Asian market by establishing seven brand events in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. The country’s strategic location as a crossroads of Europe and Asia positions it as a promising trade gateway and transportation hub, facilitating the economic development of neighbouring countries and access to the wider region. The company’s stronger presence in the market will promote business opportunities and foster the sustainable development of pillar industries, including cosmetics, textiles and apparel sourcing, automotive, logistics and transportation.
How does Automechanika Ho Chi Minh City serve as a two-way gateway connecting the Vietnamese auto market to the world?
With its rapid economic growth and strategic reinforcement of its automotive supporting industries, Vietnam is becoming an increasingly compelling destination among firms eyeing international expansion. Automechanika Ho Chi Minh City sheds light on this transformation, highlighting the country’s potential as both an enticing market and a production hub. The show will return to the Saigon Exhibition and Convention Center (SECC) from 20 to 22 June 2024. It stands as both the ideal gateway into the country as well as relevant international markets, with specialised zones and a varied event programme that provide first-hand insights into the country’s growing automotive industry.
High demand: Automechanika Frankfurt opens additional halls and receives positive feedback on focus topics transformation and sustainability
Due to the great demand, the organisers are opening up additional halls to give all interested companies the opportunity to present themselves at the leading international trade fair. The focus topics of transformation and sustainability have also been very well received by the industry: Leading players have already announced that they will be presenting corresponding products and solutions for the aftermarket and original equipment from 10 to 14 September 2024. New event formats will foster discussions and networking on important topics such as circular economy, electromobility, alternative fuels, sustainability, connectivity, AI in cars and for service.
The 5th edition of ACMA Automechanika New Delhi gets even bigger and better
Bringing together 500+ exhibitors from 12 countries, the 5th edition of ACMA Automechanika New Delhi is geared up once again to bring the complete value chain of the automotive aftermarket and components market to the 25,000 sqm show floor. With renewed enthusiasm from the exhibitors and the stakeholders, the three-day expo is scheduled to hit the ground from 1 - 3 February 2024 at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi with a robust display of the latest innovations. This will be the first physical edition of the event post-COVID-19.
Automechanika Shanghai 2023 hailed as a resounding success with a 16 percent increase in visitor numbers breaking all-time record
The 18th edition of Automechanika Shanghai, which took place from 29 November to 2 December 2023, recorded an overwhelming surge of participation in its return to the host city. Attendees praised the show’s emphasis on innovation, not just in terms of breakthrough developments, but also upgrades to traditional solutions, which have an ongoing foothold in the market. | <urn:uuid:61dfebd4-c1d8-449d-9fe7-c0edce11b5e4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://automechanika.messefrankfurt.com/global/en/press.html | 2024-02-21T07:56:07Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473401.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221070402-20240221100402-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.936418 | 668 |
Sunday January 20, 2019
Jun-29-2013 16:19TweetFollow @OregonNews
'Questions About Politics' - First Episode in New Radio Program on BangladeshSalem-News.com
Salem-News.com believes this recently launched Internet radio program will see a high degree of success in regard to Human Rights education in Bangladesh.
(YORK, UK) - Our Human Rights Ambassador, William Nicholas Gomes, always adept in finding new ways to reach and assist people who are suffering, cut off, and disenfranchised, will host a new Bengali language radio program titled "Counter Punch".
State terrorism is taking place throughout the world in varying degrees, in places like Bangladesh, Burma, Sri Lanka, Palestine, Syria, Iraq, and a whole list of countries including yours and mine.
Salem-News.com is happy to announce this new Bengali language radio program with Mr. Gomes, "Counter Punch" - and through it we are already reaching a large number of Bengali speaking people, particularly in Bangladesh. They are badly in need of information from a western country such as the United States or Great Britain, the information is not something censors in that Asian country can easily block, as they can with local media channels.
It is incumbent upon those who work in human rights to find new ways to reach people and also to account for their linguistic limitations. We insist that international laws, designed to protect all human beings rather than a select few, are the most important laws in existence, specifically the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This set of laws does not cater to particular religions or governments, it applies to all countries.
Salem-News.com believes this recently launched Internet radio program will see a high degree of success in regard to Human Rights education. Our human rights ambassador discusses the issues related to democracy, rule of law and contemporary politics of Bangladesh. The program is broadcast in Bengali.
In this program, Human Rights Ambassador William Gomes asks the leaders of Jamaat e islami several important question about their political stands. This is the political party that has been targeted by the so-called Shahbag Movement.
Mr. Gomes also discusses how Jamaat has been used by BAL (Bangladesh Awami League) and BNP (Bangladesh Nationalist Party) for long time.
Articles for June 28, 2013 | Articles for June 29, 2013 | Articles for June 30, 2013 | <urn:uuid:6088b68f-5fb9-40b9-95b3-c9b67218ef50> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://salem-news.com/articles/june292013/gomes-radio-show.php | 2019-01-20T10:42:00Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583705737.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120102853-20190120124853-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.934594 | 500 |
Today marks the start of Tornado Week 2013 at The Weather Channel. I have been a weather geek since I was a little girl, and I’ve passed this love on to my children. (A few years ago, my son requested a tornado chase for his 16th birthday.) In honor of this week dedicated to the swirling super storms that inspire both awe and fear, I decided to take a look at the business of storm chasing.
Storm chasing for science
In my opinion, the most important aspect of the entire storm-chasing scene is for the scientific data gathered each year. The more that meteorologists know about tornados, the better. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the “current average lead-time for tornado warnings is 13 minutes.” Unfortunately, NOAA researchers feel that this lead-time has reached a plateau and new technological advancements are needed to improve forecasting.
Forecasting is just one of several tornado research areas that NOAA’s National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) is focusing on. The primary purpose of the Warn-on-Forecast research program is to “increase tornado, severe thunderstorm, and flash flood warning lead times. Increasing the lead time and accuracy for hazardous weather and water warnings and forecasts, in order to reduce loss of life, injury, and damage to the economy is one of the strategic goals of NOAA.”
Storm chasers can turn their hobby into a bit of a money-making venture when they sell their video footage or still photographs of a tornado or other severe storm event. One of the most well-known companies is Reed Timmer’s TornadoVideos.Net.
Timmer, a meteorologist, is featured on the popular Discovery Channel series "Storm Chasers." With cameras rolling, Timmer and his team drove a beefed-up SUV, nicknamed The Dominator, into a tornado. The video footage they shot was amazing, and since The Dominator is also equipped with a bevy of scientific equipment, they also gathered a good deal of data.
Storm chasing tours
Spending a week in a van traversing the Plains searching for a proverbial needle in the haystack isn’t the ideal vacation for everyone. It takes a very special kind of geek to be comfortable putting his life into someone else’s hands in the hopes of seeing a tornado, but that is exactly what happens every spring and summer.
There are dozens of storm chasing companies that want to help you (and I!) see and film a tornado. I’ve seen rotating wall clouds, but I’ve never seen an actual funnel on the ground. Seeing a tornado is on my bucket list, but I need to save up my pennies before I go.
These trips aren’t cheap – a storm chasing vacation can easily top $2,500 for five days and that only covers lodging and ground transportation. By the time you add in airfare and meals, you’re looking at $3,500 for one person. Good thing I have a few years before my son turns 16!
Related on MNN: | <urn:uuid:207982b3-3058-417e-954d-c6cc12cb9ea0> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.mnn.com/money/sustainable-business-practices/blogs/the-business-of-storm-chasing | 2018-01-18T20:26:51Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887600.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118190921-20180118210921-00437.warc.gz | en | 0.940228 | 644 |
Stroke recovery, stroke rehabilitation and stroke treatment at home.
Stroke recovery, stroke rehabilitation and stroke treatment for muscle paralysis following a stroke is now possible with the advanced Biomove device. There are two different systems, both developed for home therapy as well as clinical therapy.
After a stroke, control signals from the brain often cannot reach some muscles, typically in the hand or foot. Without these signals, the level of electrical activity in these muscles is too low for them to contract adequately on their own, causing them to become increasingly weaker.
The Biomove systems are state-of-the art and very easy-to-use devices for rehabilitation of paralyzed arm or leg muscles after Stroke, Spinal Cord Injury or Cerebral Palsy.
The technology has undergone many scientic clinical trials worldwide. Thousands of stroke survivors have been treated successfully. Of the treated stroke survivors, a very high success rate is reported, resulting in a dramatic improvement in their quality of lives.
The Biomove system, via three electrode patches placed on the arm or leg, detects and amplifies even the slightest electrical muscle activity (EMG) signals still being generated in the arm and leg muscles. Then, using a very advanced form of biofeedback combined with electrical muscle stimulation, the Biomove re-teaches muscles to contract on their own. The more often muscles contract, the stronger they get.
This form of stroke recovery and stroke rehabilitation treatment is used to re-learn which part of the brain to activate; thus to re-develop spontaneous and voluntary muscle control.
Sitting or reclining in a relaxed comfortable position, apply the Biomove electrode patches to your arm or leg. Now try to lift your hand or raise your foot. The Biomove system will detect even the slightest movement and send additional stimulation to increase this movement. By repeating this exercise as many times as possible, you can regain more and more control of your muscles.
While you may start training with the Biomove system at any point during your stroke rehabilitation, the earlier you begin, the more effectively your muscle activity will be restored.
The Biomove stroke rehabilitation devices are:
Disclaimer: The information provided on this website is not medical
advice. The products marketed on this website are not intended to
diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Readers are encouraged to
obtain the help, services and recommendations of doctors and other
licensed medical practitioners.
Congratulations. I have been working with EMG and electro-stimulation devices for well over 20 years now. This is the first integrated EMG-ES device I have ever used that actually works as easily as promised!
Florida International University | <urn:uuid:ff5a3910-6c9d-429b-aded-7475a4d9a1a8> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://biomove.com/ | 2016-10-25T15:26:28Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720154.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00245-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943381 | 554 |
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Brushed in a high-sheen finish, shiny
filigree bursts into an airy blossom for a seasonal look. Earring attaches to a standard fishhook fitting. Sold as one pair of earrings.
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press the space key then arrow keys to make a selection | <urn:uuid:037d8151-104f-44e2-8e07-b45a02f8f1ec> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://jewelsforjewels.shop/products/darling-dahlia | 2022-11-26T10:49:28Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446706285.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20221126080725-20221126110725-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.801071 | 213 |
On Tuesday, March 8, Greg La Follette will present several of his wines elegantly paired with appetizers and four courses from Chef Kevin Cuddihee of TWO Restaurant and Bar. The evening begins with a meet and greet at 6:30 p.m. and dinner follows at 7:30 p.m.
Seating is limited to 30 guests and reservations are required. The cost is $95 per person and includes wine and food. TWO Restaurant and Bar is located at 1132 W. Grand Avenue. | <urn:uuid:a84c67c1-4194-4c41-a554-1c5924ce2e91> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://thirdcoastreview.com/2016/02/19/spring-tasting-from-two-and-la-follette-wines/ | 2019-04-21T14:07:37Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578531984.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421140100-20190421162100-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.984082 | 105 |
We had a brief snow squall over the weekend, and frigid temperatures yesterday and today. Great light, though. Really great light!
I am beginning to collect some urban textures for a next project.
Also, I am really looking at roof lines, because as I continue with house quilts, I want to vary the simple triangle roof I have been making for way too long.
It felt good to step out of the very, very crowded orthodontist’s office (door to the far left in drawing above) and pull out some packing paper I had garbage-picked a few weeks back and DRAW. Which means to LOOK, and SEE. Shadows, lines, the cold, cold wind — so much better than flipping through an old Redbook (they don’t even get PEOPLE at this orthodontist) in a stuffy room full of other annoyed people.
Tomorrow — the Small Town quilt update…
Tell me about it. We’re getting some real cold here. When will it end!
Hi Chris, it’s supposed to be in the high 40’s today — so perhaps this afternoon will feel more like spring!
I just took a first gander through your site — I will be checking back to look at your impressive catalog of pictures… I posted a bunch of comments there and probably should have posted this there, too, but do you have a favorite camera? A favorite film?
I love these photos — but most of all I love the packing paper drawing. It makes me want to get away from some of my internal/exploratory/abstract journal entries and to get out there, roam around, and SEE.
Thank you turningturning… it has been a good day precisely because I once again allowed myself to get out there, roam around, and SEE. Shooting pix in Brookline this morning was COLD, but the ancient beeches that I love there did not disappoint and I found an unbelievably beautiful turkey feather, which somehow, gives me hope. | <urn:uuid:ad350587-242f-4876-8a9b-3f7d57746e5c> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://deemallon.com/2009/03/25/spring-in-new-england/?amp | 2023-06-03T08:47:46Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649177.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603064842-20230603094842-00115.warc.gz | en | 0.956375 | 423 |
Yet again Xiaomi has shaken the Android market with its budget-oriented flagship smartphone Pocophone F1. Everyone in the town is talking about this smartphone because of its attractive value and high performance. With just one phone Xiaomi has almost killed its competitors at least for now in the sub ₹30k range.
The device is already available in many countries including India with an attractive price starting at ₹20,999. While everyone is talking about Pocophone F1, Xiaomi is already working on their next project which is Pocophone F2. The project is not going to be easy as the company has to deliver more new powerful specs at a very cheap price.
Xiaomi’s main target is to compete with OnePlus. To compete with OnePlus 6 they launched Poco F1 and now OnePlus will refresh their lineup with 6T by the end of the year. So to stay in the business Xiaomi will also have to refresh the lineup.
Pocophone F2 Specifications
Rumors have already started to come on this smartphone. While Poco F1 is using Snapdragon 845 chipset the next version Poco F2 may come with Snapdragon 855 SoC. If Xiaomi is thinking to cut the cost in this matter then they may go for Snapdragon 850. While Snapdragon 850 is not a huge improvement from the 845 SoC as benchmark results show only a 7.3% increase in performance. Also, Qualcomm said that the SD 850 SoCs will be optimized for PCs.
Pocophone F2 may come with a smaller notch on the top if they drop the idea of iPhone-like FaceID. They may also implement OPPO Find X style mechanism for the front cameras and sensors which is expected to come on Mi Max 3 Pro. But it is quite possible that this mechanism will be available for the premium variant only.
Pocophone F1 has an inbuilt LiquidCool Technology to cool down the device while heavy gaming. In the next version we hope Xiaomi will implement an even better cooling technology like Samsung Galaxy Note9.
POCO F1’s base variant is aggressively priced. By the time Poco F2 launches there will be new smartphones in that price segment. So there’s a big chance that we may see even better pricing for the base variants. While the premium variants will compete with the OnePlus flagships.
The camera of POCO F1 is very good compared to its price range. But there’s always a room to improve camera performance. So we hope the cameras in Pocophone F2 will be far better than now. Xiaomi is doing a very good job with AI specially in cameras. Their edge detection technology is very good so we hope the portrait mode performance will be much better in 2019.
In POCO F2 we may see a slight improvement in battery life. The battery is expected to be upgraded from 4000mAh to 4300mAh in POCO F2. The software will also be optimized. With the help of AI, the overall performance can be improved.
As of now, we don’t have any specific details of specifications on Pocophone F2. But we will update all the details as we get any new information.
Pocophone F2 Pricing
Pocophone F2 is expected to be priced somewhere between $320 to $399 for the base variants. While the premium variants with more RAM and storage will be priced at $420 or more. | <urn:uuid:dd5b1e47-2490-4af8-9af5-a338a3de50ac> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.rayarena.com/xiaomi-pocophone-f2-specifications-release-date-and-price.html | 2019-04-26T15:39:46Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578841544.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426153423-20190426175423-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.941043 | 705 |
1 # Advent of Code Challenges
3 Each day is tagged with a git tag.
5 Compile the code with `cc main.c` and run with `./a.out`.
7 Some days may have multiple challenges, the first would be in `main1.c`, the
8 second in `main2.c` and so on. | <urn:uuid:93574979-744b-4191-8c7e-2ef2e154bb38> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://git.paritybit.ca/advent-of-code/file/README.md.html | 2022-09-30T09:33:35Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335448.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930082656-20220930112656-00715.warc.gz | en | 0.783704 | 89 |
Gastric Sleeve Surgery costs less at our Registered Hospital in Northern France when compared to Gastric Sleeve prices normally found at Hospitals in the UK or Ireland. Hospitals in France are operated to extremely high standards and all surgeons must be registered as Surgeons and qualified in the particular field in which they specialize.
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Gastric Sleeve Surgery France | Best price Gastric Sleeve Surgery Abroad | Cost of gastric sleeve Surgery | Gastric Bypass surgeon | <urn:uuid:08e213b1-8199-4772-9cd4-f4cef1e0405c> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://gastricbandfrance.co.uk/gastric-sleeve | 2021-12-07T02:43:23Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363332.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20211207014802-20211207044802-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.911496 | 150 |
Banks, how do they work?
June 5, 2011 9:34 PM Subscribe
When a bank decides to foreclose instead of restructuring a mortgage, is this favorable or unfavorable to its balance sheet? So that I can learn more about this side of the banking business, are there any resources that go into detail in explaining the decision-making process of banks in this situation, especially in the context of the financial crisis?
posted by blargerz to Work & Money (8 answers total) | <urn:uuid:ef0958c1-0d16-459b-8a57-6b775c8f7c01> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://ask.metafilter.com/187639/Banks-how-do-they-work | 2014-07-25T10:24:30Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997894151.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025814-00201-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920996 | 101 |
As you look around Ingleside Plantation Nurseries the cherry trees are blooming. A gorgeous contrast of pink and white are seen as you drive around. Since we are seeing such beauty we thought about the National Cherry Blossom Festival in Washington, DC. Please take a moment and read about the "Stand with Japan Walk".
The National Cherry Blossom Festival begins this weekend in Washington, D.C., and organizers are asking people to participate tonight in a walk around the Tidal Basin where the cherry blossoms have been blooming since they arrived as a gift from Japan in 1912.
Thursday, March 10, 2011
Garden Centers and Landscapers in the Hampton Roads, Richmond, Metro DC, and Baltimore markets are encouraged to support a new program called "Plant More Plants", being promoted this spring by a coalition of industry organizations to promote homeowners to plant more trees, shrubs and perennials.
Plant More Plants, a personal stewardship campaign by the Chesapeake Bay Program, aims to encourage residential homeowners to take on behaviors that improve the health of the Chesapeake Bay by reducing the harmful effects of storm water runoff – the fastest growing source of pollution – from urban and suburban land. Homeowners in the Hampton Roads and Richmond areas of Virginia, Washington D.C. metropolitan area and Baltimore are encouraged to adopt conservation gardening and lawn care practices that ultimately mitigate harmful pollutants and improve the health of the Chesapeake Bay.
The message to homeowners is simple and encourages a behavior they are already predisposed to do – Grow some good. Plant more plants. Not only do plants make yards more beautiful, but because they also filter storm water runoff, the Chesapeake Bay becomes healthier and more beautiful too.
Plant More Plants encourages consumers to plant native plants to help conserve the Bay’s natural resources. Plants native to the Bay area are adapted to the region’s soil, climate and pests, therefore requiring less water, fertilizer, pesticides and overall maintenance. Native plants are also the best source of food and shelter for wildlife.
Natural landscapes reduce the quantity and improve the quality of storm water runoff. Native plants absorb storm water and act as filters that reduce the harmful effects of fertilizers, pesticides, pet waste and spilled fuels from power equipment. Plant roots grip soil and reduce erosion from storm water runoff. Native species planted on slopes along water bodies and drainage ditches help to prevent erosion and pollution by stabilizing the soil and slowing the flow of rainwater runoff.
Garden Centers and Landscapers are needed to refer homeowners when they are ready to take action on this initiative. To learn about conservation landscaping and how to help improve the Chesapeake Bay starting in your own backyard, visit www.PlantMorePlants.com.
To become a supporting garden center or landscaper, contact - Gary Waugh, Plant More Plants Program Coordinator and Public Relations Manager, Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. | <urn:uuid:749ff46f-1f8d-43ea-b4d7-61aed283590f> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://inglesidenurseries.blogspot.com/2011/03/ | 2017-11-19T14:13:47Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805649.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119134146-20171119154146-00774.warc.gz | en | 0.932003 | 591 |
LSU is buzzing again with students returning from their holiday breaks, but civil engineering professor Clinton Willson rang in the first few days of the New Year on a quiet campus.
As one of two LSU faculty members selected to live on campus as a part of the Faculty-in-Residence program at LSU, Willson lives in a specially-designed residence hall apartment for one academic year.
“My wife, Kay, and I are very social people and saw this as a way to have a direct impact on the LSU students and community,” he explained. “Paige Davis, the former faculty-in-residence, was very positive about the experience, and we jumped on it.”
According to LSU Residential Life, the Faculty-in-Residence program encourages structured out-of-classroom interaction between students and faculty to seamlessly blend student learning and development inside and outside the classroom. The Faculty-in-Residence participants are encouraged to directly impact students’ residential experiences through involvement that promotes social and intellectual development, academic support and advising in the residential college setting.
Willson, his wife and his son currently reside in an apartment that connects East Laville and West Laville halls. The apartment is “fabulous,” Willson said. It is also spacious enough to host large groups of students for programs and dinners.
“One of our favorite programs so far was ‘Acoustic on the Balcony’ where we invited students to share their musical talents,” he said. “That was a lot of fun.”
One of Willson’s fondest memories so far occurred in the weeks following campus move-in day in fall 2015. He and his wife hosted meet-and-greet events for several nights, where they invited students into their home after an informational session or program and provided refreshments.
“One evening we had about 10 students stick around for about an hour or so, and after chatting for a while, we realized that only two of them knew each other before coming up to the apartment,” he said. “Hopefully, that kind of informal event helped them make some new LSU friends.”
The apartment features a number of amenities and perks, including the convenience of having no commute and little to no yard work or maintenance.
“Our two balconies are by far the best parts of the apartment. One faces South Campus Drive, while the other one faces the Laville Courtyard,” he said. “Both are great places to relax—in particular, the balcony facing the courtyard feels almost like our own private tree house.”
The Willson family also likes how easy it has been to get to know many of the students living on the east side of campus and “the wonderful group” that makes up the ResLife staff.
Willson said he would recommend this experience to other faculty, but would caution those interested to “realize you can’t just come home at the end of the day and hibernate.”
“Being a faculty-in-residence means being a visible presence in the residential communities and being accessible to students within limits,” he said. “You need to eat in the dining halls, let students pet your dogs, and go to programs and events to meet students and answer questions.”
Though it’s been a while since Willson lived in a residence hall—they were called “dorms” when he resided in one, he joked—the Faculty-in-Residence program has provided him with memories and experiences he intends to use moving forward in his career.
“I am now remembering what it was like for a freshman to show up on a large campus and learn to manage the social and academic demands on their time. Since I don’t teach freshmen, I am also being reminded of what freshman year is like,” Willson said. “These experiences should help me better assist the university and college in programs focused on freshmen and sophomore students and helping them transition to college life and succeed.”
For more information, please contact communications assistant M.B. Humphrey at 225-578-5660 or [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:9840b438-d8fb-48be-adcd-c462594d6b1b> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.lsu.edu/eng/news/2016/01/20160106-faculty-in-residence-program.php | 2018-03-24T23:22:14Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257651465.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324225928-20180325005928-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.976274 | 889 |
What is the first thing that pops into your mind when you hear the term slow travel?
For me, today, it conjured up a vision of someone walking through a field of wild flowers, hugging the contours of a gentle hill on a sunny spring day. I don’t know where it is, probably somewhere bordering the Mediterranean.
On another day I look through the eyes of someone people-watching whilst sipping a glass of red wine at a bar/café/restaurant on a bustling historic plaza.
On yet another day, it might be propping up the scarred wooden bar in a sultry Cuban club nursing mojitos whilst enviously watching people salsa sexily as though their limbs are fluid.
I’ve read a lot of articles that outline what slow travel is. Don’t travel by plane, spend months rather than hours in a place, get involved with the community, learn a hobby and so on.
When anyone comes up with a hard and fast formula for slow travel it seems to me they’ve sort of missed the point.
But people like labels – whether it’s to attach to themselves to establish their credibility or to stick on someone else to illustrate a lack of travel savviness: Seasoned travellers, inexperienced travellers, tourists, backpackers, flashpackers, stamps in a passport, air miles clocked up… slow travellers.
The thing is, labels are far too one dimensional. Sticking a label on a donkey that says it’s a zebra doesn’t make it so. I know people who travel constantly who see nothing except their own reflection and I know people who travel solely for holidays/vacations who see everything.
Some people equate slow travel with tranquillity – peace, quiet and sleepy villages; as though absorbing a place can only be done somewhere where the soundtrack comes from the mouth of our feathered friends and not from the electrifying guitar strings of a local rock band.
We’ve spent hours in the middle of a throng in Spanish plazas listening to musicians perform to audiences made up of mainly locals, enjoying the atmosphere nearly as much as the music.
Who says slow travel can’t be noisy?
If slow travel is about getting to know a place, a night in a bar in an inner city can be far more illuminating than a month spent in a house in a characterless suburb.
Who says slow travel can’t be short-lived and gritty?
I live in a place where people flock to spend the winter, some sticking to the same routine day in day out – year after year. They don’t explore and they certainly don’t get to know the destination very well. However, their way of travelling fits quite a few of the descriptions of slow travel I’ve read. But to me they represent the antithesis of slow travel.
Who says slow travel means doing nothing or at the speed of a sloth?
I really like the idea of slow travel. It lies at the opposite end of the travel spectrum from the style that notches up as many destinations around the world as quickly as possible as though collecting points for a badge of honour. In a world of instant gratification, it is immensely satisfying to slow things down, to take time to appreciate all that is good, and sometimes bad, about travel. It’s difficult to achieve that if running about with a tick list. Sharing the world is good, but sharing it instead of experiencing it… well, that’s a recipe for missing the best bits.
In the end, slow travel is a state of mind – either you’re tuned in or you aren’t – that can mean different things to different people. We can travel down many different roads to get to the same destination and how we do it, eyes wide open with awe and wonder, makes it a wonderful and exhilarating personal journey. That’s the beauty of fluid concepts.
I know what slow travel means to me. The time I spend in a place isn’t necessarily important, it’s what I do with the time that is. It’s like the difference between drinking a glass of wine and the whole bottle. The glass and the contents of the bottle both taste the same so I experience similar sensations, one just happens to last that little bit longer.
What it means to someone else might be something completely different and that’s absolutely fine.
Jack is co-owner, writer and photographer for BuzzTrips and the Real Tenerife series of travel websites as well as a contributor to online travel sites and travel magazines. Follow Jack on Google+ | <urn:uuid:de8f287f-191f-458f-bfb3-ced9f7491097> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://buzztrips.co.uk/posts/everyone-is-in-a-rush-to-be-a-slow-traveller/ | 2019-08-25T02:54:57Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027322170.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825021120-20190825043120-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.944346 | 973 |
Luxury isn’t a statement about riches. Luxury is a commitment to craftsmanship, thoughtful design, fair profits, and a human connection. Poppy Barley, maker of ready-to-wear and made-to-order leather footwear and accessories, believes in #LuxuryForThePeople and that consumers deserve to know the origins behind the products they purchase.
Poppy Barley screens all its factories in León, Mexico, for positive working conditions, including a living wage (they pay, on average, five times the region’s minimum wage), full-time permanent employment with benefits, reasonable working hours, vacation and sick benefits, and ongoing training and opportunity. Further, they conduct regular on-site visits to each factory to ensure the buildings are clean, structurally sound, and follow codes for fire safety, in addition to offering adequate employee facilities, such as drinking water and bathrooms.
On a more personal level, Poppy Barley loves to connect directly with the factory owners, staff and artisans who do an incredible job crafting its leather goods, from tall boots with customizable foot widths, calf widths and boot heights, to the Perfect Handbag. | <urn:uuid:572e1233-922b-49c5-9186-dcfe74bd6d6f> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://consciousshopcollective.com/shop/poppy-barley/ | 2017-07-29T11:43:48Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549427766.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170729112938-20170729132938-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.945941 | 243 |
Usher P-307A MK2
Part Number:P-307A MK2
Lead Time:Pls Call
P-307 is the control center of today's high-end audio system. The two main functions are signal source selection and volume control. We make every effort to keep the P-307 as accurate as possible. In order to avoid unnecessary interference with adjacent original components, P-307 uses high-quality relay and switch design to ensure that each signal source is intact. Therefore, all signal sources are still separated from each other, and from the power amplifier and cables.
In today's digital age, analog preamplifiers are still the most reliable components for volume control and the most neutral sound quality. P-307 uses an excellent attenuator to provide neutral sound performance.
Due to the noise generated by the AC power supply, the power supply of the P-307 adopts a separate power supply box, so the audio circuit of the P-307 is more suitable for a quiet and stable DC power supply and the audio signal itself.
Arthur P-307 is a modern reference level preamplifier. After all, only when the P-307 shows a touchable imaging focus and sound field, a sense of ease and smooth rhythm, and the subtleties of music details, can music become a real enjoyment.
For music lovers, the Arthur P-307 stereo preamplifier is a rare and affordable high-end product in the city.
power consumption: 7W maximum
main voltage: 100V,120V, 200V, 230V or 240V AC@50/60Hz
inputs: 7 stereo single-ended(RCA)
1 stereo single-ended(RCA)phono
outputs: 2 stereo single-ended(RCA)
gain: 14.3 dB
S/N: 105 dB
input overload: 2.34V rms
input impedance: 47k Ohm
outputs impedance: 120 Ohm
maximum output (MAIN outputs): 15.3V rms
frequency Response: 10Hz~100kHz
overall dimensions (w x d x h): 43 cm x 28.8 cm x 7.9 cm
shipping weight: 5 kgs /pc
shipping box (w x d x h): 56 cm x 35 cm x 16 cm | <urn:uuid:6b1f7930-6f61-495e-875d-f187b1ce19d1> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.hifigear.com.hk/product-detail?product_id=453&path=65 | 2023-06-09T07:36:21Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655446.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609064417-20230609094417-00182.warc.gz | en | 0.825692 | 532 |
3 stars - by Soho W. Vail, Written on 2022-10-01 With orders of that price, the ordinary mails of the United States can not be trusted. Had to check out raincoat, umbrella and boots.
4 stars - by Sheretta ABiskup, Written on 2022-08-14 Fits perfectly, met all my expectations: color, fabric, size, quality. Oggetto confezionato bene e dalla costruzione eccellente, ma non vi aspettate miracoli.
4 stars - by Danielly zixuan, Written on 2022-08-06 It's a nice stand for the price. Lots of uses for this sweet bowl!
2 stars - by pitti Sigrisi, Written on 2022-06-09 Ill be a life long customer because i haven't found a better quality product that is so easy to hang up. Definitely not a keyboard if you have roommates, but keep in mind this is blue switch.
5 stars - by De'Juan LMpainter, Written on 2022-04-13 My only complaint is that now I hunger for Hinton to translate both the Blue Cliff Record and the Book of Serenity, too!Which means I can have more than 3 SATA drives. | <urn:uuid:7c65ff77-75d3-41ae-bffd-116df0ae6a7a> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | http://www.rescue22foundation.org/vlrnw-486782-Whistle-Beatmaster-for-Volleyball-Referee-Beat-bly/ | 2023-02-04T18:42:21Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500151.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204173912-20230204203912-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.866972 | 354 |
OTTAWA—It’s what the security types call a low-probability, high-impact incident.
An apparently remote possibility that the June gatherings of key world leaders could be the target of a devastating attack or other catastrophe means the government is planning for the worst-case scenario.
And because the G8 is taking place in Huntsville, Ont., and the G20 summit in Toronto, it involves twice the effort to ensure visiting VIPs and community members are safe.
Officially, authorities are saying little about what might go wrong at the conferences and exactly how they’re spending the more than $830 million allotted to date for security.
“We have sufficient resources and plans in place to deal with any eventuality,” said Insp. Dave Ross of the Ontario Provincial Police, part of the integrated security unit for the G8.
The actual risk to the summits is likely low to medium, said Wesley Wark, a University of Toronto historian who specializes in intelligence.
“But the worst case is that many, many terrible things might happen,” he said.
“Might there be a terrorist strike? Might there be a lone-wolf attack of some kind? Might this event be the focus for some concerted violent action on part of an extremist group of some kind or another?”
As a result, police and military forces are getting ready for everything from wayward black bears in the Muskokas to a radioactive dirty bomb in downtown Toronto.
The core of Canada’s largest city will be virtually locked down during the G20 summit weekend of June 25-27. Via Rail says it will move its operations out of its hub at Union Station during the summit and use suburban stations in Oakville, Brampton, Oshawa and north Toronto.
GO commuter trains will continue to run, but slowdowns are likely.
The May firebombing of an Ottawa bank by anti-corporate extremists — who warned they would also make their mark on the summits — raised fears of more violence.
But those who track radical movements expect little impact on the actual security preparations.
“I think already, any time you have something like the G8 and G20 they’re probably already doing everything they can to begin with,” said Paul Joosse, a doctoral candidate at the University of Alberta who studies extremist violence.
David Charters, a University of New Brunswick expert on terrorism, expects the vast majority of protesters at the summits will be peaceful.
“There will be small handfuls of more extreme people who are prepared to engage in confrontational or aggressive behaviour and use more forceful or violent means.”
The protesters planning to make their voices heard at the summits are a coalition of activists on issues including the global economy, trade, banking, climate and water.
Rallies will begin as early as June 18-21 during the People’s Summit with most happening on the official summit weekend.
There will be plenty of digital dialogue, posters, music and speeches. Police expect most protests will be peaceful.
Still, anarchists plan a “militant march” to the G20 summit perimeter fence June 26.
“You’re talking about extremist groups that are very marginal to the mainstream,” said Andy Knight, a political scientist at the University of Alberta who’s expecting them to do little actual damage.
“I don’t think that they’ll have very much of a chance to do so because security’s going to be very heavy.”
The “out-of-control, astounding security budget” is a reflection of the G20 being held in the “most difficult-to-protect urban environment in Canada,” said Wark.
“The truth of the matter is that it should have been given a lot more thought from the very outset,” he said.
“The security considerations were not uppermost in the minds of the government.”
As a result, officials will spend almost $1 billion to guard against something that likely won’t happen, Wark said.
“That’s a staggering idea when you come to think of it.” | <urn:uuid:21b6439c-e82d-4a5f-97bc-0e6b3941c82f> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/g20/2010/06/04/summit_security_planners_prepare_for_the_worst.html | 2018-05-26T14:12:55Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867417.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526131802-20180526151802-00568.warc.gz | en | 0.942551 | 886 |
From 13–24 June 2022, the Near East South Asia Center’s professional military education (PME) team conducted a CAPSTONE strategic leader education program for 19 general officers, nine colonels, and two senior civil servants from Iraq. During the first week, the Iraq leaders attended twelve seminar discussions with U.S. national security strategy thought leaders and engaged them in debates over the nature, direction, and future of U.S. policy globally as well as in the Middle East.
In the second week, the National Defense University’s Center for Applied Strategic Learning (CASL) hosted the Iraqis to a strategic decision-making exercise focused on a hypothetical humanitarian crisis management scenario. The full program required robust support from across the entire NESA Center team, including faculty and program staff, plus experts from CASL and the U.S. Office of Security Cooperation-Iraq in Baghdad, under the direction of NESA Center’s Professor Richard Wiersema and Dean Charles Marks. The team will conduct a second iteration of this CAPSTONE program in August 2022 for another select audience of rising Iraqi senior leaders. | <urn:uuid:371a3e34-bdb6-41e5-992d-9ea1498a271c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://nesa-center.org/iraqi-general-officer-capstone-seminar/ | 2023-11-29T19:36:35Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100135.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129173017-20231129203017-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.927589 | 230 |
Skandia Sail for Gold Regatta 2011 day 3 Video highlights
by Nicky Moore on 9 Jun 2011
Skandia Sail for Gold Regatta 2011 Video highlights from day 3 in Weymouth and Portland.
Lucy MacGregor, Annie Lush and Kate MacGregor from Great Britain in the Womens Match Racing class on day 3 - Skandia Sail for Gold Regatta 2011 onEdition © http://www.onEdition.com
Day Three Vodcast - including interviews with Lucy Macgregor (GBR) and Anna Tunnicliffe (USA) | <urn:uuid:f7dae013-52df-4c2e-9ae9-820be1c8177b> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.sail-world.com/USA/Skandia-Sail-for-Gold-Regatta-2011-day-3-Video-highlights-/84535?source=email | 2017-04-29T04:54:11Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123270.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00646-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.675134 | 122 |
PORT WENTWORTH - The company developing what is touted as the first completely master-planned community in the coastal Georgia region has purchased 300 additional acres in this community near the Effingham-Chatham county line.
The land, in the northern portion of the Rice Hope development, is zoned for 1,500 single-family homes and townhomes and will be the largest acreage subdevelopment in the community. At build-out, developers expect the entire community will have 4,500 homes.
"This announcement is major news for Port Wentworth and for residents of Chatham County," said Mike Langella, president of Sivica Communities, the development firm, in a released statement. "To add another 1,500 homes to Rice Hope will make Port Wentworth even more attractive to commercial retailers and leading grocery stores. This landmark sale will take Rice Hope to an even higher level of success."
Highridge Partners will develop the Mulberry Park neighborhood, which will feature homes with the same neotraditional style that has set the development apart since its first community debuted in 2006.
Sivica spokeswoman Kristen Lewis said Thursday there are 85 homeoweners in the Lakeside community and two in the Parkside neighborhood. About 190 homes already have been built in the two communities combined, and both subdevelopments are still in the process of being built out.
"We expect the entire development to be complete in seven to 10 years," Lewis said. "But all that, of course, will depend on velocity of the market and how quickly homes are built and sold."
Regarding the new Mulberry Park neighborhood, Lewis said a parkway first would have to be built to gain access to the property before construction would begin.
"How fast the parkway can be built, which will take several months at least, and the market will decide how quickly the homebuilder can get out there and start building homes," she said.
With this announcement, Highridge Partners is officially the fourth major builder at Rice Hope. The community originally launched with houses by Sivica Homes of Alpharetta in the Lakeside neighborhood and residences by Advent Homes LLC in the Parkside neighborhood. SC Bodner of Indianapolis is building garden apartments at The Village, which is located in the community's western quadrant.
Benefits of living in Rice Hope
Every home at Rice Hope comes pre-wired with fiber-optic cable, with Wi-Fi service available in most of the community's common areas. By providing this powerful fiber-optic network directly to each home, residents enjoy more than 1,000 times the bandwidth provided by traditional coaxial cable. Homeowners have the opportunity to enjoy a convenient high-tech package, which bundles telephone, cable, high-speed Internet, high definition television and community intranet into their monthly homeowners association bill.
Amenities at Rice Hope include a 3,100-square-foot clubhouse, 300 acres of protected woods and wetlands, tree-lined sidewalks and walking trails, community parks, volleyball courts, kayaking, fishing and a fitness trail surrounding the 27-acre Indigo Lake. A highlight of the neighborhood is the community water park, which features water slides, splash gardens, a lap pool, a beach entry pool and a lazy river for hot Savannah summers. Additional amenities - including facilities for baseball, soccer and tennis - are planned for the future.
In the future, the community's residential areas will be complemented by a commercial village along Ga. 21 that developers say will make the entire neighborhood self-contained. Proposed plans for a 66-acre Town Center, which can accommodate up to 500,000 square feet of commercial space, include a major grocery store chain as well as smaller retail locations, which cater to the needs of the residents.
Rice Hope, which is located on Ga. 21 just five minutes from Interstate 95, features single family homes, townhomes and carriage houses ranging from $150,000 to the $400,000 range.
"We create communities that provide a real sense of belonging for the people who live, work and play there," Langella said. "Our goal is to build neighborhoods that connect our residents to one another and exceed expectations on every level. With its emphasis on amenities, tradition and technology, Rice Hope truly is the ultimate 21st century community."
For information about Rice Hope, visit www.rice-hope.com. | <urn:uuid:840cb267-d1ee-4caf-8c9b-05e4e25ff6f2> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://savannahnow.com/effingham/2008-01-05/rice-hope-development-expand-300-acres | 2015-10-08T17:15:50Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737896527.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221816-00232-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963231 | 899 |
There are 120 beachfront rentals near Sebago Lake for all manner or mood of traveling to the shoreline, availability of time off, and size of budget.
So, if you are hoping for an affordable Sebago Lake Beach vacation, you can find 10% of the available rentals under $99/night.
Or if you are willing to splurge on a luxury vacation in Sebago Lake, there are 12 between $501 and $1,270/night.
Whether you are sleeping by yourself or with a significant other, or are travelling with a group of 22 there are short term home and apartment rentals in Sebago Lake near the beach to fit your Maine vacation needs.
The most popular types of beachfront rentals in Sebago Lake are houses, cabins and private rooms. Sebago Lake has been a frequently searched travel destination this year and continues to grow in popularity because of its beaches and other water activities.
VacationRenter offers a wide selection of available beach vacation rentals from leading travel sites like VRBO (Vacation Rentals By Owner), Homeaway, Booking.com, and many more.
Search your travel dates to find available Sebago Lake vacation homes for your beach trip. | <urn:uuid:0d71b1b2-9a73-435d-a8e2-6cde4ed87225> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.vacationrenter.com/rentals/ME/sebago-lake/beachfront-for-rent | 2019-10-19T01:41:26Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986688674.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019013909-20191019041409-00323.warc.gz | en | 0.914049 | 249 |
- Winter Ski Area
- Live Infos
● Choose your package at home
● Choose the "Click and Collect" pickup method (not available for season passes)
● Take your order number with you for the delivery
● Pick up your package between 8:30 am and 9:00 pm in all our points of sale (except Grande Motte)
Depending on the location of your accommodation in the resort and the date of your stay, you have the choice of the distributor to collect your order.
➜ Click on any of the distributors below to see the schedule details and exact location :
Your order will be delivered to your door with a paid “Track and Trace” option.
When you arrive in Tignes, you can head straight onto the slopes with your ski pass in your pocket, without having to queue up to buy your ski pass. It’s time to hit the slopes!
Allow 8 days for delivery within France and 12 days for delivery outside France.
Your order is available
● At the Grande Motte sales point (at desk near the express zone)
● At the Tovière sales point
● At the Brévières sales point (opening planned on 10/12/22)
Locate them easily, they allow you to withdraw your order but also to buy or reload your lift passes
They are available from 8:30 am to 9 pm in all our points of sale (except Grande Motte)
General terms of sales
Legal mentions / Cookies
Customer satisfaction survey
Need help ?
From monday to Friday 9h-12h / 14h-16h
+33 (0)4 79 06 60 32
New : pay in 3 or 4 times without fees from 250 € of purchase
Countries covered: France-Spain-Portugal-Germany-Italy-Belgium-Netherlands-Luxembourg-Austria-Ireland | <urn:uuid:fb04df93-0330-4cc7-bf69-26759a776d60> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.skipass-tignes.com/en/livraison-hiver | 2023-04-01T20:02:38Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950247.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401191131-20230401221131-00000.warc.gz | en | 0.887021 | 436 |
Crikey, are these people lonely! So lonely that their solo gabfests function as metaphors for isolation. They're also far from self-aware, almost uniformly un-ironic, and reeling from being misunderstood and put upon. Bennett, some of whose best plays are rarely or never produced stateside (e.g., The Old Country and A Question of Attribution), wrote the first half-dozen Talking Heads pieces in 1988. He added six more a decade later, undoubtedly because the early ones had caught the public's fancy and because he has a facility for tossing them off. Which is not to say that these selections -- four from 1988 and two from 1998 -- are entirely facile.
While beautifully constructed, filigreed with character detail, and laden with laugh lines, the soliloquies also have less appealing traits. They tend to cover the same ground with some regularity. For instance, two of the folks examined are looking after infirm relatives and taking quiet satisfaction in their sacrifices. The title chatterer of "Miss Fozzard Finds Her Feet" has a brother who's recovering from a stroke, and Graham in "A Chip in the Sugar" has a mother who needs his constant attention -- although she'd say it's the other way around, and that's closer to the truth.
More tellingly, none of these figures has a talent for listening to their petty, self-absorbed selves. (An exception is Susan, the vicar's wife in ""Bed Among the Lentils," who having an affair with a newsstand proprietor.) Irene Ruddock in "A Lady of Letters" devotes her time to dispatching critical epistles; additionally, she spies on her neighbors. She's so obtuse that, when a policeman warns her to stop cluttering the mails with offensive notes, she responds: "I intend to write to your superintendent." Lesley in "Her Big Chance" has landed a secondary role in a soft-porn flick, believing she's involved in art and that her barely tolerated contributions are appreciated by the presiding hacks. Antique dealer Celia in "The Hand of God" revels in her knowledge of dates and provenances, but when she learns that she's let a Michelangelo drawing slip through her fingers, she says with a connoisseur's confidence: "Oh, it happens."
Although Miss Ruddock cutely says "joke" after she tries a pleasantry, only vicar's wife Susan -- the one married character among the sextet -- actually recognizes a joke when she hears one, so it follows that she alone evidences wit. Discussing God, despite her doubts that a deity exists, she says: "He has no taste at all." The other speakers, disinclined to make jokes, don't realize they are jokes themselves -- and the unattractive truth is that Bennett is not laughing with but at them. He gives the impression of sympathizing with their predicaments, but he's really behaving like a smart-alecky kid who gets a duller, trusting acquaintance to open himself up to ridicule. The sour smell of patronization hovers over the enterprise.
Nevertheless, Bennett has any number of tricks to keep the audience from noticing his superior attitude. For one thing, the monologues' opening lines are swift and cunning. "I can't say the service was up to scratch," Miss Ruddock remarks; "It smacked of the conveyor belt, in fact." Susan opens her non-Catholic confession with: "Geoffrey's bad enough, but I'm glad I wasn't married to Jesus." Lesley allows, "I shot a man last week." The author is so good at this that he grabs us every time.
Moreover, he serves up material with which actors have a field day. When these pieces have been done in England on stage and television, the wiliest performers have turned up to command them: Maggie Smith, Eileen Atkins, Patricia Routledge, etc. Bennett hasn't been let down by director Michael Engler, who gives his thespians plenty of wiggle-room. If a first among equals had to be chosen, it's got to be Lynn Redgrave. Often overshadowed -- along with brother Corin -- by sister Vanessa, she may have better judgment about what's right for her than do her siblings. Miss Fozzard expounds on a septuagenarian chiropodist who's caught her fancy with a slowly dawning realization that the manner in which she's caught his is unorthodox. Fussy, thin-lipped, and wearing the low-budget but tasteful suit that costume designer Candice Donnelly was shrewd enough to select for her, Redgrave gives another of her flawless turns.
Christine Ebersole's Miss Ruddock, wearing a tight perm and another of Donnelly's rightly frowsy outfits, points and capers to wonderful purpose; line for line, she may reap more laughter than any of the others. Valerie Mahaffey, clutching a flimsy red robe around her, makes the self-deluding Lesley giddily obtuse. Kathleen Chalfant, who never disappoints, has the proper hauteur for the brittle, disillusioned Susan. Daniel Davis is terrific as a mama's boy, and Brenda Wehle's Celia has the right air of self-satisfaction. All of the players' accents are on target, so a special nod goes to dialogue coach Deborah Hecht. (Incidentally, Frances Sternhagen has memorized a seventh monologue, "Waiting for the Telegram," and is ready to substitute whenever one of the others is indisposed.)
Although Talking Heads doesn't represent Alan Bennett at his absolute best, it's easy to see its attraction for producers. Six actors and a few chairs are all that's needed. Scenic designer Rachel Hauck has selected the chairs. The supplementary projections are by the ubiquitous Wendall K. Harrington, who has done her usual neat job but for one immense gaffe: In "The Hand of God," Celia insists that she'd never handle Staffordshire, but behind her is a slide -- repeated five times -- of shelves on which Staffordshire dogs perch. Well, perhaps they make her feel a little less lonely.
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Don't show this again. | <urn:uuid:7e8b233c-2907-4bb7-a8ed-26b0ca2f1cdd> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.theatermania.com/new-york-city-theater/reviews/04-2003/talking-heads_3351.html?cid=news-ticker | 2017-03-29T08:22:53Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190234.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00526-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97029 | 1,307 |
Ability to define Custom Field in Zuora as Numeric.
Currently, Zuora only allows text, picklist or date.
Number conversion and using Zoql against a number within text field is not efficient.
You must be a registered user to add a comment. If you've already registered, sign in. Otherwise, register and sign in. | <urn:uuid:08f7c784-9684-4fc8-a0dd-96c95a0f0340> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://community.zuora.com/t5/Zuora-Platform/Numeric-Custom-Field/idi-p/24235 | 2020-07-11T18:37:03Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655934052.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711161442-20200711191442-00285.warc.gz | en | 0.851129 | 73 |
Four County EMC Returns Over $2.4 Million in Capital Credit Refunds to Its Members
Members of Four County Electric Membership Corporation will receive a capital credit refund check from their electric cooperative in December.
The Cooperative is refunding over $2.4 million to active and past members. The refund represents 100 percent of each member’s share of the remaining margins for 1995, and 10% of 2018. Members qualifying for these margins will receive a refund check in early December. Any member whose share of the margins is less than $25.00 will not receive a check; instead, the amount will be credited to their December electric bill.
“At the end of each year, we allocate left-over earnings to our members.” commented Chief Executive Officer Mitchell Keel. “Our members enjoy a significant benefit from the Cooperative way of business.”
Four County Electric Membership Corporation serves over 32,500 members in Bladen, Duplin, Pender, Sampson, Columbus and Onslow counties | <urn:uuid:5d90e7a3-7526-4ae3-bd10-de05c736abb2> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://www.fourcty.org/four-county-emc-returns-millions/ | 2021-01-23T11:43:26Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703537796.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123094754-20210123124754-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.949477 | 209 |
Access to accurate and timely information is everything
Having access to the right information at the right time could be the difference between success and failure for a business. With the vast quantities of data now available, the key is obtaining the ‘right’ information and displaying it in a simple and easy-to-view manner so that decision makers have the necessary information to make an informed choice about the next move for their business.
Traditionally the Project Management Office, PMO, has fulfilled the role of collating information about the progress with programmes and projects, but it has often been displayed in a haphazard and uncoordinated fashion with different programmes reporting in competing formats. The PMO has also had the twin difficulty of facing off to management who require information immediately, whilst having data sources providing data once a month. For it to be useful, the data needs to be combined succinctly in an orderly manner so that senior management can not only access it easily, but also be confident about using it to make important business decisions.
Cost and time overruns are commonplace
How can this be allowed to happen?
These instances raise the question as to whether the cost overruns would have been allowed to happen if management had access to the right information at the right time. As an outsider, it is difficult to comprehend these levels of overspend and begs the question as to why the issues weren’t flagged before the losses were so big. We at Brickendon believe the key to delivering a project successfully, on time and on budget, is transparency. Armed with the right information at the right time, management are able to make informed decisions to try and avoid such excessive overruns in either time or cost.
Real-time management information directly to your dashboard
Our Executive Programme Dashboard provides real-time management information directly to your desktop or tablet. It allows business leaders to effectively manage change within their organisation across the areas of execution, cost and resources. More specifically, it enables the effective reporting and management of the three constraints governing all change programmes: scope, costs and time/schedule.
It also highlights the areas of concern and enables management to focus on those projects and issues without needing to wade through a long detailed report, as well as enabling easy comparisons between the status, budget and resources of particular projects and portfolios.
Our Executive Programme Dashboard facilitates:
- complete transparency for management at a global, programme, workstream, project or phase level,
- accurate instant reporting of milestones, risks and issues at a global, programme, workstream, project or phase level, and
- detailed financial and resource analysis and reporting of forecast versus actual results at all levels.
By keeping on top of the progress with accurate data, management teams are able to make better decisions about allocation of resources. This is particularly important for large-scale change projects covering significant budgets or spanning global locations within financial organisations. The dashboard provides a one-page overview showing which projects are on track and on budget and which are behind and over budget. | <urn:uuid:7b65b786-90cc-4d1e-bbbf-587ecbe75c8f> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.brickendon.com/articles/success-is-about-having-the-right-information-in-the-right-place-at-the-right-time/ | 2020-07-02T14:32:20Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655879532.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200702142549-20200702172549-00579.warc.gz | en | 0.940557 | 615 |
In March 2017 we discovered that Charlie had a heart murmur when we went to our vets for his annual vaccination and checkup. Following heart scans shortly after we were given the distressing news that Charlie had MVD and that other than managing the disease there was nothing that could be done and we would lose him within 18 months or so. After much research I discovered that surgery may be a possibility and learned about the amazing work of Dr. Masami Uechi. I also discovered that Dr. Dan Brockman at the Royal Veterinary College (RVC) in the UK had also started the technique, so I immediately asked for a referral to the cardiology team there to find out if Charlie would be a candidate for surgery. Whilst we were told about the risks the team advised us that Charlie could be considered for mitral valve repair, which gave us hope that we may be able to save him.
Charlie remained stable for most of 2017, but then started to deteriorate towards the end of the year. Early in 2018 we were offered a place for surgery with Dr. Dan Brockman and the team in February. Two weeks before surgery Charlie progressed into heart failure so we were rather fortunate with the timing as he seemed to be getting worse day by day. He had his MVR surgery on 26 February 2018 with no complications and has made an amazing recovery. Charlie no longer has a heart murmur, only has a very minor regurgitation and his heart continues to reduce in size but will remain on Vetmedin for the time being. He is basically just back to his normal self again and is behaving like a very happy and healthy dog with a whole new lease of life. | <urn:uuid:b8188bc3-9143-43d3-ba41-db7d266e213c> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://mightyheartsproject.org/pet-profile-posting/2018/02/26/charlie | 2019-08-21T18:36:11Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316150.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821174152-20190821200152-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.991395 | 338 |
The History of Don Quixote, Volume II., Complete
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra
Part 2 out of 10
virtue, wealth, and generosity, because a great man who is vicious will
be a great example of vice, and a rich man who is not generous will be
merely a miserly beggar; for the possessor of wealth is not made happy by
possessing it, but by spending it, and not by spending as he pleases, but
by knowing how to spend it well. The poor gentleman has no way of showing
that he is a gentleman but by virtue, by being affable, well-bred,
courteous, gentle-mannered, and kindly, not haughty, arrogant, or
censorious, but above all by being charitable; for by two maravedis given
with a cheerful heart to the poor, he will show himself as generous as he
who distributes alms with bell-ringing, and no one that perceives him to
be endowed with the virtues I have named, even though he know him not,
will fail to recognise and set him down as one of good blood; and it
would be strange were it not so; praise has ever been the reward of
virtue, and those who are virtuous cannot fail to receive commendation.
There are two roads, my daughters, by which men may reach wealth and
honours; one is that of letters, the other that of arms. I have more of
arms than of letters in my composition, and, judging by my inclination to
arms, was born under the influence of the planet Mars. I am, therefore,
in a measure constrained to follow that road, and by it I must travel in
spite of all the world, and it will be labour in vain for you to urge me
to resist what heaven wills, fate ordains, reason requires, and, above
all, my own inclination favours; for knowing as I do the countless toils
that are the accompaniments of knight-errantry, I know, too, the infinite
blessings that are attained by it; I know that the path of virtue is very
narrow, and the road of vice broad and spacious; I know their ends and
goals are different, for the broad and easy road of vice ends in death,
and the narrow and toilsome one of virtue in life, and not transitory
life, but in that which has no end; I know, as our great Castilian poet
It is by rugged paths like these they go
That scale the heights of immortality,
Unreached by those that falter here below."
"Woe is me!" exclaimed the niece, "my lord is a poet, too! He knows
everything, and he can do everything; I will bet, if he chose to turn
mason, he could make a house as easily as a cage."
"I can tell you, niece," replied Don Quixote, "if these chivalrous
thoughts did not engage all my faculties, there would be nothing that I
could not do, nor any sort of knickknack that would not come from my
hands, particularly cages and tooth-picks."
At this moment there came a knocking at the door, and when they asked who
was there, Sancho Panza made answer that it was he. The instant the
housekeeper knew who it was, she ran to hide herself so as not to see
him; in such abhorrence did she hold him. The niece let him in, and his
master Don Quixote came forward to receive him with open arms, and the
pair shut themselves up in his room, where they had another conversation
not inferior to the previous one.
OF WHAT PASSED BETWEEN DON QUIXOTE AND HIS SQUIRE, TOGETHER WITH OTHER
VERY NOTABLE INCIDENTS
The instant the housekeeper saw Sancho Panza shut himself in with her
master, she guessed what they were about; and suspecting that the result
of the consultation would be a resolve to undertake a third sally, she
seized her mantle, and in deep anxiety and distress, ran to find the
bachelor Samson Carrasco, as she thought that, being a well-spoken man,
and a new friend of her master's, he might be able to persuade him to
give up any such crazy notion. She found him pacing the patio of his
house, and, perspiring and flurried, she fell at his feet the moment she
Carrasco, seeing how distressed and overcome she was, said to her, "What
is this, mistress housekeeper? What has happened to you? One would think
"Nothing, Senor Samson," said she, "only that my master is breaking out,
plainly breaking out."
"Whereabouts is he breaking out, senora?" asked Samson; "has any part of
his body burst?"
"He is only breaking out at the door of his madness," she replied; "I
mean, dear senor bachelor, that he is going to break out again (and this
will be the third time) to hunt all over the world for what he calls
ventures, though I can't make out why he gives them that name. The first
time he was brought back to us slung across the back of an ass, and
belaboured all over; and the second time he came in an ox-cart, shut up
in a cage, in which he persuaded himself he was enchanted, and the poor
creature was in such a state that the mother that bore him would not have
known him; lean, yellow, with his eyes sunk deep in the cells of his
skull; so that to bring him round again, ever so little, cost me more
than six hundred eggs, as God knows, and all the world, and my hens too,
that won't let me tell a lie."
"That I can well believe," replied the bachelor, "for they are so good
and so fat, and so well-bred, that they would not say one thing for
another, though they were to burst for it. In short then, mistress
housekeeper, that is all, and there is nothing the matter, except what it
is feared Don Quixote may do?"
"No, senor," said she.
"Well then," returned the bachelor, "don't be uneasy, but go home in
peace; get me ready something hot for breakfast, and while you are on the
way say the prayer of Santa Apollonia, that is if you know it; for I will
come presently and you will see miracles."
"Woe is me," cried the housekeeper, "is it the prayer of Santa Apollonia
you would have me say? That would do if it was the toothache my master
had; but it is in the brains, what he has got."
"I know what I am saying, mistress housekeeper; go, and don't set
yourself to argue with me, for you know I am a bachelor of Salamanca, and
one can't be more of a bachelor than that," replied Carrasco; and with
this the housekeeper retired, and the bachelor went to look for the
curate, and arrange with him what will be told in its proper place.
While Don Quixote and Sancho were shut up together, they had a discussion
which the history records with great precision and scrupulous exactness.
Sancho said to his master, "Senor, I have educed my wife to let me go
with your worship wherever you choose to take me."
"Induced, you should say, Sancho," said Don Quixote; "not educed."
"Once or twice, as well as I remember," replied Sancho, "I have begged of
your worship not to mend my words, if so be as you understand what I mean
by them; and if you don't understand them to say 'Sancho,' or 'devil,' 'I
don't understand thee; and if I don't make my meaning plain, then you may
correct me, for I am so focile-"
"I don't understand thee, Sancho," said Don Quixote at once; "for I know
not what 'I am so focile' means."
"'So focile' means I am so much that way," replied Sancho.
"I understand thee still less now," said Don Quixote.
"Well, if you can't understand me," said Sancho, "I don't know how to put
it; I know no more, God help me."
"Oh, now I have hit it," said Don Quixote; "thou wouldst say thou art so
docile, tractable, and gentle that thou wilt take what I say to thee, and
submit to what I teach thee."
"I would bet," said Sancho, "that from the very first you understood me,
and knew what I meant, but you wanted to put me out that you might hear
me make another couple of dozen blunders."
"May be so," replied Don Quixote; "but to come to the point, what does
"Teresa says," replied Sancho, "that I should make sure with your
worship, and 'let papers speak and beards be still,' for 'he who binds
does not wrangle,' since one 'take' is better than two 'I'll give
thee's;' and I say a woman's advice is no great thing, and he who won't
take it is a fool."
"And so say I," said Don Quixote; "continue, Sancho my friend; go on; you
talk pearls to-day."
"The fact is," continued Sancho, "that, as your worship knows better than
I do, we are all of us liable to death, and to-day we are, and to-morrow
we are not, and the lamb goes as soon as the sheep, and nobody can
promise himself more hours of life in this world than God may be pleased
to give him; for death is deaf, and when it comes to knock at our life's
door, it is always urgent, and neither prayers, nor struggles, nor
sceptres, nor mitres, can keep it back, as common talk and report say,
and as they tell us from the pulpits every day."
"All that is very true," said Don Quixote; "but I cannot make out what
thou art driving at."
"What I am driving at," said Sancho, "is that your worship settle some
fixed wages for me, to be paid monthly while I am in your service, and
that the same he paid me out of your estate; for I don't care to stand on
rewards which either come late, or ill, or never at all; God help me with
my own. In short, I would like to know what I am to get, be it much or
little; for the hen will lay on one egg, and many littles make a much,
and so long as one gains something there is nothing lost. To be sure, if
it should happen (what I neither believe nor expect) that your worship
were to give me that island you have promised me, I am not so ungrateful
nor so grasping but that I would be willing to have the revenue of such
island valued and stopped out of my wages in due promotion."
"Sancho, my friend," replied Don Quixote, "sometimes proportion may be as
good as promotion."
"I see," said Sancho; "I'll bet I ought to have said proportion, and not
promotion; but it is no matter, as your worship has understood me."
"And so well understood," returned Don Quixote, "that I have seen into
the depths of thy thoughts, and know the mark thou art shooting at with
the countless shafts of thy proverbs. Look here, Sancho, I would readily
fix thy wages if I had ever found any instance in the histories of the
knights-errant to show or indicate, by the slightest hint, what their
squires used to get monthly or yearly; but I have read all or the best
part of their histories, and I cannot remember reading of any
knight-errant having assigned fixed wages to his squire; I only know that
they all served on reward, and that when they least expected it, if good
luck attended their masters, they found themselves recompensed with an
island or something equivalent to it, or at the least they were left with
a title and lordship. If with these hopes and additional inducements you,
Sancho, please to return to my service, well and good; but to suppose
that I am going to disturb or unhinge the ancient usage of
knight-errantry, is all nonsense. And so, my Sancho, get you back to your
house and explain my intentions to your Teresa, and if she likes and you
like to be on reward with me, bene quidem; if not, we remain friends; for
if the pigeon-house does not lack food, it will not lack pigeons; and
bear in mind, my son, that a good hope is better than a bad holding, and
a good grievance better than a bad compensation. I speak in this way,
Sancho, to show you that I can shower down proverbs just as well as
yourself; and in short, I mean to say, and I do say, that if you don't
like to come on reward with me, and run the same chance that I run, God
be with you and make a saint of you; for I shall find plenty of squires
more obedient and painstaking, and not so thickheaded or talkative as you
When Sancho heard his master's firm, resolute language, a cloud came over
the sky with him and the wings of his heart drooped, for he had made sure
that his master would not go without him for all the wealth of the world;
and as he stood there dumbfoundered and moody, Samson Carrasco came in
with the housekeeper and niece, who were anxious to hear by what
arguments he was about to dissuade their master from going to seek
adventures. The arch wag Samson came forward, and embracing him as he had
done before, said with a loud voice, "O flower of knight-errantry! O
shining light of arms! O honour and mirror of the Spanish nation! may God
Almighty in his infinite power grant that any person or persons, who
would impede or hinder thy third sally, may find no way out of the
labyrinth of their schemes, nor ever accomplish what they most desire!"
And then, turning to the housekeeper, he said, "Mistress housekeeper may
just as well give over saying the prayer of Santa Apollonia, for I know
it is the positive determination of the spheres that Senor Don Quixote
shall proceed to put into execution his new and lofty designs; and I
should lay a heavy burden on my conscience did I not urge and persuade
this knight not to keep the might of his strong arm and the virtue of his
valiant spirit any longer curbed and checked, for by his inactivity he is
defrauding the world of the redress of wrongs, of the protection of
orphans, of the honour of virgins, of the aid of widows, and of the
support of wives, and other matters of this kind appertaining, belonging,
proper and peculiar to the order of knight-errantry. On, then, my lord
Don Quixote, beautiful and brave, let your worship and highness set out
to-day rather than to-morrow; and if anything be needed for the execution
of your purpose, here am I ready in person and purse to supply the want;
and were it requisite to attend your magnificence as squire, I should
esteem it the happiest good fortune."
At this, Don Quixote, turning to Sancho, said, "Did I not tell thee,
Sancho, there would be squires enough and to spare for me? See now who
offers to become one; no less than the illustrious bachelor Samson
Carrasco, the perpetual joy and delight of the courts of the Salamancan
schools, sound in body, discreet, patient under heat or cold, hunger or
thirst, with all the qualifications requisite to make a knight-errant's
squire! But heaven forbid that, to gratify my own inclination, I should
shake or shatter this pillar of letters and vessel of the sciences, and
cut down this towering palm of the fair and liberal arts. Let this new
Samson remain in his own country, and, bringing honour to it, bring
honour at the same time on the grey heads of his venerable parents; for I
will be content with any squire that comes to hand, as Sancho does not
deign to accompany me."
"I do deign," said Sancho, deeply moved and with tears in his eyes; "it
shall not be said of me, master mine," he continued, "'the bread eaten
and the company dispersed.' Nay, I come of no ungrateful stock, for all
the world knows, but particularly my own town, who the Panzas from whom I
am descended were; and, what is more, I know and have learned, by many
good words and deeds, your worship's desire to show me favour; and if I
have been bargaining more or less about my wages, it was only to please
my wife, who, when she sets herself to press a point, no hammer drives
the hoops of a cask as she drives one to do what she wants; but, after
all, a man must be a man, and a woman a woman; and as I am a man anyhow,
which I can't deny, I will be one in my own house too, let who will take
it amiss; and so there's nothing more to do but for your worship to make
your will with its codicil in such a way that it can't be provoked, and
let us set out at once, to save Senor Samson's soul from suffering, as he
says his conscience obliges him to persuade your worship to sally out
upon the world a third time; so I offer again to serve your worship
faithfully and loyally, as well and better than all the squires that
served knights-errant in times past or present."
The bachelor was filled with amazement when he heard Sancho's phraseology
and style of talk, for though he had read the first part of his master's
history he never thought that he could be so droll as he was there
described; but now, hearing him talk of a "will and codicil that could
not be provoked," instead of "will and codicil that could not be
revoked," he believed all he had read of him, and set him down as one of
the greatest simpletons of modern times; and he said to himself that two
such lunatics as master and man the world had never seen. In fine, Don
Quixote and Sancho embraced one another and made friends, and by the
advice and with the approval of the great Carrasco, who was now their
oracle, it was arranged that their departure should take place three days
thence, by which time they could have all that was requisite for the
journey ready, and procure a closed helmet, which Don Quixote said he
must by all means take. Samson offered him one, as he knew a friend of
his who had it would not refuse it to him, though it was more dingy with
rust and mildew than bright and clean like burnished steel.
The curses which both housekeeper and niece poured out on the bachelor
were past counting; they tore their hair, they clawed their faces, and in
the style of the hired mourners that were once in fashion, they raised a
lamentation over the departure of their master and uncle, as if it had
been his death. Samson's intention in persuading him to sally forth once
more was to do what the history relates farther on; all by the advice of
the curate and barber, with whom he had previously discussed the subject.
Finally, then, during those three days, Don Quixote and Sancho provided
themselves with what they considered necessary, and Sancho having
pacified his wife, and Don Quixote his niece and housekeeper, at
nightfall, unseen by anyone except the bachelor, who thought fit to
accompany them half a league out of the village, they set out for El
Toboso, Don Quixote on his good Rocinante and Sancho on his old Dapple,
his alforjas furnished with certain matters in the way of victuals, and
his purse with money that Don Quixote gave him to meet emergencies.
Samson embraced him, and entreated him to let him hear of his good or
evil fortunes, so that he might rejoice over the former or condole with
him over the latter, as the laws of friendship required. Don Quixote
promised him he would do so, and Samson returned to the village, and the
other two took the road for the great city of El Toboso.
WHEREIN IS RELATED WHAT BEFELL DON QUIXOTE ON HIS WAY TO SEE HIS LADY
DULCINEA DEL TOBOSO
"Blessed be Allah the all-powerful!" says Hamete Benengeli on beginning
this eighth chapter; "blessed be Allah!" he repeats three times; and he
says he utters these thanksgivings at seeing that he has now got Don
Quixote and Sancho fairly afield, and that the readers of his delightful
history may reckon that the achievements and humours of Don Quixote and
his squire are now about to begin; and he urges them to forget the former
chivalries of the ingenious gentleman and to fix their eyes on those that
are to come, which now begin on the road to El Toboso, as the others
began on the plains of Montiel; nor is it much that he asks in
consideration of all he promises, and so he goes on to say:
Don Quixote and Sancho were left alone, and the moment Samson took his
departure, Rocinante began to neigh, and Dapple to sigh, which, by both
knight and squire, was accepted as a good sign and a very happy omen;
though, if the truth is to be told, the sighs and brays of Dapple were
louder than the neighings of the hack, from which Sancho inferred that
his good fortune was to exceed and overtop that of his master, building,
perhaps, upon some judicial astrology that he may have known, though the
history says nothing about it; all that can be said is, that when he
stumbled or fell, he was heard to say he wished he had not come out, for
by stumbling or falling there was nothing to be got but a damaged shoe or
a broken rib; and, fool as he was, he was not much astray in this.
Said Don Quixote, "Sancho, my friend, night is drawing on upon us as we
go, and more darkly than will allow us to reach El Toboso by daylight;
for there I am resolved to go before I engage in another adventure, and
there I shall obtain the blessing and generous permission of the peerless
Dulcinea, with which permission I expect and feel assured that I shall
conclude and bring to a happy termination every perilous adventure; for
nothing in life makes knights-errant more valorous than finding
themselves favoured by their ladies."
"So I believe," replied Sancho; "but I think it will be difficult for
your worship to speak with her or see her, at any rate where you will be
able to receive her blessing; unless, indeed, she throws it over the wall
of the yard where I saw her the time before, when I took her the letter
that told of the follies and mad things your worship was doing in the
heart of Sierra Morena."
"Didst thou take that for a yard wall, Sancho," said Don Quixote, "where
or at which thou sawest that never sufficiently extolled grace and
beauty? It must have been the gallery, corridor, or portico of some rich
and royal palace."
"It might have been all that," returned Sancho, "but to me it looked like
a wall, unless I am short of memory."
"At all events, let us go there, Sancho," said Don Quixote; "for, so that
I see her, it is the same to me whether it be over a wall, or at a
window, or through the chink of a door, or the grate of a garden; for any
beam of the sun of her beauty that reaches my eyes will give light to my
reason and strength to my heart, so that I shall be unmatched and
unequalled in wisdom and valour."
"Well, to tell the truth, senor," said Sancho, "when I saw that sun of
the lady Dulcinea del Toboso, it was not bright enough to throw out beams
at all; it must have been, that as her grace was sifting that wheat I
told you of, the thick dust she raised came before her face like a cloud
and dimmed it."
"What! dost thou still persist, Sancho," said Don Quixote, "in saying,
thinking, believing, and maintaining that my lady Dulcinea was sifting
wheat, that being an occupation and task entirely at variance with what
is and should be the employment of persons of distinction, who are
constituted and reserved for other avocations and pursuits that show
their rank a bowshot off? Thou hast forgotten, O Sancho, those lines of
our poet wherein he paints for us how, in their crystal abodes, those
four nymphs employed themselves who rose from their loved Tagus and
seated themselves in a verdant meadow to embroider those tissues which
the ingenious poet there describes to us, how they were worked and woven
with gold and silk and pearls; and something of this sort must have been
the employment of my lady when thou sawest her, only that the spite which
some wicked enchanter seems to have against everything of mine changes
all those things that give me pleasure, and turns them into shapes unlike
their own; and so I fear that in that history of my achievements which
they say is now in print, if haply its author was some sage who is an
enemy of mine, he will have put one thing for another, mingling a
thousand lies with one truth, and amusing himself by relating
transactions which have nothing to do with the sequence of a true
history. O envy, root of all countless evils, and cankerworm of the
virtues! All the vices, Sancho, bring some kind of pleasure with them;
but envy brings nothing but irritation, bitterness, and rage."
"So I say too," replied Sancho; "and I suspect in that legend or history
of us that the bachelor Samson Carrasco told us he saw, my honour goes
dragged in the dirt, knocked about, up and down, sweeping the streets, as
they say. And yet, on the faith of an honest man, I never spoke ill of
any enchanter, and I am not so well off that I am to be envied; to be
sure, I am rather sly, and I have a certain spice of the rogue in me; but
all is covered by the great cloak of my simplicity, always natural and
never acted; and if I had no other merit save that I believe, as I always
do, firmly and truly in God, and all the holy Roman Catholic Church holds
and believes, and that I am a mortal enemy of the Jews, the historians
ought to have mercy on me and treat me well in their writings. But let
them say what they like; naked was I born, naked I find myself, I neither
lose nor gain; nay, while I see myself put into a book and passed on from
hand to hand over the world, I don't care a fig, let them say what they
like of me."
"That, Sancho," returned Don Quixote, "reminds me of what happened to a
famous poet of our own day, who, having written a bitter satire against
all the courtesan ladies, did not insert or name in it a certain lady of
whom it was questionable whether she was one or not. She, seeing she was
not in the list of the poet, asked him what he had seen in her that he
did not include her in the number of the others, telling him he must add
to his satire and put her in the new part, or else look out for the
consequences. The poet did as she bade him, and left her without a shred
of reputation, and she was satisfied by getting fame though it was
infamy. In keeping with this is what they relate of that shepherd who set
fire to the famous temple of Diana, by repute one of the seven wonders of
the world, and burned it with the sole object of making his name live in
after ages; and, though it was forbidden to name him, or mention his name
by word of mouth or in writing, lest the object of his ambition should be
attained, nevertheless it became known that he was called Erostratus. And
something of the same sort is what happened in the case of the great
emperor Charles V and a gentleman in Rome. The emperor was anxious to see
that famous temple of the Rotunda, called in ancient times the temple 'of
all the gods,' but now-a-days, by a better nomenclature, 'of all the
saints,' which is the best preserved building of all those of pagan
construction in Rome, and the one which best sustains the reputation of
mighty works and magnificence of its founders. It is in the form of a
half orange, of enormous dimensions, and well lighted, though no light
penetrates it save that which is admitted by a window, or rather round
skylight, at the top; and it was from this that the emperor examined the
building. A Roman gentleman stood by his side and explained to him the
skilful construction and ingenuity of the vast fabric and its wonderful
architecture, and when they had left the skylight he said to the emperor,
'A thousand times, your Sacred Majesty, the impulse came upon me to seize
your Majesty in my arms and fling myself down from yonder skylight, so as
to leave behind me in the world a name that would last for ever.' 'I am
thankful to you for not carrying such an evil thought into effect,' said
the emperor, 'and I shall give you no opportunity in future of again
putting your loyalty to the test; and I therefore forbid you ever to
speak to me or to be where I am; and he followed up these words by
bestowing a liberal bounty upon him. My meaning is, Sancho, that the
desire of acquiring fame is a very powerful motive. What, thinkest thou,
was it that flung Horatius in full armour down from the bridge into the
depths of the Tiber? What burned the hand and arm of Mutius? What
impelled Curtius to plunge into the deep burning gulf that opened in the
midst of Rome? What, in opposition to all the omens that declared against
him, made Julius Caesar cross the Rubicon? And to come to more modern
examples, what scuttled the ships, and left stranded and cut off the
gallant Spaniards under the command of the most courteous Cortes in the
New World? All these and a variety of other great exploits are, were and
will be, the work of fame that mortals desire as a reward and a portion
of the immortality their famous deeds deserve; though we Catholic
Christians and knights-errant look more to that future glory that is
everlasting in the ethereal regions of heaven than to the vanity of the
fame that is to be acquired in this present transitory life; a fame that,
however long it may last, must after all end with the world itself, which
has its own appointed end. So that, O Sancho, in what we do we must not
overpass the bounds which the Christian religion we profess has assigned
to us. We have to slay pride in giants, envy by generosity and nobleness
of heart, anger by calmness of demeanour and equanimity, gluttony and
sloth by the spareness of our diet and the length of our vigils, lust and
lewdness by the loyalty we preserve to those whom we have made the
mistresses of our thoughts, indolence by traversing the world in all
directions seeking opportunities of making ourselves, besides Christians,
famous knights. Such, Sancho, are the means by which we reach those
extremes of praise that fair fame carries with it."
"All that your worship has said so far," said Sancho, "I have understood
quite well; but still I would be glad if your worship would dissolve a
doubt for me, which has just this minute come into my mind."
"Solve, thou meanest, Sancho," said Don Quixote; "say on, in God's name,
and I will answer as well as I can."
"Tell me, senor," Sancho went on to say, "those Julys or Augusts, and all
those venturous knights that you say are now dead--where are they now?"
"The heathens," replied Don Quixote, "are, no doubt, in hell; the
Christians, if they were good Christians, are either in purgatory or in
"Very good," said Sancho; "but now I want to know--the tombs where the
bodies of those great lords are, have they silver lamps before them, or
are the walls of their chapels ornamented with crutches, winding-sheets,
tresses of hair, legs and eyes in wax? Or what are they ornamented with?"
To which Don Quixote made answer: "The tombs of the heathens were
generally sumptuous temples; the ashes of Julius Caesar's body were
placed on the top of a stone pyramid of vast size, which they now call in
Rome Saint Peter's needle. The emperor Hadrian had for a tomb a castle as
large as a good-sized village, which they called the Moles Adriani, and
is now the castle of St. Angelo in Rome. The queen Artemisia buried her
husband Mausolus in a tomb which was reckoned one of the seven wonders of
the world; but none of these tombs, or of the many others of the
heathens, were ornamented with winding-sheets or any of those other
offerings and tokens that show that they who are buried there are
"That's the point I'm coming to," said Sancho; "and now tell me, which is
the greater work, to bring a dead man to life or to kill a giant?"
"The answer is easy," replied Don Quixote; "it is a greater work to bring
to life a dead man."
"Now I have got you," said Sancho; "in that case the fame of them who
bring the dead to life, who give sight to the blind, cure cripples,
restore health to the sick, and before whose tombs there are lamps
burning, and whose chapels are filled with devout folk on their knees
adoring their relics be a better fame in this life and in the other than
that which all the heathen emperors and knights-errant that have ever
been in the world have left or may leave behind them?"
"That I grant, too," said Don Quixote.
"Then this fame, these favours, these privileges, or whatever you call
it," said Sancho, "belong to the bodies and relics of the saints who,
with the approbation and permission of our holy mother Church, have
lamps, tapers, winding-sheets, crutches, pictures, eyes and legs, by
means of which they increase devotion and add to their own Christian
reputation. Kings carry the bodies or relics of saints on their
shoulders, and kiss bits of their bones, and enrich and adorn their
oratories and favourite altars with them."
"What wouldst thou have me infer from all thou hast said, Sancho?" asked
"My meaning is," said Sancho, "let us set about becoming saints, and we
shall obtain more quickly the fair fame we are striving after; for you
know, senor, yesterday or the day before yesterday (for it is so lately
one may say so) they canonised and beatified two little barefoot friars,
and it is now reckoned the greatest good luck to kiss or touch the iron
chains with which they girt and tortured their bodies, and they are held
in greater veneration, so it is said, than the sword of Roland in the
armoury of our lord the King, whom God preserve. So that, senor, it is
better to be an humble little friar of no matter what order, than a
valiant knight-errant; with God a couple of dozen of penance lashings are
of more avail than two thousand lance-thrusts, be they given to giants,
or monsters, or dragons."
"All that is true," returned Don Quixote, "but we cannot all be friars,
and many are the ways by which God takes his own to heaven; chivalry is a
religion, there are sainted knights in glory."
"Yes," said Sancho, "but I have heard say that there are more friars in
heaven than knights-errant."
"That," said Don Quixote, "is because those in religious orders are more
numerous than knights."
"The errants are many," said Sancho.
"Many," replied Don Quixote, "but few they who deserve the name of
With these, and other discussions of the same sort, they passed that
night and the following day, without anything worth mention happening to
them, whereat Don Quixote was not a little dejected; but at length the
next day, at daybreak, they descried the great city of El Toboso, at the
sight of which Don Quixote's spirits rose and Sancho's fell, for he did
not know Dulcinea's house, nor in all his life had he ever seen her, any
more than his master; so that they were both uneasy, the one to see her,
the other at not having seen her, and Sancho was at a loss to know what
he was to do when his master sent him to El Toboso. In the end, Don
Quixote made up his mind to enter the city at nightfall, and they waited
until the time came among some oak trees that were near El Toboso; and
when the moment they had agreed upon arrived, they made their entrance
into the city, where something happened them that may fairly be called
WHEREIN IS RELATED WHAT WILL BE SEEN THERE
'Twas at the very midnight hour--more or less--when Don Quixote and
Sancho quitted the wood and entered El Toboso. The town was in deep
silence, for all the inhabitants were asleep, and stretched on the broad
of their backs, as the saying is. The night was darkish, though Sancho
would have been glad had it been quite dark, so as to find in the
darkness an excuse for his blundering. All over the place nothing was to
be heard except the barking of dogs, which deafened the ears of Don
Quixote and troubled the heart of Sancho. Now and then an ass brayed,
pigs grunted, cats mewed, and the various noises they made seemed louder
in the silence of the night; all which the enamoured knight took to be of
evil omen; nevertheless he said to Sancho, "Sancho, my son, lead on to
the palace of Dulcinea, it may be that we shall find her awake."
"Body of the sun! what palace am I to lead to," said Sancho, "when what I
saw her highness in was only a very little house?"
"Most likely she had then withdrawn into some small apartment of her
palace," said Don Quixote, "to amuse herself with damsels, as great
ladies and princesses are accustomed to do."
"Senor," said Sancho, "if your worship will have it in spite of me that
the house of my lady Dulcinea is a palace, is this an hour, think you, to
find the door open; and will it be right for us to go knocking till they
hear us and open the door; making a disturbance and confusion all through
the household? Are we going, do you fancy, to the house of our wenches,
like gallants who come and knock and go in at any hour, however late it
"Let us first of all find out the palace for certain," replied Don
Quixote, "and then I will tell thee, Sancho, what we had best do; but
look, Sancho, for either I see badly, or that dark mass that one sees
from here should be Dulcinea's palace."
"Then let your worship lead the way," said Sancho, "perhaps it may be so;
though I see it with my eyes and touch it with my hands, I'll believe it
as much as I believe it is daylight now."
Don Quixote took the lead, and having gone a matter of two hundred paces
he came upon the mass that produced the shade, and found it was a great
tower, and then he perceived that the building in question was no palace,
but the chief church of the town, and said he, "It's the church we have
lit upon, Sancho."
"So I see," said Sancho, "and God grant we may not light upon our graves;
it is no good sign to find oneself wandering in a graveyard at this time
of night; and that, after my telling your worship, if I don't mistake,
that the house of this lady will be in an alley without an outlet."
"The curse of God on thee for a blockhead!" said Don Quixote; "where hast
thou ever heard of castles and royal palaces being built in alleys
without an outlet?"
"Senor," replied Sancho, "every country has a way of its own; perhaps
here in El Toboso it is the way to build palaces and grand buildings in
alleys; so I entreat your worship to let me search about among these
streets or alleys before me, and perhaps, in some corner or other, I may
stumble on this palace--and I wish I saw the dogs eating it for leading
us such a dance."
"Speak respectfully of what belongs to my lady, Sancho," said Don
Quixote; "let us keep the feast in peace, and not throw the rope after
"I'll hold my tongue," said Sancho, "but how am I to take it patiently
when your worship wants me, with only once seeing the house of our
mistress, to know always, and find it in the middle of the night, when
your worship can't find it, who must have seen it thousands of times?"
"Thou wilt drive me to desperation, Sancho," said Don Quixote. "Look
here, heretic, have I not told thee a thousand times that I have never
once in my life seen the peerless Dulcinea or crossed the threshold of
her palace, and that I am enamoured solely by hearsay and by the great
reputation she bears for beauty and discretion?"
"I hear it now," returned Sancho; "and I may tell you that if you have
not seen her, no more have I."
"That cannot be," said Don Quixote, "for, at any rate, thou saidst, on
bringing back the answer to the letter I sent by thee, that thou sawest
her sifting wheat."
"Don't mind that, senor," said Sancho; "I must tell you that my seeing
her and the answer I brought you back were by hearsay too, for I can no
more tell who the lady Dulcinea is than I can hit the sky."
"Sancho, Sancho," said Don Quixote, "there are times for jests and times
when jests are out of place; if I tell thee that I have neither seen nor
spoken to the lady of my heart, it is no reason why thou shouldst say
thou hast not spoken to her or seen her, when the contrary is the case,
as thou well knowest."
While the two were engaged in this conversation, they perceived some one
with a pair of mules approaching the spot where they stood, and from the
noise the plough made, as it dragged along the ground, they guessed him
to be some labourer who had got up before daybreak to go to his work, and
so it proved to be. He came along singing the ballad that says--
Ill did ye fare, ye men of France, In Roncesvalles chase--
"May I die, Sancho," said Don Quixote, when he heard him, "if any good
will come to us tonight! Dost thou not hear what that clown is singing?"
"I do," said Sancho, "but what has Roncesvalles chase to do with what we
have in hand? He might just as well be singing the ballad of Calainos,
for any good or ill that can come to us in our business."
By this time the labourer had come up, and Don Quixote asked him, "Can
you tell me, worthy friend, and God speed you, whereabouts here is the
palace of the peerless princess Dona Dulcinea del Toboso?"
"Senor," replied the lad, "I am a stranger, and I have been only a few
days in the town, doing farm work for a rich farmer. In that house
opposite there live the curate of the village and the sacristan, and both
or either of them will be able to give your worship some account of this
lady princess, for they have a list of all the people of El Toboso;
though it is my belief there is not a princess living in the whole of it;
many ladies there are, of quality, and in her own house each of them may
be a princess."
"Well, then, she I am inquiring for will be one of these, my friend,"
said Don Quixote.
"May be so," replied the lad; "God be with you, for here comes the
daylight;" and without waiting for any more of his questions, he whipped
on his mules.
Sancho, seeing his master downcast and somewhat dissatisfied, said to
him, "Senor, daylight will be here before long, and it will not do for us
to let the sun find us in the street; it will be better for us to quit
the city, and for your worship to hide in some forest in the
neighbourhood, and I will come back in the daytime, and I won't leave a
nook or corner of the whole village that I won't search for the house,
castle, or palace, of my lady, and it will be hard luck for me if I don't
find it; and as soon as I have found it I will speak to her grace, and
tell her where and how your worship is waiting for her to arrange some
plan for you to see her without any damage to her honour and reputation."
"Sancho," said Don Quixote, "thou hast delivered a thousand sentences
condensed in the compass of a few words; I thank thee for the advice thou
hast given me, and take it most gladly. Come, my son, let us go look for
some place where I may hide, while thou dost return, as thou sayest, to
seek, and speak with my lady, from whose discretion and courtesy I look
for favours more than miraculous."
Sancho was in a fever to get his master out of the town, lest he should
discover the falsehood of the reply he had brought to him in the Sierra
Morena on behalf of Dulcinea; so he hastened their departure, which they
took at once, and two miles out of the village they found a forest or
thicket wherein Don Quixote ensconced himself, while Sancho returned to
the city to speak to Dulcinea, in which embassy things befell him which
demand fresh attention and a new chapter.
WHEREIN IS RELATED THE CRAFTY DEVICE SANCHO ADOPTED TO ENCHANT THE LADY
DULCINEA, AND OTHER INCIDENTS AS LUDICROUS AS THEY ARE TRUE
When the author of this great history comes to relate what is set down in
this chapter he says he would have preferred to pass it over in silence,
fearing it would not be believed, because here Don Quixote's madness
reaches the confines of the greatest that can be conceived, and even goes
a couple of bowshots beyond the greatest. But after all, though still
under the same fear and apprehension, he has recorded it without adding
to the story or leaving out a particle of the truth, and entirely
disregarding the charges of falsehood that might be brought against him;
and he was right, for the truth may run fine but will not break, and
always rises above falsehood as oil above water; and so, going on with
his story, he says that as soon as Don Quixote had ensconced himself in
the forest, oak grove, or wood near El Toboso, he bade Sancho return to
the city, and not come into his presence again without having first
spoken on his behalf to his lady, and begged of her that it might be her
good pleasure to permit herself to be seen by her enslaved knight, and
deign to bestow her blessing upon him, so that he might thereby hope for
a happy issue in all his encounters and difficult enterprises. Sancho
undertook to execute the task according to the instructions, and to bring
back an answer as good as the one he brought back before.
"Go, my son," said Don Quixote, "and be not dazed when thou findest
thyself exposed to the light of that sun of beauty thou art going to
seek. Happy thou, above all the squires in the world! Bear in mind, and
let it not escape thy memory, how she receives thee; if she changes
colour while thou art giving her my message; if she is agitated and
disturbed at hearing my name; if she cannot rest upon her cushion,
shouldst thou haply find her seated in the sumptuous state chamber proper
to her rank; and should she be standing, observe if she poises herself
now on one foot, now on the other; if she repeats two or three times the
reply she gives thee; if she passes from gentleness to austerity, from
asperity to tenderness; if she raises her hand to smooth her hair though
it be not disarranged. In short, my son, observe all her actions and
motions, for if thou wilt report them to me as they were, I will gather
what she hides in the recesses of her heart as regards my love; for I
would have thee know, Sancho, if thou knowest it not, that with lovers
the outward actions and motions they give way to when their loves are in
question are the faithful messengers that carry the news of what is going
on in the depths of their hearts. Go, my friend, may better fortune than
mine attend thee, and bring thee a happier issue than that which I await
in dread in this dreary solitude."
"I will go and return quickly," said Sancho; "cheer up that little heart
of yours, master mine, for at the present moment you seem to have got one
no bigger than a hazel nut; remember what they say, that a stout heart
breaks bad luck, and that where there are no fletches there are no pegs;
and moreover they say, the hare jumps up where it's not looked for. I say
this because, if we could not find my lady's palaces or castles to-night,
now that it is daylight I count upon finding them when I least expect it,
and once found, leave it to me to manage her."
"Verily, Sancho," said Don Quixote, "thou dost always bring in thy
proverbs happily, whatever we deal with; may God give me better luck in
what I am anxious about."
With this, Sancho wheeled about and gave Dapple the stick, and Don
Quixote remained behind, seated on his horse, resting in his stirrups and
leaning on the end of his lance, filled with sad and troubled
forebodings; and there we will leave him, and accompany Sancho, who went
off no less serious and troubled than he left his master; so much so,
that as soon as he had got out of the thicket, and looking round saw that
Don Quixote was not within sight, he dismounted from his ass, and seating
himself at the foot of a tree began to commune with himself, saying,
"Now, brother Sancho, let us know where your worship is going. Are you
going to look for some ass that has been lost? Not at all. Then what are
you going to look for? I am going to look for a princess, that's all; and
in her for the sun of beauty and the whole heaven at once. And where do
you expect to find all this, Sancho? Where? Why, in the great city of El
Toboso. Well, and for whom are you going to look for her? For the famous
knight Don Quixote of La Mancha, who rights wrongs, gives food to those
who thirst and drink to the hungry. That's all very well, but do you know
her house, Sancho? My master says it will be some royal palace or grand
castle. And have you ever seen her by any chance? Neither I nor my master
ever saw her. And does it strike you that it would be just and right if
the El Toboso people, finding out that you were here with the intention
of going to tamper with their princesses and trouble their ladies, were
to come and cudgel your ribs, and not leave a whole bone in you? They
would, indeed, have very good reason, if they did not see that I am under
orders, and that 'you are a messenger, my friend, no blame belongs to
you.' Don't you trust to that, Sancho, for the Manchegan folk are as
hot-tempered as they are honest, and won't put up with liberties from
anybody. By the Lord, if they get scent of you, it will be worse for you,
I promise you. Be off, you scoundrel! Let the bolt fall. Why should I go
looking for three feet on a cat, to please another man; and what is more,
when looking for Dulcinea will be looking for Marica in Ravena, or the
bachelor in Salamanca? The devil, the devil and nobody else, has mixed me
up in this business!"
Such was the soliloquy Sancho held with himself, and all the conclusion
he could come to was to say to himself again, "Well, there's remedy for
everything except death, under whose yoke we have all to pass, whether we
like it or not, when life's finished. I have seen by a thousand signs
that this master of mine is a madman fit to be tied, and for that matter,
I too, am not behind him; for I'm a greater fool than he is when I follow
him and serve him, if there's any truth in the proverb that says, 'Tell
me what company thou keepest, and I'll tell thee what thou art,' or in
that other, 'Not with whom thou art bred, but with whom thou art fed.'
Well then, if he be mad, as he is, and with a madness that mostly takes
one thing for another, and white for black, and black for white, as was
seen when he said the windmills were giants, and the monks' mules
dromedaries, flocks of sheep armies of enemies, and much more to the same
tune, it will not be very hard to make him believe that some country
girl, the first I come across here, is the lady Dulcinea; and if he does
not believe it, I'll swear it; and if he should swear, I'll swear again;
and if he persists I'll persist still more, so as, come what may, to have
my quoit always over the peg. Maybe, by holding out in this way, I may
put a stop to his sending me on messages of this kind another time; or
maybe he will think, as I suspect he will, that one of those wicked
enchanters, who he says have a spite against him, has changed her form
for the sake of doing him an ill turn and injuring him."
With this reflection Sancho made his mind easy, counting the business as
good as settled, and stayed there till the afternoon so as to make Don
Quixote think he had time enough to go to El Toboso and return; and
things turned out so luckily for him that as he got up to mount Dapple,
he spied, coming from El Toboso towards the spot where he stood, three
peasant girls on three colts, or fillies--for the author does not make
the point clear, though it is more likely they were she-asses, the usual
mount with village girls; but as it is of no great consequence, we need
not stop to prove it.
To be brief, the instant Sancho saw the peasant girls, he returned full
speed to seek his master, and found him sighing and uttering a thousand
passionate lamentations. When Don Quixote saw him he exclaimed, "What
news, Sancho, my friend? Am I to mark this day with a white stone or a
"Your worship," replied Sancho, "had better mark it with ruddle, like the
inscriptions on the walls of class rooms, that those who see it may see
"Then thou bringest good news," said Don Quixote.
"So good," replied Sancho, "that your worship has only to spur Rocinante
and get out into the open field to see the lady Dulcinea del Toboso, who,
with two others, damsels of hers, is coming to see your worship."
"Holy God! what art thou saying, Sancho, my friend?" exclaimed Don
Quixote. "Take care thou art not deceiving me, or seeking by false joy to
cheer my real sadness."
"What could I get by deceiving your worship," returned Sancho,
"especially when it will so soon be shown whether I tell the truth or
not? Come, senor, push on, and you will see the princess our mistress
coming, robed and adorned--in fact, like what she is. Her damsels and she
are all one glow of gold, all bunches of pearls, all diamonds, all
rubies, all cloth of brocade of more than ten borders; with their hair
loose on their shoulders like so many sunbeams playing with the wind; and
moreover, they come mounted on three piebald cackneys, the finest sight
ever you saw."
"Hackneys, you mean, Sancho," said Don Quixote.
"There is not much difference between cackneys and hackneys," said
Sancho; "but no matter what they come on, there they are, the finest
ladies one could wish for, especially my lady the princess Dulcinea, who
staggers one's senses."
"Let us go, Sancho, my son," said Don Quixote, "and in guerdon of this
news, as unexpected as it is good, I bestow upon thee the best spoil I
shall win in the first adventure I may have; or if that does not satisfy
thee, I promise thee the foals I shall have this year from my three mares
that thou knowest are in foal on our village common."
"I'll take the foals," said Sancho; "for it is not quite certain that the
spoils of the first adventure will be good ones."
By this time they had cleared the wood, and saw the three village lasses
close at hand. Don Quixote looked all along the road to El Toboso, and as
he could see nobody except the three peasant girls, he was completely
puzzled, and asked Sancho if it was outside the city he had left them.
"How outside the city?" returned Sancho. "Are your worship's eyes in the
back of your head, that you can't see that they are these who are coming
here, shining like the very sun at noonday?"
"I see nothing, Sancho," said Don Quixote, "but three country girls on
"Now, may God deliver me from the devil!" said Sancho, "and can it be
that your worship takes three hackneys--or whatever they're called-as
white as the driven snow, for jackasses? By the Lord, I could tear my
beard if that was the case!"
"Well, I can only say, Sancho, my friend," said Don Quixote, "that it is
as plain they are jackasses--or jennyasses--as that I am Don Quixote, and
thou Sancho Panza: at any rate, they seem to me to be so."
"Hush, senor," said Sancho, "don't talk that way, but open your eyes, and
come and pay your respects to the lady of your thoughts, who is close
upon us now;" and with these words he advanced to receive the three
village lasses, and dismounting from Dapple, caught hold of one of the
asses of the three country girls by the halter, and dropping on both
knees on the ground, he said, "Queen and princess and duchess of beauty,
may it please your haughtiness and greatness to receive into your favour
and good-will your captive knight who stands there turned into marble
stone, and quite stupefied and benumbed at finding himself in your
magnificent presence. I am Sancho Panza, his squire, and he the vagabond
knight Don Quixote of La Mancha, otherwise called 'The Knight of the
Don Quixote had by this time placed himself on his knees beside Sancho,
and, with eyes starting out of his head and a puzzled gaze, was regarding
her whom Sancho called queen and lady; and as he could see nothing in her
except a village lass, and not a very well-favoured one, for she was
platter-faced and snub-nosed, he was perplexed and bewildered, and did
not venture to open his lips. The country girls, at the same time, were
astonished to see these two men, so different in appearance, on their
knees, preventing their companion from going on. She, however, who had
been stopped, breaking silence, said angrily and testily, "Get out of the
way, bad luck to you, and let us pass, for we are in a hurry."
To which Sancho returned, "Oh, princess and universal lady of El Toboso,
is not your magnanimous heart softened by seeing the pillar and prop of
knight-errantry on his knees before your sublimated presence?"
On hearing this, one of the others exclaimed, "Woa then! why, I'm rubbing
thee down, she-ass of my father-in-law! See how the lordlings come to
make game of the village girls now, as if we here could not chaff as well
as themselves. Go your own way, and let us go ours, and it will be better
"Get up, Sancho," said Don Quixote at this; "I see that fortune, 'with
evil done to me unsated still,' has taken possession of all the roads by
which any comfort may reach 'this wretched soul' that I carry in my
flesh. And thou, highest perfection of excellence that can be desired,
utmost limit of grace in human shape, sole relief of this afflicted heart
that adores thee, though the malign enchanter that persecutes me has
brought clouds and cataracts on my eyes, and to them, and them only,
transformed thy unparagoned beauty and changed thy features into those of
a poor peasant girl, if so be he has not at the same time changed mine
into those of some monster to render them loathsome in thy sight, refuse
not to look upon me with tenderness and love; seeing in this submission
that I make on my knees to thy transformed beauty the humility with which
my soul adores thee."
"Hey-day! My grandfather!" cried the girl, "much I care for your
love-making! Get out of the way and let us pass, and we'll thank you."
Sancho stood aside and let her go, very well pleased to have got so well
out of the hobble he was in. The instant the village lass who had done
duty for Dulcinea found herself free, prodding her "cackney" with a spike
she had at the end of a stick, she set off at full speed across the
field. The she-ass, however, feeling the point more acutely than usual,
began cutting such capers, that it flung the lady Dulcinea to the ground;
seeing which, Don Quixote ran to raise her up, and Sancho to fix and
girth the pack-saddle, which also had slipped under the ass's belly. The
pack-saddle being secured, as Don Quixote was about to lift up his
enchanted mistress in his arms and put her upon her beast, the lady,
getting up from the ground, saved him the trouble, for, going back a
little, she took a short run, and putting both hands on the croup of the
ass she dropped into the saddle more lightly than a falcon, and sat
astride like a man, whereat Sancho said, "Rogue! but our lady is lighter
than a lanner, and might teach the cleverest Cordovan or Mexican how to
mount; she cleared the back of the saddle in one jump, and without spurs
she is making the hackney go like a zebra; and her damsels are no way
behind her, for they all fly like the wind;" which was the truth, for as
soon as they saw Dulcinea mounted, they pushed on after her, and sped
away without looking back, for more than half a league.
Don Quixote followed them with his eyes, and when they were no longer in
sight, he turned to Sancho and said, "How now, Sancho? thou seest how I
am hated by enchanters! And see to what a length the malice and spite
they bear me go, when they seek to deprive me of the happiness it would
give me to see my lady in her own proper form. The fact is I was born to
be an example of misfortune, and the target and mark at which the arrows
of adversity are aimed and directed. Observe too, Sancho, that these
traitors were not content with changing and transforming my Dulcinea, but
they transformed and changed her into a shape as mean and ill-favoured as
that of the village girl yonder; and at the same time they robbed her of
that which is such a peculiar property of ladies of distinction, that is
to say, the sweet fragrance that comes of being always among perfumes and
flowers. For I must tell thee, Sancho, that when I approached to put
Dulcinea upon her hackney (as thou sayest it was, though to me it
appeared a she-ass), she gave me a whiff of raw garlic that made my head
reel, and poisoned my very heart."
"O scum of the earth!" cried Sancho at this, "O miserable, spiteful
enchanters! O that I could see you all strung by the gills, like sardines
on a twig! Ye know a great deal, ye can do a great deal, and ye do a
great deal more. It ought to have been enough for you, ye scoundrels, to
have changed the pearls of my lady's eyes into oak galls, and her hair of
purest gold into the bristles of a red ox's tail, and in short, all her
features from fair to foul, without meddling with her smell; for by that
we might somehow have found out what was hidden underneath that ugly
rind; though, to tell the truth, I never perceived her ugliness, but only
her beauty, which was raised to the highest pitch of perfection by a mole
she had on her right lip, like a moustache, with seven or eight red hairs
like threads of gold, and more than a palm long."
"From the correspondence which exists between those of the face and those
of the body," said Don Quixote, "Dulcinea must have another mole
resembling that on the thick of the thigh on that side on which she has
the one on her ace; but hairs of the length thou hast mentioned are very
long for moles."
"Well, all I can say is there they were as plain as could be," replied
"I believe it, my friend," returned Don Quixote; "for nature bestowed
nothing on Dulcinea that was not perfect and well-finished; and so, if
she had a hundred moles like the one thou hast described, in her they
would not be moles, but moons and shining stars. But tell me, Sancho,
that which seemed to me to be a pack-saddle as thou wert fixing it, was
it a flat-saddle or a side-saddle?"
"It was neither," replied Sancho, "but a jineta saddle, with a field
covering worth half a kingdom, so rich is it."
"And that I could not see all this, Sancho!" said Don Quixote; "once more
I say, and will say a thousand times, I am the most unfortunate of men."
Sancho, the rogue, had enough to do to hide his laughter, at hearing the
simplicity of the master he had so nicely befooled. At length, after a
good deal more conversation had passed between them, they remounted their
beasts, and followed the road to Saragossa, which they expected to reach
in time to take part in a certain grand festival which is held every year
in that illustrious city; but before they got there things happened to
them, so many, so important, and so strange, that they deserve to be
recorded and read, as will be seen farther on.
OF THE STRANGE ADVENTURE WHICH THE VALIANT DON QUIXOTE HAD WITH THE CAR
OR CART OF "THE CORTES OF DEATH"
Dejected beyond measure did Don Quixote pursue his journey, turning over
in his mind the cruel trick the enchanters had played him in changing his
lady Dulcinea into the vile shape of the village lass, nor could he think
of any way of restoring her to her original form; and these reflections
so absorbed him, that without being aware of it he let go Rocinante's
bridle, and he, perceiving the liberty that was granted him, stopped at
every step to crop the fresh grass with which the plain abounded.
Sancho recalled him from his reverie. "Melancholy, senor," said he, "was
made, not for beasts, but for men; but if men give way to it overmuch
they turn to beasts; control yourself, your worship; be yourself again;
gather up Rocinante's reins; cheer up, rouse yourself and show that
gallant spirit that knights-errant ought to have. What the devil is this?
What weakness is this? Are we here or in France? The devil fly away with
all the Dulcineas in the world; for the well-being of a single
knight-errant is of more consequence than all the enchantments and
transformations on earth."
"Hush, Sancho," said Don Quixote in a weak and faint voice, "hush and
utter no blasphemies against that enchanted lady; for I alone am to blame
for her misfortune and hard fate; her calamity has come of the hatred the
wicked bear me."
"So say I," returned Sancho; "his heart rend in twain, I trow, who saw
her once, to see her now."
"Thou mayest well say that, Sancho," replied Don Quixote, "as thou sawest
her in the full perfection of her beauty; for the enchantment does not go
so far as to pervert thy vision or hide her loveliness from thee; against
me alone and against my eyes is the strength of its venom directed.
Nevertheless, there is one thing which has occurred to me, and that is
that thou didst ill describe her beauty to me, for, as well as I
recollect, thou saidst that her eyes were pearls; but eyes that are like
pearls are rather the eyes of a sea-bream than of a lady, and I am
persuaded that Dulcinea's must be green emeralds, full and soft, with two
rainbows for eyebrows; take away those pearls from her eyes and transfer
them to her teeth; for beyond a doubt, Sancho, thou hast taken the one
for the other, the eyes for the teeth."
"Very likely," said Sancho; "for her beauty bewildered me as much as her
ugliness did your worship; but let us leave it all to God, who alone
knows what is to happen in this vale of tears, in this evil world of
ours, where there is hardly a thing to be found without some mixture of
wickedness, roguery, and rascality. But one thing, senor, troubles me
more than all the rest, and that is thinking what is to be done when your
worship conquers some giant, or some other knight, and orders him to go
and present himself before the beauty of the lady Dulcinea. Where is this
poor giant, or this poor wretch of a vanquished knight, to find her? I
think I can see them wandering all over El Toboso, looking like noddies,
and asking for my lady Dulcinea; and even if they meet her in the middle
of the street they won't know her any more than they would my father."
"Perhaps, Sancho," returned Don Quixote, "the enchantment does not go so
far as to deprive conquered and presented giants and knights of the power
of recognising Dulcinea; we will try by experiment with one or two of the
first I vanquish and send to her, whether they see her or not, by
commanding them to return and give me an account of what happened to them
in this respect."
"I declare, I think what your worship has proposed is excellent," said
Sancho; "and that by this plan we shall find out what we want to know;
and if it be that it is only from your worship she is hidden, the
misfortune will be more yours than hers; but so long as the lady Dulcinea
is well and happy, we on our part will make the best of it, and get on as
well as we can, seeking our adventures, and leaving Time to take his own
course; for he is the best physician for these and greater ailments."
Don Quixote was about to reply to Sancho Panza, but he was prevented by a
cart crossing the road full of the most diverse and strange personages
and figures that could be imagined. He who led the mules and acted as
carter was a hideous demon; the cart was open to the sky, without a tilt
or cane roof, and the first figure that presented itself to Don Quixote's
eyes was that of Death itself with a human face; next to it was an angel
with large painted wings, and at one side an emperor, with a crown, to
all appearance of gold, on his head. At the feet of Death was the god
called Cupid, without his bandage, but with his bow, quiver, and arrows;
there was also a knight in full armour, except that he had no morion or
helmet, but only a hat decked with plumes of divers colours; and along
with these there were others with a variety of costumes and faces. All
this, unexpectedly encountered, took Don Quixote somewhat aback, and
struck terror into the heart of Sancho; but the next instant Don Quixote
was glad of it, believing that some new perilous adventure was presenting
itself to him, and under this impression, and with a spirit prepared to
face any danger, he planted himself in front of the cart, and in a loud
and menacing tone, exclaimed, "Carter, or coachman, or devil, or whatever
thou art, tell me at once who thou art, whither thou art going, and who
these folk are thou carriest in thy wagon, which looks more like Charon's
boat than an ordinary cart."
To which the devil, stopping the cart, answered quietly, "Senor, we are
players of Angulo el Malo's company; we have been acting the play of 'The
Cortes of Death' this morning, which is the octave of Corpus Christi, in
a village behind that hill, and we have to act it this afternoon in that
village which you can see from this; and as it is so near, and to save
the trouble of undressing and dressing again, we go in the costumes in
which we perform. That lad there appears as Death, that other as an
angel, that woman, the manager's wife, plays the queen, this one the
soldier, that the emperor, and I the devil; and I am one of the principal
characters of the play, for in this company I take the leading parts. If
you want to know anything more about us, ask me and I will answer with
the utmost exactitude, for as I am a devil I am up to everything."
"By the faith of a knight-errant," replied Don Quixote, "when I saw this
cart I fancied some great adventure was presenting itself to me; but I
declare one must touch with the hand what appears to the eye, if
illusions are to be avoided. God speed you, good people; keep your
festival, and remember, if you demand of me ought wherein I can render
you a service, I will do it gladly and willingly, for from a child I was
fond of the play, and in my youth a keen lover of the actor's art."
While they were talking, fate so willed it that one of the company in a
mummers' dress with a great number of bells, and armed with three blown
ox-bladders at the end of a stick, joined them, and this merry-andrew
approaching Don Quixote, began flourishing his stick and banging the
ground with the bladders and cutting capers with great jingling of the
bells, which untoward apparition so startled Rocinante that, in spite of
Don Quixote's efforts to hold him in, taking the bit between his teeth he
set off across the plain with greater speed than the bones of his anatomy
ever gave any promise of.
Sancho, who thought his master was in danger of being thrown, jumped off
Dapple, and ran in all haste to help him; but by the time he reached him
he was already on the ground, and beside him was Rocinante, who had come
down with his master, the usual end and upshot of Rocinante's vivacity
and high spirits. But the moment Sancho quitted his beast to go and help
Don Quixote, the dancing devil with the bladders jumped up on Dapple, and
beating him with them, more by the fright and the noise than by the pain
of the blows, made him fly across the fields towards the village where
they were going to hold their festival. Sancho witnessed Dapple's career
and his master's fall, and did not know which of the two cases of need he
should attend to first; but in the end, like a good squire and good
servant, he let his love for his master prevail over his affection for
his ass; though every time he saw the bladders rise in the air and come
down on the hind quarters of his Dapple he felt the pains and terrors of
death, and he would have rather had the blows fall on the apples of his
own eyes than on the least hair of his ass's tail. In this trouble and
perplexity he came to where Don Quixote lay in a far sorrier plight than
he liked, and having helped him to mount Rocinante, he said to him,
"Senor, the devil has carried off my Dapple."
"What devil?" asked Don Quixote.
"The one with the bladders," said Sancho.
"Then I will recover him," said Don Quixote, "even if he be shut up with
him in the deepest and darkest dungeons of hell. Follow me, Sancho, for
the cart goes slowly, and with the mules of it I will make good the loss
"You need not take the trouble, senor," said Sancho; "keep cool, for as I
now see, the devil has let Dapple go and he is coming back to his old
quarters;" and so it turned out, for, having come down with Dapple, in
imitation of Don Quixote and Rocinante, the devil made off on foot to the
town, and the ass came back to his master.
"For all that," said Don Quixote, "it will be well to visit the
discourtesy of that devil upon some of those in the cart, even if it were
the emperor himself."
"Don't think of it, your worship," returned Sancho; "take my advice and
never meddle with actors, for they are a favoured class; I myself have
known an actor taken up for two murders, and yet come off scot-free;
remember that, as they are merry folk who give pleasure, everyone favours
and protects them, and helps and makes much of them, above all when they
are those of the royal companies and under patent, all or most of whom in
dress and appearance look like princes."
"Still, for all that," said Don Quixote, "the player devil must not go
off boasting, even if the whole human race favours him."
So saying, he made for the cart, which was now very near the town,
shouting out as he went, "Stay! halt! ye merry, jovial crew! I want to
teach you how to treat asses and animals that serve the squires of
knights-errant for steeds."
So loud were the shouts of Don Quixote, that those in the cart heard and
understood them, and, guessing by the words what the speaker's intention
was, Death in an instant jumped out of the cart, and the emperor, the
devil carter and the angel after him, nor did the queen or the god Cupid
stay behind; and all armed themselves with stones and formed in line,
prepared to receive Don Quixote on the points of their pebbles. Don
Quixote, when he saw them drawn up in such a gallant array with uplifted
arms ready for a mighty discharge of stones, checked Rocinante and began
to consider in what way he could attack them with the least danger to
himself. As he halted Sancho came up, and seeing him disposed to attack
this well-ordered squadron, said to him, "It would be the height of
madness to attempt such an enterprise; remember, senor, that against sops
from the brook, and plenty of them, there is no defensive armour in the
world, except to stow oneself away under a brass bell; and besides, one
should remember that it is rashness, and not valour, for a single man to
attack an army that has Death in it, and where emperors fight in person,
with angels, good and bad, to help them; and if this reflection will not
make you keep quiet, perhaps it will to know for certain that among all
these, though they look like kings, princes, and emperors, there is not a
"Now indeed thou hast hit the point, Sancho," said Don Quixote, "which
may and should turn me from the resolution I had already formed. I cannot
and must not draw sword, as I have many a time before told thee, against
anyone who is not a dubbed knight; it is for thee, Sancho, if thou wilt,
to take vengeance for the wrong done to thy Dapple; and I will help thee
from here by shouts and salutary counsels."
"There is no occasion to take vengeance on anyone, senor," replied
Sancho; "for it is not the part of good Christians to revenge wrongs; and
besides, I will arrange it with my ass to leave his grievance to my
good-will and pleasure, and that is to live in peace as long as heaven
grants me life."
"Well," said Don Quixote, "if that be thy determination, good Sancho,
sensible Sancho, Christian Sancho, honest Sancho, let us leave these
phantoms alone and turn to the pursuit of better and worthier adventures;
for, from what I see of this country, we cannot fail to find plenty of
marvellous ones in it."
He at once wheeled about, Sancho ran to take possession of his Dapple,
Death and his flying squadron returned to their cart and pursued their
journey, and thus the dread adventure of the cart of Death ended happily,
thanks to the advice Sancho gave his master; who had, the following day,
a fresh adventure, of no less thrilling interest than the last, with an
OF THE STRANGE ADVENTURE WHICH BEFELL THE VALIANT DON QUIXOTE WITH THE
BOLD KNIGHT OF THE MIRRORS
The night succeeding the day of the encounter with Death, Don Quixote and
his squire passed under some tall shady trees, and Don Quixote at
Sancho's persuasion ate a little from the store carried by Dapple, and
over their supper Sancho said to his master, "Senor, what a fool I should
have looked if I had chosen for my reward the spoils of the first
adventure your worship achieved, instead of the foals of the three mares.
After all, 'a sparrow in the hand is better than a vulture on the wing.'"
"At the same time, Sancho," replied Don Quixote, "if thou hadst let me
attack them as I wanted, at the very least the emperor's gold crown and
Cupid's painted wings would have fallen to thee as spoils, for I should
have taken them by force and given them into thy hands."
"The sceptres and crowns of those play-actor emperors," said Sancho,
"were never yet pure gold, but only brass foil or tin."
"That is true," said Don Quixote, "for it would not be right that the
accessories of the drama should be real, instead of being mere fictions
and semblances, like the drama itself; towards which, Sancho-and, as a
necessary consequence, towards those who represent and produce it--I
would that thou wert favourably disposed, for they are all instruments of
great good to the State, placing before us at every step a mirror in
which we may see vividly displayed what goes on in human life; nor is
there any similitude that shows us more faithfully what we are and ought
to be than the play and the players. Come, tell me, hast thou not seen a
play acted in which kings, emperors, pontiffs, knights, ladies, and
divers other personages were introduced? One plays the villain, another
the knave, this one the merchant, that the soldier, one the sharp-witted
fool, another the foolish lover; and when the play is over, and they have
put off the dresses they wore in it, all the actors become equal."
"Yes, I have seen that," said Sancho.
"Well then," said Don Quixote, "the same thing happens in the comedy and
life of this world, where some play emperors, others popes, and, in
short, all the characters that can be brought into a play; but when it is
over, that is to say when life ends, death strips them all of the
garments that distinguish one from the other, and all are equal in the
"A fine comparison!" said Sancho; "though not so new but that I have
heard it many and many a time, as well as that other one of the game of
chess; how, so long as the game lasts, each piece has its own particular
office, and when the game is finished they are all mixed, jumbled up and
shaken together, and stowed away in the bag, which is much like ending
life in the grave."
"Thou art growing less doltish and more shrewd every day, Sancho," said
"Ay," said Sancho; "it must be that some of your worship's shrewdness
sticks to me; land that, of itself, is barren and dry, will come to yield
good fruit if you dung it and till it; what I mean is that your worship's
conversation has been the dung that has fallen on the barren soil of my
dry wit, and the time I have been in your service and society has been
the tillage; and with the help of this I hope to yield fruit in abundance
that will not fall away or slide from those paths of good breeding that
your worship has made in my parched understanding."
Don Quixote laughed at Sancho's affected phraseology, and perceived that
what he said about his improvement was true, for now and then he spoke in
a way that surprised him; though always, or mostly, when Sancho tried to
talk fine and attempted polite language, he wound up by toppling over
from the summit of his simplicity into the abyss of his ignorance; and
where he showed his culture and his memory to the greatest advantage was
in dragging in proverbs, no matter whether they had any bearing or not
upon the subject in hand, as may have been seen already and will be
noticed in the course of this history.
In conversation of this kind they passed a good part of the night, but
Sancho felt a desire to let down the curtains of his eyes, as he used to
say when he wanted to go to sleep; and stripping Dapple he left him at
liberty to graze his fill. He did not remove Rocinante's saddle, as his
master's express orders were, that so long as they were in the field or
not sleeping under a roof Rocinante was not to be stripped--the ancient
usage established and observed by knights-errant being to take off the
bridle and hang it on the saddle-bow, but to remove the saddle from the
horse--never! Sancho acted accordingly, and gave him the same liberty he
had given Dapple, between whom and Rocinante there was a friendship so
unequalled and so strong, that it is handed down by tradition from father
to son, that the author of this veracious history devoted some special
chapters to it, which, in order to preserve the propriety and decorum due
to a history so heroic, he did not insert therein; although at times he
forgets this resolution of his and describes how eagerly the two beasts
would scratch one another when they were together and how, when they were
tired or full, Rocinante would lay his neck across Dapple's, stretching
half a yard or more on the other side, and the pair would stand thus,
gazing thoughtfully on the ground, for three days, or at least so long as
they were left alone, or hunger did not drive them to go and look for
food. I may add that they say the author left it on record that he
likened their friendship to that of Nisus and Euryalus, and Pylades and
Orestes; and if that be so, it may be perceived, to the admiration of
mankind, how firm the friendship must have been between these two
peaceful animals, shaming men, who preserve friendships with one another
so badly. This was why it was said--
For friend no longer is there friend;
The reeds turn lances now.
And some one else has sung--
Friend to friend the bug, etc.
And let no one fancy that the author was at all astray when he compared
the friendship of these animals to that of men; for men have received
many lessons from beasts, and learned many important things, as, for
example, the clyster from the stork, vomit and gratitude from the dog,
watchfulness from the crane, foresight from the ant, modesty from the
elephant, and loyalty from the horse.
Sancho at last fell asleep at the foot of a cork tree, while Don Quixote
dozed at that of a sturdy oak; but a short time only had elapsed when a
noise he heard behind him awoke him, and rising up startled, he listened
and looked in the direction the noise came from, and perceived two men on
horseback, one of whom, letting himself drop from the saddle, said to the
other, "Dismount, my friend, and take the bridles off the horses, for, so
far as I can see, this place will furnish grass for them, and the
solitude and silence my love-sick thoughts need of." As he said this he
stretched himself upon the ground, and as he flung himself down, the
armour in which he was clad rattled, whereby Don Quixote perceived that
he must be a knight-errant; and going over to Sancho, who was asleep, he
shook him by the arm and with no small difficulty brought him back to his
senses, and said in a low voice to him, "Brother Sancho, we have got an
"God send us a good one," said Sancho; "and where may her ladyship the
"Where, Sancho?" replied Don Quixote; "turn thine eyes and look, and thou
wilt see stretched there a knight-errant, who, it strikes me, is not over
and above happy, for I saw him fling himself off his horse and throw
himself on the ground with a certain air of dejection, and his armour
rattled as he fell."
"Well," said Sancho, "how does your worship make out that to be an
"I do not mean to say," returned Don Quixote, "that it is a complete
adventure, but that it is the beginning of one, for it is in this way
adventures begin. But listen, for it seems he is tuning a lute or guitar,
and from the way he is spitting and clearing his chest he must be getting
ready to sing something."
"Faith, you are right," said Sancho, "and no doubt he is some enamoured
"There is no knight-errant that is not," said Don Quixote; "but let us
listen to him, for, if he sings, by that thread we shall extract the ball
of his thoughts; because out of the abundance of the heart the mouth
Sancho was about to reply to his master, but the Knight of the Grove's
voice, which was neither very bad nor very good, stopped him, and
listening attentively the pair heard him sing this
Your pleasure, prithee, lady mine, unfold;
Declare the terms that I am to obey;
My will to yours submissively I mould,
And from your law my feet shall never stray.
Would you I die, to silent grief a prey?
Then count me even now as dead and cold;
Would you I tell my woes in some new way?
Then shall my tale by Love itself be told.
The unison of opposites to prove,
Of the soft wax and diamond hard am I;
But still, obedient to the laws of love,
Here, hard or soft, I offer you my breast,
Whate'er you grave or stamp thereon shall rest
Indelible for all eternity.
With an "Ah me!" that seemed to be drawn from the inmost recesses of his
heart, the Knight of the Grove brought his lay to an end, and shortly
afterwards exclaimed in a melancholy and piteous voice, "O fairest and
most ungrateful woman on earth! What! can it be, most serene Casildea de
Vandalia, that thou wilt suffer this thy captive knight to waste away and
perish in ceaseless wanderings and rude and arduous toils? It is not
enough that I have compelled all the knights of Navarre, all the Leonese,
all the Tartesians, all the Castilians, and finally all the knights of La
Mancha, to confess thee the most beautiful in the world?"
"Not so," said Don Quixote at this, "for I am of La Mancha, and I have
never confessed anything of the sort, nor could I nor should I confess a
thing so much to the prejudice of my lady's beauty; thou seest how this
knight is raving, Sancho. But let us listen, perhaps he will tell us more
"That he will," returned Sancho, "for he seems in a mood to bewail
himself for a month at a stretch."
But this was not the case, for the Knight of the Grove, hearing voices
near him, instead of continuing his lamentation, stood up and exclaimed
in a distinct but courteous tone, "Who goes there? What are you? Do you
belong to the number of the happy or of the miserable?"
"Of the miserable," answered Don Quixote.
"Then come to me," said he of the Grove, "and rest assured that it is to
woe itself and affliction itself you come."
Don Quixote, finding himself answered in such a soft and courteous
manner, went over to him, and so did Sancho.
The doleful knight took Don Quixote by the arm, saying, "Sit down here,
sir knight; for, that you are one, and of those that profess
knight-errantry, it is to me a sufficient proof to have found you in this
place, where solitude and night, the natural couch and proper retreat of
knights-errant, keep you company." To which Don made answer, "A knight I
am of the profession you mention, and though sorrows, misfortunes, and
calamities have made my heart their abode, the compassion I feel for the
misfortunes of others has not been thereby banished from it. From what
you have just now sung I gather that yours spring from love, I mean from
the love you bear that fair ingrate you named in your lament."
In the meantime, they had seated themselves together on the hard ground
peaceably and sociably, just as if, as soon as day broke, they were not
going to break one another's heads.
"Are you, sir knight, in love perchance?" asked he of the Grove of Don
"By mischance I am," replied Don Quixote; "though the ills arising from
well-bestowed affections should be esteemed favours rather than
"That is true," returned he of the Grove, "if scorn did not unsettle our
reason and understanding, for if it be excessive it looks like revenge."
"I was never scorned by my lady," said Don Quixote.
"Certainly not," said Sancho, who stood close by, "for my lady is as a
lamb, and softer than a roll of butter."
"Is this your squire?" asked he of the Grove.
"He is," said Don Quixote.
"I never yet saw a squire," said he of the Grove, "who ventured to speak
when his master was speaking; at least, there is mine, who is as big as
his father, and it cannot be proved that he has ever opened his lips when
I am speaking."
"By my faith then," said Sancho, "I have spoken, and am fit to speak, in
the presence of one as much, or even--but never mind--it only makes it
worse to stir it."
The squire of the Grove took Sancho by the arm, saying to him, "Let us
two go where we can talk in squire style as much as we please, and leave
these gentlemen our masters to fight it out over the story of their
loves; and, depend upon it, daybreak will find them at it without having
made an end of it."
"So be it by all means," said Sancho; "and I will tell your worship who I
am, that you may see whether I am to be reckoned among the number of the
most talkative squires."
With this the two squires withdrew to one side, and between them there
passed a conversation as droll as that which passed between their masters
IN WHICH IS CONTINUED THE ADVENTURE OF THE KNIGHT OF THE GROVE, TOGETHER
WITH THE SENSIBLE, ORIGINAL, AND TRANQUIL COLLOQUY THAT PASSED BETWEEN
THE TWO SQUIRES
The knights and the squires made two parties, these telling the story of
their lives, the others the story of their loves; but the history relates
first of all the conversation of the servants, and afterwards takes up
that of the masters; and it says that, withdrawing a little from the
others, he of the Grove said to Sancho, "A hard life it is we lead and
live, senor, we that are squires to knights-errant; verily, we eat our
bread in the sweat of our faces, which is one of the curses God laid on
our first parents."
"It may be said, too," added Sancho, "that we eat it in the chill of our
bodies; for who gets more heat and cold than the miserable squires of
knight-errantry? Even so it would not be so bad if we had something to
eat, for woes are lighter if there's bread; but sometimes we go a day or
two without breaking our fast, except with the wind that blows."
"All that," said he of the Grove, "may be endured and put up with when we
have hopes of reward; for, unless the knight-errant he serves is
excessively unlucky, after a few turns the squire will at least find
himself rewarded with a fine government of some island or some fair
"I," said Sancho, "have already told my master that I shall be content
with the government of some island, and he is so noble and generous that
he has promised it to me ever so many times."
"I," said he of the Grove, "shall be satisfied with a canonry for my
services, and my master has already assigned me one."
"Your master," said Sancho, "no doubt is a knight in the Church line, and
can bestow rewards of that sort on his good squire; but mine is only a
layman; though I remember some clever, but, to my mind, designing people,
strove to persuade him to try and become an archbishop. He, however,
would not be anything but an emperor; but I was trembling all the time
lest he should take a fancy to go into the Church, not finding myself fit
to hold office in it; for I may tell you, though I seem a man, I am no
better than a beast for the Church."
"Well, then, you are wrong there," said he of the Grove; "for those
island governments are not all satisfactory; some are awkward, some are
poor, some are dull, and, in short, the highest and choicest brings with
it a heavy burden of cares and troubles which the unhappy wight to whose
lot it has fallen bears upon his shoulders. Far better would it be for us
who have adopted this accursed service to go back to our own houses, and
there employ ourselves in pleasanter occupations--in hunting or fishing,
for instance; for what squire in the world is there so poor as not to
have a hack and a couple of greyhounds and a fishingrod to amuse himself
with in his own village?"
"I am not in want of any of those things," said Sancho; "to be sure I
have no hack, but I have an ass that is worth my master's horse twice
over; God send me a bad Easter, and that the next one I am to see, if I
would swap, even if I got four bushels of barley to boot. You will laugh
at the value I put on my Dapple--for dapple is the colour of my beast. As
to greyhounds, I can't want for them, for there are enough and to spare
in my town; and, moreover, there is more pleasure in sport when it is at
other people's expense."
"In truth and earnest, sir squire," said he of the Grove, "I have made up
my mind and determined to have done with these drunken vagaries of these
knights, and go back to my village, and bring up my children; for I have
three, like three Oriental pearls."
"I have two," said Sancho, "that might be presented before the Pope
himself, especially a girl whom I am breeding up for a countess, please
God, though in spite of her mother."
"And how old is this lady that is being bred up for a countess?" asked he
of the Grove.
"Fifteen, a couple of years more or less," answered Sancho; "but she is
as tall as a lance, and as fresh as an April morning, and as strong as a
"Those are gifts to fit her to be not only a countess but a nymph of the
greenwood," said he of the Grove; "whoreson strumpet! what pith the rogue
To which Sancho made answer, somewhat sulkily, "She's no strumpet, nor
was her mother, nor will either of them be, please God, while I live;
speak more civilly; for one bred up among knights-errant, who are
courtesy itself, your words don't seem to me to be very becoming."
"O how little you know about compliments, sir squire," returned he of the
Grove. "What! don't you know that when a horseman delivers a good lance
thrust at the bull in the plaza, or when anyone does anything very well,
the people are wont to say, 'Ha, whoreson rip! how well he has done it!'
and that what seems to be abuse in the expression is high praise? Disown
sons and daughters, senor, who don't do what deserves that compliments of
this sort should be paid to their parents."
"I do disown them," replied Sancho, "and in this way, and by the same
reasoning, you might call me and my children and my wife all the
strumpets in the world, for all they do and say is of a kind that in the
highest degree deserves the same praise; and to see them again I pray God
to deliver me from mortal sin, or, what comes to the same thing, to
deliver me from this perilous calling of squire into which I have fallen
a second time, decayed and beguiled by a purse with a hundred ducats that
I found one day in the heart of the Sierra Morena; and the devil is
always putting a bag full of doubloons before my eyes, here, there,
everywhere, until I fancy at every stop I am putting my hand on it, and
hugging it, and carrying it home with me, and making investments, and
getting interest, and living like a prince; and so long as I think of
this I make light of all the hardships I endure with this simpleton of a
master of mine, who, I well know, is more of a madman than a knight."
"There's why they say that 'covetousness bursts the bag,'" said he of the
Grove; "but if you come to talk of that sort, there is not a greater one
in the world than my master, for he is one of those of whom they say,
'the cares of others kill the ass;' for, in order that another knight may
recover the senses he has lost, he makes a madman of himself and goes
looking for what, when found, may, for all I know, fly in his own face."
"And is he in love perchance?" asked Sancho.
"He is," said of the Grove, "with one Casildea de Vandalia, the rawest
and best roasted lady the whole world could produce; but that rawness is
not the only foot he limps on, for he has greater schemes rumbling in his
bowels, as will be seen before many hours are over."
"There's no road so smooth but it has some hole or hindrance in it," said
Sancho; "in other houses they cook beans, but in mine it's by the potful;
madness will have more followers and hangers-on than sound sense; but if
there be any truth in the common saying, that to have companions in
trouble gives some relief, I may take consolation from you, inasmuch as
you serve a master as crazy as my own."
"Crazy but valiant," replied he of the Grove, "and more roguish than
crazy or valiant."
"Mine is not that," said Sancho; "I mean he has nothing of the rogue in
him; on the contrary, he has the soul of a pitcher; he has no thought of
doing harm to anyone, only good to all, nor has he any malice whatever in
him; a child might persuade him that it is night at noonday; and for this
simplicity I love him as the core of my heart, and I can't bring myself
to leave him, let him do ever such foolish things."
"For all that, brother and senor," said he of the Grove, "if the blind
lead the blind, both are in danger of falling into the pit. It is better
for us to beat a quiet retreat and get back to our own quarters; for
those who seek adventures don't always find good ones."
Sancho kept spitting from time to time, and his spittle seemed somewhat
ropy and dry, observing which the compassionate squire of the Grove said,
"It seems to me that with all this talk of ours our tongues are sticking
to the roofs of our mouths; but I have a pretty good loosener hanging
from the saddle-bow of my horse," and getting up he came back the next
minute with a large bota of wine and a pasty half a yard across; and this
is no exaggeration, for it was made of a house rabbit so big that Sancho,
as he handled it, took it to be made of a goat, not to say a kid, and
looking at it he said, "And do you carry this with you, senor?"
"Why, what are you thinking about?" said the other; "do you take me for
some paltry squire? I carry a better larder on my horse's croup than a
general takes with him when he goes on a march."
Sancho ate without requiring to be pressed, and in the dark bolted
mouthfuls like the knots on a tether, and said he, "You are a proper
trusty squire, one of the right sort, sumptuous and grand, as this
banquet shows, which, if it has not come here by magic art, at any rate
has the look of it; not like me, unlucky beggar, that have nothing more
in my alforjas than a scrap of cheese, so hard that one might brain a
giant with it, and, to keep it company, a few dozen carobs and as many
more filberts and walnuts; thanks to the austerity of my master, and the
idea he has and the rule he follows, that knights-errant must not live or
sustain themselves on anything except dried fruits and the herbs of the
"By my faith, brother," said he of the Grove, "my stomach is not made for
thistles, or wild pears, or roots of the woods; let our masters do as
they like, with their chivalry notions and laws, and eat what those
enjoin; I carry my prog-basket and this bota hanging to the saddle-bow,
whatever they may say; and it is such an object of worship with me, and I
love it so, that there is hardly a moment but I am kissing and embracing
it over and over again;" and so saying he thrust it into Sancho's hands,
who raising it aloft pointed to his mouth, gazed at the stars for a
quarter of an hour; and when he had done drinking let his head fall on
one side, and giving a deep sigh, exclaimed, "Ah, whoreson rogue, how
catholic it is!"
"There, you see," said he of the Grove, hearing Sancho's exclamation,
"how you have called this wine whoreson by way of praise."
"Well," said Sancho, "I own it, and I grant it is no dishonour to call
anyone whoreson when it is to be understood as praise. But tell me,
senor, by what you love best, is this Ciudad Real wine?"
"O rare wine-taster!" said he of the Grove; "nowhere else indeed does it
come from, and it has some years' age too."
"Leave me alone for that," said Sancho; "never fear but I'll hit upon the
place it came from somehow. What would you say, sir squire, to my having
such a great natural instinct in judging wines that you have only to let
me smell one and I can tell positively its country, its kind, its flavour
and soundness, the changes it will undergo, and everything that
appertains to a wine? But it is no wonder, for I have had in my family,
on my father's side, the two best wine-tasters that have been known in La
Mancha for many a long year, and to prove it I'll tell you now a thing
that happened them. They gave the two of them some wine out of a cask, to
try, asking their opinion as to the condition, quality, goodness or
badness of the wine. One of them tried it with the tip of his tongue, the
other did no more than bring it to his nose. The first said the wine had
a flavour of iron, the second said it had a stronger flavour of cordovan.
The owner said the cask was clean, and that nothing had been added to the
wine from which it could have got a flavour of either iron or leather.
Nevertheless, these two great wine-tasters held to what they had said.
Time went by, the wine was sold, and when they came to clean out the
cask, they found in it a small key hanging to a thong of cordovan; see
now if one who comes of the same stock has not a right to give his
opinion in such like cases."
"Therefore, I say," said he of the Grove, "let us give up going in quest
of adventures, and as we have loaves let us not go looking for cakes, but
return to our cribs, for God will find us there if it be his will."
"Until my master reaches Saragossa," said Sancho, "I'll remain in his
service; after that we'll see."
The end of it was that the two squires talked so much and drank so much
that sleep had to tie their tongues and moderate their thirst, for to
quench it was impossible; and so the pair of them fell asleep clinging to
the now nearly empty bota and with half-chewed morsels in their mouths;
and there we will leave them for the present, to relate what passed
between the Knight of the Grove and him of the Rueful Countenance.
WHEREIN IS CONTINUED THE ADVENTURE OF THE KNIGHT OF THE GROVE
Among the things that passed between Don Quixote and the Knight of the
Wood, the history tells us he of the Grove said to Don Quixote, "In fine,
sir knight, I would have you know that my destiny, or, more properly
speaking, my choice led me to fall in love with the peerless Casildea de
Vandalia. I call her peerless because she has no peer, whether it be in
bodily stature or in the supremacy of rank and beauty. This same
Casildea, then, that I speak of, requited my honourable passion and
gentle aspirations by compelling me, as his stepmother did Hercules, to
engage in many perils of various sorts, at the end of each promising me
that, with the end of the next, the object of my hopes should be
attained; but my labours have gone on increasing link by link until they
are past counting, nor do I know what will be the last one that is to be
the beginning of the accomplishment of my chaste desires. On one occasion
she bade me go and challenge the famous giantess of Seville, La Giralda
by name, who is as mighty and strong as if made of brass, and though
never stirring from one spot, is the most restless and changeable woman
in the world. I came, I saw, I conquered, and I made her stay quiet and
behave herself, for nothing but north winds blew for more than a week.
Another time I was ordered to lift those ancient stones, the mighty bulls
of Guisando, an enterprise that might more fitly be entrusted to porters
than to knights. Again, she bade me fling myself into the cavern of
Cabra--an unparalleled and awful peril--and bring her a minute account of
all that is concealed in those gloomy depths. I stopped the motion of the
Giralda, I lifted the bulls of Guisando, I flung myself into the cavern
and brought to light the secrets of its abyss; and my hopes are as dead
as dead can be, and her scorn and her commands as lively as ever. To be
brief, last of all she has commanded me to go through all the provinces
of Spain and compel all the knights-errant wandering therein to confess
that she surpasses all women alive to-day in beauty, and that I am the
most valiant and the most deeply enamoured knight on earth; in support of
which claim I have already travelled over the greater part of Spain, and
have there vanquished several knights who have dared to contradict me;
but what I most plume and pride myself upon is having vanquished in
single combat that so famous knight Don Quixote of La Mancha, and made
him confess that my Casildea is more beautiful than his Dulcinea; and in
this one victory I hold myself to have conquered all the knights in the
world; for this Don Quixote that I speak of has vanquished them all, and
I having vanquished him, his glory, his fame, and his honour have passed
and are transferred to my person; for
The more the vanquished hath of fair renown,
The greater glory gilds the victor's crown.
Thus the innumerable achievements of the said Don Quixote are now set
down to my account and have become mine."
Don Quixote was amazed when he heard the Knight of the Grove, and was a
thousand times on the point of telling him he lied, and had the lie
direct already on the tip of his tongue; but he restrained himself as
well as he could, in order to force him to confess the lie with his own
lips; so he said to him quietly, "As to what you say, sir knight, about
having vanquished most of the knights of Spain, or even of the whole
world, I say nothing; but that you have vanquished Don Quixote of La
Mancha I consider doubtful; it may have been some other that resembled
him, although there are few like him."
"How! not vanquished?" said he of the Grove; "by the heaven that is above
us I fought Don Quixote and overcame him and made him yield; and he is a
man of tall stature, gaunt features, long, lank limbs, with hair turning
grey, an aquiline nose rather hooked, and large black drooping
moustaches; he does battle under the name of 'The Countenance,' and he
has for squire a peasant called Sancho Panza; he presses the loins and
rules the reins of a famous steed called Rocinante; and lastly, he has
for the mistress of his will a certain Dulcinea del Toboso, once upon a
time called Aldonza Lorenzo, just as I call mine Casildea de Vandalia
because her name is Casilda and she is of Andalusia. If all these tokens
are not enough to vindicate the truth of what I say, here is my sword,
that will compel incredulity itself to give credence to it."
"Calm yourself, sir knight," said Don Quixote, "and give ear to what I am
about to say to you. I would have you know that this Don Quixote you
speak of is the greatest friend I have in the world; so much so that I
may say I regard him in the same light as my own person; and from the
precise and clear indications you have given I cannot but think that he
must be the very one you have vanquished. On the other hand, I see with
my eyes and feel with my hands that it is impossible it can have been the
same; unless indeed it be that, as he has many enemies who are
enchanters, and one in particular who is always persecuting him, some one
of these may have taken his shape in order to allow himself to be
vanquished, so as to defraud him of the fame that his exalted
achievements as a knight have earned and acquired for him throughout the
known world. And in confirmation of this, I must tell you, too, that it
is but ten hours since these said enchanters his enemies transformed the
shape and person of the fair Dulcinea del Toboso into a foul and mean
village lass, and in the same way they must have transformed Don Quixote;
and if all this does not suffice to convince you of the truth of what I
say, here is Don Quixote himself, who will maintain it by arms, on foot
or on horseback or in any way you please."
And so saying he stood up and laid his hand on his sword, waiting to see
what the Knight of the Grove would do, who in an equally calm voice said
in reply, "Pledges don't distress a good payer; he who has succeeded in
vanquishing you once when transformed, Sir Don Quixote, may fairly hope
to subdue you in your own proper shape; but as it is not becoming for
knights to perform their feats of arms in the dark, like highwaymen and
bullies, let us wait till daylight, that the sun may behold our deeds;
and the conditions of our combat shall be that the vanquished shall be at
the victor's disposal, to do all that he may enjoin, provided the
injunction be such as shall be becoming a knight."
"I am more than satisfied with these conditions and terms," replied Don
Quixote; and so saying, they betook themselves to where their squires
lay, and found them snoring, and in the same posture they were in when
sleep fell upon them. They roused them up, and bade them get the horses
ready, as at sunrise they were to engage in a bloody and arduous single
combat; at which intelligence Sancho was aghast and thunderstruck,
trembling for the safety of his master because of the mighty deeds he had
heard the squire of the Grove ascribe to his; but without a word the two
squires went in quest of their cattle; for by this time the three horses
and the ass had smelt one another out, and were all together.
On the way, he of the Grove said to Sancho, "You must know, brother, that
it is the custom with the fighting men of Andalusia, when they are
godfathers in any quarrel, not to stand idle with folded arms while their
godsons fight; I say so to remind you that while our masters are
fighting, we, too, have to fight, and knock one another to shivers."
"That custom, sir squire," replied Sancho, "may hold good among those
bullies and fighting men you talk of, but certainly not among the squires
of knights-errant; at least, I have never heard my master speak of any
custom of the sort, and he knows all the laws of knight-errantry by
heart; but granting it true that there is an express law that squires are
to fight while their masters are fighting, I don't mean to obey it, but
to pay the penalty that may be laid on peacefully minded squires like
myself; for I am sure it cannot be more than two pounds of wax, and I
would rather pay that, for I know it will cost me less than the lint I
shall be at the expense of to mend my head, which I look upon as broken
and split already; there's another thing that makes it impossible for me
to fight, that I have no sword, for I never carried one in my life."
"I know a good remedy for that," said he of the Grove; "I have here two
linen bags of the same size; you shall take one, and I the other, and we
will fight at bag blows with equal arms."
"If that's the way, so be it with all my heart," said Sancho, "for that
sort of battle will serve to knock the dust out of us instead of hurting
"That will not do," said the other, "for we must put into the bags, to
keep the wind from blowing them away, half a dozen nice smooth pebbles,
all of the same weight; and in this way we shall be able to baste one
another without doing ourselves any harm or mischief."
"Body of my father!" said Sancho, "see what marten and sable, and pads of
carded cotton he is putting into the bags, that our heads may not be
broken and our bones beaten to jelly! But even if they are filled with
toss silk, I can tell you, senor, I am not going to fight; let our
masters fight, that's their lookout, and let us drink and live; for time
will take care to ease us of our lives, without our going to look for
fillips so that they may be finished off before their proper time comes
and they drop from ripeness."
"Still," returned he of the Grove, "we must fight, if it be only for half
"By no means," said Sancho; "I am not going to be so discourteous or so
ungrateful as to have any quarrel, be it ever so small, with one I have
eaten and drunk with; besides, who the devil could bring himself to fight
in cold blood, without anger or provocation?"
"I can remedy that entirely," said he of the Grove, "and in this way:
before we begin the battle, I will come up to your worship fair and
softly, and give you three or four buffets, with which I shall stretch
you at my feet and rouse your anger, though it were sleeping sounder than
"To match that plan," said Sancho, "I have another that is not a whit
behind it; I will take a cudgel, and before your worship comes near
enough to waken my anger I will send yours so sound to sleep with whacks,
that it won't waken unless it be in the other world, where it is known
that I am not a man to let my face be handled by anyone; let each look
out for the arrow--though the surer way would be to let everyone's anger
sleep, for nobody knows the heart of anyone, and a man may come for wool
and go back shorn; God gave his blessing to peace and his curse to
quarrels; if a hunted cat, surrounded and hard pressed, turns into a
lion, God knows what I, who am a man, may turn into; and so from this
time forth I warn you, sir squire, that all the harm and mischief that
may come of our quarrel will be put down to your account."
"Very good," said he of the Grove; "God will send the dawn and we shall
be all right."
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The Modernisation Plan which called for the replacement of steam by diesel and electric traction presented the architects of the Plan with many questions, often with a multitude of answers. In many cases there was no definitive 'right' or 'wrong' answer, the global use of diesel locomotives was still very much on a learning curve, with some solid successes and also many dead ends. Many manufacturers and engine builders had sent locomotives to almost all corners of the world, in some cases there was some twenty five years of operating experience to fall back on. But these operating experiences for the recently formed British Railways often threw up more questions than answers.
Would British Railways opt for the light weight higher speed engines often aligned to a hydraulic transmission or would they choose the bulkier and heavier medium speed diesel engine, usually coupled to an electric transmission with its associated bulky and heavy generators and traction motors. The latter had its following within British Railways but the considerable bulk of the engine and transmission would create a heavy locomotive to the chagrin of those concerned with axle loadings and stresses imposed on the permanent way and associated structures.
As it happened for British Railways a number of options were taken and it was left for BR Derby to draw up some of the plans and construct certain of the locomotives equipped with the medium speed engines coupled to an electric transmission. Derby had almost two decades of diesel experience, dealing with the familiar 0-6-0 shunters, the two LMS express passenger locomotives of 1947/48, the experimental Fell locomotive and the very beginnings of production of the BR/Sulzer Type 2's.
The engine chosen to power the BR/Sulzer Type 4's had its roots in development dating back to the early 1930's, in the Sulzer LDA series. Development had taken this design to a maximum of eight cylinders in the single bank form. Experiments with two double locomotives to France and Roumania during the late 1930's powered by Sulzer 'double-bank' engines had been successful, the four machines were still operating as Derby set to work on the BR/Sulzer Type 4's. These early machines were too large for Britain's loading gauge, their LDA31's were pared down to LDA28's, more useful for fitting into locomotives destined for restricted European loading gauges. Nevertheless these were still large engines particularly when coupled to the large generators required to convert that mechanical energy into electricity. These heavy internal components required substantial framing and support from the body, which was also filled with auxiliary equipment, train heating boilers, water and fuel, all red flags for those trying to keep the axle loadings as low as possible. Unable to keep the weight down to an acceptable level for the Civil Engineer both BR Derby and English Electric had to resort to the four-axle bogie for the big Type 4's, an option that the designers would have no doubt preferred to avoid.
Thus was born the early heavyweight diesel electrics, their bulk not being reduced by the Derby built Type 4's being named after mountains and certain English Electric Type 4's being named after large ships!
Little seems to have been reported of D1's movements during the summer whilst it was being tested. On July 14th it was officially named at Carlisle Citadel by Sir Fergus Graham, Lord Lieutenant of Cumberland, the station had been specially spruced up for the occasion. Despite this naming ceremony D1 - D10 all had their nameplates fitted at Derby Works prior to entering service, the names chosen led to the big Type 4's earning the class the nickname of 'Peaks' - even for the follow on builds that carried mostly regimental names.
D1 officially entered service during the four weeks ending September 5th 1959. Also delivered at this time from a variety of builders were D224, 810, 2117, 3779, 5336, 6122, 8035 & E5010. D1 was officially allocated to Camden (1B), but was quickly loaned to Derby (17A), a sequence of events that happened to the remainder of the class when they were delivered. The last of the class, D10 was delivered to Camden in the three weeks ending February 20th 1960.
Period reports do not make mention too much of the activities of D1 - D10. Despite there allocation they were split between services out of Euston and St Pancras. On the latter route they were active on the Manchester services alongside the D57xx Metro Vicks, in particular the 7.25 am Manchester Central - St Pancras, returning with the 2.25pm St Pancras - Manchester Central.
On March 21st D10 was exhibited at St Pancras to the Minister of Transport, Ernest Marples. Also present for inspection were English Electric Type 4 No.D255 and BR/Sulzer Type 2 No.D5079. Following the inspection D10 worked the 2.25pm St. Pancras – Manchester.
One particular working associated with the Class on the WCML was the 7.45am Crewe - Euston. They would also be frequently found on the Euston - Blackpool & Crewe - Perth workings. On the Perth working there was a fill-in turn to Aberdeen, coming back with the 02.15am fish, or a passenger turn if it was Saturday. Although mostly an English Electric Type 4 turn, this did provide the sight of an occasional BR/Sulzer Type 4 at Aberdeen. During August Type 4's also starting working through to Glasgow Central on WCML passenger services from Carlisle.
By July D2 & D5 were back at Camden (1B), those working north of Carlisle were reaching as far north as Perth on certain workings. A survey of WCML express passenger trains on a weekend in November at Rugby revealed five BR/Sulzer Type 4's in use, the English Type 4's were of course in the majority. During the last quarter of 1960 most returned to Derby Works for attention to a variety of things.
The Type 4's continued to be occasional performers on the St Pancras - Manchester turns.
With freight train working on the horizon for D1-D10 a number of tests took place to ensure there were no unexpected problems, especially with the braking capabilities. On two Sundays during June D8 and 9F 92153 trialled between Toton and Brent (via Manton) with Class J 1,000 ton partially fitted coal trains to accelerated timings. The results were favourable for the diesel with its higher brake force and smoother more even operation of the brakes. A little later, in the middle of September 1960 D4 worked a number of unfitted mineral trains between Brent and Toton.
A traffic survey on the WCML at Watford during April found the English Electric Type 4's in command of the passenger workings, only nine were noted hauled by the Peaks. Three Peaks would be present at Derby Works for repair during May.
Whilst Crewe Works was busily working through its orders of new Class 45's the occasional Class 44 would appear in the works for attention, so noted was D8 in September, D1, D8 & D9 received attention in December. It is possible that on these visits to Crewe towards the end of the year the train heating equipment was removed in light of their impending transfer to Toton for freight workings. Further south D1 disgraced itself on September 29th by catching fire near Kings Langley whilst working the 8.15am Manchester - Euston. A traffic survey at Rugby on December 23rd noted only two Class 44's passing through.
During 1961 the gear ratio of D1-D10 was changed from 62/17 to 57/22 bringing these locomotives in line with the newly appearing D11 series. Tractive effort was lowered from 70,000lb to 55,000lb. This change and other internal electrical changes helped reduced the number of flashovers to the traction motors when operating at high speeds.
With the arrival of five Class 46's at the beginning of May the Class J freights to Castle Donington and Repton power stations were taken over by the Class 44/46's, as were the Toton - Wichnor/Washwood Heath freights. From here on the Class 44's would be synonymous with Toton, in general only working to the limits of the route knowledge of Toton's goods train drivers and usually on out & back turns. The arrival of a series of brake tenders in August found them tested over the Midland mainline, initially by the Class 46's, but soon to be used by the Class 44's.
In early June D6 was loaned to Saltley (21A) for crew training, it would be back at Toton towards the end of July. Also moving briefly was D2 which moved to Crewe (5A) during June. It would be used in high speed tests over the WCML, authorised for 100 mph running or more. It would return to Toton (18A) ast the beginning of September. D2's engine had been fitted with a supercharge-air cooler, allowing its engine to be uprated to 2,500hp. The ratings of the locomotive's electrical equipment and gear ratios remained unchanged.
With the transfer to Toton the Class no longer had need of their steam generators, these were removed as they went through Works, with concrete ballast added to ensure even weight distribution. The now redundant water tanks remained on the locomotives, but since they were galvanised (unlike those on the Class45/46's) some were reused on these later classes.
Who made what
Aerex Hyperform: traction motor blower units
And for the technically minded
Testing the Power Unit
The testing was carried out between March 5th-9th 1956 at Winterthur under Test UIC specifications 623-OR using power unit E 775055 (cylinder numbers 32277 - 32288), purchased by the SNCF on February 29th 1956. This particular power unit was attached to CEM main generator # P10485 and auxiliary generator # P10508.
Total testing time was a continuous one hundred hours broken into four segments:
Fuel consumption across the normal part of the test had a low point of 388kg/hr and a high point of 408kg/hr recorded in the 28th hour of the test. During the 10% overload fuel consumption increased to 443/444kg/hr and during the 10% overspeed test consumption increased slightly from the previous test to 447kg/hr.
During the ten hour partial load test with the engine rpm set at 700, 600, 500 & 400 rpm the respective fuel consumption was 335, 234, 155 & 80kg/kr.
Turbo blower (pressure charger): the speed of this device at the start of the normal test was 10,680 rpm rising to a high of 11,100rpm (26th hour), at idling speed the turbo blower ran at 2,160rpm. During the 10% overspeed test the speed varied between 11,700 & 11,820rpm.
The 'A' model Sulzer engines fitted to the Class 44's were all built at Winterthur with metal of thicker section than was found in the 'B' & 'C' series. This prevented the proliferation of fatigue cracks common in the crankcase and sump area found in the 'B' & 'C' series power units. In these later engines crankshaft phasing and the cylinder firing order was changed to reduce vibration - this was not done to the 'A' series power units.
One problem common to both the 'A' & 'B' series power units in the early years was engine seizure due to inadequate oil lubrication of the crankshaft synchronising gears between the two output shafts and the main generator. In the same area a magnetic field occurred in the engine output shaft and crankshaft synchronising gears. This field drew fine metallic debris to the area eventually leading to seizure of the gears and bearings. The problems were rectified by improved oil lubrication and the repositioning of the internal busbars in the main generator.
44001 "Scafell Pike"
The first four Class 44's were named after peaks in the Lake District.
The name given to the first of the Class 44's was also that of England's highest peak, at 3,210 feet (978m). It is located at the southern end of the Lake District, on a clear day from its summit one can see Great Gable, Helvellyn and Skiddaw. The nearest railway lines would be that of the WCML and the coastal route from Carnforth towards Barrow & Workington, presumably on a good day it might be possible to see Scafell Pike from some point on the coastal route.
Although the frames for D1 were laid in 1958, the progress on the locomotive was slow with priority being given to the Type 2 and 0-6-0 shunter builds. By early January 1959 construction has reached the frame & body stage, by February the power equipment and other components were being fitted. By mid-March the D1 was almost complete and reached the paint shop during April.
(Ken Lomas at one time was the No.2 in the CM&EE at the locomotive works and was very much involved in the prototype diesel & electric locomotives, including the Blue Pullman. Ken featured in the British Transport Films movie about the luxury train).
By the end of April the locomotive was complete but would not officially enter revenue earning service for another four months. On April 21st D1 went up to London for inspection (being noted at St Pancras), spending several days there. It went up to London again on May 5th. Although D1 - D10 would receive their nameplates at Derby Works D1 attended an official naming ceremony at Carlisle Citadel on July 14th 1959. En route from Derby the locomotive was tested on some of the considerable pointwork at Preston before proceeding light engine to Carlisle.
D1 officially entered service during the four weeks ending September 5th 1959, initially to Camden (1B), but was quickly loaned to Derby (17A). It was transferred back to Camden (1B) during April 1960. Its stay here was brief, during May it was transferred to Longsight (9A).
On February 18th 1961 D1 in charge of the 2.10pm Manchester - Euston was noted at Lichfield with 42887 hauling the train, including failed D1. Thinks were not much better on September 29th 1961 when D1 caught fire south of Kings Langley whilst working the 8.15am Manchester - Euston. The damage was sufficient to send D1 of to Derby Works for attention.
During November 1971 No.1 acquired blue livery.
During May 1974 44001 was noted receiving its final repair at Derby Works. After outshopping the locomotive was tested on June 4th 1974 on the 13.45 Derby - St Pancras with 45005, the Class 44 was removed at Leicester.
On October 27th 1976 44001 failed on the 8L21 07.20 Toton - Garston freight in the Stoke area. 44006 came to take 44001 back to Toton where it was withdrawn on October 30th 1976. A week later on November 6th it was towed to Derby Works by 20182. By the end of February 1977 44001 was little more than an empty bodyshell dumped in the scrapping area, for a while keeping company alongside the remains of 44006.
Helvellyn is the third highest English peak at 3,118 feet (950m) offering many splendid views of the Lake District as it sits above the valley containing Thirlmere. Helvellyn was no doubt visible from the railway line that passed through Keswick and might (?) be visible from the WCML looking south west from Penrith on a really good day.
Prior to entering traffic D2 was complete enough to be on show at the Works Open Day on August 29th 1959. D2 was delivered to Camden (1B) in the four weeks ended October 3rd 1959, it was immediately loaned to Derby (17A). During May 1960 it was transferred with D9 to Edge Hill (8A). After two months on loan to Edge Hill D2 returned to Camden (1B) during July 1960.
From new D2 was rated at 2,500hp, running with a 'B' series engine after the original 'A' series engine had seized whilst under static testing at Derby Works. The testing would have provided service experience for the soon to be introduced D11 series locomotives. The locomotive was derated to 2,300hp during July 1961 by Sulzer staff at Camden depot. Presumably at its next Works visit the 'B' series engine was exchanged for an 'A' series.
In August 1962 test trains were run on the WCML between Liverpool & Euston to evaluate the performance of the overhead line equipment and to confirm that the infrastructure of the route (track condition, signals etc) would meet the rquirements of the upcoming high speed services. The test trains included a test coach equipped with a pantograph, a track recording coach and coaches equipped with Mk1 bogies and Commonwealth bogies. On August 9th 1962 D2 and three coaches ran to electric timings running at over 100mph on certain sections and time from Crewe to Euston at 157 minutes.
D2 returned to the WCML during June 1964 when the locomotive operated out of Camden depot on further high speed test trains between Euston & Liverpool. On June 24th D2 and a seven coach test train made a round trip Euston - Liverpool with considerable running at 100mph plus. The down trip was made in 2hrs 54min, the up trip in 2hrs 41min. By June 27th the testing was finished and D2 was back on more mundane duties at Toton.
During May 1972 No.2 acquired blue livery.
The last overhaul for 44002 took place at Derby during June 1975.
44002 was sent up to Cricklewood light engine on September 4th 1978 to bring back three surplus slow speed control fitted Class 47's. On February 1st 1979 44002 was withdrawn from service, and moved to Derby Works. 44002 surrendered her engine for reconditioning and installation in 44007. By September it was just a shell in the scrapyard area.
A nameplate from 44002 sold for GBP8,900 at auction in March 2005.
Skiddaw sits at the northern end of the Lake District, reaching a height of 931m. On a clear day it is visible from the Workington - Carlisle railway and would have been very prominent on the CK&P line which ran through Keswick, though its doubtful if any Class 44's traversed this route before its closure.
D3 was delivered to Camden (1B) in the four weeks ended October 3rd 1959, it was immediately loaned to Derby (17A). It was transferred back to Camden (1B) during April 1960. It did not stay here long, during May it was transferred with D8 & D10 to Crewe North (5A).
D3 was noted at Derby Works for repairs during April - June 1961.
The last overhaul for 44003 took place at Derby during June 1973, which is when it acquired blue livery.
On March 30th 1976 whilst working the 8E12 14.17 Toton - Whitemoor 44003 failed at Loughborough and was rescued by 44009, the following day on the same working 44003 failed again and was assisted this time by 44002. The locomotive was immediately stored unserviceable, but did not reach Derby Works until May 7th 1976, with final withdrawal occurring on July 17th 1976. By the end of September it had been broken up, the first of the Class 44's so treated.
44004 "Great Gable"
Great Gable is located just north of Scafell Pike, it is 2,949 feet high (899m). Because of its impressive outline it was chosen as the center piece in the motif used by the Lake District National Park. It is probably not visible from any railway line(?)
D4 was delivered to Camden (1B) in the four weeks ended October 3rd 1959, it was immediately loaned to Derby (17A). It was transferred back to Camden (1B) during April 1960. After returning to Camden D4 became a regular performer on the 07.45am Crewe - Euston.
For the period September 12th - 24th 1960 D4 worked a number of trials with unbraked mineral trains between Cricklewood and Toton.
The increasing use of diesels on diagrams north of Carlisle in January 1961 generally saw these covered by the English Electric Type 4's, but D4 was also noted on these diagrams.
D4 was the first of the Class 44's to received blue livery, being repainted in February 1967 (the blue livery was unlined with small yellow warning panels), it would not be until August 1970 that the next Class 44, D5 would be repainted blue.
44004 was noted at Derby Works during October 1975 receiving its last overhaul, being outshopped early in November. It was observed in the Birmingham area on January 14th 1977 in charge of the Slough - Leicester parcels. It was later noted in the Stoke area having brought in a coal train from the East Midlands, normally a Class 45 or double-headed Class 20 turn. On January 18th 1978 44004 ran up to Bedford light engine to haul a defective 45103 back to Toton for repair.
One of the regular out and back Toton turns which occasionally used a Class 44 was the morning trip to Stoke on Trent and the early afternoon return working. On November 15th 1978 44004 failed in the Stoke area on the return working, 47315 was added to the train to complete the journey back to Toton. Also recorded on the evening of November 15th, presumably after 44004's return to health, was its rescue of the 20.45 Sleaford - Lincoln DMU. This would be the last passenger haulage by a Class 44 in revenue earning service.
On September 19th 1979 the 08.55 Bescot - Toton freight with 44004 became derailed between Pleck Junction & Walsall, the locomotive and two wagons came off the rails.
On July 18th 44004 worked two Toton - Rugby roundtrips.
Its last working was the 21.36 Toton - Whitemoor on November 28th 1980, returning light engine.
On November 30th 1980 the last three Class 44's were withdrawn, including 44004 which was initially stored at Toton but eventually reached preservation.
44005 "Cross Fell"
After four Lakeland Peaks the next four were selected from the Pennines. Cross Fell, 2970feet (893m) is the highest peak in the Pennines, is the source of the Tees River and is visible from the Settle & Carlisle railway line, though it is doubtful if the Class 44's worked over this route.
D5 was delivered to Camden (1B) in the two weeks ended October 17th 1959, it was immediately loaned to Derby (17A). It was transferred back to Camden (1B) during April 1960. It did not remain here long, in May it was transferred with D6 to Carlisle (12B). After two months on loan to Carlisle D5 returned to Camden (1B) during July 1960.
During August 1970 No.5 acquired blue livery.
The last overhaul for No.5 was completed at Derby during the first half of November 1973, at which time it was renumbered to 44005.
On May 11th 1977, the same day that 44010 worked its last trip, 44005 ended up in charge of a Crewe - Ferme Park empty coaching stock working, the locomotive quickly returning light engine to the LMR. 44005 was frequently noted on the 08.10am Toton - Whitemoor freight during April. It was also used on the clean-up at Ilkeston following the collision & derailment of 45067 and its passenger train. 44005 was withdrawn at the end of April 1978 with generator damage, initially stored at Toton but moved to Derby Works on July 31st 1978, just in time for the Works Open Day. The locomotive had been cut up by November 1978.
On the left (No.1 end) bogie, to the left of the speedometer cable connection can be seen the axlebox mounted oil pump which was used to power the oil lubrication system for the pony truck steering linkage, springs, segmental bearings and axlebox roller bearings. This method of lubrication proved not to work too well and led amongst other things to bogie fires. When the lubrication was changed to grease in the early 1960's this pump equipment was removed.
Whernside, the highest peak in Yorkshire at 2,415feet (736m) is easily visible to the north west of Ribblehead.
D6 was delivered to Camden (1B) in the two weeks ended November 14th 1959, it was immediately loaned to Derby (17A). It was transferred back to Camden (1B) during April 1960. It did not remain here long, in May it was transferred with D5 to Carlisle (12B).
When No.6 entered Derby Works during June 1973 for its final overhaul it was the last Class 44 to retain green livery - when released to traffic early in September it had gained the familiar blue & yellow livery. It had also been renumbered to 44006, thus being the only Class 44 not to carry green livery with its TOPS number.
The end came for 44006 on December 13th 1976 whilst working the 21.36 Toton - Whitemoor freight. Whilst shunting at Spalding the locomotive became derailed. After re-railing the next day 44006 was moved to March on December 20th, 44008 was sent down from Toton to collect 44006 on December 21st. Withdrawal came on January 25th and on February 2nd 44002 took 44006 to Derby Works. By early March 44006 had been broken up.
At one time its striking flat top was home to an iron age fort, but now Ingleborough, 2,373feet (723m) receives more attention from hikers and the longing looks of travellers up and down the Settle & Carlisle railway line.
D7 was delivered to Camden (1B) in the two weeks ended November 28th 1959, it was immediately loaned to Derby (17A). It was transferred back to Camden (1B) during April 1960.
The last overhaul for 44007 took place at Derby Works during March 1973, it was at this overhaul that blue livery was received.
44007 was noted at Derby Works from June to August 1975. On March 5th 1979 44007 worked the 6Z72 Toton-Acton special freight throughout, quickly returning home light engine. 44007 came to the rescue of a passenger train on April 19th 1979 when the 15.16 Manchester - Harwich Parkeston Quay failed at Chesterfield behind 31242. Nearby was 44007 which was added to the train, reaching Nottingham about an hour late where 47533 replaced both locomotives.
On July 31st 1980 44007 was noted on the WCML with accident damaged coach M12162 (covered with a tarpaulin), presumably en-route from Watford Junction to Derby Carriage & Wagon Works for repairs.
44007 was noted on a Toton - Willesden working on October 9th 1980.
On November 30th 1980 all three remaining Class 44's, including 44007 were withdrawn. 44007 was in working condition allowing it to run light to Derby Works on December 2nd 1980 for the last time. It had been broken up by November 1981.
Situated on the east side of the Settle & Carlisle railway Penyghent is 2,273feet (694m) high.
D8 was delivered to Camden (1B) in the three weeks ended December 19th 1959, it was immediately loaned to Derby (17A). During May 1960 it was transferred with D3 & D10 to Crewe North (5A).
With the future transfer of D1-D10 to Toton for use on freight trains on the Midland mainline some trials were conducted to ensure their suitability, especially with regard to their braking abilities. Trials were conducted between Toton, via Manton to Brent Yard with a 1,000ton train comprised of 85 coal wagons, brake van and dynamometer car. 9F 92153 tested on Sunday June 19th 1960 followed by D8 on June 26th 1960. Brake tests were carried out on the partially fitted coal train at several points on the route. D8 proved to have superior braking performance over 92153, having a higher brake force and smoother operation of the brakes.
On November 11th 1960 D8 was in charge of the 1.5pm ex-Euston, by Camden the steam heating boiler had failed, a steam locomotive was added at Rugby, both were replaced at Crewe by D205.
During September 1961 D8 was noted at Crewe Works for attention.
During July 1971 No.8 acquired blue livery.
After the few remaining Class 44's had acquired celebrity status it was no surprise to find 44008 at Coalville Open Day on August 20th 1978. Another of the local out & back jobs handled by the Class 44's was the 18.30 Toton - Tinsley freight, which included the Celanese tanks tripped from Spondon - also a Class 44 job, so noted on this duty was 44008 on April 5th 1979, and 44004 the following day.
44008's last overhaul was at Derby Works during August/September 1974.
When Toton had its Open Day on June 9th 1979, the three active Class 44's (44004, 44007, 44008) were present as was withdrawn 44009. By the end of August 44008 had regained its lower body level stripe, reminiscent of its original livery, it also carried D8 at one end.
Surprisingly 44008 visited Derby Works during November 1979, not for scrapping but for engine repairs, it was also at this time that 44009 appeared at Derby for scrapping, possibly giving its engine to 44008?? It would remain under repair at Derby until early July 1980 when it was tested on the 12.07 Derby - St Pancras, 45121 was the train engine and 44008 was removed at Leicester, returning light engine to Derby. It had retained blue livery with lower white stripe, with D8 at one end.
44008 was noted on a Toton - Willesden working on October 10th 1980.
Despite its recent Works attention 44008's reprieve was brief, it was withdrawn along with the two remaining Class 44's on November 30th 1980 with turbo charger problems, and stored at Toton.
Memories of better times were evoked following the sale of a very forlorn 44008 to the North Notts Locomotive Group. The rescue of 44008 from Aviemore to Toton was by rail and the portion from Carlisle to Bescot was handled by Class 25’s. February 11th saw 25901 leave Carlisle, using the Cumbrian coast line, reaching Crewe, where 25288 took over and ran to Bescot the next day. From Bescot to Toton 31449 handled the job.
The last two names chosen were of peaks in Wales. D9 received the name of the highest mountain in Wales - Snowdon, at 3,560feet (1,085m). In Welsh it reads Yr Wyddfa (burial place). Presumably it may on a good day be visible from the North Wales mainline, a route which it is doubtful if the Class 44's ever used.
D9 was delivered to Camden (1B) in the two weeks ended January 2nd 1960, it was immediately loaned to Derby (17A). During May 1960 it was transferred with D2 to Edge Hill (8A)
During February 1969 D9 sustained accident damage at Trent. Repairs were carried out at Derby Works which included the fitting of a standard Class 45/46 nose end with the one piece four character headcode panel, the only Class 44 to be so fitted.
During March 1972 No.9 acquired blue livery.
The last overhaul for 44009 took place at Derby during December 1974/January 1975.
On May 18th 1978 passengers on the 06.55 Gloucester-Leeds were treated to quite a variety of motive power when the booked Class 47 expired at Burton. On hand at Burton was 44009 which took the train to Derby, where 20087 & 20176 worked it forward to Sheffield from here Haymarket allocated 40142 took over for the remainder of the trip.
44009 was withdrawn on March 1st 1979 with generator problems, it was noted at Derby Works during November, possibly as a source of spares for 44008 which was undergoing engine repairs. By the end of August 1980 44009 had been broken up.
D10 was named after the 14th highest mountain in Wales, the first of the Welsh peaks to exceed 3,000 feet, but only barely for Tryfan ('Three Stones') is 3,010 feet high. It sits close to the A5 between Capel Curig and Bangor, the nearest railways are the North Wales main line and the branch to Blaenau Ffestiniog - it is therefore doubtful if 44010 has ever come in sight of its namesake!
D10 was delivered to Camden (1B) in the three weeks ended February 20th 1960, it was immediately loaned to Derby (17A). On March 21st D10 was noted at St Pancras for inspection by Ernest Marples, Transport Minister. It was transferred back to Camden (1B) during April 1960. It did not stay here long, during May it was transferred with D3 & D8 to Crewe North (5A).
Derby Works carried out No.10's last overhaul during November/December 1972, at which time it acquired blue livery.
44010 was noted at Derby late in January 1975. It was stored at Toton during February 1976 then withdrawn in August only to be re-instated in October after 44001 succumbed to fire damage at that time. 44010's reprieve ended on May 12th 1977 when it suffered main generator damage working a Rufford Colliery - Avenue Coking Plant freight near Mansfield Colliery Jct. It was withdrawn the same month, moved to Derby Works by the middle of June, spending several months sitting on the Work's reception siding. By the end of October 44010 had been broken up at Derby.
As built the livery was detailed in drawing SL/DE/23760:
From 1966 the nose crowns were painted with a matt finish to avoid glare to the traincrew.
Blue livery was first applied during 1966 to D6, at this time the coat of varnish was discontinued. It would not be until August 1970 that the next Class 44 would receive blue livery.
By the time of the withdrawal of the Class 44's the rail enthusiast community was showing great interest in the railtours featuring locomotive classes that were not long for this world. The tours themselves tended to be pretty basic in scope particularly when specific motive power was requested. But it didn't really matter if it was a thrash up and down the West of England mainline with a pair of Westerns, or Crewe to Glasgow and back with different Class 84's. It was a day out, usually at modest cost with locomotives that we had grown up with and knew well - if the route wasn't that remarkable, well did it really matter that much?
July 17th 1977
'Borderman Railtour' 44002 + 44005 Derby - Nottingham - Sheffield - York, 55003 York - Newcastle - Lancaster - Carnforth - Skipton - Leeds - York, 44002 + 44005 York - Sheffield -Nottingham - Derby.
July 17th 1977
September 24th 1977
October 1st 1977
October 15th 1977
Nottingham-Chesterfield-Penistone-Woodhead route-Guide Bridge-Stockport-Crewe, 44009; Crewe-Chester-Shrewsbury-Wolverhampton-Walsall-Burton-Nottingham, 44008. Between Crewe & Chester 24133 was placed behind the Class 44 to provided a little steam heat on what proved to be a rather chilly day. In fact after looking at the pictures I took this day, it was a miserable day. We had driven to Trowell to catch 44009 on the first leg of the trip, the day held some promise, it was frosty with a chill in the air with a weak sun rising above the mist.
After watching 44009 head north we wandered over to Stenson to catch 44008 running light to Crewe to take up its part of the railtour. By now the weather was overcast and damp, we witnessed 44009 coming back light engine from Crewe, and from the view below at Crewe it seems it was an ucky day there too!
Thanks to Rob Drake for making these three views available, Thanks!!
Page last updated May 22nd 2015 | <urn:uuid:be7a8612-5007-4708-a9f0-fab18dca8212> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.derbysulzers.com/class44.html | 2018-02-26T03:23:48Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891817999.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180226025358-20180226045358-00743.warc.gz | en | 0.985269 | 7,823 |
About BUILT TO LASTAt seventeen, the small town of Saltwater Springs had been everything to Scarlett Devereaux—as had her boyfriend Luke. Never had she imagined she’d have to leave them both behind—until the night that changed everything. A decade after skipping town Scarlett returns to start over in the only place that ever really felt like home. But when nothing goes as planned, she’s forced to turn to Luke for help. With a drunk for a dad and a mom making pocket change at the local diner, no one ever thought Luke Garrity would amount to anything. After building a successful contracting business he’s proven everyone wrong professionally, but things in his personal life are upside down. Making it the exact wrong time for Scarlett to return to Saltwater Springs. With a history of devastation and heartbreak between them can Scarlett and Luke make amends, or will secrets from the past threaten the foundation of Scarlett’s new life? Were Luke and Scarlett really built to last?
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Built to Last Excerpt“It means that after the way you left, I can’t believe you have the nerve to act like I’ve done something wrong. You’re the one who asked me to come here today.”
“I didn’t know it was going to be you!”
“Yet here I am, and you still can’t stand the sight of me. Even after a decade.” He exhaled a frustrated breath. “And I still don’t know why.”
Hurt flashed in her eyes, though he couldn’t imagine why. She removed herself from his hold and took a step back. His hands instantly felt empty from the loss. “Please leave. Now,” she whispered.
Luke growled—for probably the first time in his life. “No problem. I’ve got somewhere I’ve gotta be and she won’t be happy if I’m late. Have a nice life.”
He tore out of the store, almost ripping the door from its hinges, and began stalking down the street. He was way too riled up to drive right now. He breathed in deeply as he passed the idyllic storefronts, hoping the cool autumn air would help to clear his mind.
Infuriating woman. What the hell was she doing back in Saltwater Springs?
If she was opening a shop in town, it seemed she was planning to stick around. Damn it.
He’d been doing fine without the biggest loss and temptation of his life strolling around the same streets as him.
Luke had always known in his gut that this day would come—the day he was forced to confront his unresolved feelings for this woman. He just hadn’t expected it to be during such a tumultuous time in his life. | <urn:uuid:f32ec816-f4b4-41da-97d6-19f3e9e50e79> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://ereadingaftermidnight.blogspot.ca/2015/11/built-to-last-elisabeth-grace-excerpt.html | 2017-11-18T00:58:36Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934804125.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118002717-20171118022717-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.978709 | 660 |
As I shared recently, I volunteer down at Backstreet Arts, a free art studio for everyone. Last week I decided to set aside my Writers Group mavenship and join in the hands-on art all around me, specifically, make a leather cover for my WASTE BOOK.
My WASTE BOOK brand of choice these days is Field Notes Brand, but if you carry them in your back pocket, they can wear out fairly quickly. FNB sells a cover, but a) they're expensive; and b) why not make my own? (Back in January, I gave you another option to protect your WASTE BOOK.)
Carl, our resident leathercraft instructor, got me started. Measure/mark/cut — if I were a real craft blogger I'd have photos of each step and each tool. As it is, you just have to imagine my delight in having all the proper tools handed to me when I needed them.
Simple rectangle. The ends will fold over to form flaps, and I'll stitch them down. The step I really wish I had photos for involved a punch that had three puncher thingies: you punched three holes to start with, then moved it over so that one of the little puncher thingies was in the third hole and punch again. Presto — evenly spaced holes all around.
No photos of the sewing part, alas. I got so caught up in it that I just didn't stop.
I finished the sewing at home, one sunny afternoon out in the labyrinth, and then it was time for the finishing touch: drag out my metal stamps and personalize it.
I'm very clever in using tape or rubber bands to provide a straight line for my stamping, but I cannot figure out a way to keep the little metal stamps upright.
Et voilà: a leather-bound WASTE BOOK. | <urn:uuid:ab954df5-01cd-4d61-b625-4693e7c83b40> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.lichtenbergianism.com/blog/2018/2/12/crafty | 2019-09-22T13:57:59Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575515.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922135356-20190922161356-00106.warc.gz | en | 0.957394 | 382 |
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Download West Bengal Joint Entrance Exam Key Paper 2019
The huge number of candidates were applied for official notification Joint Entrance Exam for further studies. The contenders who get the best score in West Bengal JEE Entrance Examination will get the admission for higher education. Some candidates have a dream to get the best score in the exam and select the higher education without any fee. The applicants who were prepared well and done the hard work will be getting the good marks in the examination. West Bengal JEE AnswKey 2019 Download Here for know the examination marks.
WB JEE Exam Details
Name of the Organization: West Bengal
Exam Name: JEE Joint Entrance Exam
Exam Conducted Date: April 2019
Category: Answer Key
West Bengal JEE Answer Key 2019 Cut off marks
The aspirants are required to quickly download the West Bengal JEE Answer 2019 and get an idea their examination official results. Many candidates after completion of the JEE examination they now want the answer key. Some candidates worrying about the answer key because they are no any idea how to check the WB JEE Answer key. For those candidates, we are given the following procedure follow and get the West Bengal JEE Answer 2019.
Steps to Follow
- Candidates can visit the official site
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- Enter required Details
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- Take an Extra Print out For further Use
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Washington, D.C. – Today, CHC BOLD PAC and House Majority PAC announced they are partnering to invest nearly $300,000 for a media campaign supporting Salud Carbajal in California’s 24th Congressional District. The investment will include funding for two TV spots titled “Familias” and “Zero” – which begin airing in Santa Barbara, today, May 17th – three weeks ahead of the state’s June 7 top-two primary election.
“Familias” will run on Spanish-language television in Santa Barbara and can be viewed online here. The spot contrasts Republican Katcho Achadjian’s Trump-like demagoguery of undocumented immigrants with Democrat Salud Carbajal’s commitment to enacting comprehensive immigration reform. The ad buy for “Familias” includes airtime during the 2016 Centennial Copa America soccer tournament.
“Zero” can be viewed here and will air on broadcast stations and cable across the Santa Barbara media market. The English-language spot takes Achadjian to task for his abysmal record on women’s health and highlights Carbajal’s consistent support for women’s reproductive rights.
“Californians want a leader like Salud Carbajal; someone who puts people over politics,” said CHC BOLD PAC Chairman Tony Cárdenas. “Katcho Achadjian would reinforce policies that would help only the wealthy and infringe on women’s rights, while Carbajal would focus on advancing women’s rights, immigration reform, and policies that would grow economic opportunities and bring good paying jobs to the 24th District. Salud Carbajal, a veteran of the Marine Corps and experienced public servant, believes that a democracy should work for all Americans, whether you are graduating from college or getting ready to retire.”
“Central Coast families deserve far better than the divisive politics of Donald Trump and Katcho Achadjian. They deserve a leader with a proven commitment to expanding opportunity for every family,” said House Majority PAC Executive Director Alixandria Lapp. “That commitment has defined Salud Carbajal’s service to our country and to the communities of the Central Coast. We’re thrilled to partner with CHC BOLD PAC to help ensure that CA-24 voters can elect a strong Democratic leader this November and send Salud Carbajal to Washington.”
A transcript of “Familias,” with English translation is available below, followed by a transcript of “Zero.”
Donald Trump y Katcho Achadjian … dos caras del mismo movimiento anti-inmigrante.
Donald Trump and Katcho Achadjian … two faces of the anti-immigration movement.
Katcho Achadjian culpó a los inmigrantes indocumentados por el déficit del presupuesto en California.
Katcho Achadjian blamed California’s budget deficit on undocumented immigrants.
Y dijo que “los mandaría todos fuera del pais y asegurará que nunca regresen.” ¿Suena familiar?
He said he would “ship them all out and make sure they can’t come back.” Sound familiar?
[Video de Donald Trump/Video of Donald Trump]
“You’re going to have a deportation force.”
SUBTITLE: “tendrás una fuerza de deportaciones”
Katcho Achadjian y Donald Trump: dos Republicanos anti-inmigrantes.
Katcho Achadjian and Donald Trump. Two anti-immigrant Republicans.
Salud Carbajal está luchando por una reforma migratoria justa que mantenga a familias unidas.
Salud Carbajal is fighting for fair immigration reform that keeps families together.
House Majority PAC es responsable por el contenido de este anuncio.
House Majority PAC is responsible for the content of this ad.
Katcho Achadjian voted to limit women’s access to an abortion.
He voted to restrict women’s access to birth control.
Voted against maternity care.
Katcho Achadjian even supported letting insurance companies charge women more than men.
No wonder Katcho Achadjian got a zero percent rating from Planned Parenthood.
Salud Carbajal will protect a woman’s right to make her own health care decisions. That’s why Planned Parenthood called Salud Carbajal … a champion.
House Majority PAC’s responsible for the content of this ad. | <urn:uuid:1c44a152-14a4-4ed3-8288-ee86333e2f9c> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://www.thehousemajoritypac.com/news/press-releases/chc-bold-pac-house-majority-pac-announce-nearly-300000-investment-in-media-campaign-supporting-salud-carbajal-for-ca-24 | 2019-09-22T19:17:48Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575627.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922180536-20190922202536-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.82522 | 1,021 |
Laguna Niguel resident Will Schmidt streaked across the Catalina Channel to Dana Point Harbor from Avalon aboard a 14-foot standup paddleboard in less than eight hours last Friday, Sept. 20. If confirmed by the World Paddle Association, his time of 7:47:33 will establish a new record for such a crossing, knocking more than five minutes off the current mark of 7:52:34 set by Jared Vargas in 2009.
Setting a channel record, though, seems nearly anti-climatic compared to Schmidt’s earlier achievement: paddling over the previous six days a 200-mile course between the five inner Channel Islands as part of his personal journey to overcome a life-long battle with depression. “I believe stand up paddling saved my life,” he said, recalling a dark day not too long ago when he put down a handful of pills, picked up his paddle and found solace on the open sea.
His inner revival led the former Camp Pendleton Marine to create a website, AreYouInspiredYet.com, to share his life experiences and dream of paddling the Channel Islands. Even so, a big hurdle stood in the way of his goal to raise awareness about depression and its effects on former soldiers and their families, and to solicit support for the Wounded Warriors Project.
Schmidt knew the Channel Islands trip would not be possible without a support team and chase boat. And it had to be a sailboat; he couldn’t afford the fuel it would take for a powerboat to idle along side of him for seven days.
When Schmidt shared his dream with acquaintances Hannah Feldman and Heidi Marriner, “We were like, you’re crazy,” said Marriner, a ‘06 graduate of LBHS. Nevertheless, Feldman and Marriner pitched Schmidt’s idea to Laguna Beach resident Susie Campbell, captain and owner of Campbell Sloop, a 34-foot Catalina sailboat berthed in Dana Point.
Campbell was skeptical of Schmidt’s original plan, a 300-mile course to all eight of the Channel Islands. She sought advice from Jim “Skip” Wehan, captain of the tall ship Spirit of Dana Point, with more than 40 years of experience sailing the Channel Islands. “I wanted Skip to sit down with us and talk about the reality of what we were trying to do,” she said.
Wehan showed them a chart and pointed to Gull Rock near the west end of Santa Cruz Island off the Ventura County coast. “’Right after there, the wind’s going to blow like snot,’” said Campbell, laughing as she recalled Wehan’s colorful remark.
Campbell, familiar with friends and family members whose military experiences left them emotionally scared, took inspiration from Will’s cause. And she saw an opportunity to help Marriner accumulate helm time toward her pursuit of a captain’s license. Campbell agreed to volunteer her boat and skills in exchange for a donation to Casa Hogar, an orphanage in Ensenada Mexico that she and her husband Don have supported for nearly two decades.
With his grandfather’s WW II dog tags around his neck, Schmidt, Campbell Sloop, its captain, and crew of Feldman, Marriner and Campbell’s husband Don, left Channel Island Harbor in Oxnard on Friday, Sept. 13 for Anacapa Island, 20 miles to the west.
Although an experienced captain, Campbell knew the trip was going to test the limits of her crew. “It was a stretch,” she said. “But I know that we never grow unless we stretch ourselves.”
They reached those limits exactly where Wehan had predicted: at Gull Rock. “Sure enough, it was right at that rock where it was blowing so hard that we lost Will,” said Campbell.
Ironically, it was Don, an ex-firefighter who joined the crew at the last minute after two others dropped out, who made the crucial decision to drop anchor in 35-knot winds and nine-foot seas near the rocky, kelp-lined Santa Cruz coast. “That was the critical moment of the entire trip,” said Campbell.
The crew eventually spotted Schmidt, who had been forced ashore by the wind and waves “It’s a good thing [they found me],” he said, “because I wasn’t going any further right then. There was no way.”
They picked up the exhausted paddler and retreated to a calmer anchorage in the lee of the island, hoping to make another attempt at Santa Rosa the next morning around 4 a.m., but the winds didn’t cooperate.
It took two iPods and a long playlist to keep Schmidt’s thoughts occupied through more than 60 hours of constant paddling, especially at night. “That’s the time that your mind starts to race,” he said. “Every little thing that is normal before seems three times bigger, and seems like it’s alive.”
During one nighttime paddling session, something bumped Schmidt’s board from below, which prompted him to seek safety on the Sloop. During another session, a small flying fish hit him from behind and landed on his board. “Of course to me, it felt like a barracuda came after me because it was dark,” he said laughing.
The severe conditions around Santa Cruz forced them to modify their itinerary and give up the outer islands of Santa Rosa, San Miguel and San Nicholas. Instead, they set a course for Santa Barbara Island, about 50 miles to the southeast.
From there, they landed at Cat Harbor on the backside of Catalina, before heading out to San Clemente, the southern-most island in the chain. The next morning they returned to Catalina, stopping in Avalon for the evening before making the final record-setting run to Dana Point, where a small crowd of friends and family were waiting to hear the inspiring tale of four intrepid sailors and one driven paddler, who came together in a search for the healing powers of the sea.
Fastest Catalina Channel crossing
First to cross the Catalina channel twice
First to paddle all five inner Channel Islands
Most miles (220) paddled in the Channel Islands
60,000+ calories burned
500,000 paddle strokes | <urn:uuid:805531c6-446b-4c09-8b56-875685fb7654> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.lagunabeachindy.com/finding-solace-open-sea/ | 2014-08-28T07:08:19Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500830323.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021350-00384-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964579 | 1,353 |
The Ida Bass Kidney Foundation supports the only haemodialysis centre in the Gambia with dialysis and medical equipment. Also, regular donation of consumables to ensure that the increasing number of patients receive regular lifesaving dialysis treatment.
The charity has made significant progress over the years. In 2015, the charity with the support of the Ministry of Health of the Gambia, commissioned a 14-bed Haemodialysis Centre at the Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital (EFSTH). The charity donated all the dialysis machines with a water treatment plant. Two Renal Technicians from the UK were also brought in to commission the equipment. | <urn:uuid:d4022665-3d7e-4b01-8646-b47d92f2557b> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://ibkf.org.uk/what-we-do | 2018-08-15T03:20:18Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209856.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815024253-20180815044253-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.942442 | 133 |
- Quiet location, a ten minute walk to the town centre and station
- Refitted kitchen
- Two double bedrooms
- Beautifully landscaped, terraced garden
- Potential to convert loft space (subject to permissions)
- Entrance hall with study area
- Spacious sitting/dining room opening onto the rear garden
- Recently refitted bathroom
- Ample parking available
Improved by the current owners over the last few years, this smart and spacious mid terraced property is ideal for a small growing family or perhaps someone down-sizing.
The welcoming entrance hall has a useful study area and large built-in cupboard, which could be converted into a cloakroom if required. The kitchen is to the front of the property and has been recently re-fitted. To the rear of the house is a generously proportioned reception room, with engineered wood flooring and doors opening onto the terrace. Stairs rise to the first floor, with two double bedrooms and a recently re-fitted bathroom.
The garden is a highlight of this property and a real labour of love by the current owners, with two decked terraces and specimen planting throughout. It is both low maintenance and a wonderful space in which to spend time, with the upper terrace catching the sun until the end of the day.
There is plenty of available parking to the front of the property.
Council Tax Band: C - £1,692.03 19/20
Chesham can be described as having one foot in London and the other in Buckinghamshire.
Lively and colourful, it has a cosmopolitan air yet shares Buckinghamshire's most prized features: the inspiring countryside, the rare peace and the ancient feel of England's traditions.
Smart and increasingly well served by familiar High Street shops, Chesham's independent retailers provide everything residents need. A quality butcher, housewares shop, chemist and baker complement the coffee shops and supermarkets.
Known locally for its schools (prep school and grammar school) the wide expanses of the country are no more than five minutes' drive from the centre.
The dual identity of Chesham makes it an informed choice for those leaving urban centres but wishing to remain connected to the hum and variety the larger town brings
Please note we have not tested any apparatus, fixtures, fittings, or services. Interested parties must undertake their own investigation into the working order of these items. All measurements are approximate and photographs provided for guidance only.
The Energy-Efficiency Rating is a measure of a home's overall efficiency. The higher the rating, the more energy-efficient the home is, and the lower the fuel bills are likely to be.
The Environmental Impact Rating is a measure of a home's impact on the environment in terms of carbon dioxide (C02) emissions - the higher the rating, the less impact it has on the environment. | <urn:uuid:8b710912-9246-4a82-ba02-171c59ce5228> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.hadlands.com/property-for-sale-stoney-grove-chesham-pi-hadl1646.htm | 2020-07-03T19:08:51Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655882934.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703184459-20200703214459-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.942796 | 588 |
Thank you for your attention to SWD, the Phase 8 Project of the "Super Start" IEO plan. The SWD shares will be fully distributed on May 10, 2023 at 7:00 (UTC) and the portion of funds that have not been successfully subscribed will be returned. The relevant results are announced as follows:
Target Subscription Amount: 200,000.00 USDT
The actual subscription amount is equivalent to: 1,165,190 USDT
The number of participants: 12,844
Total number of copies: 20,000
1 copy: 10 USDT
Support/per copy: 1,000 SWD
Thank you again for your support of the "Super Start" IEO program.
For any questions please contact online service.
May 9, 2023 | <urn:uuid:28eda57e-709e-468b-aa5b-27cf40888ce4> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://support.superex.com/hc/en-001/articles/18333286628249-SWD-Subscription-Result-of-the-Phase-8-Project-of-Super-Start-IEO-Plan | 2023-06-10T11:20:42Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657169.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610095459-20230610125459-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.899476 | 173 |
Use code BYEBYE50 at checkout for 50% off the Sale Barn!
ALWAYS FREE SHIPPING ENTIRE SITE TO USA locations.
Off shoulder style dress with lace up back
Model is 5'9"
Small fits 0/2
Medium fits 4/6
Large fits 6/8 | <urn:uuid:417639fe-2bd5-44e3-8d8c-e6eb24bdc1a8> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://baharanchwesternwear.com/products/summery-corset-back-ruffle-dress-pre-order-eta-4-25-20 | 2021-04-20T22:01:24Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039491784.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420214346-20210421004346-00576.warc.gz | en | 0.7012 | 66 |
Dog Training Courses, Behavioural Advice & Expert Witness Services
Ian holds a Batchelor of Science BSc(Hons) in Canine Behaviour and Training (2016), he is also a Home Office accredited Advanced Dog Training Instructor (1998).
Legal aid and privately funded clients are equally welcome, Ian Mcparland is one of the most experienced canine behaviourists working in the Courts today, with more than 300 defence instructions in the last four years.
Working as an independent forensic canine behaviourist, Ian accepts instructions from both defence and prosecution. Ian can provide a forensic analysis of dog incidents, having dealt with thousands of cases, ranging from minor injuries to dog related fatalities.
He is extremely is succesful in providing the Courts with alternative solutions to destruction, with comfortably more than 90% of recommendations being followed by the Court.
He will undertake S1. 'type' assesments under the Dangerous Dogs Act as well as behavioural reports for inclusion on the Index of exempted dogs. Clients can also benefit from a full forensic examination of the circumstances when charged with S3 'dangerously out of control' offences
Established in June 2011, following Ian McParland’s retirement after 31 years from the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) including a very successful 27 year long career in the dog section. He founded and supervised the Metropolitan Police Status Dogs Unit and has dealt with dangerous and prohibited dogs for more than 30 years. He also served as an Instructor at the MPS dog school for five years.
Ian can also advise on all aspects of police dog training and deployment, including assessing the evidential value of police dog tracks.
Ian also works with a range of behaviourists around the country to further assist the professions.
Identification of prohibited types, advice/reports on animal welfare, kennelling and dog control, etc.
One to one behavioural advice and training (including obedience and 'fun' exercises) for all dogs and owners. | <urn:uuid:a1fed154-bdf9-4edd-876e-c77cc928f78a> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.ipcdogservices.co.uk/ | 2018-09-22T05:49:03Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158045.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922044853-20180922065253-00543.warc.gz | en | 0.957041 | 400 |
My Nonprofit Reviews
Review for Birthline Of San Diego County Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
My husband & I have been volunteering at Birthline Monday evenings for just about 2 years. This is the most amazing place. In particular Birthline welcomes everyone who has chosen to parent their children regardless of color, creed, citizenship etc. We see all kinds of needs come through the door and watch folks leave with real help & encouragement. Birthline is a blessing to clients & volunteers alike.
Would you volunteer for this group again?
For the time you spent, how much of an impact did you feel your work or activity had?
Did the organization use your time wisely?
Would you recommend this group to a friend?
When was your last experience with this nonprofit? | <urn:uuid:5a1a4c5d-304e-4032-9b32-0d238ff8d32d> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://greatnonprofits.org/users/profile/212314 | 2015-10-09T22:12:07Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737935954.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221855-00007-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915496 | 159 |
Formerly going by Chris Clark, this young Warp Records recording artist has dropped his first name and instead adopted just his last for identification on Body Riddle, his third full-length album. Although I'd heard some good things from friends about it, this is one of several releases from last year that I simply didn't take the time to hunt down until recently, and after hearing the album, I wish that I would have looked it up earlier. In terms of sound, it's a release that's as familiar as a worn pair of shoes, yet Clark does some unique things on the album that really make it stick out from the pack.
The exact things that he does are somewhat hard to put your finger on, but it's clear that in the time since his debut, he's pushed further and further away from straight sounds that you hear on so many releases. Like his label-mates Boards Of Canada, Clark has a meticulous ear for sound in general, and he's obviously taken familiar sounds and pushed them into entirely different spaces, resulting in an eleven track album that has the hallmarks of IDM music, but is simply different. It feels more organic in a way, but not because he uses more organic instrumentation. Instead, if feels more "of the earth" organic because of imperfections in sound, distortion (although not simply straight up feedback distortion), and other techniques.
"Herr Bar" opens the album and music box chimes (that are slightly out-of-key in places) skitter across lower pads and a chunky, stuttering instrumental hip hop beat coated in a layer of grit. About halfway through, the track starts folds over on itself until it becomes a mass of hiss before a breathy coda pops out the other side. "Herzog" takes a completely different trip, pulsing and bubbling over with super dense masses of tricked-out synth arpeggio's that collapse into creepy percussion.
Probably the best one-two punch of tracks arrives right in the middle of the album, though. "Ted" is just under three minutes of pinging keyboard melodies that spray weird harmonics in every direction as over-compressed beats throb underneath. "Roulette Thrift Run" keeps things rumbling, with big glurps of analogue synth, haunted-house sound effect squeals, and distorted wordless vocals that turn the track into some freaked-out electro-funk beast.
In some places, Clark is much more deft with his touch (the dancing chimes and wheezes of "Night Knuckles") and in others he lets loose with some of his most crushing music to date. "Matthew Unburdened" is a particular highlight, slathering massive, crushed beats under beautiful orchestral swoons and other fractured electronics. There are a lot of artists out there making this kind of music, but with this album Clark has proven he's one of the best. Heavy, complex, and yet highly moving, it's his best release yet. | <urn:uuid:f43c6251-9d85-4e5b-8672-7fc3a609e3b7> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.almostcool.org/mr/1912/ | 2016-09-25T08:47:33Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660158.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00297-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972405 | 617 |
The Murray State women’s golf team are competing in the best field they’ll see in the fall season at the at the Cardinal Cup. The 54-hole event is being played at the University of Louisville Golf Club in Simpsonville, Kentucky and the Racers are in ninth place after the first day of play.
The Racers carded a score of 313 in the morning round, but improved by eight shots with a 297 in the afternoon. MSU’s 606 total trailed eighth place Toledo (601), seventh place Memphis (596) and sixth place Wisconsin (590). The Racers were ahead of 10th place Louisville B (610) and 11th place Kentucky (612).
The Racers had a pair of players in the top-25 of the 82-player field. Linnette Holmslykke carded scores of 75-74=149 to share 25th place with teammate Moa Folke 78-71=149. Folke’s 1-under-par 71 in the afternoon was Murray State’s best round of the day.
The rest of MSU’s team included Lucila Puente Rodriguez de Austria and Anna Moore sharing 40th place. Puente had scores of 77-77=154 and Moore had rounds of the same. Raeysha Surendran had a spot in 69th place on scores of 80-80-160. Jane Watts was second among the 00 individuals in the field and was 48th overall after scores of 82-73=155.
Sunday’s final round commences at 8:15 a.m. Central Time with a shotgun start.
9 Murray State 307 299 606
T25 Linette Holmslykke (2) 75 74 149
T25 Moa Folke (3) 78 71 149
T40 Lucila Puente Rodriguez (1) 77 77 154
T40 Anna Moore (4) 77 77 154
T69 Raeysha Surendran (5) 80 80 160
T48 Jane Watts (I) 82 73 155
Dave Winder – Department of Athletics – Murray State State University
Associate AD – Media Relations | <urn:uuid:c7df8c87-bf96-4aea-97c9-48bb7ede5d52> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://kysports.tv/news/2017/10/folke-holmslykke-pace-murray-state-golf-at-cardinal-cup/ | 2018-01-17T11:01:09Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886895.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117102533-20180117122533-00564.warc.gz | en | 0.925005 | 446 |
Dennis Willard has been the Communications Director for We Are Ohio since the Issue 2 campaign last year. He's on staff, paid for by the money unions steal...err... appropriate from their members.
So would someone please tell Dennis that his YouTube page is STILL advertising "No on Issue 2," as we pointed out over two weeks ago?!
It's disturbingly incompetent for a statewide issue campaign to have such a blatant inconsistency in the first place, but to let it sit there after being called out just goes to show the ignorance of those behind the Issue 2 campaign this year. And as their campaign filings show, that's the same sort of ignorance that Democrats are getting used to these days, since they're all financed by big labor and out-of-state special interests:
- 99.2% of pro-Issue 2 funding came from special interest groups.
- 81.6% of their funding came from the NEA & OEA--the national & state teachers' unions.
- 40.7% of their funding came from out-of-state.
- 65.9% of their expenditures went to out-of-state companies--they can claim to love Ohio, but nearly two-thirds of what they spend goes to other states.
With such inept campaigns, wasting so much of the money they steal from hardworking union members, it's no wonder Ohio Republicans are poised to continue the momentum from 2010 to take the White House and U.S. Senate this year. | <urn:uuid:b4f1a321-4357-43d9-9ca4-0d3d974dee80> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://thirdbasepolitics.blogspot.com/2012/10/union-groups-issue-2-fail-continues.html | 2017-03-23T02:17:30Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186608.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00321-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982982 | 307 |
-Piano/ Music Room
-Facing Each Other in regards to furniture.
-Kitchen Table/ "Hot Chocolate" (Coffee) Table.
-Transitions of where family prayer was held.
Wherever the Hearth of the Home is held.
For a place to be sacred there has to be Love & Compassion there.
"Sacred" = something set apart, holy to & for the Lord.
We want our homes to be like Temples, temples are all about location, cleanliness, peaceful presence, they are dedicated. Meaning there is a priesthood ordinance and presence.
There are things are parents taught us which are extremely important.
"Anything that is worth doing, is worth doing well."
Parenting is about being self-reliant, working hard, getting the necessities taken care of. | <urn:uuid:9cece7bb-525a-437d-86aa-8e590776a4c5> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://essentialsforeveryfamily.blogspot.com/2011/07/wheres-focus-of-your-home.html | 2017-11-19T12:21:33Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805578.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119115102-20171119135102-00749.warc.gz | en | 0.946719 | 173 |
Goshen-Marilyn Jean DePue, 84, died Sunday afternoon at The Maples at Waterford Crossing. She had been in failing health the past three years.
She was born Nov. 4, 1929 in Emma to Earl and Kathryn (Miller) Bender.
On Jan. 25, 1948 she married Donald W. DePue in Shipshewana.
He survives along with two children, Stephen (Judy) DePue, Goshen and Judith (Rick) Liebespach, Valrico, Fla.; three granddaughters, Monique Arritt, Vanessa DePue and Beth Hyers; two great-grandsons, Corbin and Josiah Arritt; and two sisters, Lauretta Nelson, Gainesville, Fla. and Minerva Belote, Fort Wayne.
She was preceded in death by her parents and a brother, Malcolm Bender.
A 1947 graduate of Shipshewana High School, Mrs. DePue, along with her husband farmed in the Brighton area for 60 years. She was a voracious reader and enjoyed flower, vegetable and herb gardening and traveling.
She was a member of West Goshen Church of the Brethren and a former member of English Prairie Church of the Brethren.
Friends may call from 4 to 8 p.m., Wednesday at Yoder-Culp Funeral Home and one hour prior to the service at the church.
A 10 a.m., Thursday, funeral service will be conducted at West Goshen Church of the Brethren. Pastor Norm Replogle will officiate.
Burial will follow at Shore Cemetery, Shipshewana.
Memorial contributions may be made to West Goshen Church of the Brethren.
Online condolences may be shared at www.yoderculpfuneral home.com.
WC 234 Paid obituary | <urn:uuid:383a8e5e-f560-442e-a4fa-2c7e6c553a22> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.lagrangepublishing.com/openpublish/article/marilyn-depue | 2016-02-07T08:52:49Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701148758.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193908-00060-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949353 | 382 |
Rick Scott's New Platform: Dubstep
The "dub" in dubstep doesn't stand for dubious.
The title of this posting is nearly as misleading as the title of Team Jaguar's new mixtape, Rick Scott Loves Dubstep. First of all, the Florida governor is less concerned about beats per minute than he is about bludgeoning public transportation money. Also, he didn't even get Justin Bieber to perform at his inauguration bash in January.
With a Photoshop job that's almost as impressive as the one we've gotten oodles of mileage out of featuring Charlie Crist, the appeal of Rick Scott Loves Dubstep goes well beyond the 21:21 amalgam of burly beats.
Posted by the Penned Madness crew over the weekend, these dental drill synths are ready to bore a hole in Scott's round dome.
Download the mix here, and stream it below.
Gwen Stefani: This Is What the Truth Feels Like Tour
TicketsWed., Jul. 27, 7:00pm
Premier Parking: Gwen Stefani July 27, 2016
TicketsWed., Jul. 27, 7:01pm
TODRICK HALL: Straight Outta Oz Tour
TicketsWed., Jul. 27, 7:30pm
Dave Matthews Band
TicketsFri., Jul. 29, 8:00pm
TicketsSat., Jul. 30, 7:00pm
1. Emalkay - Powertool
2. Mimosa - Pushing Little Daises.
3. B. Rich - Everyday Hustle (AC Slater Remix)
4. Figure & Calvertron - Bring the Bass Back (Calvertron Remix)
5. Fast Eddie - Yo Yo Get Funky (Crissy Cris Remix)
6. Liquid Stranger - Bully
7. Man Like Me - London Town (Doorly Remix)
8. Hulk - Bad Bitches
9. Fatboy Slim - Right Here Right Now (JFB Remix)
10. Deadmau5 - I Remember (Caspa Remix)
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Keep your thumb on the local music scene each week with music news, trends, artist interviews and concert listings. We'll also send you special ticket offers and music deals. | <urn:uuid:90554704-0df2-4159-8a8f-1c9671a8a7fe> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/music/rick-scotts-new-platform-dubstep-6429256 | 2016-07-24T20:31:55Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824146.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00175-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.816108 | 464 |
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Josip Mihaljevic, Christian Hafner, and Alfred J. Meixner, "Simulation of a metallic SNOM tip illuminated by a parabolic mirror," Opt. Express 21, 25926-25943 (2013) | <urn:uuid:05c068a6-7542-42c9-9454-4366914a46ea> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/submitFeedback.cfm?id=269970&URI=oe-21-22-25926&type=aof | 2014-10-01T17:06:16Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663467.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00485-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90499 | 120 |
Please provide description of your custom request in the order notes section of checkout or email us at [email protected].
Trophy Tackle custom french blade casting spinner. Meticulously handcrafted using high quality components. Blades are stamped from .025 gauge brass. Plated with genuine gold, genuine silver, copper or brass. Lacquered for maximum durability. Tied on 0.031 and 0.035 gauge wire. Assembled with premium swivels and split rings. Rigged with Matzuo sickle siwash hooks. Sold as ready to fish assembled singles.
Blade Sizes: #3, #4, #5
Blade Finishes: Smooth or Hammered
Body Weights: 1/4oz, 3/8oz, 1/2oz | <urn:uuid:c7eb1e04-0670-406a-84f3-9cc69eb000db> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.trophytackle.ca/collections/all/products/custom-spinner | 2019-02-21T21:09:21Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247508363.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221193026-20190221215026-00120.warc.gz | en | 0.840077 | 163 |
It was meant as a humorous poster to promote a secular society during a university start of term event, but the image of Michelangelo’s famous ‘Creation of Adam’ fresco featuring the satirical deity the Flying Spaghetti Monster has sparked an unlikely freedom of speech row.
The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster came about as a humorous response to the teaching of intelligent design in American schools in 2005. It has since caught on as an anti-religion statement and become popular with secular societies on British university campuses.
The offending poster was put up at London South Bank University last week by non-religious students from the South Bank Atheist Society, only for it to be reportedly removed by student union officials for being “religiously offensive”.
Source: The Independent. Read full article. (link) | <urn:uuid:11db98b6-791b-4a7f-8cc6-faeacb5e4e69> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://reason.com/24-7/2014/02/10/flying-spaghetti-monster-banned-from-lon | 2014-03-11T10:56:39Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011176878/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091936-00079-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972453 | 170 |
The Sedation Dentist for Raleigh’s western suburbs including Cary, Morrisville and Apex NC
Perhaps you may have an unpleasant memory from your childhood of an unprofessional dental practitioner, or you may be somewhat embarrassed that you haven’t been keeping up with your regular check ups. Experienced and compassionate sedation dentists like Dr. Acton understand your concerns and can make your next trip to the dentist completely relaxing and fear free with the use of sedation dentistry options like nitrous oxide and conscious sedation.
Cary Family Dental is excited to announce it will begin offering IV Sedation to patients in 2018. IV sedation offers a higher level of sedation for patients with intense fear or phobia of the dentist, or for patients receiving a large amount of dental work in a single visit. Intravenous (I.V.) sedation is the administration of a sedative into the vein through a small needle. IV sedation is a dream-like state of deep relaxation. You are conscious during sedation, but are able to relax and not be bother by the dental procedure taking place. Most of the time there is little to no memory of the experience after the sedation wears off.
IV Sedation is commonly used during implant placements, wisdom tooth extractions, and other types of invasive dental treatments, or for patients experiencing a high level of dental anxiety.
Benefits of IV Sedation
- Higher Sedation Level | IV sedation can provide an experience of a higher level of sedation. The gag reflex is minimized and the state of relaxation is deeper compared to oral sedation methods.
- Safe & Quick | Since the sedation is administered directly into the vein, the medicine takes effect quickly and can be monitored and tailored to the individual needs.
- Conscious Sleep-Like State | Patients remain conscious during IV sedation, as opposed to general anesthesia. This means the patients can still receive instruction from the dentists and will avoid the potential risks and costs associated with unconscious general anesthesia.
- Little to No Memory of Procedure | IV sedation often causes amnesia during the time of use, so the dental visit will pass quickly and not be remembered.
Why Choose a Sedation Dentist?
What Can Sedation Dentistry Do for You?
- Alleviate Your Fears | If you’ve avoided making the call to set up a dental appointment, visiting sedation dentists Dr. Allan Acton will eliminate the need for worry. Dr. Acton is the sedation dentist in the Morrisville – Cary – Apex NC area that can help you overcome your fears.
- Increase Your Comfort | Thanks to conscious sedation, our doctors can perform the recommended dental procedures while you are peacefully and safely sedated.
- Encourage Regular Dental Health Care | Conscious sedation will give you the confidence and comfort level to visit the dentist regularly. This means better overall health and lessens the chance that you’ll develop serious dental health problems in the future.
- Peace of Mind | Thanks to sedation dentistry and your new regular oral health care habits, you can rest assured that your dental health care needs are being met.
If you live in the Raleigh-Durham area and would like to be relaxed, calm and confident during your dental care, contact a sedation dentist at Cary Family Dental today to find out more information about sedation dentistry! Fearful patients come from all over, including locally from Apex, Morrisville and, of course, Cary, that have nitrous oxide or conscious sedation as part of their dental appointment. | <urn:uuid:65ce3d23-aacb-441d-ab70-9a98cd8c76ff> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.carydental.com/sedation-dentistry/ | 2018-03-18T07:30:02Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645550.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318071715-20180318091715-00049.warc.gz | en | 0.919323 | 737 |
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Discussion in 'Happy Hour' started by Bronk, Mar 19, 2007.
I'm a Svengoolie fan. He often shows older horror movies.
Sword of Vengeance (2015)
I liked this one, it has a poor rating by the critics because it broke the Cultural Marxist rule of never portray Anglo-Saxons in a sympathetic light. A few old movies like the 1930s Robin Hood and the 1960's Becket are sympathetic to Anglo-Saxons, but I've seen no movie since 1965 where the English are the good guys.
William the Conqueror and his Norman followers killed (directly or indirectly) some 20% of the people in England, according to various sources including Churchill's Birth of Britain. The Bastard granted lands to his ruthless mercenaries from many different countries, and they built castles to protect themselves from the Saxons' vengeance after their atrocities. William's homosexual son William II continued the ruthless treatment of Anglo-Saxons until he was finally murdered by his own men in a hunting "accident". This is one of history's genocides that is very rarely mentioned nowadays.
Scumbag (((Shia Labeouf))) plays McEnroe; I'll be rooting extra hard for Borg in this one.
Please see every single film centered around WW2 ever made, of which there are many dozens.
If you or anyone else can name a single film in which Germans are portrayed as "good guys" (during any era, no just 1940's WW2), please reply. You'd have a better chance of seeing white South Africans or whites from the Confederacy portrayed in a positive light.
Yes, the Germans have been vilified in movies, as have white people from the southern USA. There is one movie, The Last Confederate, that portrays the south in a more positive light, but the critics attacked it. And of course white South Africans are always portrayed as evil by the Cultural Marxists.
But in movies since 1965, the English have been cast in a negative light: rotten-toothed, evil, obese, and/or homosexual. An obvious one is Braveheart (1995) which lies about history to degrade the English and their great king Edward I.
Other examples: The Last of the Mohicans (1992), The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968), Timeline (2003), The Patriot (2000), In the Name of the Father (1993), The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc (1999) and The Four Feathers (2002).
In Gallipoli (1981), they changed the real historical Australian general who made a terrible mistake into an Englishman. And Breaker Morant (1980) lies and smears one of Britain's greatest military leaders, namely Kitchener.
Even British TV portrays the English in a negative way. For example, in the Sharpe series of the 1990s and 2000s, something like 17 of the 20 or so villains are Englishmen. The Last Kingdom, written by the same author, portrays courageous Englishmen like St Edmund of East Anglia and Alfred the Great in a degrading way.
The Canadian series Vikings makes Alfred the Great out to be a bastard son of a monk. It is extremely degrading in it's portrayal of Alfred's grandfather Egbert and unfair in it's depiction of Alfred's real historical father Æthelwulf.
The 5000 Fingers of Dr. T was a pretty good movie. It came out in 1953 and is in color. It was made by Dr. Seuss, the children's writer.
The 5000 Fingers of Dr. T was a commercial and critical failure when it came out but it shouldn't have been based on merit.
It's a fantasy movie. I think the words weird, surreal and imaginative describe it. If you like fantasy type movies this is a good one to watch.
Mel Gibson to make sequel to The Passion of the Christ.
"There are things that I cannot say that will shock the audience," said Caviezel, who also said he was inspired by Gibson. "It’s great. Stay tuned."
I hope Gibson is sincere about this because he seemed sincere on his "Vikings" movie but that never materialized.
Gibson should still make that Vikings movie. It would surely be a classic.
"Don't make the black 'kids' angry"
Rotten Tomatoes gives the new all-black (thus, 100% diverse) "Black Panther" movie a 98% rating and are "going after" (from an article in Business Insider) the 2% that gave it a rotten score. Forget the script or story, character development, acting, etc...do you support "diversity" or not? All's fair in love and war in the good old USSA. Will those 2% be sent off to "Siberia" to contemplate their actions against the state-run entertainment/media complex?
Also, another all-black (or close to it) TV show, "Black Lightning", that Rotten Tomatoes gave a 100% rating to (compared with the "rotten" score of 56% by the audience).
Nothing to see here, please move along...
Heap effusive praise upon We Wuz Kangz the Movie or be shipped off to the diversity gulag. Your choice, bigot.
Rotten Tomatoes will ban you if you give anti-white movies a low rating. It happened to me a couple of years ago.
Written unironically by some liberal critic cuck:
“Black Panther is a story we haven't seen told before in popular cinema - a story about black people completely untouched by colonialism, who exist entirely outside the global systems of institutionalized racism.”
Are liberals really this stupid or are they disingenuous to their rotten core? Anyone with any knowledge of history and a shred of honesty knows that colonialism was the best thing that ever happened to Africa. Also, what’s this mess about “global systems of institutionalized racism”? Is this negrophile really implying that there is a global conspiracy by all the races to hold blacks down. Yes, I guess everyone is just picking on these poor, innocent black folks for no reason at all.
Mixture of both I'd say for LibTards! So in a way Black Panther is pro segregation yet Black Power? Lol.
More on The Black Panther and it’s magical utopia of Wakanda.
This movie is going to provide endless meme material for alt-right shi1lords. This is going to be fun.
“Untouched by colonialism “! Last I looked, these places are real. Blacks still running around in loincloths, living in mud lean-to’s and eating bugs.
Actually, I'm perfectly OK with an all-black "Black Panther" cast...as long as there's an all-White "Thor" cast.
Oh, wait..."Heimdall, the Whitest of the White (Norse) Gods".
CNN - 'Black Panther' is outselling every previous superhero film in advance ticket sales
'Black Panther' is outselling every previous superhero film in advance ticket sales
cnn.com, February 14, 2018
'Black Panther' is outselling every previous superhero film in advance ticket sales - Feb. 2, 2018
"The film has already amassed rave reviews from fans on social media following Monday's world premiere. Box office success would simply reinforce the superhero genre as one of the most bankable in Hollywood."
(From a post on Stormfront)
How utterly ridiculous.
A great Jew, Israel Shahak, said: "The media is not just a business, it is the lifeblood of the nation."
I like "The Town" . About a Boston bank heist crew. A lot of Boston irish accents and personality. I like it.
Hell ya love that movie.
" Black Mass" and "Gone Baby Gone" are good as well, if youre sticking with Southie theme. Couple of months back I watched "Miller's Crossing" enjoyed that one as well!
Yeah, both "The Town" and "Gone Baby Gone" were great. Will have to check out those other two.
Great scene (from many greats scenes) from GBG:
Good review of another pos i walked out on. A superb and ultra realistic movie about the American Indians in the northeast (who were really descendents of very ancient Europeans, very different racially frrom the Asiatic indians who came across the old Siberian land bridge) - "Black Robe". (And a magnificent movie about Siberia, filmed on location, and one tribal native of Siberia, the great Kurosawa's joint Japanese-Russian film, "Dersu Uzala", a true story.
That movie revolutionized film. It played across the country to long lines, and there was even a private showingfor the president in the white house. It was three hours long at a time when most movies were 15 minutes long. I am a fan of silent movies. In some ways they were superior to the talkies. | <urn:uuid:03536d62-13c4-480d-98f3-a17fce5f4ddc> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://castefootball.us/index.php?threads/movies.4888/page-2 | 2019-11-15T15:27:13Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668682.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115144109-20191115172109-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.951655 | 1,894 |
Realisations of smart environments such as Smart Cities and Smart Buildings bring the promise of an intelligently managed space that maximise the requirement of users (i.e. citizen commute time, building occupant comfort) while minimising the resources required (i.e. transportation costs, energy costs, pollution, etc.).These smart environments were foreseen by Weiser in his work on ubiquitous computing in the 1980s at Xerox PARC and are physical worlds that are interwoven with sensors, actuators, displays and computational elements, embedded seamlessly into everyday objects and connected through a continuous network. It is only now, 30 years later, that elements of this vision are now being created through wireless internet enabled mobile devices.
Enabled by this constant connectivity the concept of human-in-the-loop sensing has emerged and Professor Amit Sheth has described the phenomenon as citizen sensing and as “…humans as citizens on the ubiquitous Web, acting as sensors and sharing their observations and views using mobile devices and Web 2.0 services”. In parallel to the emergence of citizen sensing is research into and the realisation of wireless sensor networks and the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT vision relies on smart connected devices including sensors constantly connected and relaying data for real time analysis.
It is from the combination of research into human-in-the-loop sensing (citizen sensing) and the IoT that led us to develop the concept of citizen actuation. While citizen sensors generally only report on events in their surroundings we try to create actionable knowledge to allow people to make informed decisions through direct or indirect feedback. We define citizen actuation as the activation of a human being as the mechanism by which a control system acts upon the environment.
The figure shows a feedback loop divided into four distinct stages – the evidence stage collects the data and processes it for presenting to the user. The second stage relays the information to the user with richer context. This can be through visual representations like graphs, signs, or even warnings. A good example of this is a speed sign that measures a car’s current speed displaying it to the driver in comparison to the speed limit. The third stage is consequence, which shows the gain from what the user has reported. The final stage is action, where the user completes an action or makes a choice then this action/choice has a reaction and the feedback loop can restart. The figure also shows where we see as the division of where citizen sensing and citizen actuation take place within the loop.
We envisage citizen actuators as engaged citizens within any community, organisation, or any people connected through some shared place or object. In our research we developed and ran an experiment using citizen actuation as a component of a Cyber-Physical Social System (CPSS). This CPSS combined IoT technologies, Linked Data, and social media (Twitter in our experiment) to measure and track energy usage in the Digital Enterprise Research Institute (DERI ) building in NUI Galway and alerted building occupants of high energy usage outside of office hours through a tweet of the form “Hi @username could you check if lights/air-con were left on in the 1st Floor North Wing please? And turn them off if possible. Thanks”. The user then if, available, then can chose to check and turn off any equipment in the area. During our experiment energy usage dropped by approximately 24% compared to a baseline set over a four months.
’Wikification of GIS by the masses’ is a phrase-term first coined by Kamel Boulos in 2005, two years earlier than Goodchild’s term ‘Volunteered Geographic Information’. Six years later (2005-2011), OpenStreetMap and Google Earth (GE) are now full-fledged, crowdsourced ‘Wikipedias of the Earth’ par excellence, with millions of users contributing their own layers to GE, attaching photos, videos, notes and even 3-D (three dimensional) models to locations in GE. From using Twitter in participatory sensing and bicycle-mounted sensors in pervasive environmental sensing, to creating a 100,000-sensor geo-mashup using Semantic Web technology, to the 3-D visualisation of indoor and outdoor surveillance data in real-time and the development of next-generation,
collaborative natural user interfaces that will power the spatially-enabled public health and emergency situation rooms of the future, where sensor data and citizen reports can be triaged and acted upon in real-time by distributed teams of professionals, this paper offers a comprehensive state-of-the-art review of the overlapping domains of the Sensor Web, citizen sensing and ‘human-in-the-loop sensing’ in the era of the Mobile and Social
Web, and the roles these domains can play in environmental and public health surveillance and crisis/disaster informatics. We provide an in-depth review of the key issues and trends in these areas, the challenges faced when reasoning and making decisions with real-time crowdsourced data (such as issues of information overload, “noise”, misinformation, bias and trust), the core technologies and Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards involved (Sensor Web Enablement and Open GeoSMS), as well as a few outstanding project implementation examples from around the world. | <urn:uuid:6b412531-5ab7-4c70-aeb8-4485aac0f77b> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://davidcrowley.me/?cat=29 | 2021-02-26T22:01:25Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178357984.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226205107-20210226235107-00063.warc.gz | en | 0.931003 | 1,093 |
Panel GI, Pan European Link for Geographical Information, project ran from June 1998 until December 2000. EUROGI was a partner.
In the last few years a wide debate has begun among the European Geographical Information Community and various initiatives are in process to create a European Geographical Information Infrastructure (EGII) that was defined as set of agreed rules, standards and procedures for creating, collecting, exchanging and using GI.
In general, a GI infrastructure assumes a working system to exchange data, that requires a technical infrastructure, a set of standards for the exchange and the interpretation of data and organisational arrangements, including economic and legal agreements; the understanding and the adoption of the methods coming out from the GI current trends over a wider community (users, system vendors, developers and integrators, data providers, agencies) is the base for the development of the GIS market.
The PANEL-GI project has been then proposed for constituting a GI European Network working on these issues and aimed at involving partners form the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC) in the process of creation of a Pan European GI Forum. The network is considered to give an important contribution to realise in perspective a full and integrated European GI context and to stimulate or enable GI business in CEEC.
The wider goal of the project is to contribute to the establishment of shared foundations for the Information Society in CEEC, in the particular area of GIS.
To act in such direction the Network intends to cover a number of GI issues that make possible to classify the project in a mainstream enclosing keywords as European Geographical Information Infrastructure (EGII), GIS Interoperability and Open GIS, metadata, data availability, GIS applications and European dimension. | <urn:uuid:ea964fa3-0272-4242-8788-5894bfd8a1e0> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.eurogi.org/108-latest-news.html?start=15 | 2014-12-18T05:44:28Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802765616.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075245-00024-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900698 | 350 |
OST: EVERYBODY'S GONE TO THE RAPTURE - PLAYSTATION ORIGINAL MOTION PICTURE SOUNDTRACK. ZAVVI EXCLUSIVE – GOLD COLOURED DOUBLE VINYL – 500 COPIES ONLY
Composed by Jessica Curry.
The ground-breaking 2015 PlayStation® 4 game Everybody’s Gone to the Rapture tells the story of the inhabitants of a remote English valley who are caught up in world-shattering events beyond their control or understanding. Made by The Chinese Room - the studio responsible for the hauntingly beautiful Dear Esther - this tale of how people respond in the face of grave adversity is a non-linear, open-world experience that pushes innovative interactive storytelling to the next level. This story begins with the end of the world.
The game has already won GameSpot’s Best of E3 and was nominated for Best in Show and Best PS4 game by IGN.com.
The soundtrack features the music of BAFTA-nominated composer Jessica Curry, who is also joint Studio Head of the developer The Chinese Room. The music was recorded at the famed AIR Studios in London and features solo vocal performances by renowned Welsh soprano Elin Manahan Thomas, ethereal choir, and a tragically beautiful orchestral accompaniment.
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There are currently no reviews. | <urn:uuid:7146048d-1a5d-4d9f-b809-1a4503187a25> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.iwantoneofthose.com/merch-vinyl/everybody-s-gone-to-the-rapture-playstation-4-original-soundtrack-ost-2lp-exclusive-gold-coloured-vinyl-500-only/11191834.html | 2017-01-23T08:32:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00256-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921296 | 439 |
Seasonal Beetroot Carpaccio with Applewood Smoked Dulse
Smoked Dulse 120g tub - add to basket
Seasonal, striking and delicious, the colours and earthy flavours of the beetroot make this the perfect starter.
Time 15 mins prep
The simplicity of this dish, as well as the addition of the Smoked Dulse, really makes this one to add to your Christmas party menu.
- 1 tsp Applewood Smoked Dulse
- 2 large or 4 small beetroots (raw)
- 1/4 of a red onion, finely chopped
- 1/2 a lemon
- Handful of watercress to dress.
- Wash and peel the beetroot, then slice as thinly as possible (you will need a very sharp knife for this) then arrange on serving a dish.
- Scatter the pieces of finely chopped onion on top of the beetroot.
- Squeeze the lemon over the beetroot and onion, sprinkle with Smoked Dulse, then top with the watercress and serve. | <urn:uuid:1186ee24-b84c-457a-a4cf-14d2618d1259> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://maraseaweed.com/blogs/recipes/seasonal-beetroot-carpaccio-with-applewood-smoked-dulse | 2020-04-05T02:28:06Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370528224.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405022138-20200405052138-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.85102 | 220 |
How Sarah survived 4 years on the streets – barely!
You may wonder who is counting on your Thanksgiving meals this year. Well, it’s people like Sarah. Born in Lynnwood and raised right here in Everett, she grew up watching the father she loved brutally beat her mother. She got out of the house as soon as she could. Then she tried to create the family she really wanted.
She was a stay-at-home mom, married for 19 years, and kept her five-bedroom house immaculate.
I should mention she had 14 children.
“I did so well for so long, but I masked how overwhelmed I was,” she said.
Then her husband left. She sunk into depression.
“I mentally self-destructed,” said Sarah.
A few months later, Child Protective Services took her children away – less than one week before Christmas. So began four agonizing years on the streets of Everett. She had never been homeless before. Ever. It was like a lamb to the slaughter.
She was beaten up and robbed multiple times.
She asked random strangers to buy her food.
In fear for her life, Sarah walked endlessly each night, wrapped in a blanket against the cold.
To say she was utterly broken when she came to our door is an understatement. Although she still grieves the loss of her family, she is able to be part of their lives again. They have all been placed in wonderful homes and five of them are well-adjusted adults. Sarah never misses a Bible study. Although she had a hard time forgiving herself, she knows Jesus forgives her.
“I truly believe that I’m here because God put me here,” she said of the Mission. “I’m so grateful to be able to sit at a table and eat a meal and have it be hot.”
Please pray for Sarah as she still has a long road ahead. This kind of damage doesn’t get repaired overnight.
But the transformation does start overnight . . . with that very first meal. If you would like to help with Thanksgiving meals, you can provide them here.
Thank you for all you do and your compassion for people experiencing homelessness. Your support is a blessing to so many! | <urn:uuid:4ed921e3-f7df-42e9-9241-e77c0a110b82> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://egmission.org/2016/10/how-sarah-survived-4-years-on-the-streets-barely/ | 2021-10-24T03:11:23Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585837.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024015104-20211024045104-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.98324 | 477 |
Ukraine Flag Live WallPaper 3D
by: Countries Flag Apps • 0
Ukraine Flag Live WallPaper 3D
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Ukraine (Ukrainian: Україна, Ukrayina) is a country in Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation.
According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union.
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Tags: "Ukraine Wallpaper", "Ukraine Live WallPaper"
Tags: 3d ukraine flag live wallpaper , ukraine wallpaper | <urn:uuid:730ed420-eb16-48ec-9675-c17766cf5bfc> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.appszoom.com/android_applications/personalization/ukraine-flag-live-wallpaper-3d_fhpks.html?nav=mfta | 2017-03-28T05:45:57Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189667.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00255-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891224 | 815 |
How To Do Water Changes For Freshwater Tanks
Weekly water changes are vital to the health and well being of any and all wet pets you have. Unlike in their natural homes, wastes and bad chemicals don't float away from the fish's home. The sides of the tank prevent that from happening. You have to remove or dilute the bad chemicals for them. You don't need to remove all of the water every time. Usually, you only need to do a partial water change for freshwater pet fish like goldfish or freshwater tropical fish.
You Might Need To Change The Water More Than Once A Week
Hopefully, you haven't overcrowded your tank and have bought the biggest tank you can afford, giving at least two gallons per one inch of fish (minus the tail). If you have five common goldfish in a twenty gallon tank, then weekly partial water changes of a quarter or less of the water is suffucuent to keep the fish happy and not stressed. But if you have two goldfish in a one gallon bowl, you'll have to do partial water changes every day, and even that might not be enough.
Although doing partial water changes will dilute the bad chemicals in the water than can get the fish sick, you still need to leave a good bit of the water in there. They still need the family of good bacterial that the tank has developed over time. Doing complete water changes will shock the fish and be just as harmful as doing no changes at all.
If the water smells bad, looks really yellow or green, even if a week hasn't passed, the water needs changing!
And yes, even if you have the latest in filters, you still need to do partial water changes weekly. Once you get in the habit, it will only take up a few minutes per tank of your week.
What you need for a successful and smooth water change is:
- One bucket only used for fishkeeping (two preferably)
- Thick air hose or siphon hose
- water -- at room temperature (cold water from the tap will shock and stress the fish, leaving them more suseptable to illness)
- dechlorinator of water treatment chemicals (if necessary) Know what chemicals are in your tap water. Water testing kits are inexpensive and easy to use. Bottled drinking water is a bad substitute.
The night before the water change, I mostly fill a bucket with cold tap water. I only fill it so I can still pick the bucket up. If you can let the water sit for 24 hours, it should dechloriate on it's own, but I can never wait that long.
For the water change, I lay newspaper down under a second bucket that will catch the dirty water. I then place one end of the siphon hose in the tank. People have different methods for getting the water going in through the hose, but what I have found to work best is sucking on the other end of the pipe. Immediately spit out any water if it reaches your mouth. If you have been doing routine partial water changes, you won't have to worry too much about getting the water in your mouth in the first place.
When the water climbs towards my mouth, I quick place the hose into the bucket and collect the dirty water. I only take out a bucket's worth for my twenty gallon. You might need more or less for your water change.
I then remove the hose, dump the water and then get a hold of the clean standing water in the other bucket. That water gets gently poured into the tank. You can also use an air hose to place the water in the tank, but I prefer just pouring the water in.
I then place Cycle in the filter system and the water change is all done for another week.
Discus getting new water and food. Film by Kubamajer
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Is your dog emitting a fishy smell? This article is an an overview on your dog's "fishies" -- what they are and what you should do. | <urn:uuid:7fd9d867-5708-48b3-9537-b70f840f6b0e> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://hubpages.com/animals/How-To-Do-Water-Changes-For-Freshwater-Tanks | 2017-02-24T18:36:59Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171629.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00198-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954119 | 932 |
Since President Franklin Roosevelt's recognition of the Soviet masters of Russia (November 16, 1933), the United States has consistently helped to "wound itself" by catering to the "insidious forces working from within," who are "opposed to all our great traditions" of Christian civilization. These powerful "forces" have been welcomed to our shores, have become rich and influential, and nothing has been expected of them beyond a pro‑American patriotism rather than a hostile nationalist separatism.
In spite of all kindliness, they have, however stubbornly adhered to their purposes and have indeed "gravely weakened the structure and tone of our American way of life." But the wealth of our land and the vitality of our people are both so great that the trap has not yet been finally sprung; the noose has not yet been fatally drawn. Despite the hostile aliens who exert power in Washington; despite the aid and succor given them by uninformed, hired, or subverted persons of native stock; despite the work of the "romantics, bums, and enemy agents" who have directed our foreign policy in recent years, there is a chance for the survival of America. A great country can be conquered only if it is inwardly rotten. We can still be free, if we wish.
Basic moves, as indicated in preceding chapters, are three: We must (i) lift the iron‑curtain of censorship which, not satisfied with falsifying the news of the hour, has gone back into past centuries to mutilate the classics of our literature and to exclude from our school histories such vital and significant facts as those presented.
A start toward this goal can be made by exercising some of the Constitution‑guaranteed rights, and by subscribing to periodicals with a firm record of opposing Communism. The reading of periodicals and books friendly to the American tradition not only encourages and strengthens the publisher of such works but makes the reader of them a better informed and therefore a more effective instrument in the great cause of saving Western Christian civilization.
†††††††† We must (ii) begin in the spirit of humane Christian civilization to evolve some method of preventing our unassimilable mass of aliens and alien‑minded people from exercising in this country a power over our culture and our lives out of all proportion to the number of the minority, and to prevent this minority from shaping, against the general national interest, our policies on such vital matters as war and immigration. The American Legion seems to be working toward leadership in this vital matter. The movement should be supported by other veterans' organizations, women's clubs, luncheon clubs, and other groups favorable to the survival of America. In the great effort, no individual should fail; for there is no such thing as activity by a group, a club, or even a legion, except as a product of the devoted zeal of one or more individuals.
Our danger from internal sources hostile to our civilization was the subject of a warning by General MacArthur in his speech before the Massachusetts Legislature on July 25, 1951: "This evil force, with neither spiritual base nor moral standard, rallies the abnormal and sub‑normal elements among our citizenry and applies internal pressure against all things we hold decent and all things that we hold right; the type of pressure which has caused many Christian nations abroad to fall and their own cherished freedoms to languish in the shackles of complete suppression.
As it has happened there it can happen here. Our need for patriotic fervor and religious devotion was never more impelling. There can be no compromise with atheistic communism; no half way in the preservation of freedom and religion. It must be all or nothing. We must unite in the high purpose that the liberties etched upon the design of our life by our forefathers be unimpaired and that we maintain the moral courage and spiritual leadership to preserve inviolate that bulwark of all freedom, our Christian faith." We must (iii) effect a genuine clean‑up of our government removing not only all those who can be proved to be traitors, but also all those whose policies have for stupidity or bad judgment been inimical to the interests of our country.
After reading this, there is no way, that any patriotic American can not see that every single Jew who has ever been elected into office has been a traitor. As you can see by the following they have used deceit, treachery and out right lies to further their own ends. And for the most part most of the non-Jews elected as Senators or Representatives have not opposed them, in fact, they have cow towed to them and are therefore guilty of treason also.
Jewish involvement in shaping American immigration policy, 1881-1965: A Historical Review, by Kevin MacDonald Department of Psychology California State University-Long Beach Long Beach, CA 90840-0901 Population and Environment, in press.
ABSTRACT: THIS PAPER DISCUSSES JEWISH INVOLVEMENT IN SHAPING UNITED STATES IMMIGRATION POLICY. IN ADDITION TO A PERIODIC INTEREST IN FOSTERING THE IMMIGRATION OF CO-RELIGIONISTS...JEWS HAVE AN INTEREST IN OPPOSING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ETHNICALLY AND CULTURALLY HOMOGENEOUS SOCIETIES IN WHICH THEY RESIDE AS MINORITIES. JEWS HAVE BEEN AT THE FOREFRONT IN SUPPORTING MOVEMENTS AIMED AT ALTERING THE ETHNIC STATUS QUO IN THE UNITED STATES IN FAVOR OF IMMIGRATION OF NON-EUROPEAN PEOPLES. These activities have involved leadership in Congress, organizing and funding anti-restrictionist groups composed of Jews and gentiles, and originating intellectual movements opposed to evolutionary and biological perspectives in the social sciences.
INTRODUCTION: Ethnic conflict is of obvious importance for understanding critical aspects of American history, and not only for understanding Black/White ethnic conflict or the fate of Native Americans. Immigration policy is a paradigmatic example of conflict of interest between ethnic groups because IMMIGRATION POLICY INFLUENCES THE FUTURE DEMOGRAPHIC COMPOSITION OF THE NATION. Ethnic groups unable to influence immigration policy in their own interests will eventually be displaced or reduced in relative numbers by groups able to accomplish this goal.
This paper discusses ethnic conflict between Jews and gentiles in the area of immigration policy. Immigration policy is, however, only one aspect of conflicts of interest between Jews and gentiles in America. The skirmishes between Jews and the gentile power structure beginning in the late nineteenth century always had strong overtones of anti-Semitism. These battles involved issues of Jewish upward mobility, quotas on Jewish representation in elite schools beginning in the nineteenth century and peaking in the 1920s and 1930s, the anti-Communist crusades in the post-World War II era, as well as the very powerful concern with the cultural influences of the major media extending from Henry Fordís writings in the 1920s to the Hollywood inquisitions of the McCarthy era and into the contemporary era.
That anti-Semitism was involved in these issues can be seen from the fact that historians of Judaism (e.g., Sachar 1992, p. 620ff) feel compelled to include accounts of these events as important to the history of Jews in America, by the anti-Semitic pronouncements of many of the gentile participants, and by the self-conscious understanding of Jewish participants and observers. The Jewish involvement in influencing immigration policy in the United States is especially noteworthy as an aspect of ethnic conflict. Jewish involvement has had certain unique qualities that have distinguished Jewish interests from the interests of other groups favoring liberal immigration policies.
Throughout much of this period, one Jewish interest in liberal immigration policies stemmed from a desire to provide a sanctuary for Jews fleeing from anti-Semitic persecutions in Europe and elsewhere. Anti-Semitic persecutions have been a recurrent phenomenon in the modern world beginning with the Czarist persecutions in 1881, and continuing into the post-World War II era in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. As a result, liberal immigration has been a Jewish interest because survival often dictated that Jews seek refuge in other lands (Cohen 1972, p. 341). For a similar reason, Jews have consistently advocated an internationalist foreign policy for the United States because antuazl internationally-minded America was likely to be more sensitive to the problems of foreign Jewries (Cohen 1972, p. 342).
However, in addition to a persistent concern that America be a safe haven for Jews fleeing outbreaks of anti-Semitism in foreign countries, there is evidence that Jews, much more than any other European-derived ethnic group in America, have viewed liberal immigration policies as a mechanism of ensuring that America would be a pluralistic rather than a unitary, homogeneous society (e.g., Cohen 1972). PLURALISM SERVES BOTH INTERNAL (within-group) AND EXTERNAL (between-group) JEWISH INTERESTS. PLURALISM SERVES INTERNAL JEWISH INTERESTS BECAUSE IT LEGITIMATES THE INTERNAL JEWISH INTEREST IN RATIONALIZING AND OPENLY ADVOCATING AN INTEREST IN JEWISH GROUP COMMITMENT AND NON-ASSIMILATION, what Howard Sachar (1992, p. 427) terms its function in legitimizing the preservation of a minority culture in the midst of a majorityís host society. The development of an ethnic, political, or religious monoculture implies that Judaism can survive only by engaging in a sort of semi-crypsis.
As Irving Louis Horowitz (1993, 86) notes regarding the long-term consequences of Jewish life under Communism, Jews suffer, their numbers decline, and emigration becomes a survival solution when the state demands integration into a national mainstream, a religious universal defined by a state religion or a near-state religion. Both Neusner (1987) and Ellman (1987) suggest that the increased sense of ethnic consciousness seen in Jewish circles recently has been influenced by this general movement within American society toward the legitimization of minority group ethnocentrism. More importantly, ethnic and religious pluralism serves external Jewish interests because Jews become just one of many ethnic groups.
This results in the diffusion of political and cultural influence among the various ethnic and religious groups, and it becomes difficult or impossible to develop unified, cohesive groups of gentiles united in their opposition to Judaism. Historically, major anti-Semitic movements have tended to erupt in societies that have been, apart from the Jews, religiously and/or ethnically homogeneous (MacDonald, 1994; 1998).
Conversely, one reason for the relative lack of anti-Semitism in America compared to Europe was that Jews did not stand out as a solitary group of [religious] non-conformists (Higham 1984, p. 156). It follows also that ethnically and religiously pluralistic societies are more likely to satisfy Jewish interests than are societies characterized by ethnic and religious homogeneity among gentiles. Beginning with Horace Kallen, Jewish intellectuals have been at the forefront in developing models of the United States as a culturally and ethnically pluralistic society. Reflecting the utility of cultural pluralism in serving internal Jewish group interests in maintaining cultural separatism, Kallen personally combined his ideology of cultural pluralism with a deep immersion in Jewish history and internationally-minded America was likely to be more sensitive to the problems of foreign Jewries (Cohen 1972, p. 342).
More importantly, ethnic and religious pluralism serves external Jewish interests because Jews become just one of many ethnic groups. This results in the diffusion of political and cultural influence among the various ethnic and religious groups, and it becomes difficult or impossible to develop unified, cohesive groups of gentiles united in their opposition to Judaism. Historically, major anti-Semitic movements have tended to erupt in societies that have been, apart from the Jews, religiously and/or ethnically homogeneous (MacDonald, 1994; 1998). Conversely, one reason for the relative lack of anti-Semitism in America compared to Europe was that jews did not stand out as a solitary group of [religious] non-conformists (Higham 1984, p. 156). It follows also that ethnically and religiously pluralistic societies are more likely to satisfy Jewish interests than are societies characterized by ethnic and religious homogeneity among gentiles.
Beginning with Horace Kallen, Jewish intellectuals have been at the forefront in developing models of the United States as a culturally and ethnically pluralistic society. Reflecting the utility of cultural pluralism in serving internal Jewish group interests in maintaining cultural separatism, Kallen personally combined his ideology of cultural pluralism with a deep immersion in Jewish history and literature, a commitment to Zionism, and political activity on behalf of Jews in Eastern Europe (Sachar 1992, p. 425ff; Frommer 1978). Kallen (1915; 1924) developed a polycentric ideal for American ethnic relationships. Kallen defined ethnicity as deriving from oneís biological endowment, implying that Jews should be able to remain a genetically and culturally cohesive group while nevertheless participating in American democratic institutions.
This conception that the United States should be organized as a set of separate ethnic/cultural groups was accompanied by an ideology that relationships between groups would be cooperative and benign: Kallen lifted his eyes above the strife that swirled around him to an ideal realm where diversity and harmony coexist (Higham 1984, p. 209). Similarly in Germany, the Jewish leader Moritz Lazarus argued in opposition to the views of the German intellectual Heinrich Treitschke that the continued separateness of diverse ethnic groups contributed to the richness of German culture (Schorsch 1972, p. 63).
LAZARUS ALSO DEVELOPED THE DOCTRINE OF DUAL LOYALTY WHICH BECAME A CORNERSTONE OF THE ZIONIST MOVEMENT. Kallen wrote his 1915 essay partly in reaction to the ideas of Edward A. Ross (1914). Ross was a Darwinian sociologist who believed that the existence of clearly demarcated groups would tend to result in between-group competition for resources. Highamís comment is interesting because it shows that Kallenís romantic views of group co-existence were contradicted by the reality of between-group competition in his own day. Indeed, it is noteworthy that Kallen was a prominent leader of the American Jewish Congress (AJ Congress). During the 1920s and 1930s the AJ Congress championed group economic and political rights for Jews in Eastern Europe at a time when there was widespread ethnic tensions and persecution of Jews, and despite the fears of many that such rights would merely exacerbate current tensions.
The AJ Congress demanded that Jews be allowed proportional political representation as well as the ability to organize their own communities and preserve an autonomous Jewish national culture. The treaties with Eastern European countries and Turkey included provisions that the state provide instruction in minority languages and that Jews have the right to refuse to attend courts or other public functions on the Sabbath (Frommer 1978, p. 162).
Kallenís idea of cultural pluralism as a model for America was popularized among gentile intellectuals by John Dewey (Higham 1984, p. 209), who in turn was promoted by Jewish intellectuals: If lapsed Congregationalists like Dewey did not need immigrants to inspire them to press against the boundaries of even the most liberal of Protestant sensibilities, Deweyís kind were resoundingly encouraged in that direction by the Jewish intellectuals they encountered in urban academic and literary communities (Hollinger, 1996, p. 24).
Literature, a commitment to Zionism, and political activity on behalf of Jews in Eastern Europe (Sachar 1992, p. 425ff; Frommer 1978). Kallen (1915; 1924) developed a polycentric ideal for American ethnic relationships. Kallen defined ethnicity as deriving from oneís biological endowment, implying that Jews should be able to remain a genetically and culturally cohesive group while nevertheless participating in American democratic institutions.
This conception that the United States should be organized as a set of separate ethnic/cultural groups was accompanied by an ideology that relationships between groups would be cooperative and benign: Kallen lifted his eyes above the strife that swirled around him to an ideal realm where diversity and harmony coexist (Higham 1984, p. 209).
Similarly in Germany, the Jewish leader Moritz Lazarus argued in opposition to the views of the German intellectual Heinrich Treitschke that the continued separateness of diverse ethnic groups contributed to the richness of German culture (Schorsch 1972, p. 63). Lazarus also developed the doctrine of dual loyalty which became a cornerstone of the Zionist movement. Kallen wrote his 1915 essay partly in reaction to the ideas of Edward A. Ross (1914).
Ross was a Darwinian sociologist who believed that the existence of clearly demarcated groups would tend to result in between-group competition for resources. Highamís comment is interesting because it shows that Kallenís romantic views of group co-existence were contradicted by the reality of between-group competition in his own day. Indeed, it is noteworthy that Kallen was a prominent leader of the American Jewish Congress (AJ Congress). During the 1920s and 1930s the AJ Congress championed group economic and political rights for Jews in Eastern Europe at a time when there was widespread ethnic tensions and persecution of Jews, and despite the fears of many that such rights would merely exacerbate current tensions.
The AJ Congress demanded that Jews be allowed proportional political representation as well as the ability to organize their own communities and preserve an autonomous Jewish national culture. The treaties with Eastern European countries and Turkey included provisions that the state provide instruction in minority languages and that Jews have the right to refuse to attend courts or other public functions on the Sabbath (Frommer 1978, p. 162). Kallenís idea of cultural pluralism as a model for America was popularized among gentile intellectuals by John Dewey (Higham 1984, p. 209), who in turn was promoted by Jewish intellectuals: If lapsed Congregationalists like Dewey did not need immigrants to inspire them to press against the boundaries of even the most liberal of Protestant sensibilities, Deweyís kind were resoundingly encouraged in that direction by the Jewish intellectuals they encountered in urban academic and literary communities (Hollinger, 1996, p. 24).
Kallenís ideas have been very influential in producing Jewish self-conceptualizations of their status in America. This influence was apparent as early as 1915 among American Zionists, such as Louis D. Brandeis. Brandeis viewed America as composed of different nationalities whose free development would spiritually enrich the United States and would make it a democracy par excellence (Gal 1989, p. 70). These views became a hallmark of mainstream American Zionism, secular and religious alike (Gal 1989, p. 70).
But Kallenís influence extended really to all educated Jews: Legitimizing the preservation of a minority culture in the midst of a majorityís host society, pluralism functioned as intellectual anchorage for an educated Jewish second generation, sustained its cohesiveness and its most tenacious communal endeavors through the rigors of the Depression and revived anti-Semitism, through the shock of Nazism and the Holocaust, until the emergence of Zionism in the post-World War II years swept through American Jewry with a climactic redemptionist fervor of its own. (Sachar 1992, p. 427)
Explicit statements linking immigration policy to a Jewish interest in cultural pluralism can be found among prominent Jewish social scientists and political activists. In his review of Kallenís (1956) Cultural Pluralism and the American Idea appearing in Congress Weekly (published by the AJ Congress), Joseph L. Blau (1958, p. 15) noted that Kallenís view is needed to serve the cause of minority groups and minority cultures in this nation without a permanent majority the implication being that Kallenís ideology of multi-culturalism opposes the interests of any ethnic group in dominating America.
The well-known author and prominent Zionist Maurice Samuel (1924, p. 215) writing partly as a negative reaction to the immigration law of 1924, wrote that If, then, the struggle between us [i.e., Jews and gentiles] is ever to be lifted beyond the physical, your democracies will have to alter their demands for racial, spiritual and cultural homogeneity with the State. But it would be foolish to regard this as a possibility, for the tendency of this civilization is in the opposite direction. There is a steady approach toward the identification of government with race, instead of with the political State.
Samuel deplored the 1924 legislation and in the following quote he develops the view that the American state as having no ethnic implications. We have just witnessed, in America, the repetition, in the peculiar form adapted to this country, of the evil farce to which the experience of many centuries has not yet accustomed us. If America had any meaning at all, it lay in the peculiar attempt to rise above the trend of our present civilization the identification of race with State...America was therefore the New World in this vital respect that the State was purely an ideal, and nationality was identical only with acceptance of the ideal. But it seems now that the entire point of view was a mistaken one, that America was incapable of rising above her origins, and the semblance of an ideal-nationalism was only a stage in the proper development of the universal gentile spirit...To-day, with race triumphant over ideal, anti-Semitism uncovers its fangs, and to the heartless refusal of the most elementary human right, the right of asylum, is added cowardly insult. We are not only excluded, but we are told, in the unmistakable language of the immigration laws, that we are an inferior people. Without the moral courage to stand up squarely to its evil instincts, the country prepared itself, through its journalists, by a long draught of vilification of the Jew, and, when sufficiently inspired by the popular and scientific potions, committed the act. (pp. 218-220)
A congruent opinion is expressed by prominent Jewish social scientist and political activist Earl Raab (Raab is associated with the Anti-Defamation League of Bínai Bírith (ADL), and is executive director emeritus of the Perlmutter Institute for Jewish Advocacy at Brandeis University. He is also a columnist for the San Francisco Jewish Bulletin. Among other works, he is co-author, with Seymour Lipset of The Politics of Unreason: Right Wing-Extremism in America, 1790-1970 (Lipset & Raab 1970), a volume in a series of books on anti-Semitism in the United States sponsored by the ADL) who remarks very positively on the success of American immigration policy in altering the ethnic composition of the United States since 1965.
Raab notes that the Jewish community has taken a leadership role in changing the Northwestern European bias of American immigration policy (1993a, p. 17), and he has also maintained that one factor inhibiting anti-Semitism in the contemporary United States is that (a)n increasing ethnic heterogeneity, as a result of immigration, has made it even more difficult for a political party or mass movement of bigotry to develop (1995, p. 91).
Or more colorfully: The Census Bureau has just reported that about half of the American population will soon be non-white or non-European. And they will all be American citizens. We have tipped beyond the point where a Nazi-Aryan party will be able to prevail in this country. We [i.e., Jews] have been nourishing the American climate of opposition to bigotry for about half a century. That climate has not yet been perfected, but the heterogeneous nature of our population tends to make it irreversible and makes our constitutional constraints against bigotry more practical than ever. (Raab 1993b, p. 23). (In Australia, Miriam Faine, an editorial committee member of the Australian Jewish Democrat stated that the strengthening of multi-cultural or diverse Australia is also our most effective insurance policy against anti-Semitism. The day Australia has a Chinese Australian Governor General I would feel more confident of my freedom to live as a Jewish Australian (in McCormack 1994, p. 11)).
Indeed, the primary objective of Jewish political activity after 1945 was...to prevent the emergence of an anti-Semitic reactionary mass movement in the United States (Svonkin 1997, 8). Charles Silberman (1985, 350) notes that American Jews are committed to cultural tolerance because of their belief one firmly rooted in history that Jews are safe only in a society acceptant of a wide range of attitudes and behaviors, as well as a diversity of religious and ethnic groups. It is this belief, for example, not approval of homosexuality, that leads an overwhelming majority of American Jews to endorse gay rights and to take a liberal stance on most other so-called social issues. (Moreover, A DEEP CONCERN THAT AN ETHNICALLY AND CULTURALLY HOMOGENEOUS AMERICA WOULD COMPROMISE JEWISH INTERESTS can be seen in Silbermanís comments on the attraction of Jews to the Democratic party...with its traditional hospitality to non-WASP ethnic groups...A distinguished economist who strongly disagreed with Mondaleís economic policies voted for him nonetheless. I watched the conventions on television, he explained, and the Republicans did not look like my kind of people. That same reaction led many Jews to vote for Carter in 1980 despite their dislike of him; I rather live in a country governed by the faces I saw at the Democratic convention than by those I saw at the Republican contention a well-known author told me (pp. 347-348)).
Silbermanís comment that Jewish attitudes are firmly rooted in history is quite reasonable: There has indeed been a only with acceptance of the ideal. But it seems now that the entire point of view was a mistaken one, that America was incapable of rising above her origins, and the semblance of an ideal-nationalism was only a stage in the proper development of the universal gentile spirit...To-day, with race triumphant over ideal, anti-Semitism uncovers its fangs, and to the heartless refusal of the most elementary human right, the right of asylum, is added cowardly insult. We are not only excluded, but we are told, in the unmistakable language of the immigration laws, that we are an inferior people. Without the moral courage to stand up squarely to its evil instincts, the country prepared itself, through its journalists, by a long draught of vilification of the Jew, and, when sufficiently inspired by the popular and scientific potions, committed the act. (pp. 218-220)
A congruent opinion is expressed by prominent Jewish social scientist and political activist Earl Raab who remarks very positively on the success of American immigration policy in altering the ethnic composition of the United States since 1965. Raab notes that the Jewish community has taken a leadership role in changing the Northwestern European bias of American immigration policy (1993a, p. 17), and he has also maintained that one factor inhibiting anti-Semitism in the contemporary United States is that (a)n† increasing ethnic heterogeneity, as a result of immigration, has made it even more difficult for a political party or mass movement of bigotry to develop (1995, p. 91). Or more colorfully: The Census Bureau has just reported that about half of the American population will soon be non-white or non-European. And they will all be American citizens. We have tipped beyond the point where a Nazi-Aryan party will be able to prevail in this country.
We [i.e., Jews] have been nourishing the American climate of opposition to bigotry for about half a century. That climate has not yet been perfected, but the heterogeneous nature of our population tends to make it irreversible and makes our constitutional constraints against bigotry more practical than ever. (Raab 1993b, p. 23). Indeed, the primary objective of Jewish political activity after 1945 was...to prevent the emergence of an anti-Semitic reactionary mass movement in the United States (Svonkin 1997, 8).
Charles Silberman (1985, 350) notes that American Jews are committed to cultural tolerance because of their belief one firmly rooted in history that Jews are safe only in a society acceptant of a wide range of attitudes and behaviors, as well as a diversity of religious and ethnic groups. It is this belief, for example, not approval of homosexuality, that leads an overwhelming majority of American Jews to endorse gay rightsí and to take a liberal stance on most other so-called social issues. Silbermanís comment that Jewish attitudes are firmly rooted in history is quite reasonable: There has indeed been a tendency for Jews to be persecuted by a culturally and/or ethnically homogeneous majority that come to view Jews as a negatively evaluated outcrop.
Similarly, in listing the positive benefits of immigration, Diana Aviv, director of the Washington Action Office of the Council of Jewish Federations states that immigration is about diversity, cultural enrichment and economic opportunity for the immigrants (quoted in Forward, March 8, 1996, p. 5). And in summarizing Jewish involvement in the 1996 legislative battles a newspaper account stated that Jewish groups failed to kill a number of provisions that reflect the kind of political expediency that they regard as a direct attack on American pluralism (Detroit Jewish News; May 10, 1996).
It is noteworthy also that there has been a conflict between predominantly Jewish
neo-Conservatives and predominantly gentile paleo-conservatives over the issue of Third World immigration into the United States. Many of these neo-conservative intellectuals had previously been radical leftists, (Goldberg (1996, 160) notes that the future neo-conservatives were disciples of Trotskyist theoretician Max Schachtman. A good example is Irving Kristolís (1983) Memoirs of a Trotskyist)) and the split between the neo-conservatives and their previous allies resulted in an intense internecine feud (Gottfried 1993; Rothman & Lichter 1982, p. 105). Neo-conservatives Norman Podhoretz and Richard John Neuhaus reacted very negatively to an article by a paleo-conservative concerned that such immigration would eventually lead to the United States being dominated by such immigrants (see Judis 1990, p. 33). Other examples are neo-Conservatives Julian Simon (1990) and Ben Wattenberg (1991), both of whom advocate very high levels of immigration from all parts of the world, so that the United States will become what Wattenberg describes as the worldís first Universal Nation. Based on recent data, Fetzer (1996) reports that Jews remain far more favorable to immigration to the United States than any other ethnic group or religion.
It should be noted as a general point that the effectiveness of Jewish organizations in influencing American immigration policy has been facilitated by certain characteristics of American Jewry. As Neuringer (1971, p. 87) notes, Jewish influence on immigration policy was facilitated by Jewish wealth, education, and social status. Reflecting its general disproportionate representation in markers of economic success and political influence, Jewish organizations have been able to have a vastly disproportionate effect on United States immigration policy because Jews as a group are highly organized, highly intelligent, and politically astute, and they were able to command a high level of financial, political, and intellectual resources in pursuing their political aims.
Similarly, Hollinger (1996, p. 19) notes that Jews were more influential in the decline of a homogeneous Protestant Christian culture in the United States than Catholics because of their greater wealth, social standing, and technical skill in the intellectual arena. In the area of immigration policy, the main Jewish activist organization influencing immigration policy, the American Jewish Committee (AJ Committee), was characterized by strong leadership [particularly Louis Marshall], internal cohesion, well-funded programs, sophisticated lobbying techniques, well-chosen non-Jewish allies, and good timing (Goldstein 1990, p. 333).
In this regard, the Jewish success in influencing immigration policy is entirely analogous to their success in influencing the secularization of American culture. As in the case of immigration policy, the secularization of American culture is a Jewish interest because Jews have a perceived interest that America not be a homogeneous Christian culture. Jewish civil rights organizations have had an historic role in the postwar development of American church-state law and policy (Ivers 1995, p. 2). Unlike the effort to influence immigration, the opposition to a homogeneous Christian culture was mainly carried out in the courts.
The Jewish effort in this case was well funded and was the focus of well-organized, highly dedicated Jewish civil service organizations, including the AJ COMMITTEE, the AJ Congress, and the Anti-Defamation League (ADL). It involved keen legal expertise both in the actual litigation but also in influencing legal opinion via articles in law journals and other forums of intellectual debate, including the popular media. It also involved a highly charismatic and effective leadership, particularly Leo Pfeffer of the AJ Congress:
No other lawyer exercised such complete intellectual dominance over a chosen area of law for so extensive a period as an author, scholar, public citizen, and above all, legal advocate who harnessed his multiple and formidable talents into a single force capable of satisfying all that an institution needs for a successful constitutional reform movement...
That Pfeffer, through an enviable combination of skill, determination, and persistence, was able in such a short period of time to make church-state reform the foremost cause with which rival organizations associated the AJ Congress illustrates well the impact that individual lawyers endowed with exceptional skills can have on the character and life of the organizations for which they work...As if to confirm the extent to which Pfeffer is associated with post-Everson [i.e., post-1946] constitutional development, even the major critics of the Courts church-state jurisprudence during this period and the modern doctrine of separationism rarely fail to make reference to Pfeffer as the central force responsible for what they lament as the lost meaning of the establishment clause. (Ivers 1995, pp. 222-224)
Similarly, Hollinger (1996, p. 4) notes the transformation of the ethnoreligious demography of American academic life by Jews in the period from the 1930s to the 1960s, as well as the Jewish influence on trends toward the secularization of American society and in advancing an ideal of cosmopolitanism (p. 11). The pace of this influence was very likely influenced by immigration battles of the 1920s. Hollinger notes that the old Protestant establishment influence persisted until the 1960s in large measure because of the Immigration Act of 1924: HAD THE MASSIVE IMMIGRATION OF CATHOLICS AND JEWS CONTINUED AT PRE-1924 LEVELS, THE COURSE OF AMERICAN HISTORY WOULD HAVE BEEN DIFFERENT IN MANY WAYS, including, one may reasonably speculate, a more rapid diminution of Protestant cultural hegemony. Immigration restriction gave that hegemony a new lease of life (p. 22).
It is reasonable to suppose, therefore, that the immigration battles from 1881 to 1965 have been of momentous historical importance in shaping the contours of American culture in the late twentieth century. The ultimate success of Jewish attitudes on immigration was also influenced by intellectual movements that collectively resulted in a decline of evolutionary and biological thinking in the academic world.
Although playing virtually no role in the restrictionist position in the Congressional debates on the immigration (which focused mainly on the fairness of maintaining the ethnic status quo; see below), a component of the intellectual zeitgeist of the 1920s was the prevalence of evolutionary theories of race and ethnicity (Singerman 1986), particularly the theories of Madison Grant. In The Passing of the Great Race, Grant (1921) argued that the American colonial stock was derived from superior Nordic racial elements and that IMMIGRATION OF OTHER RACES WOULD LOWER THE COMPETENCE LEVEL OF THE SOCIETY AS A WHOLE AS WELL AS THREATEN DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN INSTITUTIONS.
Grantís ideas were popularized in the media at the time of the immigration debates (see Divine 1957, pp. 12ff) and often provoked negative comments in Jewish publications such as The American Hebrew (e.g., March 21, 1924, pp. 554, 625).(Grantís letter to the House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization emphasized the principle argument of the restrictionists, i.e., that the use of the 1890 census of the foreign born as the basis of the immigration law was fair to all ethnic groups currently in the country, and that the use of the 1910 census discriminated against the native Americans whose ancestors were in this country before its independence. He also argued in favor of quotas from Western Hemisphere nations because these countries in some cases furnish very undesirable immigrants. The Mexicans who come into the United States are overwhelmingly of Indian blood, and the recent intelligence tests have shown their very low intellectual status. We have already got too many of them in our Southwestern States, and a check should be put on their increase (p. 571).
Grant was also concerned about the unassimilability of recent immigrants. He included with his letter a Chicago Tribune editorial commenting on a situation in Hamtramck, Michigan in which recent immigrants were described as demanding Polish rule, the expulsion of non-Poles, and that only the Polish language be spoken even by federal officials. Grant also argued that differences in reproductive rate would result in displacement of groups that delayed marriage and had fewer children clearly a concern that as a result of immigration his ethnic group would be displaced by ethnic groups with a higher rate of natural increase. (Restriction of Immigration; Hearings Before the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization House of Representatives, sixty-eighth Congress, First Session, Jan. 5, 1924; p. 570.))
The debate over group differences in IQ was also tied to the immigration issue. C. C. Brighamís study of intelligence among United States army personnel concluded that Nordics were superior to Alpine and Mediterranean Europeans, and Brigham (1923, p. 210) concluded that (i)mmigration should not only be restrictive but highly selective. In the Foreword to Brighamís book, Harvard psychologist Robert M. Yerkes stated that The author presents not theories but facts. It behooves us to consider their reliability and meaning, for no one of us as a citizen can afford to ignore the menace of race deterioration or the evident relation of immigration to national progress and welfare (in Brigham 1923, pp. vii-viii).
Nevertheless, as Samelson (1975) points out, the drive to restrict immigration originated long before IQ testing came into existence and restriction was favored by a variety of groups, including organized labor, for reasons other than those related to race and IQ, including especially the fairness of maintaining the ethnic status quo in the United States. Moreover, although Brighamís IQ testing results did indeed appear in the statement submitted by the Allied Patriotic Societies to the House hearings, (Restriction of Immigration; Hearings Before the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization House of Representatives, sixty-eighth Congress, First Session, Jan. 5, 1924; p. 580-581.) the role of IQ testing in the immigration debates has been greatly exaggerated (Snyderman & Herrnstein, 1983).
Indeed, IQ testing was never even mentioned in either the House Majority Report or the Minority Report, and there is no mention of intelligence testing in the Act; test results on immigrants appear only briefly in the committee hearings and are then largely ignored or criticized, and they are brought up only once in over 600 pages of congressional floor debate, where they are subjected to further criticism without rejoinder. None of the major contemporary figures in testing...were called to testify, nor were their writings inserted into the legislative record (Snyderman & Herrnstein 1983, 994).
It is also very easy to over-emphasize the importance of theories of Nordic superiority as an ingredient of popular and Congressional restrictionist sentiment. As Singerman (1986, 118-119) points out, racial anti-Semitism was employed by only a handful of writers; and the Jewish problem...was a minor preoccupation even among such widely-published authors as Madison Grant or T. Lothrop Stoddard and none of the individuals examined [in Singermanís review] could be regarded as professional Jew-baiters or full-time propagandists against Jews, domestic or foreign.
As indicated below, arguments related to Nordic superiority, including supposed Nordic intellectual superiority, played remarkably little role in Congressional debates over immigration in the 1920s, the common argument of the restrictionists being that immigration policy should reflect equally the interests of all ethnic groups currently in the country. Nevertheless, it is probable that the decline in evolutionary/biological theories of race and ethnicity facilitated the sea change in immigration policy brought about by the 1965 law.
As Higham (1984) notes, by the time of the final victory in 1965 which removed national origins and racial ancestry from immigration policy and opened up immigration to all human groups, the Boasian perspective of cultural determinism and anti-biologism had become standard academic wisdom. The result was that it became intellectually fashionable to discount the very existence of persistent ethnic differences. The whole reaction deprived popular race feelings of a powerful ideological weapon (Higham 1984, pp. 58-59).
JEWISH INTELLECTUALS WERE PROMINENTLY INVOLVED IN THE MOVEMENT TO ERADICATE THE RACIALIST IDEAS OF GRANT AND OTHERS (Degler 1991, p. 200). Indeed, even during the earlier debates leading up to the immigration bills of 1921 and 1924, restrictionists perceived themselves to be under attack from Jewish intellectuals. In 1918, Prescott F. Hall, secretary of the Immigration Restriction League, wrote to Grant that; What I wanted...was the names of a few anthropologists of note who have declared in favor of the inequality of the races...I AM UP AGAINST THE JEWS ALL THE TIME IN THE EQUALITY ARGUMENT and thought perhaps you might be able offhand to name a few besides Osborn) whom I could quote in support (in Samelson 1975, p. 467).
Grant also believed that Jews were engaged in a campaign to discredit racial research. In the Introduction to the 1921 edition of Passing of the Great Race, Grant complained that (i)t is well-nigh impossible to publish in the American newspapers any reflection upon certain religions or races which are hysterically sensitive even when not mentioned by name. The underlying idea seems to be that if publication can be suppressed the facts themselves will ultimately disappear. Abroad, conditions are fully as bad, and we have the authority of one of the most eminent anthropologists in France that THE COLLECTION OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS AND DATA AMONG FRENCH RECRUITS AT THE OUTBREAK OF THE GREAT WAR WAS PREVENTED BY JEWISH INFLUENCE, WHICH AIMED TO SUPPRESS ANY SUGGESTION OF RACIAL DIFFERENTIATION IN FRANCE.
Particularly important was the work of Columbia University anthropologist Franz Boas and his followers. Boasí influence upon American social scientists in matters of race can hardly be exaggerated (Degler 1991, p. 61). He engaged in a life-long assault on the idea that race was a primary source of the differences to be found in the mental or social capabilities of human groups. He accomplished his mission largely through his ceaseless, almost relentless articulation of the concept of culture (p. 61).
Boas, almost single-handedly, developed in America the concept of culture, which, like a powerful solvent, would in time expunge race from the literature of social science (p. 71). Throughout this explication of Boasís conception of culture and his opposition to a racial
interpretation of human behavior, the central point has been that Boas did not arrive at the position from a disinterested, scientific inquiry into a vexed if controversial question.
Instead, his idea derived from an ideological commitment that began in his early life and academic experiences in Europe and continued in America to shape his professional outlook...there is no doubt that he had a deep interest in collecting evidence and designing arguments that would rebut or refute an ideological outlook racism which he considered restrictive upon individuals and undesirable for society...there is a persistent interest in pressing his social values upon the profession and the public. (Degler 1991, pp. 82-83)
There is evidence that Boas strongly identified as a Jew and viewed his research as having important implications in the political arena and particularly in the area of immigration policy. Boas was born in Prussia to a Jewish-liberal family in which the revolutionary ideals of 1848 remained influential (Stocking 1968, p. 149). Boas developed a left-liberal posture which...is at once scientific and political (Stocking 1968, p. 149) and was intensely concerned with anti-Semitism from an early period in his life (White 1966, p. 16). Moreover, Boas was deeply alienated from and hostile toward gentile culture, particularly the cultural ideal of the Prussian aristocracy (Degler 1991, p. 200; Stocking 1968, p. 150). For example, when Margaret Mead was looking for a way to persuade Boas to let her pursue her research in the South Sea islands, she hit upon a sure way of getting him to change his mind.
I knew there was one thing that mattered more to Boas than the direction taken by anthropological research. This was that he should behave like a liberal, democratic, modern man, not like a Prussian autocrat. The ploy worked because she had indeed uncovered the heart of his personal values (Degler 1991, p. 73).
Boas was greatly motivated by the immigration issue as it occurred early in the century. Carl Degler (1991, p. 74) notes that Boasí professional correspondence reveals that an important motive behind his famous head-measuring project in 1910 was his strong personal interest in keeping America diverse in population. The study, whose conclusions were placed into the Congressional Record by Representative Emanuel Celler during the debate on immigration restriction (Cong. Rec., April 8, 1924, pp. 5915-5916), concluded that the environmental differences consequent to immigration caused differences in head shape. (At the time, head shape as determined by the cephalic index was the main measurement used by scientists involved in racial differences research).
Boas argued that his research showed that all foreign groups living in favorable social circumstances had become assimilated to America in the sense that their physical measurements converged on the American type. Although he was considerably more circumspect regarding his conclusions in the body of his report (see also Stocking 1968, p. 178), Boas (1911, p. 5) stated in his Introduction that all fear of an unfavorable influence of South European immigration upon the body of our people should be dismissed. As a further indication of Boasí ideological commitment to the immigration issue, Degler makes the following comment regarding one of Boasí environmentalist explanations for mental differences between immigrant and native children: Why Boas chose to advance such an ad hoc interpretation is hard to understand until one recognizes his desire to explain in a favorable way the apparent mental backwardness of the immigrant children (p. 75).
BOAS and HIS STUDENTS WERE INTENSELY CONCERNED WITH PUSHING AN IDEOLOGICAL AGENDA WITHIN THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL PROFESSION (Degler 1991; Freeman 1991; Torrey 1992). In this regard it is interesting that Boas and his associates had a much more highly developed sense of group identity, a commitment to a common viewpoint, and an agenda to dominate the institutional structure of anthropology than did their opponents (Stocking 1968, pp. 279-280).
The defeat of the Darwinians had not happened without considerable exhortation of every motherís soní standing for the Right. Nor had it been accomplished without some rather strong pressure applied both to staunch friends and to the weaker brethren often by the sheer force of Boasí personality (Stocking 1968, 286). By 1915 the Boasians controlled the American Anthropological Association and held a two-thirds majority on the Executive Board (Stocking 1968, 285). BY 1926 EVERY MAJOR DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES WAS HEADED BY A STUDENT OF BOAS, THE MAJORITY OF WHOM WERE JEWISH.
According to White (1966, p. 26), Boasí most influential students were Ruth Benedict, Alexander Goldenweiser, Melville Herskovits, Alfred Kroeber, Robert Lowie, Margaret Mead, Paul Radin, Edward Sapir, and Leslie Spier. ALL OF THIS SMALL, COMPACT GROUP OF SCHOLARS...GATHERED ABOUT THEIR LEADER (White 1966, p. 26) WERE JEWS with the exception of Kroeber, Benedict and Mead.
Indeed, Herskovits (1953, p. 91), whose hagiography of Boas qualifies as one of the most worshipful in intellectual history, noted that (t)he four decades of the tenure of [Boasí] professorship at Columbia gave a continuity to his teaching that permitted him to develop students who eventually made up the greater part of the significant professional core of American anthropologists, and who came to man and direct most of the major departments of anthropology in the United States. In their turn, they trained the students who...have continued the tradition in which their teachers were trained.
By the mid-1930s the Boasian view of the cultural determination of human behavior had a strong influence on social scientists generally (Stocking 1968, p. 300). The ideology of racial equality was an important weapon on behalf of opening immigration up to all human groups. For example, in a 1951 statement to Congress, the AJ Congress stated that The findings of science must force even the most prejudiced among us to accept, as unqualifiedly as we do the law of gravity, that intelligence, morality and character, bear no relationship whatever to geography or place of birth. (Statement of the AJ Congress, Joint Hearings Before the Subcommittees of the Committees on the Judiciary, 82nd Congress, first session, on S. 716, H. R. 2379, and H. R. 2816. March 6-April 9, 1951, p. 391)
The statement went on to cite some of BoasŪ popular writings on the subject as well as the writings of Boasí protťgťe Ashley Montagu, perhaps the most visible opponent of the concept of race during this period. Montagu, whose original name was Israel Ehrenberg, theorized that humans are innately cooperative (but not innately aggressive) and there is a universal brotherhood among humans (see Shipman 1994, p. 159ff).
And in 1952 another Boasí protťgť, Margaret Mead, testified before the Presidentís Commission on Immigration and Naturalization (PCIN) (1953, p. 92) that all human beings from all groups of people have the same potentialities...Our best anthropological evidence today suggests that the people of every group have about the same distribution of potentialities. Another witness stated that the executive board of the American Anthropological Association had unanimously endorsed the proposition that (a)ll scientific evidence indicates that all peoples are inherently capable of acquiring or adapting to our civilization (PCIN 1953, p. 93).
By 1965 Senator Jacob Javits (Cong. Rec., 111, 1965, p. 24469) confidently announced to the Senate during the debate on the immigration bill that (b)oth the dictates of our consciences as well as the precepts of sociologists tell us that immigration, as it exists in the national origins quota system, is wrong, and without any basis in reason or fact for we know better than to say that one man is better than another because of the color of his skin. The intellectual revolution and its translation into public policy had been completed.
JEWISH ANTI-RESTRICTIONIST POLITICAL ACTIVITY: Jewish Anti-Restrictionist Activity up to 1924. WHILE JEWISH INVOLVEMENT IN ALTERING THE INTELLECTUAL DISCUSSION OF RACE AND ETHNICITY APPEARS TO HAVE HAD LONG TERM REPERCUSSIONS ON UNITED STATES IMMIGRATION POLICY, JEWISH POLITICAL INVOLVEMENT WAS ULTIMATELY OF MUCH GREATER SIGNIFICANCE. JEWISH OPINION IS NOT MONOLITHIC.
Nevertheless, although there have been dissenters, Jews have been the single most persistent pressure group favoring a liberal immigration policy in the United States in the entire immigration debate beginning in 1881 (Neuringer 1971, p. ii): In undertaking to sway immigration policy in a liberal direction, Jewish spokesmen and organizations demonstrated a degree of energy unsurpassed by any other interested pressure group. Immigration had constituted a prime object of concern for practically every major Jewish defense and community relations organization.
Over the years, their spokesmen had assiduously attended congressional hearings, and THE JEWISH EFFORT WAS OF THE UTMOST IMPORTANCE IN ESTABLISHING AND FINANCING SUCH NON-SECTARIAN GROUPS AS THE NATIONAL LIBERAL IMMIGRATION LEAGUE AND THE CITIZENS COMMITTEE FOR DISPLACED PERSONS. As recounted by Nathan C. Belth (1979, p. 173) in his history of the Anti-Defamation League of Bínai Bírith (ADL),
In Congress, through all the years when THE IMMIGRATION BATTLES WERE BEING FOUGHT, THE NAMES OF JEWISH LEGISLATORS WERE IN THE FOREFRONT OF THE LIBERAL FORCES: from Adolph Sabath to Samuel Dickstein and Emanuel Celler in the House and from Herbert H. Lehman to Jacob Javits in the Senate. EACH IN HIS TIME WAS A LEADER OF THE ANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE and of major organizations concerned with democratic development. The Jewish congressmen who are most closely identified with anti-restrictionist efforts in Congress have therefore also been leaders of the group most closely identified with Jewish ethnic political activism and self-defense.
Throughout the entire period of almost 100 years prior to achieving success with the
immigration law of 1965, Jewish groups opportunistically made alliances with other groups whose interests temporarily converged with Jewish interests (e.g., a constantly changing set of ethnic groups, religious groups, pro-Communists, anti-Communists, the foreign policy interests of various presidents, the political need for presidentís to curry favor with groups influential in populous states in order to win national elections, etc.).
Particularly noteworthy was the support of a liberal immigration policy from industrial interests wanting cheap labor, at least in the period prior to the 1924 temporary triumph of restrictionism. Within this constantly shifting set of alliances, JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS PERSISTENTLY PURSUED THEIR GOALS OF MAXIMIZING THE NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS AND OPENING UP THE UNITED STATES TO IMMIGRATION FROM ALL OF THE PEOPLES OF THE WORLD. As indicated in the following, THE HISTORICAL RECORD SUPPORTS THE PROPOSITION THAT MAKING THE UNITED STATES INTO A MULTI-CULTURAL SOCIETY HAS BEEN A MAJOR GOAL OF ORGANIZED JEWRY BEGINNING IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
The ultimate Jewish victory on immigration is remarkable because it was waged in different arenas against a potentially very powerful set of opponents. Beginning in the late nineteenth century, leadership of the restrictionists was provided by Eastern patricians such as Senator Henry Cabot Lodge. However, the main political basis of restrictionism from 1910 to 1952 (in addition to the relatively ineffectual labor union interests) derived from the common people of the South and West (Higham 1984, p. 49) and their representatives in Congress. Fundamentally, the clashes between Jews and gentiles in the period between 1900 and 1965 were a conflict between Jews and this geographically centered group. JEWS, AS A RESULT OF THEIR INTELLECTUAL ENERGY AND ECONOMIC RESOURCES, CONSTITUTED AN ADVANCE GUARD OF THE NEW PEOPLES WHO HAD NO FEELING FOR THE TRADITIONS OF RURAL AMERICA (Higham 1984, pp. 168-169).
Although often concerned that Jewish immigration would fan the flames of anti- Semitism in America, Jewish leaders fought a long and largely successful delaying action against restrictions on immigration during the period from 1891-1924, particularly as they affected the ability of Jews to immigrate. These efforts continued despite the fact that by 1905, there was a polarity between Jewish and general American opinion on immigration (Neuringer 1971, p. 83).
In particular, while other religious groups such as Catholics and ethnic groups such as the Irish remained divided and ambivalent on their attitudes toward immigration and were poorly organized and ineffective in influencing immigration policy, and while labor unions opposed immigration in their attempt to diminish the supply of cheap labor, JEWISH GROUPS ENGAGED IN AN INTENSIVE AND SUSTAINED EFFORT AGAINST ATTEMPTS TO RESTRICT IMMIGRATION.
As recounted by Cohen (1972, p. 40ff), the AJ COMMITTEEíS EFFORTS IN OPPOSITION TO IMMIGRATION RESTRICTION IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY CONSTITUTE A REMARKABLE EXAMPLE OF THE ABILITY OF JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS TO INFLUENCE PUBLIC POLICY. Of all the groups affected by the immigration legislation of 1907, Jews had the least to gain in terms of numbers of possible immigrants, but they played by far the largest role in shaping the legislation (Cohen 1972, p. 41).
In the subsequent period leading up to the relatively ineffective restrictionist legislation of 1917, when restrictionists again mounted an effort in Congress, only the Jewish segment was aroused (Cohen 1972, p. 49). Nevertheless, because of the fear of anti-Semitism, efforts were made to prevent the perception of Jewish involvement in anti-restrictionist campaigns. In 1906, Jewish anti-restrictionist political operatives were instructed to lobby Congress without mentioning their affiliation with the AJ COMMITTEE because of the danger that the Jews may be accused of being organized for a political purpose (comments of Herbert Friedenwald, AJ COMMITTEE secretary; in Goldstein 1990, p. 125).
Beginning in the late nineteenth century, anti-restrictionist arguments developed by Jews were typically couched in terms of universalist humanitarian ideals, and as part of this universalizing effort, gentiles from old line Protestant families were recruited to act as window dressing for their efforts and Jewish groups such as the AJ Committee funded pro-immigration groups composed of non-Jews (Neuringer 1971, p. 92).
As was the case in later pro-immigration efforts, much of the activity was behind-the-scenes personal interventions with politicians in order to minimize public perception of the Jewish role and provoke activities of the opposition. Opposing politicians, such as Henry Cabot Lodge, and organizations like the Immigration Restriction League were kept under close scrutiny and pressured by lobbyists. Lobbyists in Washington also kept a daily scorecard of voting tendencies as immigration bills wended their way through Congress and engaged in intense and successful efforts to convince Presidents Taft and Wilson to veto restrictive immigration legislation. Catholic prelates were recruited to protest the effects of restrictionist legislation on immigration from Italy and Hungary. When restrictionist arguments appeared in the media, the AJ COMMITTEE made sophisticated replies, based on scholarly data and typically couched in universalist terms as benefitting the whole society (e.g., Neuringer 1971, p. 44).
Articles favorable to immigration were published in national magazines and letters to the editor were published in newspapers. And efforts were made to minimize the negative perceptions of immigration by attempting to distribute Jewish immigrants around the country and by getting Jewish aliens off public support. Legal proceedings were filed to prevent the deportation of Jewish aliens. And eventually the Committee organized mass protest meetings.
Indeed, writing in 1914, the sociologist Edward A. Ross had a clear sense that liberal
immigration policy was exclusively a Jewish issue. Ross provides the following quote from PROMINENT AUTHOR AND ZIONIST PIONEER ISRAEL ZANGWILL AS CLEARLY ARTICULATING THE IDEA THAT AMERICA IS AN IDEAL PLACE TO ACHIEVE JEWISH INTERESTS. AMERICA HAS AMPLE ROOM FOR ALL THE SIX MILLIONS OF THE PALE [i.e., the Pale of Settlement, home to most of Russiaís Jews]; any one of her fifty states could absorb them. And next to being in a country of their own, there could be no better fate for them than to be together in a land of civil and religious liberty, of whose Constitution Christianity forms no part and where their collective votes would practically guarantee them against future persecution (Israel Zangwill, in Ross 1914, p. 144).
JEWS THEREFORE HAVE A POWERFUL INTEREST IN IMMIGRATION POLICY; HENCE THE ENDEAVOR OF THE JEWS TO CONTROL THE IMMIGRATION POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES. Although theirs is but a seventh of our net immigration, they led the fight on the Immigration Commissionís bill. The power of the million Jews in the Metropolis lined up the Congressional delegation from New York in solid opposition to the literacy test. The systematic campaign in newspapers and magazines to break down all arguments for restriction and to calm nativist fears is waged by and for one race. Hebrew money is behind the National Liberal Immigration League and its numerous publications. From the paper before the commercial body or the scientific association to the heavy treatise produced with the aid of the Baron de Hirsch Fund, the literature that proves the blessings of immigration to all classes in America emanates from subtle Hebrew brains (Ross 1914, pp. 144-145).
Ross (1914, p. 150) also reported that immigration officials had become very sore over THE INCESSANT FIRE OF FALSE ACCUSATIONS TO WHICH THEY ARE SUBJECTED BY THE JEWISH PRESS AND SOCIETIES. UNITED STATES SENATORS COMPLAIN THAT DURING THE CLOSE OF THE STRUGGLE OVER THE IMMIGRATION BILL THEY WERE OVERWHELMED WITH A TORRENT OF CROOKED STATISTICS AND MISREPRESENTATIONS OF JEWS FIGHTING THE LITERACY TEST.
It is also noteworthy that Zangwillís views on immigration were highly salient to restrictionists in the debates over the 1924 immigration law (see below). In an address reprinted in The American Hebrew (Oct. 19, 1923, p. 582), Zangwill noted that There is only one way to World Peace, and that is the absolute abolition of passports, visas, frontiers, custom houses, and all other devices that make of the population of our planet not a co-operating civilization but a mutual irritation society.
It is noteworthy that, despite elaborate and deceptive attempts to present the pro-immigration movement as broad-based, Jewish activists were well aware of the lack of enthusiasm of other groups. During the fight over restrictionist legislation at the end of the Taft administration, Herbert Friedenwald, AJ Committee secretary, wrote that it was very† difficult to get any people except the Jews stirred up in this fight (in Goldstein 1990, p. 203). The AJ COMMITTEE also contributed heavily to staging anti-restrictionist rallies in major American cities, but allowed other ethnic groups to take credit for the events, and it organized groups of non-Jews from the West to influence President Taft to veto restrictionist legislation (Goldstein 1990, pp. 216, 227). Later, during the Wilson Administration, Louis Marshall stated that We are practically the only ones who are fighting [the literacy test] while a great proportion [of the people] is indifferent to what is done (in Goldstein 1990, p. 249). The forces of immigration restriction were temporarily successful with the immigration laws of 1921 and 1924 which passed despite the intense opposition of Jewish groups. Divine (1957, p. 8) notes that Arrayed against [the restrictionist forces] in 1921 were only the spokesmen for the southeastern European immigrants, mainly Jewish leaders, whose protests were drowned out by the general cry for restriction.
Similarly during the 1924 congressional hearings on immigration, the most prominent group of witnesses against the bill were representatives of southeastern European immigrants, particularly JEWISH LEADERS (Divine 1957, 16). Neuringer (1971, p. 164) NOTES THAT JEWISH OPPOSITION TO THE 1921 AND 1924 LEGISLATION WAS MOTIVATED LESS BY A DESIRE FOR HIGHER LEVELS OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION THAN BY OPPOSITION TO THE IMPLICIT THEORY THAT AMERICA SHOULD BE DOMINATED BY INDIVIDUALS WITH NORTHERN AND WESTERN EUROPEAN ANCESTRY. THE JEWISH INTEREST WAS THUS TO OPPOSE THE ETHNIC INTERESTS OF THE PEOPLES OF NORTHWESTERN EUROPE IN MAINTAINING AN ETHNIC STATUS QUO OR INCREASING THEIR PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION.
However, even prior to this period Jewish organizations were adamantly opposed to any restrictions on immigration based on race or ethnicity, indicating that they had a very different view of the ideal racial/ethnic composition of the United States than did the non-Jewish European-derived peoples. Thus in 1882 the Jewish press was unanimous in its condemnation of the Chinese Exclusion Act (Neuringer 1971, p. 23) even though this act had no direct bearing on Jewish immigration. In the early twentieth century the AJ COMMITTEE AT TIMES ACTIVELY FOUGHT AGAINST ANY BILL THAT RESTRICTED IMMIGRATION TO WHITE PERSONS OR NON-ASIANS, and only refrained from active opposition if it judged that AJ COMMITTEE support would threaten the immigration of Jews (Cohen 1972, p. 47; Goldstein 1990, p. 250).
In 1920 the Central Conference of American Rabbis passed a resolution urging that the Nation...keep the gates of our beloved Republic open...to the oppressed and distressed of all mankind in conformity with its historic role as a haven of refuge for all men and women who pledge allegiance to its laws (in The American Hebrew, Oct. 1, 1920, p. 594). The American Hebrew (Feb. 17, 1922; p. 373), a publication founded in 1867, that represented the German-Jewish establishment of the period, reiterated its long-standing policy that it has always stood for the admission of worthy immigrants of all classes, irrespective of nationality.
And in his testimony in the 1924 hearings before the House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, the AJ COMMITTEEís Louis Marshall stated that the bill echoed the sentiments of the Ku Klux Klan and characterized it as being inspired by the racialist theories of Houston Stewart Chamberlain. At a time when the population of the United States was over 100,000,000, Marshall stated that we have room in this country for ten times the population we have (p. 309), and advocated admission of all of the peoples of the world without quota limit, excluding only those who were mentally, morally and physically unfit, who are enemies of organized government, and who are apt to become public charges; (Restriction of Immigration; Hearings Before the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization House of Representatives, sixty-eighth Congress, First Session, Jan. 3, 1924; p. 303) similarly Rabbi Stephen S. Wise, representing the AJ Congress and a variety of other Jewish organizations, asserted the right of every man outside of America to be considered fairly and equitably and without discrimination. (Restriction of Immigration; Hearings Before the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization House of Representatives, sixty-eighth Congress, First Session, Jan. 3, 1924; p. 341)
By prescribing that immigration be restricted to 3% of the foreign born as of the 1890 census, the 1924 law prescribed an ethnic status quo approximating the 1920 census. The House Majority Report emphasized the idea that prior to the legislation, immigration was highly biased in favor of Eastern and Southern Europeans and that this imbalance had been continued by the 1921 legislation in which quotas were based on the numbers of foreign born as of the 1910 census. The expressed intention was that the interests of other groups to pursue their ethnic interests by expanding their percentage of the population should be balanced against the ethnic interests of the majority in retaining their ethnic representation in the population.
The 1921 law gave 46% of quota immigration to Southern and Eastern Europe even though these areas constituted only 11.7% of the United States population as of the 1920 census. The 1924 law prescribed that these areas would get 15.3% of the quota slots a figure that was actually higher than their present representation in the population. The use of the 1890 census is not discriminatory. It is used in an effort to preserve as nearly as possible, the racial status quo of the United States. It is hoped to guarantee as best we can at this late date, racial homogeneity in the United States The use of a later census would discriminate against those who founded the Nation and perpetuated its institutions. (House Rep. 350, 1924, p. 16). After 3 years, quotas were derived from a national origins formula based on 1920 census data for the entire population, not only the foreign born.
While there is no doubt that this legislation represented a victory for the northwestern European peoples of the United States, there was no attempt to reverse the trends in the ethnic composition of the country but rather to preserve the ethnic status quo. While motivated by a desire to preserve an ethnic status quo, these laws may also have been motivated partly by anti-Semitism, since during this period opposition to immigration was perceived as mainly a Jewish issue (see above).
This certainly appears to have been the perception of Jewish observers: for example, prominent Jewish writer Maurice Samuel (1924), writing in the immediate aftermath of the 1924 legislation, wrote that it is chiefly against the Jew that anti-immigration laws are passed here in America as in England and Germany (p. 217), and such perceptions continue among historians of the period (e.g., Hertzberg 1989, 239).
This perception was not restricted to Jews. In remarks before the Senate, the anti- restrictionist Senator Reed of Missouri noted that Attacks have likewise been made upon the Jewish people who have crowded to our shores. The spirit of intolerance has been especially active as to them (Cong. Rec. Feb. 19, 1921; p. 3463), and during World War II Secretary of War Robert Stimson stated that it was opposition to unrestricted immigration of Jews that resulted in the restrictive legislation of 1924 (Breitman & Kraut, 1987, p. 87). Moreover, the House Immigration Committee Majority Report (House Report #109, Dec. 6, 1920) stated that by far the largest percentage of immigrants (are) peoples of Jewish extraction, (p. 4), and it implied that the majority of the expected new immigrants would be Polish Jews. The report confirmed the published statement of a commissioner of the Hebrew Sheltering and Aid Society of America made after his personal investigation in Poland, to the effect that If there were in existence a ship that could hold 3,000,000 human beings, the 3,000,000 Jews of Poland would board it to escape to America (p. 6).
The Majority Report also included a report by Wilbur S. Carr, head of the United States Consular Service, that stated that the Polish Jews were abnormally twisted because of (a) reaction from war strain; (b) the shock of revolutionary disorders; (c) the dullness and stultification resulting from past years of oppression and abuse...; Eighty-five to ninety percent lack any conception of patriotic or national spirit. And the majority of this percentage are unable to acquire it (p. 9; see also Breitman and Kraut [1987, 12] for a discussion of Carrís anti-Semitism).
Consular reports warned that many Bolshevik sympathizers are in Poland (p. 11). Similarly in the Senate, Senator McKellar cited the report that if there were a ship large enough, 3,000,000 Poles would immigrate. He also stated that the Joint Distribution Committee, an American committee doing relief work among the Hebrews in Poland, distributes more than $1,000,000 per month of American money in that country alone. It is also shown that $100,000,000 a year is a conservative estimate of money sent to Poland from America through the mails, through the banks, and through the relief societies. This golden stream pouring into Poland from America makes practically every Pole wildly desirous of going to the country from which such marvelous wealth comes (Cong. Rec., Feb. 19, 1921, p. 3456).
As a further indication of the salience of Polish-Jewish immigration issues, the letter on alien visas submitted by the State Department in 1921 to Albert Johnson, Chairman of the Committee on Migration and Naturalization, devoted over four times as much space to the situation in Poland as it did to any other country. The report emphasized the activities of the Polish-Jewish newspaper Der Emigrant in promoting emigration to the United States of Polish Jews, the activities of the Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Society and wealthy private citizens from the United States in facilitating immigration by providing money and performing the paperwork. (THERE WAS INDEED A LARGE NETWORK OF AGENTS IN EASTERN EUROPE WHO, IN VIOLATION OF UNITED STATES LAW, DID THEIR BEST TO DRUM UP BUSINESS BY ENTICING AS MANY EMIGRANTS AS POSSIBLE [Nadell 1984, 56].) The report also noted the poor condition of the prospective immigrants: At the present time it is only too obvious that they must be subnormal, and their normal state is of very low standard. Six years of war and confusion and famine and pestilence have racked their bodies and twisted their mentality. The elders have deteriorated to a marked degree. Minors have grown into adult years with the entire period lost in their rightful development and too frequently with the acquisition of perverted ideas which have flooded Europe since 1914 [presumably a reference to radical political ideas that were common in this group; see below] (Cong. Rec., April 20, 1921, p. 498).
The report also stated that articles in the Warsaw press had reported that propaganda favoring
unrestricted immigration is being planned, including celebrations in New York aimed at showing the contributions of immigrants to the development of the United States. The reports for Belgium (whose emigrants originated in Poland and Czechoslovakia) and Romania also highlighted the importance of Jews as prospective immigrants. In response, Representative Isaac Siegel stated that the report was edited and doctored by certain officials and commented that the report did not mention countries with larger numbers of immigrants than Poland. (For example, there was no .mention of Italy in the report)
Without explicitly saying so (I leave it to every man in the House to make his own deductions and his own inferences there from (Cong. Rec., April 20, 1921, p. 504), the implication was that the focus on Poland was prompted by anti-Semitism. The House Majority report (signed by 15 of its 17 members with only Reps. Dickstein and Sabath not signing) also emphasized the Jewish role in defining the intellectual battle in terms of Nordic superiority and American ideals rather than in the terms of an ethnic status quo actually favored by the committee: The cry of discrimination is, the committee believes, manufactured and built up by special representatives of racial groups, aided by aliens actually living abroad. Members of the committee have taken notice of a report in the Jewish Tribune (New York) February 8, 1924, of a farewell dinner to Mr. Israel Zangwill which says: Mr. Zangwill spoke chiefly on the immigration question, declaring that if Jews persisted in a strenuous opposition to the restricted immigration there would be no restriction. If you create enough fuss against this Nordic nonsense, he said, you will defeat this legislation. You must make a fight against this bill; tell them they are destroying American ideals. Most fortifications are of cardboard, and if you press against them, they give way.
The Committee does not feel that the restriction aimed to be accomplished in this bill is
directed at the Jews, for they can come within the quotas from any country in which they were born. The Committee has not dwelt on the desirability of a Nordic or any other particular type of immigrant, but has held steadfastly to the purpose of securing a heavy restriction, with the quota so divided that the countries from which the most came in the two decades ahead of the World War might be slowed down in order that the United States might restore its population balance. The continued charge that the Committee has built up a Nordic race and devoted its hearing to that end is part of a deliberately manufactured assault for as a matter of fact the committee has done nothing of the kind (House Rep. 350, 1924, p. 16).
Indeed, one is struck in reading the 1924 Congressional debate by the rarity with which the issue of Nordic racial superiority is raised by those in favor of the legislation, while virtually all of the anti-restrictionists raised this issue. (For example, in the Senate debates of April 15-19, 1924, Nordic superiority was not mentioned by any of the proponents of the legislation but was mentioned by the following opponents of the legislation: Senators Colt (p. 6542), Reed (p. 6468), Walsh (p. 6355). In the House debates of April 5, 8, and 15, virtually all of the opponents of the legislation raised the racial inferiority issue, including Reps. Celler (p. 5914-5915), Clancy (p. 5930), Connery (p. 5683), Dickstein (p. 5655-5656, 5686), Gallivan (p. 5849), Jacobstein (p. 5864), James (p. 5670), Kunz (p. 5896), LaGuardia (p. 5657), Mooney (p. 5909-5910), OíConnell (p. 5836), OíConnor (p. 5648), Oliver (p. 5870), OíSullivan (p. 5899), Perlman (p. 5651); Sabath (p. 5651, 5662), and Tague (p. 5873). Several representatives (e.g., Reps. Dickinson [p. 6267), Garber [pp. 5689-5693] and Smith [p. 5705]) contrasted the positive characteristics of the Nordic immigrants with the negative characteristics of more recent immigrants without distinguishing genetic from environmental reasons as possible influences. They, along with several others, noted especially the lack of assimilation of the recent immigrants and their tendencies to cluster in urban areas. Rep. Allen argued that there is a necessity for purifying and keeping pure the blood of America (p. 5693). Rep. McSwain, who argued for the need to preserve Nordic hegemony, did not do so on the basis of Nordic superiority but on the basis of legitimate ethnic self-interest (pp. 5683-5; see also comments of Reps. Lea and Miller). Rep. Gasque introduced a newspaper article that referred to the laws of heredity and to the swamping of the race that had built America (p. 6270))
After a particularly colorful comment in opposition to the theory of Nordic racial superiority, restrictionist leader Albert Johnson remarked that I would like very much to say on behalf of the committee that through the strenuous times of the hearings this committee under took not to discuss the Nordic proposition or racial matters (Cong. Rec., April 8, 1924; p. 5911).
Earlier, during the hearings on the bill, Johnson remarked in response to the comments of Rabbi Stephen S. Wise representing the AJ Congress that I dislike to be placed continually in the attitude of assuming that there is a race prejudice, when the one thing I have tried to do for 11 years is to free myself from race prejudice, if I had it at all. (Restriction of Immigration. Hearings Before the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization House of Representatives, sixty-eighth Congress, First Session, Jan. 3, 1924; p. 351) Several restrictionists explicitly denounced the theory of Nordic superiority, including Senators Bruce (p. 5955) and Jones (p. 6614) and Representatives Bacon (p. 5902), Byrnes (p. 5653), Johnson (p. 5648), McLoed (p. 5675-6), McReynolds (p. 5855), Michener (p. 5909), Miller (p. 5883), Newton (p. 6240); Rosenbloom (p. 5851), Vaile (p. 5922), Vincent (p. 6266), White, (p. 5898), and Wilson (p. 5671; all references to Cong. Rec., April 1924). Indeed, it is noteworthy that there are indications in the Congressional debate that representatives from the far West were concerned about the competence and competitive threat presented by Japanese immigrants, and their rhetoric suggested they viewed the Japanese as racially equal or superior, not inferior. For example, Senator Jones stated that we admit that [the Japanese] are as able as we are, that they are as progressive as we are, that they are as honest as we are, that they are as brainy as we are, and that they are equal in all that goes to make a great people and nation (Cong. Rec., April 18, 1924, p. 6614); Representative MacLafferty emphasized Japanese domination of certain agricultural markets (Cong. Rec. April 5, 1924, p. 5681), and Representative Lea noted their ability to supplant their American competitor (Cong. Rec. April 5, 1924, p. 5697).
Representative Miller described the Japanese as a relentless and unconquerable competitor of our people wherever he places himself (Cong. Rec. April 8, 1924, p. 5884); See also comments of Representatives Gilbert (Cong. Rec. April 12, 1924, p. 6261) Raker (Cong. Rec. April 8, 1924, p. 5892} and Free (Cong. Rec. April 8, 1924, p. 5924ff). Moreover, while the issue of Jewish/gentile resource competition was not raised during the Congressional debates, quotas on Jewish admissions to Ivy League universities were a highly salient issue among Jews during this period.
The quota issue was highly publicized in the Jewish media and the focus of activities of Jewish self-defense organizations such as the ADL (see, e.g., the ADL statement published in The American Hebrew, Sept. 29, 1922, p. 536). Jewish/gentile resource competition may therefore have been on the minds of some legislators. Indeed, President A. Lawrence Lowell of Harvard was the national vice-president of the Immigration Restriction League as well as a proponent of quotas on Jewish admission to Harvard (Symott 1986, 238), suggesting that resource competition with an intellectually superior Jewish group was an issue for at least some prominent restrictionists. It is probable that anti-Jewish animosity related to resource competition issues were widespread. Higham (1984, 141) writes of the urgent pressure which the Jews, as an exceptionally ambitious immigrant people, put upon some of the more crowded rungs of the social ladder (Higham 1984, 141).
Beginning in the nineteenth century there were fairly high levels of covert and overt anti- Semitism in patrician circles resulting from the very rapid upward mobility of Jews and their competitive drive. In the period prior to World War I, the reaction of the gentile power structure was to construct social registers and emphasize genealogy as mechanisms of exclusion criteria that could not be met my money alone (Higham 1984, 104ff, 127). During this period Edward A. Ross (1914, 164) described gentile resentment for being obliged to engage in a humiliating and undignified scramble in order to keep his trade or his clients against the Jewish invader suggesting a rather broad-based concern with Jewish economic competition. Attempts at exclusion in a wide range of areas were increased in the 1920s and reached their peak during the difficult economic situation of the Great Depression (Higham 1984, 131ff).
However, in the 1924 debates the only Congressional comments suggesting a concern with Jewish/gentile resource competition (as well as a concern that the interests of Jewish intellectuals are not the same as their gentile counterparts) that I have been able to find are the following from Representative Wefald: I for one am not afraid of the radical ideas that some might bring with them. Ideas you cannot keep out anyway, but the leadership of our intellectual life in many of its phases has come into the hands of these clever newcomers who have no sympathy with our old- time American ideals nor with those of northern Europe, who detect our weaknesses and pander to them and get wealthy through the disservices they render us.
Our whole system of amusements has been taken over by men who came here on the crest of the south and east European immigration. They produce our horrible film stories, they compose and dish out to us our jazz music, they write many of the books we read, and edit our magazines and newspapers (Cong. Rec., April 12, 1924, p. 6272).
The immigration debate also occurred amid discussion in the Jewish media of Thorsten Veblenís famous essay.† The Intellectual Pre-eminence of Jews in Modern Europe (serialized in The American Hebrew beginning September 10, 1920). In an editorial of July 13, 1923 (p. 177), The American Hebrew noted that Jews were disproportionately represented among the gifted in Louis Termanís study of gifted children and commented that this fact must give rise to bitter, though futile, reflection among the so-called Nordics. The editorial also noted that Jews were over represented among scholarship winners in competitions sponsored by the state of New York. The editorial pointedly noted that perhaps the Nordics are too proud to try for these honors. In any event the list of names just announced by the State Department of Education at Albany as winners of these coveted scholarships is not in the least Nordic; it reads like a confirmation roster at a Temple.
There is indeed evidence that Jews, like East Asians, have higher IQís than Caucasians (Lynn, 1987; MacDonald, 1994; Rushton, 1995). The most common argument made by those favoring the legislation, and the one reflected in the majority report, is the argument that in the interests of fairness to all ethnic groups, the quotas should reflect the relative ethnic composition of the entire country. Restrictionists noted that the census of 1890 was chosen because the percentages of the foreign born of different ethnic groups in that year approximated the general ethnic composition of the entire country in 1920. Senator Reed of Pennsylvania and Representative Rogers of Massachusetts proposed to achieve the same result by directly basing the quotas on the national origins of all people in the country as of the 1920 census, and this was eventually incorporated into the law.
Representative Rogers argued that gentlemen, you can not dissent from this principle because it is fair. It does not discriminate for anybody and it does not discriminate against anybody (Cong. Rec. April 8, 1924; p. 5847). Senator Reed noted, The purpose, I think, of most of us in changing the quota basis is to cease from discriminating against the native born here and against the group of our citizens who come from northern and western Europe. I think the present system discriminates in favor of southeastern Europe (Cong. Rec., April. 16, 1924; p. 6457) (i.e., because 46% of the quotas under the 1921 went to Eastern and Southern Europe when they constituted less than 12% of the population).
As an example illustrating the fundamental argument asserting a legitimate ethnic interest in
maintaining an ethnic status quo without claiming racial superiority, consider the following statement from Representative William N. Vaile of Colorado, one of the most prominent restrictionists: Let me emphasize here that the restrictionists of Congress do not claim that the Nordic race, or even the Anglo-Saxon race, is the best race in the world. Let us concede, in all fairness that the Czech is a more sturdy laborer, with a very low percentage of crime and insanity, that the Jew is the best businessman in the world, and that the Italian has a spiritual grasp and an artistic sense which have greatly enriched the world and which have, indeed, enriched us, a spiritual exaltation and an artistic creative sense which the Nordic rarely attains. Nordics need not be vain about their own qualifications. It well behooves them to be humble. What we do claim is that the northern European, and particularly Anglo-Saxons made this country. Oh, yes; the others helped. But that is the full statement of the case. They came to this country because it was already made as an Anglo-Saxon commonwealth. They added to it, they often enriched, but they did not make it, and they have not yet greatly changed it. We are determined that they shall not. It is a good country. It suits us. And what we assert is that we are not going to surrender it to somebody else or allow other people, no matter what their merits, to make it something different. If there is any changing to be done, we will do it ourselves (Cong. Rec. April 8, 1924; p. 5922).
The debate in the House also illustrated the highly salient role of Jewish legislators in combating restrictionism. Representative Robison singled out Representative Sabath as the leader of anti-restrictionist efforts, and, without mentioning any other opponent of restriction, he also focused on Reps. Jacobstein, Celler, and Perlman as being opposed to any restrictions on immigration (Cong. Rec. April 5, 1924, p. 5666). Representative Blanton, complaining of the difficulty of getting restrictionist legislation through Congress, noted When at least 65 per cent of the sentiment of this House, in my judgment, is in favor of the exclusion of all foreigners for five years, why do we not put that into law? Has Brother Sabath such a tremendous influence over us that he holds us down on this proposition? (Cong. Rec. April 5, 1924, p. 5685). Representative Sabath responded that There may be something to that. In addition, the following comments of Representative Leavitt clearly indicate the salience of Jewish congressmen to their opponents during the debate: The instinct for national and race preservation is not one to be condemned, as has been intimated here. No one should be better able to understand the desire of Americans to keep America American than the gentleman from Illinois [Mr. Sabath], who is leading the attack on this measure, or the gentlemen from New York, Mr. Dickstein, Mr. Jacobstein, Mr. Celler, and Mr. Perlman.
They are of the one great historic people who have maintained the identity of their race throughout the centuries because they believe sincerely that they are a chosen people, with certain ideals to maintain, and knowing that the loss of racial identity means a change of ideals. That fact should make it easy for them and the majority of the most active opponents of this measure in the spoken debate to recognize and sympathize with our viewpoint, which is not so extreme as that of their own race, but only demands that the admixture of other peoples shall be only of such kind and proportions and in such quantities as will not alter racial characteristics more rapidly than there can be assimilation as to ideas of government as well as of blood. (Cong. Rec., April 12, 1924; pp. 6265- 6266)
The view that Jews had a strong tendency to oppose genetic assimilation with surrounding groups occurred among other observers as well and was a component of contemporary anti- Semitism (see Singerman 1986, pp. 110-111). Jewish avoidance of exogamy certainly had a basis in reality (MacDonald 1994, Ch. 2-4).
Indeed, it is noteworthy that there was powerful opposition to intermarriage even among the more liberal segments of early twentieth-century American Judaism and certainly among the less liberal segments represented by the great majority of Orthodox immigrants from Eastern Europe who had come to constitute the great majority of American Jewry. For example, the prominent nineteenth-century Reform leader David Einhorn was a lifelong opponent of mixed marriages and refused to officiate at such ceremonies, even when pressed to do so (Meyer 1988, 247). Einhorn was also a staunch opponent of conversion of gentiles to Judaism because of the effects on the racial purity of Judaism (Levenson 1989, 331). Similarly, the influential Reform intellectual Kaufman Kohler was also an ardent opponent of mixed marriage. In a view that is highly compatible with Horace Kallenís multi-culturalism, Kohler concluded that Israel must remain separate and avoid intermarriage until it leads mankind to an era of universal peace and brotherhood among the races (Kohler 1918, 445-446).
The negative attitude toward intermarriage was confirmed by survey results. A 1912 survey indicated that only seven of 100 Reform rabbis had officiated at a mixed marriage, and a 1909 resolution of the Central Council of American Rabbis declared that "mixed marriages are contrary to the tradition of the Jewish religion and should be discouraged by the American Rabbinate" (Meyer 1988, 290). Gentile perceptions of Jewish attitudes on intermarriage therefore had a strong basis in reality. The Involvement of Jewish Immigrants in Radical Politics. The Congressional debates of 1924 reflected a highly charged context in which Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe were widely perceived to not only avoid intermarriage but also to retain a separatist culture and to be disproportionately involved in radical political movements. The perception of radicalism among Jewish immigrants was common in Jewish as well as gentile publications. The American Hebrew editorialized that we must not forget the immigrants from Russia and Austria will be coming from countries infested with Bolshevism, and it will require more than a superficial effort to make good citizens out of them (in Neuringer 1971, p. 165). The fact that Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe were viewed as infected with Bolshevism...unpatriotic, alien, unassimilable resulted in a wave of anti-Semitism in the 1920s and contributed to the restrictive immigration legislation of the period (Neuringer 1971, p. 165). In Sorinís (1985, 46) study of immigrant Jewish radical activists, over half had been involved in radical politics in Europe before emigrating, and for those immigrating after 1900, the percentage rose to 69%.
Jewish publications warned of the possibilities of anti-Semitism resulting from the leftism of Jewish immigrants, and the official Jewish community engaged in a near-desperation...effort to portray the Jew as one hundred per cent American by, e.g., organizing patriotic pageants on national holidays and by attempting to get the immigrants to learn English (Neuringer, 1971, p. 167).
Similarly, in England, THE IMMIGRATION OF EASTERN EUROPEAN JEWS INTO ENGLAND AFTER 1880 HAD A TRANSFORMATIVE EFFECT ON THE POLITICAL ATTITUDES OF BRITISH JEWRY IN THE DIRECTION OF SOCIALISM, TRADE-UNIONISM, AND ZIONISM, often combined with religious orthodoxy and devotion to a highly separatist traditional lifestyle (Alderman, 1983; p. 7ff). The more established Jewish organizations fought hard to combat the well-founded image of Jewish immigrants as Zionist, religiously orthodox political radicals who refused to be conscripted into the armed forces during World War I in order to fight the enemies of the officially anti-Semitic Czarist government (Alderman, 1992, p. 237ff). The Jewish Old Left, including the unions, the leftist press, and the leftist fraternal orders (which were often associated with a synagogue), was a part of the wider Jewish community, and Jewish members typically retained a strong Jewish ethnic identity (Howe 1976; Liebman 1979; Buhle 1980).
This phenomenon occurred within the entire spectrum of leftist organizations, including organizations such as the Communist Party and the Socialist Party whose membership also included gentiles (Liebman, 1979, p. 267ff; Buhle 1980). Werner Cohn (1958, p. 621) describes the general milieu of the immigrant Jewish community in the period from 1886-1920 as one big radical debating society: By 1886 the Jewish community in New York had become conspicuous for its support of the third-party (United Labor) candidacy of Henry George, the theoretician of the Single Tax. From then Jewish districts in New York and elsewhere were famous for their radical voting habits. The Lower East Side repeatedly picked as its congressman Meyer London, the only New York Socialist ever to be elected to Congress. And many Socialists went to the State Assembly
in Albany from Jewish districts. In the 1917 mayoralty campaign in New York City, the Socialist and anti-war candidacy of Morris Hillquit was supported by the most authoritative voices of the Jewish Lower East Side: The United Hebrew Trades, the International Ladiesí Garment Workersí Union, and most importantly, the very popular Yiddish Daily Forward. This was the period in which extreme radicals like Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman were giants in the Jewish community, and when almost all the Jewish giants among them Abraham Cahan, Morris Hillquit, and the young Morris R. Cohen were radicals. Even Samuel Gompers, when speaking before Jewish audiences, felt it necessary to use radical phrases. In addition, The Freiheit, which was an unofficial organ of the Communist Party from the 1920s to the 1950s stood at the center of Yiddish proletarian institutions and subculture...[which offered] identity, meaning, friendship, and understanding (Liebman, 1979, pp. 349-350). The newspaper lost considerable support in the Jewish community in 1929 when it took the Communist party position in opposition to Zionism, and by the 1950s it essentially had to choose between satisfying its Jewish soul or its status as a Communist organ. It chose the former, and by the late 1960s it was justifying not returning the Israeli occupied territories in opposition to the line of the American Communist Party. The relationship of Jews and the American Communist Party (CPUSA) is particularly interesting because a concern with Communist subversion under the direction of the Soviet Union was a feature of the immigration debates of the 1920s and because a substantial proportion of the CPUSA were foreign born. (See, e.g., Restriction of Immigration; Hearings Before the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization House of Representatives, sixty-eighth Congress, First Session, Jan. 5, 1924; p. 733ff.) Beginning in the 1920s JEWS WHOSE BACKGROUNDS DERIVED FROM EASTERN EUROPE PLAYED A VERY PROMINENT AND DISPROPORTIONATE ROLE IN THE CPUSA (Klehr, 1978, p. 37ff). MERELY CITING PERCENTAGES OF JEWISH LEADERS PROBABLY DOES NOT ADEQUATELY INDICATE THE EXTEND OF JEWISH INFLUENCE IN THE CPUSA, SINCE ACTIVE EFFORTS WERE MADE TO RECRUIT GENTILES AS A SORT OF WINDOW DRESSING TO CONCEAL THE EXTENT OF JEWISH INFLUENCE IN THE MOVEMENT (Klehr, 1978, p. 40; Rothman & Lichter, 1982, p. 99).
Klehr (1978, p. 40) estimates that FROM 1921 to 1961, JEWS CONSTITUTED 33.5% OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS AND THE REPRESENTATION OF JEWS WAS OFTEN ABOVE 40% (Klehr, 1978, p. 46). In the 1920s A MAJORITY OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SOCIALIST PARTY WERE IMMIGRANTS AND THAT AN OVERWHELMING (Glazer 1961, 38, 40) PERCENTAGE OF THE CPUSA CONSISTED OF RECENT IMMIGRANTS, A SUBSTANTIAL PERCENTAGE OF WHOM WERE JEWS. In Philadelphia in the 1930'S, fully 72.2% of the CP members were the children of Jewish immigrants who came to the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century (Lyons 1982, 71).
As late as 1929, 90% of the members of† the Communist Party in Philadelphia were foreign born and in June of 1933 the national organization of the CPUSA was still 70% foreign born (Lyons 1982, 72-73). JEWS WERE THE ONLY NATIVE-BORN ETHNIC GROUP FROM WHICH THE PARTY WAS ABLE TO RECRUIT. GLAZER (1969; p. 129) STATES that at least HALF OF THE CPUSA MEMBERSHIP OF AROUND 50,000 WERE JEWS INTO THE 1950s AND THAT THERE WAS A VERY HIGH RATE OF TURNOVER, SO THAT PERHAPS 10 TIMES THAT NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS WERE INVOLVED IN THE PARTY AND THERE WERE AN EQUAL OR LARGER NUMBER WHO WERE SOCIALISTS OF ONE KIND OR ANOTHER.† Writing of the 1920's, Buhle (1980, p. 89) notes that most of those favorable to the party and the Freiheit simply did not join no more than a few thousand out of a following of a hundred times that large.
There was also great concern within the Jewish community that the over representation of Jews
within the CPUSA would lead to anti-Semitism from the 1920s through the Cold War period: The fight against the stereotype of Communist-Jew became a virtual obsession with Jewish leaders and opinion makers throughout America (Liebman 1979, p. 515), and indeed, the association of Jews with the CPUSA was a focus of anti-Semitic literature (e.g., Henry Fordís International Jew; John Beatyís The Iron Curtain Over America). As a result, the AJ Committee engaged in intensive efforts to change opinion within the Jewish community by showing that Jewish interests were more compatible with advocating American democracy than Soviet Communism (e.g., emphasizing Soviet anti-Semitism and Soviet support of nations opposed to Israel in the period after
World War II) (Cohen, 1972, p. 347ff). Jewish Anti-Restrictionist Activity, 1924-1945.
The saliency of Jewish involvement in United States immigration policy continued after the 1924 legislation. Particularly objectionable to Jewish groups was the national origins quota system. For example, a writer for the Jewish Tribune stated in 1927, we...regard all measures for regulating immigration according to nationality as illogical, unjust, and un-American (in Neuringer, 1971, p. 205).
During the 1930s the most outspoken critic of further restrictions on immigration (motivated now mainly by the Great Depression) was Representative Samuel Dickstein, and Dicksteinís assumption of the chairmanship of the House Immigration Committee in 1931 marked the end of the ability of restrictionists to enact further reductions in quotas (Divine, 1957, pp. 79-88). Jewish groups were the primary opponents of restriction and the primary supporters of liberalized regulations during the 1930s while their opponents emphasized the economic consequences of immigration during a period of high unemployment (Divine, 1957, pp. 85-88). Between 1933 and 1938, Representative Dickstein introduced a number of bills aimed at increasing the number of refugees from Nazi Germany and supported mainly by Jewish organizations, but the restrictionists prevailed (Divine, 1957, p. 93).
During the 1930s, concerns about the radicalism and unassimilability of Jewish immigrants as well as the possibility of Nazi subversion were the main factors influencing the opposition to changing the immigration laws (Breitman & Kraut, 1987). Moreover, (c)harges that the Jews in America were more loyal to their tribe than to their country abounded in the United States in the 1930s (Breitman & Kraut, 1987, p. 87). There was a clear perception among all parties that the public opposed any changes in immigration policy and that the public was particularly opposed to Jewish immigration. The 1939 hearings on the proposed legislation to admit 20,000 German refugee children therefore minimized the Jewish interest in the legislation. The bill referred to people of every race and creed suffering from conditions which compel them to seek refuge in other lands. (Hearings before the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, House of Representatives, May 24-June 1, 1939: Joint Resolutions to Authorize the Admission to the United States of a Limited Number of German Refugee Children, p. 1)
THE BILL DID NOT MENTION THAT JEWS WOULD BE THE MAIN BENEFICIARIES OF THE LEGISLATION, and witnesses in favor of the bill emphasized that only approximately 60% of the children would be Jewish. The only person identifying himself as a member of the Jewish race who testified in favor of the bill was one-fourth Catholic and three-quarters Jewish with Protestant and Catholic nieces and nephews, and from the South which was a bastion of anti-immigration sentiment. (Hearings before the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, House of Representatives, May 24-June 1, 1939: Joint Resolutions to Authorize the Admission to the United States of a Limited Number of German Refugee Children, p. 78)
On the other hand, opponents of the bill threatened to publicize the very large percentage of Jews already being admitted under the quota system presumably an indication of the powerful force of a virulent and pervasive anti-Semitism among the American public (Breitman & Kraut, 1987, p. 80). Opponents noted that the immigration permitted by the bill would be for the most part of the Jewish race, and a witness testified that the Jewish people will profit most by this legislation goes without saying (in Divine, 1957, p. 100).
The restrictionists argued in economic terms, e.g., by frequently citing President Rooseveltís statement in his second inaugural speech one-third of a nation ill-housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished and citing large numbers of needy children already in the United States. However, the main restrictionist concern was that the bill was yet another in a long history of attempts by anti- restrictionists to develop precedents that would eventually undermine the 1924 law. For example, Francis Kinnecutt, President of the Allied Patriotic Societies, emphasized that the 1924 law had been based on the idea of proportional representation based on the ethnic composition of the country. The legislation would be a precedent for similar unscientific and favored-nation legislation in response to the pressure of foreign nationalistic or racial groups, rather than in accordance with the needs and desires of the American people. (Hearings before the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, House of Representatives, May 24-June 1, 1939: Joint Resolutions to Authorize the Admission to the United States of a Limited Number of German Refugee Children, p. 140)
Wilbur S. Carr and other State Department officials were important in minimizing the entry of
Jewish refugees from Germany during the 1930s. Undersecretary of State William Phillips was an
ardent anti-Semite with considerable influence on immigration policy between 1933-1936 (Breitman & Kraut, 1987, p. 36). Throughout the period until the end of World War II attempts to foster Jewish immigration, even in the context of knowledge that the Nazis were persecuting Jews, were largely unsuccessful because of an unyielding Congress and the activities of bureaucrats, especially those in the State Department. Public discussion in periodicals such as The Nation (Nov. 19, 1938), and The New Republic (Nov. 23, 1938) charged that the restrictionism was motivated by anti-Semitism, while opponents of admitting large numbers of Jews argued that admission would result in an increase in anti-Semitism.
Henry Pratt Fairchild (1939, p. 344), who was a restrictionist and was highly critical of the Jews (see Fairchild, 1947), emphasized the powerful current of anti-foreignism and anti-Semitism that is running close to the surface of the American public mind, ready to burst out into violent eruption on relatively slight provocation. Public opinion remained steadfast against increasing the quotas for European refugees: a 1939 poll in Fortune (April, 1939) magazine showed that 83% answered no to the following question: if you were a member of Congress would you vote yes or no on a bill to open the doors of the United States to a larger number of European refugees than now admitted under our immigration quotas? Less than 9% replied yes and the remainder had no opinion. Jewish Anti-Restrictionist Activity, 1946-1952.
Although Jewish interests were defeated by the 1924 legislation, the discriminatory character of the Reed-Johnson Act continued to rankle all sectors of American Jewish opinion (Neuringer, 1971, 196). During this period, an article by Will Maslow (1950) in Congress Weekly reiterated the belief that the restrictive immigration laws intentionally targeted Jews: Only one type of law, immigration legislation which relates to aliens outside the country, is not subject to constitutional guarantees, and even here hostility toward Jewish immigration has had to be disguised in an elaborate quota scheme in which eligibility was based on place of birth rather than religion.
THE JEWISH CONCERN TO ALTER THE ETHNIC BALANCE OF THE UNITED STATES IS APPARENT IN THE DEBATES OVER IMMIGRATION LEGISLATION during the post World War II era. In 1948 the AJ COMMITTEE submitted a statement to the Senate subcommittee which simultaneously denied the importance of the material interests of the United States as well as affirmed its commitment to immigration of all races: Americanism is not to be measured by conformity to law, or zeal for education, or literacy, or any of these qualities in which immigrants may excel the native-born. Americanism is the spirit behind the welcome that America has traditionally extended to people of all races, all religions, all nationalities (in Cohen 1972, p. 369).
In 1945 Representative Emanuel Celler introduced a bill ending Chinese exclusion by establishing token quotas for Chinese, and in 1948 the AJ COMMITTEE condemned racial quotas on Asians (Divine, 1957, p. 155). On the other hand, JEWISH GROUPS HAD AN ATTITUDE OF INDIFFERENCE OR EVEN HOSTILITY TOWARD IMMIGRATION OF NON-JEWS FROM EUROPE (including Southern Europe) in the post-World War II era (Neuringer, 1971, pp. 356, 367-369, 383). Thus Jewish spokesmen did not testify at all during the first set of hearings on emergency legislation which allowed immigration of a limited number of German, Italian, Greek, and Dutch immigrants, escapees from Communism, and a small number of Poles, Orientals, and Arabs.
When Jewish spokesmen eventually testified (partly because a small number of the escapees from Communism were Jews), they took the opportunity to once again focus on their condemnation of the national origins provisions of the 1924 law. Jewish involvement in opposing restrictions during this period was motivated partly by attempts to establish precedents in which the quota system was bypassed and partly by attempts to increase immigration of Jews from Eastern Europe.
The Citizenís Committee on Displaced Persons, which advocated legislation to admit 400,000 refugees as non-quota immigrants over a period of 4 years, was funded mainly by the AJ COMMITTEE and other Jewish contributors (See Cong. Rec., October 15, 1949, pp. 14647-14654; Neuringer 1971, p. ii) and maintained a staff of 65 people. Witnesses opposing the legislation complained that the bill was an attempt to subvert the ethnic balance of the United States established by the 1924 legislation (Divine 1957, p. 117).
In the event, the bill that was reported out of the subcommittee did not satisfy Jewish interests because it established a cut-off date that excluded Jews who had migrated from Eastern Europe after World War II, including Jews fleeing Polish anti-Semitism. The Senate subcommittee regarded the movement of Jews and other refugees from eastern Europe after 1945 as falling outside the scope of the main problem and implied that this exodus was a planned migration organized by Jewish agencies in the United States and in Europe (Senate Report No. 950 , pp. 15-16).
Jewish representatives led the assault on the bill (Divine 1957, p. 127), Representative Emanuel Celler terming it as worse than no bill at all. All it does is exclude...Jews (in Neuringer, 1971, p. 298; see also Divine, 1957, p. 127). In reluctantly signing the bill, President Truman noted that the 1945 cutoff date discriminates in callous fashion against displaced persons of the Jewish faith (Interpreter Releases, 25 [July 21, 1948], pp. 252-254). On the other hand, Senator Chapman Revercomb stated that there is no distinction, certainly no discrimination, intended between any persons because of their religion or their race, but there are differences drawn among those persons who are in fact displaced persons and have been in camp longest and have a preference (Cong. Rec. May 26, 1948, p. 6793).
In his analysis, Divine (1957, p. 143) concludes that the expressed motive of the restrictionists, to limit the program to those people displaced during the course of the war, appears to be a valid explanation for these provisions. The tendency of Jewish groups to attribute the exclusion of many of their coreligionists to anti-Semitic bias is understandable; however, the extreme charges of discrimination made during the 1948 presidential campaign lead one to suspect that the northern wing of the Democratic party was using this issue to attract votes from members of minority groups. Certainly Trumanís assertion that the 1948 law was anti-Catholic, made in the face of Catholic denials, indicates that political expediency had a great deal to do with the emphasis on the discrimination issue.
In the aftermath of this bill, the Citizens Committee on Displaced Persons released a report labeling the bill as characterized by hate and racism and Jewish organizations were unanimous in denouncing the law (Divine, 1957, p. 131). After the 1948 elections resulted in a Democratic Congress and a sympathetic President Truman, Representative Celler introduced a bill without the 1945 cutoff date, but the bill, after passing the House, failed in the Senate because of the opposition of Senator Pat McCarran. During the hearings, McCarran noted that the Citizens Committee had spent over $800,000 lobbying for a liberalized bill, with the result that there has been disseminated over the length and breadth of this nation a campaign of misrepresentation and falsehood which has misled many public-spirited and well-meaning citizens and organizations (Cong. Rec., April 26, 1949, pp. 5042- 5043).
After defeat, the Citizenís Committee increased expenditures to over $1,000,000 and succeeded in passing a bill, introduced by Representative Celler, with a 1949 cutoff date that did not discriminate against Jews but largely excluded ethnic Germans who had been expelled from Eastern Europe. In an odd twist in the debate, restrictionists now accused the anti-restrictionists of ethnic bias (e.g., Senator Eastland, Cong. Rec. April 5, 1950, p. 2737; Senator McCarran, Cong. Rec. April 5, 1950, p. 4743).
At a time when there were no outbreaks of anti-Semitism in other parts of the world creating an urgent need for Jewish immigration and with the presence of Israel as a safe haven for Jews, Jewish organizations still vigorously objected to the continuation of the national origins provisions of the 1924 law in the McCarran-Walter law of 1952 (Neuringer 1971, p. 337ff). Indeed, when District Court of Appeals Judge Simon H. Rifkind testified on behalf of a wide range of Jewish organizations against the Releases, 25 [July 21, 1948], pp. 252-254).
On the other hand, Senator Chapman Revercomb stated that there is no distinction, certainly no discrimination, intended between any persons because of their religion or their race, but there are differences drawn among those persons who are in fact displaced persons and have been in camp longest and have a preference (Cong. Rec. May 26, 1948, p. 6793).
In his analysis, Divine (1957, p. 143) concludes that the expressed motive of the restrictionists, to limit the program to those people displaced during the course of the war, appears to be a valid explanation for these provisions. The tendency of Jewish groups to attribute the exclusion of many of their coreligionists to anti-Semitic bias is understandable; however, the extreme charges of discrimination made during the 1948 presidential campaign lead one to suspect that the northern wing of the Democratic party was using this issue to attract votes from members of minority groups.
Certainly Trumanís assertion that the 1948 law was anti-Catholic, made in the face of Catholic denials, indicates that political expediency had a great deal to do with the emphasis on the discrimination issue. In the aftermath of this bill, the Citizens Committee on Displaced Persons released a report labeling the bill as characterized by hate and racism and Jewish organizations were unanimous in denouncing the law (Divine, 1957, p. 131). After the 1948 elections resulted in a Democratic Congress and a sympathetic President Truman, Representative Celler introduced a bill without the 1945 cutoff date, but the bill, after passing the House, failed in the Senate because of the opposition of Senator Pat McCarran.
During the hearings, McCarran noted that the Citizens Committee had spent over $800,000 lobbying for a liberalized bill, with the result that there has been disseminated over the length and breadth of this nation a campaign of misrepresentation and falsehood which has misled many public-spirited and well-meaning citizens and organizations (Cong. Rec., April 26, 1949, pp. 5042- 5043).
After defeat, the Citizenís Committee increased expenditures to over $1,000,000 and succeeded in passing a bill, introduced by Representative Celler, with a 1949 cutoff date that did not discriminate against Jews but largely excluded ethnic Germans who had been expelled from Eastern Europe. In an odd twist in the debate, restrictionists now accused the anti-restrictionists of ethnic bias (e.g., Senator Eastland, Cong. Rec. April 5, 1950, p. 2737; Senator McCarran, Cong. Rec. April 5, 1950, p. 4743).
At a time when there were no outbreaks of anti-Semitism in other parts of the world creating an
urgent need for Jewish immigration and with the presence of Israel as a safe haven for Jews, Jewish organizations still vigorously objected to the continuation of the national origins provisions of the 1924 law in the McCarran-Walter law of 1952 (Neuringer 1971, p. 337ff). Indeed, when District Court of Appeals Judge Simon H. Rifkind testified on behalf of a wide range of Jewish organizations against the McCarran-Walter bill he noted emphatically that because of the international situation and particularly the existence of Israel as a safe haven for Jews, Jewish views on immigration legislation were not predicated on the plight of our co-religionists but rather the impact which immigration and naturalization laws have upon the temper and quality of American life here in the United States. (Statement of the AJ Congress, Joint Hearings Before the Subcommittees of the Committees on the Judiciary, 82nd Congress, first session, on S. 716, H. R. 2379, and H. R. 2816. March 6-April 9, 1951, p. 565) The argument was now typically couched in terms of democratic principles and the cause of international amity (Cohen 1972, p. 368) the implicit theory being that the principles of democracy required ethnic diversity and the theory that the good will of other countries depended on American willingness to accept their citizens as immigrants. Rifkind noted that (T)he enactment of [the McCarran-Walter bill] will gravely impair the national effort we are putting forth.
FOR WE ARE ENGAGED IN A WAR FOR THE HEARTS AND MINDS OF MEN. The free nations of the world look to us for moral and spiritual reinforcement at a time when the faith which moves men is as important as the force they wield. The McCarran-Walter law explicitly included racial ancestry as a criterion in its provision that Orientals would be included in the token Oriental quotas no matter where they were born. Herbert Lehman, a senator from New York and the most prominent senatorial opponent of immigration restriction during the 1950s (Neuringer 1971, p. 351), argued during the debates over the McCarran-Walter bill that immigrants from Jamaica of African descent should be included in the quota for England and stated that the bill would cause resentment among Asians (Neuringer 1971, pp. 346, 356).
Representative Emanuel Celler and Representative Jacob Javits, the leaders of the anti-restrictionists in the House, made similar arguments (Cong. Rec., April 23, 1952, pp. 4306, 4219). As was also apparent in the battles dating back to the nineteenth century (see above), the opposition to the national origins legislation went beyond its effects on Jewish immigration to include advocacy of immigration into the United States of all of the racial/ethnic groups of the world.
Reflecting a concern for maintaining the ethnic status quo as well as the salience of Jewish issues during the period, the hearings of the subcommittee considering the McCarran immigration law noted that The population of the United States has increased three-fold since 1877, while the Jewish population has increased twenty-one fold during the same period (Senate Report No.† 1515 , pp. 2-4). The bill also included a provision that naturalized citizens automatically lost citizenship if they resided abroad continuously for 5 years. This provision was viewed by Jewish organizations as motivated by anti-Zionist attitudes: Testimony by Government officials at the hearings...made it clear that the provision stemmed from a desire to dissuade naturalized American Jews from subscribing to a deeply held ideal which some officials in contravention of American policy regarded as undesirable...(Statement of Will Maslow representing the AJ Congress, Joint Hearings Before the Subcommittees of the Committees on the Judiciary, 82nd Congress, first session, on S. 716, H. R. 2379, and H. R. 2816. March 6-April 9, 1951, p. 394)
Reaffirming the logic of the 1920s restrictionists, the subcommittee report emphasized that a purpose of the 1924 law was the restriction of immigration from southern and eastern Europe in order to preserve a predominance of persons of northwestern European origin in the composition of our total population but noted that this purpose did not imply any theory of Nordic supremacy (Senate Report, No. 1515, , pp. 442, 445-446). The argument was sometimes phrased in terms of an emphasis on the similarity of cultural background of prospective immigrants, but† again the underlying logic was that ethnic groups already in the country had legitimate interests in maintaining the ethnic status quo.
It is important to note that Jewish spokesmen differed from other liberal groups in their motives for opposing restrictions on immigration during this period. In the following I emphasize the Congressional testimony of Judge Simon H. Rifkind who represented a very broad range of Jewish agencies in the hearings on the McCarran-Walter bill in 1951. (Joint Hearings Before the Subcommittees of the Committees on the Judiciary, 82nd Congress, first session, on S. 716, H. R. 2379, and H. R. 2816. March 6-April 9, 1951, pp. 562-595)
1). Immigration should come from all racial/ethnic groups: We conceive of Americanism as the spirit behind the welcome that America has traditionally extended to people of different races, all religions, all nationalities. Americanism is a tolerant way of life that was devised by men who differed from one another vastly in religion, race background, education, and lineage, and who agreed to forget all these things and ask of a new neighbor not where he comes from but only what he can do and what is his spirit toward his fellow men (p. 566).
2). The total number of immigrants should be maximized within very broad economic and
political constraints: (T)he regulation [of immigration] is the regulation of an asset, not of a liability
(p. 567). Rifkind emphasized several times that unused quotas had the effect of restricting total numbers of immigrants, and he viewed this very negatively (e.g., p. 569).
3). Immigrants should not be viewed as economic assets and imported only to serve the present
needs of the United States: Looking at [selective immigration] from the point of view of the United States, never from the point of view of the immigrant, I say that we should, to some extent, allow for our temporary needs, but not to make our immigration problem an employment instrumentality. I do not think that we are buying economic commodities when we allow immigrants to come in. We are admitting human beings who will found families and raise children, whose children may reach the heights at least so we hope and pray. For a small segment of the immigrant stream I think we are entitled to say, if we happen to be short of a particular talent, let us go out and look for them, if necessary, but let us not make that the all-pervading thought. (p. 570)
The opposition to needed skills as the basis of immigration was consistent with the prolonged Jewish attempt to delay the passage of a literacy test as a criterion for immigration beginning in the late nineteenth century until a literacy test was finally passed in 1917. While Rifkindís testimony was free of the accusation that present immigration policy was based on the theory of Nordic superiority, Nordic superiority continued to be a prominent theme of other Jewish groups advocating immigration from all ethnic groups, particularly the AJ Congress.
The statement of the AJ Congress at these hearings focused a great deal of attention on the importance of the theory of Nordic supremacy as motivating the 1924 legislation, but also noted the previous history of ethnic discrimination that existed long before these theories were developed, including the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, the gentlemenís agreement with Japan of 1907 which limited immigration of Japanese workers, and the exclusion of other Asians in 1917. The statement noted that the 1924 legislation had succeeded in its aim of preserving the ethnic balance of the U.S. as of the 1920 census.
However, it noted that the objective is valueless. There is nothing sacrosanct about the composition of the population in 1920. It would be foolish to believe that we reached the peak of ethnic perfection in that year. (Joint Hearings Before the Subcommittees of the Committees on the Judiciary, 82nd† Congress, first session, on S. 716, H. R. 2379, and H. R. 2816. March 6-April 9, 1951, p. 410)
Moreover, in an explicit statement of Horace Kallenís multi-cultural ideal, the AJ Congress statement advocated the thesis of cultural democracy which would guarantee to all groups majority and minority alike...the right to be different and the responsibility to make sure that their differences do not conflict with the welfare of the American people as a whole. (Joint Hearings Before the Subcommittees of the Committees on the Judiciary, 82nd Congress, first session, on S. 716, H. R. 2379, and H. R. 2816. March 6-April 9, 1951, p. 404)
During this period, the Congress Weekly, the journal of the AJ Congress, regularly denounced the national origins provisions as based on the myth of the existence of superior and inferior racial stocks (Oct. 17, 1955; p. 3) and advocated immigration on the basis of need and other criteria unrelated to race or national origin (May 4, 1953, p. 3). Particularly objectionable from the perspective of the AJ Congress was the implication that there should be no change in the ethnic status quo prescribed by the 1924 legislation (e.g., Goldstein, 1952a, p. 6). The national origins formula is outrageous now...when our national experience has confirmed beyond a doubt that our very strength lies in the diversity of our peoples (Goldstein, 1952b, p. 5).
As indicated above, there is some evidence that the 1924 legislation and the restrictionism of the 1930s was motivated partly by anti-Semitic attitudes. Anti-Semitism and its linkage with anti-Communism was also apparent in the immigration arguments during the 1950s preceding and following the passage of the McCarran-Walter act. Restrictionists often pointed to evidence that over 90% of American Communists had backgrounds linking them to Eastern Europe and a major thrust of their efforts was to prevent immigration from this area and to ease deportation procedures to prevent Communist subversion.
Since Eastern Europe was also the origin of most Jewish immigration and because Jews were disproportionately represented among American Communists, these issues became linked and the situation lent itself to broad anti-Semitic conspiracy theories about the role of Jews in American politics (e.g., Beaty, 1951). In Congress, the notorious anti-Semite Representative John Rankin, without making explicit reference to Jews, stated that They whine about discrimination. Do you know who is being discriminated against? The white Christian people of America, the ones who created this nation...I am talking about the White Christian people of the North as well as the South...Communism is racial. A racial minority seized control in Russia and in all her satellite countries, such as Poland, Czechoslovakia, and many other countries I could name. They have been run out of practically every country in Europe in the years gone by, and if they keep stirring race trouble in this country and trying to force their communistic program on the Christian people of America, there is no telling what will happen to them here (Cong. Rec., April 23, 1952, p. 4320).
Reinforcing these links, the position of mainstream Jewish organizations such as the
AJ COMMITTEE, which opposed communism, often coincided with the position of the CPUSA on issues of immigration. For example, both the AJ COMMITTEE and the CPUSA condemned the McCarran-Walter act while, on the other hand, the AJ COMMITTEE had a major role in influencing the recommendations of President Trumanís Commission on Immigration and Naturalization (PCIN) for relaxing the security provisions of the McCarran-Walter act, and these recommendations were warmly greeted by the CPUSA at a time when a prime goal of the security provisions was to exclude communists (Bennett, 1963, p. 166).
JEWS WERE DISPROPORTIONATELY REPRESENTED IN THE PCIN AS WELL AS IN THE ORGANIZATIONS VIEWED BY CONGRESS AS COMMUNIST FRONT ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN IMMIGRATION ISSUES, AND THIS WAS UNDOUBTEDLY HIGHLY SALIENT TO ANTI-SEMITES. The Chairman of the PCIN was Philip B. Perlman and THE STAFF OF THE COMMISSION CONTAINED A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF JEWS, headed by Harry N. Rosenfield (Executive Director) and Elliot Shirk (Assistant to the Executive Director), and its report was wholeheartedly endorsed by the AJ Congress (see Congress Weekly, Jan. 12, 1952, p. 3). The proceedings were printed as the report Whom We Shall Welcome with the cooperation of Representative Emanuel Celler.
In Congress, Senator McCarran accused the PCIN of containing communist sympathizers, and the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) released a report stating that some two dozen Communists and many times that number with records of repeated affiliation with known Communist enterprises testified before the Commission or submitted statements for inclusion in the record of the earrings...Nowhere in either the record of the hearings or in the report is there a single reference to the true background of these persons (House Report No. 1182, 85th† Congress, 1st Session, p. 47). The report referred particularly to Communists associated with the American Committee for the Protection of Foreign Born (ACPFB) headed by Abner Green. Green, who was Jewish, figured very prominently in these hearings, and Jews were generally disproportionately represented among those singled out as officers and sponsors of the ACPFB (pp. 13-21).
HUAC provided evidence that ACPFB had close ties with the CPUSA and noted that 24 of the individuals associated with the ACPFB had signed statements incorporated into the printed record of the PCIN. The AJ COMMITTEE was also heavily involved in the deliberations of the PCIN, including providing testimony and distributing data and other material to individuals and organizations testifying before the PCIN (Cohen, 1972, p. 371). All of its recommendations were incorporated into the final report (Cohen, 1972, p. 371) (including a de-emphasis on economic skills as criteria for immigration, scrapping the national origins legislation, and opening immigration to all the peoples of the world on a first come, first served basis), the only exception being that the report recommended a lower total number of immigrants than recommended by the AJ COMMITTEE and other Jewish groups. The AJ COMMITTEE thus went beyond merely advocating the principle of immigration from all racial/ethnic groups (token quotas for Asians and Africans had already been included in the McCarran-Walter act) to attempt to maximize the total number of immigrants from all parts of the world within the current political climate.
Indeed, the Commission (PCIN, 1953, p. 106) pointedly noted that the 1924 legislation had succeeded in maintaining the racial status quo and that the main barrier to changing the racial status quo was not the national origins system (because there were already high levels of non-quota immigrants and because the countries of Northern and Western Europe did not fill their quotas) but the total number of immigrants allowed into the United States. The Commission thus viewed changing the racial status quo of the United States as a desirable goal, and to that end made a major point of the desirability of increasing the total amount of immigration (PCIN, 1953, p. 42). As Bennett (1963, p. 164) notes, in the eyes of the PCIN, the 1924 legislation reducing the total number of immigrants was a very bad thing because of its finding that one race is just as good as another for American citizenship or any other purpose.
Correspondingly, the defenders of the 1952 legislation conceptualized the issue as fundamentally one of ethnic warfare. Senator McCarran stated that subverting the national origins system would, in the course of a generation or so, tend to change the ethnic and cultural composition of this nation (in Bennett, 1963, p. 185), and Richard Arens, a Congressional staff ember who had a prominent role in the hearings on the McCarran-Walter bill as well as in the activities of the HUAC, stated that these are the critics who do not like America as it is and has been.
They think our people exist in unfair ethnic proportions. They prefer that we bear a greater resemblance or ethnic relationship to the foreign peoples whom they favor and for whom they are seeking disproportionately greater immigration privileges (in Bennett, 1963, 186). As Divine (1957, p. 188) notes, ethnic interests predominated on both sides; the charges of racism made against the restrictionists who were advocating the ethnic status quo were balanced against the attempts by anti-restrictionists to alter the ethnic status quo in a manner that conformed to their own perceived ethnic interests.
The salience of Jewish involvement in immigration during this period is also apparent in several other incidents. In 1950 the representative of the AJ Congress testified that the retention of national origins in any form would be a political and moral catastrophe (revision of Immigration Laws Joint Hearings, 1950, pp. 336-337). The national origins formula implies that persons in quest of the opportunity to live in this land are to be judged according to breed like cattle at a country fair and not on the basis of their character fitness or capacity (Congress Weekly 21, 1952, pp. 3-4).
Divine (1957, p. 173) characterizes the AJ Congress as representing the more militant wing of the opposition because of its principled opposition to any form of the national origins formula, whereas other opponents merely wanted to be able to distribute unused quotas to Southern and Eastern Europe. Representative Francis Walter noted the propaganda drive that is being engaged in now by certain members of the American Jewish Congress opposed to the Immigration and Nationality Code (Cong. Rec. Mar, 13, 1952, p. 2283), noting particularly the activities of Dr. Israel Goldstein, president of the AJ Congress, who had been reported in the New York Times as having† stated that the Immigration and Nationality law would place a legislative seal of inferiority on all persons of other than Anglo-Saxon origin. Representative Walter then noted the special role that Jewish organizations had played in attempting to foster family reunion rather than special skills as the basis of United States immigration policy.
After Representative Jacob Javits stated that opposition to the law was not confined to the one group the gentleman mentioned (Congressional Record, March 13, 1952, p. 2284), Walter responded as follows: I might call your attention to the fact that Mr. Harry N. Rosenfield, Commissioner of the Displaced Persons Commission and incidentally a brother-in-law of a lawyer who is stirring up all this agitation, in a speech recently said: The proposed legislation is Americaís Nuremberg trial. It is racist and archaic,† based on a theory that people with different styles of noses should be treated differently.
Representative Walter then went on to note that during the hearings on the bill, the only two organizations that were hostile to the entire bill were the AJ Congress and the Association of Immigration and Nationality Lawyers, the latter represented by an attorney who is also advising and counseling the American Jewish Congress. (Indeed, Goldstein [1952b] himself noted that at the time of the Joint House-Senate hearings on the McCarran bill, the American Jewish Congress was the only civic group which dared flatly to oppose the national origins quota formula).
Representative Emanuel Celler then stated that Walter should not have overemphasized as he did the people of one particular faith who are opposing the bill (p. 2285). Representative Walter agreed with Cellerís comments, noting that there are other very fine Jewish groups who endorse the bill. Nevertheless, the principle Jewish organizations, including the AJ Congress, the AJ COMMITTEE, the ADL, the National Council of Jewish Women, and the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, did indeed oppose the bill (Cong. Rec., April 23, 1952, p. 4247), and when Judge Simon Rifkind testified against the bill in the Joint Hearings, he emphasized that he represented a very wide range of Jewish groups, the entire body of religious opinion and lay opinion within the Jewish group, religiously speaking, from the extreme right and extreme left (p. 563). (Joint Hearings Before the Subcommittees of the Committees on the Judiciary, 82nd Congress, first session, on S. 716, H. R. 2379, and H. R. 2816. March 6-April 9, 1951, p. 563) Rifkind represented a long list of national and local Jewish groups, including in addition to the above, the Synagogue Council of America, the Jewish Labor Committee, the Jewish War Veterans of the United States, and 27 local Jewish councils throughout the United States. Moreover, the fight against the bill was led by Jewish members of Congress, including especially Celler,
Javits, and Lehman, all of whom, as indicated above, were prominent members of the ADL. Albeit by indirection, Representative Walter was clearly calling attention to the special Jewish role in the immigration conflict of 1952. The special role of the AJ Congress in opposing the McCarran-Walter act was a source of pride within the group: on the verge of victory in 1965, the Congress bi-Weekly editorialized that it was a cause of pride that Rabbi Israel Goldstein had been singled out by Rep. Walter for attack on the floor of the House of Representatives as the prime organizer of the campaign against the measures he co-sponsored (Feb. 1, 1965; p. 3).
The perception that Jewish concerns were an important feature of the opposition to the McCarran-Walter act can also be seen in the following exchange between Representative Celler and Representative Walter. Celler noted that The national origin theory upon which our immigration law is based...[mocks] our protestations based on a question of equality of opportunity for all peoples, regardless of race, color, or creed. Representative Walter replied that a great menace to America lies in the fact that so many professionals, including professional Jews, are shedding crocodile tears for no reason whatsoever (Cong. Rec. Jan. 13, 1953, p. 372).
And in a comment referring to the peculiarities of Jewish interests in immigration legislation, Richard Arens, Staff Director of the Senate subcommittee that produced the McCarran-Walter act, pointedly noted that one of the curious things about those who most loudly claim that the 1952 act is discriminatory and that it does not make allowance for a sufficient number of alleged refugees, is that they oppose admission of any of the approximately one million Arab refugees in camps where they are living in pitiful circumstances after having been driven out of Israel (in Bennett, 1963, p. 181).
The McCarran-Walter Act was passed over President Trumanís veto, and Trumanís alleged partisanship to Jews was a favorite target of anti-Semites (Cohen, 1972, p. 377). Prior to the veto, Truman was intensively lobbied, particularly [by] Jewish societies opposed to the bill, while government agencies, including the State Department urged Truman to sign the bill (Divine, 1957, p. 184). Moreover, individuals with openly anti-Semitic attitudes, such as John Beaty (1951), often focused on Jewish involvement in the immigration battles during this period.
JEWISH ANTI-RESTRICTIONIST ACTIVITY, 1953-1965: During this period, the Congress Weekly regularly noted the role of Jewish organizations as the vanguard of liberalized immigration laws: For example, in its editorial of Feb. 20, 1956 (p. 3), it congratulated President Eisenhower for his unequivocal opposition to the quota system which, more than any other feature of our immigration policy, has excited the most widespread and most intense aversion among Americans. In advancing this proposal for new guidelines and standards in determining admissions, President Eisenhower has courageously taken a stand in advance of even many advocates of a liberal immigration policy and embraced a position which had at first been urged by the American Jewish Congress and other Jewish agencies.
The AJ COMMITTEE made a major effort to keep the immigration issue alive during a period of widespread apathy among the American public between the passage of the McCarran-Walter act and the early 1960s. JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS INTENSIFIED THEIR EFFORT DURING THIS PERIOD (Cohen, 1972, pp. 370-373; Neuringer, 1971, p. 358), with the AJ COMMITTEE helping to establish the Joint Conference on Alien Legislation and the American Immigration Conference (organizations representing pro-immigration forces) as well as providing most of the funding and performing most of the work of these groups. In 1955 the AJ COMMITTEE organized a group of influential citizens as the National Commission on Immigration and Citizenship in order to give prestige to the campaign (Cohen, 1972, p. 373).
All these groups studied immigration laws, disseminated information to the public, presented testimony to Congress, and planned other appropriate activities...There were no immediate or dramatic results; but AJCís dogged campaign in conjunction with like-minded organizations ultimately prodded the Kennedy and Johnson administrations to action (Cohen, 1972, p. 373).
An article by Oscar Handlin (1952), the prominent Harvard historian of immigration, is a fascinating microcosm of the Jewish approach to immigration during this period. Writing in Commentary (a publication of the AJ COMMITTEE) almost 30 years after the 1924 defeat and in the immediate aftermath of the McCarran-Walter act, Handlin entitled his article The immigration fight has only begun: Lessons of the McCarran-Walter setback. The title is a remarkable indication of the tenacity and persistence of Jewish commitment to this issue. The message is to not be discouraged by the recent defeat which occurred despite all the effort toward securing the revision of our immigration laws (p. 2).
Handlin attempts to cast the argument in universalist terms as benefitting all Americans and as conforming to American ideals that all men, being brothers, are equally capable of being Americans (p.7). Current immigration law reflects racist xenophobia (p. 2) by its token quotas for Asians and its deprivation of the right of West Indian Blacks to take advantage of British quotas. Handlin ascribes the restrictionist sentiments of Pat McCarran to the hatred of foreigners that was all about him in his youth and by the dim, recalled fear that he himself might be counted among them (p.† 3) a sort of psychoanalytic identification-with-the-aggressor argument (McCarran was Catholic).
In his article Handlin repeatedly uses the term we (as in (i)f we cannot beat McCarran and his cohorts with their own weapons, we can do much to destroy the efficacy of those weapons (p. 4), suggesting Handlinís belief in a unified Jewish interest in liberal immigration policy and presaging a prolonged chipping away of the 1952 legislation in the ensuing years. Handlinís anti-restrictionist strategy included altering the views of social scientists to the effect that it was possible and necessary to distinguish among the races of immigrants that clamored for admission to the United States (p. 4).
Handlinís proposal to recruit social scientists in the immigration battles is congruent with the political agenda of the Boasian school of anthropology discussed above. And as Higham (1984) notes, the ascendancy of such views was as an important component of the ultimate victory over restrictionism. In an arguably tendentious rendering of the logic of preserving the ethnic status quo that underlay the arguments for restriction in the period from 1921-1952, Handlin stated: The laws are bad because they rest on the racist assumption that mankind is divided into fixed breeds, biologically and culturally separated from each other, and because, within that framework, they assume that Americans are Anglo-Saxons by origin and ought to remain so.
To all other peoples, the laws say that the United States ranks them in terms of their racial proximity to our own superior stock; and upon the many, many millions of Americans not descended from the Anglo-Saxons, the laws cast a distinct imputation of inferiority (p. 5). Handlin then deplored the apathy of other hyphenated Americans to share the enthusiasm of the Jewish effort: Many groups failed to see the relevance of the McCarran-Walter Bill to their own position; the suggested that they ought to act as groups to assert their rightful interests: The Italian American has the right to be heard on these issues precisely as an Italian American (p. 7; italics in text).
The implicit assumption is that America ought to be composed of cohesive subgroups with a clear sense of their group interests in opposition to the peoples deriving from Northern and Western Europe or of the United States as a whole. And there is the implication that Italian-Americans have an interest in furthering immigration of Africans and Asians and in creating such a multi-racial and multi-cultural society.
Shortly after Handlinís article, William Petersen (1955), also writing in Commentary, argued that pro-immigration forces should be explicit in their advocacy of a multi-cultural society, and that the importance of this goal transcended the importance of achieving any self-interested goal of the United States, such as obtaining needed skills or improving foreign relations. In making his case he cited a group of predominantly Jewish social scientists whose works, beginning with Horace Kallenís plea for a multi-cultural, pluralistic society, constitute the beginning of a scholarly legitimization of the different immigration policy that will perhaps one day become law (p. 86),
Including, besides Kallen, Melville Herskovits, Geoffrey Gorer, Samuel Lubell, David Riesman, Thorsten Sellin, and Milton Konvitz. These social scientists did indeed contribute to the immigration battles. For example, the following quotation from a scholarly book on immigration policy by Milton Konvitz of Cornell University reflects the rejection of national interest as an element of United States immigration policy a hallmark of the Jewish approach to immigration: To place so much emphasis on technological and vocational qualifications is to remove every vestige of humanitarianism from our immigration policy. We deserve small thanks from those who come here if they are admitted because we find that they are urgently needed, by reason of their training and experience, to advance our national interests. This is hardly immigration; it is the importation of special skills or know-how, not greatly different from the importation of coffee or rubber. It is hardly in the spirit of American ideals to disregard a manís character and promise and to look only at his education and the vocational opportunities he had the good fortune to enjoy (Konvitz, 1953, p. 26).
Handlin wrote that the McCarran-Walter law was only a temporary setback and he was right. Thirty years after the triumph of restrictionism, only Jewish groups remained as persistent and tenacious advocates of a multi-cultural America. Forty-one years after the 1924 triumph of restrictionism and the national origins provision and only 13 years after its reaffirmation with the McCarran-Walter Act of 1952, Jewish organizations successfully supported ending the geographically based national origins basis of immigration intended to result in an ethnic status quo in what was now a radically altered intellectual and political climate.
Particularly important is the provision in the Immigration Act of 1965 that expanded the number of non-quota immigrants. Beginning in their testimony on the 1924 law, Jewish spokesmen had been in the forefront in attempts to admit family members on a non-quota basis (Neuringer, 1971, p. 191).
During the House debates on immigration surrounding the McCarran-Walter Act, Representative Walter (Cong. Rec., p. 2284, March 13, 1952) noted the special focus that Jewish organizations had on family reunion rather than on special skills. Responding to Representative Javits who had complained that under the bill 50% of the quota for Negroes from the British West Indies colonies would be reserved for people with special skills, Walter noted that I would like to call the gentlemanís attention to the fact that this is the principle of using 50 percent of the quota for people needed in the United States. But, if that entire 50 percent is not used in that category, then the unused numbers go down to the next category which replies to the objections that these Jewish organizations make much of, that families are being separated.
Prior to the 1965 law, Bennett (1963, p. 244), commenting on the family unification aspects of the 1961 immigration legislation, noted that the relationship by blood or marriage and the principle of uniting families have become the open Sesame to the immigration gates. Moreover, despite repeated denials by the anti-restrictionists that their proposals would affect the ethnic balance of the country, Bennett (1963, p. 256) commented that the repeated, persistent extension of non-quota† status to immigrants from countries with oversubscribed quotas and flatly discriminated against by [the McCarran-Walter act] together with administrative waivers of inadmissibility, adjustment of status and private bills, is helping to speed and make apparently inevitable a change in the ethnic face of the nation (p. 257) a reference to the chipping away of the 1952 law recommended as a strategy in Handlinís article. Indeed, a major argument apparent in the debate over the 1965 legislation was that the 1952 law had been so weakened that it had largely become irrelevant and there was a need to overhaul immigration legislation to legitimize a de facto situation.
Bennett also noted that (t)he stress on the immigration issue arises from insistence of those who regard quotas as ceilings, not floors [opponents of restriction often referred to unused quotas as wasted], who want to remake America in the image of small-quota countries and who do not like our basic ideology, cultural attitudes and heritage. They insist that it is the duty of the United States to accept immigrants irrespective of their assimilability or our own population problems. They insist on remaining hyphenated Americans (1963, p. 295).
The family-based emphasis of the quota regulations of the 1965 law (e.g., the provision that at least 24% of the quota for each area be set aside for brothers and sisters of citizens) has resulted in a multiplier effect which ultimately subverted the quota system entirely by allowing for a chaining phenomenon in which endless chains of the close relatives of close relatives are admitted outside the quota system: Imagine one immigrant, say an engineering student, who was studying in the U. S. during the 1960's. If he found a job after graduation, he could then bring over his wife [as the souse of a resident alien], and six years later, after being naturalized, his bothers and sisters [as siblings of a citizen]. They, in turn, could bring their wives, husbands, and children. Within a dozen years, one immigrant entering as a skilled worker could easily generate 25 visas for in-laws, nieces, and nephews (McConnell 1988, p. 98).
The 1965 law also de-emphasized the criterion that immigrants should have needed skills. (In
1986, less than 4% of immigrants were admitted on the basis of needed skills, while 74% were admitted on the basis of kinship [see Brimelow, 1995].) As indicated above, THE REJECTION OF A SKILL REQUIREMENT OR OTHER TESTS OF COMPETENCE IN FAVOR OF HUMANITARIAN GOALS AND FAMILY UNIFICATION HAD BEEN AN ELEMENT OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION POLICY at least since debate on the McCarran-Walter act of the early 1950s and extending really to the long opposition to literacy tests dating from the end of the nineteenth century.
Senator Jacob Javits played a prominent role in the Senate hearings on the 1965 bill, and Emanuel Celler, who fought for unrestricted immigration for over 40 years in the House of Representatives, introduced similar legislation in that body. Jewish organizations (American Council for Judaism Philanthropic Fund; Council of Jewish Federations & Welfare Funds; Bínai Bírith Women) filed briefs in support of the measure before the Senate Subcommittee, as did organizations such as the ACLU and the Americans for Democratic Action with a large Jewish membership.
Indeed, it is noteworthy that well before the ultimate triumph of the Jewish policy on immigration, Javits (1951) authored an article entitled Letís open the gates that proposed immigration level of 500,000 per year for 20 years with no restrictions on national origin. In 1961 Javits proposed a bill that sought to destroy the [national origins quota system] by a flank attack and to increase quota and non-quota immigration (Bennett, 1963, p. 250).
In addition to provisions aimed at removing barriers due to race, ethnic and national origins, included in this bill was a provision that brothers, sisters, and married sons or daughters of United States citizens and their spouses and children who had become eligible under the quota system in legislation of 1957 be included as non-quota immigrants an even more radical version of the provision whose incorporation in the 1965 law facilitated non-European immigration into the United States. Although this provision of Javitís bill was not approved at the time, the billís proposals for softening previous restrictions on Asian and Black immigration as well as removing racial classification from visa documents (thus allowing unlimited non-quota immigration of Asians born in the Western Hemisphere) were approved.
It is also interesting that the main victory of the restrictionists in 1965 was that Western Hemisphere nations were included in the new quota system thus ending the possibility of unrestricted immigration from those regions. In speeches before the Senate, Senator Javits (Cong. Rec. 111, 1965, p. 24469) bitterly opposed this extension of the quota system, arguing that placing any limits on immigration of all of the people of the Western Hemisphere would have severely negative implications on United States foreign policy. In a highly revealing discussion of the bill before the Senate, Senator Sam Ervin (Cong. Rec. 89th Congress, 1st session, pp. 24446-51, 1965) noted that those who disagree with me express no shock that Britain, in the future, can send us 10,000 fewer immigrants than she has sent on an annual average in the past. They are only shocked that British Guyana cannot send us every single citizen of that country who wishes to come. Clearly the forces of liberal immigration really wanted unlimited immigration into the United States.
The pro-immigrationists also failed to prevent a requirement that the Secretary of Labor determine that there are insufficient Americans able and willing to perform the labor which the aliens intend to perform, and that the employment of such aliens will not adversely affect the wages and working conditions of American workers. Writing in the American Jewish Year Book, Liskofsky (1966, 174) notes that pro-immigration groups opposed these regulations but agreed to them in order to get a bill that ended the national origins provisions. After passage they became intensely concerned. They voiced publicly the fear that the new, administratively cumbersome procedure might easily result in paralyzing most immigration of skilled and unskilled workers as well as of non-preference immigrants.
REFLECTING THE LONG JEWISH OPPOSITION TO THE IDEA THAT IMMIGRATION POLICY SHOULD BE IN THE NATIONAL INTEREST, THE ECONOMIC WELFARE OF AMERICAN CITIZENS WAS IRRELEVANT; securing high levels of immigration had become an end in itself. The 1965 law is having the effect that it seems reasonable to suppose had been intended by its Jewish advocates all along: the Census Bureau projects that by the year 2050, European-derived peoples will no longer be a majority of the population of America. Moreover, multi-culturalism has already become a powerful ideological and political reality (Brimelow, 1995). Although the proponents of the 1965 legislation continued to insist that the bill would not affect the ethnic balance of the United States or even impact its culture, it is difficult to believe that at least some of the proponents were unaware of the eventual implications.
OPPONENTS, CERTAINLY, WERE QUITE CLEAR THAT IT WOULD INDEED AFFECT THE ETHNIC BALANCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Given the intense involvement of organizations such as the AJ COMMITTEE in the details of immigration legislation and their very negative attitudes toward the North-Western European bias of pre-1965 United States immigration policy and very negative attitudes toward the idea of an ethnic status quo embodied, e.g., in the PCIN document Whom We Shall Welcome, it appears unlikely to suppose that these organizations were unaware of the inaccuracy of the projections of the effects of this legislation that were made by its supporters.
Given the clearly articulated interests in ending the ethnic status quo evident in the arguments of anti-restrictionists throughout the period from 1924-1965, the 1965 law would not have been perceived by its proponents as a victory unless they viewed it as ultimately changing the ethnic status quo. Revealingly, the 1965 law was viewed as a victory by the anti-restrictionists, and it is noteworthy that after regularly condemning United States immigration law and championing the eradication of the national origins formula precisely because it had produced an ethnic status quo, The Congress bi-Weekly completely ceased publishing articles on this topic.
Moreover, Lawrence Auster (1990, p. 31ff) shows that the supporters of the legislation repeatedly glossed over the distinction between quota and non-quota immigration and failed to mention the effect that the legislation would have on non-quota immigration. Projections of the number of new immigrants failed to take account of the well-known and often commented-upon fact that the old quotas favoring Western European countries were not being filled. Moreover, continuing a tradition of over 40 years, the rhetoric of those in favor of the bill presented the legislation of 1924 and 1952 as based on theories of racial superiority and as involving racial discrimination rather than in terms of an attempt to create an ethnic status quo.
Even in 1952, Senator McCarran was well aware of the high stakes at risk in immigration policy: I believe that this nation is the last hope of Western civilization and if this oasis of the world shall be overrun, perverted, contaminated or destroyed, then the last flickering light of humanity will be extinguished. I take no issue with those who would praise the contributions which have been made to our society by people of many races, of varied creeds and colors. America is indeed a joining together of many streams which go to form a mighty river which we call the American way.
However, we have in the United States today hard-core, indigestible blocs which have not become integrated into the American way of life, but which, on the contrary are its deadly enemies. Today, as never before, untold millions are storming our gates for admission and those gates are cracking under the strain. The solution of the problems of Europe and Asia will not come through a transplanting of those problems en masse to the United States...I do not intend to become prophetic, but if the enemies of this legislation succeed in riddling it to pieces, or in amending it beyond recognition, they will have contributed more to promote this nations downfall than any other group since we achieved our independence as a nation (Senator Pat McCarran, Cong. Rec., March 2, 1953, p. 1518).
CONCLUSION: The defeats of 1924 and 1952 did not prevent the ultimate victory of the Jewish interest in combating the cultural, political, and demographic dominance of the European-derived peoples of the United States. What is truly remarkable is the tenacity with which Jewish ethnic interests were pursued for a period of close to 100 years. Also remarkable was the ability to frame the argument of immigration-restrictionists in terms of racial superiority in the period from 1924- 1965 rather than in such positive terms as the ethnic interests of the peoples of northern and western Europe in maintaining a status quo as of 1924.
During the period between 1924 and 1965 Jewish interests were largely thwarted, but this did not prevent the ultimate triumph of the Jewish perspective on immigration. In a very real sense the result of the immigration changes fostered by Jewish intellectual and political activity have constituted a long term victory over the political, demographic, and cultural representation of the common people of the South and West (Higham 1984, 49) whose congressional delegates were in the forefront of the restrictionist forces. Former Secretary of the Navy James Webb (1995) notes that it is the descendants of those WASPS who settled the West and South who by and large did the most to lay out the infrastructure of this country, quite often suffering educational and professional regression as they tamed the wilderness, built the towns, roads and schools, and initiated a democratic way of life that later white cultures were able to take advantage of without paying the price of pioneering.
Today they have the least, socioeconomically, to show for these contributions. And if one would care to check a map, they are from the areas now evincing the greatest resistance to government practices. Webbís ideas are not new but reflect the sentiments a great many congressmen voiced during the immigration debates of the 1920's. It is instructive to consider the possible long term effects of this sea change in American immigration policy combined with the current emphasis on multi-culturalism. The shift to multi-culturalism has coincided with an enormous growth of immigration from non-European-derived peoples beginning with the Immigration Act of 1965 which favored immigrants from non-European countries.
Many of these immigrants come from non- Western countries where cultural, gender, and genetic segregation are the norm. Within the context of multi-cultural America, they are encouraged to retain their own languages and religions and encouraged to marry within the group. The movement toward ethnic separatism is highly problematic. Historically, ethnic separatism has been an extremely divisive force within societies. At the present time there are ethnically based conflicts on every continent, and formerly multi-ethnic societies are breaking away and establishing ethno-states based on ethnic homogeneity (Tullberg & Tullberg, 1997). These results confirm the expectation that indeed ethnicity is important in human affairs. People appear to be extremely aware of group membership, and ethnicity remains a common source of group identity. Individuals are also keenly aware of the relative standing of their own group in terms of resource control and social status.
And they are willing to take extraordinary steps in order to achieve and retain economic and political power in defense of these group imperatives. It is instructive to think of the circumstances which could minimize group conflict given the assumption of ethnic separatism. Theorists of cultural pluralism, such as Horace Kallen, envision the possibility that different ethnic groups would retain their distinctive identity in the context of complete political equality and economic opportunity. The difficulty with this scenario is that no provision is made for the results of competition for resources within the society.
In the best of circumstances one might suppose that the separated ethnic groups would engage in absolute reciprocity with each other, so that there would be no differences in terms of any measure of success in the society, including social class membership, economic role (e.g., producer versus consumer; creditor versus debtor; manager versus worker), or fertility between the separated ethnic groups. All groups would have approximately equal numbers and equal political power, or if there were different numbers there would be provisions ensuring that minorities could retain equitable representation in terms of the markers of success. Such conditions would minimize hostility between the groups because it would be difficult to attribute oneís status to the actions of the other group.
However, given the existence of ethnic separatism, it would still be in the interests of each group to advance its own interests at the expense of the other groups. All things being equal, a given ethnic group would be better off if it ensured that the other group had fewer resources, a lower social status, lower fertility, and proportionately less political power than itself. (Indeed, lowering the political and demographic power of the European-derived peoples of the United States has clearly been the aim of the Jewish political and intellectual activities discussed here). The hypothesized steady state of equality therefore implies a set of balance of power relationships each side constantly checking to make sure that the other is not cheating; each side constantly looking for ways to obtain dominance and exploitation by any possible means; each side willing to compromise only because of the threat of retaliation by the other side; each side willing to cooperate in a manner which involves a cost only if forced to do so by, e.g., the presence of external threat.
Clearly any type of cooperation which would involve true altruism toward the other group would not be expected. Thus the ideal situation of absolute equality would certainly require a great deal of monitoring and undoubtedly be characterized by a great deal of mutual suspicion. However, in the real world even this rather grim ideal is highly unlikely. In the real world, ethnic groups differ in their talents and abilities; they differ in their numbers, fertility, and the extent to which they encourage parenting practices conducive to resource acquisition; and they differ in the resources held at any point in time and in their political power. Equality or proportionate equity would be extremely difficult to attain, or to maintain after it has been achieved, without extraordinary levels of monitoring and without extremely intense social controls which would enforce ethnic quotas on the accumulation of wealth, admission to universities, obtaining high status jobs, etc.
Because of differing talents and abilities and differing parenting styles between ethnic groups, there would be a need to have different criteria for qualifying and retaining jobs depending on ethnic group membership. (Moreover, achieving parity between Jews and other ethnic groups would entail a very high level of discrimination against individual Jews for admission to universities or employment opportunities, and would even entail a large taxation on Jews in order to prevent the present Jewish advantage in the possession of wealth, since at present Jews are vastly over- represented among the wealthy and the successful in the United States (e.g., Ginsberg, 1994; Lipsett & Raab, 1995). Beginning in the 1920s, studies have repeatedly shown that Ashkenazi Jews have a full-scale IQ of approximately 117 and a verbal IQ in the range of 125 (see MacDonald, 1994 for a review). By 1988, Jews constituted about 40% of admissions to Ivy League colleges and Jewish income was at least double that of gentiles (Shapiro (1992, p. 116). SHAPIRO also SHOWS THAT JEWS ARE OVER REPRESENTED BY AT LEAST A FACTOR OF NINE ON INDEXES OF WEALTH, BUT THAT THIS IS A CONSERVATIVE ESTIMATE BECAUSE MUCH JEWISH WEALTH IS IN REAL ESTATE WHICH IS DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE AND EASY TO HIDE.
While constituting approximately 2.4% of the population of the United States, Jews represented one half of the top 100 Wall Street executives. Lipset and Raab (1995) note that Jews contribute between one-quarter and one-third of all political contributions in the United States, including one- half of Democratic Party contributions and one-fourth of Republican contributions. Indeed, many Jewish intellectuals (including neo-conservatives such as Daniel Bell, Sidney Hook, Irving Howe, Irving Kristol, Nathan Glazer, Norman Podhoretz, and Earl Raab) as well as Jewish organizations (including the ADL, the AJ COMMITTEE, and the AJ Congress) have been eloquent opponents of affirmative action and quota mechanisms for distributing resources (see Sachar 1992, p. 818ff))
In the real world, therefore, there would have to be extraordinary efforts made to attain this steady state of ethnic balance of power and resources. It is of great interest that the ideology of Jewish-gentile co-existence has sometimes included the idea that the different ethnic groups develop a similar occupational profile and (implicitly) control resources in proportion to their numbers. The dream of the German assimilationists during the nineteenth-century was that the occupational profile of the Jews after emancipation would be highly similar to that of the gentiles a utopian expectation...shared by many, Jews and non-Jews alike (Katz, 1986, p. 67).
Efforts were made to decrease the percentage of Jews involved in trade and increase the percentages involved in agriculture and artisanry. In the event, however, the result of emancipation was that Jews were vastly over represented among the economic and cultural elite of the society, and this over representation was a critical feature of German anti-Semitism from 1870-1933.
Similarly, during the 1920s plans were proposed in which each ethnic group received a percentage of placements at Harvard and other universities reflecting the percentage of racial and national groups in the United States. These plans certainly reflect the importance of ethnicity in human affairs, but surely a society based on this type of ethnic special interest is not one which a social engineer in the manner of Lycurgus, Moses, Plato, or the American Founding Fathers would design as a blueprint for an entire society. The levels of social tension are bound to be chronically high.
Moreover, there is a considerable chance that ethnic warfare would occur even if precise parity had been achieved via intensive social controls: as indicated above, it would always be in the interests of any ethnic group to obtain hegemony over the others. If one adopts a cultural pluralism model in which there is free competition for resources and reproductive success, differences between ethnic groups are inevitable, and history suggests that such differences would result in animosity from the groups that are losing out.
The Tutsi/Hutu struggle in Rwanda and its neighbors is only the latest of many tragic examples. Assuming that there are ethnic differences in talents and abilities, the supposition that ethnic separatism could be a stable situation without ethnic animosity requires either a balance of power situation maintained with powerful social controls, as described above, or it requires that at least some ethnic groups be unconcerned that they are losing in the competition.
I regard this last possibility as remote at best. The proposition that an ethnic group should or would be unconcerned with its own eclipse and domination is certainly not expected by any theoretical or ideological perspective of which I am aware. The present immigration policy essentially places America in play as an arena of ethnic competition in a sense which does not apply in the non-Western nations of the world where the implicit assumption is that territory is held by its historically-dominant people. Under present policies, each racial/ethnic group in the world is encouraged to press its interest in expanding its demographic and political presence in America and can be expected to do so if given the opportunity.
Contrary to policies they advocate for the United States, American Jews have had no interest at all in proposing that immigration to Israel should be similarly multi-ethnic or that Israel should have an immigration policy that would threaten the hegemony of Jews in Israel. Indeed, THE VERY DEEP ETHNIC CONFLICT WITHIN ISRAEL IS AN EXCELLENT EXAMPLE OF THE FAILURE OF MULTI-CULTURALISM. Similarly, while Jews have been on the forefront of movements to separate church and state in the United States and often protested lack of religious freedom in the Soviet Union, the control of religious affairs by the Orthodox in Israel has received only belated and half- hearted opposition by American Jewish organizations (Cohen, 1972, 317) and has not prevented the all-out support of Israel by American Jews, despite the fact that Israelís policy regarding immigration is quite the opposite of that of Western democracies.
At present the interests of non-European-derived peoples to expand demographically and politically in the United States are widely perceived as a moral imperative, while the attempts of the European-derived peoples to retain demographic, political, and cultural control are represented as racist and patently immoral. From the perspective of these European-derived peoples, the prescribed morality entails altruism and self-sacrifice, and it is unlikely to be viable in the long run.
And, as we have seen, the viability of such a morality of self-sacrifice is especially problematic in the context of a multi-cultural society in which everyone is highly conscious of group membership and there is between-group competition for resources. Although the success of the anti-restrictionist effort is an indication that people can be induced to be altruistic toward other groups, I rather doubt such altruism will continue to occur if there are obvious signs that the status and political power of the European-derived group is decreasing while the power of other groups increases as a result of immigration and other social policies.
The prediction, both on common sense grounds and on the basis of psychological research on social identity process (e.g., Hogg & Abrams, 1987), is that as other groups become increasingly powerful and salient in a multi-cultural society, the European-derived peoples of the United States will become increasingly unified and that contemporary divisive influences among the European-derived peoples of the United States (e.g., issues related to gender and sexual orientation; social class differences; religious differences) will be increasingly perceived as unimportant.
Eventually these groups will develop greater cohesion and a sense of common interest in their interactions with the other ethnic groups with profound consequences on the future history of America and the West.
Captain Michael Fielding, speech before Public Affairs Luncheon Club, Dallas, Texas, March 19, 1951. | <urn:uuid:fb884f56-50f2-43df-bc04-cb2d93f6024f> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://israelect.com/reference/WillieMartin/Immigration%20%5BA%5D.htm | 2017-07-25T16:56:36Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425339.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725162520-20170725182520-00516.warc.gz | en | 0.956546 | 36,750 |
Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) Analysis by Nondenaturing PAGE
|Author: B.R. Yadav and D.S. Kale|
|Affiliation: Livestock Genome Analysis Laboratory (DCB Division), National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal-132001, Haryana, India. Email: [email protected] & [email protected]|
|Date Added: Mon Feb 02 2009|
|Date Modified: Mon Feb 02 2009|
|Abstract: This protocol, with brief principle and procedure can be informative and useful for molecular biology researchers working on genetic polymorphism analysis of QTLs such as Leptin, STAT5A, DGAT and Butyrophilin candidate genes using SSCP technique.|
Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique is a simple and efficient means to detect any small alteration in PCR-amplified product. It is based on the assumption that subtle nucleic acid change affects the migration of single-stranded DNA fragment and, therefore, results in visible mobility shifts across a nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel (Orita et al., 1989). Polyacrylamide gel is used for analysis of DNA with specialized buffer systems and without urea. In nondenaturing PAGE the components used to synthesize matrix are acrylamide monomers, N, N-methylene bisacrylamide (Bis), ammonium persulphate (APS) and N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylenediamine (TEMED). Ammonium persulphate (APS) when dissolved in water generates free radicals, which activate acrylamide monomers inducing them to react with other acrylamide molecules forming long chains. These chains cross-linked with Bis.TEMED act as catalyst for gel formation because of its ability to exist in free radical form. The acrylamide and bisacrylamide is used in 49:1 ratio using autoclaved HPLC water added to make 100 ml volume. This 49:1 acrylamide-bisacrylamide solution is dissolved completely using magnetic stirrer and kept it in refrigerator till used.
Preparation of SSCP Gel
The percentage of gels used for SSCP analysis varies from 8-20 percent but most of the primers were optimized with good results in 12% PAGE solution.
Composition of 12% nondenaturing PAGE Solution (For 100 ml)
Component Volume 50% Acrylamide-bisacrylamide 24 ml 10 X TBE 5 ml Glycerol 10 ml Autoclaved HPLC water 61 ml
The gel mixture is kept dissolved completely and stored at -20°C till it is used.
The PCR-SSCP procedure includes following steps viz; PCR amplification of the gene fragments, resolution in nondenaturing PAGE and visualization using silver staining. PCR conditions are optimised for PCR-SSCP by testing a number of variables such as concentration of DNA, Taq polymerase, dNTPs, MgCl2 and temperature profile. The PCR amplification protocol for all the SSCP primers used is same except the annealing temperature, which varies between primers.
- The Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism analysis of amplified gene fragments is carried out using Bio-Rad Protein II xi Cell vertical gel electrophoresis unit (Bio-Rad laboratories). The two glass plates are washed thoroughly using tap water with detergent and rinsed initially under running tap water till no remains of detergent are left. The plates are wiped two times with tissue paper soaked in distilled water first, 70 percent alcohol and then air-dried. The similar thorough cleaning treatment is given to spacers and comb to ensure proper alignment of 20 cm glass plates.
- The gel sandwich is assembled on a clean surface laying down the long rectangular plate first, then two spacers of equal thickness along the long edges of plate and the short plate is placed on the rectangular plate. The two glass plates with spacers between them are fitted well with proper alignment by tightening the bulldog clamps. The sandwiched gel plates are fitted in the stand with screw clamps. The cleaned comb (20 wells) is inserted from the topside of the gel sandwich and immediately bulldog clamps are applied over the plates containing comb to create sharp wells.
- The bottom side of the gel sandwich is sealed using 10 ml of 12% gel mix. The gel sandwich is kept in slanting position and the solution mixed with 50 µl APS and 20 µl TEMED is injected between the two glass plates using syringe fitted with 10 µl tip and allowed to polymerize for 10 minutes.
- After polymerisation the assembled gel sandwich is placed in alignment slot of casting stand. The 12% native PAGE gel mix (25 ml) is prepared by adding APS (100 ul) and TEMED (40 µl) at a time and mixed well. This gel mix is filled from upper side of gel sandwich using syringe smoothly without any bubble and clamps are immediately applied over the comb to ensure sharp wells. The gel is kept undisturbed at least 45 minutes for polymerisation.
- After polymerisation the comb is removed and wells are flushed with 0.5X buffer. The gel sandwich is placed in electrophoresis tank with notched plate facing towards the buffer reservoir. The reservoir of the electrophoresis tank is filled with 0.5X TBE and the gel is given pre-run at 200 volts at constant temperature for minimum 45 minutes. Ice cooled water circulation with electric pump is applied to central cooling core of assembly to maintain constant temperature.
- About 4 µl PCR product and 12 µl of a formamide dye is prepared in PCR tube and denatured at 95°C for 10 minutes in the Biometra PCR machine. After denaturation the samples are immediately kept in ice-chilled box and kept in -20°C deep freeze for 10 minutes.
- After completion of pre-run the wells are flushed again using buffer. The samples are loaded on a nondenaturing 12% acry1amide: bis-acrylamide (49:l) gel with gel loading tip and immediately electrophoresis is performed in 0.5 X Tris borate (pH 8.3)-EDTA buffer at 10-12.5 volts/cm for 3-24 hr at room temperature depending on the optimised conditions for each primer.
- After completion of the electrophoresis for required time the glass plates are removed from the assembly. There after gel is subjected to silver staining to visualize SSCP band patterns.
- In order to stain the gel it is immersed in a tray of appropriate size filled with 10% acetic acid (500ml) for at least 30 minutes for fixing DNA bands in gel so as to prevent diffusion of the DNA bands (Care has to be taken so that gel remains dipped well in solution). The gel is agitated slowly for 30 minutes or until the tracking dye is no longer visible.
- The acetic acid is decanted and 500 ml of distilled water is poured in the tray and rinsed thoroughly by placing the tray on oscillatory automatic shaker for 20 minutes.
- Meanwhile 500 ml of 0.1% silver nitrate solution is prepared in amber color bottle and 750 µl of 37% formaldehyde is added and mixed. Distilled water is gently decanted from tray. The gel is stained for 45 minutes in silver nitrate solution with constant shaking in a dark room or covering the tray with black cloth.
- Then the gel is rinsed briefly for 25 seconds in distilled water.
- Working quickly distilled water is decanted from the tray. The freshly prepared and chilled 3% sodium carbonate solution (3% Na2CO3 and 750µl of 37% formaldehyde + 1% sodium thiosulfate) is transferred to the tray. The gel is kept immersed until bands get developed sharply.
- The gel is given 10 percent acetic acid (stop solution) treatment for 10 minutes. Then 500 ml distilled water is added to tray.
- The gel is transferred gently on the transparency; excess water is soaked with tissue paper, and air dried for half an hour.
The silver stained gel is kept on transilluminator and SSCP variants are recorded. Then gel is labeled and scanned for computer image analysis and documentation. | <urn:uuid:77b3d663-36a8-47ee-be1e-f13124ffadac> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.protocol-online.org/prot/Protocols/Single-Strand-Conformation-Polymorphism--SSCP--Analysis-by-Nondenaturing-PAGE-3468.html | 2015-09-05T07:56:04Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645396463.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031636-00295-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891873 | 1,776 |
qi deficiency anaemia, nails without half moon, the skin is dark yellow, thick black rim of the eye, this situation is common in women.Medicine is called qi deficiency.As the saying goes, is handsome of blood gas, blood is the mother of gas.Only the qi and blood are complement, can show young, or not.
11 body performance, to determine blood insufficient
some white looks cloudy, yellowing, bloodshot and is a sign of lack of qi and blood.2 skin
the skin is dark yellow, white, and blue, but slept a black rim of the eye is very heavy, lack of qi and blood.Three hair
dry hair, hair loss, hair yellow, white, open fork are lack of qi and blood.
the child's ears look stiff and shape deformation, adult ear bleak, spots and wrinkles, suggests that is lack of qi and blood.
5 hand temperature
some people's hands and feet cold seasons, always sweating palms, is also a lack of qi and blood.
finger point to an abdomen flat thin, weak, or fingers, on behalf of qi and blood deficiency.7 the veins stood out
see the veins stood out on the adults of the index finger, that bad digestion as a child.Such people constitution, qi two losses.If see the veins stood out on the little finger, kidney deficiency.
8 nails on the half moon
if there is no moon or finger only have half moon that cold inside human body weight on the thumb, poor circulation function, insufficiency of qi and blood.
9 on fingernail streaking
adult fingernails appear on the streaking, must be vigilant, this suggests that the body blood two kui, appeared overdraw, is the symbol of ageing.
adult gingival recession on behalf of qi and blood deficiency, as long as find teeth gap bigger, food is more and more easy to plug in the teeth, pay attention to is about to begin.11 sleep
trouble falling asleep, easily frightened easily wake up, nocturia, deep breathing or people who snore are anaemia.12 sports
if chest tightness, shortness of breath and fatigue when motion is difficult to restore the situation, lack of qi and blood.
how qi deficiency?The most important.
prescription: three red walnut powder
: red jujube, red rice, red bean, walnut kernel and a half, the red jujube, red rice, red beans after cold water soak for one hour, wash into the pot, add water and walnuts, cook for two hours, drinking, after the pot, one dose a day.(be sure to watch the recipe online purchase).
toning effect: red jujube has its reputation as the "natural vitamin pill", have nourish Yin Yang, the effect of blood;Red rice are rich in iron, used to blood and prevent anemia;Red bean has a lack of fluid, the effect of clearing damp yiqi, is rich in blood and iron;Walnut can invigorate the circulation of regulate the menstrual function, remove stasis gave birth to a new, help regulate blood stasis, have the effect that regulate menstruation
reference: "cold-induced febride
the benefits of the diet is, can cure at the same time also will not bring any side effects.No matter how busy, keep 2-3 times a week movement, proactive, often do not stay up late, in general, half a month can make the blood supplement. | <urn:uuid:89be3404-540a-4c1e-8e0a-81e35f6c8e60> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.aiainews.com/health/2017/04/13/57869.html | 2017-06-27T19:08:14Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321536.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627185115-20170627205115-00187.warc.gz | en | 0.928915 | 745 |
A wandering albatross just soared by my porthole. I am in the Southern Ocean, traveling between Antarctica and South America.
Before the bird startled me, I was reading Thies Matzen and Kicki Ericson’s beautiful book about the two years they spent on South Georgia Island, moving from bay to bay in their small wooden sailboat.
Small wooden sailboat. In bays and fjords that freeze over in winter, in the long dark of howling weather, along a coast with no backup plan. No bluster to their stories. No swagger or machismo. From 2009 to 2011 they were surprised and humbled and charmed and terrified by penguins and glaciers and leopard seals and storms and solitude. For them, the vast, raw place was made of intimate moments. Tenderness, even. America, I want all of us to know wild places in this way.
I’ve spent the last month working as a naturalist on a ship that spends the Austral summer taking tourists to the Antarctic. When I joined the expedition, we left Ushuaia, at the tip of South America, crossed the Drake, prowled a few bays and shores of the Antarctic Peninsula on foot and by Zodiac, returned, headed east toward the Falkland Islands and South Georgia, and are now sailing southwest to the Peninsula again.
The boat will do variations of this route all season, carrying visitors from America, Australia, China, India, Europe, and elsewhere, all of whom have found a way to get here, to this longed-for, difficult, leader-less continent set aside in 1959 “for peaceful purposes only” as a space for “scientific investigation . . . and cooperation toward that end.”
In their epilogue, Thies and Kicki write about the phenomenal recovery of South Georgia after industrial whaling sputtered and the island was abandoned by people. Tussac grass returned to trompled hillsides. Skies cleared of blubber-smoke. Fur seals rebounded from near extinction.
Solitude was part of the balm. But so was the hard work of people who began to pull back the harm done: introduced rats and reindeer, asbestos in the ruining buildings. The restoration of that place is working and it is not working. Certain things are healing, but other harms encroach. America, recovery is more complicated and more simple than we know.
At home on Cape Cod, I have been tracking the decades-long recovery of the gray seal population. Some think their return is not restoration but ruination of what we came to know in their absence. Some want to start killing them again. I don’t agree, but I’m interested in the different places our understandings come from. Where do we source our information and how do we scrape down to the truth? How are we going to agree and make a plan to move forward, America, on this one subject in our own crowded, conflicted, contradictory, not-wholly-known land? There are so many subjects about which we are asking these questions.
In Antarctica the ocean today feels the same as it did five years ago, the last time I worked in these waters. The same birds soar above the waves, tipping their wings. My wonder is greater upon returning. My knowledge of the threats they face: greater too.
America, some of you have asked, but I can’t say that I see the effects of climate change here firsthand. There are differences, but are they moments or trends? I started looking too late. I haven’t looked long enough. But that doesn’t mean I don’t believe the scientific papers about warming oceans, rising seas, acidification, changing weather. It doesn’t mean I don’t fear the consequences.
Now I am headed home. Back to grocery shopping and teaching and bills. Back to neighbors and their conflicting yard signs. I’ve been keeping up with the news in small doses. I’ve been plotting my course.
Thies and Kicki navigated to South Georgia from the Falklands without a GPS or sat phone, a distance of 967 miles. They brought books and apples. They were cautious and experienced. Time slowed for them. We also need time to plan wisely, to wait out storms, to take a broad view and allow contradictions to have their space.
Was it an escape to come to the cold, hard edge of the world? Did I flee? Did Thies and Kicki? Maybe, but I have to believe that we return to our homes changed and strengthened. Better able to make new connections and see from new perspectives. Maybe even better at slowing time.
America, how do we care for what is far from us as well as what is near? How do we acknowledge the legacy of a plastic-wrapped sandwich or throwaway keychain? How do we account for the hidden costs of our phones, tablets, laptops? I embody so many of our modern, American contradictions: my environmentalism and my 120 mile commute, my certainty that wild spaces are necessary and my chugging toward them in a diesel-powered boat, my love of diverse community and my home in a largely white township.
On this ship, among the crew, Americans are in the minority. As a crew we are Filipino, Indian, South African, Bulgarian, Austrian, Chinese, New Zealander, Latvian, Irish, Columbian, and more. There are fissures between us. Bigotries. But also a sense of the interdependence we share aboard the ship.
But then, one fragile hull holds us all, doesn’t it, America?
Endless gratitude to Luke Kenny, shipmate extraordinaire, for lending me his beautiful signed and trash-bag-wrapped copy of Thies and Kicki’s book: Antarktische Wildnis: Südgeorgien, Thies Matzen and Kicki Ericson, Mare Verlag Gmbh, 2014, ISBN 978-3-86648-246-3 (in German, with an inset of selections translated into Chinese and English).
Read “Toward Antarctica: Haibun and Photographs” and a guest editorial, “Words and Art on the Streets, Stalls, Walls… and Buses,” by Elizabeth Bradfield, also appearing in Terrain.org.
Header photo of albatross by Elizabeth Bradfield. Photo of Elizabeth Bradfield by Lisa Sette. | <urn:uuid:27e4c8c6-5e20-43d2-b6d3-815389e5a3d1> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.terrain.org/2017/guest-editorial/letter-to-america-bradfield/ | 2017-05-27T10:05:44Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608936.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527094439-20170527114439-00206.warc.gz | en | 0.947431 | 1,363 |
Four important questions before you proceed with playing this list.
- Do you love music from the 70s and 80s?
- Was Minneapolis the place to be in 1984?
- Did you have a Jheri curl in the 80s?
- Do you agree with the following statement: true funk cannot be contained in 3 minutes.
If you answered “yes” to 3 out 4 of these questions, then proceed (with caution). Anchored in core funk pieces, this playlist is perfect for family functions, cleaning up around the house, and to perk up the mood around the office. Enjoy!
Three reasons NOT to watch this show when it premieres in January.
1. We are introduced to Meagan Good‘s character on the show, Joanna, who is a police officer as she’s on a bust. She kicks the door down on this house where there is supposedly some illegal activity happening, but all I see is impoverished looking Black people. She comes through the door with her gun cocked to the side… What is that? And we are supposed to believe that she’s qualified to do undercover work. The only time we see her doing police work is when she’s the first boot in the door on a drug bust, and then she punches some chick in the face. Who wrote that?
2. She supposed to be a cop and they have the nerve to style her with long weave all down her back. What lady cop you know with long flowing, perfectly manicured tracks? Sandra Bullock from Miss Congeniality? She doesn’t look like a cop; she looks like Meagan Good.
3. Lastly, her crying job after finding out her best friend got murdered was a mess. She was wiping tears like she had something to do after this so she can’t be messing up this good make-up.
I wish it were good. Meagan Good on prime time television could be really help to diversify the mostly white that’s on television. Like Kerry Washington on Scandal, should could really help to change the game for Black women in film and television. Unfortunately, this show is looking like it might end up in that place where failed t.v. shows go because of some very sloppy story telling.
Last night, friends and I got together to celebrate the brief visit of one of our own. We talked about the most relevant topic of the day of course: the tragedy at the Newton, CT elementary school. We all agreed that “our right to bear arms” in this country is antiquated. With the “arms” of the past, one had to get up close and personal, you had to think long and hard about whether or not you would use your one musket shot to kill that particular person. You had to walk up to a person and stab them. Now? People can spray a semi- or fully-automatic weapon indiscriminately and be sure to hit someone. We have become too desensitized to gun violence in this country. We have made being able to kill someone, a right. We were all animated and upset by the incident, many of us working with children, or in schools, or with underserved populations–but we ended the conversation on as light a note as we could muster in light of such tragedy. We agreed that the only kinds of guns that people should be allowed to have are antique, single shot, revolvers, and muskets. That way, you have to think about every bullet going into the chamber, and everyone coming out. Notice in the video below, how many steps he has to go through to fire one bullet.
Semi-automatic and automatic rifles should be seen for what they are: weapons of mass destruction. | <urn:uuid:31de9377-94c2-48cc-a5f1-8d4e1ffbf67d> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://thedoctorlane.com/2012/12/ | 2018-01-21T04:31:18Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890187.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121040927-20180121060927-00655.warc.gz | en | 0.978943 | 779 |
Engineering Ambassadors Network
The Engineering Ambassadors Network is a diverse group of engineering students united under one common goal: to communicate what engineers do to middle and high school students (see film on the right). Composed of undergraduate engineers from more than 25 colleges around the world, the Engineering Ambassadors Network trains these engineering students to give effective outreach presentations in high schools and middle schools (see photo of training workshop on the right). At the heart of this communication training is the assertion-evidence approach. The Engineering Ambassadors Network has been influential in bringing the assertion-evidence approach not only to the 25 colleges of the Network, but to companies, laboratories, and universities that Engineering Ambassador alumni have begun their careers.
Simula Research Laboratory
Simula Research Laboratory has been instrumental in spreading the assertion-evidence approach to graduate students throughout Norway. Simula has done so through sponsoring an annual graduate course with the University of Oslo on communicating research. Twice, Simula has found funding to make this course a national graduate course for Norway (see photo on the right from 2016 course), with graduate students attending not only from the University of Oslo, but also from Bergen, Stavanger, Tromso, and Trondheim. At Simula itself, the assertion-evidence approach is the most common approach used for scientific presentations, hanving been championed there by Are Magnus Bruaset and the late Hans Petter Langtangen.
Cornell University promotes the assertion-evidence model, along with the use of archival notes, through its Engineering Communications Program. In undergraduate courses such as Engineering Communication, Communication for Engineering Managers, Communication for Mechanical Engineering Design, and Computer-Aided Engineering: Applications to Biomedical Process, this presentation method is a cornerstone. Also, groups that are combining engineering and social justice work, such as Engineers Without Borders and AguaClara (see photo on right), use these methods to better teach each other, their organizations, and their clients about their designs and on-site projects. Undergraduates who return from internships and co-ops report high success rates using this method at their companies, and graduate students and post-docs tell us that their conference talks are stronger, better received, and more energized.
University of Wisconsin-Madison
The assertion-evidence method is taught extensively in the University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Engineering’s communication courses at the graduate and undergraduate level. The method is taught in more than seven online graduate Masters and capstone certificate programs offered through the Department of Engineering Professional Development. Professional students from these programs have used the method to achieve significant notice in their organizations. These organizations include GE Healthcare, John Deere, Harley Davidson, Ocean Spray, 3M, and Mercury Marine.
Utree, which stands for Undergraduate Research and Teaching Experiences in Engineering, is a group of undergraduate engineering scholars who have strong presentation skills. Supported by the Leonhard Center at Penn State, he mission of this organization is to raise the level of engineering and scientific presentations through classes, workshops, and speaking contests (see photo on right). At the core of this group's teaching is the assertion-evidence approach. Through its undergraduate teaching, the organization teaches the assertion-evidence approach to hundreds of undergraduate engineers each semester at Penn State. Through its graduate student workshops, the organization has helped spread the assertion-evidence approach to Penn State Hershey, Northeastern, the University of Pittsburgh, and Shanghai Jiao Tong University.
Pennsylvania State University
Penn State teaches the assertion-evidence approach in a number of different courses. For instance, each semester, about 300 engineering undergraduates learn the approach in special sections of a speech course--these special section target engineering undergraduates. This course is supported by the Leonhard Center with funds for undergraduate teaching assistants and a speaking contest (see photo on the right). In addition, every mechanical engineering student learns the approach in a required junior-level design course and then applies the approach again in senior design. Moreover, several smaller courses in engineering and science also require the course. | <urn:uuid:8401f1bc-1772-4561-a4a6-17e1d8c6b860> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.assertion-evidence.com/partners.html | 2020-07-02T16:15:21Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655879532.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200702142549-20200702172549-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.940324 | 820 |
The British scholar Norman Mosley Penzer was afforded a rare personal tour of the Turkish palace known as the Grand Seraglio. His 1936 book, "The Harem", provides long descriptions of the palace's layout with some black-and-white photographs of the building, and is also notable for its historical description of the eunuch servants during the time of the sultans.
By the time of Penzer's study in the early twentieth century, the Ottoman Empire had already fallen, yet the palace's secrecy was still guarded. He complained that "there has always been the greatest difficulty in obtaining photographs, and in the 1933 guide-book it is very definitely stated more than once that no cameras are allowed past the entrance gate, and no photographs whatever may be taken." He did, however, manage to take photographs from a parapet on the Divan Tower.
Penzer's chapter "Previous Accounts of the Seraglio" credits the work of travelers Nicolas de Nicolay (1551), Domenico Hierosolimitano (1580s), Thomas Dallam (1599), Ottaviano Bon (1604-7), Edmund Chishull (1701), Aubry de la Motraye (1699-1714) and Jean-Claude Flachat (1740-55).
Most of the information on eunuchs is consolidated in a chapter called "The Black Eunuchs." He found only these source works "entirely devoted" to eunuchs: "Eunuchi Nati, Facti, Mystici" by Joannes Heribertus (1655); "Eunuchi Conjugium" by Hieronymus Delphinus (1666); "Eunuchism Display'd" by Charles Ancillon (1707); and "Les Eunuques À Travers Les Âges" by Richard Millant (1908).
Here he mentions a colleague, E. D. Cumming, who had a work in progress. Edward Dilworth Cumming was born in 1901 to Lucy Kittredge and the law professor George Miller Cumming who were both from prominent families. He grew up on the outskirts of New York City. He attended Harvard University for one year and Columbia University for a year and a half, after which he was inconsistently employed with private schools and an engineering firm. (He did not, as Penzer assumed, have a doctoral degree. It seems that Penzer knew him only slightly through mail correspondence.) Although he was well traveled, he primarily lived at home with his parents and sister, and he committed suicide at age 39 without ever having completed or published his manuscript. The manuscript was donated to the New York Academy of Medicine in 1943, and today, it can be accessed in NYAM's rare books collection as 19 loose-leaf binders of handwritten pages, plus numerous small boxes of hand-copied quotations from over 1200 sources, mainly in English, French, and German.
Penzer mentions the work of another colleague, "The Eunuch in Society," by H. R. M. Chamberlain. Penzer previously named this 1927 work in his notes on "The Ocean of Story", and he indicated in "The Harem" that, as of 1936, he believed it had not yet been published. The author was Herbert Roy Maslen Chamberlain (known as "Roy"), an officer in the First World War, a graduate of the London School of Economics, a university lecturer, and an avid stamp collector who was about the same age as Penzer. The manuscript was privately printed shortly before the author ceased his studies at LSE. It appears that LSE never received the anticipated copy of Chamberlain's masters thesis on the slave trade (nor did they give him the masters degree), and today, they do not have a copy of "The Eunuch in Society," either. Chamberlain did not have children and died in 1961. He left his personal effects to his second wife, who died without leaving a will. The volumes in Penzer's personal library might have been sold through Charles J. Sawyer Books in London, with which he had a publishing relationship and which sold his personal correspondence a decade after his death, but the last proprietor of that family business died in 2012. The manuscript is therefore lost.
Other citations include A. H. Lybyer's "The Government of the Ottoman Empire in the Time of Suleiman the Magnificent" (1913) and Barnette Miller's "Beyond the Sublime Porte" (1931).
Penzer's history suggests (following the historian Ammianus Marcellinus) that the Assyrian queen Sammuramat, mythologized as "Semiramis," was one of the earliest royals to employ eunuchs during her rule from 811-808 BCE. The Persian king Cyrus, who conquered Babylon in 538 BCE, also had eunuch servants.
The Roman emperor Domitian's ban on eunuchs in the first century did not prevent their subsequent popularity in the Byzantine empire. While Constantinople was under Byzantine rule, the system of keeping women veiled and secluded in a palace guarded by eunuchs thrived. By the time the city was conquered in 1453 by the Turks, the Turks embraced these customs, too, despite the Koran's ban on eunuchs. The eunuchs had their own mosque, "built after the great fire of 1665 and containing much fine faience work with interesting marble tablets recording gifts of various eunuchs towards the upkeep and beautifying of the rooms."
The Turks used white eunuchs from Georgia and Circassia in the early 15th century and added black eunuchs from Abyssinia and Sudan in the late 15th century. These servants were segregated: "No white eunuchs are allowed to visit their black brethren in any circumstances whatever."
Penzer expresses his revulsion of this gender. He refers to eunuchs as "unproductive, sterile, unnatural, and altogether unwholesome member[s] of society." While they were once a "necessary evil" to keep up the harem, in modern times they are no longer needed and "alone they seem rightly to belong" within the pages of "Arabian Nights" fairy tales. He managed to meet only "two, or possibly three, of these strange beings" while in Turkey.
In a very strange paragraph, he describes their lack of body hair, "feminine" voices, excess weight, wrinkled skin, eye and bladder weakness, and memory and sleep problems, to which he adds odd stereotypes including a fondness for sweets, the color red, and African drums, an intolerance and "no liking" for alcohol, and greedy natures. His racist conclusion: "They unite the small brain of the negro with the childish imagination of the ignorant Oriental. Consequently they believe the wildest stories, and once an idea has entered their minds nothing can change it."
Two passages in the book contradict this paragraph: First, Tavernier's report that alcohol was often smuggled in as a bribe for eunuchs, whereas Penzer says elsewhere that alcohol was distasteful to them, and second, another writer's claim that the white eunuchs were "like mummified old women...for the most part, very thin and shrivelled," whereas Penzer said elsewhere that the eunuchs were obese. Penzer does not seem aware of these contradictions in his reporting.
In subsequent pages, outside of the chapter on the black eunuchs, Penzer tells how the seventeeth-century Sultan Ibrahim drowned his entire harem so that he could entertain himself by getting a new one, and in such situations the Kislar Agha (the chief black eunuch) was typically the overseer of the execution process, handing the condemned women over to the Bostanji-bashi (head gardener) who would tie them in sacks and row them to open water. He also retells a story reported by Paul Rycaut in which Sultan Ibrahim adored the Kislar Agha's adopted infant son, born of a supposed virgin the Kislar Agha had purchased who proved to be already pregnant. Ibrahim's interest in the child caused tension with the mother of Ibrahim's biological infant son. The Kislar Agha attempted to retire quietly to Egypt, via a pilgrimage to Mecca, to avoid the family conflict, but was killed on his ship by the Maltese. Ibrahim took revenge on Malta. It turned into a twenty-year war – all precipitated by the eunuch's adoption of a child!
Penzer ends with Flachat's report of how the Sultan would throw a handkerchief at the harem girl he most desired that night and the Kislar Agha would facilitate private time for them. Although much of Penzer's information is drawn from the reports of other travelers, this accessible book has had a wide cultural influence on others writing about the eunuchs in the Turkish harem.
Originally posted to Helium Network on Feb. 19, 2012. | <urn:uuid:d9213c5a-9dab-4840-a5ea-d5c85324ed47> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://disruptivedissertation.blogspot.com/2014/12/penzers-report-on-eunuchs-in-turkish.html | 2019-10-21T01:31:46Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987750110.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020233245-20191021020745-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.975414 | 1,869 |
It's Ask Away Friday again and my second week returning to my favorite link up. If you're not familiar with it, Ask Away Friday was created by my girl Penny from The Real Housewife of Caroline County and is a weekly thang where bloggers get to know each other through swapping 10 questions which we post for all to see. If you'd like to see some of the other participants, swing by and visit our lovely hosts to check out the links to all the Ask Away Friday Partcipants at:
I'm especially excited this week to be partnering with my very first blogger buddy, Tiffany at MrsTeehLoveLifeLaughter.com. Tiffany and I met during my first week exploring the world of blogging in a SITs Girls forum. Since then we have been part of the same blogging circle, video chatted, co-hosted blog hops, and been co-administrators of a fast growing Facebook page for Newbie Bloggers. I feel like we are truly friends with or without the computer screen between us, and her friendship has meant a lot to me (love ya Tiff!)
SO- here are the 10 awesome questions she asked me, and when you're done make sure to stop by and check out how she answered my questions.
I am actually using a bit of my lunch time at work to get a few questions answered, so I am surrounded by "teacher stuff." So- we have my coffee mug. It was a gift from a friend and it has owls on it, which I love, and it also happens to be our school mascot. I also have a little Frida Kahlo sugar skull that my good friend and co-worker made for me while we were cooperating on a Dia de los Muertos lesson for our 6th graders this year. Lastly, there are pictures of my family and best friends that make me smile every day.
Describe yourself if you were a color. What color would you be and why?Wow this is a tough one. I don't know if I can pick just one color! Ok, it would have to be purple. I've just always very deeply loved the color. Specifically a rich, deep, more bluish than red-ish, purple. It's funny because nothing in my house is purple, I don't often wear the color, but I just think it's beautiful. You know my daughter's name is Violet too, which was actually a choice made separately from my love for the color family. I think it sums up my personality too because it's feminine, but not as distinctively girly as pink. It's a deep color, and vibrant, but in a understated way and I can relate to that.
If you could have any Art/Craft supply with no care to cost what would it be?
Hmmm...I would really love to have all the materials necessary for a glass studio. I only have basic working knowledge of what it all entails beyond a hunk of money, lots of space, and proper ventilation and safety precautions, but I think it would be pretty cool to have a studio space devoted to it.
When is the last time you went shopping just for you? What did you buy?
We went to Old Navy the other day with the intention of picking out some winter clothes for Violet (and eventually Ruby.) I have a shopping problem so it's very hard for me to resist when I fall in love with something in a store, BUT I saw this sweater that was just perfection. It wasn't a shopping trip made just for me, but it was something that was purchased just because I loved it. It wasn't bought for practicality or necessity.
Who's your current celebrity crush?I have a bunch that are my staples. Ryan Reynolds is my all-time fave and I just can't see anyone taking his place for me, but I also love Chris Hemsworth who was recently names sexiest man alive apparently. Then there's James McAvoy, who doesn't really follow suit with Ryan and Chris, but I just love the character he plays in so many of his movies, especially Becoming Jane and Penelope. So yeah, those 3 are my "go tos" BUT currently I am obsessed with Hook from Once Upon a Time (Colin O'Donoghue) and am falling back in love with Scott Foley thanks to Scandal. We have a history Scott and me. I've loved him since he was Nole Crane in Felicity, so I'm really excited to be watching him kill it in another show.
|Collage of hotness: image 1, image 2, image 3, image 4, image 5|
Flats, Sneakers or Boots?
I'm not a sneakers person AT ALL. I have one pair and I don't really like to wear them. I know I should, and if (and this is a rare if) I'm working out, something else I know I should do more, I wear them. I love a good boot in the fall and winter though, and when I'm not wearing those I have on my Minnetonka Moccasins or flip flops in the summer.
Thanksgiving is next week. When do you start cooking: the night before or morning of?Ummm... <sheepish smile> I don't. I pretty much don't really cook in general sooo...yeah. But I'm pretty sure my mom starts cooking a bit the night before. I did make the mashed potatoes last year though. This year we are handling desserts and I was thinking I'd try and fun cranberry dish...Still looking for a recipe though!
What was your most memorable Thanksgiving and why?
I really miss some of the traditions of yesteryear. Like back in college when we all would gather at the local pub on Thanksgiving eve for mini high school reunion. It was so much fun running in to people you haven't seen in a long time. It would get packed, like line out the door packed, but it was always a great time. Most of all though, I miss the tradition I used to do with a small group of some of my best friends. It started in 2002 when we all lived together at Rutgers University. We would all go to our respective homes and do our family Thanksgiving, usually having an early dinner. Then later on when we all got home, we'd bust out the leftovers from all the different meals and eat all over again. It was always accompanied by lots of laughs and some booze, and as the years went on we would look forward to certain dishes. We continued this for years after college and I think the last one we had was 4 or more years ago. Sadly, many of us live far away and/or have families and for now it makes things a little harder, but I'm sure we'll do it again some day. Still, I miss it a lot. Here's a pic the night of our leftovers night from 2006:
I know we both love music. If you could pick one song to be the theme to the TV show based on your life what would it be?
It would have to be "Follow Your Arrow" by Kacie Musgraves. I love the song and I truly believe in the message.
Would you rather lose your sense of smell or taste? Why?Definitely smell. I have a friend who doesn't have sense of smell (it's actually more common than you'd think) she was born that way and gets along just fine without it, but taste? No way. I love food. Not being able to taste it is torture. I've lost my sense of taste before temporarily when I've had a bad cold and it is the worst.
That's that! Don't forget to stop b y MrsTeeLoveLifeLaughter.comMrsTeeLoveLifeLaughter.com to check out Tiffany's answers to my questions and all the great bloggers we have participating in this week's Ask Away Friday. See you next week! Have a Happy Thanksgiving!! | <urn:uuid:b5a84db5-53a6-4381-b026-cbca8cdef685> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.thepatchworkpaisley.com/ | 2015-01-26T08:21:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115860608.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161100-00179-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981154 | 1,653 |
Yes I'm sure everyone is sick of me now but I leave next week for my Culinary Adventure but I'm still hesitate on one day.
Friday- Lunch at Per Se
Saturday- Brunch at Prune, Dinner at Le Bernardin
Sunday-Breakfast at Bouchon Bakery, Dinner at WD-50
Monday- Lunch at Jean George, Dinner at Eleven Madison Park
Tuesday-Lunch at Sushi Yasuda, Dinner at Eithier Veritas or Adour or Gilt
Wednesday- Lunch at Gramery Tavern.
Now Tuesday is my biggest decision. I keep reading nothing but amazing reviews about Veritas and Gilt and I've always wanted to try Alain Ducasse cooking. One option I have is to skip EMP since I've already got GT on my list and do Adour Monday and Veritas Tuesday. Please help chowhounds! | <urn:uuid:6879536b-6be6-4bf5-9918-4016fecb5ef7> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.chowhound.com/post/culinary-fantasy-trip-week-586170 | 2016-05-03T16:34:14Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121618.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00161-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947841 | 181 |
I posted the Dave Berg parody a few months ago, but here's the whole article it comes from. NATIONAL LAMPOON started out like an adult MAD since they had almost the same audience at the beginning. It didn't help that they started out making things “funny” and their first issue had a mascot. When they hired Michael Gross as art director, he knew their parodies worked better if they resembled the real thing. Then when he left and most of the original staff left and Nixon resigned, they became less relevant or funny. Right-wing pundit P.J. O'Rourke took over and made it cohesive again but also helped turn it into the titty mag most people know it as. By then it was run by cokeheads instead of potheads.
When they were at their prime and found their own voice, they did this parody of MAD. A lot of the people behind this eventually worked for them or had worked for them in the past. This was part of their Back-to-School issue in October 1971.
They were in the same building as Marvel Comics and hired lots of their artists, who never did anything for them again. Maybe they were never paid, since owner Matty Simmons was notorious for doing that to one-time artists.
Harvey Kurtzman was a mentor to the founders of NATIONAL LAMPOON, though he didn't return the favor, not getting their brand of humor.
Comedian Live Tweets Hilariously Horrendous Flight With Worst Passenger Ever - The real wonder in all this is how he pulls it off. Just the kind of crazy travel story you'd expect to see coming from Spirit Airlines corner.
21 minutes ago | <urn:uuid:6612ed99-0bb4-4799-b567-7439343bc5d5> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://themagicwhistle.blogspot.com/2010/08/what-me-funny.html | 2018-04-19T21:21:34Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937045.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419204415-20180419224415-00415.warc.gz | en | 0.990719 | 353 |
Eligibility For Fha Loans PDF CALIFORNIA HOUSING FINANCE AGENCY CalHFA FHA Loan Program – Eligibility The CalHFA FHA program is an FHA-insured loan featuring a calhfa fixed inter-est rate first mortgage. This loan is fully amortized for a thirty (30) year term and can be combined with either the MyHome Assistance Program (MyHome) or School Teacher and Employee Assistance Program (School Program).
Down payment assistance (DPA) is provided in the form of a 0% non- amortizing second mortgage and can be combined with maximum financed FHA or RD first mortgage.
Secondary Financing program, which allows HUD-Approved Nonprofit Organizations and Governmental Entities to provide secondary financing assistance to homebuyers utilizing FHA insurance on a first mortgage when that assistance is secured with a second mortgage or lien. Nonprofit Organizations and governmental entities program Information:
Fha Disaster Loan HUD: Homeowner and Mortgage Relief Press Release: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Announces Disaster Assistance to California Wildfire Victims HUD offers a 90-day foreclosure moratorium for struggling homeowners living in hard-hit counties who have mortgages insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA).
What is the Down payment assistance program? The down payment assistance program for FHA loans is 2%, 3%, or 4% of the 1 st mortgage total loan amount with no repayment required. The within reach FHA down payment assistance grant is designed to increase home ownership opportunities. The grant can be used for the down payment on a home and/or closing costs.
Down Payment Assistance Grant may be used with eligible vhda loans only. Grant funds may not be used in combination with other down payment assistance resources (including FHA Plus). Down Payment Assistance Grant has no repayment. VHDA’s eligible first mortgage must be locked on or after the program implementation date.
The Trump administration agreed to delay a crackdown on national mortgage down-payment assistance programs after a company subject to. from government agencies and families — enables 4 in 10 FHA.
FHA still allows for down payment assistance, but with clarification about how and from whom that assistance may be provided. 3. HUD issued a delay on the implementation of the new rules until July 23, 2019, allowing program providers and lenders to review the Mortgagee Letter.
Apply For Fha Loans Fha Fixed Rate With a fixed-rate mortgage, your monthly payment stays the same for the entire loan term. Find information and rates for 15, 20 and 30-year fixed-rate mortgages from Bank of America.First Lenders Mortgage offers FHA loans. Visit our site for more info on rates, credit score requirements, loan limits, required down payments & more!
What is Step Up? Step Up is a homeownership program designed specifically for moderate-income home buyers who can afford a mortgage, but need help with the down payment. The down payment funds are secured by a 10-year second mortgage and are combined with a 30-year, fixed-rate first mortgage.
Genesis Program, otherwise known as Grant America offers down payment assistance to low and middle income home buyers including those with an FHA loan or pre-approval for an FHA home loan. Grant America offers up to $34,000 in down payment assistance for new or resale homes.
FHA loans with down payment assistance in Arizona are popular because of their flexibility and other benefits. They still have many advantages that make them attractive to Arizona first time homebuyers. The Home Plus FHA loan program is offered anywhere in Arizona. Program Highlights: Down payment assistance options of 3%, 4% and 5%.
Fha Home Building Loans . loan before the beginning of construction if the property is less than one year old. According to the letter, this change applies to the origination of all FHA Title II forward mortgage programs. | <urn:uuid:12484b9d-1fa3-40a0-8681-acaac284aba3> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.gpaoccidente.com/fha-dpa-program/ | 2019-11-14T13:30:05Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668525.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114131434-20191114155434-00394.warc.gz | en | 0.932915 | 807 |
Honestly, if throughputs have nearly got as good as Air's, then I really don't care how I ride. However if the throughput was still very slow, then I wouldn't say it is worth it riding without, when in the past the queue was significantly shorter. Some may disagree with what I have said, but my main concern with the investment was the throughput. If they have fixed that and made it quicker, then I would say it is a worthwhile investment. The main reason I have been put off to ride is because it was getting 50min queues when it could have been 30min queue. This however was at the start of the season. When I went again in October, trains did seem to be dispatched a little quicker though. | <urn:uuid:47c92fcd-8612-4f0b-895d-330425b8a249> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://forum.towerstimes.co.uk/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=41377&sid=97d2b172acf853648c1ecfe6224f5cc2&start=20 | 2017-07-24T08:27:42Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424770.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724082331-20170724102331-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.996168 | 150 |
Toilet distributor turns to FIP to reduce damages, improve environmental impact
Pregis uses its proprietary EcoGauge to calculate the total environmental impact of product damages
A major U.S. distributor of plumbing supplies expanded its direct to consumer (DTC) portfolio to include toilets. Sales were up, but these heavy, fragile products had a 14% damage rate, adding hundreds of thousands of dollars in unnecessary costs. If the company was going to continue to fulfill DTC it needed to find an alternative packaging solution that reduced damages and lowered environmental impact. | <urn:uuid:9260c77d-2138-4de2-b2f7-a3b21eb4d309> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.pregis.com/knowledge-hub/toilet-distributor-turns-to-fip-to-reduce-damages-improve-environmental-impact/ | 2021-03-04T17:54:49Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369512.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304174506-20210304204506-00162.warc.gz | en | 0.961523 | 113 |
Global Youth Development Program
The University of Montana is proud to offer an innovative master's degree in Global Youth Development (GYD). The GYD degree is designed for students who wish to engage in culturally-relevant volunteer work or paid employment in the realm of child and family assistance. This unique degree program offers students graduate instruction in human development from a psychological and counseling perspective, and is intended to prepare students to engage in cross-cultural volunteer work or paid employment with young people and/or families.
"I can say first-hand that the skills learned in IYFD (GYD) would have been extremely useful as a Peace Corps Volunteer!"
-Anna Semple, cohort VII
"(The) academic year will prepare your mind, perspectives, and opinions to enter this world as innovative open-minded volunteers." - Aimie Lisa Hook, cohort IX
"I believe that the challenges you're going to face (in intercultural work) will be much better understood because of the time spent and knowledge gained during your time on campus." - Whitney Graham, cohort VIII | <urn:uuid:84d873f3-508f-41ff-b932-daa52d4748f0> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://coehs.umt.edu/departments/counsed/degrees/GYD/default.php | 2017-03-23T16:27:29Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187144.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00159-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943216 | 215 |
Transportation Indicators for Plastic Surgeons
New techniques can be found in all aspects of plastic surgery procedures. These procedures include Lip Enhancement, Rhinoplasty - Nose Surgery, Large Breast Implants, Skin Tightening (Non-Invasive), Facelift, Brazilian Butt Lift, Breast Implant Exchange, Liposuction, Lipocontouring, Breast Lift with Augmentation, Dermal Fillers, Skin Care Product (Celfix DNA), Abdominoplasty Tummy Tuck, Brachioplasty - Arm Lift, Otoplasty-Ear Surgery, Labiaplasty, Breast Lift with Iimplant Removal, Chin Implant, Brow Lift, Botox, Asian Eyelid Surgery, Breast Reconstruction, Gynecomastia - Male Breast Reduction, Breast Augmentation with Implants, Acne Treatment, Breast Lift, Necklift, Scar Revision, Breast Reduction, Skin Resurfacing, Neck Ultrasonic Liposculpture, Eyelid Surgery, Laser Resurfacing, Stem Cell Products, and more.
Newport Beach, California was ranked the top destination for plastic surgery. Nearby cities of Orange County include La Palma, Orange, Anaheim Hills, Laguna Beach, Costa Mesa, Garden Grove, and more.
Learn more by checking back here for updates.
Last updated on July 14, 2018
*Note: Year domain name registered
All Rights Reserved | <urn:uuid:d1282a1d-1e34-4f91-b878-ff39653baf45> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://floridatransportationindicators.org/index.php?chart=3a&view=about | 2018-07-17T07:23:45Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589618.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717070721-20180717090721-00334.warc.gz | en | 0.795603 | 289 |
It's All Politics
Wed June 27, 2012
Read The Tea Leaves, But Justices (And Their Clerks) Aren't Telling
Originally published on Wed June 27, 2012 12:26 pm
Several dozen people know how the Supreme Court will rule on the constitutionality of President Obama's health care law. And it'll stay that way until sometime after 10 a.m. ET on Thursday, when the court releases its opinion to the rest of us.
The decision will have broad societal, economic and legal ramifications, and will play a featured role in the November presidential election. But the justices and their young law clerks — the only ones privy to the deliberations — don't leak opinions. It's virtually unheard of.
That may explain, in part, the intense focus on what tea leaves can be read.
Like oral arguments which prompted much speculation. Moments after part of the case was debated in March, for instance, CNN legal analyst Jeffrey Toobin called the proceedings a "train wreck" for President Obama and declared: "This law looks like it's going to be struck down."
Could be. But quickly reading too much into the one fleeting public moment in a long legal process can be tricky.
"Look, for example, at the propagation of the idea that Solicitor General Donald Verrilli did a really bad job of arguing for the government," Scotus Blog's Lyle Denniston told the Nieman Journalism Lab. "That went viral instantly, and is now accepted wisdom across the country that Verrilli really blew it.
"On closer examination, that's not true," Denniston explained. "Some parts of the argument substantively could have been sharper, some parts of his argument tended not to be responsive to the court, but he had a really challenging task of doing this over three days of time. A serious observer of the requirements of oral advocacy would say that the easy judgments — the easy conclusions — are not really supportable."
Covering the court for three years in the '90s, I was cautioned by more experienced legal journalists – the handful of others who worked at the court on a daily basis, Denniston among them – not to read too much into oral arguments.
Justices have been known to use the brief window (generally 30 minutes for each side at arguments, although more in big cases like health care) to get lawyers to clarify fine points, or even to play devil's advocate in an effort to find some legal nugget overlooked in mounds of documents.
After all, cases before the court have been in the legal pipeline for months or, more typically, years, carrying lower-court arguments and rulings, and a long paper trail from parties involved and others wanting a say. Justices have a pretty good idea of how they're voting before oral argument, one of the last stages in the process.
And while there is now a science to analyzing arguments, it's not an exact science.
A 2009 study analyzing argument transcripts over a 27-year period "strongly supported" a hypothesis that "Supreme Court Justices are more prone to question at oral argument parties against whom they will vote than parties for whom they will vote."
For what it's worth, in this case, the Obama administration's lawyers were questioned more often than their counterparts over three days of oral arguments.
Perhaps the tea-leaf-readers with the most insight are former Supreme Court law clerks (each justice generally has four per term), those who have been through the process close up, and who have been entrusted with keeping secret the justices deliberations.
A survey of 38 former Supreme Court law clerks and 18 lawyers who have argued before the Court found 57 percent forecasting that the court will strike down the individual mandate after oral arguments — up from 35 percent before the case was argued.
On NPR's Morning Edition Wednesday, Jamal Greene, a law professor at Columbia and former clerk for retired Justice John Paul Stevens, explained the give-and-take by which a Supreme Court opinion is drafted. He also had this to say about Thursday:
"I'm armchair quarterbacking this as much as anyone. I've been saying for a long time that I'd be surprised if the court were to strike down the individual mandate, and I've sort of maintained that. But I've certainly been wrong before."
Veteran legal reporter Joan Biskupic at Reuters even found some potential hints for health care in this week's ruling on the Arizona immigration law.
"What the Arizona compromise will augur for the most closely watched case of the term is anyone's guess," Biskupic wrote. "Yet the justices' evident search for common ground in the immigration ruling and a few other cases this term could portend a healthcare decision that does not predictably cleave along political lines."
Of course, only nine people get the final say. And they'll let us know Thursday. Sometime after 10 a.m. ET. | <urn:uuid:d950930c-5bf3-448b-8322-8c345421172a> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://kunm.org/post/read-tea-leaves-justices-and-their-clerks-arent-telling | 2015-04-18T03:59:48Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246633512.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045713-00159-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970876 | 1,016 |
When it comes to football, political leaders seem to be of one opinion
Awami League and BNP leaders maybe each other’s arch nemesis when it comes to politics, but they are on the same side in supporting the Brazil football team during World Cup season.
Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and BNP Chairperson Khaleda Zia both support the five-time World Cup champions. Jatiya Party Chairman HM Ershad is also an avid Selecao fan, according to the Bangla Tribune. It’s uncanny how the last three heads of government are all Brazil fans.
However, not all members of Awami League and BNP are Brazil fans. Several leaders fervently support Argentina, too. And there are also one or two occasional France, Spain, and Germany fans among our political leaders. | <urn:uuid:bcffa2e6-8cf1-4789-9aad-46bd07fe96d2> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://archive.dhakatribune.com/feature/2018/06/14/sheikh-hasina-khaleda-zia-and-ershad-are-all-brazil-fans | 2022-06-29T16:59:03Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103640328.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629150145-20220629180145-00002.warc.gz | en | 0.965798 | 170 |
My 6 year old has been so overwhelming the last 6 months and I'm not sure what is appropriate discipline. When she does not get her way she cries and screams and even occasionally hits me. She cannot be "talked" out of it until she is calm and no amount of threatening punishments makes it stop.She seems out of control in a way....crying over every little thing. My husband and I both are just fed up. Example: She wants to stay at my sisters and I say no so she refuses to get in the car and I physically put her there and she refuses to buckle. I have to get her brother from preschool and can't drive and make her stay buckled so what do I do? She wants to stay overnight at a friends and they say no so again she refuses to get in the car. It was just 4 houses down so I left her there and she eventually came up, but what is the punishment after the fact? Or even worse is she doesn't want to get dressed in the morning and is late for school or won't brush her teeth? Just now it was that she didn't want to re-rinse her hair after her shower when it still had soap in...cue crying and eventual melt down.Help please, she woke the baby and I just feel sooo angry and I'm not sure how to change her behavior?
My daughter went through a period when she did the same thing at around the same age. She's 7.5 now, and seems to be growing out of it. What I found that helped was the following:
1. Remain totally calm myself.
2. Let her know that the behavior is unacceptable, and that we leave immediately (physically removing her if necessary), and go somewhere quiet until she is done crying. I think my daughter appreciated it when I stood by her, and gently sympathized with her feelings while she raged, while still being firm about whatever my decision was.
3. Stay home when you know she is tired or overstimulated
4. Don't let a tantrum change your course of action
It's hard though if you've got a lot going on, and she is upset when you have to pick up your preschooler! I think it was easier for us to deal with this since we live out in the boonies and homeschool, so we don't have many places we need to be. The most effective thing for us, was just to stay at home if I thought that she was going to be tired. And I let her know why we weren't going places, in a gentle way. I think she understood eventually, and just didn't want to act like that anymore.
Hope that helps! It won't last forever!
I recommend checking out the collaborative problem solving approach - see Ross Greene's livesinthebalnce site. The philosophy is children do well if they can and not if they want to so no rewards or punishments are going to teach the lagging skills which are the underlying causes of her problems. The goal is to be proactive and deal with these predictable problems ahead of the time and not in the moment. It is easier to talk to a kid when you are connecting and everybody feels good about each other. In order to solve problems we need info from her - we need a clear understanding of her concerns. The cps process itself teaches skills , promotes relationship and solves problems in a mutually satisfying way. It is not a magic bullet and not easy to do , but there is always learning on the way. I also suggest getting an older sister or buddy , buddy-tutor . Also try to spend time doing things together and talking about general stuff sharing perspectives , concerns , defining problems, thinking of mutually satysfing solutions. Again it is not easy
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Japanese schoolgirl’s skirts are actually getting longer. That’s what the teen magazine Cawaii has determined. It seems that Tokyo schoolgirl’s skirts are actually on average 10cm longer than 5 years ago.
Many Shibuya teens are moving towards a more “wholesome” image. Shirts are beginning to not be unbuttoned, and makeup is looking more natural. The new look is being called “Celebrity high school girl” due girls wanting to appear more elegant and refined.
Don’t expect to see any knee-caps in Kobe Japan. Over half of the schoolgirls there are wearing even lower skirts than Tokyo. On average skirts are 20cm longer than 5 years ago.
Sano Katsuhiko, uniform research director for Tombo, says
The ideal length for skirts is just a few centimeters above the knees. Tokyo is still too short, and Kobe is too long.
What trend will be after “Celebrity High School Girl”? Only time will tell. | <urn:uuid:a4bbc236-dc6c-4d82-bd35-4acd50b893c3> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://xorsyst.com/japan/japanese-schoolgirl-skirts/ | 2020-05-31T05:53:55Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347411862.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200531053947-20200531083947-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.937671 | 219 |
While most people only think of pumpkins on Thanksgiving or Halloween, the seeds of this fruit offer an impressive cocktail of health enhancing and disease fighting compounds, vitamins, and minerals that can be consumed year-round. In addition, they are packed with tryptophan and essential fatty acids. Emerging evidence indicates that pumpkin seeds represent a potent functional food in the battle against heart disease, osteoporosis, bladder dysfunction, anxiety, and arthritis.
Health Benefits of Pumpkin Seeds
1 -Pumpkin seeds are high in calories, about 559 calories per 100 g.
2 -Are filled with lots of minerals including phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, iron and copper.
3 -Are a good source of vitamin K. – Contain phytosterols, compounds that that have been shown to reduce levels of LDL cholesterol.
4 -Contain L-tryptophan, which helps with good sleep and lowering depression. Tryptophan is converted into serotonin and niacin. Serotonin is also very helpful in helping us to have a good night’s sleep.
5 -Are high in zinc, making them a natural protector against osteoporosis. Low intake of zinc is linked to higher rates of osteoporosis.
6 -Are a good source vitamin E; they contain about 35.10 mg of tocopherol per 100 g.
7 -Are the most alkaline-forming seed. -Are an excellent source of vitamin B group (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine) and folates).
8 -Contain good quality protein. 100 g seeds provide 30 g
9 -Are good for prostate health! The oil in pumpkin seeds alleviates difficult urination that happens with an enlarged prostate.
10 -According to studies, pumpkin seeds prevent calcium oxalate kidney stone formation.
11 -Reduce inflammation for arthritis without the side effects of anti-inflammatory drugs.
Are used in many cultures as a natural treatment for tapeworms and other parasites
With a remarkable assortment of health-enhancing nutrients, from magnesium, protein, niacin, and zinc, to its high concentration of tryptophan and essential fatty acids, pumpkin seeds provide a powerful health punch that offers protection against common health problems including cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. It also provides powerful relief for people suffering from bladder dysfunction, anxiety, and arthritis. While pumpkin seeds are synonymous with Halloween, consider incorporating these nutritional gems into your diet on a regular basis to reap their broad-spectrum health benefits.
If you found this post useful, Please do share it with family and friends by clicking the share below. | <urn:uuid:26e1543f-b417-409a-bb20-48e28752464b> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.shakahariblog.com/health-benefits-of-pumpkin-seeds/ | 2022-05-28T06:30:37Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663013003.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528062047-20220528092047-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.909652 | 571 |
The elected/appointed representatives in public office have committed treason in taking over control of the Federal Government. Loyal Americans lacking in numbers now ruled by an unconstitutional political party. The unlawful republicans losing control to unlawful democrats.
The 17th amendment lost State Suffrage, the vote as part of government of" We The People of The United States of America," a misnomer. Attorney General Jeff Sessions is a failure the Constitution is dead, equality is no more. A sink hole open to foreigners and soon to be Muslim rule?
Will the two-thirds of the state legislatures stand tall and call for a convention for the purpose of regaining a Great Nation? Article V of the original Constitution.
Laddie D. Oliver, | <urn:uuid:8971e9b6-a7b9-4d28-9e0f-05ccb53a268d> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.thehawkeye.com/story/opinion/letters/2018/01/31/unlawful-government/15359943007/ | 2022-10-04T19:11:08Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337524.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004184523-20221004214523-00708.warc.gz | en | 0.933578 | 156 |
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