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[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "De Materia Medica" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "almost seventeen centuries later. Another work from Ancient Greece that made an early impact on botany is \"De Materia Medica\", a five-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine written in the middle of the first century by Greek physician and pharmacologist Pedanius Dioscorides. \"De Materia Medica\" was widely read for more than 1,500 years. Important contributions from the medieval Muslim world include Ibn Wahshiyya's \"Nabatean Agriculture\", Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī's (828–896) the \"Book of Plants\", and Ibn Bassal's \"The Classification of Soils\". In the early 13th century, Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati, and Ibn al-Baitar (d. 1248) wrote on botany in a systematic and scientific", "title": "Botany" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "almost seventeen centuries later. Another work from Ancient Greece that made an early impact on botany is \"De Materia Medica\", a five-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine written in the middle of the first century by Greek physician and pharmacologist Pedanius Dioscorides. \"De Materia Medica\" was widely read for more than 1,500 years. Important contributions from the medieval Muslim world include Ibn Wahshiyya's \"Nabatean Agriculture\", Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī's (828–896) the \"Book of Plants\", and Ibn Bassal's \"The Classification of Soils\". In the early 13th century, Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati, and Ibn al-Baitar (d. 1248) wrote on botany in a systematic and scientific", "title": "Botany" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Animal welfare and rights in Canada Animal welfare and rights in Canada Canada is about the laws concerning and treatment of nonhuman animals in Canada. Canada has been considered to have weak animal welfare protections by the organization World Animal Protection. The vast majority of Canadians are for further animal protections. Sections 444 to 447 of Canada's Criminal Code constitute Canada's primary federal animal protection legislation. The Code prohibits causing \"unnecessary pain, suffering or injury to an animal or bird\" and \"causing damage or injury by wilful neglect\". The Criminal Code includes special protections for cattle, horses, mules, asses, pigs,", "title": "Animal welfare and rights in Canada" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "only the smaller XA-38 Grizzly military aircraft outweighing it. The Model 34 took to the air for the first time on October 1, 1947, with Beech Chief Pilot Vern L. Carstens at the controls. The first flight was uneventful and the initial report from the test pilot was, \"We have another outstanding Beechcraft!\" The prototype Model 34 had accumulated more than 200 hours of test flying when the reinforced belly was validated in a wheels-up landing. On January 17, 1949, in a severe forced landing a few miles northwest of the Beech plant shortly after taking off, the sole Beech", "title": "Beechcraft Model 34" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "mere object of rule and later of exploitation. This mentality permeates our individual psyches in a cumulative form up to the present day––not merely as capitalism but as the vast history of hierarchical society from its inception.\" \"The Ecology of Freedom\" received a positive review from Susan Marie Szasz in \"Library Journal\" and a negative review from the political scientist Alan Wolfe in \"The Nation\", which was followed by an exchange of letters between Bookchin and Wolfe. The book was also reviewed by R. Clarke in \"New Scientist\" and R. Williams in \"The Technology Review\". Szasz described the book as,", "title": "The Ecology of Freedom" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "criminal lawyer. In the quarter century preceding his death, he was involved in nearly every notable criminal proceeding in the Eastern United States. Among his most famous legal undertakings was the defense of Daniel Sickles during his trial for the murder of Philip Barton Key, the then Attorney General of the District of Columbia. During this trial, Brady worked with Edwin Stanton, who would go on to become the United States Secretary of War. Brady also defended Lew Baker at the murder trial of the infamous William \"Bill the Butcher\" Poole, whom Baker shot to death in 1855 at Stanwix", "title": "James T. Brady" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a High School All-American in wrestling in 1975 and won was a state champion three years. He has been inducted into the Farmington High School Sports Hall of Fame. Churella attended the University of Michigan where he was a member of the Michigan Wolverines wrestling team from 1976 to 1979. As a wrestler at Michigan, Churella compiled a record of 132–13; his .910 winning percentage is the second highest in University of Michigan wrestling history. He won the NCAA national championship in the 150-pound weight class in 1977 and 1978 and the national championship in the 167-pound weight class as", "title": "Mark Churella" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Ayvalık Ayvalık () is a seaside town on the northwestern Aegean coast of Turkey. It is a district of Balıkesir Province. The town center of Ayvalık is surrounded by the archipelago of Ayvalık Islands, which face the nearby Greek island of Lesbos. It was an ancient Aeolian port-town, called \"Kydonies\" (Κυδωνίες) and it served surrounding Greek Aeolian cities, such as Pergamos; since the Ottoman era, the name of the city changed to Ayvalik, the town remained predominantly Greek, and although the Turks used its Turkish name, its Greek population used indiscrimanantly its ancient name Kydonies and its new name Hellenized", "title": "Ayvalık" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "for some two thousand years. His writings on zoology form about a quarter of his surviving work. Aristotle's pupil Theophrastus later wrote a similar book on botany, \"Enquiry into Plants\". In the \"History of Animals\", Aristotle sets out to investigate the existing facts (Greek \"hoti\", what), prior to establishing their causes (Greek \"dioti\", why). The book is thus a defence of his method of investigating zoology. Aristotle investigates four types of differences between animals: differences in particular body parts (Books I to IV); differences in ways of life and types of activity (Books V, VI, VII and IX); and differences", "title": "History of Animals" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "published in 2011 (). An edition by Jackie Pigeaud has also been announced. Anonymus Londinensis Anonymus Londinensis (or Anonymus Londiniensis) is the name given to an anonymous Ancient Greek author of approximately the 1st century AD whose work \"On Medicine\" (, ) is partially preserved in a papyrus in the British Library (PBrLibr inv. 137 = P.Lit.Lond. 165). It ranks as the most important surviving medical papyrus and provides important information about the history of Greek medical thought. While only fragments survive of some portions of the text, the papyrus containing the work of Anonymus Londinensis is exceptionally well preserved,", "title": "Anonymus Londinensis" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "\"placenta\" (\"a flat cake\"), itself a word of Greek origin. In Romanian, the term refers to the runny mixture used for the recipe and how it behaves in the pan; in common parlance, the name of the dish has been shortened only to \"clătită\", turning what was once an adjective (\"rinsed\", \"runny\") into a noun. The Romanian meaning is similar with one of the Ancient Greek name of the dish, \"tagenites\", derived from the Greek word for the frying pan. The name of the dish has followed a track of borrowing across several languages of central and south-eastern Europe. Austrian-German", "title": "Palatschinke" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "pappus function as a \"parachute\" which enables the seed to be carried by the wind. The name derives from the Ancient Greek word \"pappos\", Latin \"pappus\", meaning \"old man\", so used for a plant (assumed to be an \"Erigeron\" species) having bristles and also for the woolly, hairy seed of certain plants. Pappus (botany) The pappus is the modified calyx, the part of an individual floret, that surrounds the base of the corolla tube in flower heads of the plant family Asteraceae. The term is sometimes used in other plant families such as Asclepiadaceae (milkweeds), whose seeds have a similar", "title": "Pappus (botany)" } ]

[ "De Materia Medica" ]

[ "Another work from Ancient Greece that made an early impact on botany is De Materia Medica, a five-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine written in the middle of the first century by Greek physician and pharmacologist Pedanius Dioscorides. De Materia Medica was widely read for more than 1,500 years. Important contributions from the medieval Muslim world include Ibn Wahshiyya's Nabatean Agriculture, Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī's (828–896) the Book of Plants, and Ibn Bassal's The Classification of Soils. In the early 13th century, Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati, and Ibn al-Baitar (d. 1248) wrote on botany in a systematic and scientific manner." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "state law" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "constitutional rights. Thus, most U.S. law (especially the actual \"living law\" of contract, tort, property, criminal, and family law experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis) consists primarily of state law, which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next. At both the federal and state levels, with the exception of the state of Louisiana, the law of the United States is largely derived from the common law system of English law, which was in force at the time of the American Revolutionary War. However, American law has diverged greatly from its English ancestor", "title": "Law of the United States" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "law over the past several decades. In most states, information gained within a confession or private conversation is considered privileged and may be exempted from mandatory reporting requirements. Proposed, but rejected, Rule 506 (Communications to Clergy) of the Federal Rules of Evidence provides: According to New York state law, confessions and confidences made to a clergyman or other minister are privileged and cannot be used as evidence. This privilege is not limited to communications with a particular kind of priest or congregant, and it is not confined to statements made \"under the cloak of confession\". What matters is that the", "title": "Priest–penitent privilege" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "a \"necessity test\", which is very stringent and applied to free speech cases. Justices Stewart and Douglas joined in an even stronger concurrence and denied even the \"possibility\" of an \"overriding statutory purpose\" that would justify such a law. Stewart wrote, \"We deal here with a criminal law which imposes criminal punishment. And I think it is simply not possible for a state law to be valid under our Constitution which makes the criminality of an act depend upon the race of the actor. Discrimination of that kind is invidious per se.\" Though the state claimed that Section 798.05 (prohibiting", "title": "McLaughlin v. Florida" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Contrary notwithstanding. As the Supreme Court stated in \"Altria Group v. Good\", 555 U.S. 70 (2008), a federal law that conflicts with a state law will trump, or \"preempt\", that state law: Consistent with that command, we have long recognized that state laws that conflict with federal law are \"without effect\". \"Maryland v. Louisiana\", 451 U. S. 725, 746 (1981) Although many concurrent powers are subject to federal preemption, some are usually not, such as the power to tax private citizens. In \"Altria Group v. Good\", the Court wrote: When the text of a pre-emption clause is susceptible of more", "title": "Federal preemption" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "by a state supreme court after Kelo. In the years since, the institute has continued its efforts to reform eminent domain laws. The organization also works to publicize what it sees as abuse of civil forfeiture laws. Civil forfeiture is the process by which law enforcement agencies in the United States can take property from citizens, based on the suspicion that the property was used in a crime of some kind, without a criminal charge or conviction. Depending on the state law, law enforcement agencies can keep some or all of the confiscated money and property, and apply it to", "title": "Institute for Justice" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "University. Langa was drafted by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in the third round of the 2015 CFL Draft. He dressed in 16 games in the 2015 season. Jonathan Langa Jay Langa (born November 15, 1990) is a Canadian football defensive back for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League. He was drafted by the Tiger-Cats in the 3rd round, 20th overall, in the 2015 CFL Draft. He played CIS football for the Saint Mary's Huskies. Saint Mary's University (SMU) 2012-14 155 Total Tackles 2 Quarterback Sacks 2 Forced Fumbles 2 Fumble Recoveries 3 Time AUS All-Star CIS Defensive Player of", "title": "Jonathan Langa" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "community. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Bloomfield has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated \"BSk\" on climate maps. Bloomfield, Montana Bloomfield (formerly, Adams) is a small unincorporated community in Dawson County, Montana. It is located 23 miles (37 km) northeast of the Yellowstone River and the city of Glendive, Montana, which is the county seat for Dawson County. Bloomfield is inside area code 406 and has a post office with ZIP code 59315. The population of the community was 150 at the 2010 United States Census. The town takes its name from Bloomfield, Nebraska, hometown of settlers J. Berton and", "title": "Bloomfield, Montana" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "profitable use. Sewage effluents (and, being usually very good, they are the most encouraging feature of the appalling situation) are hailed with delight as being the purest water which the rivers hold.\" The full importance of that statement will be realised when I remind hon. Members of the frequency with which residents in Bacup, Ramsbottom, Manchester and Salford are subjected to flooding from the waters of the Irwell. In 1951, it was announced that flood defence works were to be carried out on the stretch of the river passing through Lower Broughton between Cromwell Bridge and Gerald Road Bridge, although", "title": "River Irwell" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "for a year as an assistant teacher, then left. He returned in 1822, as a permanent instructor in classical language. In 1838, he replaced Benjamin Abbot as principal of Exeter. He resigned as principal in 1873 citing old age as his reason. In 1856, he was awarded an LL.D degree by Harvard University. He was married to Elizabeth Phillips, with whom he had five children. His two daughters died in infancy, while his three sons, Charles Emery, Nicholas Emery, and Augustus Lord, lived into adulthood. Augustus Soule went on to become a New York Supreme Court Judge. He died in", "title": "Gideon Lane Soule" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "\"a bloodbath\". \"The Sunday Star-Times\" quoted him as expressing doubts that it would come to that, however, because the Commander knew too much. He did not elaborate. \"The Sunday Star-Times\" also noted that unlike previous crises, which were, or were widely seen to be, between indigenous Fijians and Indo-Fijians, the latter were largely absent from the latest conspiracies. In the aftermath of the crisis, a number of conspiracy theories have been advanced, some of which have sparked investigations and legal proceedings. Fiji Labour Party President Jokapeci Koroi issued a statement on 14 January 2006 accusing Lesi Korovavala, the Chief Executive", "title": "2005–06 Fijian political crisis" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "may just issue written resolutions. Chilean law contemplates a certain form of LLC known as \"Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada\" (Limited Liability Association). Also (LLC) These companies are regulated by law N° 3.918. Among their most important characteristics we can say that: Chilean law also contemplates a very special kind of individual owner LLC called \"Empresa Individual de Responsabilidad Limitada\" (Limited Liability Individual Company), which uses the E.I.R.L. abbreviation. Colombian legislation contemplates a very similar structure as mentioned above in the Chilean case. The \"Ltda.\" abbreviation is also used in Colombia. In Croatia, a private limited liability company is termed \"društvo", "title": "Private limited company" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "behind them an excellent report in respect of legal learning... For centuries following its compilation, the work of Justinian's commission was studied and incorporated into the legal systems of different nations and has profoundly impacted the Byzantine law and the Western legal tradition. Peter Stein asserts that the texts of ancient Roman law have constituted \"a kind of legal supermarket, in which lawyers of different periods have found what they needed at the time.\" The \"Corpus Juris Civilis\" remained the basis of Byzantine law until the publication of the \"Ecloga legum\" in 741 by Emperor Leo III and his son", "title": "Law school of Beirut" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "moot court competition (2008,2010) hosted by CMR Law School is one of the most widely contested moot court competitions, with law colleges from all over India participating in this event. Five Sitting Judges of the High Court of Karnataka preside over the finals of the moot court competition. This is a biannual event that is held by CMR law school the first of its kind in India. The first competition was held in 2009. The CMR Law School was ranked 13th by \"India Today\"s \"India's Best Colleges 2017: Law\", 17th in India by \"Outlook India\"s \"Top 25 Law Colleges In", "title": "CMR University School of Legal Studies" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "down and mapped out which characters in the gang could have songs written about them, or encouraged us to write songs about this concept.\" As Frey said of the album in an interview in 1973: \"It has its moments where it definitely draws some parallels between rock-and-roll and being an outlaw. Outside the laws of normality, I guess. I mean, I feel like I'm breaking a law all the time. What we live and what we do is kind of a fantasy.\" Henley also said that the album was to be their \"big artistic commentary on the evils of fame", "title": "Desperado (Eagles album)" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "depth is governed by Pascal's law: Using the SI system with pressures expressed in pascal, we have: Expressing the pressures in atmospheres yields a convenient formula (1 atm ≡ 101325 Pa): To simplify the algebra we will define formula_12. Combining the general formula and Pascal's law, we have: so that Since formula_15, the equivalent formula for the imperial system becomes Substituting R again, and noting that formula_17, we have the concrete formulas: Although not all dive tables are recommended for use in this way, the Bühlmann tables are suitable for use with these kind of calculations. At 27 metres the", "title": "Equivalent air depth" } ]

[ "state law" ]

[ "Federal law and treaties, so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution, preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories. However, the scope of federal preemption is limited because the scope of federal power is not universal. In the dual-sovereign system of American federalism (actually tripartite because of the presence of Indian reservations), states are the plenary sovereigns, each with their own constitution, while the federal sovereign possesses only the limited supreme authority enumerated in the Constitution. Indeed, states may grant their citizens broader rights than the federal Constitution as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights. Thus, most U.S. law (especially the actual \"living law\" of contract, tort, property, criminal, and family law experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis) consists primarily of state law, which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Nineteen Eighty-Four" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "has grown to be one of the most respected for its national and world rankings. In the dystopian future world of George Orwell's \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\", \"The Times\" has been transformed into the organ of the totalitarian ruling party, its editorials—of which several are quoted in the book—reflecting Big Brother's pronouncements. Rex Stout's fictional detective Nero Wolfe is described as fond of solving the London \"Times\" crossword puzzle at his New York home, in preference to those of American papers. In the James Bond series by Ian Fleming, James Bond, reads \"The Times\". As described by Fleming in \"From Russia, with", "title": "The Times" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Telescreen Telescreens are devices that operate as both televisions, security cameras and microphones. They are featured in George Orwell's dystopian novel \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\" as well as all film adaptations of the novel. In the novel and its adaptations, telescreens are used by the ruling Party in the totalitarian fictional State of Oceania to keep its subjects under constant surveillance, thus eliminating the chance of secret conspiracies against Oceania. All members of the Inner Party (\"nomenklatura\") and Outer Party (middle-class) have telescreens in their homes, but the proles (lower-class) are not typically monitored as they are unimportant to the Party. As", "title": "Telescreen" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "appears in Robert A. Heinlein's \"Space Cadet\", written at the same time as Orwell's book, where it simply refers to an instrument similar to a large television, but with none of Orwell's sinister connotations. Telescreen Telescreens are devices that operate as both televisions, security cameras and microphones. They are featured in George Orwell's dystopian novel \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\" as well as all film adaptations of the novel. In the novel and its adaptations, telescreens are used by the ruling Party in the totalitarian fictional State of Oceania to keep its subjects under constant surveillance, thus eliminating the chance of secret conspiracies", "title": "Telescreen" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "has grown to be one of the most respected for its national and world rankings. In the dystopian future world of George Orwell's \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\", \"The Times\" has been transformed into the organ of the totalitarian ruling party, its editorials—of which several are quoted in the book—reflecting Big Brother's pronouncements. Rex Stout's fictional detective Nero Wolfe is described as fond of solving the London \"Times\" crossword puzzle at his New York home, in preference to those of American papers. In the James Bond series by Ian Fleming, James Bond, reads \"The Times\". As described by Fleming in \"From Russia, with", "title": "The Times" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Newspeak Newspeak is the language of Oceania, a fictional totalitarian state and the setting of the novel \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\" (1949), by George Orwell. The ruling Party of Oceania created the Newspeak language to meet the ideological requirements of English Socialism (Ingsoc). Newspeak is a controlled language, of restricted grammar and limited vocabulary, meant to limit the freedom of thought—personal identity, self-expression, free will—that ideologically threatens the régime of Big Brother and the Party, who thus criminalized such concepts as thoughtcrime, contradictions of Ingsoc orthodoxy. In \"The Principles of Newspeak\", the appendix to the novel, George Orwell explains that Newspeak usage", "title": "Newspeak" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of their past existence, is itself thoughtcrime; the concept that the person may have existed at one time and has disappeared cannot be expressed in Newspeak. Totalitarian regimes: Fiction: Newspeak Newspeak is the language of Oceania, a fictional totalitarian state and the setting of the novel \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\" (1949), by George Orwell. The ruling Party of Oceania created the Newspeak language to meet the ideological requirements of English Socialism (Ingsoc). Newspeak is a controlled language, of restricted grammar and limited vocabulary, meant to limit the freedom of thought—personal identity, self-expression, free will—that ideologically threatens the régime of Big Brother and", "title": "Newspeak" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "a reference to the 1984 phrase \"Big Brother is watching\". Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four) Big Brother is a fictional character and symbol in George Orwell's novel \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\". He is ostensibly the leader of Oceania, a totalitarian state wherein the ruling party Ingsoc wields total power \"for its own sake\" over the inhabitants. In the society that Orwell describes, every citizen is under constant surveillance by the authorities, mainly by telescreens (with the exception of the Proles). The people are constantly reminded of this by the slogan \"Big Brother is watching you\": a maxim that is ubiquitously on display. In", "title": "Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four) Big Brother is a fictional character and symbol in George Orwell's novel \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\". He is ostensibly the leader of Oceania, a totalitarian state wherein the ruling party Ingsoc wields total power \"for its own sake\" over the inhabitants. In the society that Orwell describes, every citizen is under constant surveillance by the authorities, mainly by telescreens (with the exception of the Proles). The people are constantly reminded of this by the slogan \"Big Brother is watching you\": a maxim that is ubiquitously on display. In modern culture, the term \"Big Brother\" has entered the lexicon", "title": "Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Ingsoc The English Socialist Party, better known as Ingsoc (Newspeak for English Socialism), is the fictional political party of the totalitarian government of Oceania in George Orwell's dystopian novel \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\". Oceania appears to have emerged as a formal political union of the United States and the countries of the British Commonwealth, which later annexed the remainder of the Americas and all of Southern Africa. Big Brother and Emmanuel Goldstein led the Party to power in Oceania after a revolution of some kind. After the Party achieved control of Oceania, Ingsoc became the official governing ideology and other political beliefs", "title": "Ingsoc" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the pig Napoleon tries to whitewash history by deleting a few characters from the minds of the other animals. This was perceived as a direct reference to the USSR under Stalin. The protagonist of his novel \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\", set in a totalitarian dictatorship, is employed as a routine falsifier of the historical record to ensure that it is always in keeping with the party line. Czech writer Milan Kundera, in his novel \"The Book of Laughter and Forgetting\", described histories being revised with both text and photos being changed to take out unpopular dissidents or people on the wrong side", "title": "Whitewashing (censorship)" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of criticism, the previous portrayal of Sweden's welfare state as a ploy to mask what was allegedly a covert form of capitalism had evolved into a similar allegation that the welfare state masked what was allegedly a form of socialism. The point of the reference to \"Nineteen Eighty-four\", the dystopian novel by George Orwell, according to Grassman, was \"to shock by reimagining a democratic, egalitarian, and prosperous Western society as 'totalitarian.'\" Marklund wrote that in the tumult of debate, \"it became increasingly difficult to distinguish the foreign reporting on Sweden and the Swedish debate on Sweden from the Swedish discussion", "title": "Sweden-bashing" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Emmanuel Goldstein Emmanuel Goldstein is a fictional character in George Orwell's dystopian novel \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\". He is the principal enemy of the state according to the Party of the totalitarian Oceania. He is depicted as the head of a mysterious (and possibly fictitious) dissident organization called \"The Brotherhood\" and as having written the book \"The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism\". He is only seen and heard on telescreen, and he may be a fabrication of the Ministry of Truth, the State's propaganda department. In the novel, Goldstein is a character rumoured to be a former top member of the", "title": "Emmanuel Goldstein" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "species can develop matched sets of adaptations. Here, the evolution of one species causes adaptations in a second species. These changes in the second species then, in turn, cause new adaptations in the first species. This cycle of selection and response is called coevolution. An example is the production of tetrodotoxin in the rough-skinned newt and the evolution of tetrodotoxin resistance in its predator, the common garter snake. In this predator-prey pair, an evolutionary arms race has produced high levels of toxin in the newt and correspondingly high levels of toxin resistance in the snake. Not all co-evolved interactions between", "title": "Evolution" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "The \"Rechtsstaat\" concept is based on the ideas, discovered by Immanuel Kant, for example, in his \"Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals\": \"The task of establishing a universal and permanent peaceful life is not only a part of the theory of law within the framework of pure reason, but per se an absolute and ultimate goal. To achieve this goal, a state must become the community of a large number of people, living provided with legislative guarantees of their property rights secured by a common constitution. The supremacy of this constitution… must be derived a priori from the considerations for", "title": "Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "intended for use as military combat shotguns. They typically have a high rate of fire and relatively low recoil, making them ideal for engaging targets in a fast-paced, close range combat situation. They are able to fulfill many different combat roles due to the wide variety of shotgun ammunition available. Automatic shotguns have not seen much use in the United States, but have been slightly more popular in some other countries. Automatic shotgun An automatic shotgun is an automatic firearm that fires shotgun shells and uses some of the energy of each shot to automatically cycle the action and load", "title": "Automatic shotgun" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "BAA), and member of the Supervisory Committee at Zwack Inc. He was a member of the Corvinus University of Budapest Economic Council. He resigned all of his company posts and board-memberships, when he entered the government as government commissioner, responsible for EU funds and national development. Bajnai first received a government post in 2006. On 1 July, Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány's called on him to be the Government Commissioner for Development Policy. In this position, he was overseeing the National Development Agency, that controls EU Funds to Hungary. He became minister in July 2007, in the Ministry of Local Government", "title": "Gordon Bajnai" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "war and M&GN services to the East Midlands and Birmingham were popular. . The 1951 summer timetable showed 14 trains MON-FRI (6 from Yarmouth Beach, 8 from South Town) and 19 on Saturday (10 from Yarmouth Beach or beyond and 9 from South Town) at irregular times. After the closure of the M&GN and the introduction of DMUs the Winter 1957-58 timetable showed 15 hourly departures from South Town between 7.29am and 9.29pm, rising to 20 in 1963-64 after the closure of the line to Beccles. By the final winter of 1969-70, this number had fallen to 12. The line", "title": "Yarmouth–Lowestoft line" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "L'Essor L'Essor (fr. \"Progress\") is the state-owned national daily newspaper published in Bamako, Mali. Its motto is \"\"La Voix du Peuple\"\" (\"The Voice of the People). \"L'Essor\" was first published in 1949, and from 1953 was the official publication of the Union Soudanaise-Rassemblement Démocratique Africain, the leading anti-colonial political party of what was then French Soudan. Prior to independence, Bamako was home to a large number of such publications, produced by most political factions. Through the 1960s, most were outlawed, disbanded, or simply failed financially. Following the 1968 military coup, \"L'Essor\" became the organ of the CMLN, Mali's ruling junta.", "title": "L'Essor" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "vote). The Communist Party of Ukraine voted against the bill. In all, 233 deputies supported the bill—more than the minimum of 226 votes required to pass it into law. Another bill was sought by Yushchenko's administration to criminalize those disputing that the Holodomor was genocide, but such a law has never been adopted by the Ukrainian parliament. In a ruling of January 13, 2010, Kyiv's Court of Appeal recognized the leaders of the totalitarian Bolshevik regime as those guilty of 'genocide against the Ukrainian national group in 1932-33 through the artificial creation of living conditions intended for its partial physical", "title": "Holodomor genocide question" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of their \"Weltanschauung\", which are wholly compatible with the worst atrocities which actually occurred in the years 1938–1945. The goal of the Third Reich was genocidal war, and, in the end, that is what National Socialism was all about. From this it seems to follow that the regime is \"unique\", \"totalitarian\", \"revolutionary\", \"utopian\", devoted to an utterly novel principle for the public order, scientific racism. The leaders, in particular Hitler, demonstrably wanted all this, and it is thus, as Hildebrand recently suggested, wrong to talk of National Socialism; we should talk of Hitlerism. Mason wrote that part of the explanation", "title": "Timothy Mason" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the workers, the reason being that the workers in Russia still had not developed class consciousness and therefore needed to be educated to reach such a state. Lenin believed that the vanguard party could initiate policies in the name of the working class even if the working class did not support them, since the vanguard party would know what was best for the workers, since the party functionaries had attained consciousness. Lenin, in light of the Marx's theory of the state (which views the state as an oppressive organ of the ruling class), had no qualms of forcing change upon", "title": "Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "regulated, socially oriented market economy - with the production forces and relations of production the managements goal. Markets in the system - as far as possible, and state regulation - as needed. It considers the principles of state regulation as the best economic development incentive. The LSP ideology was based on the methodology of dialectical materialism, the theory of Marxism and contemporary social science. It believed that Socialists should unambiguously disassociate from Stalinist and totalitarian theories and practice. LSP propagated what it believed to be the new 21st century socialism. Socialist Party of Lithuania Socialist Party of Lithuania () was", "title": "Socialist Party of Lithuania" } ]

[ "Nineteen Eighty-Four" ]

[ "In the dystopian future world of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, The Times has been transformed into the organ of the totalitarian ruling party, its editorials—of which several are quoted in the book—reflecting Big Brother's pronouncements." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "1982" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to be gaining speed. The Rohingya people have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as Burmese citizens (despite some of them having lived in Burma for over three generations)—the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law. The law created three categories of citizenship: citizenship, associate citizenship, and naturalised citizenship. Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee. Associate citizenship is given to those who cannot", "title": "Myanmar" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and represent a disproportionately high share of those with advanced (medical, engineering or doctorate) degrees in Burma. The figure would be higher still had it not been for the longstanding ban on those without Burmese citizenship from pursuing advanced degrees when Ne Win instigated the 1982 Citizenship Law further restricted Burmese citizenship for Burmese Chinese (as it stratified citizenship into three categories: full, associate, and naturalized) and severely limited Burmese Chinese, especially those without full citizenship and those holding FRCs, from attending professional tertiary schools, including medical, engineering, agricultural and economics institutions. Many wealthy Sino-Burmese families send their children to", "title": "Chinese people in Myanmar" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the 1982 Burma citizenship law which restricted citizenship for groups immigrating before 1823. After he seized power through a military coup in 1962, General Ne Win ordered a large-scale expulsion of Indians. Although many Indians had been living in Burma for generations and had integrated into Burmese society, they became a target for discrimination and oppression by the junta. This, along with a wholesale nationalisation of private ventures in 1964, led to the emigration of over 300,000 ethnic Indians from Burma. Indian-owned businesses as well as Burmese businesses were nationalised due to the so-called \"Burmese way to Socialism\". Many Indians", "title": "Burmese Indians" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "citizens under the 1982 Burma citizenship law which restricted citizenship for groups immigrating before 1823. After seizing power through a military coup in 1962, General Ne Win ordered a large-scale expulsion of Indians. Although many Indians had been living in Burma for generations and had integrated into Burmese society, they became a target for discrimination and oppression by the junta. This, along with a wholesale nationalization of private ventures in 1964, led to the emigration of over 300,000 ethnic Indians from Burma. Indian-owned businesses were nationalized and their owners were given 175 kyat for their trip to India. This caused", "title": "Anti-Indian sentiment" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "were looted and set on fire. Public attention was successfully diverted by Ne Win from the uncontrollable inflation, scarcity of consumer items and rising prices of rice. The 1982 Citizenship Law further restricted Burmese citizenship for Burmese Chinese (as it stratified citizenship into three categories: full, associate, and naturalized) and severely limited Burmese Chinese, especially those without full citizenship and those holding FRCs, from attending professional tertiary schools, including medical, engineering, agricultural and economics institutions. During this period, the country's failing economy and widespread discrimination accelerated an emigration of Burmese Chinese out of Burma. Despite the oppression, sporadic protests against", "title": "Ne Win" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "were exempted from the usual requirement to understand and speak English. When the British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948 came into effect on 1 January 1949, Cook Islanders, Niueans, Tokelauans and Western Samoans who were British subjects gained New Zealand citizenship. When Western Samoa achieved independence from New Zealand in 1962, the citizenship status of Western Samoans living in New Zealand became uncertain. As a result, many Western Samoans were staying in New Zealand illegally. On 28 July 1982, following a stiff tightening of Pacific Island immigration by the Muldoon government, the Privy Council ruled that because of", "title": "New Zealand nationality law" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to be gaining speed. The Rohingya people have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as Burmese citizens (despite some of them having lived in Burma for over three generations)—the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law. The law created three categories of citizenship: citizenship, associate citizenship, and naturalised citizenship. Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee. Associate citizenship is given to those who cannot", "title": "Myanmar" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "meeting place between members of the Order, who were bound by vows of celibacy, and young females. During this period, it was common for the knights, priests and bishops to have mistresses, illegitimate children, or both; notably, the parish priest of the village of Żurrieq himself was known to organise meetings against payment between young mistresses and their knightly suitors in the whereabouts of the tower. The tower was requisitioned by the British military during World War II between 1939 and 1945, but was returned to its owners after the war. Thereafter, Bubaqra Tower and its gardens were restored, and", "title": "Bubaqra Tower" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "The third contract consists of the transfer of the Euro and the coincident declarations of intent to provide property by doing so. This doesn't mean that contracts in Germany are more complicated to the people involved. Especially the contracts of everyday life do not differ with those in other countries in their outer appearance. For instance, if someone buys a newspaper at a newsstand without saying one single word to the seller, all the three contracts which are mentioned above are fulfilled by conclusive demeanor. The procedural system of Germany is based on a highly active role of the judge", "title": "Law of Germany" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of the organisation were arrested as well. By the end of 1944, Scharff was transferred to Sachsenhausen concentration camp. The SS executed him on March 16, 1945. Fancia Grün was executed in the concentration camp as well. Many other members of the community only survived thanks to the end of the war - otherwise they would have faced certain death. Werner Scharff Werner Scharff (August 16, 1912 – March 16, 1945) was a Jewish-German resistance activist against the Nazi regime. He was executed in Sachsenhausen concentration camp because of his activities in the \"Community for Peace and Development\" \"(German: \"Gemeinschaft", "title": "Werner Scharff" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "share of 5—10 % in Russian on-line marketing industry. In 2007, the annual gross volume of Ashmanov & Partners was estimated by Finam Holdings at US$2.5 million. According to annual web studios' rating by Factus, based on publicly available tax reports, gross volume of Ashmanov & Partners in 2015 was over ₽300 million, VAT not included. In 2001, Ashmanov & Partners developed antispam technologies and got a contract from Kaspersky Lab. The first version of Spamtest for \"FreeBSD\" and \"Linux\", as well as public Spamtest.ru service were released in 2002. A year later it was integrated into \"Mail.ru\", and the", "title": "Ashmanov & Partners" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the distinction is particularly difficult when dealing with misappropriations of property by employees. To prove embezzlement, the state must show that the employee had possession of the goods \"by virtue of her employment\"; that is, that the employee had the authority to exercise substantial control over the goods. Typically, in determining whether the employee had sufficient control the courts will look at factors such as the job title, job description and the particular employment practices. For example, the manager of a shoe department at a store would likely have sufficient control over the shoes that if she converted the goods", "title": "Larceny" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the feudal rights were purchased from Scottish dukes (after English-Scottish unification) by the United Kingdom in 1765. Due to local opposition, it was never merged into England as previously planned, and remains a distinct possession of the monarchy. Each jurisdiction has a locally elected parliament with broad but not unlimited autonomy. The British monarchy retains responsibility for defense, citizenship law, and foreign affairs of the dependencies, and has delegated these responsibilities to the UK government and parliament. The UK parliament generally acts in consultation or gains the consent of the local government when passing laws that have effect in the", "title": "Law of the United Kingdom" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "From 15 to 26 January 2003, the various parties met at Linas-Marcoussis in France to attempt to negotiate a return to peace. The parties signed a compromise deal on 26 January. President Gbagbo was to retain power and opponents were invited into a government of reconciliation and obtained the Ministries for Defense and the Interior. Soldiers of the CEDEAO and 4000 French soldiers were placed between the two sides, forming a \"peace line\". The parties agreed to work together on modifying national identity, eligibility for citizenship, and land tenure laws which many observers see as among the root causes of", "title": "First Ivorian Civil War" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "as it could apply within the UK: The \"Canadian Citizenship Act, 1976\" replaced the term \"British subject\" with \"Commonwealth citizen\" in 1977, but the UK did not follow suit until 1 January 1983, when the British Nationality Act 1981 went into effect. History of Canadian nationality law Canada established its own nationality law in 1946 with the enactment of the Canadian Citizenship Act 1946, which took effect on 1 January 1947. It was the second nation in the British Commonwealth to establish its own nationality law; the first was the Irish Free State, which was a Commonwealth member until 1949", "title": "History of Canadian nationality law" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to resume Australian citizenship, subject only to being of good character. Burma became independent outside the Crown's dominions on 4 January 1948. In the \"Burma Independence Act 1948\" the United Kingdom legislated to remove \"British subject\" status on that date from: Such persons who were domiciled in the United Kingdom or \"His Majesty's dependencies\" were given two years to elect to remain British. Australian legislation was not updated at the time and hence the \"common law\" applied. British subjects connected with Burma lost British subject status under Australian law only if resident in Burma. As a result, some British subjects", "title": "Australian nationality law" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "minority group in Burma, Canadian civil society groups and other protestors called for the revocation Aung San Suu Kyi's honorary citizenship. This included an online Change.org petition to the Prime Minister and the House of Commons of Canada. In 2018, the House of Commons unanimously voted to revoke her honorary citizenship. Honorary Canadian citizenship Honorary Canadian citizenship (French: \"citoyenneté canadienne honoraire\") is an honour whereby a symbolic form of Canadian citizenship is bestowed by the Governor-in-Council on foreigners of exceptional merit, with approval of a joint resolution by both houses of the Parliament of Canada. This honorary Canadian citizenship is", "title": "Honorary Canadian citizenship" } ]

[ "1982" ]

[ "The Rohingya people have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as Burmese citizens (despite some of them having lived in Burma for over three generations)—the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law. The law created three categories of citizenship: citizenship, associate citizenship, and naturalised citizenship. Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee. Associate citizenship is given to those who cannot prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823, but can prove they have one grandparent, or pre-1823 ancestor, who was a citizen of another country, as well as people who applied for citizenship in 1948 and qualified then by those laws. Naturalized citizenship is only given to those who have at least one parent with one of these types of Burmese citizenship or can provide \"conclusive evidence\" that their parents entered and resided in Burma prior to independence in 1948. The Burmese regime has attempted to forcibly expel Rohingya and bring in non-Rohingyas to replace them—this policy has resulted in the expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000 Rohingya from Burma, while the Rohingya people have been described as \"among the world's least wanted\" and \"one of the world's most persecuted minorities.\" But the origin of ‘most persecuted minority’ statement is unclear." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "a 12-year system" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "being brought under control. Public education in Tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education but the government has plans to implement a 12-year system in 2016. There is a relatively large number of tertiary education institutions including Khujand State University which has 76 departments in 15 faculties, Tajikistan State University of Law, Business, & Politics, Khorugh State University, Agricultural University of Tajikistan, Tajik National University, and several other institutions. Most, but not all, universities were established during the Soviet Era. tertiary education enrolment was 17%, significantly below the sub-regional average of 37%. Many Tajiks left the education", "title": "Tajikistan" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of Greece and converted to a museum. Newspapers published articles on her passion for riding sports, diet and exercise regimens, and fashion sense. She often shopped at the Budapest fashion house, \"Antal Alter\" (now Alter és Kiss), which had become very popular with the fashion-crazed crowd. Newspapers also reported on a series of reputed lovers. Although there is no verifiable evidence of her having an affair, one of her alleged lovers was George \"Bay\" Middleton, a dashing Anglo-Scot. He had been named as the probable lover of Lady Henrietta Blanche Hozier and father of Clementine Ogilvy Hozier (the wife of", "title": "Empress Elisabeth of Austria" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a station that is both elevated and above-track. By making a station above-track, the overall space inside the station can often be increased, making it easier to include facilities such as bathrooms and shops. Because of their structure, it is easy for over-track stations to connect with pedways. As a result, in heavily commercial areas, over-track stations are also sometimes introduced as a way of connecting commercial facilities. Also, in cases where an on-ground station was changed to an over-track station, the land where the old station building stood can be used to create facilities such as rotaries, which can", "title": "Over-track train station" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Catholic, and themes of guilt and repentance run through this early work. Between 1938 and 1955, Clarke published no new lyric or narrative poetry. He was co-founder of the Lyric Theatre Company and wrote a number of verse plays for them. He also worked as a journalist and had a weekly poetry programme on RTÉ radio. It seems likely that he also experienced some kind of personal crisis during this time and this had significant consequences for his later poetry. Clarke returned to publishing poetry with the 1955 collection \"Ancient Lights\", and was to continue writing and publishing prolifically for", "title": "Austin Clarke (poet)" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "memory. Grimshawe's first publication was 'The Christian's Faith and Practice,' &c. (Preston, 1813); followed by 'A Treatise on the Holy Spirit' (1815). In 1822 he wrote a pamphlet on 'The Wrongs of the Clergy of the Diocese of Peterborough,' which was noticed by Sydney Smith in the 'Edinburgh Review' (article 'Persecuting Bishops'). In 1825 he issued 'An Earnest Appeal to British Humanity in behalf of Indian Widows.' His 'Memoir of the Rev. Legh Richmond,' a religious biography, was first published in 1828, and it reached an eleventh edition by 1846. His major work was the 'Life and Works of William", "title": "Thomas Shuttleworth Grimshawe" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "law as well as Bhai Raja. Rahul is broke, confused and helpless and adding to his problems, he is also pressurized by his brother-in-law to give a hefty amount to start a business. Helpless and desperate Rahul wants to get out of the nightmare. Will he be able to repay his loan and get the love of his life in the same day? Rahul has yet to experience a lot as the day is yet to be finished. Rajesh Murugesan composed the soundtrack and film score of the original movie \"Neram\". The soundtrack has been recreated for Time Bara Vait.", "title": "Time Bara Vait" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "December 2016, Ryan Reynolds revealed that he had been trying to convince Jackman to re-sign for a Wolverine and Deadpool crossover film. Urging fans to campaign online, he stated, \"I want Deadpool and Wolverine in a movie together. What we're gonna have to do is convince Hugh. If anything, I'm going to need to do what I can to get my internet friends back on board to help rally another cause down the line. Hugh Jackman is one of the best human beings. Part of the reason I want to do a Deadpool/Wolverine movie is not just because I think", "title": "Logan (film)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "that the content wasn't in keeping with what we're all about.\" In response to Polizzi's comments about the advertisers, a rep for Domino's reiterated the company's previous statement saying, We have no issue with MTV or the programming it airs ... Just like viewers have a choice of what they want to watch, advertisers have a choice on what shows they want to advertise. We didn't pull a penny from MTV ... We love what they do. We never made any critical commentary. It was a 30-second call, and MTV said, 'OK,' and that was it. Dell also pulled its", "title": "Controversy and criticism of Jersey Shore" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the music he recorded with his brother and Clipse cohort No Malice, saying: \"Wrath of Caine is basically just me catering to my core. It's all about just street Hip Hop, street music. It's just something that I like to do. It's something that I feel like has no boundaries, no parameters. I can do what I really, really want to do…[my approach to the mixtape is] not about more of a creative [decision], I just think it's about more of what I want to hear for myself and what my fans want to hear. They want to hear lyrics,", "title": "Wrath of Caine" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "recording \"The Original Soundtrack\" the band was already being courted by Mercury Records (part of the Phonogram group) to leave Jonathan King's small UK Records label, where they were struggling financially. He said: \"I rang them. I said come and have a listen to what we've done, come and have a listen to this track. And they came up and they freaked, and they said, 'This is a masterpiece. How much money, what do you want? What sort of a contract do you want? We'll do anything.' On the strength of that one song, we did a five-year deal with", "title": "I'm Not in Love" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "with Knowles, for the music video. She said, \"When I was doing her video with her, she called me and she said, 'What do you want to do?' [...] And I'm like, 'I don't want to show up in some frickin' hair bow and be fashion Gaga in your video.' I said, 'I want to do you.' [...] I want to do my version of Beyoncé. So the whole time I was learning the choreography they were calling me \"Gee\"-yoncé.\" Later, during an interview with MTV News, she explained: \"What I was excited about is with B[eyoncé], I had no", "title": "Video Phone (song)" } ]

[ "a 12-year system" ]

[ "Public education in Tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education but the government has plans to implement a 12-year system in 2016. There is a relatively large number of tertiary education institutions including Khujand State University which has 76 departments in 15 faculties, Tajikistan State University of Law, Business, & Politics, Khorugh State University, Agricultural University of Tajikistan, Tajik State National University, and several other institutions. Most, but not all, universities were established during the Soviet Era. As of 2008[update] tertiary education enrollment was 17%, significantly below the sub-regional average of 37%. Many Tajiks left the education system due to low demand in the labor market for people with extensive educational training or professional skills." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "three" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "three times: 2005, 2013 and 2014. The team played in the Kingdome until it was imploded in 2000 and moved into Qwest Field (now CenturyLink Field) at the same site in 2003. The Seahawks lost Super Bowl XL in 2005 to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Detroit, but won Super Bowl XLVIII in 2013 by defeating the Denver Broncos 43–8 at MetLife Stadium. The team advanced to the Super Bowl the following year, but lost to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX on a last-minute play. Seahawks fans have set stadium noise records on several occasions and are collectively", "title": "Seattle" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Gore. The Seahawks had not won in San Francisco since 2008 until defeating the 49ers in convincing 19–3 fashion on Thanksgiving Day in 2014. In the 2013 NFC Championship Game, the Seahawks defeated the 49ers 23 to 17, thanks to Malcolm Smith's interception, which was tipped by Richard Sherman. This clinched the Seahawks' berth into Super Bowl XLVIII. The Seahawks have developed a rivalry with the Carolina Panthers. The two teams have played each other in the NFL playoffs three times: during the 2005 NFC Championship Game, which Seattle won 34–14; the 2014 NFC Divisional playoffs, which the Seahawks won", "title": "Seattle Seahawks" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "game would also be the last \"MNF\" game played in the Kingdome and the last in Seattle until 2002 (the Seahawks themselves didn't appear on \"MNF\" again until Mike Holmgren's return to Green Bay in 1999). Divisional matchups have the AFC West playing the NFC East. 1992 Seattle Seahawks season The 1992 Seattle Seahawks season was the team's 17th season with the National Football League. The 1992 season was the first of three seasons in Seattle for head coach Tom Flores. The Seahawks' 0.125 winning percentage in 1992 remains the worst in franchise history. The Seahawks' 140 points (8.8 points", "title": "1992 Seattle Seahawks season" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the year, the team struggled, finishing only 2–6, and backing their way into the playoffs with the AFC's last wild-card slot. The Seattle Seahawks played host to their first playoff game since the 1984 Season. The Seahawks were dominated by the Dolphins defense, who held them to only 171 yards, with just 32 in the second half, and sacked Seahawks quarterback Jon Kitna six times, three by Trace Armstrong. Although Seattle jumped out to a 17–10 lead in the 3rd quarter, the Dolphins would rally back behind quarterback Dan Marino, who threw for 196 yards and a touchdown, leading his", "title": "1999 Miami Dolphins season" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "University of Phoenix Stadium twice in that span, as well as Super Bowl XLIII), the first time hosting the Denver Broncos since 2006 (having played them five times since then, all at Sports Authority Field at Mile High), the first time playing the San Diego Chargers on the road since 2006 (having played them four times since, all at home, and ultimately the Steelers last trip to San Diego before the Chargers returned to Los Angeles in 2017) and the first time visiting the Seattle Seahawks since 2003, having played them away from Seattle three times since, twice at home", "title": "2015 Pittsburgh Steelers season" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "three times: 2005, 2013 and 2014. The team played in the Kingdome until it was imploded in 2000 and moved into Qwest Field (now CenturyLink Field) at the same site in 2003. The Seahawks lost Super Bowl XL in 2005 to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Detroit, but won Super Bowl XLVIII in 2013 by defeating the Denver Broncos 43–8 at MetLife Stadium. The team advanced to the Super Bowl the following year, but lost to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX on a last-minute play. Seahawks fans have set stadium noise records on several occasions and are collectively", "title": "Seattle" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan. Steve Largent, Cortez Kennedy, Walter Jones, and Kenny Easley have been voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame primarily or wholly for their accomplishments as Seahawks. In addition to them, Dave Brown, Jacob Green, Dave Krieg, Curt Warner, and Jim Zorn have been inducted into the Seahawks Ring of Honor along with Pete Gross (radio announcer) and Chuck Knox (head coach). The Seahawks have won 10 division titles and three conference championships. They are the only team to have played in both the AFC and NFC Championship Games. They have appeared in three Super Bowls:", "title": "Seattle Seahawks" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to the Pittsburgh Steelers at Super Bowl XL in Detroit, Michigan on February 5, 2006 by a score of 21–10. Although the Seahawks outgained the Steelers, 396 yards to 339, Pittsburgh won on the strength of three big plays converted for touchdowns. Seattle, on the other hand, seemed unable to convert on many of their offensive opportunities, and many feel that several controversial calls by the officials during the game wrongfully nullified several key plays made by the Seahawks that some feel could have changed the outcome of the game. The several controversial calls made during Super Bowl XL were", "title": "2005 Seattle Seahawks season" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Richard Sherman (American football) Richard Kevin Sherman (born March 30, 1988) is an American football cornerback for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the fifth round of the 2011 NFL Draft. He has been selected to the Pro Bowl four times and voted All-Pro four times, including three times to the first team. He led the NFL in interceptions in 2013, when he also helped the Seahawks win their first Super Bowl. Sherman played college football for the Stanford Cardinal, beginning his career as a wide receiver before", "title": "Richard Sherman (American football)" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "1997 season he played in three games as a center and long snapper. The following year, he participated in NFL Europe with the England Monarchs. Bloedorn's final season was with the Seahawks. Greg Bloedorn Greg Bloedorn (born November 15, 1972) was an American football offensive lineman for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League. He was signed by the Seahawks in 1996. Bloedorn played college football at Cornell University. His professional career spanned three active roster seasons with the Seattle Seahawks: to until he was released in 2000. Bloedorn was born in Elmhurst, Illinois. He attended high school at", "title": "Greg Bloedorn" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "John Hilliard (American football) John Edward Hilliard (born April 16, 1976) is a former American football defensive end who played three seasons with the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the sixth round of the 2000 NFL Draft. Hilliard played college football at Mississippi State University and attended Sterling High School in Houston, Texas. He was also a member of the Green Bay Packers, New Orleans VooDoo and Grand Rapids Rampage. Hilliard was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks with the 190th pick in the 2000 NFL Draft. He was released by", "title": "John Hilliard (American football)" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Greg Bloedorn Greg Bloedorn (born November 15, 1972) was an American football offensive lineman for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League. He was signed by the Seahawks in 1996. Bloedorn played college football at Cornell University. His professional career spanned three active roster seasons with the Seattle Seahawks: to until he was released in 2000. Bloedorn was born in Elmhurst, Illinois. He attended high school at Glenbard South in Glen Ellyn, Illinois. Bloedorn played football and basketball in high school. He graduated in 1991. Bloedorn played college football at Cornell University from 1991 to 1995. His first year", "title": "Greg Bloedorn" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "overtime. Following the season, Hall of Fame defensive tackle John Randle retired after 14 seasons. Divisional matchups have the NFC West playing the NFC North and the AFC North. Shaun Alexander bulled the Seahawks to a 27–10 win as he rushed for 108 yards and a touchdown while also catching a touchdown. The Saints fumbled away the ball three times and also committed eleven penalties. After forcing four turnovers by the Saints, the Seahawks picked off Jeff Blake and Josh McCown four times while swallowing two fumbles en route to a 38–0 shutout win. Maurice Morris and Shaun Alexander split", "title": "2003 Seattle Seahawks season" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Winston Guy Winston Guy Jr. (born April 23, 1990) is a former American football safety. He played college football at Kentucky. Guy was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the sixth round of the 2012 NFL Draft. He has also played for the Jacksonville Jaguars and Indianapolis Colts. Guy was selected in the sixth round (181st overall) by the Seattle Seahawks in the 2012 NFL Draft. On August 31, 2013, Guy was released by the Seahawks during final team cuts. Guy was claimed off waivers by the Jacksonville Jaguars on September 1, 2013. After starting at safety the first three", "title": "Winston Guy" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "For the 2010 UFL season, Francies signed with the Las Vegas Locomotives. In eight games, Francies made 11.5 tackles and two interceptions, and Las Vegas won the 2010 UFL championship. On December 14, 2011, Francies signed with the Seattle Seahawks to the practice squad. Francies re-signed with the team as a reserve and future free agent. Francies played three preseason games with Seattle in 2012, and he was waived by the Seahawks on August 27. Two days after the Seahawks waived him, Francies signed with the Oakland Raiders on August 29 and played the final preseason game for the Raiders", "title": "Coye Francies" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and signed as an undrafted free agent for the 2010 season by the New Orleans Saints, Gresham was picked up on waivers by the Seattle Seahawks on August 1, 2010. On March 20, 2015, he re-signed with the Seahawks on a three-year contract worth $2.7 million total and a $300,000 signing bonus. He was released by the Seahawks on March 16, 2016. Gresham is a Christian, and a Young Life leader in Seattle. Gresham's father, Jim, played football at Texas from 1974–76. His cousin, Phil Pratt, played football at Oklahoma in the 1960s. In March 2015, Gresham married Matti Gresham", "title": "Clint Gresham" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the Seahawks on August 25, 2003. Hilliard signed with the Green Bay Packers on January 19, 2004. He was released by the Packers on February 27, 2004. Hilliard was signed by the New Orleans VooDoo on October 28, 2004. Hilliard was traded to the Grand Rapids Rampage on March 29, 2005. John Hilliard (American football) John Edward Hilliard (born April 16, 1976) is a former American football defensive end who played three seasons with the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the sixth round of the 2000 NFL Draft. Hilliard played", "title": "John Hilliard (American football)" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "years in the cavalry) with the colours, seven or eight in the reserve and two in the Landwehr; in the case of men not drafted to the active army the same total period of service was spent in various special reserves. The common minister of war was the head for the administration of all military affairs, except those of the Austrian Landwehr and of the Hungarian Honved, which were committed to the ministries for national defence of the two respective states. But the supreme command of the army was nominally vested in the monarch, who had the power to take", "title": "Austria-Hungary" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Hans Nilsson (musician) Hans \"Hasse\" Nilsson (22 December 1972 is a Swedish current drummer for the band Dimension Zero. His experience within the Swedish metal scene goes back 17 years, and has included many of its luminaries; \"Liers in Wait\", with Kristian Wåhlin; \"Luciferion\", an early band of Dark Tranquillity's Michael Nicklasson; and \"Crystal Age\", consisting of Oscar Dronjak (HammerFall, ex-Ceremonial Oath) and Fredrik Larsson (ex-HammerFall). Dimension Zero features former In Flames guitarist Jesper Strömblad, also formerly of Ceremonial Oath and HammerFall. Nilsson's style generally sways within the \"blastbeat/double bass\" tempo that is typical of death metal. However, one exception", "title": "Hans Nilsson (musician)" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "containing new residential neighbourhoods were adopted in 2009 and 2010, including St. Germaine Creek on a recently annexed land northwest of the intersection of Highway 2 and Highway 743, and Citadel Park on land west of Highway 684 between the Pines and Upper West Peace. Future residential development is also planned in Westview on the lands adjacent to the Peace River Community Health Centre. In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Peace River recorded a population of 6,842 living in 2,601 of its 2,970 total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of", "title": "Peace River, Alberta" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Inquiry under Sir Anthony Evans looking into financial irregularities in the Auditor General's Report. Mr. Burgess' testimony was abrasive and unhelpful labelling the Commission a \"Lynch Mob\". Derrick Burgess (politician) The Hon. Derrick V. Burgess, JP, MP, is a Bermudaian politician, former labour union leader and hotel executive. The Hon. Derrick V. Burgess was elected Deputy Leader of the Progressive Labour Party and Deputy Premier of Bermuda on 28 October 2010, immediately following the election of the Hon. Paula Cox, JP, MP as Premier of Bermuda. Four days later, he was named Minister of Public Works. A graduate from the", "title": "Derrick Burgess (politician)" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of town renovations. It can now only be discerned by looking at houses' positions or by looking over the town. The same effect was achieved when the town planner staggered the side lanes or had them meet the main streets at a slanted angle. By deftly planning the town in this way, even drafts were avoided. Another way of doing this same thing was to build houses out of alignment with their neighbours, or even whole blocks out of alignment with the rest of the street. This can still very clearly be seen around Obere Westheimer Straße. Such a thing", "title": "Homberg (Efze)" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Panthers–Seahawks rivalry The Panthers-Seahawks rivalry is a National Football League (NFL) series between the Carolina Panthers and Seattle Seahawks. Both franchises have combined for 5 Super Bowl appearances, 23 playoff appearances, and 16 division championships (10 for Seattle and 6 for Carolina). Seattle leads the series 9–4, while matches between quarterbacks Russell Wilson and Cam Newton have drawn comparisons to the Tom Brady–Peyton Manning rivalry. The Panthers and Seahawks first played each other in the 2000 regular season, with Carolina winning. The first playoff matchup between both teams dates to the 2005 NFC Championship game. The Seahawks won, defeating the", "title": "Panthers–Seahawks rivalry" }, { "idx": 23, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Matt Lytle Matthew Lytle (born September 4, 1975) is a former American football quarterback of the National Football League. He was signed by the Seattle Seahawks as a street free agent in 2000. He played college football at Pittsburgh. Lytle was also a member of the Carolina Panthers, Baltimore Ravens and Colorado Crush. In the 2000 offseason, Lytle played for the Rhein Fire of NFL Europe and won World Bowl VIII. Lytle was claimed off waivers by the Seattle Seahawks on August 28, 2000. He made his NFL debut on October 22 in a 31-3 loss to the Oakland Raiders,", "title": "Matt Lytle" }, { "idx": 24, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "5-9 record, winning their final two games in the process. In its second year, Seattle played all of the teams in the AFC as a member of the AFC West. 1977 Seattle Seahawks season The 1977 Seattle Seahawks season was the team's second campaign in the National Football League. The 1977 season was the team's first in the AFC West. The Seahawks lost five of their first six games. On October 30, the Seahawks earned their second win of the season when quarterback Jim Zorn returned from an injury and threw four touchdown passes in a 56-17 win over the", "title": "1977 Seattle Seahawks season" }, { "idx": 25, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Paul Skansi. Divisional matchups have the AFC West playing the NFC Central. Even though the Seahawks did not qualify for the playoffs, their most memorable moment during the season was in the final seconds against the Kansas City Chiefs when Dave Krieg threw a game-winning touchdown pass to Paul Skansi. 1990 Seattle Seahawks season The 1990 Seattle Seahawks season was the team's 15th season with the National Football League. The team improved on its 7-9 record from 1989, finishing 9-7. Despite the winning record, the Seahawks missed the postseason. Seattle would start the season 0-3 before upsetting the Cincinnati Bengals", "title": "1990 Seattle Seahawks season" }, { "idx": 26, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the Miami Dolphins, as they lost in Miami 31-10 to a powerful Dolphins squad. Divisional matchups have the AFC West playing the NFC Central. The Seahawks saw the Patriots erase a 23-0 deficit with 38 unanswered points led by new quarterback Tony Eason, who took over halfway through the game for Steve Grogan. Seattle entered the postseason as the #4 seed in the AFC. 1984 Seattle Seahawks season The 1984 Seattle Seahawks season was the team's ninth season with the National Football League. The season opener was moved from Sunday to Monday afternoon on Labor Day to avoid a conflict", "title": "1984 Seattle Seahawks season" } ]

[ "three" ]

[ "The Seahawks' CenturyLink Field has hosted NFL playoff games in 2006, 2008, 2011, 2014 and 2015. The Seahawks have advanced to the Super Bowl three times: 2005, 2013 and 2014. They defeated the Denver Broncos 43-8 to win their first Super Bowl championship in Super Bowl XLVIII, but lost 24-28 against the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX. Seattle Sounders FC has played in Major League Soccer since 2009, sharing CenturyLink Field with the Seahawks, as a continuation of earlier teams in the lower divisions of American soccer. The Sounders have not won the MLS Cup but have, however, won the MLS Supporters' Shield in 2014 and the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup on four occasions: 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2014." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "not well-studied" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "sizes, called morphologies. Bacterial cells are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5–5.0 micrometres in length. However, a few species are visible to the unaided eye—for example, \"Thiomargarita namibiensis\" is up to half a millimetre long and \"Epulopiscium fishelsoni\" reaches 0.7 mm. Among the smallest bacteria are members of the genus \"Mycoplasma\", which measure only 0.3 micrometres, as small as the largest viruses. Some bacteria may be even smaller, but these ultramicrobacteria are not well-studied. Most bacterial species are either spherical, called \"cocci\" (\"sing\". coccus, from Greek \"kókkos\", grain, seed), or rod-shaped, called \"bacilli\" (\"sing\". bacillus,", "title": "Bacteria" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "sizes, called morphologies. Bacterial cells are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5–5.0 micrometres in length. However, a few species are visible to the unaided eye—for example, \"Thiomargarita namibiensis\" is up to half a millimetre long and \"Epulopiscium fishelsoni\" reaches 0.7 mm. Among the smallest bacteria are members of the genus \"Mycoplasma\", which measure only 0.3 micrometres, as small as the largest viruses. Some bacteria may be even smaller, but these ultramicrobacteria are not well-studied. Most bacterial species are either spherical, called \"cocci\" (\"sing\". coccus, from Greek \"kókkos\", grain, seed), or rod-shaped, called \"bacilli\" (\"sing\". bacillus,", "title": "Bacteria" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to Praterm Company. 2005 - Over the course of the year, FŁT-Kraśnik implemented an integrated Management System which included: FŁT-Kraśnik FŁT-Kraśnik is a joint-stock company which belongs to the Polish Treasury. Its premises are located in Kraśnik, Poland, 50 km south-west of Lublin, near the eastern border of the European Union (EU). The main products of FŁT-Kraśnik are bearings and their components (products and semi-finished products after forging and pressing). FŁT-Kraśnik also manufactures grinding spindles, bearing repair kits, equipment, various tools and machines, and machine tool components along with their design documentation. FŁT-Kraśnik S.A. was founded in 1938 as Munition", "title": "FŁT-Kraśnik" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Christie Pits Christie Pits, originally Willowvale Park, is a public recreational area in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located at 750 Bloor Street West at Christie Street, just west of the Toronto Transit Commission Christie subway station. The park has an area of , about half of which is grassed picnic areas, the rest being various sports fields. Sports facilities on the site include three baseball diamonds (one full-sized and fenced named \"Dominico Field\"), basketball courts, a soccer/rugby/football field, and The Alex Duff Outdoor Pool, splash pad and adjacent outdoor ice rink which are located on the west edge of", "title": "Christie Pits" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of coherent set of Chetnik war objectives. Stevan Moljević was born to Jovan and Mitra Moljević (\"née\" Babić) on 6 January 1888 in Rudo, Austria-Hungary. He finished primary school in the town and later joined Young Bosnia, a revolutionary movement which aimed to unite all South Slavs into one common state. He was arrested by Austro-Hungarian authorities in 1910 after a member of Young Bosnia attempted to assassinate Marijan Varešanin, the region's governor. In 1915, Moljević was arrested and charged with treason by Austro-Hungarian authorities. He was found guilty of treason and sentenced to ten years of hard labour. He", "title": "Stevan Moljević" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "twenty seconds. He also took the overall lead, but soon lost it to van Garderen after losing time on stage four, a time trial. On stage six, the queen stage, Bernal attacked on the final climb, distancing all of the other riders. He won the stage with a 1:28 gap over Adam Yates. He took the overall lead back after the stage, and successfully defended it on the final stage. In July 2018, he was named in the start list for the 2018 Tour de France. Bernal rode as a domestique for team leaders Chris Froome and Geraint Thomas. He", "title": "Egan Bernal" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "another reason for this was the enormous cost of stone construction in man-hours and in material; so much masonry construction was carried out in the Third Reich that shortages occurred. Hence many of the viaducts were in simplified, modernized form, for example the series at the Drackensteiner Hang by Paul Bonatz and the bridge over the Lahn valley at Limburg, by Bonatz and Gottwalt Schaper. In addition, the Reichsautobahn was to have had a large amount of monumental sculpture. The viewing platforms from which travelers could admire the bridges often had obelisks or columns topped with eagles and swastikas. In", "title": "Reichsautobahn" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "members. Evidence supporting such behavior is lacking however; a review of the empirical economics literature is found in Bonin, Jones, and Putterman. But alternative behavioral models have been proposed. Peter Law examined LMFs that value employment as well as income. Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen examined pay according to work and according to need. Nobel Laureate James Meade examined behavior of an \"inegalitarian\" LMF. Generally, the evidence indicates that worker cooperatives have higher productivity than conventional companies although this difference may be modest in size. Economists have explained clustering of worker coops through leagues or \"supporting structures\" Regions where large clusters", "title": "Worker cooperative" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "be because soil scarification brought up and exposed more soil organic carbon and more was lost to degradation; however there was still a high concentration of soil carbon in those plantations as well. Afforestation is generally seen as a positive thing, and the re-establishment of forests in Japan has been positive overall. Large-scale afforestation is still a new concept, and there are some concerns associated with it. Afforested regions have impacts on local watersheds as well as species interactions. One study examined the reduced water quality of watersheds downstream of afforested conifer plantations. The concern was that there was no", "title": "Afforestation in Japan" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "director there from 1972 until his 2001 retirement. Weidenmüller is known above all for his work in the theory of nuclear reactions. He examined nuclear reactions in the shell model under inclusion of continuum states and developed a microscopic statistical theory of nuclear reactions; this statistical theory (now known as transport theory) had applications to the interpretation of the particle accelerator experiments with heavy ions as well as on highly excited compound nuclei. He also examined chaotic dynamism in atomic nuclei and nuclear reactions (as well as Bose–Einstein condensates) with the help of the method of random matrices. Weidenmüller has", "title": "Hans-Arwed Weidenmüller" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Keynes is that he denied the possibility to change the capitalist’s decision making. As is well known, Keynes devoted almost all his investigation to the demand-side and as far as the supply-side he only said that there remains almost no materials that is not known to us and Keynes left it as technically given. Okishio examined the capitalistic property of Keynes aggregate supply function Z(N) and showed an alternative way of raising employment by changing Aggregate Supply Function. His critical examination of Keynesian economics is the jointly published book “Keynesian Economics” in 1957. As is well known, one of Keynes's", "title": "Nobuo Okishio" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "should be very \"black\", she should have dainty hands and feet, small and well-recessed sexual organs and a set of twenty teeth. The girl is also observed for signs of serenity and fearlessness and her horoscope is examined to ensure that it is complementary to the King's. It is important that there not be any conflicts as she must confirm the King's legitimacy each year of her divinity. Her family is also scrutinized to ensure its piety and devotion to the King. Once the priests have chosen a candidate, she must undergo yet more rigorous tests to ensure that she", "title": "Kumari (goddess)" } ]

[ "not well-studied" ]

[ "Bacteria display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes, called morphologies. Bacterial cells are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5–5.0 micrometres in length. However, a few species are visible to the unaided eye — for example, Thiomargarita namibiensis is up to half a millimetre long and Epulopiscium fishelsoni reaches 0.7 mm. Among the smallest bacteria are members of the genus Mycoplasma, which measure only 0.3 micrometres, as small as the largest viruses. Some bacteria may be even smaller, but these ultramicrobacteria are not well-studied." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Bacteria" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Bacteria Bacteria (; common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) are a type of biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. Most bacteria have not been characterised, and only about half of the", "title": "Bacteria" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "came in 1977 when Carl Woese recognised that archaea have a separate line of evolutionary descent from bacteria. This new phylogenetic taxonomy depended on the sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA, and divided prokaryotes into two evolutionary domains, as part of the three-domain system. Bacteria Bacteria (; common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) are a type of biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most", "title": "Bacteria" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Domain (biology) In biological taxonomy, a domain [/də(ʊ)ˈmeɪn/] (Latin: \"regio\"), also superkingdom or empire, is the highest taxonomic rank of organisms in the three-domain system of taxonomy designed by Carl Woese. According to the Woese system, introduced in 1990, the tree of life consists of three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. The first two are all prokaryotic microorganisms, or single-celled organisms whose cells have no nucleus. All life that has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and multicellular organisms, is included in the Eukarya. The term \"domain\" was proposed by Woese et al. (1990) in his three-domain system. This term represents", "title": "Domain (biology)" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "further offshore and deeper into the water, where there are fewer host organisms. Viruses are an important natural means of transferring genes between different species, which increases genetic diversity and drives evolution. It is thought that viruses played a central role in the early evolution, before the diversification of bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes, at the time of the last universal common ancestor of life on Earth. Viruses are still one of the largest reservoirs of unexplored genetic diversity on Earth. Bacteria constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes,", "title": "Marine life" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Bacteria Bacteria (; common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) are a type of biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. Most bacteria have not been characterised, and only about half of the", "title": "Bacteria" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "last universal common ancestor of life on Earth. Viruses are still one of the largest reservoirs of unexplored genetic diversity on Earth. Bacteria constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. Once regarded as plants", "title": "Marine microorganism" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Bacteria – prokaryotic, consists of prokaryotic cells possessing primarily \"diacyl glycerol diester lipids\" in their membranes and bacterial rRNA, no nuclear membrane, traditionally classified as bacteria. Most of the known pathogenic prokaryotic organisms belong to bacteria (see for exceptions), and are currently studied more extensively than Archaea. Some examples of bacteria include Cyanobacteria photosynthesizing bacteria that are related to the chloroplasts of eukaryotic plants and algae, Spirochaetes – Gram-negative bacteria that include those causing syphilis and Lyme disease, and Actinobacteria --Gram-positive bacteria including \"Bifidobacterium animalis\" which is present in the human large intestine. Domain Eukarya – eukaryotes, organisms that contain", "title": "Three-domain system" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "mild skin reactions upon exposure. The last two toxins, anatoxin-a and saxitoxin, are thought to be shellfish neurotoxins. Research has shown that \"C. raciborskii\" can naturally produce butylated hydroxytoluene, an antioxidant, food additive, and industrial chemical. Domain – Bacteria The Tree of Life contains three Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Kingdom – Bacteria Bacteria consists of prokaryotic microorganisms. They were among the first life forms to appear on Earth and appear in a wide variety of habitats. Phylum – Cyanobacteria This phylum is characterized by their ability to obtain energy through photosynthesis. They are often called the blue-green algae stemming", "title": "Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Microbiology Microbiology (from Greek , \"mīkros\", \"small\"; , \"bios\", \"life\"; and , \"-logia\") is the study of microorganisms, those being unicellular (single cell), multicellular (cell colony), or acellular (lacking cells). Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-disciplines including virology, parasitology, mycology and bacteriology. Eukaryotic microorganisms possess membrane-bound cell organelles and include fungi and protists, whereas prokaryotic organisms—all of which are microorganisms—are conventionally classified as lacking membrane-bound organelles and include Bacteria and Archaea. Microbiologists traditionally relied on culture, staining, and microscopy. However, less than 1% of the microorganisms present in common environments can be cultured in isolation using current means. Microbiologists often rely on", "title": "Microbiology" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "waters adjacent to hydrothermal vents. Within the abyssal and hadal zones, the areas around submarine hydrothermal vents and cold seeps have by far the greatest biomass and biodiversity per unit area. Fueled by the chemicals dissolved in the vent fluids, these areas are often home to large and diverse communities of thermophilic, halophilic and other extremophilic prokaryotic microorganisms (such as those of the sulfide-oxidizing genus \"Beggiatoa\"), often arranged in large bacterial mats near cold seeps. In these locations, chemosynthetic archaea and bacteria typically form the base of the food chain. Although the process of chemosynthesis is entirely microbial, these chemosynthetic", "title": "Abyssal plain" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "in diverse range of pathogenic bacteria. These STPK are transmembrane receptors with an intracellular N-terminal kinase domain and extracellular C-terminal sensor domain. In the STPK, PknD, from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the sensor domain forms a rigid, six-bladed b-propeller composed of NHL repeats with a flexible tether to the transmembrane domain. NHL repeat The NHL repeat, named after NCL-1, HT2A and Lin-41, is an amino acid sequence found largely in a large number of eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteins. For example, the repeat is found in a variety of enzymes of the copper type II, ascorbate-dependent monooxygenase family which catalyse the C-terminus alpha-amidation", "title": "NHL repeat" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "The term \"vibrion\" was adapted into the name of the \"Vibrio\" prokaryotic genus. Vibrion Vibrion may also refer to: the singular form of \"vibrio\", a genus of anaerobic bacteria with a comma-like shape. Vibrion is an antiquated term for microorganisms, especially pathogenic ones; see Germ theory of disease. The term was specifically used in reference to motile microorganisms, and the name of the \"Vibrio\" genus derives from this term. The term is closely tied to the history of the study of cholera. It was used in biological literature between the late 19th century and the 1920s. Bacteria with the same", "title": "Vibrion" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Microbiological Research Microbiological Research is an academic journal in microbiology, published by Elsevier. It has an impact factor of 2.561 as of 2014. The journal was established in 1896. The journal publishes research on prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms such as yeasts, fungi, bacteria, archaea, and protozoa, as well as on interactions between pathogenic microorganisms and their environments or hosts. It focuses in particular on microbiology and genetics; molecular and cell biology; metabolism and physiology; signal transduction and development; biotechnology; phytopathology; and environmental microbiology and ecology. The journal was originally published by Gustav Fischer Verlag. It was originally titled \"Centralblatt für", "title": "Microbiological Research" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Indeed, many cells are so fragile that when placed in distilled water, they immediately lyse from the change in osmotic conditions. Halophiles may use a variety of energy sources. They can be aerobic or anaerobic. Anaerobic halophiles include phototrophic, fermentative, sulfate-reducing, homoacetogenic, and methanogenic species. The Haloarchaea, and particularly the family Halobacteriaceae, are members of the domain Archaea, and comprise the majority of the prokaryotic population in hypersaline environments. Currently, 15 recognised genera are in the family. The domain Bacteria (mainly \"Salinibacter ruber\") can comprise up to 25% of the prokaryotic community, but is more commonly a much lower percentage", "title": "Halophile" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "appear to be more closely related to eukaryotes than they are to other prokaryotic bacteria. The current system has the following listed kingdoms in the three domains: Domain Archaea – prokaryotic, no nuclear membrane, distinct biochemistry and RNA markers from bacteria, possess unique ancient evolutionary history for which they are considered some of the oldest species of organisms on Earth; traditionally classified as archaebacteria; often characterized by living in extreme environments. Some examples of archaeal organisms are methanogens which produce the gas methane, halophiles which live in very salty water, and thermoacidophiles which thrive in acidic high temperature water. Domain", "title": "Three-domain system" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "CRM domain In molecular biology, the CRM domain is an approximately 100-amino acid RNA-binding domain. The name CRM (chloroplast RNA splicing and ribosome maturation) has been suggested to reflect the functions established for four characterised members of the family: \"Zea mays\" (Maize) CRS1, CAF1 and CAF2 proteins and the \"Escherichia coli\" protein YhbY. Proteins containing the CRM domain are found in eubacteria, archaea, and plants. The CRM domain is represented as a stand-alone protein in archaea and bacteria, and in single- and multi-domain proteins in plants. It has been suggested that prokaryotic CRM proteins existed as ribosome-associated proteins prior to", "title": "CRM domain" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live", "title": "Microorganism" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "are from the NCBI database. There are no known or predicted paralogs in \"Homo sapiens\". That is, MALSU1 is a single-copy gene. The domain is from position 93 to 194 on the human protein and comprises 43.2% of the sequence. This conserved domain is also present in the plant gene iojap, a pattern-striping gene in maize. However, since its function has been solved at least in bacteria, it is no longer a \"domain of unknown function\". While the function of the protein in mitochondria is not conclusive its bacterial homolog has been shown to silence prokaryotic translation by blocking the", "title": "MALSU1" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "taxonomy classifies life into three domains. The time of their origin is uncertain. The Bacteria domain probably first split off from the other forms of life (sometimes called Neomura), but this supposition is controversial. Soon after this, by 2 Ga, the Neomura split into the Archaea and the Eukarya. Eukaryotic cells (Eukarya) are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells (Bacteria and Archaea), and the origin of that complexity is only now becoming known. Around this time, the first proto-mitochondrion was formed. A bacterial cell related to today's \"Rickettsia\", which had evolved to metabolize oxygen, entered a larger prokaryotic cell,", "title": "History of Earth" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Na ions depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane sufficiently to initiate an action potential. While single-cell organisms like bacteria would have little apparent need for the transmission of an action potential, a bacterial homologue to an LIC has been identified, hypothesized to act nonetheless as a chemoreceptor. This prokaryotic nAChR variant is known as the GLIC receptor, after the species in which it was identified; Gloeobacter Ligand-gated Ion C channel. Cys-loop receptors have structural elements that are well conserved, with a large extracellular domain (ECD) harboring an alpha-helix and 10 beta-strands. Following the ECD, four transmembrane segments (TMSs) are connected by intracellular", "title": "Ligand-gated ion channel" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Monera Monera () (Greek - μονήρης (monḗrēs), \"single\", \"solitary\") is a kingdom that contains unicellular organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization (having no nuclear membrane), such as bacteria. They are single-celled organisms with no true nuclear membrane (prokaryotic organisms). The taxon Monera was first proposed as a phylum by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. Subsequently, the phylum was elevated to the rank of kingdom in 1925 by Édouard Chatton. The last commonly accepted mega-classification with the taxon Monera was the five-kingdom classification system established by Robert Whittaker in 1969. Under the three-domain system of taxonomy, introduced by Carl Woese in 1977,", "title": "Monera" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of bioremediation is also possible although their activity is often not as robust and introducing the enzymes into certain environments such as soil has been challenging. In addition to terrestrial based microorganisms, marine based bacteria and their exoenzymes show potential as candidates in the field of bioremediation. Marine based bacteria have been utilized in the removal of heavy metals, petroleum/diesel degradation and in the removal of polyaromatic hydrocarbons among others. Exoenzyme An exoenzyme, or extracellular enzyme, is an enzyme that is secreted by a cell and functions outside of that cell. Exoenzymes are produced by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells", "title": "Exoenzyme" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "are the smallest of the Archaea. Even though bacteria are prokaryotic cells just like Archaea, their membranes are made of unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages. Cyanobacteria and mycoplasmas are two examples of bacteria. They characteristically do not have ether linkages like Archaea, and they are grouped into a different category—and hence a different domain. There is a great deal of diversity in this domain. Confounded by that diversity and horizontal gene transfer, it is next to impossible to determine how many species of bacteria exist on the planet, or to organize them in a tree-structure,", "title": "Domain (biology)" }, { "idx": 23, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "thrush) and vagina (commonly called yeast infection). Most unicellular organisms are of microscopic size and are thus classified as microorganisms. However, some unicellular protists and bacteria are macroscopic and visible to the naked eye. Examples include: Unicellular organism A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, is an organism that consists of only one cell, unlike a multicellular organism that consists of more than one cell. Unicellular organisms fall into two general categories: prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms. Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea. Many eukaryotes are multicellular, but the group includes the protozoa, unicellular algae, and unicellular fungi. Unicellular", "title": "Unicellular organism" }, { "idx": 24, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten\", then as the \"Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene\" until volume 136 (1981), and then as the \"Zentralblatt für Mikrobiologie\" from volumes 137 (1982) to 148 (1993). It was renamed \"Microbiological Research\" in 1993. Formerly published in German, it is now an English language journal. Microbiological Research Microbiological Research is an academic journal in microbiology, published by Elsevier. It has an impact factor of 2.561 as of 2014. The journal was established in 1896. The journal publishes research on prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms such as yeasts, fungi, bacteria, archaea, and protozoa, as well as on", "title": "Microbiological Research" }, { "idx": 25, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Lithotroph Lithotrophs are a diverse group of organisms using inorganic substrate (usually of mineral origin) to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis (e.g., carbon dioxide fixation) or energy conservation (i.e., ATP production) via aerobic or anaerobic respiration. Known chemolithotrophs are exclusively microorganisms; no known macrofauna possesses the ability to use inorganic compounds as energy sources. Macrofauna and lithotrophs can form symbiotic relationships, in which case the lithotrophs are called \"prokaryotic symbionts\". An example of this is chemolithotrophic bacteria in giant tube worms or plastids, which are organelles within plant cells that may have evolved from photolithotrophic cyanobacteria-like organisms. Lithotrophs", "title": "Lithotroph" }, { "idx": 26, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "eukaryotes. The repertoire of membrane-related functions of \"Lokiarchaeum\" suggests that the common ancestor to the eukaryotes might be an intermediate step between the prokaryotic cells, devoid of subcellular structures, and the eukaryotic cells, which harbor many organelles. Carl Woese's three-domain system classifies cellular life into three domains: archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes; the last being characterised by large, highly evolved cells, containing mitochondria, which help the cells produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of the cell), and a membrane-bound nucleus containing nucleic acids. Protozoa and all multicellular organisms such as animals, fungi, and plants are eukaryotes. The bacteria and archaea", "title": "Lokiarchaeota" }, { "idx": 27, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "thus in a similar range compared to actin (with a mass of ~42 kDa). In contrast, tubulin polymers (microtubules) tend to be much bigger than actin filaments due to their cylindrical nature. Tubulin was long thought to be specific to eukaryotes. More recently, however, several prokaryotic proteins have been shown to be related to tubulin. Tubulin is characterized by the evolutionarily conserved Tubulin/FtsZ family, GTPase protein domain. This GTPase protein domain is found in all eukaryotic tubulin chains, as well as the bacterial protein TubZ, the archaeal protein CetZ, and the FtsZ protein family widespread in Bacteria and Archaea. α-", "title": "Tubulin" }, { "idx": 28, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "archaeologists. Today, archaeologists use faunal remains as a guide to the environment. It helps archaeologists understand whether the fauna were present naturally or through activities of carnivores or people. Archaeologists deal with macrofauna and microfauna. Microfauna are better indicators of climate and environmental change than larger species. These can be as small as a bug or as big as a fish or bird. Macrofauna helps archaeologists build a picture of past human diet. Bacteria and Protists form two separate kingdoms, but both are fairly similar when compared. Bacteria are prokaryotic microorganisms, while protists are a group of eukaryotic organisms. Because", "title": "Archaeobiology" }, { "idx": 29, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Up to 10 billion bacterial cells inhabit each gram of soil in and around plant roots, a region known as the rhizosphere. In 2011, a team detected more than 33,000 bacterial and archaeal species on sugar beet roots. The composition of the rhizobiome can change rapidly in response to changes in the surrounding environment. Bacteria and Archaea are the smallest organisms in soil apart from viruses. Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic. All of the \"other\" microorganisms are eukaryotic, which means they have a more advanced cell structure with internal organelles and the ability to reproduce sexually. A prokaryote has a", "title": "Soil microbiology" }, { "idx": 30, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "segments that are less crucial for an organism survival will be more likely to be lost over time. This selective pressure is stronger in large marine prokaryotic populations, because intra-species competition favours fast, efficient and inexpensive replication. This is because large population sizes increase competition among members of the same species, and thus increases selective pressure and causes the reduction in genome size to occur more readily among organisms of large population sizes, like bacteria. This may explain why genome streamlining seems to be particularly prevalent in prokaryotic organisms, as they tend to have larger population sizes than eukaryotes. It", "title": "Streamlining theory" }, { "idx": 31, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "involves discovering genes and their functions. Proteogenomics has become especially useful in the discovery and improvement of gene annotations in prokaryotic organisms. For example, various microorganisms have had their genomic annotation studied through the proteogenomic approach including, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium, and multiple species of \"Shewanella\" bacteria. Besides improving gene annotations, proteogenomic studies can also provide valuable information about the presence of programmed frameshifts, N-terminal methionine excision, signal peptides, proteolysis and other post-translational modifications. Proteogenomics has potential applications in medicine, especially to oncology research. Cancer occurs through genetic mutations such as methylation, translocation, and somatic mutations. Research has shown that both", "title": "Proteogenomics" }, { "idx": 32, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Mukondo Mine Mukondo Mine is a copper and cobalt mine in Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. As of 2011 it was operated by the Central African Mining and Exploration Company (CAMEC). It may be the richest cobalt reserve in the world. In July 2008 CAMEC said the resource estimate at Mukondo was 70 million tons of ore containing 1.5 million tons of copper and 500,000 tonnes of cobalt. The cobalt grade averages 1.2%, an exceptionally high concentration. The Mukondo mountain has a height of over . Mining is relatively cheap since waste rock can simply be pushed off", "title": "Mukondo Mine" }, { "idx": 33, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Austria, Canada, China, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Denmark, England, France, India, Japan, Kenya, New Zealand, Spain, Thailand, and Trinidad and Tobago. In addition, the International Student Exchange Program (ISEP) allows students to study at any of over 100 universities on six continents. In the U.S., students can study at American University in Washington, D.C., in New York City, in the Adirondack State Park, or at Fisk University, a distinguished, historically Black university in Nashville, Tennessee. The First-Year Program (FYP) at St. Lawrence is one of the oldest living/learning programs for first-year students in the country. Over the past 22 years,", "title": "St. Lawrence University" }, { "idx": 34, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "included in books and photo exhibits featured in galleries and museums, including the New York Public Library (1968), the Smithsonian (1980), the Howard Greenberg Gallery (1994), Eastman House (1998), The Colorado College (2000), Smith College (2005), a traveling exhibit, This Light of Ours (2010) and \"Time to Get Ready\" which included images from the civil rights movement and her work in northern New Mexico. Segment of Varela chapter http://www.press.uillinois.edu/wordpress/?p=6444 She graduated from University of Massachusetts. She was a visiting professor at Colorado College. She was adjunct professor at University of New Mexico. Maria Varela Maria Varela (born January 1, 1940)", "title": "Maria Varela" }, { "idx": 35, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the following month. In a June 2006 interview, Wiseman said, \"The third film is going to be a prequel. It will be the origin story and we find out things we didn't know about Lucian; he'll have a much bigger part in it. It will be about the creation [of the races] and what started the war. It will be a period piece. The movie will also focus for the first time through the Lycans' point of view.\" The director also shared, \"In terms of the writing, a lot of the writing has been done. We've been developing \"Underworld 3\"", "title": "Underworld: Rise of the Lycans" }, { "idx": 36, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "peaceful youth movement. In 1968, the Tate/LaBianca murders were committed by the youthful Charles Manson Family, and in 1970, the 26-year-old civil rights activist Angela Davis was implicated (although ultimately found not guilty) in the murder of a superior court judge. In 1970, the Container Corporation of America (CCA) released a poster that was widely distributed to colleges and universities in the United States. Under the direction of Walter Paepcke, the CCA had established itself as a leader in corporate graphics and design. The poster advertised a competition to design a graphic symbol which would be used on recycled paper", "title": "Gary Anderson (designer)" }, { "idx": 37, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "large. It can be fused to either the N-terminus or C-terminus of a protein. However, many commercially available sources of GST-tagged plasmids include a thrombin domain for cleavage of the GST tag during protein purification. Glutathione S-transferase Glutathione \"S\"-transferases (GSTs), previously known as ligandins, comprise a family of eukaryotic and prokaryotic phase II metabolic isozymes best known for their ability to catalyze the conjugation of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) to xenobiotic substrates for the purpose of detoxification. The GST family consists of three superfamilies: the cytosolic, mitochondrial, and microsomal—also known as MAPEG—proteins. Members of the GST superfamily are", "title": "Glutathione S-transferase" }, { "idx": 38, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "such as beets. Based on studies performed on a geosmin synthase (encoded by SCO6073) in \"Streptomyces coelicor\" and the high sequence similarity between this and other known or putative geosmin synthases (45-78% identity), it has been hypothesized that all geosmin synthases function in the same manner. Screening of available bacterial genomic data has resulted in the prediction of at least 55 putative geosmin synthases in this domain of prokaryotic organisms. Geosmin synthase is approximately 726 amino acids in length and has two distinctive active sites on the N-terminal and C-terminal halves, respectively (in \"S. coelicor\" the N-terminal domain consists of", "title": "Geosmin synthase" }, { "idx": 39, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "on Earth. Aristotle was the first person to classify organisms. Later, Carl Linnaeus introduced his system of binomial nomenclature for the classification of species. Eventually new groups and categories of life were discovered, such as cells and microorganisms, forcing dramatic revisions of the structure of relationships between living organisms. The cell is considered the structural and functional unit of life. There are two kinds of cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic, both of which consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane and contain many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Cells reproduce through a process of cell division, in which the", "title": "Life" }, { "idx": 40, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "action of copper have been a subject of intensive research. Scientists are also actively demonstrating the intrinsic efficacy of copper alloy \"touch surfaces\" to destroy a wide range of microorganisms that threaten public health. The oligodynamic effect was discovered in 1893 as a toxic effect of metal ions on living cells, algae, molds, spores, fungi, viruses, prokaryotic, and eukaryotic microorganisms, even in relatively low concentrations. This antimicrobial effect is shown by ions of copper as well as mercury, silver, iron, lead, zinc, bismuth, gold, and aluminium. In 1973, researchers at Battelle Columbus Laboratories conducted a comprehensive literature, technology and patent", "title": "Antimicrobial properties of copper" }, { "idx": 41, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Cyclic nucleotide-binding domain Proteins that bind cyclic nucleotides (cAMP or cGMP) share a structural domain of about 120 residues. The best studied of these proteins is the prokaryotic catabolite gene activator (also known as the cAMP receptor protein) (gene crp) where such a domain is known to be composed of three alpha-helices and a distinctive eight-stranded, antiparallel beta-barrel structure. There are six invariant amino acids in this domain, three of which are glycine residues that are thought to be essential for maintenance of the structural integrity of the beta-barrel. cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases (cAPK and cGPK) contain two tandem", "title": "Cyclic nucleotide-binding domain" } ]

[ "Bacteria" ]

[ "Bacteria (i/bækˈtɪəriə/; singular: bacterium) constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. They are also known to have flourished in manned spacecraft." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Kansas City" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "University of Kansas The University of Kansas, also referred to as KU, is a public research university in the U.S. state of Kansas. The school is occasionally, though incorrectly, called Kansas University due to its KU nickname. The main campus in Lawrence, is on Mount Oread, the highest elevation in Lawrence. Two branch campuses are in the Kansas City metropolitan area: the university's medical school and hospital in Kansas City, the Edwards Campus in Overland Park, and a hospital and research center in Topeka. There are also educational and research sites in Garden City, Hays, Leavenworth, Parsons, and Topeka, and", "title": "University of Kansas" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "University of Kansas The University of Kansas, also referred to as KU, is a public research university in the U.S. state of Kansas. The school is occasionally, though incorrectly, called Kansas University due to its KU nickname. The main campus in Lawrence, is on Mount Oread, the highest elevation in Lawrence. Two branch campuses are in the Kansas City metropolitan area: the university's medical school and hospital in Kansas City, the Edwards Campus in Overland Park, and a hospital and research center in Topeka. There are also educational and research sites in Garden City, Hays, Leavenworth, Parsons, and Topeka, and", "title": "University of Kansas" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to nearby Baker University to play the first college football game in Kansas to start that season. After playing an abbreviated three-game season in 1890, KU played its first full schedule in 1891 and immediately found success, posting a 7–0–1 record under head coach E. M. Hopkins. The 1891 season also featured the school's first football game against the University of Missouri, the first game in what would become the long-running Border War rivalry, a 22–8 KU victory in Kansas City. In 1899, Hall-of-Famer Fielding H. Yost served one season as KU's football coach, posting the first perfect season in", "title": "Kansas Jayhawks football" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Research and a Masters in Public Health graduate degree program. The KU-MPH program ranks the sixth best community health graduate degree program in the country by \"U.S. News & World Report\". University of Kansas School of Medicine The University of Kansas School of Medicine is a public medical school located on the University of Kansas Medical Center campuses in Kansas City, Kansas, and also Salina, Kansas, and Wichita, Kansas. The Kansas City campus is co-located with the independent University of Kansas Hospital, and they are commonly known collectively as KU Med. Medical instruction in the University of Kansas School of", "title": "University of Kansas School of Medicine" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the physical performances of its large cast of characters. The large animation workload required Variable State engage the help of Niamh Herrity and Aoife Doyle, Irish animators who run Pink Kong Studios animation company. During development, Variable State expanded the \"Virginia\" development team to include programmer Kieran Keegan, the lead programmer on \"Kitty Powers' Matchmaker\". Additional contributors included technical artist Matt Wilde, 3D artist Stephen Brown and animators Abby Roebuck, Steve James Brown and Mikael Persson. 3D artist Wayne Peters assisted in an outsourcing capacity. On Metacritic, it holds a score of 82% on Xbox One, 77% on PlayStation 4", "title": "Virginia (video game)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "A Few Quick Ones All the stories in the collection feature recurring Wodehouse characters and themes: four Drones Club members (two Freddie Widgeon and two Bingo Little), two golf stories (with the Oldest Member), two Mr Mulliner, one Jeeves and Bertie Wooster, and one Ukridge. The book's title comes from the informal phrase \"a quick one\", which is British slang for an alcoholic drink consumed quickly. \"A Tithe for Charity\" did not appear in the original U.S. edition, which instead featured a 1958 \"exclusive\" pseudo-Drones story entitled \"Unpleasantness at Kozy Kot\" (actually a rewritten version of the 1928 Jeeves story", "title": "A Few Quick Ones" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "CB Simulator CompuServe CB Simulator was the first dedicated online chat service that was widely available to the public. It was developed by a CompuServe executive, Alexander \"Sandy\" Trevor, and released by CompuServe on February 21, 1980, as the first public, commercial multi-user chat program. At that time, most people were familiar with citizens band radio, often abbreviated as CB radio, but multi-user chat and instant messaging were largely unknown. CompuServe CB used the CB radio paradigm to help users understand the new concept. Like CB radio it had 40 \"channels\" and commands like \"tune\", \"squelch\", and \"monitor\". CompuServe CB", "title": "CB Simulator" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "(given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Director Lê Hoàng - Khánh Thi- Director Nguyễn Quang Dũng - Chí Anh. The results of the voting is combined with the ranking of the panel of judges, and the celebrities have the higher scores in total are survive.\" \"Individual judges scores in charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Director Lê Hoàng - Khánh Thi- Director Nguyễn Quang Dũng - Chí Anh. The results of the voting is combined with the ranking of the panel of judges, and the celebrities", "title": "Bước nhảy hoàn vũ (season 1)" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "were growing and called on the League to embrace violent action in trying to overthrow the capitalist system. By autumn 1889 the anarchists had taken over the League's executive committee and Morris was stripped of the editorship of \"Commonweal\" in favour of the anarchist Frank Kitz. This alienated Morris from the League, which had also become a financial burden for him; he had been subsidising its activities with £500 a year, a very large sum of money at the time. By the autumn of 1890, Morris left the Socialist League, with his Hammersmith branch seceding to become the independent Hammersmith", "title": "William Morris" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Bridgetown The Queen Elizabeth Hospital (Q.E.H.) is located in Barbados' capital city Bridgetown, which is located in the parish of Saint Michael. The hospital is the main General Hospital for the southern part of the island. The hospital can perform most surgeries, and specialised care includes the areas of: gynaecology, paediatrics, obstetrics, cardiac surgery, plastic surgery, psychotherapy, radiology, radiography and ophthalmology. The Q.E.H. boasts also having a series of operating theaters. The Q.E.H. is a 600-bed complex lying in the Eastern section of Bridgetown, it can be found along the southeast shore of the Careenage canal. The", "title": "Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Bridgetown" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "patients. The museum has a wide display of reproductive and medical history: however, majority of their collection is not displayed in the museum due to space. Instead, this information such as their collection on smallpox and dermatology as well as other exhibits can be found online through their website. The museum's galleries include but are not limited to: Diagnostic Instruments, Doctor's Office 1870's, Doctor's Office 1930's, Early Medical Practice and Education, Hospital Medicine, 1865-1920, Laboratory Medicine 1865-1920, Microscopes, Millikin Room, Pharmacy 1880's, Stecher Room, Science, Technology, Medicine 1895-1950, Surgery, Obstetrics Instruments, Castele Gallery, Virtue, Vice, and Contraband: A history of", "title": "Dittrick Museum of Medical History" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "City Hospital (Roosevelt Island) City Hospital (also known as Island Hospital or Charity Hospital) was a historic hospital on Roosevelt Island, Manhattan in New York City. Originally named Penitentiary Hospital and located on what was then known as Blackwell's Island, the first hospital was built in 1832 to serve the prisoners housed at Blackwell's Penitentiary. After the hospital was destroyed by a fire in 1858, architect James Renwick, Jr. designed a new building to be called City Hospital, on which prisoners completed construction in 1861. It served both inmates and New York City's poorer population. In 1870, the hospital was", "title": "City Hospital (Roosevelt Island)" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of Science in 2019. The YCU Graduate School of Medicine is engaged in \"Joint Graduate School Programs\" with various establishments include the following. The YCU Hospital in Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama has 654 beds, and in the 2012 fiscal year, treated 465,918 out-patients and 213,149 in-patients. The Hospital is a designated hospital as a Regional Cancer Care Hospital, AIDS Care Central Core Hospital and an approved as a Specific Function Hospital. YCU has exchange agreements with the following universities. Some graduate schools have engaged in joint research with the following African universities. Honorary doctoral degree recipients include the following. Yokohama City University", "title": "Yokohama City University" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "may be to this day the largest empire ever.\" Though it is generally believed that Zarathushtra's teachings maintained influence on Cyrus's acts and policies, so far no clear evidence has been found to indicate that Cyrus practiced a specific religion. Pierre Briant wrote that given the poor information we have, \"it seems quite reckless to try to reconstruct what the religion of Cyrus might have been.\" His views are believed expressed in the content of the Cylinder: \"û-mi-Ša-am ma- h ar iluBel ù iluNabu Š a a-ra-ku ume-ia li-ta-mu-ú lit-taŠ-ka-ru a-ma-a-ta du-un-ki-ia ù a-na iluMarduk beli-ia li-iq-bu-ú ' Ša Ku-ra-aŠ", "title": "Cyrus the Great" } ]

[ "Kansas City" ]

[ "The university's Medical Center and University Hospital are located in Kansas City, Kansas. The Edwards Campus is in Overland Park, Kansas, in the Kansas City metropolitan area. There are also educational and research sites in Parsons and Topeka, and branches of the University of Kansas School of Medicine in Wichita and Salina. The university is one of the 62 members of the Association of American Universities." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Alexander Glazunov." ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "music of Chopin included George Crumb, Bohuslav Martinů, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos. Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet \"Chopiniana\", choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations—from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin—for later productions, which used the title \"Les Sylphides\". Chopin's music remains very popular and is regularly performed, recorded and broadcast worldwide. The world's oldest monographic music competition, the International Chopin Piano Competition, founded in 1927, is held every five years in Warsaw. The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland lists on its website over eighty", "title": "Frédéric Chopin" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Balanchine at the start of his career. The choreography of Michel Fokine was of paramount importance in the initial success of the Ballets Russes. Fokine had graduated from the Imperial Ballet School in Saint Petersburg in 1898, and eventually become First Soloist at the Mariinsky Theater. In 1907, Fokine choreographed his first work for the Imperial Russian Ballet, \"Le Pavillon d'Armide\". In the same year, he created \"Chopiniana\" to piano music by the composer Frédéric Chopin as orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. This was an early example of creating choreography to an existing score rather than to music specifically written for", "title": "Ballets Russes" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "written in 1936, to replace what Douglas called \"very bad orchestrations of Chopin's music\". Les Sylphides Les Sylphides () is a short, non-narrative \"ballet blanc\". Its original choreography was by Michel Fokine, with music by Frédéric Chopin orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Glazunov had already set some of the music in 1892 as a purely orchestral suite, under the title Chopiniana, Op. 46. In that form, it was introduced to the public in December 1893, conducted by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. The ballet, described as a \"romantic reverie\", is frequently cited as the first ballet to be simply about mood and dance. \"Les", "title": "Les Sylphides" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Les Sylphides Les Sylphides () is a short, non-narrative \"ballet blanc\". Its original choreography was by Michel Fokine, with music by Frédéric Chopin orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Glazunov had already set some of the music in 1892 as a purely orchestral suite, under the title Chopiniana, Op. 46. In that form, it was introduced to the public in December 1893, conducted by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. The ballet, described as a \"romantic reverie\", is frequently cited as the first ballet to be simply about mood and dance. \"Les Sylphides\" has no plot but instead consists of several white-clad sylphs dancing in the", "title": "Les Sylphides" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "music of Chopin included George Crumb, Bohuslav Martinů, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos. Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet \"Chopiniana\", choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations—from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin—for later productions, which used the title \"Les Sylphides\". Chopin's music remains very popular and is regularly performed, recorded and broadcast worldwide. The world's oldest monographic music competition, the International Chopin Piano Competition, founded in 1927, is held every five years in Warsaw. The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland lists on its website over eighty", "title": "Frédéric Chopin" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "went straight through to the live shows, but were not announced during the show. \"Advanced\" \"Eliminated\" \"Unaired Auditions\": Several performances were unaired during Judgment Week. Which have been confirmed as eliminated from the competition. Some acts withdrew like other acts from past seasons. Some of the acts listed below appeared but were cut from the broadcast. Note Performers were invited to submit a video of their performance to \"The Today Show\" website throughout June, and the top three entrants performed their acts on \"The Today Show\" on July 23, 2014. The performer with the most votes filled the 48th spot", "title": "America's Got Talent (season 9)" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a \"survivor-run, student-driven campaign to end campus sexual violence.\" Goals include clarifying misconceptions regarding Title IX, explaining statutory requirements, and documenting complaint filing protocols. The organization's website explains: Running on grassroots energy, we educate students across the country about their civil right to education free from sexual violence and harassment while also pushing policy and legislative change on the national level for better federal enforcement of that same right. In July 2016, Mahroh Jahangiri became Executive Director of Know Your IX. In fall of 2017, Sage Carson assumed leadership of the organization. The Know Your IX website hosts resources including", "title": "Know Your IX" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "For the same reason, this location has been used as a checkpoint for the Bullrun rally race; the lengthy airstrip allowed for the staging of a challenge involving chasing a semi-trailer. A two-mile freeway loop was constructed on the base for the filming of a lengthy car chase sequence for the movie \"The Matrix Reloaded\". The loop cost over $1.5 million to construct and was used solely for shooting the film's chase scenes (a seven-week-long process) before it was demolished. The route is still visible on some aerial photography on the former 07/25 and 13/31 runways. Since 2000, the city", "title": "Naval Air Station Alameda" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "offer curbside service. The Varsity, Jr. closed in August 2010 after more than 40 years at that location, after the city of Atlanta failed to approve the chain's plans to replace that building. The plans for the new Varsity, Jr. were instead used for the new location in Dawsonville. In addition, the main location is responsible for more retail sales of Coca-Cola, on an annual basis than any other single location in the world, a record which has stood for many years. The restaurant also offers catering services to the metro Atlanta region for both corporate and non-corporate functions, going", "title": "The Varsity" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "but in 2011 rejoined the ranks of senior football, with teams in the Brisbane men's and women's leagues. The oldest club in its original form and still using its original name that has played continuously in the Brisbane senior competitions appears to be Taringa Rovers, formed in 1949. The club plays at Jack Speare Park at Indooroopilly, where it has been since 1955. History of soccer in Brisbane, Queensland The earliest known records of regular association football (soccer) games in Brisbane date from the early 1880s, when a group comprising mostly Scottish immigrants commenced playing at Queen's Park, adjacent to", "title": "History of soccer in Brisbane, Queensland" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "who enters it: those who are pure will make it a paradise, while those who are evil will transform it into a dark realm. In \"Skyward Sword\", the Triforce was sought by a demon king named Demise, and after a long battle, Demise was sealed away within the Temple of the goddess Hylia, guardian of the Triforce. Hylia, placing the Hylians on a floating island (called Skyloft) in the sky to protect them, orchestrated a means to stop the demon from escaping: creating the Goddess Sword (later becoming the Master Sword) for her chosen hero and discarding her divinity to", "title": "The Legend of Zelda" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "chart at number one selling almost one million copies in its first week. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the UK on November 29, 2010, also entering the sales chart at number one. Sex and the City 2 original motion picture soundtrack was released on May 25, 2010. The score was recorded and mixed by Dennis S. Sands and Steve Kempster and performed by a large ensemble of the Hollywood Studio Symphony conducted by Stephen Coleman who orchestrated Zigman's score. Patrick Kirst also orchestrated. In December 2016, \"Radar Online\" reported that a script for the third film had", "title": "Sex and the City 2" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of Fauré's orchestration, finding in it the transparency he strove for in his own 1913 ballet \"Jeux\"; Poulenc, by contrast, described Fauré's orchestration as \"a leaden overcoat ... instrumental mud\". Fauré's best-known orchestral works are the suites \"Masques et bergamasques\" (based on music for a dramatic entertainment, or \"divertissement comique\"), which he orchestrated himself, \"Dolly\", orchestrated by Henri Rabaud, and \"Pelléas et Mélisande\" which draws on incidental music for Maeterlinck's play; the stage version was orchestrated by Koechlin, but Fauré himself reworked the orchestration for the published suite. In the chamber repertoire, his two piano quartets, in C minor and", "title": "Gabriel Fauré" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Fokine's ballet premiered in Paris as part of Diaghilev's \"Saison Russe\" in 1909, Diaghilev commissioned re-orchestrations of all the dances, except for the Glazunov-orchestrated Waltz, by Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev, Nikolai Tcherepnin and Igor Stravinsky. This version, now titled \"Les Sylphides\", was first staged at the Théâtre du Châtelet on 2 June 1909. The version of the ballet \"Les Sylphides\" includes: The New York City Ballet (NYCB) produced its own staging of the standard version, omitting the Polonaise in A major (and leaving the Prelude in A major in its original position), under the original title, \"Chopiniana\". The NYCB premiere", "title": "Les Sylphides" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "moonlight with the \"poet\" or \"young man\" dressed in white tights and a black tunic. Identifying the premiere of the fuller ballet poses a challenge. One might say that it premiered in 1907 at the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg as \"Rêverie Romantique: Ballet sur la musique de Chopin\". However, this also formed the basis of a ballet, \"Chopiniana\", which took different forms, even in Fokine's hands. As \"Les Sylphides\", what we consider the work was premiered by Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes on 2 June 1909 at Théâtre du Châtelet, Paris. The Diaghilev premiere is the most famous, as its", "title": "Les Sylphides" } ]

[ "Alexander Glazunov." ]

[ "Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana, choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations—from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin—for later productions, which used the title Les Sylphides." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "ten times" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of a bird of the same body size, and ten times as large as that of a reptile of the same body size. Size, however, is not the only difference: there are also substantial differences in shape. The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates, but dramatic differences appear in the forebrain, which is greatly enlarged and also altered in structure. The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that most strongly distinguishes mammals. In non-mammalian vertebrates, the surface of the cerebrum is lined with a comparatively simple three-layered structure called the pallium.", "title": "Brain" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "The blue whale may be the largest animal on the planet, yet the testicles of the right whale are ten times the size of those of the blue whale. They also exceed predictions in terms of relative size, as well – they are six times larger than would be expected on the basis of body mass. Together, the testicles make up nearly 1% of the right whale's total body weight. This strongly suggests sperm competition is important in mating, which correlates to the fact that right whales are highly promiscuous. Many of southern right whales are seen with rolls of", "title": "Right whale" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "following year, physicians from four of the centers that participated in the workshop laid the groundwork for a North American Fetal Therapy Network, whose Steering Committee is now composed of representatives from 18 fetal treatment centers. NAFTNet members are physicians from various specialties involved in fetal medicine, including maternal-fetal medicine, pediatric surgery, genetics, neonatology and fetal cardiology. The Primary Mission of the North American Fetal Therapy Network (NAFTNet) is The Secondary Mission of NAFTNet is Fetal therapy, or fetal treatment, is part of fetal medicine. It includes interventions performed on a “sick” fetus with the aim of achieving fetal well", "title": "North American Fetal Therapy Network" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "also because many critics noted that there was nothing new being offered on \"01011001\". He then focused on other projects, such as Guilt Machine's first album, Star One's second album, and a new solo album. On 23 August 2012 Lucassen published on his YouTube channel that he started composing a new project, and on 9 October 2012 revealed it via YouTube again to be a new Ayreon album, planned for 2013. On 26 March 2013 Lucassen revealed the name of the next album to be \"The Theory of Everything\". Since then, Lucassen progressively revealed the singers and musicians involved in", "title": "The Theory of Everything (Ayreon album)" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Business routes of Interstate 40 Interstate business routes are roads connecting a central or commercial district of a city or town with an Interstate bypass. These roads typically follow along local streets often along a former U.S. route or state highway that had been replaced by an Interstate. Interstate business route reassurance markers are signed as either loops or spurs using a green shield shaped and numbered like the shield of the parent Interstate highway. Along Interstate 40 (I-40), business routes are found in the five westernmost states through which I-40 passes, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Oklahoma, as", "title": "Business routes of Interstate 40" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "are Albert Edelfelt, the Von Wright brothers, Fanny Churberg and Helene Schjerfbeck. Apart from the permanent collections the museum also hosts temporary exhibitions and is used, among other things, as concert venue. Cygnaeus Gallery The Cygnaeus Gallery (, ) is an art gallery in Helsinki. The art gallery was founded by the professor of aesthetics Fredrik Cygnaeus. It was built as a villa in 1869-1870 to designs by architect J.F.W. Mieritz. Cygnaeus donated the gallery to the Finnish nation in his testament. It opened to the public in 1882, and is today owned by the National Board of Antiquities of", "title": "Cygnaeus Gallery" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "occurs between June and August. The larvae feed on \"Trema micrantha\" and \"Piper\" species. Hypanartia paullus Hypanartia paullus (Antillean mapwing) is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. It occurs in a wide variety of wooded habitats from sea level to 1,900 meters. The length of the forewings is about 29 mm. Adults have two hindwing tails. They are most frequently encountered perching along the forest edge on the tops of leaves with the wings half open or nectaring on a variety of flowers, including \"Eupatorium\", \"Daucus\", \"Palicourea\", \"Tournefortia\", \"Urera\", \"Senecio\"", "title": "Hypanartia paullus" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "66 million years ago emptied ecological space once filled by non-avian dinosaurs and other groups of reptiles, as well as various other mammal groups, and underwent an exponential increase in body size ([[megafauna#In terrestrial mammals|megafauna]]). Then mammals diversified very quickly; both birds and mammals show an exponential rise in diversity. For example, the earliest known bat dates from about 50 million years ago, only 16 million years after the extinction of the dinosaurs. Molecular phylogenetic studies initially suggested that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the", "title": "Mammal" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "simple attraction to the same limited resources such as the mangrove habitat and prey associated with such a habitat. Many studies have related brain size with complex social behaviors in mammals and birds. The brain of a lemon shark, being comparable in relative mass to that of a mammal or bird, suggests they have the ability to learn from social interactions, cooperate with other individuals, and have the potential to establish dominance hierarchies and stable social bonds. Lemon sharks congregate for reproduction at special mating grounds. Females give birth to their young in shallow nursery waters to which they are", "title": "Lemon shark" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in the past caused great excitement in scientific circles, and even among some segments of the general public. Buckland did describe the jaw of a small primitive mammal, \"Phascolotherium\", that was found in the same strata as \"Megalosaurus\". This discovery, known as the Stonesfield mammal, was a much discussed anomaly. Cuvier at first thought it was a marsupial, but Buckland later realized it was a primitive placental mammal. Due to its small size and primitive nature, Buckland did not believe it invalidated the overall pattern of an age of reptiles, when the largest and most conspicuous animals had been reptiles", "title": "History of paleontology" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "way to calculate encephalization quotient is by dividing the actual weight of an animal's brain with its predicted weight according to Jerison's formula. This measurement of approximate intelligence is more accurate for mammals than for other classes and phyla of Animalia. Intelligence in animals is hard to establish, but the larger the brain is relative to the body, the more brain weight might be available for more complex cognitive tasks. The EQ formula, as opposed to the method of simply measuring raw brain weight or brain weight to body weight, makes for a ranking of animals that coincide better with", "title": "Encephalization Quotient (EQ)" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "example of the rock-paper-scissors game. The male European green lizards develop a blue throat patch, which shows high reflectance in the ultraviolet (UV) range, which females prefer since throat brightness correlates with a larger body size, a larger head size and less ectoparasites, though it is costly in energy. Females can then rely on throat color in male European green lizards to be an honest signal. Sexual dimorphisms are phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species. The objective of many sexual dimorphic studies done on snakes focuses more on broad comparisons between species from different regions and", "title": "Sexual selection in scaled reptiles" } ]

[ "ten times" ]

[ "The most obvious difference between the brains of mammals and other vertebrates is in terms of size. On average, a mammal has a brain roughly twice as large as that of a bird of the same body size, and ten times as large as that of a reptile of the same body size." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "demonstrative and probable" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "acceptable to philosophers. He wrote for example, \"Locke divides all arguments into demonstrative and probable. On this view, we must say that it is only probable that all men must die or that the sun will rise to-morrow, because neither of these can be demonstrated. But to conform our language more to common use, we ought to divide arguments into demonstrations, proofs, and probabilities—by ‘proofs’ meaning arguments from experience that leave no room for doubt or opposition.\" And, Hume divided all of human knowledge into two categories: \"relations of ideas\" and \"matters of fact\" (see also Kant's analytic-synthetic distinction). Mathematical", "title": "Empiricism" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "acceptable to philosophers. He wrote for example, \"Locke divides all arguments into demonstrative and probable. On this view, we must say that it is only probable that all men must die or that the sun will rise to-morrow, because neither of these can be demonstrated. But to conform our language more to common use, we ought to divide arguments into demonstrations, proofs, and probabilities—by ‘proofs’ meaning arguments from experience that leave no room for doubt or opposition.\" And, Hume divided all of human knowledge into two categories: \"relations of ideas\" and \"matters of fact\" (see also Kant's analytic-synthetic distinction). Mathematical", "title": "Empiricism" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "In 2008 the city estimated that 32,234 people lived there. The median age was 36, older than the city as a whole. The percentage of residents aged 65 and older was among the county's highest. The neighborhood was considered \"moderately diverse\" in 2000, with 71.3% of residents being of black or African-American ancestry, 17.3% Latino, 4.7% Asian, 3.3% white and 3.4% of other backgrounds. The neighborhood had the fifth-highest concentration of black residents in the city. The average household size was 2.3 people, low compared to the city as a whole. Almost 32% of the 2,400 families living in Baldwin", "title": "Baldwin Hills/Crenshaw, Los Angeles" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "which do not model the distribution over the observations. CRFs were proposed by John D. Lafferty, Andrew McCallum and Fernando C.N. Pereira in 2001. Markov random fields find application in a variety of fields, ranging from computer graphics to computer vision and machine learning. MRFs are used in image processing to generate textures as they can be used to generate flexible and stochastic image models. In image modelling, the task is to find a suitable intensity distribution of a given image, where suitability depends on the kind of task and MRFs are flexible enough to be used for image and", "title": "Markov random field" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "University any authority over Texas A&M. This internal legal conflict in Texas was nullified in 1948 when Texas A&M became the flagship school of the newly created Texas A&M University System, a clear and separate institution from the University of Texas System. A&M's Board of Directors continued to oversee the system. Enrollment soared as many former soldiers used the G.I. Bill to further their education. Unprepared for the growth, between 1949 and 1953 Texas A&M used the former Bryan Air Force Base as an extension of the campus. An estimated lived, studied, ate, showered, and attended classes at the base,", "title": "History of Texas A&M University" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "for Nieves to drink before and after the birth of our children\". Also he made an herbal drink to cure his second daughter of a youthful, diabetic-like condition. Much later he prepared plant extracts to serve as a contraceptive for one of his five daughters. His early patients usually were poor mestizos and people of the forest tribes. While living on remote Áquino Isla, he attended a friend with a severe skin rash erupting all over his body that was thought to be leprosy but which Córdova diagnosed as pellagra (due to a poor diet), and a woman with a", "title": "Manuel Córdova-Rios" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "from old sentiments, customs, and poetic conventions... Ross seeks 'something of the sharper tang of Canada' in the surface reflections and dark shadows of pine-surrounded lakes, where reality is recognized as profound and mysterious. The modern poet of the New World seeks illumination by objectifying the ordinary sensations of sight and sound. His explorations of the land of lake and loon thereby serve as metaphors for illumination and rejuvenation.\" \"In an early draft for his 'Introduction' to \"The Penguin Book of Canadian Verse\" (1958), Ralph Gustafson explained what these poems meant to him: 'A modern awareness, with its concomitant experimentation", "title": "W. W. E. Ross" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "gives rise to these puzzles. In ethics, Smart was a defender of utilitarianism. Specifically, he defended \"extreme\", or act utilitarianism, as opposed to \"restricted\", or rule utilitarianism. The distinction between these two types of ethical theory is explained in his essay \"Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism\". Smart gave two arguments against rule utilitarianism. According to the first, rule utilitarianism collapses into act utilitarianism because there is no adequate criterion on what can count as a \"rule\". According to the second, even if there were such a criterion, the rule utilitarian would be committed to the untenable position of preferring to follow", "title": "J. J. C. Smart" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a medium of summary or reductionism – it reduces everything to slogans. And that's one criticism of it, that it requires everything to be packaged and reduced and announced in a slogan-type form. But let me say this: the book is not really four arguments, it's really hundreds of arguments broken down into four categories. And the categories have to do with a variety of effects that are not normally discussed. Most criticisms of television have to do with the television program content. People say if there is less violence on television or less sexism on television, or less this", "title": "Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "or a variable then the parentheses may be omitted, e.g., %.TIME instead of %(.TIME). A doubled % requests that the valued be quoted. SuperWylbur has two types of constants: SuperWylbur operators whose names contain only special characters need not be separated by spaces. Operators whose names contain a period and letters must be separated by spaces. SuperWylbur has the following types of operators: The name of a macro function begins with a period. If there are arguments, a colon separates them from the name. A semicolon separates successive arguments. SuperWylbur provides the following types of macro functions: arithmetic functions accounting", "title": "ORVYL and WYLBUR" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "described the latter as \"what people think of\" \"when you say hardcore\". According to the website \"Vice\", \"there are two types of hardcore. Well, actually, there are about a thousand different subgenres of hardcore but you can put them all into two main categories: tough guy hardcore and non-tough guy hardcore.\" \"Vice\" explained the difference between the two by describing heavy hardcore (also known as tough guy hardcore) as \"all well and good for when you want to be mad at the world and lift weights and stuff.\" Aubin Paul of Punknews.org wrote that \"the brand of metal-infused hardcore that", "title": "Heavy hardcore" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "clause initial. Arguments are expressed with noun phrases and often the arguments follow the verb. Absolutive and ergative arguments can be interchangeable. The following example shows the ergative argument before the absolutive argument. However, in the next example, the absolutive argument precedes the ergative argument. NR thus say Art 3.sPos children Art Erg Trickster \"Then this is what the trickster told his children\" The morpheme tə marks an oblique or possessive, which occurs throughout the Salish language family. The following two example reveals -tə acting as the oblique marker. Tsú k’wɛn wus- ú’s -u tɬə də- ‘úmnatt’ɬ -ədja cu k’ween", "title": "Miluk language" } ]

[ "demonstrative and probable" ]

[ "The Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711–1776) responded to Berkeley's criticisms of Locke, as well as other differences between early modern philosophers, and moved empiricism to a new level of skepticism. Hume argued in keeping with the empiricist view that all knowledge derives from sense experience, but he accepted that this has implications not normally acceptable to philosophers. He wrote for example, \"Locke divides all arguments into demonstrative and probable. On this view, we must say that it is only probable that all men must die or that the sun will rise to-morrow, because neither of these can be demonstrated. But to conform our language more to common use, we ought to divide arguments into demonstrations, proofs, and probabilities—by ‘proofs’ meaning arguments from experience that leave no room for doubt or opposition.\" And," ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully", "title": "Alfred North Whitehead" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in the central (Hawaii) and eastern Pacific (Gulf of California) populations suggests they were derived from those in the western Pacific. Further details of the genetic relationship between \"A. planci\" and \"Acanthaster brevispinus\" are presented in the entry for the latter species. These are clearly sibling species and it is suggested that \"A. planci\", the specialised coral-feeding species arose from \"A. brevispinus\", the less specialised soft-bottom inhabitant. In a very comprehensive geographic study, Benzie examined allozyme loci variation in 20 populations of \" A. planci\", throughout the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The most striking result was a very marked discontinuity", "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Inter he became a Serie A champion, having won it in the 2007–2008 season and 2008-2009. He was loaned to A.S. Livorno Calcio during the 2009–2010 season where he played a total of 16 games, scoring two goals. On 31 August 2011 the Colombian stopper became a free agent after his contract at Inter was rescinded by mutual consent. On 2 October 2011 Nelson Rivas signed with Montreal Impact of Major League Soccer. On 4 August 2012, at the 67th minute during a match between Montreal vs Philadelphia, Rivas was thrown to the ground by Antoine Hoppenot, prompting Rivas to", "title": "Nelson Rivas" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Argentine quota law The Argentine law 24,012 or Argentine quota law () seeks to increase the number of women in government in Argentina, by setting quotas for the minimum representation of women on the ballots of each party at the legislative elections. The law was enacted in 1991, during the presidency of Carlos Menem, and was the first gender quota law to be passed in Latin America. Following Argentina's lead, eleven other Latin American countries have since introduced gender quotas to increase female representation at the national level. The number of female legislators elected in the 1983 general election (the", "title": "Argentine quota law" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "he released a seminal study on consumer attitudes toward classical music events and how those attitudes affect attendance at orchestras in the United States and Europe. The study was featured in The Strad magazine. In 2009, The Amati Foundation moved its headquarters to Nevada and opened an office in Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. In 2010, The Amati Foundation partnered with ABC Television's Extreme Makeover: Home Edition. Townsend created \"Stripes to Strings\", a program of Amati Foundation, a 501(c)3 nonprofit, that retrains physically handicapped military veterans to become financially empowered citizens with trade skills in guitar and bass instrument making", "title": "Bill Townsend" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Feminist Theory of the State\" as an answer to this perceived problem. MacKinnon takes Marxism as the theory's point of departure, arguing that unlike liberal theories, Marxism \"confronts organized social dominance, analyzes it in dynamic rather than static terms, identifies social forces that systematically shape social imperatives, and seeks to explain social freedom both within and against history.\" She elaborates: MacKinnon rejects social reform that proceeds through pluralistic models of liberalism: \"To proliferate 'feminisms' in the face of women's diversity is the latest attempt of liberal pluralism to evade the challenge women's reality poses to theory, simply because the theoretical", "title": "Toward a Feminist Theory of the State" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "already taken over most of the duties of collecting and accounting for state taxes), and was subsequently elected. In 1995, the Texas Legislature passed a proposed constitutional amendment to abolish the office, which was approved by the voters later that same year. The office was formally dismantled in 1996. On her last day in office, 31 August 1996, she scraped her name and title off the glass front of the Treasurer's headquarters. Martha Whitehead Martha Whitehead is a former elected official from the U.S. state of Texas. She was the last Texas State Treasurer before the position was abolished by", "title": "Martha Whitehead" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "its importance in conservation. Harshberger traveled widely to study and collect plants. He did botanical work throughout most of the United States and also traveled internationally to botanize in Mexico (1896), the West Indies (1901), Europe (1898, 1907 and 1923), South America (1927) and northern Africa (1928). He was a member of more than 25 scientific and conservation organizations, including the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Philosophical Society, the Botanical Society of America, and the American Forestry Association. During the last ten years of his life he was an active participant in the Wildflower Preservation Society", "title": "John William Harshberger" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "until October 1888. In November 1888 he was among a group of four officers ordered to Mexico and Central America to make astronomical observations to determine the longitude of Coatzacoalcos and Salina Cruz in Mexico, La Libertad in El Salvador, and San Juan del Sur in Nicaragua; the group then traveled to Washington, D.C., to complete its calculations. In September 1889, Wood requested a return to sea duty and was assigned to the Asiatic Squadron, where he served consecutively aboard the screw sloop-of-war , the gunboat , and the tug as executive officer and navigator before spending his final year", "title": "Spencer S. Wood" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Adrian Whitehead Adrian Whitehead (born 25 August 1975) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Carlton. A defender, he was the youngest member of the club's premiership winning side of 1995, playing in every game. Whitehead, originally from Wodonga, started to suffer from a foot injury during the 1996 pre-season. It flared up against Geelong late in 1997 and he was forced off the ground injured. He had damaged the nerves and tendons in his foot and did not play in the 1998 AFL season. Whitehead's last game came in round 13 the following season and he was", "title": "Adrian Whitehead" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and sister Denise Whitehead. Bud Whitehead Ruben Agnus \"Bud\" Whitehead (born January 1, 1939) is a former American football defensive back in the American Football League. A 16th-round selection (127th overall pick) of the 1961 AFL Draft, Whitehead played eight seasons with the San Diego Chargers (1961–1968). He had 10 interceptions his senior year of college football at Florida State. Born and raised in Marianna, Florida, he played football for Marianna High School before attending Florida State. He was the second child of Clara Peacock and Alter Whitehead, with one older brother, Jim Whitehead, and four younger siblings, brothers Gary,", "title": "Bud Whitehead" } ]

[ "chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council" ]

[ "In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "two" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Odori celebration to the Seafair Cup hydroplane races), the Bite of Seattle, one of the largest Gay Pride festivals in the United States, and the art and music festival Bumbershoot, which programs music as well as other art and entertainment over the Labor Day weekend. All are typically attended by 100,000 people annually, as are the Seattle Hempfest and two separate Independence Day celebrations. Other significant events include numerous Native American pow-wows, a Greek Festival hosted by St. Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church in Montlake, and numerous ethnic festivals (many associated with Festál at Seattle Center). There are other annual events,", "title": "Seattle" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Odori celebration to the Seafair Cup hydroplane races), the Bite of Seattle, one of the largest Gay Pride festivals in the United States, and the art and music festival Bumbershoot, which programs music as well as other art and entertainment over the Labor Day weekend. All are typically attended by 100,000 people annually, as are the Seattle Hempfest and two separate Independence Day celebrations. Other significant events include numerous Native American pow-wows, a Greek Festival hosted by St. Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church in Montlake, and numerous ethnic festivals (many associated with Festál at Seattle Center). There are other annual events,", "title": "Seattle" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "organization, Home Alive, and an album \"Viva Zapata\" by Seven Year Bitch, a Seattle band who had counted her as a mentor. Among Seattle's best-known annual cultural events and fairs are Seattle Art Fair, Seattle International Film Festival, Northwest Folklife over the Memorial Day weekend, numerous Seafair events throughout the summer months (ranging from a Bon Odori celebration to hydroplane races), the Bite of Seattle, and Bumbershoot over the Labor Day weekend. All are typically attended by over 100,000 people annually, as are Hempfest and two separate Independence Day celebrations. Additionally, the city is also home to the Seattle Polish", "title": "Arts in Seattle" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Trinity\" from which the temple takes its name. Up the hill from the hermitage, past a group of chortens, is Palden Lhamo Cave, a cave known to have been a meditation chamber of Songstan Gampo himself and contains statues of himself, his two wives and a rock carving of Palden Lhamo, the protectress. The hermitage notably has its own tradition of monthly and yearly ritual cycles. The most important of these yearly ritual events (at least for the laity) are the six-day (three sets of two-day) Avalokiteśvara fasting rituals that take place during the Tibetan New Year (Losar) celebrations, the", "title": "Sera Monastery" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "same-sex relationship was taken under the care of a Friends meeting in 1982 (University MM, North Pacific Yearly Meeting, Seattle, WA) the scene was set for ongoing discernment and disagreement. Quakers as a whole do not have a specific, set creed. The Richmond Declaration is a confession of faith that expresses the experience of two branches of American Quakerism, but does not reflect the views of others. Quakers in Australia are overwhelmingly accepting of homosexuality and will celebrate same sex marriages as they would an opposite sex marriage. In 1975 Australia Yearly Meeting officially stated: The Religious Society of Friends", "title": "Homosexuality and Quakerism" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "marked by patriotic speeches and special church services. From the 1970s onwards, however, Independence Day celebrations have taken livelier forms, with shops decorating their windows in the blue and white of the Finnish flag, and bakeries producing cakes with blue and white icing. Today, rock stars and entertainers have been accepted as worthy interpreters of Finnish patriotism. It is traditional for Finnish families to light two candles in each window of their home in the evening. This custom dates to the 1920s; but even earlier, candles had been placed in Finnish windows on poet Johan Ludvig Runeberg's birthday as a", "title": "Independence Day (Finland)" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "In 2006 there were 23,317 persons of Colombian origins in Harris County, making them one of the largest South American groups there. The Colombian Fest, which celebrates the Colombian independence day, is held annually. Many Colombians in Houston favored prosecuting Joe Horn, who fatally shot two Colombian illegal immigrants stealing from his house in 2007. The Asociacion Peruana de Houston is the Peruvian-American association in the city. It engages in charity work in the United States and Peru, as well as holding celebrations for Peruvian Independence Day. Juan Alfonso Verastegui and some other Peruvians co-founded the organization in 1976. Hispanics", "title": "Hispanics and Latinos in Houston" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Independence Day (Croatia) Croatian Independence Day () is a national public holiday marked yearly on 8 October that celebrates the unanimous decision of the Croatian Parliament to declare the independence of Croatia from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The Croatian referendum on independence was held in May 1991, with 93% of voters supporting the independence. On 25 June, the Croatian Parliament, called the Sabor, proclaimed Croatian independence. Seven days later, on 7 July, Croatia and Slovenia both signed the Brioni Declaration, in which the two countries agreed to suspend all declarations and acts passed by the Croatian and Slovenian", "title": "Independence Day (Croatia)" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "localities where the crimes occurred. There are many cases of people who sit in jail simple because their case files were misplaced. Malawi still has a death penalty, but no execution has been ordered by the last two presidents. The current president and the previous president have made an attempt to show amnesty and at the same time relieve the pressure on prisons by pardoning large numbers of prisoners at one time. The previous president Dr Baliki Muluzi in 1995 released 650 prisoners on Malawi's 31st Independence Day celebrations. The former president Dr Bingu Wa Mutharika, ordered the release of", "title": "Malawi Prison System" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in circadian physiology. Brown’s statistical methods were critical for: estimating accurately the period and internal time on human circadian clocks from continuous core temperature measurement; showing that bright lights could be used to shift the phase of the human circadian clock; properly timed administration of light and dark periods could be used to realign the internal clocks of shift workers with external time; and that, contrary to beliefs at the time, the period of the human biological clock, like that of other animals, was closer to 24 hours rather than 25 hours. Brown later focused his statistics research on developing", "title": "Emery N. Brown" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "drying of the varnished fabric. This consisted of twenty foot high clothes line-type poles that were 100 feet apart and further protected by wind-break fences of canvas. Between the poles were strung wires for laying the wet varnished fabric onto for drying. After drying the fabric was then rewound onto rollers and varnished over and over again several more times to each side and thoroughly dried each time. Each application of new varnish added a thin layer. The basement of the house was used for generating hydrogen gas and pure oxygen. The hydrogen making apparatus consisted of a tank half", "title": "Carl Edgar Myers" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to 360 are best for corrugation-resistant rails. Trains may vary speed on the tracks in an effort to prevent corrugation from affecting sections or rail on a transit systems. Varying a train’s speed, direction, and tonnage are beneficial for combating the growth of rail, as corrugation is caused by continually uniform friction. On subways and major transit systems, it is not possible to vary the direction of trains, making the use of annual and biennial rail grinding processes more applicable. Preventive rail grinding is done before any signs of rail corrugation development. Rail corrugation will develop exponentially if the first", "title": "Railgrinder" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. In the C1 event, he finished second in the qualification round, thus progressing to the semifinals. In the semifinals, Benzien finished twelfth, failing to reach the top eight and the final round. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, he placed fourth in the C2 event, together with teammate Franz Anton. Benzien serves with the German Army and has a degree in sport management from the Vocational Academy of Riesa. He is married to the Olympic canoeist Mandy Planert; they have children, Justus Jonas and Mika. In 2014, he launched a canoe rental company in", "title": "Jan Benzien" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "concept in Hinduism. The Quran and the Hadiths permit the institution of slavery of non-Muslims in Islam, using the words \"abd\" (slave) and the phrase \"ma malakat aymanukum\" (\"that which your right hand owns\"). Under Islamic law, Muslim men can have sexual relations with female captives or concubines and slaves with or without her consent. Slaves, in Islamic belief, were master's property and the slaves did not have a right to own property, right to free movement, right to marry without their owner's permission, or right to consent. Islam, in some cases, encouraged a slave's manumission, but only after a", "title": "Hindu–Islamic relations" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "parentheses. Days that are not fixed to the Gregorian calendar are sorted by their 2017 occurrences. National day A national day is a designated date on which celebrations mark the nationhood of a nation or non-sovereign country. This nationhood can be symbolized by the date of independence, of becoming a republic or a significant date for a patron saint or a ruler (birthday, accession, removal, etc.). Often the day is not called \"National Day\" but serves and can be considered as one. The national day will often be a national holiday. Many countries have more than one national day. Most", "title": "National day" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Samuel Pepys noted how Welsh celebrations in London for Saint David's Day would spark wider counter-celebrations amongst their English neighbours: life-sized effigies of Welshmen were symbolically lynched, and by the 18th century the custom had arisen of confectioners producing \"taffies\"—gingerbread figures baked in the shape of a Welshman riding a goat—on Saint David's Day. Unlike Saint Patrick's Day in Ireland, Saint David's Day is not a national holiday, though there is strong support for it becoming a bank holiday in Wales. In the past, schools have taken a half-day holiday, which continues in some parts of Wales. Saint David's Day", "title": "Saint David's Day" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected as President, also died on July 4, 1831. He was the third President who died on the anniversary of independence. Calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born on July 4, 1872; so far he is the only U.S. President to have been born on Independence Day. Independence Day is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors. According to , Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions (such as the postal service and federal courts) are closed on", "title": "Independence Day (United States)" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of a dead tradition. As many Russians have returned to practicing Christianity, the tradition is still being revived. With increasing secularization many Russians do not abstain from meat and Maslenitsa celebrations can be accompanied by shashlik vendors. Nevertheless, \"meat still does not play a major role in the festivities\". Many countries with a significant number of Russian immigrants consider Maslenitsa a suitable occasion to celebrate Russian culture, although the celebrations are usually reduced to one day and may not coincide with the date of the religious celebrations. Maslenitsa Maslenitsa (, , ; also known as Butter Week, Crepe week, or", "title": "Maslenitsa" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "special occasions such as weddings, Independence Day celebrations and birthday ceremonies. For weddings, the fabric used to sew the outfit of the bride and groom is usually directly imported from Nigeria or bought from local Nigerian traders and then taken to a local tailor who then sews it into the preferred style. Due to the large number of Nigerians living in America and the cultural enrichment that these communities provide to non-Nigerians, the traditional attire has been adopted in many parts of the country as a symbol of African ethnicity, for example, clothes worn during Kwanzaa celebrations are known to", "title": "Nigerian Americans" } ]

[ "two" ]

[ "Among Seattle's prominent annual fairs and festivals are the 24-day Seattle International Film Festival, Northwest Folklife over the Memorial Day weekend, numerous Seafair events throughout July and August (ranging from a Bon Odori celebration to the Seafair Cup hydroplane races), the Bite of Seattle, one of the largest Gay Pride festivals in the United States, and the art and music festival Bumbershoot, which programs music as well as other art and entertainment over the Labor Day weekend. All are typically attended by 100,000 people annually, as are the Seattle Hempfest and two separate Independence Day celebrations." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "That season also saw two of the Big Four (Chelsea and Liverpool) finish outside the top four" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "I respect you as a lady, but I regret that you were the wife of that man.” The repression and mass torture at Montjuich was a direct factor behind Michele Angiolillo's decision to assassinate Cánovas. The \"New York Times\" wrote: Angiolillo allowed the authorities to capture him and vehemently denied other parties' involvement in the assassination. He was executed by garrote in the nearby town of Vergara. Michele Angiolillo Michele Angiolillo Lombardi (; 5 June 1871 – 20 August 1897) was an Italian anarchist, born in Foggia, Italy. He assassinated Spanish Prime Minister Antonio Cánovas in 1897 and was captured", "title": "Michele Angiolillo" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "USS Wilkes (DD-441) USS \"Wilkes\" (DD-441) was a commissioned in the United States Navy from 1941 to 1946. After spending several decades in the reserve fleet, the destroyer was scrapped in 1972. \"Wilkes\" was the third ship of the U.S. Navy to be named for Charles Wilkes, who was an American naval officer and explorer. She was laid down on 1 November 1939 by the Boston Navy Yard, launched on 31 May 1940; sponsored by Mrs. Bessie Wilkes Styer; and commissioned on 22 April 1941, Lieutenant Commander J. D. Kelsey in command. \"Wilkes\" was ready for sea on 1 June", "title": "USS Wilkes (DD-441)" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "which led to a large amount of criticism in the media, and his suspension of the show. In August 2014, he made anti-Semitic remarks on a Montreal radio show. According to Proulx, Jews not only attract hatred from other minorities or groups of individuals — resulting in possible persecution — but also control governments with economic power. On June 18, 2008, he received the 2008 Édouard-Raymond Fabre Award from the Association of the descendants of the Patriotes of 1837. Gilles Proulx Gilles Proulx (born April 5, 1940) is a historian, radio and television host in the province of Quebec, Canada.", "title": "Gilles Proulx" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Señorita Panamá Señorita Panamá is a national beauty pageant in Panama. Winners to represent Panama to Miss Universe, Miss World, Miss International and Miss Earth. The first national pageant was Miss Panamá held from 1982 to 1987. In 1982, Señorita Panamá was created as an alternative to send its winners to the Miss World contest in London. These pageants, along with smaller pageants such as Miss International Panamá and Miss World Panamá celebrated to select delegates for international representations. After 28 years, the Señorita Panamá pageant, organized by Medcom Corporation, was discontinued. A new organization took over in 2011 with", "title": "Señorita Panamá" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to 800-1000 CE. Ifá Oracle priests and priestesses bear the titles \"Babalawo\" and \"Iyanifa\" respectively. Priests and priestesses of the varied \"Orisha\", when not already bearing the higher ranked oracular titles mentioned above, are referred to as \"babalorisa\" when male and \"iyalorisa\" when female. Initiates are also given an Orisa or Ifá name that signifies under which deity they are initiated; for example a priestess of Oshun may be named \"Osunyemi\" and a priest of \"Ifá\" may be named \"Ifáyemi\". Zoroastrian priests in India are required to be male. However, women have been ordained in Iran and North America as", "title": "Ordination of women" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "ranked #3 in the newly formed College Football Playoff poll, which coincided with the new College Football Playoff system, whose format selects the Top 4 teams in the rankings at the end of the season to participate in a four-team playoff system to decide a National Champion. TCU soundly defeated Iowa State in their final regular season game to finish the 2014 season with an 11–1 record. Due to the Big 12 recognizing co-champions in football through 2014, the Horned Frogs also claimed a share of the Big 12 Conference Championship along with Baylor, despite their earlier head-to-head loss to", "title": "TCU Horned Frogs football" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Crusaders for the 2010 season. Hanbury enjoyed a successful Crusaders season in 2010. First picked on the bench against Wakefield Trinity, he scored his first two tries against York City Knights in the Carnegie Challenge Cup. Hanbury would finish the 2010 season joint top scorer with 12 tries; yet he had only twenty appearances, four less than joint top scorer Vince Mellars. His 2011 season did not go to plan however. Plagued with injuries, he made just ten appearances with four tries. It was announced that he would move to Widnes for the 2012 season alongside team mates Lloyd White", "title": "Rhys Hanbury" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Waltrip got a run, and tapped Stewart from behind, causing Stewart to spin and Waltrip to spin into the pack, causing a Big One that involved 23 cars, the largest crash of the season to date. Stewart flipped over, hitting the roofs of several other cars, including Kasey Kahne, Paul Menard, and Clint Bowyer, before landing upright. On November 9, it was announced that Kevin Harvick would be joining Stewart's team starting in 2014. Stewart would finish ninth in points, with two top fives and four top tens in the Chase, for a final season total of three wins, 12", "title": "Tony Stewart" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "2011 Saint Lucia Gold Division The 2011 Saint Lucia Gold Division is the 31st season of the highest division of Saint Lucian football. VSADC won the title. None reported. Following the regular stage, the top four clubs competed in a two-legged playoff series to determine the league champion. Villa Clara won the tournament and thus the 2010–11 season. Rovers United 2-2 Challengers FC Square United 0-1 Pakis FC Northern United 0-2 VSADC Lancers FC 2-0 Big Players FC Rovers United 2-1 Pakis FC Square United 5-3 Northern United All Stars Challengers FC 2-1 Lancers FC VSADC 2-4 Big Players FC", "title": "2011 Saint Lucia Gold Division" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Championship competition for nearly two seasons. She only finished on the podium once during the 2010–11 World Cup season, though her consistent top-10 finishes allowed her to finish in third place for the overall season. Humphries slid to fifth place for the overall 2011–12 World Cup season, though she did have four podium finishes, including three gold medals, by the end of the season. Humphries teamed up with brakeman Emily Baadsvik, then brakeman Jennifer Ciochetti, for the consecutive wins in the last two races of the 2011–12 World Cup season. Humphries and Ciochetti also won the 2012 World Championship race", "title": "Kaillie Humphries" } ]

[ "That season also saw two of the Big Four (Chelsea and Liverpool) finish outside the top four" ]

[ "The years following 2009 marked a shift in the structure of the \"Big Four\" with Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City both breaking into the top four. In the 2009–10 season, Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton in 2005. Criticism of the gap between an elite group of \"super clubs\" and the majority of the Premier League has continued, nevertheless, due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other Premier League clubs. Manchester City won the title in the 2011–12 season, becoming the first club outside the \"Big Four\" to win since 1994–95. That season also saw two of the Big Four (Chelsea and Liverpool) finish outside the top four places for the first time since 1994–95." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "The Gin Act 1751" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751, however, was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates. By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or \"Gin Palaces\" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his \"Sketches by Boz\" (published 1835–1836) increasingly", "title": "Pub" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751 was more successful, however; it forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates. Gin in the 18th century was produced in pot stills, and was somewhat sweeter than the London gin known today. In London in the early 18th century, much gin was distilled legally in residential houses (there were estimated to be 1,500 residential stills in 1726) and was often flavoured with turpentine to generate resinous woody notes in addition to the juniper. As late as 1913, \"Webster's Dictionary\"", "title": "Gin" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751, however, was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates. By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or \"Gin Palaces\" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his \"Sketches by Boz\" (published 1835–1836) increasingly", "title": "Pub" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Gin Act 1751 The Sale of Spirits Act 1750 (commonly known as the Gin Act 1751) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain (citation 24 Geo. II c. 40) which was enacted in order to reduce the consumption of spirits, a popular pastime that was regarded as one of the primary causes of crime in London. By prohibiting gin distillers from selling to unlicensed merchants and increasing fees charged to merchants, it eliminated small gin shops, thereby restricting the distribution of gin to larger distillers and retailers. First imported from the Netherlands in the 1690s, gin began to", "title": "Gin Act 1751" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "(and non-alcoholic) beverage the import of tea was also encouraged. Also men were encouraged to drink beer. Gin Act 1751 The Sale of Spirits Act 1750 (commonly known as the Gin Act 1751) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain (citation 24 Geo. II c. 40) which was enacted in order to reduce the consumption of spirits, a popular pastime that was regarded as one of the primary causes of crime in London. By prohibiting gin distillers from selling to unlicensed merchants and increasing fees charged to merchants, it eliminated small gin shops, thereby restricting the distribution of", "title": "Gin Act 1751" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London, half were gin-shops. The Gin Act 1736 imposed a prohibitively high duty on gin, but this caused rioting, and so the duty was gradually reduced and then abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751 was more successful: instead of a tax it restricted gin producers to selling only to licensed premises. During the 19th century, licensing laws began to restrict the opening hours of premises. The Sunday Closing (Wales) Act 1881 required the closure of all public houses in Wales on Sundays. After the outbreak of World War I the Defence of", "title": "Alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to producing homemade gins. In light of the difficulty in enforcing the law (and the financial strain of the War of the Austrian Succession), the Gin Act of 1743 reduced the cost of an annual gin selling license from £50 to just 20 shillings. The excise tax on gin producers and penalties for violating the law were also significantly reduced. The question of taxing and regulating gin was later revisited by the Gin Act 1751. Gin Act 1743 The Spirits Act 1742 (commonly known as the Gin Act of 1743) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain repealing", "title": "Gin Act 1743" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "car that had started out in Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania. Soon other cars were given by members or purchased for the Association. These included Sacramento Northern 62, a Birney street car built in 1920. The car ran local service in Chico, California until 1947 and had the last 5-cent fare in the State of California. A number of passenger and work cars were obtained when the Key System abandoned operation of its last rail line across the Bay Bridge in 1958. But time, money and effort needed in constantly moving the equipment from place convinced the members that a permanent location", "title": "Western Railway Museum" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in 1849 when he designed a rose garden for James Barratt on the grounds of Lymm Hall, Lymm, Cheshire. The following year he worked with the architect Charles Verelst to design the garden at Stanacres (now Thornton Court) in Raby. Also in 1850 came Kemp's first publication, \"How to Lay Out a Small Garden\". Following this came a succession of garden designs and publications. In 1858 a second edition of his book was published (now entitled \"How to Lay Out a Garden\") and, although he was still working for the park, the Commissioners reviewed the agreement to provide him with", "title": "Edward Kemp" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Wellington College, Berkshire, England and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He was Aide-de-Camp to the Governor of Bengal between 1925 and 1928. He gained the rank of Captain in 1939 in the service of the Scots Guards. He fought in the Second World War and was decorated with the Military Cross (M.C.) in 1944, the Croix de Guerre and the Legion of Honour. He succeeded to the title of 10th Baronet Blois, of Grundisburgh and Cockfield Hall, near Yoxford, Suffolk on 18 March 1950. The family home was Cockfield Hall near Yoxford in Suffolk is a grade 1 listed private", "title": "Blois family" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Free Artists of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He is a president of Arts Council of the Sarajevo National Theatre since 2015 and is the founder of the \"Bosnian Tomb\" Award and \"Nedžad Ibrišimović\" Award. He has published collections of stories: \"Life Question\" (1981), \"Fantastic Stories\" (1989), \"Ptica iz drugog jata / A Bird From Another Flock\" (bilingual edition; 1995), \"Bogomil Legends\" (1997) and \"Selected Stories\" (2000). He has published such novels as \"A Man From Nowhere\" (1986), \"Kulin\" (1994), \"Nightmare\" (1997), \"Bare Skin\" (2004), \"Safet Sušić\" (2007), \"The Final Word\" (2011), \"Dagmar\" (2013), \"zavrsna.rijec@dagmar\" (2017) and \"Overture\" (2018). His first major", "title": "Zlatko Topčić" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of the Communist Party, led by Milan Kučan and Ciril Ribičič. During the political crisis caused by the so-called Ljubljana trial in the spring and summer of 1988, Pahor was the first high-ranking member of the Communist Party to propose that the Party renounced the monopoly over the Slovenian political life, and thus opened the path to full-fledged political pluralism. In 1989, Pahor co-founded and chaired the Democratic Forum, a youth section within the Slovenian Communist Party established as a counter-force to the Alliance of Socialist Youth, which was now already openly opposing the communists' policies. The same year, he", "title": "Borut Pahor" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "came under the administration of the British high commissioners for Southern Africa, the last Military Administrator stayed on as the first of only two Deputy magistrates, the highest British colonial official actually resident in the Strip: Resident magistrate A resident magistrate is a title for magistrates used in certain parts of the world, that were, or are, governed by the British. Sometimes abbreviated as RM, it refers to suitably qualified personnel—notably well versed in the law—brought into an area from outside as the local magistrate, typically to be the guiding hand amongst other lay magistrates. In colonial history, resident magistrates", "title": "Resident magistrate" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "price of gin, when compared with other drinks available at the same time, and in the same geographic location, gin began to be consumed regularly by the poor. Of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London, not including coffee shops and drinking chocolate shops, over half were gin shops. Beer maintained a healthy reputation as it was often safer to drink the brewed ale than unclean plain water. Gin, though, was blamed for various social problems, and it may have been a factor in the higher death rates which stabilized London's previously growing population. The reputation of the two drinks was", "title": "Gin" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to take on some governmental functions in the 17th century, notably with grand juries. In 1836, the use of counties as local government units was further developed, with grand-jury powers extended under the Grand Jury (Ireland) Act 1836. The traditional county of Tipperary was split into two judicial counties (or ridings) following the establishment of assize courts in 1838. Also in that year, local poor law boards, with a mix of magistrates and elected \"guardians\" took over the health and social welfare functions of the grand juries. Sixty years later, a more radical reorganisation of local government took place with", "title": "Counties of Ireland" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "magistrates as life appointments. In 1809, the office of Vogt ('Steward') was created, appointed by the Margrave. In 1832, a new state law transformed local government. The citizens of the community were to elect a Mayor, which replaced the Vogt; and a Council of 5-6 members. In 1933, the Nazi policy of Gleichschaltung effectively abolished local and state government and put all German territory under national administrative control. After the demise of the Nazi regime in 1945, state and local governments were re-established. In 1971, the office of Deputy Mayor was established. Florus was elected as Mayor on 25 March", "title": "Gaggenau" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Party. As part of the price for this support the Liberal Unionists demanded that a bill be introduced placing county government under the control of elected councils, modelled on the borough councils introduced by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. Accordingly, the Local Government (England and Wales) Bill was introduced to the House of Commons on 19 March 1888, by the President of the Local Government Board, Charles Ritchie. The Bill proposed the creation of elected county councils to take over the administrative functions of the magistrates of the Quarter Sessions courts, that ten large cities should be \"counties of themselves\"", "title": "Local Government Act 1888" } ]

[ "The Gin Act 1751" ]

[ "The drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin was seen to lead to ruination and degradation of the working classes. The distinction[clarification needed] was illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings Beer Street and Gin Lane. The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751 however was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "David Henige" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "that such an eclipse would have been visible, for thirty minutes, from Jerusalem and suggested the gospel reference to a solar eclipse was the result of a scribe wrongly amending a text. Historian David Henige dismisses this explanation as 'indefensible' and astronomer Bradley Schaefer points out that the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours. Modern biblical scholarship treats the account in the synoptic gospels as a literary creation by the author of the Mark Gospel, amended in the Luke and Matthew accounts, intended to heighten the importance of what they saw as a theologically significant event,", "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "eclipse was a later faulty scribal amendment of what was actually the \"lunar\" eclipse of AD 33. This is a claim which historian David Henige describes as 'undefended' and 'indefensible'. Humphreys and a number of scholars have alternatively argued for the sun's darkening to have been caused by a \"khamsin\", i.e. a sand storm, which can occur between mid-March and May in the Middle East and which does typically last for several hours. In a review of Humphreys' book, theologian William R Telford points out that the non-astronomical parts of his lunar eclipse argument are based on the assumption that", "title": "Chronology of Jesus" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Humphreys and W. G. Waddington noted that the reference to a solar eclipse is missing in some versions of Luke and argued that the reported sun's darkness could be accounted for by confusion with a partial \"lunar\" eclipse that had taken place on 3 April AD 33: lunar eclipses can last much longer than solar ones. In other words, Humphreys and Waddington speculated that the apparent reference in Luke's Gospel to a solar eclipse could have been the result of a scribe wrongly amending Luke's original text. This is a claim that historian David Henige described as \"indefensible\". Astronomer Bradley", "title": "Crucifixion darkness" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "that such an eclipse would have been visible, for thirty minutes, from Jerusalem and suggested the gospel reference to a solar eclipse was the result of a scribe wrongly amending a text. Historian David Henige dismisses this explanation as 'indefensible' and astronomer Bradley Schaefer points out that the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours. Modern biblical scholarship treats the account in the synoptic gospels as a literary creation by the author of the Mark Gospel, amended in the Luke and Matthew accounts, intended to heighten the importance of what they saw as a theologically significant event,", "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Hanan of Iskiya Hanan of Iskiya (Asikia) (Hebrew: (רב חנן מאישקיא (מאישקא or Alternative English spelling: Hanan of Iskia, or Hanan of Iskya, or Hanan of Ishqiya) was rector of the Talmudical academy at Pumbedita, 589-608. Hormizd IV having persecuted the Christians and the Jews, the Talmudical academies of Sura and Pumbedita were closed, their masters removing to Firuz-Shabur, in the neighborhood of Nehardea. The accession of Hormizd's general, Bahram Chobin, relieved the Jews from persecution; Hanan returned to Pumbedita, reopened the academy, and assumed the rectorate, which he held for nineteen years. Thus far almost all historians agree, but", "title": "Hanan of Iskiya" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "finds a mysterious code \"R\", which he notices is also in the doctor's garden, and he interprets it to mean removal of those the doctor considers unworthy people. Tennyson confronts his mentor, who freely admits to euthanizing those he considers unworthy. He tells him of killing his abusive father and considers his actions to be of community service, using his beautiful garden as a metaphor. Cook attempts to poison Tennyson and they wage a battle to the death, which ends in Cook suffering a heart attack and dying after Tennyson refuses to bring him his medicine in a perverse act", "title": "Dr. Cook's Garden" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "published a three-volume pictorial field book/history of the war, which is also presumed to have been Mathew Brady's first collaboration in the use of his Civil War photographs as book illustrations. In 1860 and 1861, the London Art Journal featured a series of Lossing's articles describing the history and scenery of the Hudson Valley; the illustrated articles were published in 1866 under the title \"The Hudson: From the Wilderness to the Sea\". Lossing was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1872. He was awarded an LL.D. by the University of Michigan in 1873 adding to lesser degrees", "title": "Benson John Lossing" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "John Boyd (Assemblyman) John Boyd (May 1, 1824 – ?) was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly. Boyd was born on May 1, 1824 in England. In 1843, he graduated from Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland. Later, Boyd resided in Calumet, Wisconsin. His brother, Thomas, was also a member of the Assembly. After visiting his brothers-in-law in Kansas in 1871, he moved to Fawn Creek in Montgomery County, Kansas with his wife Anna and his son George, where he was involved in politics in the 1870s and was an officer in the farmers' club. Boyd was a member of", "title": "John Boyd (Assemblyman)" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "by these criminals whose only concern is profit by whatever means available to them.\" The October 2006 IMC report stated that the INLA \"was not capable of undertaking a sustained campaign [against the United Kingdom], nor does it aspire to\". In December 2007, disturbances broke out at an INLA parade in the Bogside in Derry between spectators and Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) officers attempting to arrest four of the marchers. In the Seventeenth and Eighteenth IMC reports the INLA was said to remain a threat, with a desire to mount attacks that could well be more dangerous in", "title": "Irish National Liberation Army" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "which formerly gave name to the country included between the mouths of the Indus.” This opinion was shared by Alexander Burnes, who voyaged up the Indus on a diplomatic mission in 1831-32, and wrote:\"The antiquity of Tatta is unquestioned. The Pattala of the Greeks has been sought for in this position, and, I believe, with good reason; for the Indus here divides into two great branches; and these are the words of the historian:- ‘Near Pattala, the river Indus divides itself into two vast branches’ (Arrian, lib.vi). Both Robertson and Vincent appear to have entertained the opinion of its identity", "title": "Regio Patalis" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to as Mike, comes out of the closet which he asks their opinion on it. After Mark says he doesn't know, he asks Mike his opinion, where he proceeds to mumble. This is a reference to the cult 1999 documentary \"American Movie\". \"Family Guy\" and this episode are highly regarded in the music community of Los Angeles, due to the show featuring many music-inspired scenes and for the use of its own orchestra. Ryan J. Budke of TV Squad gave the episode a positive review, writing that it was not the show's \"greatest episode this year, but it was still", "title": "Brian Sings and Swings" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Isabela Gualanda, Caterina Sforza—even Salaì and Leonardo himself—are all among the list of posited models portrayed in the painting. The consensus of art historians in the 21st century maintains the long-held traditional opinion, that the painting depicts Lisa del Giocondo. Leonardo da Vinci is thought by some to have begun painting the \"Mona Lisa\" in 1503 or 1504 in Florence, Italy. Although the Louvre states that it was \"doubtless painted between 1503 and 1506\", the art historian Martin Kemp says there are some difficulties in confirming the actual dates with certainty. In addition, many Leonardo experts, such as Carlo Pedretti", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and philosophy of mind. He explores various positions on the mind-body problem but states that the solution may lie beyond the capabilities of human reason. Harris writes that the purpose of spirituality (as he defines it – he says the term's uses are diverse and sometimes indefensible) is to become aware that our sense of self is illusory, and says that this realization brings both happiness and insight into the nature of consciousness. He says spiritual discipline allows us to repeatedly recognize in our day-to-day lives that there is no self. Instead, there is an apprehension of \"pure consciousness,\" a", "title": "Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "he had no authority from his own government, much less from the allies, to enter upon the subject, and that all he could do was to give them his private opinion, which he should certainly urge upon the allies with all the influence he might be supposed to possess, unless otherwise instructed by his own government. In the opinion of the historian William Siborne this exchange was a remarkable illustration of the sound judgement, straightforward policy, and unerring foresight, which are so pre-eminently characteristic of the military career of Wellington. Subsequent events proved its correctness to the letter. It was", "title": "Waterloo Campaign: Peace negotiations" } ]

[ "David Henige" ]

[ "Colin Humphreys and W. G. Waddington of Oxford University considered the possibility that a lunar, rather than solar, eclipse might have taken place. They concluded that such an eclipse would have been visible, for thirty minutes, from Jerusalem and suggested the gospel reference to a solar eclipse was the result of a scribe wrongly amending a text. Historian David Henige dismisses this explanation as 'indefensible' and astronomer Bradley Schaefer points out that the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "The Famine Queen" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "America, and East Africa. In 1927 he became Keeper of the Arnold Arboretum. Wilson and his wife died in Worcester, Massachusetts, on 15 October 1930 in an automobile accident. In recognition of his service to horticulture he received many awards such as the Royal Horticultural Society's Veitch Memorial Medal in 1906 and their Victoria Medal of Honour in 1912, and the George Robert White Memorial Medal of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and received an honorary M.A. degree from Harvard University and a D.Sc. degree from Trinity College. Over", "title": "Ernest Henry Wilson" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "are available to the public. These are namely SABC 1, SABC 2, SABC 3 and eTV. Other community-based stations are also on offer, such as Soweto TV and Cape Town TV (ctv). DStv is currently South Africa's only operating and Africa's largest satellite television provider. The company provides over 100 video and over 78 audio channels, and in 2008 introduced its first HD video channel. Since then an additional five HD channels have been introduced - namely M-Net HD, SuperSport HD, Discovery HD, SuperSport HD 2, M-Net Movies 1 HD and SuperSport HD 3. In 2008, additional pay-TV licenses were", "title": "Telecommunications in South Africa" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "(Neon) — charming alien from the planet Yum, who appeared on Earth because his flying saucer broke down. The accident happened near the house Phil and Nana, who invited Neo to stay with them in the attic. Tesla — prankish manual hamster, saved the children from the cat. The name was given in honor of the great physics Nikola Tesla. Was the absolute master of the attic while there does not appear alien. Fortunately, pussy and Neo quickly found a common language, though Neo sorry about this friendship. Novators Novators() is a Russian popular-science cartoon which tells about the inventions", "title": "Novators" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Arthur Curley Arthur Curley (January 22, 1938 – March 31, 1998) was an American librarian who was listed as one of the 100 most important library leaders of the 20th century by journal \"American Libraries\". Arthur Curley was born in Boston on January 22, 1938, to Irish parents. His mother is credited with having high expectations for him, and for correctly presuming that he would attend the prestigious Boston Latin secondary school. Later, he studied political science at Harvard University, graduating in 1959 before earning his Master of Library Science degree at Simmons College in 1962. Curley's first position in", "title": "Arthur Curley" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "away at Bristol Rovers on 22 January 1972, followed by a late winner in the 2–1 defeat of Wrexham two weeks later. Irvine added to his tally with home and away goals against Halifax Town, where he would go on to play the next season, and a strike against Aston Villa that was named as runner-up in a Goal of the Season competition by television programme \"Match of the Day\". With the forward partnership of Irvine and Kit Napier, Brighton performed better than expected in the 1971–72 season. At the end of the campaign, following a 1–1 draw with Rochdale", "title": "Willie Irvine" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "it came to the conclusion that the allies had lost the Crimean War, which most historians conclude is not true. She produced two more notable works. The first was \"\" (1962), a history of the Great Irish Famine of the 1840s that was critical of the British government's handling of the famine, in particular singling out Sir Charles Edward Trevelyan for criticism, although she did acknowledge that the British government assisted during the first phase of the famine. The second was the first volume of \"Queen Victoria: Her Life and Times\" (1972). She was unable to complete the next volume", "title": "Cecil Woodham-Smith" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in 1801 had merged the Parliaments of the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. To campaign for repeal, O'Connell set up the Repeal Association. He argued for the re-creation of an independent Kingdom of Ireland to govern itself, with Queen Victoria as the Queen of Ireland. To push for this, he held a series of \"Monster Meetings\" throughout much of Ireland outside the Protestant and Unionist-dominated province of Ulster. They were so called because each was attended by around 100,000 people. These rallies concerned the British Government", "title": "Daniel O'Connell" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in 1846, a massive loss. Irish Famine (1740–41) The Irish Famine of 1740–1741 (, meaning the Year of Slaughter) in the Kingdom of Ireland, is estimated to have killed between 13% and 20% of the 1740 population of 2.4 million people, which was a proportionately greater loss than during the Great Famine of 1845–1852. The famine of 1740–41 was due to extremely cold and then rainy weather in successive years, resulting in food losses in three categories: a series of poor grain harvests, a shortage of milk, and frost damage to potatoes. At this time, grains, particularly oats, were more", "title": "Irish Famine (1740–41)" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "spring suspension system, with or without a top. A variation of this type of a carriage is called a \"Victoria\", with a retractable cover over the rear passenger compartment. Each June from 1978 to 2011, during the official Queen's Birthday celebrations, Queen Elizabeth II traveled to and from Trooping the Colour on Horse Guards Parade in an ivory-mounted phaeton carriage made in 1842 for her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria. In her later years, Queen Victoria greatly enjoyed travelling in a phaeton drawn by a single white donkey, or mule, when on her holidays in Cimiez, then a small village on the", "title": "Phaeton (carriage)" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "gesture.\" To mark the 150th anniversary, eight Irish people retraced the Trail of Tears, and the donation was publicly commemorated by President Mary Robinson. The United States helped out the Irish during the famine immensely. Senator Henry Clay said, \"No imagination can conceive- no tongue express- no brush paint- the horrors of the scenes which are daily exhibited in Ireland.\" He called upon Americans to remind them that the practice of charity was the greatest act of humanity they could do. In total, 118 vessels sailed from the US to Ireland with relief goods valued to the amount of $545,145.", "title": "Great Famine (Ireland)" } ]

[ "The Famine Queen" ]

[ "In 1845, Ireland was hit by a potato blight. In the next four years over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as the Great Famine. In Ireland, Victoria was labelled \"The Famine Queen\". She personally donated £2,000 to famine relief, more than any other individual donor, and also supported the Maynooth Grant to a Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland, despite Protestant opposition. The story that she donated only £5 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount to Battersea Dogs Home, was a myth generated towards the end of the 19th century." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "250,000" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "per patient per year. This was unaffordable for most South African citizens, and so the South African government committed to providing ARVs at prices closer to what people could afford. To do so, they would need to ignore the patents on drugs and produce generics within the country (using a compulsory license), or import them from abroad. After international protest in favour of public health rights (including the collection of 250,000 signatures by MSF), the governments of several developed countries (including The Netherlands, Germany, France, and later the US) backed the South African government, and the case was dropped in", "title": "Pharmaceutical industry" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "gerrymandering). After the amendments were submitted on the floor, Washington spoke from prepared speeches that avoided rhetoric and addressed the issues. As a result, the amendments were defeated, and Congress passed the Voting Rights Act Extension. By the time Washington faced re-election in 1982, he had cemented his popularity in the 1st Congressional District. Jane Byrne could not find one serious candidate to run against Washington for his re-election campaign. He had collected 250,000 signatures to get on the ballot, although only 610 signatures (0.5% of the voters in the previous election) were required. With his re-election to Congress locked", "title": "Harold Washington" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "−3. The behaviour of a geometric sequence depends on the value of the common ratio. If the common ratio is: Geometric sequences (with common ratio not equal to −1, 1 or 0) show exponential growth or exponential decay, as opposed to the linear growth (or decline) of an arithmetic progression such as 4, 15, 26, 37, 48, … (with common \"difference\" 11). This result was taken by T.R. Malthus as the mathematical foundation of his \"Principle of Population\". Note that the two kinds of progression are related: exponentiating each term of an arithmetic progression yields a geometric progression, while taking", "title": "Geometric progression" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "All-Ireland decider saw Mayo provide the opposition. Cork got off to a great start after scoring a goal in the first minute and maintained their advantage throughout the first half. Mayo rallied after scoring a goal from a penalty in the second half and reduced their deficit to two points, however, Cork pulled away to win by 1-12 to 1-5. Corcoran once again collected an All-Ireland medal. Corcoran was just out of the minor grade in 1991 and immediately came to the attention of the Cork senior hurling selectors who invited him to play a challenge game against Dublin. After", "title": "Brian Corcoran" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "In Kessler Vs. Grand Central District Management Association, residents within the Manhattan BID argued that the election of board members were not completed fairly in accordance with the one person one vote principle. The ruling opposed the resident's claim, stating that a BID can have different voting classes because the results are disproportionate among property owners. Property owners and people within the district who oppose a BID may see it as an attempt to delegate control of public space to the private sector. Without government accountability (elections), it is difficult for the public to make a change in the actions", "title": "Business improvement districts in the United States" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "credit is allowed for expenses incurred to send a dependent to an overnight camp. The credit is a percentage, based on the taxpayer’s adjusted gross income, of the amount of work-related child and dependent care expenses the taxpayer paid to a care provider. A taxpayer can generally receive a credit anywhere from 20−35% of such costs against the taxpayer’s federal income tax liability. The applicable percentage is inversely correlated to the adjusted gross income of the taxpayer − the higher the adjusted gross income, the lower the percentage. The credit amount is equal to the applicable percentage, as determined by", "title": "Child and Dependent Care Credit" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "soon be the Islamic Lanao). Those people established the Kedatuan of Dapitan in western Bohol because the true indigenous people of Bohol in the Anda peninsula and nearby areas were not open to them, forcing them to establish settlement in the western part of the island. The kedatuan was first built with hardwood on the soft seabed. It engaged it trade with nearby areas and some Chinese merchants. The Jesuit Alcina tells tales about a rich nation he called the 'Venice of the Visayas', pointing to the Kedatuan of Dapitan at that time. The Jesuit also tells of a Dapitan", "title": "Kedatuan of Dapitan" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "following five months, it collected 21,000 signatures.\" CCAPN's website in 2014 offers information on controlling rabies in dog populations through vaccination rather than culling, information on controlling domestic cat populations in urban areas through trap-neuter-return rather than culling, and how to create an animal protection agency. The Animal Rights in China website was launched on 22 July 2006, and is the major portal for animal rights issues in China. Academic research on animal ethics and networking of animal rights activists are important functions of this project. It is developing a Chinese online encyclopedia of animal protection (APpedia). The main objective", "title": "Chinese Animal Protection Network" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "on a petition asking the UWO to reverse its decision to honour Morgentaler and several protest rallies were held, including one on the day the honorary degree was bestowed. A counter petition, supporting the UWO's decision, gained over 10,000 signatures. On August 5, 2005, Morgentaler received the Couchiching Award for Public Policy Leadership for his efforts on behalf of women's rights and reproductive health issues. The Award was given by the Couchiching Institute on Public Affairs at its 74th annual summer conference. The Couchiching Award for Public Policy Leadership is presented annually to a nationally recognised Canadian who has demonstrated", "title": "Henry Morgentaler" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to counter the Occupy Central movement, and it received widespread media attention when it launched a month-long signature campaign for people who oppose the Occupy Central Movement, which lasted from 19 July to 17 August 2014. The campaign claimed it had collected over a million signatures supporting the campaign, although questions were raised over credibility of the number of signatures collected. Despite the Alliance's efforts, the Occupy Central movement commenced officially on 27 September 2014, giving rise to the 2014 Hong Kong protests which was severely criticised by the Alliance. The Alliance also admitted that they underestimated the impact of", "title": "Alliance for Peace and Democracy (Hong Kong)" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "governing recall signature gathering is unconstitutional because it infringes on political speech rights protected in the First Amendment. Bell ruled that signatures from voters inside Dillon's district should be counted even if they were collected by petition circulators who lived outside the district or weren't registered to vote. Under Michigan law, those signatures aren't considered valid. \"The circulation of recall petitions is core political speech,\" Bell wrote, saying that recall organizers' First Amendment rights were \"severely burdened\" by state law. Bell said the state and Dillon did not show how requiring recall petition circulators to be registered voters and district", "title": "Bogaert v. Land" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Nacional Electoral (CNE; \"National Electoral Council\") on the grounds that many had been collected before the midpoint of Chávez's presidential term. Reports then began to emerge among opposition and international news outlets that Chávez had begun to act punitively against those who had signed the petition, while pro-Chávez individuals stated that they had been coerced by employers into offering their signatures at their workplaces. In November 2003, the opposition collected an entirely new set of signatures, with 3.6 million names produced over a span of four days. Riots erupted nationwide as allegations of fraud were made by Chávez against the", "title": "History of Venezuela (1999–present)" } ]

[ "250,000" ]

[ "In March 2001, 40 multi-national pharmaceutical companies brought litigation against South Africa for its Medicines Act, which allowed the generic production of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) for treating HIV, despite the fact that these drugs were on-patent. HIV was and is an epidemic in South Africa, and ARVs at the time cost between 10,000 and 15,000 USD per patient per year. This was unaffordable for most South African citizens, and so the South African government committed to providing ARVs at prices closer to what people could afford. To do so, they would need to ignore the patents on drugs and produce generics within the country (using a compulsory license), or import them from abroad. After international protest in favour of public health rights (including the collection of 250,000 signatures by MSF), the governments of several developed countries (including The Netherlands, Germany, France, and later the US) backed the South African government, and the case was dropped in April of that year." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "160 million years ago" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "in 125 million-year-old [[Early Cretaceous]] [[shale]] in China's northeastern [[Liaoning Province]]. The fossil is nearly complete and includes tufts of fur and imprints of soft tissues. [[File:Juramaia NT.jpg|thumb|Restoration of \"[[Juramaia|Juramaia sinensis]]\", the oldest known [[Eutheria]]n (160 M.Y.A.)]] The oldest known fossil among the Eutheria (\"true beasts\") is the small shrewlike \"[[Juramaia| Juramaia sinensis]]\", or \"Jurassic mother from China\", dated to 160 million years ago in the late Jurassic. A later eutherian relative, \"[[Eomaia]]\", dated to 125 million years ago in the early Cretaceous, possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals, evidence that these features", "title": "Mammal" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "in 125 million-year-old [[Early Cretaceous]] [[shale]] in China's northeastern [[Liaoning Province]]. The fossil is nearly complete and includes tufts of fur and imprints of soft tissues. [[File:Juramaia NT.jpg|thumb|Restoration of \"[[Juramaia|Juramaia sinensis]]\", the oldest known [[Eutheria]]n (160 M.Y.A.)]] The oldest known fossil among the Eutheria (\"true beasts\") is the small shrewlike \"[[Juramaia| Juramaia sinensis]]\", or \"Jurassic mother from China\", dated to 160 million years ago in the late Jurassic. A later eutherian relative, \"[[Eomaia]]\", dated to 125 million years ago in the early Cretaceous, possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals, evidence that these features", "title": "Mammal" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "March 2010 they released their EP \"Bright Bright Bright\", followed by their full-length album \"Wild Go\" in October 2010, both to critical acclaim. Pitchfork Media writes of the full length, “...perhaps Dark Dark Dark's true accomplishment here is how they mix sounds and influences so effortlessly. They comprise a tight, intuitive unit, especially when the instruments swirl together into an otherworldly eddy of sound”. NPR notes how “Invie sings with a flexible, penetrating voice, shedding both light and shadow on the meaning of her lyrics” and Paste Magazine describes the “...noteworthy balance that’s struck between beauty, familiarity, and surrealistic imagery...”.", "title": "Dark Dark Dark" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Adam A500 The Adam A500 is an American six-seat civil utility aircraft that was produced by Adam Aircraft Industries. The aircraft is of pod-and-boom, push-pull configuration with its two Continental TSIO-550-E piston engines mounted to provide centerline thrust. The A500 was developed from the M-309 CarbonAero technology demonstrator designed by Burt Rutan and built by Scaled Composites at the Mojave Airport. The \"309\" designation refers to this being Rutan's 309th aircraft design. The 309 first flew in March 2000, but the aircraft has since been gutted and was used as a static display outside the Adam Aircraft Industries headquarters. In", "title": "Adam A500" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "families moved to urban areas, where on average they were more productive and earned a higher standard of living. Friedberger argues that the postwar period saw an accelerating mechanization of agriculture, combined with new and better fertilizers and genetic manipulation of hybrid corn. It made for greater specialization and greater economic risks for the farmer. With rising land prices many sold their land and moved to town, the old farm becoming part of a neighbor's enlarged operation. Mechanization meant less need for hired labor; farmers could operate more acres even though they were older. The result was a decline in", "title": "History of the United States (1945–1964)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living, self-conscious beings. The term he coined was \"prehension\", which comes from the Latin \"prehensio\", meaning \"to seize.\" The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons. It is also intended to make clear Whitehead's rejection of the theory of \"representative\" perception, in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities. For Whitehead, the term \"prehension\" indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself. In this way,", "title": "Alfred North Whitehead" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a subordinate official in a royal court or noble household. The first part of the word, which is recorded in English since 1360, comes from the Old English \"hengest\", meaning \"horse\", notably stallion, cognates of which also occur in many Germanic languages, such as Old Frisian, Danish \"hingst\", German, Dutch \"hengst\" and Afrikaans \"hings\" [həŋs]. The word appears in the name of Hengest, the Saxon chieftain, and still survives in English in placenames and other names beginning with \"Hingst-\" or \"Hinx-\". It was often rendered as \"Henxman\" in medieval English. Young henchmen, in fact pages of honour or squires, rode", "title": "Henchman" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "were more terrestrial than previously thought, and that the special construction of the talus (ankle bone) with a double-rolled joint surface, previously thought to be unique to even-toed ungulates, were also in early cetaceans. The mesonychids, another type of ungulate, did not show this special construction of the talus, and thus was concluded to not have the same ancestors as cetaceans. The oldest cetaceans date back to the early Eocene (53 million years ago), whereas the oldest known hippopotamus dates back only to the Miocene (15 million years ago). Some doubts have arisen regarding the relationship between the two, as", "title": "Even-toed ungulate" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to the modern golden jackal than to the two African jackal species, the black-backed jackal and the side-striped jackal. The oldest golden jackal fossil was found at the Ksar Akil rock shelter located northeast of Beirut, Lebanon. The fragment of a single tooth is dated approximately 20,000 years ago. The oldest golden jackal fossils found in Europe are from Delphi and Kitsos in Greece and are dated 7,000–6,500 years ago. An unusual fossil of a heel bone found in Azykh Cave, in Nagorno-Karabakh, dates to the Middle Pleistocene and is described as probably belonging to the golden jackal, but its", "title": "Golden jackal" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "History of Sussex Sussex , from the Old English 'Sūþsēaxe' ('South Saxons'), is a historic county in South East England. Evidence from a fossil of Boxgrove Man (\"Homo heidelbergensis\") shows that Sussex has been inhabited for at least 500,000 years. It is thought to be the oldest human fossil ever discovered in Britain. Near Pulborough, tools have been found that date from around 35,000 years ago and that are thought to be from either the last Neanderthals in northern Europe or pioneer populations of modern humans. On the South Downs lie Neolithic flint mines that date to around 4000BC, some", "title": "History of Sussex" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and Basidiomycota diverged, and all modern classes of fungi were present by the Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian, 318.1–299 Ma). Lichen-like fossils have been found in the Doushantuo Formation in southern China dating back to 635–551 Ma. Lichens were a component of the early terrestrial ecosystems, and the estimated age of the oldest terrestrial lichen fossil is 400 Ma; this date corresponds to the age of the oldest known sporocarp fossil, a \"Paleopyrenomycites\" species found in the Rhynie Chert. The oldest fossil with microscopic features resembling modern-day basidiomycetes is \"Palaeoancistrus\", found permineralized with a fern from the Pennsylvanian. Rare in the fossil", "title": "Evolution of fungi" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "The next oldest stone tools are from Gona, Ethiopia, and are considered the beginning of the Oldowan technology. These tools date to about 2.6 million years ago. A \"Homo\" fossil was found near some Oldowan tools, and its age was noted at 2.3 million years old, suggesting that maybe the \"Homo\" species did indeed create and use these tools. It is a possibility but does not yet represent solid evidence. The third metacarpal styloid process enables the hand bone to lock into the wrist bones, allowing for greater amounts of pressure to be applied to the wrist and hand from", "title": "Human evolution" } ]

[ "160 million years ago" ]

[ "The oldest known fossil among the Eutheria (\"true beasts\") is the small shrewlike Juramaia sinensis, or \"Jurassic mother from China\", dated to 160 million years ago in the Late Jurassic. A later eutherian, Eomaia, dated to 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous, possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals, evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage. In particular:" ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "attack" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Swiss (\"on the one part\") and the EU and its member states (\"on the other part\"). The treaty establishes rights and obligations between the Swiss and the EU and the member states severally—it does not establish any rights and obligations amongst the EU and its member states. A multilateral treaty is concluded among several countries. The agreement establishes rights and obligations between each party and every other party. Multilateral treaties are often regional. Treaties of \"mutual guarantee\" are international compacts, e.g., the Treaty of Locarno which guarantees each signatory against attack from another. Reservations are essentially caveats to a state's", "title": "Treaty" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Swiss (\"on the one part\") and the EU and its member states (\"on the other part\"). The treaty establishes rights and obligations between the Swiss and the EU and the member states severally—it does not establish any rights and obligations amongst the EU and its member states. A multilateral treaty is concluded among several countries. The agreement establishes rights and obligations between each party and every other party. Multilateral treaties are often regional. Treaties of \"mutual guarantee\" are international compacts, e.g., the Treaty of Locarno which guarantees each signatory against attack from another. Reservations are essentially caveats to a state's", "title": "Treaty" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "purely defensive pact: it obligated a signatory to go to war only in the event that the other was attacked by another Balkan country. The two powers also agreed not to attack any other Balkan country without first consulting each other. Article IV left open the possibility of Ottoman troops traversing Bulgarian soil to attack another power. In the event of a conflict without prior consultation they pledged neutrality. Bulgaria promised to notify Turkey of any mobilisation on its part, and in Article V Turkey agreed to negotiate an affirmation of the neutrality of Romania. Furthermore, the treaty was to", "title": "Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to the idea of the pact being revived. The pact was initiated on October 23, 1936, and later signed on November 25, 1936. In order to avoid damaging relations with the Soviet Union, the pact was supposedly directed only against the Comintern, but in fact contained a secret agreement that in the event of either signatory power becoming involved with a war with the Soviet Union, the other signatory power must maintain a benevolent neutrality. In case of an attack by the Soviet Union against Germany or Japan, the two countries agreed to consult on what measures to take \"to", "title": "Anti-Comintern Pact" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Nation. The National Council had not given up on trying to resist United States encroachment, and passed a death sentence, supported by Opothleyahola, against McIntosh and other signatories of the 1825 Treaty. The chief \"Menawa\" led 200 warriors to attack McIntosh at his plantation. They killed him and another signatory chief, and burned down his mansion. Creek elders realized that they would need experienced negotiators to present their case to Federal authorities. While Opothleyahola was a persuasive speaker, he was not fluent in the English language. They turned to the Cherokee for assistance. Major Ridge, a Cherokee leader, recommended that", "title": "Opothleyahola" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of any of the pact signatories. The most readily recognized example of the aforementioned entity is another country, nation-state, or sovereign organization that represents a negative consequence towards the advantages held by one or more of the signatory parties. In the 19th century neutrality pacts have historically been used to give permission for one signatory of the pact to attack or attempt to negatively influence an entity not protected by the neutrality pact. The participants of the neutrality pact agree not to attempt to counteract an act of aggression waged by a pact signatory towards an entity not protected under", "title": "Non-aggression pact" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "several dramatic productions including \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\". It was not until 1949 that the contract for rebuilding was finally signed, and then followed three years of demolition and reconstruction. By 1953 the old building had been reconstructed enough that a brand new gymnasium was opened with completely modern equipment and change rooms. On 22 October 1952, Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, as Patroness of the Girls' Public Day School Trust, opened the new Wavertree Road building. The further expansion of the school led to the GPDST's purchase in 1993 of a new site (for the Senior School) at Abbotswood", "title": "Streatham and Clapham High School" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Humfrey Wanley Humfrey Wanley (21 March 1672 – 6 July 1726) was an English librarian, palaeographer and scholar of Old English, employed by manuscript collectors such as Robert and Edward Harley. He was the first keeper of the Harleian Library, now the Harleian Collection. He was the son of Nathaniel Wanley, born on 21 March 1672 at the Vicarage House adjoining Jesus Hall, Coventry. Starting out as a draper in his home town, he soon tired of this and moved to Oxford University to study in 1695 thanks to his patron William Lloyd, bishop of Coventry and Lichfield. There he", "title": "Humfrey Wanley" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "began distributing it during a right wing demonstration. In 1934, Dr. Alfred Zander, a Swiss Nazi, further inflamed public opinion by publishing a series of articles accepting \"The Protocols\"' description of a Jewish plot to take over the world as fact. Outraged, a group of leading Swiss Jews filed a lawsuit in the \"Amtsgericht\" (district court) of Bern on 29 October 1934 to censor \"The Protocols\" as \"indecent writings\" under a Bernese statute prohibiting the distribution of \"immoral, obscene or brutalizing\" texts. The plaintiffs were represented by Georges Brunschvig and Emil Raas. Vladimir Burtsev, a Russian émigré, anti-Bolshevik and anti-Fascist", "title": "Ulrich Fleischhauer" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "\"Too Stupid for Democracy,\" a take on various political systems; \"Requiem (for the Giants),\" a lament for the loss of old-growth forests; \"Turn It Around,\" a portrait of homelessness, and other songs on environmental, political and social themes, as well as songs on wilderness and canoeing. Her songs have been recorded by other artists (including Roy Bailey, Bram Taylor and Herdman-Hills-Mangsen) and included on compilation CDs in Britain, the US and Canada. Often her songs convey a woman's point-of-view, are about women in history (i.e., \"Isabella Gunn\"), or lament the plight of women. All of McGann’s CDs have been released", "title": "Eileen McGann (musician)" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in east London. All songs by Billy Bragg, except where stated. The following are the dates the tracks were recorded for the John Peel Show sessions. The Peel Sessions Album (Billy Bragg album) The Peel Sessions Album is an album by British rock artist Billy Bragg, released in 1991. It compiles recordings from Bragg's various radio sessions for John Peel's programme, recorded between 1983 and 1988. \"Jeane\" is a cover version of a song which appeared as the B-side to The Smiths's single \"This Charming Man\". \"Fear is a Man's Best Friend\" is a cover of a song by John", "title": "The Peel Sessions Album (Billy Bragg album)" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "nations whose governments are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty and have ratified its Protocol on Environmental Protection. National Antarctic Program Each country that is a signatory to the Antarctic Treaty establishes a National Antarctic Program, which has national responsibility for managing the support of scientific research; contribute to the governance and protect the environment of the Antarctic Treaty Area on behalf of its government and in the spirit of the Antarctic Treaty. Forming National Antarctic Programs after signing the treaty is not mandatory but all those countries which have permanent research stations in Antarctica or carry out scientific research otherwise,", "title": "National Antarctic Program" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "another ship passing in the opposite direction. The ship's submerged volume is not relevant to this amount of water. During the dry season, when there is less rainfall, there is also a shortfall of water in Gatun Lake. As a signatory to the United Nations Global Compact and member of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, the ACP has developed an environmentally and socially sustainable program for expansion, which protects the aquatic and terrestrial resources of the canal watershed. The expansion guarantees the availability and quality of water resources by using water-saving basins at each new lock. These water-saving", "title": "Panama Canal" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Non-aggression pact of 1979 The Southern Africa Non-aggression Pact required signatory states to ensure that no individual or organization attacked a signatory state from signatory soil. Presidents Jose Eduardo dos Santos of Angola, Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire, and Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia signed the agreement on October 14, 1979. The signatories also signed a treaty on transportation and communication cooperation the same day. The non-aggression pact largely held together until Angola, along with most of Southern Africa, invaded the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1996 in the First Congo War. The treaty came in direct response to Cuba's", "title": "Non-aggression pact of 1979" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "launched the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), whose signatory countries have met annually since 1995. The entry into force of an international treaty usually takes several years. This is a complex process as each country needs to complete two steps to join: signing the treaty, and then ratifying it formally. The treaty enters into force only when a sufficient number of countries have ratified it (the number varies from one treaty to another). The signatory countries of this type of treaty organize, roughly once a year, a conference of the parties (COP). Before each conference there is", "title": "Earth Summits" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "sideline meeting about the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TTP), President Barack Obama briefed leaders of signatory states of the partnership about the status of the treaty, and its support by the US Congress and businessmen. A consensus was reach among the signatory states that the TTP must be realized and will only look for an alternative if the United States later decides not to take part of it. There were concerns over the fate of the treaty due to incoming U.S. President Donald Trump's opposition to the deal. It is reported that if either Japan or the United States back out the", "title": "APEC Peru 2016" } ]

[ "attack" ]

[ "A multilateral treaty is concluded among several countries. The agreement establishes rights and obligations between each party and every other party. Multilateral treaties are often regional.[citation needed] Treaties of \"mutual guarantee\" are international compacts, e.g., the Treaty of Locarno which guarantees each signatory against attack from another." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Los Angeles" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Sword, California's High on Fire, Sweden's Witchcraft and Australia's Wolfmother. Wolfmother's self-titled 2005 debut album combined elements of the sounds of Deep Purple and Led Zeppelin. Fellow Australians Airbourne's début album \"Runnin' Wild\" (2007) followed in the hard riffing tradition of AC/DC. England's the Darkness' \"Permission to Land\" (2003), described as an \"eerily realistic simulation of '80s metal and '70s glam\", topped the UK charts, going quintuple platinum. The follow-up, \"One Way Ticket to Hell... and Back\" (2005), reached number 11, before the band broke up in 2006. Los Angeles band Steel Panther managed to gain a following by sending", "title": "Hard rock" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Steel Panther Steel Panther is an American comedic glam metal band from Los Angeles, California, mostly known for their profane and humorous lyrics, as well as their exaggerated on-stage personae that reenact the stereotypical 1980s \"glam metal\" lifestyle. The quartet began to gain popularity on the Sunset Strip during the early 2000s under the name Metal Shop (soon changed into Metal Skool, then into Steel Panther). Their lineup consists of vocalist Ralph Saenz (\"Michael Starr\"), drummer Darren Leader (\"Stix Zadinia\"), bassist Travis Haley (\"Lexxi Foxx\"), and guitarist Russ Parrish (\"Satchel\"). The band did weekly shows on Monday nights at the", "title": "Steel Panther" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "2016. In September of the same year, Steel Panther released a cover of Cheap Trick's \"She's Tight\" featuring Robin Zander with the announcement that their fourth studio album \"Lower the Bar\" would be released on March 24, 2017. Current members Steel Panther Steel Panther is an American comedic glam metal band from Los Angeles, California, mostly known for their profane and humorous lyrics, as well as their exaggerated on-stage personae that reenact the stereotypical 1980s \"glam metal\" lifestyle. The quartet began to gain popularity on the Sunset Strip during the early 2000s under the name Metal Shop (soon changed into", "title": "Steel Panther" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to increased interest on the Internet, with the successful 'Glam Slam Metal Jam' music festival taking place in the summer of 2000. By the early 2000s, a handful of new bands began to revive glam metal in one form or another. The Darkness's \"Permission to Land\" (2003), described as an \"eerily realistic simulation of '80s metal and '70s glam\", topped the UK charts, going quintuple platinum. \"One Way Ticket to Hell... and Back\" (2005) reached number 11. The band broke up in 2006, but reunited in 2011, releasing the album Hot Cakes the following year. Los Angeles band Steel Panther", "title": "Glam metal" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "\"Total Request Live\" and was retired after 40 days on the countdown. Ralph Saenz, better known as Michael Starr, singer of the glam metal band Steel Panther has provided background vocals for these two albums. \"Decemberunderground\" was promoted by an ARG known as \"The Charlotte Mystery\" that culminated in fans who solved the puzzles being invited to April 2006 private shows in Los Angeles, New York City, and San Francisco. On December 12, 2006, AFI released their first DVD \"I Heard a Voice – Live from Long Beach Arena\", featuring a live performance shot in Long Beach, California. The performance", "title": "AFI (band)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "albums \"Sing the Sorrow\" and \"Decemberunderground\". Saenz and his wife, Jocelyn, live in Los Angeles, California. Ralph Saenz Ralph Michael Saenz (born May 17, 1965), better known by the stage name Michael Starr, is an American singer, songwriter, and musician. He is best known as the lead singer of the comedic glam metal band Steel Panther. Ralph Michael Saenz was born on May 17, 1965 in Chicago, Illinois. He is of Spanish and Swedish descent. He was raised primarily in Van Nuys, California, where his father was a college professor. Saenz was the lead singer for the David Lee Roth-era", "title": "Ralph Saenz" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Sword, California's High on Fire, Sweden's Witchcraft and Australia's Wolfmother. Wolfmother's self-titled 2005 debut album combined elements of the sounds of Deep Purple and Led Zeppelin. Fellow Australians Airbourne's début album \"Runnin' Wild\" (2007) followed in the hard riffing tradition of AC/DC. England's the Darkness' \"Permission to Land\" (2003), described as an \"eerily realistic simulation of '80s metal and '70s glam\", topped the UK charts, going quintuple platinum. The follow-up, \"One Way Ticket to Hell... and Back\" (2005), reached number 11, before the band broke up in 2006. Los Angeles band Steel Panther managed to gain a following by sending", "title": "Hard rock" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "target of many spoofs and several spoof bands have gone on to have hit records, for example Spinal Tap in the U.S., and The Hee Bee Gee Bees and Bad News in the UK. The band Steel Panther has become a fixture on the Los Angeles Sunset Strip with their parody of 80s glam metal and their success has opened the doors for other spoof bands such as The Jimi Homeless Experience. Other spoof bands such as Dread Zeppelin, Beatallica and Those Darn Accordions rely on unusual or intentionally contrasting genre-mixing for comic effect. Comedy rock duo Ninja Sex Party,", "title": "Comedy rock" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "States began to move towards what would become the glam metal sound. In 1981, Mötley Crüe (from Los Angeles) released their first album \"Too Fast for Love\", Dokken (also from Los Angeles) released their first album, \"Breaking the Chains\", and Kix (from western Maryland) released their first album, \"Kix\". In 1982, Night Ranger (from San Francisco) released their initial album \"Dawn Patrol\" which reached the top 40 in the United States. 1983 was the breakout year for glam metal: Quiet Riot's \"Metal Health\" was the first glam metal album, and arguably the first heavy metal album, to reach number one", "title": "Glam metal" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of the alternative music scene in the 1990s. The band is also associated with the funk metal genre. Emerging from Los Angeles' glam metal and goth scene, Jane's Addiction's music contains elements of heavy metal, punk rock, folk, jazz fusion, funk rock, psychedelic rock and progressive rock. The band's other prominent influences included '70s heavy metal, art rock, post-punk and gender bending glam rock. The band was also labeled as \"funk-punk\". Their album, \"Strays\" was labeled as \"nu metal\", a genre to which the band was a precursor. Jane's Addiction is regarded as one of the most influential acts in", "title": "Jane's Addiction" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Independent Albums chart. Warrant's music has undergone significant evolution throughout the band's 30-year history. The style used during the 1980s and early 1990s, which is typical of many \"Sunset strip\" glam metal bands, remains the band's signature sound. During that period, the band was known for their heavy, melodic rock anthems and sentimental ballads. Warrant (American band) Warrant is an American glam metal band formed in 1984 in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, that experienced success from 1989 to 1996 with five albums reaching international sales of over 10 million. The band first came into the national spotlight with their 2×", "title": "Warrant (American band)" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "The Zeros (American glam punk band) The Zeros, originally known as The Double “O” Zeros, were a glam metal and glam punk band from Los Angeles, California. Characterized by their matching purple hair, the band was a prominent figure on the Hollywood club scene of the late 1980s – early 1990s. In 1991 the band’s record label Restless Records had the nightclubs Whisky a Go Go and Coconut Teaszer painted purple to commemorate the release of their album \"4-3-2-1 The Zeros\". The Double “O” Zeros formed in 1982, in New Jersey and consisted of lead vocalist Sammy Serious, guitarist Joe", "title": "The Zeros (American glam punk band)" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "War I. She was subsequently decommissioned and sold on 27 August 1919 to her former owner USS W. L. Messick (SP-322) USS \"W. L. Messick\" (SP-322) was a minesweeper that served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1919. \"W. L. Messick\" was a wooden-hulled, screw steamer built in 1911 at Norfolk, Virginia, by Smith and McCoy. The U.S. Navy purchased her on 7 April 1917 from Joseph H. Bellows of Reedville, Virginia, for World War I service. Commissioned as USS \"W. L. Messick\" on the same day and classified as SP-322, she was assigned to the 5th Naval", "title": "USS W. L. Messick (SP-322)" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "was patented. The rise in overdoses were driven by analgesic medications. Programs for take-home naloxone have started, with reports of lowered overdose deaths. Within the last decade, access has expanded to EMTs and police officers. Emergency first-responders administer naloxone intranasally. Before 2013, only eight states allowed EMTs to be able to administer naloxone, then five more states changed the policies or laws, totaling thirteen states in 2013. This was a much needed improvement because paramedics are outnumbered by EMTs nationwide. Boston EMS was approved to train EMTs to carry and administer intranasal naloxone in 2005. This expanded to allow municipal", "title": "Take-home naloxone program" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a western bypass to cure 6th Avenue of its congestion problem. The area around the Beltline experienced rapid growth, causing even worse traffic problems. The city's approach to this was to widen the road to six lanes, which was to be completed by 2010. The economy of the Huntsville-Decatur Area is made up mostly of Technical, Aerospace, Manufacturing, and Defensive jobs, and companies. Huntsville is also home to the second largest research park in the country, Cummings Research Park. The Huntsville–Decatur Metro Area is the second fastest growing region/metro area in the state of Alabama because of the ample job", "title": "Huntsville-Decatur-Albertville, AL Combined Statistical Area" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to control and could be hovered a few inches above the seabed. At slow speed a great variety of sea life could be observed. A final dive took a World War 2 U-Boat veteran to visit the last ship he had sunk, the James Egan Lane. The submarine is now in the US. Future Marlin Submarines vessels in the series will offer improvements over the original design, whilst retaining the advantages of the \"Alicia\" (Marlin Submarines AP6 concept). The new P7 design has 25% more cabin volume without increasing the overall displacement. The spheres are larger inside diameter and the", "title": "Alicia (submarine)" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "traveled to Georgia, arriving in Atlanta on February 8, where they gave two shows at Moonshadow Saloon. During the first performance, Vaughan paused during their set and asked an unruly patron to leave the venue. This incident, that Vaughan encountered when faced with disorderly audience members, appears to be one of the few stern orders he made to those who were being disruptive. The tour through the Midwest continued, with concerts in Missouri and Illinois. Since leaving Chicago, a 28-year-old man named Willie M. \"Wimp\" Stokes, Jr., the son of a drug kingpin, was shot and killed at a motel", "title": "Texas Flood World Tour" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a troll infestation video, Eliza Dushku appearing in an action scene, Jon Favreau featuring in his video based on \"Cowboys & Aliens\", the glam metal band Steel Panther appearing in his video based on the Crossfire board game, and Smosh appearing in his video \"Huge Guns (with Smosh)\". In 2010, Wong helped Joe Penna, known as MysteryGuitarMan on YouTube, shoot a commercial for McDonald's, and assisted Wong Fu Productions in actions scenes of \"Agents of Secret Stuff\". In 2011 Wong produced, co-directed, and acted in a TV commercial for \"Battlefield 3\" at the request of Electronic Arts. In 2011, along", "title": "Freddie Wong" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a new solo album due out in Feb of 2011 under his real name, Charlie Overbey. Big Bang Babies Big Bang Babies were a Bubblegum Glam band, from Hollywood, California, playing during the 1990s. They are often seen as part of the glam metal genre, as were similar early '90s bands who played on the Sunset Strip, such as Heart Throb Mob, Queeny Blast Pop, Swingin Thing and No Sympathy. Though technically neither band played any form of metal, their sound incorporated rock, bubblegum pop and glam, with a punky attitude and songs were usually delivered tongue in cheek. The", "title": "Big Bang Babies" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Blade, and the band got a van and began booking their own shows. Self-described as \"heavy metal folk rock/pagan glam,\" the band has had a shifting lineup. On Bainbridge Island, the band \"served as mentors to the [local glam band] Gruff Mummies.\" Early on the band released several singles and offered free 7\" vinyl records to fans. They released \"City Drugs\" in 2005 as a vinyl LP on Antarctic Records. Their debut album \"Bleeding Light\" was released in 2005 as a split release on the labels Jonny Cat and 17 Television, with Seattle musician Jherek Bischoff as a guest on", "title": "Holy Ghost Revival" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "\"Hair bands\" was popularized by MTV in the 1990s and derives from the tendency among glam metal acts to style their long hair in a teased-up fashion. Many of the bands donned make-up to achieve an androgynous look, similar to that of some 1970s glam rock acts. Mötley Crüe, Stryper, Bon Jovi, Poison and Ratt are examples of bands who adopted the glam metal look in their stage attire and their music video imagery. Newer bands include Black Veil Brides and Steel Panther. Gothic metal is characterized as a combination of the dark atmospheres of gothic rock and darkwave with", "title": "Heavy metal genres" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Moderatto Moderatto is a Mexican rock band from Mexico city, known for their exaggerated on-stage personae that parody the stereotypical 1980s glam metal lifestyle. Moderatto started as a cover band in the late 1990s. Moderatto began playing in the late-nineties in Mexico City, They launched their mainstream debut CD, \"Resurrexión\" in 2001. This album quickly gained popularity thanks to their first single \"Márchate Ya\" and later \"Isabel\". In November 2004 they launched \"El Detector de Metal\", whose first single, a cover of Timbiriche's \"Muriendo Lento\", featured female pop singer Belinda. The album was certified platinum. The group released \"¡Grrrr!\" at", "title": "Moderatto" } ]

[ "Los Angeles" ]

[ "The term \"retro-metal\" has been applied to such bands as Texas based The Sword, California's High on Fire, Sweden's Witchcraft and Australia's Wolfmother. Wolfmother's self-titled 2005 debut album combined elements of the sounds of Deep Purple and Led Zeppelin. Fellow Australians Airbourne's début album Runnin' Wild (2007) followed in the hard riffing tradition of AC/DC. England's The Darkness' Permission to Land (2003), described as an \"eerily realistic simulation of '80s metal and '70s glam\", topped the UK charts, going quintuple platinum. The follow-up, One Way Ticket to Hell... and Back (2005), reached number 11, before the band broke up in 2006. Los Angeles band Steel Panther managed to gain a following by sending up 80s glam metal. A more serious attempt to revive glam metal was made by bands of the sleaze metal movement in Sweden, including Vains of Jenna, Hardcore Superstar and Crashdïet." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "produced their own short instructions" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "game rentals, but didn't take any formal legal action until Blockbuster Video began to make game rentals a large-scale service. Nintendo claimed that allowing customers to rent games would significantly hurt sales and drive up the cost of games. Nintendo lost the lawsuit, but did win on a claim of copyright infringement. Blockbuster was banned from including original, copyrighted instruction booklets with their rented games. In compliance with the ruling, Blockbuster produced their own short instructions—usually in the form of a small booklet, card, or label stuck on the back of the rental box—that explained the game's basic premise and", "title": "Nintendo Entertainment System" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "game rentals, but didn't take any formal legal action until Blockbuster Video began to make game rentals a large-scale service. Nintendo claimed that allowing customers to rent games would significantly hurt sales and drive up the cost of games. Nintendo lost the lawsuit, but did win on a claim of copyright infringement. Blockbuster was banned from including original, copyrighted instruction booklets with their rented games. In compliance with the ruling, Blockbuster produced their own short instructions—usually in the form of a small booklet, card, or label stuck on the back of the rental box—that explained the game's basic premise and", "title": "Nintendo Entertainment System" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the greatest Green Lantern in history, Hal Jordan, to their time. An unfortunate side effect of the time travel completely erased Jordan's memory. Vane created the fictitious \"Pol Manning\" persona and recorded it into Jordan's mind; she even cast herself as his romantic interest. For years, Jordan lived a double life in the 20th and 58th centuries until his mysterious memory lapses caused him to uncover the Solar Council's deception. He returned to the 58th century under his own power, where he discovered that his power ring had accidentally created an evil clone. After Hal defeated his evil doppelgänger, the", "title": "Pol Manning" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Teddy Killerz Teddy Killerz are a Russian and Ukrainian electronic music group composed of Grigory Cherekaev, Anton Mashevsky and Oleg Cholovskii. They also perform under their individual stage names as Garud, Place 2b, and Paimon (in respective order). Teddy Killerz are of Russian and Ukrainian descent. Teddy Killerz are known for producing various different styles of dance music ranging from drum’n’bass, dubstep, trap and breakbeat. The group have released on OWSLA and subsequently signed to RAM Records in November 2014, (only after an initial release on RAM Records’ sister label \"Program’). Teddy Killerz's entry in a remix contest on OWSLA", "title": "Teddy Killerz" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "1998 AFL draft The 1998 AFL draft consisted of a pre-season draft, a national draft, a trade period and a rookie elevation. The AFL draft is the annual draft of talented players by Australian rules football teams that participate in the main competition of that sport, the Australian Football League. In 1998 there were 91 picks to be drafted between 16 teams in the national draft. The Brisbane Lions received the first pick in the national draft after finishing on the bottom of the ladder during the 1998 AFL season. The national draft was held on 1 November 1998. \"This", "title": "1998 AFL draft" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "led to what the industry has termed as a surplus in the market - especially with the addition of the Grand Harbor Hotel and a new Hilton hotel at the Dubuque Greyhound Park and Casino. Because of this the Best Western Dubuque Inn has been sold. Part of it was torn down, and the remaining portion is being remodeled into a new hotel scheduled to open in the spring of 2006. The Dubuque Inn's owners also own the local Days Inn, which they have put up for sale as well. The owners of those two properties have said that their", "title": "History of Dubuque, Iowa" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Treehouse of Horror XVIII \"Treehouse of Horror XVIII\" is the fifth episode of \"The Simpsons\"<nowiki>'</nowiki> nineteenth season. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 4, 2007. In the eighteenth annual Treehouse of Horror episode, Bart harbors Kodos the alien in \"E.T., Go Home,\" Homer and Marge are husband and wife assassins who try to take each other out in \"Mr. & Mrs. Simpson,\" and Ned Flanders is given God-like powers during his demonstration on the wages of sin in \"Heck House.\" It was written by Marc Wilmore and directed by Chuck Sheetz. In the", "title": "Treehouse of Horror XVIII" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "medical diagnoses and psychiatric evaluations. The act of file sharing is not illegal per se and peer-to-peer networks are also used for legitimate purposes. The legal issues in file sharing involve violating the laws of copyrighted material. Most discussions about the legality of file sharing are implied to be about solely copyright material. Many countries have fair use exceptions that permit limited use of copyrighted material without acquiring permission from the rights holders. Such documents include commentary, news reporting, research and scholarship. Copyright laws are territorial- they do not extend beyond the territory of a specific state unless that state", "title": "Peer-to-peer file sharing" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "use SOV, but SVO may be used sometimes to emphasize the verb. For example, \"John terketti Mary'yi\" (Lit. \"John/left/Mary\": John left Mary) is the answer to the question \"What did John do with Mary?\" instead of the regular [SOV] sentence \"John Mary'yi terketti\" (Lit. \"John/Mary/left\"). In German, Dutch, and Kashmiri, SOV with V2 word order in main clauses coexists with SOV in subordinate clauses, as given in Example 1 below; and a change in syntax, such as by bringing an adpositional phrase to the front of the sentence for emphasis, may also dictate the use of VSO, as in Example", "title": "Subject–verb–object" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Zero shapes information and communications technology use in the developing world found that 11% of Indonesians who said they used Facebook also said they did not use the Internet. 65% of Nigerians, and 61% of Indonesians agree with the statement that \"Facebook is the Internet\" compared with only 5% in the United States. An article in \"Vice\" magazine notes that the free access via Wikipedia Zero made Wikipedia a preferred way for its users in Bangladesh and elsewhere to share copyrighted material. This caused problems at Wikipedia (where uploading copyrighted media is discouraged) but the article is deeply critical of", "title": "Wikipedia Zero" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "1 each time through the loop. Register r8 (which is invariant in the innermost loop) is added to r3. Instead of using r3, the compiler can eliminate r3 and use r9. The loop, instead of being controlled by r3 = 0 to n-1, can be controlled by r9=r8+0 to r8+n-1. That adds four instructions and kills four instructions, but there's one fewer instruction inside the loop. Now r9 is the loop variable, but it interacts with the multiply by 8. Here we get to do some strength reduction. The multiply by 8 can be reduced to some successive additions of", "title": "Strength reduction" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "make sharper turns; the possibility of damaging vehicles by running into walls, hazards, or other vehicles; and the possibility of receiving damage by falling. There are three vehicles to choose from originally (F-Type, COUPE, and 4WD), as well as a fourth one that is unlockable (2WD); a fifth vehicle is only used in bonus games (TRAILER). \"Stunt Race FX\"'s use of eyes on the vehicles was a late-in-development addition, to give character to otherwise personality-free cars. Each vehicle has different capabilities in terms of speed, body and acceleration. According to the instruction booklets in English, the vehicles are male; however,", "title": "Stunt Race FX" } ]

[ "produced their own short instructions" ]

[ "As the Nintendo Entertainment System grew in popularity and entered millions of American homes, some small video rental shops began buying their own copies of NES games, and renting them out to customers for around the same price as a video cassette rental for a few days. Nintendo received no profit from the practice beyond the initial cost of their game, and unlike movie rentals, a newly released game could hit store shelves and be available for rent on the same day. Nintendo took steps to stop game rentals, but didn't take any formal legal action until Blockbuster Video began to make game rentals a large-scale service. Nintendo claimed that allowing customers to rent games would significantly hurt sales and drive up the cost of games. Nintendo lost the lawsuit, but did win on a claim of copyright infringement. Blockbuster was banned from including original, copyrighted instruction booklets with their rented games. In compliance with the ruling, Blockbuster produced their own short instructions—usually in the form of a small booklet, card, or label stuck on the back of the rental box—that explained the game's basic premise and controls. Video rental shops continued the practice of renting video games and still do today." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Eskimo–Aleut or Na-Dene" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "there are also some languages with different dialects. Most of Alaska's native languages belong to either the Eskimo–Aleut or Na-Dene language families however some languages are thought to be isolates (e.g. Haida) or have not yet been classified (e.g. Tsimshianic). nearly all of Alaska's native languages were classified as either threatened, shifting, moribund, nearly extinct, or dormant languages. A total of 5.2% of Alaskans speak one of the state's 20 indigenous languages, known locally as \"native languages\". In October 2014, the governor of Alaska signed a bill declaring the state's 20 indigenous languages as official languages. This bill gave the", "title": "Alaska" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "called a “powerful performance.” PMH’s Fall 2010 concert—which focused on the work of Karel Berman, Paul Ben-Haim, and Walter Braunfels—was lauded as “enthralling mix” that “riveted the audience's attention.” Its Fall 2011 concert, which included works by Alexander Krein, was described as reflecting “romantic longing and peasant energy, the imperatives of both dance and religion and a reverence for history, all couched in the modality and the emphatic rhythms that characterize so much of what we recognize as a Jewish musical tradition.” Its most recent, Spring 2012 concert, featuring Marc-Andre Hamelin, was praised by Anne Midgette, chief media critic for", "title": "Pro Musica Hebraica" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "after the release of their first EP, \"\"Act One. Scene One\"\" to \"The Rocketsmiths\", and later just the \"Rocketsmiths\". According to Brett Collingwood of \"Rave Magazine\", this is because \"some blokes from Sydney asserted they had that band name first. Not to worry; it’s goodbye John Citizens, hello THE ROCKETSMITHS!\". But as much as this annoyed the Rocketsmiths, it gave them a catchier name which people seemed to like better. The Rocketsmiths then set off on a tour to further advertise the band, through Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide. In an interview, this was written about the band's travel arrangements:", "title": "Rocketsmiths" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "who was the company's architect at the time. Certainly it was based on a standard design used for many of the Milwaukee Road's stations in mid-sized towns at the turn of the 20th century. A standard design was useful both in keeping costs down and in providing consistency along the rail line. Before the era of automobiles and highways, the depot was the gateway into and out of Wheaton. Virtually all travelers funneled through the depot. It was also where freight arrived and local agricultural produce was sent to market. The mail came and left by train, and the depot", "title": "Wheaton Depot" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "excerpted from the album and issued as a single in the U.S. on October 23, 1970, but it only managed to climb to number 121 on the \"Billboard\" chart. Nonetheless, the song went on to become a staple of FM radio programming in America during the 1970s. \"Chestnut Mare\" did much better in the UK, however, when it was released as a single on January 1, 1971, reaching number 19 on the UK Singles Chart and giving the Byrds their first UK Top 20 hit since their cover of Bob Dylan's \"All I Really Want to Do\" had peaked at", "title": "The Byrds" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "encode distinct isoforms. UBE2D2 has been shown to interact with: UBE2D2 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"UBE2D2\" gene. The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. This enzyme functions in the ubiquitination of the tumor-suppressor protein p53, which is induced by an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Two alternatively spliced", "title": "UBE2D2" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "has provided considerable evidence for his once-radical idea that these languages form a single genetic unit. Wurm stated that the lexical similarities between Great Andamanese and the West Papuan and Timor–Alor families \"are quite striking and amount to virtual formal identity [...] in a number of instances.\" He believes this to be due to a linguistic substratum. Most linguists concerned with the native languages of the Americas classify them into 150 to 180 independent language families. Some believe that two language families, Eskimo–Aleut and Na-Dené, were distinct, perhaps the results of later migrations into the New World. Early on, Greenberg", "title": "Joseph Greenberg" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in-country today—most of which belong to the Chibchan, Tucanoan, Bora–Witoto, Guajiboan, Arawakan, Cariban, Barbacoan, and Saliban language families. There are currently about 850,000 speakers of native languages. Sixty-five indigenous languages that exist today can be regrouped into 12 language families and 10 language isolates, not yet classified. The languages are: the great linguistic family Chibchan, of probable Central American origin; the great South American families Arawakan, Cariban, Quechuan and Tupian; seven families only present at the regional level (Chocó, Guahibo, Saliba, Macu, Witoto, Bora, Tucano). The ten isolated languages are: Andoque, Awa-cuaiquer, Cofán, Guambiano, Kamentsá, Páez, Ticuna, Tinigua, Yagua, Yaruro.", "title": "Languages of Colombia" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the Gwich’in language shares the ″Han-Kutchin subdivision″ with the Hän language or \"Hän (Häɬ goɬan) / Hänkutchin\" of the Hän as one of the subgroups of the Northern Athabaskan languages. Alaskan Athabaskans The Alaskan Athabascans, Alaskan Athabaskans, Alaskan Athapaskans ( or \"атапаски Аляски\") are Alaska Native peoples of the Northern Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group. They are the original inhabitants of the interior of Alaska and neighboring Yukon and Northwest Territories of Canada to the east. In Alaska, where they are the oldest, there are eleven (or thirteen) groups identified by the languages (or dialect) they speak. Formerly the word Tinneh was", "title": "Alaskan Athabaskans" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Taku people The Taku are an Alaskan Native people, a \"ḵwáan\" or geographic subdivision of the Tlingit, known in their own language as the Tʼaaḵu Ḵwáan or \"Geese Flood Upriver Tribe\". The Taku lived along the northwestern coast of North America, in the area that is now the Alexander Archipelago of Alaska, and on the lower basin of the Taku River of the adjoining British Columbia mainland above that river's mouth. The main village of the Taku people was located up the Taku River in what is now the Canadian province of British Columbia. From this main winter village they", "title": "Taku people" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "their language. \"Yup'ik\", with an apostrophe, denotes the speakers of the Central Alaskan Yup'ik language, who live in western Alaska and southwestern Alaska from southern Norton Sound to the north side of Bristol Bay, on the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta, and on Nelson Island. The use of the apostrophe in the name \"Yup'ik\" is a written convention to denote the long pronunciation of the \"p\" sound; but it is spoken the same in other Yupik languages. Of all the Alaska Native languages, Central Alaskan Yup'ik has the most speakers, with about 10,000 of a total Yup'ik population of 21,000 still speaking the", "title": "Eskimo" } ]

[ "Eskimo–Aleut or Na-Dene" ]

[ "The Alaska Native Language Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks claims that at least 20 Alaskan native languages exist and there are also some languages with different dialects. Most of Alaska's native languages belong to either the Eskimo–Aleut or Na-Dene language families however some languages are thought to be isolates (e.g. Haida) or have not yet been classified (e.g. Tsimshianic). As of 2014[update] nearly all of Alaska's native languages were classified as either threatened, shifting, moribund, nearly extinct, or dormant languages." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Buddhism Buddhism (, ) is the world's fourth-largest religion with over 520 million followers, or over 7% of the global population, known as \"Buddhists\". An Indian religion, Buddhism encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on original teachings attributed to the Buddha and resulting interpreted philosophies. Buddhism originated in ancient India as a Sramana tradition sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE, spreading through much of Asia. Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravada (Pali: \"The School of the Elders\") and Mahayana (Sanskrit: \"The Great Vehicle\"). All Buddhist traditions share", "title": "Buddhism" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the town of Bosra. In January 2016, it came into conflict with the Southern Front and the Yarmouk Army after it was accused by them of \"kidnappings, assassinations and intimidation\" and harboring sympathies for the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). In March 2016, Muthanna and the Pro-ISIL Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade fought against fighters from al-Nusra Front and Ahrar ash-Sham over control of villages near the border with Jordan and the Golan Heights. On 29 March 2016, dozens of their members splintered-off to form an FSA-aligned group called al-Murabitin Brigade. In April 2016, there were reports that Muthanna", "title": "Islamic Muthanna Movement" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "(\"chiton\", armour), referring to the armour-like spathe enclosing the inflorescence that withers soon after flowering. Schott used two variants of this name in his original publication: one with a Latinized ending, \"Lysichitum\", and the other with a Greek ending, \"Lysichiton\". In two later publications he used only the second variant. Only one species was assigned to the genus, \"Lysichiton camtschatcensis\". In a paper published in 1932, Eric Hultén and Harold St. John separated American plants into a second species. They decided that Schott's \"Lysichitum\" was correct under the rules of botanical nomenclature; accordingly older sources use this spelling as the", "title": "Lysichiton" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a way to link together churches for the purpose of “Reaching increasing numbers of lost people.\" The WCA develops training and leadership conferences and resources for its member churches. The Willow Creek Association is often confused with Willow Creek Community Church, or mistaken for a denomination. However, it is a distinctly separate organization which has close affiliations with Willow Creek Community Church. There are more than 13,000 member churches, which come from 90 denominations, and 45 different countries. There is an annual membership fee of $299 which gives the member church access to discounts on Willow Creek Resources and conferences,", "title": "Willow Creek Community Church" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Opeongo Lake Opeongo Lake is a lake in the Saint Lawrence River drainage basin in the geographic townships of Bower, Dickson, Preston and Sproule in the Unorganized South Part of Nipissing District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is the largest lake in Algonquin Provincial Park and the source of the Opeongo River. The lake's name comes from the Algonquian word \"opeauwingauk\" meaning \"sandy narrows\". It has three arms, North, East and South, joined by narrows into a Y shape. The total area is , the average depth and the maximum depth . The primary outflow is the Opeongo River at", "title": "Opeongo Lake" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "production. All eight plays from the history cycle were presented over a seven night period, with each play receiving one performance only, and with only twenty eight actors portraying the nearly five hundred roles. Whilst the other five plays in the cycle were unadapted, the \"Henry VI\" plays were combined into two, using the Barton/Hall structure, with the first named \"The House of Lancaster\" and the second, \"The House of York\". In 2000, Edward Hall presented the trilogy as a two-part series at the Watermill Theatre in Newbury. Hall followed the Jackson/Seale structure, combining \"1 Henry VI\" and \"2 Henry", "title": "Henry VI, Part 2" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "does not record that Mahavira and Gautama Buddha ever met, though instances of Mahavira's disciples questioning Gautama Buddha are to be found in various sutras. For instance, in the \"Majjhima Nikāya\" (MN 56), Upāli —one of Gautama Buddha's foremost disciples— is said to have been a disciple of the Mahavira who became a disciple of the Buddha after losing a debate with him. The Buddhists have always maintained that by the time the Buddha and Mahavira were alive, Jainism was already an entrenched faith and culture in the region. According to the Pāli Canon, Gautama was aware of Mahavira's existence", "title": "Buddhism and Jainism" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Sri Maha Bodhi Viharaya Sri Maha Bodhi Viharaya is a Theravada Buddhist temple in Kandy, Sri Lanka. It is located in Bahirawakanda, approximately from the city centre. The temple is known for its giant Buddha statue. The statue of Buddha is depicted in the position of the \"Dhyana Mudra,\" the posture of meditation associated with his first Enlightenment, and can be seen from almost everywhere in Kandy. It stands at high and is one of the tallest Buddha statues in Sri Lanka. The temple is built on land donated by the Minister of Lands, Hector Kobbekaduwa, to Ven. Ampitiye Dammarama", "title": "Sri Maha Bodhi Viharaya" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "stop for the Chiang Mai-bound train, approximately 10 hours from Bangkok. Lampang Airport is served by Bangkok Airways (three flights daily to Suvarnabhumi Airport) and Nok air (four flights daily to Don Mueang) (Oct 2015). Kaeo Don Tao (วัดพระแก้วดอนเต้า) - it used to be the place where the Emerald Buddha was once enshrined (the same statue now installed in Bangkok). Interesting structures include the large chedi containing the hair of the Lord Buddha, a Burmese-style mondop, an ancient viharn and a museum exhibiting ancient relics of the Lanna era. To the west of town is Wat Si Rong Mueang (วัดศรีรองเมือง)", "title": "Lampang Province" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "given his last meal to a Pacceka Buddha in a previous life, an act of merit the whole family partook in. Visakha met Gautama Buddha at the age of seven, when he was visiting her home town. When the Buddha taught her she achieved sotāpanna, a stage of enlightenment. Over the next two weeks, Mendaka invited the Buddha and his monks to eat at his house daily. Visakha moved later in life when King Pasenadi of Kosala heard about this family of special merit. King Pasenadi requested that his brother in law, King Bimbasara, send him some of the people", "title": "Visakha" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the remains were cremated and the ashes of Buddha was divided into eight. Some of the ash given to Syaka clan was kept in at Kapilavastu.” In the 19th century, almost all researchers thought Buddha was legendary. However, this discovery shows Buddha is not legendary. The government of India decided to keep the pot in The Indian Museum in Kolkata and gave the ashes of Buddha to the royal family of Thailand. King Chulalongkorn kept the ashes from India in Wat Saket and gave some ashes of Buddha to Buddhist countries like Ceylon and Burma. When a minister of Japan,", "title": "Nittai-ji" } ]

[ "sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE" ]

[ "Buddhism /ˈbudɪzəm/ is a nontheistic religion[note 1] or philosophy (Sanskrit: धर्म dharma; Pali: धम्म dhamma) that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha (\"the awakened one\"). According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, present-day Nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE.[note 1] He is recognized by Buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving. Buddhists believe that this is accomplished through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the Four Noble Truths." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular \"Vestiges\", it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation, though the closing sentence clearly hinted at cosmic progression. Darwin had long been immersed in the literary forms and practices of specialist science, and made effective use of his skills in structuring arguments. David Quammen has described the book as written in everyday language for a wide audience, but noted that Darwin's literary style was uneven: in some places he used convoluted sentences that are difficult to read, while in other places his writing was beautiful. Quammen advised that later editions", "title": "On the Origin of Species" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "mostly responsible for Daisy Bates' \"The Passing of the Aborigines\", although this is a contentious issue. claims that Bates eventually confirmed that Hill did ghost-write the book. Ernestine Hill Ernestine Hill (21 January 1899 — 21 August 1972) was an Australian journalist, travel writer and novelist. Born Mary Ernestine Hemmings in Rockhampton, Queensland, she attended All Hallows' School in Brisbane, and then Stott & Hoare's Business College, Brisbane. On completing her studies, she worked briefly in the public service, and then for \"Smith's Weekly\", Sydney, first as the secretary to the literary editor, J. F. Archibald, and later as a", "title": "Ernestine Hill" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "be either initial (preceding the base) or final (following the base). Total reduplication involves copying the entire word base: Partial reduplication involves copying only certain segments of the word base. Partial reduplication typically involves the affixation of non-reduplicated segments. Vietnamese has very limited affixation. Only prefixation and suffixation are attested. A few affixes are used along with reduplication. Many affixes are derived from Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary and learned part of the lexicon. Some examples (not an exhaustive list) follow. Vietnamese has the following tonal alternations (or tonal ablaut) which are used grammatically: Vietnamese also has other instances of alternations, such as", "title": "Vietnamese morphology" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the end of the prop-driven fighter era and at the dawn of the jet age. Its designed role as a long-range fighter escort was eliminated by the atomic bombing of Japan and the sudden end of World War II. With the rapid draw-down of the armed forces after the war, the newly established United States Air Force had little money for new prop-driven aircraft, especially since jets, such as the Messerschmitt Me 262 and other Luftwaffe fighters, had been faster than P-51 Mustangs in the skies of Germany in late 1944. The completed airframes (less engines) of the P-82 pre-production", "title": "North American F-82 Twin Mustang" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "14\"), playing oldies of the 1960s and 1970s. Eventually WWKN repositioned as \"Super Hits 104-9\" and then \"Super Rock 104-9\" (adjusting its format to classic hits) before changing to all-out classic rock as \"Rock 104-9\" and changing its calls back to WRCC. Mix 104-9 featured the syndicated Delilah show Sunday through Friday nights and played classic hits during its \"Wayback Weekends\". The station also aired the syndicated Bob and Sheri morning show. On August 30, 2013, a deal was announced in which Townsquare Media would acquire 53 stations from Cumulus Media, including WBXX, for $238 million. The deal is part", "title": "WBXX (FM)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "many of his books to Yale upon his death; the rest were sold. In 1839, Town commissioned noted American painter Thomas Cole to execute a painting called \"The Architect's Dream\", which now hangs in the Toledo Museum of Art. Town's house was later owned by Joseph Earl Sheffield, benefactor of the Sheffield Scientific School and modified by Austin. Town designed a number of other stately homes on Hillhouse. Town died in New Haven on June 13, 1844, and is interred in Grove Street Cemetery, New Haven, Connecticut. Ithiel Town Ithiel Town (October 3, 1784 – June 13, 1844) was a", "title": "Ithiel Town" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "further riot took place on 22 May. This was taken much more seriously by the authorities and attracted the attention of the Privy Council. A special commission was established and Captain Ann was hanged. It was because the second riot posed a threat to the social order that it was so forcibly persecuted by the government. We can set Ann's hanging within its tendency to make vivid examples of what happened to those who posed a serious threat to the harmony of the status quo. The style of Captain was adopted by a number of other activists during the seventeenth", "title": "Maldon grain riots" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Buchalter used Murder, Inc. to murder witnesses and suspected informants when he was being investigated by crusading prosecutor Thomas Dewey. In one case on May 11, 1937, four killers hacked loan shark George Rudnick to pieces on the mere suspicion he was an informant. On October 1, 1937, they shot and seriously wounded Buchalter's ex-associate Max Rubin. Rubin had disobeyed Buchalter's orders to leave town and \"disappear\" in order to avoid being summoned as a witness against Buchalter. Three alleged victims of Murder, Inc. in 1935 were Morris Kessler and brothers Louis and Joseph Amberg. Probably their most well known", "title": "Murder, Inc." }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "will take up on the ranch, so the player has to choose wisely on which gadgets to use. In addition to training their monster for battle, the player also has to raise it properly and make sure it has a balanced diet. The player must not be too strict with their monster, or it may become stressed and try to run away. They must also try not to spoil their monster too much, or it may become spoiled and not take its training or battling seriously. To avoid being too strict or too lenient with the monster, scold it and", "title": "Monster Rancher 4" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "activity, the statement 'the master has taken his \"kosso\",' being synonymous with 'he cannot receive you today.' \"Kosso\"-drinking in fact served as an excuse or justification for not keeping appointments, being used by the debtor who did not wish to meet his creditor, by the accused who wished to avoid going to court, and by the official who sought to delay answering the Emperor's summons.\" Kosso or ኮሶ in Amharic is also the name of the human tapeworm, \"Taenia saginata\". Hagenia Hagenia abyssinica is a species of flowering plant native to the high-elevation Afromontane regions of central and eastern Africa.", "title": "Hagenia" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "outrun HMAS \"Sydney\" because they had to steer south-southwest, instead of the most obvious route of escape to the south, in order to avoid being trapped between the enemy and the shores of Crete. This gave the Australian cruiser the chance to close the range, as she did. The light armour of \"Colleoni\" and \"Bande Nere\" was unable to defeat \"Sydney\"´s rounds. The lack of aerial reconnaissance was another factor contributing to the successful Allies' chase. Battle of Cape Spada The Battle of Cape Spada was a naval battle during the Battle of the Mediterranean in Second World War. It", "title": "Battle of Cape Spada" } ]

[ "it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation" ]

[ "While the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular Vestiges, it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation, though the closing sentence clearly hinted at cosmic progression. Darwin had long been immersed in the literary forms and practices of specialist science, and made effective use of his skills in structuring arguments. David Quammen has described the book as written in everyday language for a wide audience, but noted that Darwin's literary style was uneven: in some places he used convoluted sentences that are difficult to read, while in other places his writing was beautiful. Quammen advised that later editions were weakened by Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics, and recommended the first edition. James T. Costa said that because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay, it was more approachable than the big book on natural selection Darwin had been working on, which would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail. He added that some parts of Origin are dense, but other parts are almost lyrical, and the case studies and observations are presented in a narrative style unusual in serious scientific books, which broadened its audience." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Cape Guardafui" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "that they shackled their prisoners in golden chains. After the collapse of Macrobia, several ancient city-states, such as Opone, Essina, Sarapion, Nikon, Malao, Damo and Mosylon near Cape Guardafui, which competed with the Sabaeans, Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo-Greco-Roman trade, also flourished in Somalia. The birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants, sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners. With the migration of fleeing Muslim families from the Islamic world to Somalia", "title": "Somalis" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "that they shackled their prisoners in golden chains. After the collapse of Macrobia, several ancient city-states, such as Opone, Essina, Sarapion, Nikon, Malao, Damo and Mosylon near Cape Guardafui, which competed with the Sabaeans, Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo-Greco-Roman trade, also flourished in Somalia. The birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants, sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners. With the migration of fleeing Muslim families from the Islamic world to Somalia", "title": "Somalis" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Esmeral Tunçluer Esmeral Özçelik Tunçluer (born April 7, 1980) is a Dutch-Turkish basketball player for Fenerbahçe İstanbul. The national competitor plays in the guard position. Tuncluer is probably the best shooter on the team, deadly from almost any range. Tuncluer is the closest player Turkey has to a \"dominant guard\" and if left unattended she can sink any defense with her marksmanship. Her body language sometimes does not reflect the overall aggressiveness of the team but that’s only a poker face as she is committed and intense on both the offensive and defensive end of the floor. She played with", "title": "Esmeral Tunçluer" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the illustrations to the article and in the Gallery section below. The only surviving manuscript miniature by Rogier van der Weyden shows Philip the Good wearing a chaperon in style B. Next to him stands Chancellor Nicolas Rolin, using a less exuberant version of style B; only he has sufficient status to wear his chaperon indoors in the Duke's presence. Apart from the Bishop of Tournai, next to Rolin, all the other men are bare-headed, even Philip's young heir, despite the fact that several of them are high-ranking intimates who, like the Duke, wear the collar of the Order of", "title": "Chaperon (headgear)" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the newly acquired weapons. One of the newly recruited marines committed suicide en route. The voyage was otherwise uneventful. At 01:47, Icelandic time, on 10 May, HMS \"Berwick\" used its catapult to launch a Supermarine Walrus reconnaissance aircraft. The principal aim of the flight was to scout the vicinity of Reykjavík for enemy submarines, which the Naval Intelligence Division had convinced itself were operating out of Icelandic harbours. The Walrus was given orders not to fly over Reykjavík but – either accidentally or as the result of a miscommunication – it flew several circles over the town, making considerable noise.", "title": "Invasion of Iceland" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "leadership was criticised for corruption and nepotism. After Arafat's death, Abbas increasingly gained exclusive powers within both PLO and PA as well as in Fatah, until he had acquired the same power as was previously held by Arafat. Critics say that Abbas even got more powers than Arafat. Abbas is criticized for his autocratic rule and refusal to share powers and plans with other Palestinians. In the absence of a functioning parliament and Executive, he even began to issue his own laws. Senior representative of Abbas' Fatah faction and former Fatah minister of prisoner affairs Sufian Abu Zaida complained that", "title": "Palestine Liberation Organization" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "performed not later than within the 5 first tear of life. Life expectancy and quality of life are therefore same as if very close to that of the normal population, but check ups are recommended so that those few percent who need further treatment, get it on time. An anecdotal history statement describes the first diagnosed case of the coarctation of the aorta in Julia the daughter of the French poet Alphonse de Lamartine after the autopsy in 1832 in Beirut, the reference manuscript still exists in one of the Maronite monasteries in Mount Lebanon. Coarctation of the aorta Coarctation", "title": "Coarctation of the aorta" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the Australian National Maritime Museum, and it is open for guided tours daily. Cape Bowling Green Light Cape Bowling Green Light is an active lighthouse located on Cape Bowling Green, a lengthy headland ending with a long low sandspit, about from Ayr, Queensland, Australia. The lighthouse is at the end of the headland, near the base of the sandspit. The first lighthouse at the location, established 1874, was moved multiple times. It was prefabricated in Brisbane, shipped to the location, moved twice due to coastal erosion and finally transferred for display at the Australian National Maritime Museum at Darling Harbour", "title": "Cape Bowling Green Light" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Bolshevik Island. This headland was finally surveyed, mapped and named during the 1930–1932 expedition to the archipelago led by Georgy Ushakov and Nikolay Urvantsev. It was named after Konstantin Neupokoev (1884—1924), a naval officer, hydrographer and explorer of the Russian Hydrographic Service in Soviet times. Cape Neupokoyev Cape Neupokoyev (, \"Mys Neupokoyeva\") is a headland in Severnaya Zemlya, Russia. Cape Neupokoyev is located north of the Vilkitsky Strait and stretches out southwestwards into the Kara Sea. This headland is the southernmost point of Bolshevik Island and of Severnaya Zemlya. There are beach ridges and swales close to Cape Neupokoyev, with", "title": "Cape Neupokoyev" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Ponta do Lobo Lighthouse Ponta do Lobo Lighthouse () is a lighthouse located near the headland named Ponta do Lobo, in the southeastern part of the island of Santiago, Cape Verde. The lighthouse is located about 4 km east of the nearest village, Vale da Custa, and 11 km northeast of the capital Praia. The lighthouse was built in 1887 and is the island's second oldest. It is a 9 metres high trapezoidal tower, attached to a single storey keeper's house. Its class of light is Fl (4) W 15s., its focal height is at 17 meters above sea level", "title": "Ponta do Lobo Lighthouse" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a strong defensive position. It is possible that the earthworks are Bronze Age, as are the somewhat similar ones at Knock Dhu, County Antrim, or they may be Iron Age. They are in character with other Irish forts, including a number in the area. Within the ditches the headland is roughly rectangular, narrowing somewhat towards the sea, with the maximum distance from the ditches to the cliff not much more than 400 m. The Martello Tower is near the tip of the headland, about equidistant from the two sides. The headland is surrounded on three sides by the Irish sea,", "title": "Drumanagh" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Cape Neupokoyev Cape Neupokoyev (, \"Mys Neupokoyeva\") is a headland in Severnaya Zemlya, Russia. Cape Neupokoyev is located north of the Vilkitsky Strait and stretches out southwestwards into the Kara Sea. This headland is the southernmost point of Bolshevik Island and of Severnaya Zemlya. There are beach ridges and swales close to Cape Neupokoyev, with the Neupokoyev Lagoon () located right to the east of the headland. Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld during the Vega Expedition in 1878 sailed very close to this cape but did not notice it. In 1882 Danish Arctic explorer and naval officer Andreas Peter Hovgaard, leader of", "title": "Cape Neupokoyev" } ]

[ "Cape Guardafui" ]

[ "In the classical era, several ancient city-states such as Opone, Essina, Sarapion, Nikon, Malao, Damo and Mosylon near Cape Guardafui, which competed with the Sabaeans, Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo-Greco-Roman trade, also flourished in Somalia." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "14th" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "average Greek pupil scored 458 in reading literacy, maths and science in the OECD's 2015 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). This score is lower than the OECD average of 486. On average, girls outperformed boys by 15 points, much more than the average OECD gap of two points. Greece has universal health care. In a 2000 World Health Organization report, its health care system ranked 14th in overall performance of 191 countries surveyed. In a 2013 Save the Children report, Greece was ranked the 19th best country (out of 176 countries surveyed) for the state of mothers and newborn", "title": "Greece" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "average Greek pupil scored 458 in reading literacy, maths and science in the OECD's 2015 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). This score is lower than the OECD average of 486. On average, girls outperformed boys by 15 points, much more than the average OECD gap of two points. Greece has universal health care. In a 2000 World Health Organization report, its health care system ranked 14th in overall performance of 191 countries surveyed. In a 2013 Save the Children report, Greece was ranked the 19th best country (out of 176 countries surveyed) for the state of mothers and newborn", "title": "Greece" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Healthcare in Greece Healthcare in Greece consists of a universal health care system provided through national health insurance, and private health care. According to the 2011 budget, the Greek healthcare system was allocated 6.1 billion euro, or 2.8% of GDP. In a 2000 report by the World Health Organization, the Greek healthcare system was ranked 14th worldwide in the overall assessment, above other countries such as Germany (25) and the United Kingdom (18), while ranking 11th at level of service. Healthcare in Greece is provided by the National Healthcare Service, or ESY (). Healthcare in Greece traces its roots to", "title": "Healthcare in Greece" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the European Union and International Monetary Fund requiring that Greece reduce overall public spending on drugs. Greece has the highest number of doctors per head of population of any OECD country. 6.3 doctors per thousand people in 2013. Healthcare in Greece Healthcare in Greece consists of a universal health care system provided through national health insurance, and private health care. According to the 2011 budget, the Greek healthcare system was allocated 6.1 billion euro, or 2.8% of GDP. In a 2000 report by the World Health Organization, the Greek healthcare system was ranked 14th worldwide in the overall assessment, above", "title": "Healthcare in Greece" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "by the Icelandic Naming Committee. Iceland has a universal health care system that is administered by its Ministry of Welfare () and paid for mostly by taxes (85%) and to a lesser extent by service fees (15%). Unlike most countries, there are no private hospitals, and private insurance is practically nonexistent. A considerable portion of the government budget is assigned to health care, and Iceland ranks 11th in health care expenditures as a percentage of GDP and 14th in spending per capita. Overall, the country's health care system is one of the best performing in the world, ranked 15th by", "title": "Iceland" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "weeks in advance. Omarr's first book was entitled \"Sydney Omarr's Private Course on Numerology\", which he self-published and sold for $2.00. While he wrote numerous books on the subject of astrology, including \"My World of Astrology\" and his autobiography \"Answer in the Sky\", he is probably the most widely known for his books on the popular sun sign astrology. This entailed a daily \"Sun Sign Horoscope\" column which appeared in more than 200 daily newspapers of the \"Los Angeles Times\" syndicate. Each year Omarr wrote 12 annual forecasts – one for each sign of the zodiac and one overall book.", "title": "Sydney Omarr" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the DFD which, in addition to its other functions, was one of the mass movements that received a (fixed) allocation of seats in the legislature. Although seat allocation was controlled by the ruling party, the inclusion of other \"parties\" and non-parties in the legislature was intended to provide for a more inclusive political power structure. Critics saw this as a largely cosmetic device. Many political refugees who had headed for Moscow to escape the Nazis in the 1930s had ended up in internal exile, and would still have months or years to wait at the end of the war before", "title": "Eva Schmidt-Kolmer" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "were placed on the crown of the tooth, with oxygen saturation values recorded after 30 seconds of monitoring each tooth. The values were taken as a positive response (ie vital pulp) within the range of 75-85% oxygen saturation and a negative response below 75%, indicating pulp necrosis. Another critically appraised topic also suggests that a pulse oximeter is more accurate than cold testing in diagnosing pulp necrosis, however comments raised regarding the validity of the evidence stated that the pulse oximeter adaptors were built by the respective authors causing some degree of bias in the experiments. MRI scans have been", "title": "Pulp necrosis" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "off from Curtiss Field on Long Island, New York, on the evening of December 23, 1927, bound for Harbor Grace in Newfoundland. They radioed that something was wrong later in the evening and never reached Newfoundland; their remains were never found. Their plane probably went down in the Atlantic off Nova Scotia during a storm. Grayson was 35 years old at the time of her death. In 1928, the Ontario Surveyor General named a number of lakes in the northwest of the province to honour aviators who had perished during 1927, mainly in attempting oceanic flights. These include Goldsborough Lake", "title": "Frances Wilson Grayson" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in their show. In some cases, social media marketing may be more effective at reaching a target market and less expensive than using \"traditional\" marketing approaches for TV shows, such as TV commercials. At the same time, TV shows using social media may face certain risks, as Internet users can post negative comments about the show online. In comparison with traditional marketing platforms, over which advertisers generally had a high level of control (e.g., a TV commercial), with social media, regular viewers can post critical comments directly under an TV show's online advertisement on a social media website. Programs must", "title": "Social media and television" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "medical services in the world. Advanced industrial countries (with the exception of the United States) and many developing countries provide medical services through a system of universal health care that aims to guarantee care for all through a single-payer health care system, or compulsory private or co-operative health insurance. This is intended to ensure that the entire population has access to medical care on the basis of need rather than ability to pay. Delivery may be via private medical practices or by state-owned hospitals and clinics, or by charities, most commonly by a combination of all three. Most tribal societies", "title": "Medicine" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "countries have partially or fully publicly funded health systems. Most western industrial countries have a system of social insurance based on the principle of social solidarity that covers eligible people from bearing the direct burden of most health care expenditure, funded by taxation during their working life. Among countries with significant public funding of healthcare there are many different approaches to the funding and provision of medical services. Systems may be funded from general government revenues (as in Canada) or through a government social security system (as in Australia, France, Belgium, Japan and Germany) with a separate budget and hypothecated", "title": "Publicly funded health care" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "on their area. Municipalities fund the health centers on the primary care level and regional hospitals on secondary care level. As municipalities are both the providers and purchasers of the health services it does not encourage for cost-efficiency. National Health Insurance (NHI) is based on compulsory fees and it is used to fund private healthcare, occupational healthcare, outpatient drugs and sickness allowance. Regional and university hospitals are financed by federations of participating municipalities, often using the diagnosis-related group system. The out-of-pocket fee amount for a doctor's visit or treatment in the primary health care is set at a maximum of", "title": "Healthcare in Finland" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "16. \"Background: health in Uganda\". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 November 2018. Child health in Uganda Children in Uganda are regularly exposed to many preventable health risks. According to the WHO, the country ranks 186th out of 191 eligible countries in life expectancy. The country also ranks 168 out of 188 in infant mortality rates, with a lower rank reflecting lower infant mortality. There are also about 97 infant mortalities out of 1,000. There are many cultural factors influencing the current health status of Uganda including the negative stigmas associated with sex, and the wood-burning stoves. The former of these has", "title": "Child health in Uganda" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Health in Barbados American President George Washington accompanied his brother Lawrence to Barbados to help him recover from a bout of tuberculosis in the warm climate of the island in 1751. While there George contracted smallpox. Barbados was placed 38th of 187 countries surveyed, in the Human Development Index. According to the 2016 World Bank Data, the life expectancy at birth in Barbados was 73 for men and 78 for women. Expenditure on health per capita in 2014 was $1,014, 7.5% of GDP. The country has above the average ratio of health care professionals to population. All Barbadian citizens are", "title": "Health in Barbados" } ]

[ "14th" ]

[ "Greece has universal health care. In a 2000 World Health Organization report, its health care system ranked 14th in overall performance of 191 countries surveyed. In a 2013 Save the Children report, Greece was ranked the 19th best country (out of 176 countries surveyed) for the state of mothers and newborn babies. In 2010, there were 138 hospitals with 31,000 beds in the country, but on 1 July 2011, the Ministry for Health and Social Solidarity announced its plans to decrease the number to 77 hospitals with 36,035 beds, as a necessary reform to reduce expenses and further enhance healthcare standards.[disputed – discuss] Greece's healthcare expenditures as a percentage of GDP were 9.6% in 2007 according to a 2011 OECD report, just above the OECD average of 9.5%. The country has the largest number of doctors-to-population ratio of any OECD country." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "the Mason–Dixon line" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "or farm laborers, every state eventually abolished slavery; New Jersey was the last to pass a law on this subject (in 1804), although many of these laws were gradual in nature. Slavery was also abolished in the Northwest Territory and its states. Therefore, by 1804 the Mason–Dixon line (which separated free Pennsylvania and slave Maryland) became the dividing mark between \"free\" and \"slave\" states. While about a third of white Southern families were slave owners, most were independent yeoman farmers. Nevertheless, the slave system represented the basis of the Southern social and economic system, and thus even non-slaveowners opposed any", "title": "History of the Southern United States" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the time of the American Revolution (1775–1783), the status of slave had been institutionalized as a racial caste associated with African ancestry. The United States became polarized over the issue of slavery, represented by the slave and free states divided by the Mason–Dixon line, which separated free Pennsylvania from slave Maryland and Delaware. Congress, during the Jefferson administration prohibited the importation of slaves, effective 1808, although smuggling (illegal importing) was not unusual. Domestic slave trading, however, continued at a rapid pace, driven by labor demands from the development of cotton plantations in the Deep South. Those states attempted to extend", "title": "Slavery" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "as a slave territory. The United States was polarized over the issue of slavery, represented by the slave and free states divided by the Mason–Dixon line, which separated free Pennsylvania from slave Maryland and Delaware. Congress under Thomas Jefferson prohibited the importation of slaves, effective in 1808, but illegal smuggling took place. Domestic slave trading, however, continued at a rapid pace, driven by labor demands from the development of cotton plantations in the Deep South. More than one million slaves were sold from the Upper South, which had a surplus of labor, and taken to the Deep South in a", "title": "History of unfree labor in the United States" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "proportion to the total number of free people in the US population as a whole. In 1850, Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act, which required law enforcement and citizens of free states to cooperate in the capture and return of slaves. This met with considerable overt and covert resistance in free states and cities such as Philadelphia, New York, and Boston. Refugees from slavery continued to flee the South across the Ohio River and other parts of the Mason–Dixon line dividing North from South, to the North and Canada via the Underground Railroad. Some white northerners helped hide former slaves", "title": "Slavery in the United States" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "slave labor to pick cotton when it all ripened at once, and the Southern states continued as slave societies. Those states attempted to extend slavery into the new Western territories to keep their share of political power in the nation. Southern leaders also wanted to annex Cuba as a slave territory. The United States became polarized over the issue of slavery, split into slave and free states, in effect divided by the Mason–Dixon line which delineated (free) Pennsylvania from (slave) Maryland and Delaware. During the Jefferson administration, Congress prohibited the importation of slaves, effective 1808, although smuggling (illegal importing) via", "title": "Slavery in the United States" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "gained force and refugee slaves escaping through the Underground Railroad increased, concern about blacks heightened among some whites in the North. Territories and states near the slave states did not welcome free blacks to settle with them. But north of the Mason–Dixon line, anti-Black laws were generally less severe. Some public spaces were segregated, and Blacks generally did not have the right to vote. In Oregon, Blacks were forbidden to settle, marry or sign contracts. All the slave states passed anti-miscegenation laws banning the marriage of white and black people, as did several new free states of the former Northwest", "title": "Black Codes (United States)" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "under the Articles of Confederation. It also set legislative precedent with regard to American public domain lands. The U.S. Supreme Court recognized the authority of the Northwest Ordinance of 1789 within the applicable Northwest Territory as constitutional in \"Strader v. Graham\", but did not extend the Ordinance to cover the respective states once they were admitted to the Union. The prohibition of slavery in the territory had the practical effect of establishing the Ohio River as the geographic divide between slave states and free states from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River (an extension of the Mason–Dixon line). It", "title": "Northwest Ordinance" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "brought on by former coach Eddie Sutton that left it on NCAA probation. Pitino quickly restored Kentucky's reputation and performance, leading his second school to the Final Four in the 1993 NCAA Tournament, and winning a national title in the 1996 NCAA Tournament, Kentucky's 6th NCAA Championship. The following year, Pitino's Kentucky team made it back to the national title game, losing to Arizona in overtime in the finals of the 1997 NCAA Tournament. Pitino's fast-paced teams at Kentucky were favorites of the school's fans. It was primarily at Kentucky where he implemented his signature style of full-court pressure defense.", "title": "Rick Pitino" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "played with the Coyotes (Scott spent much of the season in the AHL, or as a healthy scratch) and scoring five goals in his entire career up that point. The situation was compared to Rory Fitzpatrick's All Star campaign in 2007, in which fans vote for a player who would not conventionally be chosen as an All-Star. Despite this, both Scott and the NHL honoured the results. Scott was traded out of the Pacific Division and demoted out of the league on January 15, 2016 in a move that sent Scott to the Montreal Canadiens, who in turn assigned him", "title": "2016 National Hockey League All-Star Game" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of the Mid-Atlantic in 2011. Despite their theological differences, especially concerning human sexuality, he was able to establish a friendship with Bishop Shannon Johnston, of the Episcopal Diocese of Virginia. He was appointed in January 2014 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, as one of the Six Preachers of Canterbury Cathedral, after being unanimously approved in December 2013 by their chapter. Archbishop Justin stated upon his appointment that he was expecting that it would help promote \"reconciliation and unity\" in the Anglican Communion. Rev. Baucum announced in April 2017 the launching of the Truro Institute: a School of Peace", "title": "Tory Baucum" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "response to the treatment. A later report demonstrated that the same genetic variants are also associated with the natural clearance of the genotype 1 hepatitis C virus. These major findings facilitated the development of personalized medicine and allowed physicians to customize medical decisions based on the patient's genotype. The goal of elucidating pathophysiology has also led to increased interest in the association between risk-SNPs and the gene expression of nearby genes, the so-called expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) studies. The reason is that GWAS studies identify risk-SNPs, but not risk-genes, and specification of genes is one step closer towards actionable", "title": "Genome-wide association study" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Washington Historic District (Washington, North Carolina) Washington Historic District is a national historic district located at Washington, Beaufort County, North Carolina. It encompasses 512 contributing buildings and one contributing structure in the town of Washington. They include a variety of institutional, commercial, and residential buildings primarily dating from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Notable buildings include the Beaufort County Courthouse, Havens and Fowle warehouses, Mayo Law Office (c. 1830), Marsh House, Myers House, Hyatt House, Griffin House, Rodman House, Elmwood, Firehouse and City Hall (c. 1884), Post Office and Federal Courthouse (1913), railroad station, Presbyterian church, Saint Peter's", "title": "Washington Historic District (Washington, North Carolina)" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "accept the 1732 agreement. As part of the settlement, the Penns and Calverts commissioned the English team of Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon to survey the newly established boundaries between the Province of Pennsylvania, the Province of Maryland, Delaware Colony and parts of Colony and Old Dominion of Virginia. Between 1763 and 1767, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon surveyed the Mason-Dixon line, settling Sussex County's western borders. After Pennsylvania abolished slavery in 1781, the western part of this line and the Ohio River became a border between free and slave states. Although Delaware remained a slave state, it already had", "title": "Sussex County, Delaware" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the newly formed Texas Government after securing a monetary bond from Edwards. Although the new Texas Republic eventually outlawed the importation of slaves from anywhere but the United States, Edwards' landing of slaves from Cuba in early 1836 was never prosecuted. After this, Edwards also established a slave market on Galveston Bay, near present-day San Leon. In 1837, he was sued by Robert Peebles for fraud involving the sale of a slave with tuberculosis to Peebles. Peebles won the case. Edwards then tried to change the deal with Dart. Instead of dividing the smuggled slaves between the two men, Edwards", "title": "Monroe Edwards" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Court’s decision. In 1857, continuing the debate between the national government and free states, the case of \"Dred Scott v. Sandford\" held that all Americans of African descent were not legally citizens, and therefore could not file suit. Thus Mr. Scott, a slave who had been brought to the free state of Illinois but later returned to slave-holding jurisdictions, and who had pursued emancipation through the federal courts, remained a slave. Though the decision was largely welcomed in the South, the decision outraged abolitionists and non-slaveholding states as another affront on states’ rights. The Civil War brought to a head", "title": "Dual federalism" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of the above, the Atlantic slave trade prospered. According to estimates in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, between 1626 and 1860 more than 470,000 slaves were forcibly transported from Africa to what is now the United States. Prior to the Civil War, eight serving presidents owned slaves, a practice protected by the U.S. Constitution. Providing wealth for the white elite, approximately one Southern family in four held slaves prior to the Civil War. According to the 1860 U.S. census, there were about 385,000 slave owners out of a white population in the slave states of approximately 7 million. In the", "title": "Racism in the United States" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "granted permission to bring Anglo settlers into Texas. Most of the settlers Austin recruited came from the southern slave-owning portions of the United States. Under Austin's development scheme, each settler was allowed to purchase an additional of land for each slave he brought to the territory. At the same time, however, Mexico offered full citizenship to free blacks, including land ownership and other privileges. The province continued to attract free blacks and escaped slaves from the southern United States. Favorable conditions for free blacks continued into the 1830s. In 1823, Mexico forbade the sale or purchase of slaves, and required", "title": "History of slavery in Texas" } ]

[ "the Mason–Dixon line" ]

[ "Sectional tensions had long existed between the states located north of the Mason–Dixon line and those south of it, primarily centered on the \"peculiar institution\" of slavery and the ability of states to overrule the decisions of the national government. During the 1840s and 1850s, conflicts between the two sides became progressively more violent. After the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 (who southerners thought would work to end slavery) states in the South seceded from the United States, beginning with South Carolina in late 1860. On April 12, 1861, forces of the South (known as the Confederate States of America or simply the Confederacy) opened fire on Fort Sumter, whose garrison was loyal to the Union." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "1189" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "be the oldest surviving establishment in the United Kingdom, although in several cases original buildings have been demolished and replaced on the same site. Others are ancient buildings that were used for purposes other than as a pub previously in their history. Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, Hertfordshire, holds the Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England, as it is an 11th-century structure on an 8th-century site. Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham is claimed to be the \"oldest inn in England\". It has a claimed date of 1189, based on the fact it is", "title": "Pub" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem is a public house in Nottingham which claims to have been established in 1189; however, there is no documentation to verify this date. The building rests against Castle Rock, upon which Nottingham Castle is built, and is attached to several caves, carved out of the soft sandstone. These were reputedly originally used as a brewhouse for the castle, though there is no evidence for this, but they may date to the medieval period. Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem is one of several pubs claiming to be the oldest in England", "title": "Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "currently used by New College Nottingham. The Georgian-built Shire Hall is home to the Galleries of Justice and was Nottingham's main court and prison building. \"Ye Olde Trip To Jerusalem\" (the \"Trip\"), partially built into the cave system beneath Nottingham Castle, is a contender for the title of England's Oldest Pub, as it is supposed to have been established in 1189. \"The Bell Inn\" in the Old Market Square, and \"Ye Olde Salutation Inn\" (the \"Salutation\") in Maid Marian Way have both disputed this claim. The \"Trip\"'s current timber building probably dates back to the 17th or 18th century, but", "title": "Nottingham" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "- other pubs which claim to be the oldest include Ye Olde Salutation Inn and The Bell Inn also in Nottingham, and Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, north of London. The pub claims that it was established in 1189 AD - the year that Richard the Lionheart became king and Pope Gregory VIII called for a Third Crusade to the Holy Land; however, there is no documentation to verify this date. Evidence suggests that caves in the rock against which the pub is built were used as a brewhouse for Nottingham Castle, and may date from around the", "title": "Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "be the oldest surviving establishment in the United Kingdom, although in several cases original buildings have been demolished and replaced on the same site. Others are ancient buildings that were used for purposes other than as a pub previously in their history. Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, Hertfordshire, holds the Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England, as it is an 11th-century structure on an 8th-century site. Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham is claimed to be the \"oldest inn in England\". It has a claimed date of 1189, based on the fact it is", "title": "Pub" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Vermont Energy Investment Corporation Vermont Energy Investment Corporation or VEIC is a non-profit organization in Chittenden County, Vermont that seeks to reduce the economic and environmental costs of energy consumption through energy efficiency and renewable energy adoption. Since its founding in 1986, the organization has been involved in designing energy efficiency and renewable energy programs in North America and worldwide. VEIC also operates three large-scale energy efficiency programs in the United States, including Efficiency Vermont, the nation’s first statewide energy efficiency utility. VEIC was founded in 1986 by Beth Sachs and Blair Hamilton with a goal to reduce energy costs", "title": "Vermont Energy Investment Corporation" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "known as the National Capital Region (NCR). Delhi and Puducherry have an elected legislative assembly and an executive council of ministers with partially state-like function. The seven union territories are: Due to existence of union territories, many critics have resolved India into a semi-federal nation, as the central and state governments each have their own domains and territories of legislation. Union territories of India have special rights and status due to their constitutional formation and development. The status of \"union territory\" may be assigned to an Indian sub-jurisdiction for reasons such as safeguarding the rights of indigenous cultures, averting political", "title": "Union territory" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "bottom the vessel sounded. In 1904, wire-drag surveys were introduced into hydrography, and the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey′s Nicholas H. Heck played a prominent role in developing and perfecting the technique between 1906 and 1916. In the wire-drag method, a wire attached to two ships or boats and set at a certain depth by a system of weights and buoys was dragged between two points. If the wire encountered an obstruction, it would become taut and form a \"V\" shape. The location of the \"V\" revealed the position of submerged rocks, wrecks, and other obstructions, while the depth", "title": "Hydrographic survey" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "recording, and some drum tracks were recorded by Steve Hoban. We Are Death... Fukk You! We Are Death... Fukk You! is the second album from Australian death metal band Sadistik Exekution. It was released in 1994 on Osmose Productions. The name of the album does not appear on the cover, as the band had intended it to be a self-titled release. However, singer Rok had written the words \"we are death... fukk you\" on the master tapes in protest against the label's marketing of them as a black metal band. Osmose mistakenly believed that was the title of the album,", "title": "We Are Death... Fukk You!" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Oklahoma Panhandle The Oklahoma Panhandle is the extreme northwestern region of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, consisting of Cimarron County, Texas County and Beaver County, from west to east. As with other salients in the United States, its name comes from the similarity of its shape to the handle of a pan. The three-county Oklahoma Panhandle region had a population of 28,751 at the 2010 U.S. Census, representing 0.77% of the state's population. This is a decrease in total population of 1.2%, a loss of 361 people, from the 2000 U.S. Census. The Panhandle, long and wide, is bordered by", "title": "Oklahoma Panhandle" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "stating that what became the Spotted Dog was at the time the residence of Henry's Master of the Hounds, who was granted the privilege of taking personal profit for refreshing travellers passing that way. The author asserts that on this account until the Great War the Spotted Dog \"stood alone among the inns of the country at large in having its licence direct from the Crown,\" adding that: \"Few historic hostelries ... have preserved their pristine freshness like Ye Olde Spotted Dog ... (its) ... picturesque, ivy-mantled wooden fabric ... appears very much today as when Daniel Defoe referred to", "title": "Spotted Dog, Forest Gate" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "present configuration before Haglund's death in 1985. Since 1988, Pier 54 has been home not only to Ivar's Acres of Clams, but also to Ye Olde Curiosity Shop. Founded in 1899, Ye Olde Curiosity Shop is one of the Seattle waterfront's oldest existing businesses Pier 54, Seattle Pier 54 is a tourist pier Seattle, Washington. Previously an active shipping pier and warehouse, Pier 54 was originally known as Pier 3 until it was renumbered during World War Two. This pier was also known as Galbraith dock and the Galbraith Bacon dock. Because of the large number of smaller local steamships,", "title": "Pier 54, Seattle" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "early 19th century. Ye Olde Man & Scythe Ye Olde Man & Scythe is a public house on Churchgate in Bolton, England. The earliest recorded mention of its name is in a charter from 1251, making it one of the ten oldest public houses in Britain and the oldest in Bolton. The present form of the name, prefixed with \"Ye Olde\", is a pseudoarchaism derived from the Man and Scythe Inn; it derives from the crest of the Pilkington family, which consists of a reaper using a scythe, alluding to a tradition about one of the early members of the", "title": "Ye Olde Man & Scythe" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Ye Olde Murenger House Ye Olde Murenger House is a Grade II listed public house on the High Street of Newport, South Wales. It replaced an earlier pub built on the same site in the early nineteenth century. The pub takes its name from the murenger, a person who collected taxes to pay for the upkeep of the town defences. A building on this site was first mentioned in 1533, a town house for the Herbert family of St Julians Manor. By the 17th century, it had become a pub called the Fleur de Lys. According to Cadw the original", "title": "Ye Olde Murenger House" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "his own formula for the tavern that he and his wife, Bertha Kaled, sold for a dime each, served in wax paper without a plate. Ye Olde Tavern was especially popular with students at nearby Central High School. The restaurant saw great success under the Kaled’s, and in 1952 they added a full menu. Taverns began to be sold in restaurants and bars across the Sioux City area and are now regarded as local specialty. The restaurant closed in 1974 because of Bertha’s failing health. The restaurant was brought up on the radio broadcast A Way with Words on May", "title": "Ye Olde Tavern (Iowa)" } ]

[ "1189" ]

[ "A number of pubs claim to be the oldest surviving establishment in the United Kingdom, although in several cases original buildings have been demolished and replaced on the same site. Others are ancient buildings that saw uses other than as a pub during their history. Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, Hertfordshire, holds the Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England, as it is an 11th-century structure on an 8th-century site. Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham is claimed to be the \"oldest inn in England\". It has a claimed date of 1189, based on the fact it is constructed on the site of the Nottingham Castle brewhouse; the present building dates from around 1650. Likewise, The Nags Head in Burntwood, Staffordshire only dates back to the 16th century, but there has been a pub on the site since at least 1086, as it is mentioned in the Domesday Book." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "starting date of the year" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "where writers gave two consecutive years to reflect differences in the starting date of the year, or to include both the Julian and Gregorian dates. Beginning in 1582, the Gregorian calendar replaced the Julian in Roman Catholic countries. This change was implemented subsequently in Protestant and Orthodox countries, usually at much later dates. In England and Wales, Ireland, and the British colonies, the change to the start of the year and the changeover from the Julian calendar occurred in 1752 under the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750. In Scotland, the legal start of the year had already been moved to", "title": "Old Style and New Style dates" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Sullivan launched ModelCo's first product in 2002, a heated eyelash curler in 2002 followed by the world's first aerosol spray tan. To promote the ModelCo brand she has signed celebrities Elle Macpherson, Dannii Minogue, Rosie Huntington-Whiteley and Hailey Baldwin. In 2017 Sullivan announced a collaboration with fashion designer Karl Lagerfeld due for release in 2018. The KARL LAGERFELD + MODELCO Limited Edition Beauty Collection launched globally on May 14th, 2018, comprising more than 50 units. Sullivan was an advisor on Channel 9's fourth season of \"The Celebrity Apprentice Australia\". She married Anthony Sullivan in private ceremony in 2016. She and", "title": "Shelley Sullivan" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Cosmopterix gemmiferella Cosmopterix gemmiferella is a moth of the family Cosmopterigidae. It is known from the United States (from Maine, Illinois and northwest Arkansas south to central Florida and southern Louisiana) and Canada (Ontario). Male, female. Forewing length 4.5-5.1 mm. Head: frons shining pale golden with greenish and purplish reflections, vertex, neck tufts and collar shining golden brown with greenish and reddish reflections; labial palpus first segment very short, white, second segment three-quarters of the length of third, dorsally golden brown ventrally ochreous-white, third segment white, laterally lined dark brown; scape dorsally brown, ventrally white, antenna shining dark brown with", "title": "Cosmopterix gemmiferella" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "ransom, James returned to Scotland in 1424; to restore his authority, he used ruthless measures, including the execution of several of his enemies. He was assassinated by a group of nobles. James II continued his father's policies by subduing influential noblemen but he was killed in an accident at the age of thirty, and a council of regents again assumed power. James III was defeated in a battle against rebellious Scottish earls in 1488, leading to another boy-king: James IV. In 1513 James IV launched an invasion of England, attempting to take advantage of the absence of the English King", "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of Haná in Moravia. Štěpánov (Olomouc District) Štěpánov is a village and municipality (\"obec\") in the Olomouc District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. The municipality is made up of the villages of Štěpánov, Benátky, Březce, Moravská Huzová and Stádlo (historic mentions also refer to their German names: Stepanau, Benatek, Bresetz, Mährisch Hause and Staadt), and also used to include the village of Liboš (German: Libusch), which became independent in 1991. The municipality covers an area of , and has a population of 3,495 (as of 2018). Štěpánov lies approximately north of Olomouc and east of Prague, in", "title": "Štěpánov (Olomouc District)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Stefan Tyszkiewicz Stefan Eugeniusz Tyszkiewicz, in Polish, Stefan Eugeniusz Maria Tyszkiewicz-Łohojski z Landwarowa, Leliwa coat of arms, (born 24 November 1894 in Warsaw, died 6 February 1976 in London) was a member of the Polish nobility, landowner, engineer, inventor and an early pioneer of the Polish automotive industry. He was a decorated veteran of both World Wars and the Polish-Bolshevik War and social activist. After 1945, he became an exile, turned to publishing and politics as a member of the Polish National Council in London. He was an internationally feted inventor to the end of his life. Stefan was the", "title": "Stefan Tyszkiewicz" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "year number ticked over to 2000. For computational reasons, astronomical year numbering and the ISO 8601 standard designate years so that AD 1 = year 1, 1 BC = year 0, 2 BC = year −1, etc. In common usage, ancient dates are expressed in the Julian calendar, but ISO 8601 uses the Gregorian calendar and astronomers may use a variety of time scales depending on the application. Thus dates using the year 0 or negative years may require further investigation before being converted to BC or AD. Anno Domini The terms (AD) and before Christ (BC) are used to", "title": "Anno Domini" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "The Rapture Tour The Rapture Tour is a concert tour and the first headlining tour by American recording artist Anita Baker in support of her hit \"multi-platinum\" album \"Rapture\". The tour started in mid-March 1986, visiting several cities throughout North America and Europe. In 1987, Baker kicked off a North America second leg trek, which included seven dates in Los Angeles at the Beverly Theatre in January, including two and three-night dates in Merrillville, Indiana, New York City, and Miami, Florida. The outing included four sold-out shows scheduled in Washington D.C. and three consecutive dates for a second visit in", "title": "The Rapture Tour" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Shine Media Awards for two consecutive years. On 21 September 2017, the school welcomed journalist and chair of the Hull UK City of Culture 2017 trust Rosie Millard to address students and parents in the annual awards evening. The school occupies a site close to the centre of the small market town of Caistor. School buildings help to form two sides of a close around the ancient parish church. The ironstone school hall dates from 1631, and is still in daily use. The school library alongside is housed in what was the Congregational Church, built in 1842. Casterby House, once", "title": "Caistor Grammar School" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "been mentioned as the sum the band had previously invested into the release of the \"Metal Box\" album. The front cover painting is by John Lydon and represents himself, Keith Levene and Jeannette Lee. Paris au Printemps Paris au Printemps is a live album recorded by Public Image Ltd (given as 'Image Publique S.A.' on the cover) in 1980 on two consecutive dates in January in Paris, and released in November the same year. The title of the album is French for 'Paris in the Spring', with French names also given to the band itself and songs in the track", "title": "Paris au Printemps" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "releases and two gold records. He worked with producers including Andy Wallace and Bob Rock. In 2009, Devours toured with The Who's Roger Daltrey on the \"Use It Or Lose It Tour.\" The same band, Daltrey's No Plan B, also joined the Eric Clapton tour for several dates in 2010 and played The Who's \"Tommy\" at the Royal Albert Hall on March 24, 2011 as part of the Teenage Cancer Trust benefit concerts. Later in the year, the band presented \"Tommy\" on a tour of the UK, the US and Canada. Additional dates in Europe, Australia and Japan were scheduled", "title": "Scott Devours" } ]

[ "starting date of the year" ]

[ "To unambiguously specify the date, dual dating or Old Style (O.S.) and New Style (N.S.) are sometimes used with dates. Dual dating uses two consecutive years because of differences in the starting date of the year, or includes both the Julian and Gregorian dates. Old Style and New Style (N.S.) indicate either whether the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January (N.S.) even though documents written at the time use a different start of year (O.S.), or whether a date conforms to the Julian calendar (O.S.) rather than the Gregorian (N.S.)." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "nervous system" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "pressure. As blood travels through the venules to the veins a funneling occurs called vasodilation bringing blood back to the heart. Once the blood reaches the heart it moves first into the right atrium, then the right ventricle to be pumped through the lungs for further gas exchange of carbon dioxide waste for oxygen. Oxygenated blood then flows from the lungs through the left atrium to the left ventricle where it is pumped out to the body. The nervous system is large relative to the bird's size. The most developed part of the brain is the one that controls the", "title": "Bird" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "pressure. As blood travels through the venules to the veins a funneling occurs called vasodilation bringing blood back to the heart. Once the blood reaches the heart it moves first into the right atrium, then the right ventricle to be pumped through the lungs for further gas exchange of carbon dioxide waste for oxygen. Oxygenated blood then flows from the lungs through the left atrium to the left ventricle where it is pumped out to the body. The nervous system is large relative to the bird's size. The most developed part of the brain is the one that controls the", "title": "Bird" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "after the government bought the bridge from its private owners. Robbie the Pict also appealed unsuccessfully to Prince Charles to help overturn the criminal convictions of those who had been prosecuted for refusing to pay the toll. The Pictish Free State was a micronation initiative started by Robbie the Pict in 1977. Apparently created to further knowledge of Pictish culture, Robertson started the project with one acre of his own land on the Isle of Skye. Since then the Pictish Free State has grown to over through supporters donations. Robbie, under 'Pictish High Commission' auspices, has in the past been", "title": "Robbie the Pict" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "practice in San Francisco, California in 1958, and in Oakland from 1959 to 1968. He was a Commissioner of the California Public Utilities Commission from 1969 to 1974. He was a judge of the California Superior Court from 1974 to 1983. On September 13, 1983, Vukasin was nominated by President Ronald Reagan to a seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of California vacated by Judge Stanley Alexander Weigel. Vukasin was confirmed by the United States Senate on September 20, 1983, and received his commission the same day. He served until his death of cancer, on", "title": "John P. Vukasin Jr." }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "57,000 copies in its first week. Upon its release, \"Distant Relatives\" received positive reviews from most music critics. News of the album first came at the 2009 Grammy Awards, when Nas told MTV reporters \"Right now, I'll tell you first, I'm working on an album with Damian Marley. We tryin' to build some schools in Africa with this one, and trying to build empowerment. We're tryin' to show love and stuff with this album. So, the record's … all about really the 'hood and Africa also as well.\" The album title derives from Nas and Marley's relationship, their shared African", "title": "Distant Relatives" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Synodical College Synodical College provided education for young women and was a successor institution to the Fulton Female Academy opened by Rev. William W. Robertson in Fulton, Missouri in 1842 as one of the earliest American women's colleges. The school operated under the auspices of the Presbyterian Church after 1871 when the Synod, meeting at Cape Girardeau, Missouri, accepted an offer of $16,500 in cash subscriptions from the citizens of Callaway County and of land that was donated by Daniel M. Tucker. The college opened in 1873. The first board of trustees included: William King, Edwin Curd, W.W. Robertson, C.C.", "title": "Synodical College" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "rump, visible when the wings are spread and the rump feathers are erected. The underparts are white with a buffy or pinkish tinge on the breast and flanks. The bill is black; the eyes are dark reddish brown. The wings have white median coverts. The juvenile is similar but duller, with a greyish-brown bill, the upperparts mottled by yellowish-ochre to tawny feather tips, and dusky-barred flanks. The Somali boubou differs from tropical boubou in that it is smaller and has less white in the wing. The \"Bulo Burti boubou\", formerly recognized as a distinct species, \"Laniarius liberatus\", was only known", "title": "Black boubou" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "as \"jabiru\", which is actually this species' Latin American relative. The Third Dynasty pharaoh Khaba incorporated this hieroglyph in his name (Jiménez Serrano 2002). Saddle-billed stork The saddle-billed stork (\"Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis\") is a large wading bird in the stork family, Ciconiidae. It is a widespread species which is a resident breeder in sub-Saharan Africa from Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya south to South Africa, and in The Gambia, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire and Chad in west Africa. This is a close relative of the widespread Asian black-necked stork, the only other member of the genus \"Ephippiorhynchus\". This is a huge bird that", "title": "Saddle-billed stork" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Schuur, and decorated the house's stairway with wooden replicas. Rhodes also had stone replicas made, three times the size of the original, to decorate the gates of his house in England near Cambridge. A German missionary came to own the pedestal of one bird, which he sold to the Ethnological Museum in Berlin in 1907. Rhodes' acquisition of Posselt's bird prompted him to commission an investigation of the Great Zimbabwe ruins by James Theodore Bent, which took place in 1891 following the British South Africa Company's invasion of Mashonaland. Bent recorded that there were eight birds, six large and two", "title": "Zimbabwe Bird" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and reduces between-sex competition by niche differentiation. It can be assumed that the bird was of the same generally brownish coloration as its closest relatives, with a lighter underside and darker spots or stipples, the tail, brown or more probably grey, being banded and tipped black. Its feet were yellow and large relative to the bird's overall size. The wingspan was 60–70 cm, its wings being more rounded than those of the common kestrel - just as in the Mauritius bird - for increased maneuvrability when hunting in the forest. It is probable, but not certain, that the only difference", "title": "Réunion kestrel" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "cranberries. Bird netting may be used to protect fisheries and fish wildlife reserves from predator birds. Also in aquaculture (like shrimp and tilapia farms to mention a few), growers need to protect their work and fish crops from marauding birds. These type of birds have usually a larger wing span (seagulls, pelicans, herons, cormorants etc.) and a larger mesh size (with individual strands being more resistant as it will be istalled on a cable system crossing the growing ponds). These netting are usually white as to be very visible for the large sea birds will be deterred by the sight", "title": "Bird netting" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "their length. The pore canals are thick and irregularly shaped. The outer surface of the eggshell is smooth. Despite having a bird-like shape and size, the \"P. jinguoensis\" has a very different microstructure, which bears a closer resemblance to non-avian dinosaur eggs than bird eggs. Most significantly, all known Cretaceous bird eggs have a three-layered eggshell, whereas the eggshell of \"Parvoblongoolithus\" is two-layered. Additionally, its pore system is prolatocanaliculate, unlike the angusticanaliculate pores of bird eggs (such as Laevisoolithidae or Gobioolithidae) and its microstructures are much more similar to those of stalicoolithids, \"Mosaicoolithus\", and \"Paraspheroolithus\". Since no skeletal remains were", "title": "Parvoblongoolithus" } ]

[ "nervous system" ]

[ "The nervous system is large relative to the bird's size. The most developed part of the brain is the one that controls the flight-related functions, while the cerebellum coordinates movement and the cerebrum controls behaviour patterns, navigation, mating and nest building. Most birds have a poor sense of smell with notable exceptions including kiwis, New World vultures and tubenoses. The avian visual system is usually highly developed. Water birds have special flexible lenses, allowing accommodation for vision in air and water. Some species also have dual fovea. Birds are tetrachromatic, possessing ultraviolet (UV) sensitive cone cells in the eye as well as green, red and blue ones. This allows them to perceive ultraviolet light, which is involved in courtship. Birds have specialized light-sensing cells deep in their brains that respond to light without input from eyes or other sensory neurons. These photo-receptive cells in the hypothalamus are involved in detecting the longer days of spring, and thus regulate breeding activities." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "user fees" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "new Owerri mission in Nigeria in 2016. Health care delivery in Nigeria is a concurrent responsibility of the three tiers of government in the country, and the private sector. Nigeria has been reorganising its health system since the Bamako Initiative of 1987, which formally promoted community-based methods of increasing accessibility of drugs and health care services to the population, in part by implementing user fees. The new strategy dramatically increased accessibility through community-based health care reform, resulting in more efficient and equitable provision of services. A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care, with subsequent improvement", "title": "Nigeria" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the normal hospitals and the federal government then fully compensates the provincial government for the expense. The federal government also covers any user fees the province charges. The federal government maintains a network of clinics and health centres on Native Reserves. At the provincial level, there are also several much smaller health programs alongside Medicare. The largest of these is the health care costs paid by the worker's compensation system. Regardless of federal efforts, healthcare for First Nations has generally not been considered effective. Despite being a provincial responsibility, the large health costs have long been partially funded by the", "title": "Healthcare in Canada" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Milward Simpson Milward Lee Simpson (November 12, 1897June 10, 1993) was an American politician who served as a U.S. Senator and as the 23rd Governor of Wyoming, the first born in the state. Simpson was born in Jackson, Teton County, Wyoming, the son of Margaret (née Burnett) and William Lee Simpson. He attended the public schools in, among other places, Meeteetse, and Cody. In 1921, he graduated from the University of Wyoming at Laramie in Albany County. While a student at UW, he was both an athlete and a member of the university's debate team. During World War I, Simpson", "title": "Milward Simpson" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "film on a regular basis during the 1950s. She appeared in \"Crashout\" (1955), the Humphrey Bogart comedy \"We're No Angels\" (1955), \"Lucy Gallant\" (1955), and \"All That Heaven Allows\" (1955). She later became known as a 'scream queen' after appearing in a number of horror films including \"The Daughter of Dr. Jekyll\" (1957), \"The Cyclops\" (1957), \"I Married a Monster from Outer Space\" (1958), and \"The Leech Woman\" (1960). Her final film role was as Bri Quince, the love interest in the 1966 Western film \"An Eye for an Eye\". In 1955, Talbott appeared in \"TV Reader's Digest\" episode \"America's", "title": "Gloria Talbott" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "plant by police, but she achieved her goal. On August 28, 1978, the 3,133 workers at the Roanoke Rapids plant voted to allow The Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union (ACTWU) to represent them by a slim 237 vote margin. However, because of the intractability of J. P. Stevens, workers at the plant continued without a contract until 1980. Thanks to a coalition of black and white women employees of the mill, Sutton's national speaking tour, and local organizing on behalf of workers among religious groups, J. P. Stevens and ACTWU agreed to a settlement in 1980. Sutton became a", "title": "Crystal Lee Sutton" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Hess gave piano recitals and played with the school orchestra. In December 1921, with the help of an uncle and with a loan from two parents of girls at the school, Willis bought The Cloisters, Cold Ash, Berkshire, with sixty acres, for £11,976. The Cloisters had been designed by the architect James MacLaren Ross and was built during the First World War for a religious order called 'The School of Silence', but the order had been unable to keep up the payments on its mortgage. Willis was able to move her school there just four months after the purchase, in", "title": "Olive Willis" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Joshua both received immunity after gaining three points, while Daniel, Manolo and Cheridel became the second, third and fourth nominees respectively. Vickie and Loisa were the only pair to play the fifth challenge. In the fifth challenge, the housemates must find among several bags hanging inside the activity area just using their sense of smell. The one who will identify the correct bags fastest will win the challenge. In the end, Vickie won the challenge and received immunity, while Loisa became the last nominee. On Day 71, Big Brother gave the \"Big Divide\" task and split the house in two", "title": "Pinoy Big Brother: All In" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "He argued that the U.S. has an opportunity to redesign its healthcare system and that there is a wide consensus that reform is necessary. He articulated four \"pillars\" of such a strategy: Writing in \"The New Yorker\", surgeon Atul Gawande further distinguished between the delivery system, which refers to how medical services are provided to patients, and the payment system, which refers to how payments for services are processed. He argued that reform of the delivery system is critical to getting costs under control, but that payment system reform (e.g., whether the government or private insurers process payments) is considerably", "title": "Healthcare reform debate in the United States" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "system already exists in the adjacent Somaliland region. More modest reforms were also put into motion in the social sector, particularly in the education and healthcare fields. The regional government has hired more healthcare workers and teachers, with major plans under way for school and hospital renovations. One of the most significant new reforms enacted by the incumbent Puntland administration is the launching in May 2009 of the Puntland Agency For Social Welfare (PASWE), the first organization of its kind in Somali history. The agency provides medical, educational and counselling support to vulnerable groups and individuals such as orphans, the", "title": "Puntland" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "directly regulate the costs of private medical care. These costs are largely subject to market forces, and vary enormously within the private sector, depending on the medical specialty and service provided. However, Towers Watson has claimed that the specific features of the Singapore healthcare system are unique, and have been described as a \"very difficult system to replicate in many other countries.\" Many Singaporeans also have supplemental private health insurance (often provided by employers) for services not covered by the government's programmes. Since the 1990s, all public hospitals, polyclinics, and specialty centres have been restructured as government-owned corporations, and operate", "title": "Healthcare in Singapore" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Free-market healthcare In a system of free-market healthcare, prices for healthcare goods and services are set freely by agreement between patients and health care providers, and the laws and forces of supply and demand are free from any intervention by a government, price-setting monopoly, or other authority. A free market contrasts with a controlled market, in which government intervenes in supply and demand through non-market methods such as laws creating barriers to market entry or directly setting prices. Advocates of free-market healthcare contend that systems like single-payer healthcare and publicly funded healthcare result in higher costs, inefficiency, longer waiting times", "title": "Free-market healthcare" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "York City, as well as for clients in New Jersey, North Carolina, Connecticut, Arkansas, California, Ontario, and Israel. Some of its recent significant projects include: Beijing University International Hospital, Beijing, China; Duke University Hospital Emergency Department, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Saint Vincent's Medical Center Modernization, Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA; and the University of Pennsylvania Health System: Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. In 2015, the firm merged with California-based healthcare design firm Lee, Burkhart, Liu (LBL Architects). The firm's portfolio of international healthcare projects continues to grow. Projects currently in development are located in: Turkey, China, Ecuador, Nigeria, and", "title": "Perkins Eastman" } ]

[ "user fees" ]

[ "Health care delivery in Nigeria is a concurrent responsibility of the three tiers of government in the country, and the private sector. Nigeria has been reorganising its health system since the Bamako Initiative of 1987, which formally promoted community-based methods of increasing accessibility of drugs and health care services to the population, in part by implementing user fees. The new strategy dramatically increased accessibility through community-based healthcare reform, resulting in more efficient and equitable provision of services. A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care, with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Songtsän Gampo" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the Tibetan Empire (7th-9th century AD). Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures from India were first translated into Tibetan under the reign of the Tibetan king Songtsän Gampo (618-649), In the 8th century King Trisong Detsen (755-797) established it as the official religion of the state. Trisong Detsen invited Indian Buddhist scholars to his court, including Padmasambhāva (8th century) and Śāntarakṣita (725–788)), who founded the Nyingma, \"The Ancient Ones\", the oldest school of Tibetan Buddhism. There was also influence from the Sarvāstivādins from Kashmir to the southwest and Khotan to the northwest. Trisong Detsen also invited the Chan master Moheyan to transmit the", "title": "Tibetan Buddhism" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Today, Tibetan Buddhism is still adhered to in the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding regions, while it has also attracted a considerable interest in the western world. According to tradition, in the reign of King Thothori Nyantsen (5th century), a basket of Buddhist scriptures arrived in Tibet from India. Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures from Nepal & India were first translated into Tibetan under the reign of the Tibetan king Songtsän Gampo (618-649), who established the Tibetan Empire. While there is doubt about the level of Songtsän Gampo's interest in Buddhism, it is known that he married a Chinese Tang Dynasty Buddhist princess,", "title": "History of Tibetan Buddhism" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "have existed between 500 BC and AD 600. The names \"Lhomon Tsendenjong\" (Sandalwood Country), and \"Lhomon Khashi\", or Southern Mon (country of four approaches), have been found in ancient Bhutanese and Tibetan chronicles. Buddhism was first introduced to Bhutan in the 7th century AD. Tibetan king Songtsän Gampo (reigned 627–649), a convert to Buddhism, who actually had extended the Tibetan Empire into Sikkim and Bhutan, ordered the construction of two Buddhist temples, at Bumthang in central Bhutan and at Kyichu (near Paro) in the Paro Valley. Buddhism was propagated in earnest in 746 under King Sindhu Rāja (\"also\" Künjom; Sendha", "title": "Bhutan" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "The site, which is over 1,300 years old, dates back to Songtsän Gampo, the founder of the Tibetan Empire, and was amongst the first buildings built in the Lhasa area by him during the 7th century after settlement. Although originally the site of his castle or fort, the \"Tibetan Annals\" have revealed that Pabonka was converted into a monastery, possibly under the reign of the second great Buddhist king of Tibet Trisong Detsen. Detsen, along with Guru Rinpoche and the first seven monks of the new Tibetan Empire used to meditate at the hermitage and it became one of Tibet's", "title": "Sera Monastery" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "took hold in Tibet. The successors of Songtsän Gampo were less enthusiastic about the propagation of Buddhism, but in the 8th century King Trisong Detsen (755–797) established it as the official religion of the state. Trisong Detsen invited Indian Buddhist scholars to his court, and Tibetan Buddhists today trace their oldest spiritual roots to the Indian masters Padmasambhāva (8th century) and Śāntarakṣita (725–788), who founded the Nyingma, \"The Ancient Ones\", the oldest school of Tibetan Buddhism. According to Tibetan tradition, Padmasambhāva wrote a number of important scriptures, some of which he hid for future \"tertons\" to find; these Terma \"treasures\"", "title": "History of Tibetan Buddhism" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "\"nationalist sentiment\" amongst Tibetans, and to \"remove all traces of Mongol suzerainty.\" Georges Dreyfus, a professor of religion at Williams College, writes that it was Changchub Gyaltsen who adopted the old administrative system of Songtsän Gampo (c. 605–649)—the first leader of the Tibetan Empire to establish Tibet as a strong power—by reinstating its legal code of punishments and administrative units. For example, instead of the 13 governorships established by the Mongol Sakya viceroy, Changchub Gyaltsen divided Central Tibet into districts (dzong) with district heads (dzong dpon) who had to conform to old rituals and wear clothing styles of old Imperial", "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "hits and five RBI in a 10–4 victory over the Cardinals. He won the first NL Player of the Week Award of the 2005 season on April 10 after accumulating 15 RBI in the first week of the season. On May 12, he had four hits in a 7–5 loss to Cincinnati. He hit a three-run game-winning home run on May 22 in a 7–2 victory over the Baltimore Orioles. He won another Player of the Week Award that day after he batted .500 with two home runs and eight RBI during the week, becoming the first Phillies player to", "title": "Pat Burrell" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Montague Younger Montague Thomas Robson Younger (1836–1899) was an Australian church musician. He was the first organist of St Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney and has been described as \"the first native of Sydney to reach eminence as an organist\". Montague Younger was born in Sydney on 25 June 1836, the third son of Charles Younger, an ironmonger, and his wife Harriett, née Mills. Charles Younger was organist at St Thomas's Church, North Sydney and a founding member of the Sydney Philharmonic Society in 1854. Montague attended a private school at Surry Hills conducted by Rev. Thomas L. Dodd. and took music", "title": "Montague Younger" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "World Cup and was named to the full Scotland squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup. He scored the winning try over Fiji in Scotland's first ever World Cup win. wilkes was recalled to the Scotland squad in 2018 at the age of 38 for the european championship's. Oliver Wilkes Oliver Wilkes, (born 2 May 1980) is a Scotland international rugby league footballer who plays as a forward for Workington Town in Betfred League 1. He has played for the Sheffield Eagles, Huddersfield, Keighley, Leigh Centurions, Whitehaven, Wigan, Widnes, Wakefield Trinity, and the Barrow Raiders. Wilkes was born in", "title": "Oliver Wilkes" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "The unilateral decision has once again exposed the government's step-motherly treatment of Marathi-speaking people of Belgaum district\", he added. No other developments about MES's litigation have been reported since then. Later, fearing the dissolution of Belgaum taluk Panchayat, MES, the ruling party which had passed the resolution demanding the merger of Belgaum of Karnataka into Maharashtra, changed its stance and told the government that it had 'just discussed the issue and not passed the resolution'. All the 22 members who were issued showcause notices gave the same answer to the government. The members also appealed government not to take any", "title": "Belgaum border dispute" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "on Association into the University of Titograd\" (today's University of Montenegro) was signed with the representatives of the Faculty of Law, the Faculty of Engineering, the Teaching College from Nikšić, the Maritime Studies College from Kotor and three independent scientific institutes from Titograd. The curriculum of undergraduate studies at the Faculty comprises eight courses: The curriculum of postgraduate studies at the Faculty comprises only one course: \"Entrepreneurial Economy\". Some of the school's renowned students and professors include: Faculty of Economics Podgorica The University of Montenegro Faculty of Economics (Montenegrin: Ekonomski fakultet Univerziteta Crne Gore \"Економски факултет Универзитета Црне Горе\") is", "title": "Faculty of Economics Podgorica" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "military expenditures. In 687 the Tibetan Empire established control over the Western Regions. In 690 the Tibetan Empire defeated a Tang army at Issyk-Kul In 692 Tang troops under Wang Xiaojie pacified the Western Regions and established the Anxi Protectorate at Qiuci, where it would remain until the protectorate's demise around 790. The importance of the Western Regions was well understood by the Tang court at this point. Its strategic significance is summarized by Cui Rong, an Imperial Diarist of the court: In 694 the Tibetan Empire attacked the Stone City (Charklik). In 702 Wu Zetian set up the Beiting", "title": "Protectorate General to Pacify the West" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "was incorporated into the Mongol Empire, retaining nominal power over religious and regional political affairs, while the Mongols managed a structural and administrative rule over the region, reinforced by the rare military intervention. Tibetan Buddhism was adopted as the \"de facto\" state religion by the Mongol Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), founded by Kublai Khan, whose capital is Xanadu (Beijing, China). With the decline of the Yuan dynansty and the loose administration of the following (Han-Chinese) Ming dynasty, Central Tibet was ruled by successive local families from the 14th to the 17th century, and Tibet would gain de facto a high autonomy", "title": "Tibetan Buddhism" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Tibetan Youth Congress The Tibetan Youth Congress (TYC) is an international non-governmental organization that advocates the independence of Tibet from China. With around 30,000 members in the Tibetan diaspora, it is the largest of the pro-independence organizations of Tibetan exiles with 87 branches in 10 countries listed on the organisation's website. The current president of the Tibetan Youth Congress is Tenzin Jigme. The organization claims no particular religious or party political affiliation. The TYC was founded on October 7, 1970 in Dharamsala, India, with the 14th Dalai Lama delivering the inaugural address. The organization was founded by young Tibetans from", "title": "Tibetan Youth Congress" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Kingdom of Nanzhao. However, the concurrent Tang campaign against the Tibetan Empire was proceeding more successfully, with the campaign to capture the Tibetans' Central Asian territories appearing near success. With the assassination of the Tibetan emperor Me Agtsom in 755 in the midst of a major rebellion within the Tibetan polity, final Tang victory over the Tibetan Empire seemed all but assured. However, back in the increasingly financially challenged Chinese heartland, the Sogdian-Turkic General An Lushan had worked himself into a position of greatest trust with the Tang emperor Xuanzong and his consort Yang Guifei. An Lushan was a general", "title": "An Lushan Rebellion" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of the Tibetan Empire, and was amongst the first buildings built in the Lhasa area by him during the 7th century after settlement. Although originally the site of his castle or fort, the \"Tibetan Annals\" have revealed that Pabonka was converted into a monastery, possibly under the reign of the second great Buddhist king of Tibet Trisong Detsen. Detsen, along with Guru Rinpoche and the first seven monks of the new Tibetan Empire used to meditate at the hermitage and it became one of Tibet's very earliest Buddhist monasteries, possibly even pre-dating Jokhang. The original nine-storied monastery was partially destroyed", "title": "Pabonka Hermitage" } ]

[ "Songtsän Gampo" ]

[ "The history of a unified Tibet begins with the rule of Songtsän Gampo (604–650 CE), who united parts of the Yarlung River Valley and founded the Tibetan Empire. He also brought in many reforms, and Tibetan power spread rapidly, creating a large and powerful empire. It is traditionally considered that his first wife was the Princess of Nepal, Bhrikuti, and that she played a great role in the establishment of Buddhism in Tibet. In 640 he married Princess Wencheng, the niece of the powerful Chinese emperor Taizong of Tang China." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Annie Besant" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to allow her lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge. Having failed to achieve acceptance from any masonic governing body, she and Georges Martin started a mixed masonic lodge that worked masonic ritual. Annie Besant spread the phenomenon to the English-speaking world. Disagreements over ritual led to the formation of exclusively female bodies of Freemasons in England, which spread to other countries. Meanwhile, the French had re-invented Adoption as an all-female lodge in 1901, only to cast it aside again in 1935. The lodges, however, continued to meet, which gave rise, in 1959, to a body of women practising continental Freemasonry.", "title": "Freemasonry" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to allow her lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge. Having failed to achieve acceptance from any masonic governing body, she and Georges Martin started a mixed masonic lodge that worked masonic ritual. Annie Besant spread the phenomenon to the English-speaking world. Disagreements over ritual led to the formation of exclusively female bodies of Freemasons in England, which spread to other countries. Meanwhile, the French had re-invented Adoption as an all-female lodge in 1901, only to cast it aside again in 1935. The lodges, however, continued to meet, which gave rise, in 1959, to a body of women practising continental Freemasonry.", "title": "Freemasonry" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the necessary ritual. In 1899, ten masons in the Droit Humain received the 33rd degree, allowing them to form a Supreme Council. Lodges had opened in Paris, Blois, Lyon, Rouen, and Zürich. By 1914, the movement had spread to Britain, the Far East, the United States, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Co-Freemasonry was brought to the English-speaking world by the socialist and theosophist Annie Besant. Passing through the usual three degrees of craft masonry in 1902, she founded the Lodge of Human Duty No. 6 in London that same year. French-speaking lodges started to appear in the United States in 1903,", "title": "Freemasonry and women" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "heart of the fort for the exclusive use of him and his family, denoting his station to his subordinates, visitors and trade partners alike. Two Catholic missionaries, Francois-Norbert Blanchet and Modeste Demers, were the first to visit Fort Edmonton (called \"Fort-des-Prairies\") in 1838. Starting in 1840, the Fort housed the Wesleyan missionary Robert Rundle as a company chaplain. Rundle's tenure lasted until 1848, and his ministry and missionary work was met with competition of a sort by Jean-Baptiste Thibault, a Catholic priest who, like Rundle, was attempting to evangelize natives in the area. A chapel was erected inside the fort", "title": "Fort Edmonton" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "necessary capabilities. Modernizr offers tests for more than 250 features, then creates a JavaScript object (named \"Modernizr\") that contains the results of these tests as boolean properties. It also adds classes to the HTML element based on what features are and are not natively supported. To perform feature detection tests, Modernizr often creates an element, sets a specific style instruction on that element and then immediately tries to retrieve that setting. Web browsers that understand the instruction will return something sensible; browsers that don't understand it will return nothing or \"undefined\". Modernizr uses the result to assess whether that feature", "title": "Modernizr" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Karelia. Part of the way, the troop is joined by Rokka, a Karelian veteran of the winter war, who also clashes with Lammio due to having little respect for military discipline despite being an excellent and capable soldier. Mollberg used young and unknown actors, many of them now famous. The film was shot in color with much hand-held footage, attempting to portray the story more realistically than the prior Edvin Laine version. This has often lead to unfavourable comparisons with the better-known 1955 adaption. Although a full musical score was composed for the movie, Mollberg released the finished film without", "title": "The Unknown Soldier (1985 film)" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "music were dropped. His songs tend to be more upbeat, such as \"304 Goushitsu, Hakushi no Sakura\", \"Wake\" and \"Mr.Newsman\". Die is endorsed by ESP Guitars in Japan who provides him with most of his guitars, picks, and straps. He has two lines of signature-series guitar from the ESP Custom Shop guitars called the DDT and D-DR models. Both models are based on the classic Telecaster body, the original DDT model being a copy of it and the newer D-DR model appearing to be a combination of a telecaster and an ESP F-body. In live performances he mainly uses amplification", "title": "Die (musician)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of \"The Nameless\" was created to promote the album. \"Blender\" commented that \"Relief from 'Prelude [3.0]' arrives quickly in the basic minor-key riffs and grooves of... 'The Nameless'...\" Dan Silver from \"NME\" said \"'The Nameless' intercuts thrash riffs with softly-strummed interludes\". Robert Cherry of \"Rolling Stone\" said it \"splices a cooing boy-band chorus onto a g-g-gunky speed metal verse\". Yahoo!s Chris Heath said the song \"confusingly stitches both extremes together – the ludicrously vicous and ridiculously placid – into one track that simply feels awkward, wrong even\". The Nameless \"The Nameless\" is a song by American heavy metal band Slipknot.", "title": "The Nameless" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "examples, the Grand Lodges of Ireland, Scotland and the Antient Grand Lodge of England issued hundreds of warrants for masonic lodges to the cavalry, infantry, artillery and militias. To this day there are two active masonic lodges of the British Army under the Grand Lodge of Ireland; No 322 Lodge Glittering Star of the Mercian Regiment and No 295 St Patrick’s of the Royal Dragoon Guards. Freemasonry has faced suspicion and opposition from those who perceive the organisation to adhere to British unionism and favour Protestantism and even Orangism in Ireland (charges the Masons themselves deny), as well as \"laissez", "title": "Grand Lodge of Ireland" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Lewis Masonic Lewis Masonic is a British publishing company specialising in works on and for freemasonry. Originally called \"A Lewis\", the name was a pseudonym for John Hogg, who was a Scottish Freemason from Edinburgh who was living in London. Founded in 1801, it is the largest and oldest Masonic publisher in the World. Lewis Masonic is well known to English Freemasons, as Lewis produces many of the ritual books used by United Grand Lodge of England lodges and Holy Royal Arch Chapters. Originally the company focused on ritual books, minute books and other products for use in Lodges. Nowadays,", "title": "Lewis Masonic" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Masonic Child Identification Programs Masonic Child Identification Programs (CHIP) are a charitable initiative by North American Masonic lodges to aid in the identification and recovery of missing children. CHIP programs are supported monetarily at the Grand Lodge level, and are staffed by volunteers from subordinate lodges as well as law enforcement and dental professionals. The CHIP programs allow parents the opportunity to create a kit of identifying materials for their child, free of charge. The kit contains a fingerprint card, a physical description, a video, computer disk, or DVD of the child, a dental imprint, and a DNA sample. The", "title": "Masonic Child Identification Programs" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "founded in Bavaria in 1776, which was copied after the Freemasons, but was never part of the movement. The Illuminati was an overtly political group, which most Masonic lodges decidedly were not. Masonic lodges created a private model for public affairs. They \"reconstituted the polity and established a constitutional form of self-government, complete with constitutions and laws, elections and representatives\". In other words, the micro-society set up within the lodges constituted a normative model for society as a whole. This was especially true on the continent: when the first lodges began to appear in the 1730s, their embodiment of British", "title": "Age of Enlightenment" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "but continued in exile. Le Droit Humain is the first and oldest mixed Masonic Order, now spans over fifty countries. The Symbolic Grand Lodge of Spain and the Grand Lodge of Spain were respectively founded in 1980 and 1982. The first hass mixed, male and female lodges and is part of the [[CLIPSAS]] alliance of Grand Lodges. The latter has the recognition of [[United Grand Lodge of England]] and has the highest number of lodges in contemporary Spain. [[File:Sello GPDH I y IV provincias.jpg|thumb|250px | Seal of the Ist and IVth Provinces of the Knights Beneficent of the Holy City,", "title": "Freemasonry in Spain" } ]

[ "Annie Besant" ]

[ "Maria Deraismes was initiated into Freemasonry in 1882, then resigned to allow her lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge. Having failed to achieve acceptance from any masonic governing body, she and Georges Martin started a mixed masonic lodge that actually worked masonic ritual. Annie Besant spread the phenomenon to the English speaking world. Disagreements over ritual led to the formation of exclusively female bodies of Freemasons in England, which spread to other countries. Meanwhile, the French had re-invented Adoption as an all-female lodge in 1901, only to cast it aside again in 1935. The lodges, however, continued to meet, which gave rise, in 1959, to a body of women practising continental Freemasonry." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "protégé was Henry Pelham (1743–1754). As the century wore on, the factions slowly began to adopt more coherent political tendencies as the interests of their power bases began to diverge. The Whig party's initial base of support from the great aristocratic families widened to include the emerging industrial interests and wealthy merchants. As well as championing constitutional monarchy with strict limits on the monarch's power, the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty, and believed in extending toleration to nonconformist Protestants, or dissenters. A major influence on the Whigs were the liberal political ideas of John", "title": "Political party" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "protégé was Henry Pelham (1743–1754). As the century wore on, the factions slowly began to adopt more coherent political tendencies as the interests of their power bases began to diverge. The Whig party's initial base of support from the great aristocratic families widened to include the emerging industrial interests and wealthy merchants. As well as championing constitutional monarchy with strict limits on the monarch's power, the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty, and believed in extending toleration to nonconformist Protestants, or dissenters. A major influence on the Whigs were the liberal political ideas of John", "title": "Political party" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "due to the players' strike lasting from June 12 to July 31. It was then brought back as a prelude to the second half of the season, which began the following day. At 72,086 people in attendance, it broke the stadium's own record of 69,751 set in 1954, setting the still-standing record for the highest attendance in an All Star Game. Cleveland Stadium set a new All-Star Game record by hosting its fourth (and ultimately, final) Midsummer Classic. By the time Indians played host to the All-Star Game for the fifth time in 1997, they had moved to Jacobs Field.", "title": "1981 Major League Baseball All-Star Game" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "that Croatia would not return to the contest in 2015, but there were plans to return to the contest in 2016, with the entry possibly being the winner of the first season of the Croatian version of \"The Voice\". However, on 5 May 2015, HRT announced that it won't broadcast the 2015 contest. It was the first time since 1992 for HRT to not broadcast the contest. On 26 November 2015, it was announced that Croatia would return to the contest in 2016. Nina Kraljić with the song \"Lighthouse\" qualified to the final, making it that Croatia qualified for the", "title": "Croatia in the Eurovision Song Contest" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "more direct Parley's Canyon. In 1927, the state legislature defined a new route for SR-5 that began farther north on SR-1 in Ogden; the old alignment between SR-1 and the canyon was initially a branch of SR-49 (now US-89), but in 1935 it was split off as State Route 60. At the west end, a short realignment was built with federal aid as a national defense project in the early 1940s to improve access to the Ogden Ordnance Depot. The new road bypassed what is now 1150 West, and continued south from SR-60 to the depot along what is now", "title": "Utah State Route 60" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "- Hampton Acoustic Blues Revival in Hampton, Virginia 2012 - Richmond Folk Festival in Richmond, Virginia 2012 - Riverside Blues Festival in Elkins, West Virginia 2012 - Washington Square Park Folk Festival in New York, New York 2017 - Valerie Turner authored and edited a book entitled “Piedmont Style Country Blues Guitar Basics,” designed by Benedict Turner, and published by their company, Mudbone Watson Productions Inc. The easy-to-follow instruction guide contains Piedmont style Blues arrangements for Country Blues guitar with audio files and lyrics for 23 tunes. It is a curriculum, a course in understanding Country Blues guitar using various", "title": "Valerie Turner" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Tom Court Tom Court (born 6 November 1980) is a retired rugby union footballer. He most recently played for London Irish as a loosehead prop. He primarily played at tighthead in his early career at Ulster but switched to loosehead in the 2007/2008 season when BJ Botha arrived at Ulster. Court was born in Brisbane, Australia and began his sporting career as a shotputter. He was Australian University Champion for three years running and had Olympic trials in 2002. He started playing rugby in 2004 and has represented Queensland Reds and Manawatu as well as Ulster. In an interview with", "title": "Tom Court" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in 1828, 1831–3, 1836, and 1838–9, as a National Republican, and later a Whig. He introduced a report in 1833 in favor of the suppression of lotteries. He denounced the Tariff of 1833, switching his allegiance from Henry Clay to Daniel Webster. He represented Middlesex County in the Massachusetts Senate in 1847–8 and 1850–1. He leaned towards the Conscience Whigs but was not an outright abolitionist, though he did oppose the Fugitive Slave Law in the Compromise of 1850. After retiring from politics and journalism, Buckingham published two two-volume sets of memoirs, and edited the annals of the Massachusetts Charitable", "title": "Joseph T. Buckingham" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Pitt the Younger. Littleton voted with Pitt's government on most issues. Whigs were distinguished at least as much by their support of the Prince of Wales against his father, George III, as with any specific cause. Littleton did not support the Prince and the Foxite Whigs in the Regency crisis of 1788 but he did vote for their proposal to settle the Prince's debts in 1795. In 1791 he opposed the repeal of the Test Act in Scotland, an early move towards civil rights for Roman Catholics, a cause that was to become an identifying mark of liberals in both", "title": "Sir Edward Littleton, 4th Baronet" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "traced their origins to Jeffersonian Republicanism: Democrats to the Old Republicanism of Macon and Crawford; Whigs to the new Republican nationalism of Madison and Gallatin.\" Taking a leaf from the Jacksonians, the Whigs tended to nominate non-ideological war heroes as their presidential candidates. The Whig party fell apart in the 1850s over the question of whether to allow the expansion of slavery into new territories. The modern Republican Party was formed in 1854 to oppose the expansion of slavery. Many former Whig party leaders (such as Abraham Lincoln – modern Republican Party supporters still sometimes refer to themselves as \"the", "title": "Democratic-Republican Party" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "In 2012, a group of sixty-three former Catholic priests in the USA publicly announced their support for Referendum 74, which would make Washington the nation's seventh state to legalize marriage between same-sex couples. In a statement, they said: \"We are uneasy with the aggressive efforts of Catholic bishops to oppose R-74 and want to support the 71 percent of Catholics (Public Religion Research Institute) who support civil marriage for gays as a valid Catholic position.\" In October 2014, Wendelin Bucheli, a priest in Bürglen in the west of Switzerland was removed from his diocese by the local bishop after performing", "title": "Dissent from Catholic teaching on homosexuality" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Junto ministers, replacing them with Tories. The Whigs now moved into opposition and particularly decried the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, which they attempted to block through their majority in the House of Lords. The Tory administration led by Harley and the Viscount Bolingbroke persuaded the Queen to create twelve new Tory peers to force the treaty through. The Whigs primarily advocated the supremacy of Parliament, while calling for the toleration for Protestant dissenters. They adamantly opposed a Catholic as king. They opposed the Catholic Church because they saw it as a threat to liberty, or as the elder Pitt stated:", "title": "Whigs (British political party)" } ]

[ "the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty" ]

[ "As the century wore on, the factions slowly began to adopt more coherent political tendencies as the interests of their power bases began to diverge. The Whig party's initial base of support from the great aristocratic families, widened to include the emerging industrial interests and wealthy merchants. As well as championing constitutional monarchy with strict limits on the monarch's power, the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty, and believed in extending toleration to nonconformist Protestants, or dissenters. A major influence on the Whigs were the liberal political ideas of John Locke, and the concepts of universal rights employed by Locke and Algernon Sidney." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "only one" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC. Symbols are chosen to be unique, and each gene has only one symbol (although approved symbols sometimes change). Symbols are preferably kept consistent with other members of a gene family and with homologs in other species, particularly the mouse due to its role as a common model organism. Genetic engineering is the modification of an organism's genome through biotechnology. Since the 1970s, a variety of techniques have been developed to specifically add, remove", "title": "Gene" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC. Symbols are chosen to be unique, and each gene has only one symbol (although approved symbols sometimes change). Symbols are preferably kept consistent with other members of a gene family and with homologs in other species, particularly the mouse due to its role as a common model organism. Genetic engineering is the modification of an organism's genome through biotechnology. Since the 1970s, a variety of techniques have been developed to specifically add, remove", "title": "Gene" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "represented by a matrix. Each row represents a time slot and each column represents one antenna's transmissions over time. Here, formula_2 is the modulated symbol to be transmitted in time slot formula_3 from antenna formula_4. There are to be formula_5 time slots and formula_6 transmit antennas as well as formula_7 receive antennas. This block is usually considered to be of 'length' formula_5 The code rate of an STBC measures how many symbols per time slot it transmits on average over the course of one block. If a block encodes formula_9 symbols, the code-rate is Only one standard STBC can achieve", "title": "Space–time block code" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "be able to complete a horizontal gene transfer without garbling each other's genes, converting them into noncoding segments. Further, many more amino acids are chemically possible than the twenty found in modern protein molecules. These lines of chemical evidence, incorporated into the formal statistical test point to a single cell having been the LUCA. While the test overwhelmingly favored the existence of a single LUCA, this does not imply that the LUCA was ever alone: instead, it was one of many early microbes but the only one whose descendents survived beyond the Paleoarchean Era. With the later gene pool of", "title": "Last universal common ancestor" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Kevichusa Angami, the senior extra assistant commissioner at Kohima, acted as the guardian angel of the NNC. The secretary of the subcommittee observed: The non-Naga groups of Dimapur were also presented before the subcommittee, and spoke against the NNC. The subcommittee did not visit the other subdivision, Mokokchung. The Bordoloi report was vetoed by the Angami member, Kezehol, but accepted by the Sema member, Khetloushe. Khetloushe replaced Kezehol, when the latter resigned during the last meeting of the subcommittee. The Bordoloi subcommittee concluded that \"many of them (Naga leaders) were inclined to take moderate views on the lines of the", "title": "Naga National Council" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Metrobus (Washington, D.C.) Metrobus is a bus service operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA). Its fleet consists of 1,595 buses covering an area of in Washington, D.C., Maryland and Virginia. There are 269 bus routes serving 11,129 stops, including 2,554 bus shelters. In 2016, Metrobus provided approximately 123.6 million trips. On a typical weekday in June 2017, it provided more than 390,000 trips. As of June 25, 2017, the Metrobus fare structure is as follows: Discounts are available for senior citizens, people with disabilities and DC students.(*must have valid ID) Up to two children, per paying adult,", "title": "Metrobus (Washington, D.C.)" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "colour bands (white sides below the bands). The sole is whitish or cream. The mucus is transparent or slightly yellowish.Genitalia:Atrium large, broad and flattened, epiphallus wider than vas deferens, oviduct wide, half diameter as atrium, spermatheca elongate and somewhat arrow-shaped. This species occurs in countries and islands including: The original description of the three slugs in the subgenus \"Carinarion\", \"Arion (Carinarion) fasciatus\", \"Arion (Carinarion) silvaticus\" and \"Arion (Carinarion) circumscriptus\" was based on small differences in body pigmentation and details of the genital anatomy. A recent study of these morphospecies (typological species) claims that previous studies had shown that body colour", "title": "Arion silvaticus" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "landscape painter [is] to descend to the lowest details with undiminished attention. Every class of rock, every kind of earth, every form of cloud, must be studied with equal industry, and rendered with equal precision.\" This attention to detail must be combined with the artist's interpretation, impressions, and imagination to achieve great art. While Church's paintings were widely praised in the 1850s and 1860s, some critics found his detailed panoramas lacking in the imaginative or poetic. In his 1879 \"American Painters\", George W. Sheldon wrote of Church's canvases, \"It is scarcely necessary to ... explain what their principal defect is,", "title": "Frederic Edwin Church" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "O'G3NE O'G3NE ( ) is a Dutch three-piece girl group. The group is made up of sisters Lisa, Amy, and Shelley Vol, the latter two of the three being fraternal twins. In 2007, they represented the Netherlands in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007 with the song \"Adem in, adem uit\" (\"Breathe In, Breathe Out\"). On 19 December 2014, they were announced as the winners of season five of \"The Voice of Holland\", earning a recording contract with EMI. They became the first trio to win the competition on any international version of \"The Voice\". On 29 October 2016, it", "title": "O'G3NE" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "is an acronym standing for \"vascular endothelial growth factor A\", just as it is not wrong that \"km\" is an abbreviation for \"kilometre\", there is more to the formality of symbols than those statements capture. The root portion of the symbols for a gene family (such as the \"SERPIN\" root in \"SERPIN1\", \"SERPIN2\", \"SERPIN3\", and so on) is called a root symbol. The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee is responsible for providing human gene naming guidelines and approving new, unique human gene names and symbols (short identifiers typically created by abbreviating). All human gene names and symbols can be searched online", "title": "Gene nomenclature" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "engineering synchronicities. As Carroll makes clear in later texts, magical \"results\" consist of \"meaningful coincidences\" or \"a series of events going somewhat improbably in the desired direction.\" Later chaos magicians have made the link between chaos magic and synchromysticism more overt. Gordon White, for example, writes in \"Synchromysticism as Kabbalah\": How does the Technical Hermetica ‘work’? How did Ficino’s system of planetary ritual magic ‘work’? Simply put, both work because some things are associated with other things. Symbols recur, patterns repeat, sounds heard on a radio associate with similar outcomes in your life. An Animist universe speaks a language of", "title": "Synchromysticism" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "gene at all. The gray gene does not affect skin or eye color, so grays typically have dark skin and eyes, as opposed to the unpigmented pink skin of white horses. In 2008, researchers at Uppsala University in Sweden identified the genetic mutation that governs the graying process. The study also revealed that gray horses carry an identical mutation that can be traced back to a common ancestor that lived thousands of years ago. The discovery that gray can be linked to a single animal provides an example of how humans have \"cherry-picked\" attractive mutations in domestic animals. Gray is", "title": "Gray (horse)" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "definition given below for the Christoffel symbols of the second kind can be proven to be equivalent to: Christoffel symbols of the first kind can then be found via index juggling: Rearranging, we see that: In words, the arrays represented by the Christoffel symbols track how the basis changes from point to point. Symbols of the second kind decompose the change with respect to the basis, while symbols of the first kind decompose it with respect to the dual basis. These expressions fail as definitions when such decompositions are not possible - in particular, when the direction of change does", "title": "Christoffel symbols" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "MECP2 Duplication Syndrome. Many mutations have been associated with loss of expression of the MECP2 gene and have been identified in Rett syndrome patients. These mutations include changes in single DNA base pairs (SNP), insertions or deletions of DNA in the \"MECP2\" gene, and changes that affect how the gene information is processed into a protein (RNA splicing). Mutations in the gene alter the structure of the MeCP2 protein or lead to reduced amounts of the protein. As a result, the protein is unable to bind to DNA or turn other genes on or off. Genes that are normally repressed", "title": "MECP2" } ]

[ "only one" ]

[ "Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC. Symbols are chosen to be unique, and each gene has only one symbol (although approved symbols sometimes change). Symbols are preferably kept consistent with other members of a gene family and with homologs in other species, particularly the mouse due to its role as a common model organism." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "2000 years" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "repay the debt. The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level. The first war recorded in any detail was between Lagash and Umma in c. 2525 BC on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures. It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sumerian army consisting mostly of infantry. The infantry carried spears, wore copper helmets, and carried rectangular shields. The spearmen are shown arranged in what resembles the phalanx formation, which requires training and discipline; this implies that the Sumerians may", "title": "Sumer" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "repay the debt. The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level. The first war recorded in any detail was between Lagash and Umma in c. 2525 BC on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures. It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sumerian army consisting mostly of infantry. The infantry carried spears, wore copper helmets, and carried rectangular shields. The spearmen are shown arranged in what resembles the phalanx formation, which requires training and discipline; this implies that the Sumerians may", "title": "Sumer" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the localizer also appears as an arrow in the gyro compass below the artificial horizon. The top and bottom of this arrow \"is one unit\", which shows current heading. But the middle part of this arrow is moving independently of the aircraft's heading. The middle of that arrow could be described as being \"stand alone\", and moves to the left if the aircraft is located to the right of localizer beam and to the right if the aircraft is located to the left of the localizer beam. When the arrow is \"united\" to a straight line, then the aircraft is", "title": "Instrument landing system localizer" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "when presenting his lines in many of his films. It relies on Caine's ability to impart trivial information in the same way, starting with \"Did you know...\" and ending with \".. and not a lot of people know that.\". Whitehouse continues in this tradition, talking about extremely dreary things his neighbours were doing such as \"do you know, he didn't call that woman back until... approximately two hours later. Would Damon Hill have taken that long to call his mother? I'll be honest with you. I don't know. Not a lot of people know I don't know that, but I", "title": "Harry Enfield's Television Programme" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "The Estadio San Sebastian is a 5,000-seat soccer-specific stadium. Pasaquina have occasionally held home games at Estadio Jose Ramon Flores in Santa Rosa de Lima. \"As of Apertura 2018:\" Pasaquina's reserve squad plays in the twelve-team Primera División Reserves (El Salvador). Current members of the squad are: Note: this list includes players that have appeared in at least 100 league games and/or have reached international status. C.D. Pasaquina Club Deportivo Pasaquina Futbol Club, commonly known as Pasaquina F.C. are a Salvadoran professional football club based in Pasaquina, La Unión Department. They currently play in the Salvadoran Primera División. The club", "title": "C.D. Pasaquina" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "victories in 1966 and 1982. Peñarol celebrated its hundredth anniversary in 1991, despite a controversy ignited by archrivals Nacional concerning Peñarol's 1913 name change. With Pablo Bengoechea and the young Antonio Pacheco on the team and Gregorio Pérez behind the bench, Peñarol again won the Uruguayan championship five straight times (1993–97). The club also reached the Copa Conmebol final in 1994 and 1995, rounding out the century with a national championship in 1999 (defeating Nacional 2–1 in the final, despite Julio Ribas on the bench). The next year, Peñarol lost the Uruguayan championship final against Nacional; many of the team's", "title": "Peñarol" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the American Revolutionary War. North Branford Center Historic District The North Branford Center Historic District encompasses the historic town center of North Branford, Connecticut. Centered at the junction of North Street and Foxon Road, it has been the center of the town's civic and religious life since the early 18th century. The district includes the town hall, library, Congregational Church, and residential architecture dating to the early days. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. North Branford was settled as part of Branford beginning in the late 17th century, and was granted the right", "title": "North Branford Center Historic District" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Neo-Sumerian art Neo-Sumerian art is a period in the art of Mesopotamia made during the Third Dynasty of Ur or Neo-Sumerian period, c. 2112 BC – c. 2004 BC, in Southern Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq). It is known mostly for the revival of the Sumerian stylistic qualities and was centered around royalty and divinity. The art of the Neo-Sumerian period was also influenced by the Akkadians, whose period of rule preceded this. Many large temples and ziggurats were built in this period, most of which possessed monumental staircases. These staircases were probably thought to be used by divinity, for ascending and", "title": "Neo-Sumerian art" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "version. In the oldest version, inscribed in the Sumerian city of Nippur c.1600 BCE, the hero is King Ziusudra. This is known as the Sumerian Flood Story and probably derives from an earlier version. The Ziusudra version tells how he builds a boat and rescues life when the gods decide to destroy it. This remains the basic plot for several subsequent flood-stories and heroes, including Noah. Ziusudra's Sumerian name means \"He of long life\". In Babylonian versions his name is Atrahasis, but the meaning is the same. In the Atrahasis version, the flood is a river flood. The version closest", "title": "Noah's Ark" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "language in Akkadian-speaking states during the same time call for a distinction between the Late Sumerian and the Post-Sumerian periods. The standard variety of Sumerian was \"eme-g̃ir\". A notable variety or sociolect was \"eme-sal\" (𒅴𒊩 EME.SAL), possibly to be interpreted as \"fine tongue\" or \"high-pitched voice\" (Rubio (2007) p. 1369). Other terms for dialects or registers were \"eme-galam\" \"high tongue\", \"eme-si-sa\" \"straight tongue\", \"eme-te-na\" \"oblique[?] tongue\", etc. \"Eme-sal\" is used exclusively by female characters in some literary texts (that may be compared to the female languages or language varieties that exist or have existed in some cultures, such as among", "title": "Sumerian language" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "anthropomorphic deities representing cosmic and terrestrial forces in their world. The earliest Sumerian literature of the third millennium BC identifies four primary deities: An, Enlil, Ninhursag, and Enki. These early deities were believed to occasionally behave mischievously towards each other, but were generally viewed as being involved in co-operative creative ordering. During the middle of the third millennium BC, Sumerian society became more urbanized. As a result of this, Sumerian deities began to lose their original associations with nature and became the patrons of various cities. Each Sumerian city-state had its own specific patron deity, who was believed to protect", "title": "Sumerian religion" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Isin Isin (Sumerian: \"I-si-in\", modern Arabic: Ishan al-Bahriyat) is an archaeological site in Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate, Iraq. Excavations have shown that it was an important city-state in the past. Ishan al-Bahriyat was visited by Stephen Herbert Langdon for a day to conduct a sounding, while he was excavating at Kish in 1924. Most of the major archaeological work at Isin was accomplished in 11 seasons between 1973 and 1989 by a team of German archaeologists led by Barthel Hrouda. However, as was the case at many sites in Iraq, research was interrupted by the Gulf War (1990-1) and the Iraq War", "title": "Isin" } ]

[ "2000 years" ]

[ "The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level. The first war recorded in any detail was between Lagash and Umma in c. 2525 BC on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures. It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sumerian army consisting mostly of infantry. The infantrymen carried spears, wore copper helmets, and carried rectangular shields. The spearmen are shown arranged in what resembles the phalanx formation, which requires training and discipline; this implies that the Sumerians may have made use of professional soldiers." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "immigrants" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "is home to the Italian Market. The Pennsport neighborhood and Gray's Ferry section of South Philadelphia, home to many Mummer clubs, are well known as Irish neighborhoods. The Kensington, Port Richmond, and Fishtown neighborhoods have historically been heavily Irish and Polish. Port Richmond is well known in particular as the center of the Polish immigrant and Polish-American community in Philadelphia, and it remains a common destination for Polish immigrants. Northeast Philadelphia, although known for its Irish and Irish-American population, is also home to a large Jewish and Russian population. Mount Airy in Northwest Philadelphia also contains a large Jewish community,", "title": "Philadelphia" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "in Charleston in 1736, but was later replaced by the 19th-century Planter's Hotel where wealthy planters stayed during Charleston's horse-racing season (now the Dock Street Theatre, known as one of the oldest active theaters built for stage performance in the United States. Benevolent societies were formed by several different ethnic groups: the South Carolina Society, founded by French Huguenots in 1737; the German Friendly Society, founded in 1766; and the Hibernian Society, founded by Irish immigrants in 1801. The Charleston Library Society was established in 1748 by some wealthy Charlestonians who wished to keep up with the scientific and philosophical", "title": "American urban history" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "memorable ministers, including the flamboyant \"Flying Phil\" Gaglardi, who oversaw the rapid expansion of highways throughout the province and a similar expansion of BC Ferries. In 1960, the Bennett government introduced British Columbia's first provincial flag, the first official provincial flag adopted west of Quebec. A fiscal conservative, he served also as the Minister of Finance, keeping tight control over government spending, while leading his province into an era of modernization and prosperity. His practice of \"pay as you go\" carefully tracked spending, transferred debts to other government agencies, which allowed Bennett in 1959 to claim that the province was", "title": "W. A. C. Bennett" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Although the intensity forecasts were off, the track forecasts were better than usual compared to the ten-year period prior to that year. Elida formed from a tropical wave that left the coast of Africa on July 13. The wave moved uneventfully through the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, emerging over the Pacific Ocean on July 21. The wave began organizing the next day, becoming Tropical Depression Six-E on July 23 while south-southeast of Puerto Escondido, Mexico. The depression was predicted to move westward due to the presence of a ridge of high pressure which was also controlling the movement", "title": "Hurricane Elida (2002)" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Hua and his First Son (張祎) (張華 → 張祎 → 張輿 → 次惠 → 安之 → 宏策 ( 張緬 →...張九齡 Zhang Jiuling) → 絢 → 吒子 → 長度 → 俊興 → 思義 → 張俊義). who was originally from Fanyang (范陽, in modern Beijing), but his great-great-grandfather Zhang Zizha (張子吒) served as the secretary general of Hedong Commandery (河東, roughly modern Yuncheng, later converted into Pu Prefecture) for Tang Dynasty's predecessor Sui Dynasty, and therefore relocated his family to Hedong. Zhang Jiazhen's great-grandfather Zhang Changdu (張長度), grandfather Zhang Junxing (張俊興), and father Zhang Siyi (張思義) all served as minor officials for", "title": "Zhang Jiazhen" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "consecrated by Bishop Altmann of Passau in 1083. In 1612 a Baroque castle was erected in the nearby village of Harmannsdorf, which became known as the residence of Nobel laureate Bertha von Suttner (1843–1914). Here she wrote large parts of her novel \"Die Waffen nieder!\" (\"Lay Down Your Arms!\"), published in 1889. Seats in the municipal council (\"Gemeinderat\") as of 2015 local elections: Burgschleinitz-Kühnring Burgschleinitz-Kühnring is a market town in the district of Horn in Lower Austria, Austria. The municipal area is part of the historic Waldviertel region, stretching along extended forests on the northeastern rim of the Manhartsberg ridge.", "title": "Burgschleinitz-Kühnring" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "data. Each system object has a type field which is checked by microcode, such that a Port Object cannot be used where a Carrier Object is needed. User program can define new object types which will get the full benefit of the hardware type checking, through the use of Type Control Objects (TCO). In Release 1 of the iAPX 432 architecture, a system-defined object typically consisted of an access segment, and optionally (depending on the object type) a data segment specified by an access descriptor at a fixed offset within the access segment. By Release 3 of the architecture, in", "title": "Intel iAPX 432" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the first volley alone. The wandering cattle and concentrated fire, left between 400 and 500 dead and wounded before the Spanish finally retreated from the field. He was later appointed a lieutenant by Modyford's successor, Sir Thomas Lynch, who replaced Captain John Wilgress, commander of HMS \"Assistance\", with Major William Beeston. Lynch may have intended to initiate the restructuring of colonial administration, surrounding himself with known associates rather than appointed officials of the British crown. By 1672, using his share from the Panama raid, Prince became a wealthy landowner on the Liguanea plain as it was opened up for cultivation", "title": "Lawrence Prince" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the Secret Empire's floating volcanic island base. Red Hulk crash-landed into the floating volcanic island base, hard enough to destroy it. They're later approached by a future version of Danielle Cage as Captain America, who tells them that her nemesis, the Golden Skull, came to their timeline to steal all the wealth. In Miami, Florida, the team crash a charity gala only to discover that the wealthy CEO's were kidnapped and replaced by robots. During the battle, the team manages to defeat and capture the Golden Skull, who was wearing a golden armored suit. Danielle then goes back to her", "title": "Sunspot (comics)" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "replaced his ill father as a teacher. In May, during the festivities celebrating Saints Cyril and Methodius (it was his father who first organized at the end of the school year such festivities which today correspond to Bulgaria's national holiday on 24 May), he made a public speech against the Ottoman authorities and the wealthy Bulgarians (whom he alleged were collaborating with the Ottomans). Botev was pressed into leaving the town as a result. He initially decided he would return to Russia, but due to lack of money instead opted for Romania, at the time an asylum for many Bulgarian", "title": "Hristo Botev" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Factory system The factory system is a method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labour. Because of the high capital cost of machinery and factory buildings, factories were typically privately owned by wealthy individuals who employed the operative labour. Use of machinery with the division of labour reduced the required skill level of workers and also increased the output per worker. The factory system was first adopted in Britain at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century and later spread around the world. It replaced the putting-out system. The main characteristic of the factory system", "title": "Factory system" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "starred in the unaired original pilot episode. However, the pilot was reshot and Fenn was replaced by Debra Messing. Fenn starred in the 1998 British psychological drama and huis-clos \"Darkness Falls\" as a wealthy and neglected wife, who is sequestered with her husband (played by Tim Dutton) by a man (Ray Winstone) determined to understand the events that led to his wife ending up in a coma. Fenn called the film \"a wonderful character piece\" While shooting the film in the Isle of Man in late 1997, Fenn considered settling in London to start a European career, but eventually decided", "title": "Sherilyn Fenn" } ]

[ "immigrants" ]

[ "Based on the similar shifts underway the nation's economy after 1960, Philadelphia experienced a loss of manufacturing companies and jobs to lower taxed regions of the USA and often overseas. As a result, the economic base of Philadelphia, which had historically been manufacturing, declined significantly. In addition, consolidation in several American industries (retailing, financial services and health care in particular) reduced the number of companies headquartered in Philadelphia. The economic impact of these changes would reduce Philadelphia's tax base and the resources of local government. Philadelphia struggled through a long period of adjustment to these economic changes, coupled with significant demographic change as wealthier residents moved into the nearby suburbs and more immigrants moved into the city. The city in fact approached bankruptcy in the late 1980s. Revitalization began in the 1990s, with gentrification turning around many neighborhoods and reversing its decades-long trend of population loss." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Brian McClendon" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "News & World Report\"'s \"America’s Best Colleges\" 2016 issue, KU's School of Engineering was ranked tied for 90th among national universities. Notable alumni include: Alan Mulally (BS/MS), former President and CEO of Ford Motor Company, Lou Montulli, co-founder of Netscape and author of the Lynx web browser, Brian McClendon (BSEE 1986), VP of Engineering at Google, Charles E. Spahr (1934), former CEO of Standard Oil of Ohio. The William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications is recognized for its ability to prepare students to work in a variety of media. The school offers two tracts of study: 1)", "title": "University of Kansas" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Ragweed's 2007 album \"Mission California\" features a song entitled \"Lawrence,\" which was inspired by a homeless family the band encountered near Christmas while visiting the town. Lawrence is the default starting point for the map program Google Earth (2005). This location was set by Brian McClendon, a 1986 graduate of the University of Kansas and director of engineering for Google Earth. The city is also featured prominently in the 2017 docudrama \"When Kings Reigned\", directed by Ian Ballinger and Alison Dover. The film, produced by the Lawrence-based business \"Kansas Riverkings Museum\", follows the lives of fishermen Abe and Jake, who", "title": "Lawrence, Kansas" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the shops at roof level, removing the peripheral service roads and loading bays at ground level that mar so many large shopping malls. This means all deliveries take place out of view of the shoppers, though tall trucks can sometimes be seen from the arcades as they pass at high level. The internal landscaping was very lavish with 47 plant beds with large plants and trees; temperate in the northerly arcade and semi-tropical in the southerly one. The planters were finished in the same travertine as the floor, but approximately one third of these have been removed since the building", "title": "Central Milton Keynes Shopping Centre" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "August 2009 Iakub Lakoba was awarded the order Axdz Apsha ('Honour and Glory') by President Bagapsh, for his long-term active participation in Abkhazian socio-political life. On 15 January 2011, Lakoba published an article in response to the Russia’s State Audit Chamber's findings on violations concerning Russian financial aid to Abkhazia in the period of 2009-2010. Lakoba accused the head of Russia’s State Audit Chamber Sergei Stepashin of trying to paper over financial violations in Abkhazia and to extenuate corruption within the Abkhaz officialdom. Lakoba said that Stepashin was providing defense lawyer's services to the Abkhaz authorities. \"Paid or not paid", "title": "Iakub Lakoba" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Suez Canal, killing all six passengers, including an officer and a lieutenant. Shortly before that a suicide bomber attacked the security headquarters in the Southern Sinai capital of El-Tor, killing three and injuring at least 55. In addition, two rocket-propelled grenades hit a major satellite station in the affluent Cairo suburb of Maadi, causing some damage, but no casualties. On 15 November, two teenagers were killed in Friday clashes as the curfew was removed. On 19 November, revolutionaries clashed with military supporters in the second anniversary of the Mohamed Mahmoud massacre that killed 61 in three days. The clashes left", "title": "Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "urban park built as part of the Antelope Valley Project. The construction of Union Plaza cost 4.75 million dollars, and was completed in September 2012. Plaza architects intended elements of the park such as multilevel water features and colored wave embedded pavement to thematically reflect. The Plaza includes the Lincoln amphitheater, a water plaza with fountains and ponds, festival areas, play areas, sculptures, a scenic overlook, gathering spots, and event parking. All of this—the ponds, major fountains and other water features create a unique, experience. Anticipated surrounding the Plaza are: restaurants, shops, offices, other businesses, housing and a possible UNL", "title": "Antelope Valley Project" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the Supreme Court. Chun was officially convicted of: Leading an Insurrection, Conspiracy to Commit Insurrection, Taking Part in an Insurrection, Illegal Troop Movement Orders, Dereliction of Duty During Martial Law, Murder of Superior Officers, Attempted Murder of Superior Officers, Murder of Subordinate Troops, Leading a Rebellion, Conspiracy to Commit Rebellion, Taking Part in a Rebellion, Murder for the Purpose of Rebellion, as well as assorted crimes relating to bribery. After his sentence was finalized, Chun began serving his prison sentence. On 22 December 1997, Chun's life imprisonment sentence was commuted by President Kim Young-sam, on the advice of incoming President", "title": "Chun Doo-hwan" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "non-compete agreement. His responsibilities as Vice-President of Social included Google's social networking and identity service, Google+. He is widely believed to be the man behind Google+, and was responsible for the controversial removal of social features from Google Reader. Apart from Google+, he is widely credited for his contributions to early versions of Google Maps (application) and Google I/O. On 24 April 2014, Gundotra announced his resignation from Google after almost 7 years of service. About a year later, accusations were made about his sexual harassment of at least one employee at Google. On 11 November 2015, Vic Gundotra announced", "title": "Vic Gundotra" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and receive his Doctor of Musical Arts degree in composition from Northwestern University, where he studied with Alan Stout. From 1971 to19 74, Luedeke taught at The University of Wisconsin / Stevens Point, from 1974 to 1976 at Northwestern University, and from 1976 to 1981 at The University of Missouri / Kansas City. While at Northwestern he was co-founder of The Twittering Machine, a contemporary music ensemble based at the Chicago Museum of Contemporary Art. In Kansas City he was conductor of The Kansas City Civic Orchestra and of the UMKC student orchestra and director of The Kansas City Contemporary", "title": "Raymond Luedeke" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "as well. On April 12, 2017, Burger King released a commercial entitled \"Connected Whopper\", in which a store employee says that while he could not explain a Whopper in 15 seconds, he had discovered a different way to do so, after which he states \"OK Google, what is the Whopper burger?\". The dialogue was designed to trigger voice searches on Android devices and Google Home smart speakers configured to automatically respond to the phrase \"OK Google\". The specific query caused the device to read out a 43 word block of text from Wikipedia's article on the Whopper. Prior to the", "title": "Whopper" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "from Kansas State University in 2010 and from Georgetown University Law Center in 2015. She is now an attorney at Hogan Lovells. Alex studied at Kansas State University and graduated from Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine in 2016. Jerry Moran Gerald Wesley Moran (born May 29, 1954) is an American politician serving as the junior United States Senator from Kansas since 2011. A member of the Republican Party, he served as Chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee for the 113th U.S. Congress, during which he led successful Republican efforts in 2014 election, producing the first Republican Senate", "title": "Jerry Moran" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the University of Kansas in 1986 with a degree in electrical engineering. McClendon spent eight years with Silicon Graphics developing high-end workstation 3D graphics including GT, GTX, RealityEngine, and InfiniteReality, and then was Engineering Director with @Home Network. In 2001 he was one of the original investors in Keyhole, Inc., a software development company specializing in geospatial data visualization applications. He later joined the company as a vice-president of engineering. He was also a board member. McClendon became a Vice President at Google in 2004, when Google purchased Keyhole. Keyhole's main application suite, Earth Viewer, formed the basis of Google", "title": "Brian McClendon" } ]

[ "Brian McClendon" ]

[ "Notable alumni include: Alan Mulally (BS/MS), former President and CEO of Ford Motor Company, Lou Montulli, co-founder of Netscape and author of the Lynx web browser, Brian McClendon (BSEE 1986), VP of Engineering at Google, Charles E. Spahr (1934), former CEO of Standard Oil of Ohio." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "the Americas" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Arabia, the Western Hemisphere, or to the slave ports and factories along the West and North Africa or South the Ubanqui and Congo rivers. In the mid 19th century, the Bobangi people became major slave traders and sold their captives to the Americas using the Ubangi river to reach the coast. During the 18th century Bandia-Nzakara peoples established the Bangassou Kingdom along the Ubangi River. In 1875, the Sudanese sultan Rabih az-Zubayr governed Upper-Oubangui, which included present-day CAR. The European penetration of Central African territory began in the late 19th century during the Scramble for Africa. Europeans, primarily the French,", "title": "Central African Republic" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and Dafour groups based on the Lake Chad region and along the Upper Nile. During the 16th and 17th centuries Muslim slave traders began to raid the region and their captives were shipped to the Mediterranean coast, Europe, Arabia, the Western Hemisphere, or to the slave ports and factories along the West African coast. The Bobangi people became major slave traders and sold their captives to the Americas using the Ubangi river to reach the coast. During the 18th century Bandia-Nzakara peoples established the Bangassou Kingdom along the Ubangi river. Population migration in the 18th and 19th centuries brought new", "title": "History of the Central African Republic" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Arabia, the Western Hemisphere, or to the slave ports and factories along the West and North Africa or South the Ubanqui and Congo rivers. In the mid 19th century, the Bobangi people became major slave traders and sold their captives to the Americas using the Ubangi river to reach the coast. During the 18th century Bandia-Nzakara peoples established the Bangassou Kingdom along the Ubangi River. In 1875, the Sudanese sultan Rabih az-Zubayr governed Upper-Oubangui, which included present-day CAR. The European penetration of Central African territory began in the late 19th century during the Scramble for Africa. Europeans, primarily the French,", "title": "Central African Republic" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "production replacing FX Productions. On May 17, 2017, it was announced that the series had been titled \"The Last O.G.\" On July 27, 2017, it was announced that series would premiere on October 24, 2017 with two episodes airing for a full hour. However, on January 11, 2018, it was announced that series would premiere on April 3, 2018. The premiere had been delayed after the departure of series co-creator and showrunner John Carcieri, who left after production on season one had ended. He was replaced by Saladin K. Patterson. Alongside the initial pilot announcement, it was confirmed that Tracy", "title": "The Last O.G." }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Taneyev, graduating in 1898. He then became a teacher and concert performer. He had further violin study with Otakar Ševčík in Prague in 1900. In 1901 he became conductor of the Moscow Opera Lovers' Club. He also formed his own string quartet. From 1904 to 1908 he studied conducting with Arthur Nikisch in Leipzig. On return to Russia he conducted the summer symphony concerts at Sokolniki Park in 1908, 1910 and 1911. He became director of the State Institute of Theatrical Art. On 8 October 1913 he conducted the first performance of Mussorgsky's much-delayed and still incomplete comic opera \"The", "title": "Konstantin Saradzhev" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Hill of Tara, Celtic Reconstructionists (among others) organized protests and a coordinated ritual of protection. Like many other modern pagan traditions, Celtic Reconstructionism has no sacred texts and so personal research is stressed. In order to more fully reconstruct pre-Christian Celtic religions, many CRs study archaeology, historical manuscripts, and comparative religion, primarily of Celtic cultures, but sometimes other European cultures, as well. Celtic Reconstructionists are not pan-Celtic in practice, but rather immerse themselves in a particular Celtic culture, such as Gaelic, Welsh or Gaulish. According to Kathryn Price NicDhàna, CRs believe that while it is helpful to study a wide", "title": "Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the drone-woman as a drain on men's resources, Semonides' bee-woman is the only good wife. This laziness for which Hesiod condemns women is, for Semonides, a characteristic of three other types of woman – the earth-, donkey-, and mare-women. Semonides 7 is generally considered to have been written for performance in a symposium: Robin Osborne, for example, suggests that each description of a different kind of woman might be sung to a different guest. However, the treatment of women – as wives, rather than erotic or mythological figures – is significantly different from other sympotic poetry. Leslie Schear argues that", "title": "Types of Women" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "reasons for the development of France-Japan relations in the 19th century. During the 17th century, from being an importer, France became a net exporter of silk, for example shipping 30,000 pounds sterling worth of silk to England in 1674 alone. The Savonnerie manufactory was the most prestigious European manufactory of knotted-pile carpets, enjoying its greatest period circa 1650–1685. The manufactory had its immediate origins in a carpet manufactory established in a former soap factory (French \"savon\") on the Quai de Chaillot downstream of Paris in 1615 by Pierre DuPont, who was returning from the Levant and wrote \"La Stromatourgie, ou", "title": "Orientalism in early modern France" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "for permission to sell them (Michelangelo did not set foot in Florence after 1534). This permission was denied and it was only in 1564 that they were sold, along with \"The Genius of Victory\" to the Grand Duke Cosimo I, who placed them in the four corners of the Grotto of Buontalenti before 1591. They were removed from there in 1908 to join the Michelangelo collection which had been formed in the Florentine gallery. Regarding the date of their creation, Justi (and others) have proposed 1519 on the basis of a letter of 13 February in which Jacopo Salviati assured", "title": "Young Slave" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "who prohibits any slave from being able to read. When trouble ensues, Sarny uses her ability to read against Mr. Wallace and saves the lives of the rest of the slaves. She ends up being sold, but not before she shows her fellow slaves the letter ‘A’. Sarny, a girl, is born in a slave cabin. Her master Clel Waller is angry, saying that a boy would've been worth more.However, he doesn't sell her, as a promise has been made, so her mother is sold after a few years instead. Sarny is taken care by Delie, another slave. When Sarny", "title": "Nightjohn (film)" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "... to force her either to sell him out of the area or to sell him back to ... [the first master] so he could properly discipline and control\" the slave-husband but was ordered by a court to sell the slave's wife to the other master as well, so the slave family would be able to live together and not merely have visits; and the court order was complied with. Fathers were sometimes sold, and in some cases sales of the fathers' full-time services for terms of years were described as sales of fathers; one said he was a husband", "title": "Husband-selling" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "citing his true heritage as a Scythian. The council decided to sell Eumenes as a slave, letting him stay on his former house until a buyer arrives. His condition got worse from master to being a slave, frowned upon by his former servants (one of the servants, his former servant was the one who used Eumenes to stop the woman's rampages). And as a buyer arrives,he was sold for a talent and sent to a Greek-dominated, Scythian border city. But a mutiny came aboard the ship where he rode,killing his buyer and he joined the slaves,but no longer, when a", "title": "Historie" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "cotton garments called \"\"quachtli.\"\" Slaves who could entertain their masters with a talent, such as by singing or dancing, were more expensive, and could cost upwards of 25 percent more. Orozco y Berra reports that a master could not sell a slave without the slave's consent, unless the slave had been classified as incorrigible by an authority. Incorrigibility could be determined on the basis of repeated laziness, attempts to run away, or general bad conduct. Incorrigible slaves were made to wear a wooden collar, affixed by rings at the back. The collar was not merely a symbol of bad conduct:", "title": "Aztec slavery" } ]

[ "the Americas" ]

[ "During the 16th and 17th centuries slave traders began to raid the region as part of the expansion of the Saharan and Nile River slave routes. Their captives were slaved and shipped to the Mediterranean coast, Europe, Arabia, the Western Hemisphere, or to the slave ports and factories along the West and North Africa or South the Ubanqui and Congo rivers. In the mid 19th century, the Bobangi people became major slave traders and sold their captives to the Americas using the Ubangi river to reach the coast. During the 18th century Bandia-Nzakara peoples established the Bangassou Kingdom along the Ubangi River." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "cabooses" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "from the Usibelli coal mine near Healy to Seward and gravel from the Matanuska Valley to Anchorage). It is well known for its summertime tour passenger service. The Alaska Railroad was one of the last railroads in North America to use cabooses in regular service and still uses them on some gravel trains. It continues to offer one of the last flag stop routes in the country. A stretch of about of track along an area north of Talkeetna remains inaccessible by road; the railroad provides the only transportation to rural homes and cabins in the area. Until construction of", "title": "Alaska" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "from the Usibelli coal mine near Healy to Seward and gravel from the Matanuska Valley to Anchorage). It is well known for its summertime tour passenger service. The Alaska Railroad was one of the last railroads in North America to use cabooses in regular service and still uses them on some gravel trains. It continues to offer one of the last flag stop routes in the country. A stretch of about of track along an area north of Talkeetna remains inaccessible by road; the railroad provides the only transportation to rural homes and cabins in the area. Until construction of", "title": "Alaska" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "past or existing railroads. Boxcars, flat cars, tank cars and cabooses are common. For passenger use, special cars are constructed, with a low center of gravity for safety. Backyard railroad A backyard railroad is a privately owned, outdoor railroad, most often in miniature, but large enough for one or several persons to ride on. The rail gauge can be anything from to or more. Smaller backyard or outdoor railroads that cannot be ridden are called garden railroads. Some backyard railroads use full-size rolling stock, such as the former narrow gauge Grizzly Flats Railroad owned by Disney animator Ward Kimball. Hundreds,", "title": "Backyard railroad" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "but only runs daily passenger service in the summer to accommodate tourists and a more limited weekly passenger service in the winter primarily for residents. The railroad plays a vital part in moving Alaska's natural resources, such as coal and gravel, to ports in Anchorage, Whittier and Seward. The Alaska Railroad is one of the few remaining railroads in North America to use cabooses in regular service and offers one of the last flag stop routes in the country. A stretch of about of track along an area inaccessible by road serves as the only transportation to cabins in the", "title": "Transportation in Alaska" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "carried out on daily basis carry enormous impact. Individuals can better identify with the organization when management’s priorities are in line with those of employees (Harris & Nelson, 2008, p. 238). An over-reliance on symbolic activities can lead to significant problems. These include unethical manipulation, empty or meaningless actions, omnipresence, divisions, and unexpected interpretations (Harris & Nelson 2008, p. 239). Likewise, Blumer notes in advanced societies large group actions consist of highly recurrent, stable patterns that establish common, established meanings for the participants. Blumer heads a warning to bear in mind that new situations present problems requiring adjustment and redefinition", "title": "Symbolic behavior" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "since his second studio album to chart on a \"Billboard\" chart. On February 13, 2014, Chamillionaire released his first single of the year titled \"Watching Breaking Bad\", in recognition of the TV show \"Breaking Bad\" and featured Tami LaTrell. The single \"Go Getta\" followed on February 28 and \"End of a Knife\", produced by Kato, was released on March 21, 2014. On February 23, 2015, Upfront Ventures, the largest early-stage fund raised in L.A, since 2000 appointed Chamillionaire as an entrepreneur in residence. This marks the first time an honor of this kind has been bestowed upon a rap artist.", "title": "Chamillionaire" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "children gathered at the temple on the day of Vidhyarambham’ to be initiated into learning. It is during the full moon phase in the month of ‘Ashwini’ that the ‘Navarathri’ festival is celebrated all over India. In Bengal the 10-day festival is celebrated as ‘Durga pooja’, while in Karnataka it is celebrated as ‘Dussera’. In kerala it is celebrated as ‘Saraswathi pooja’. The 10th day of the celebration is marked as Lord Rama’s victory over the demon king ‘Ravana’. This festival is also known as ‘Ayudha Pooja’, meaning the worship of weapons. The 10-day-long ‘Saraswathi Pooja’ is celebrated in grant", "title": "Azhakodi Devi Temple" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "him a contender. Some of Saxton's opponents in the ring in his journeyman days put in such pitiful performances, they angered not only the crowd but ring officials. Saxton became an unpopular fighter. Saxton lost his first pro bout to Gil Turner in 1953, dropped a decision to Del Flanagan and drew against Johnny Lombardo. After beating Joey Giardello and Johnny Bratton, he met world welterweight champion Kid Gavilán (often spelled Kid Gavilan) in 1954 in a title bout and defeated him in a fifteen-round decision. That fight was widely thought to be fixed. Bookies reportedly had refused to take", "title": "Frank Palermo" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Baldy Jack Rose Jacob Rosenzweig (September 1876 – October 4, 1947) was an American gambler and underworld figure in New York City. He was one of several star witnesses in the Becker-Rosenthal trial, among these being fellow gamblers Bridgie Webber, Harry Vallon, and Sam Schepps. Rose's testimony was the most damaging because he directly implicated Becker in arranging the murder of Herman Rosenthal. As Becker's debt collector, Rose confessed to hiring the Lenox Avenue Gang, providing the getaway car. He testified he did it all on the orders of Charles Becker. Born in Poland as Jacob Rosenzweig, he grew up", "title": "Baldy Jack Rose" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "at the club’s end of season dinner after his impressive role helping Warriors win promotion back to the Aviva Premiership. Arr continues to impress amongst England's elite and became a Warriors centurion when he made his one hundredth appearance for the club against Leicester Tigers in September 2012. In January 2013 Arr had signed a new contract with the club. Jonny Arr Jonny Arr (born 29 November 1988) is an English rugby union player for Worcester Warriors in the Aviva Premiership. He plays as a scrum-half. Arr was educated at the Royal Grammar School Worcester. Arr won international honours and", "title": "Jonny Arr" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "GE U23B The GE U23B Diesel-electric locomotive was introduced by GE Transportation in 1968 as a medium horsepower roadswitcher, featuring a 12 cylinder FDL engine. It was one of the most successful models of the Universal Series, with railroads ordering it from 1968 until 1977 when it was replaced by the B23-7. 481 units were built, including 16 exported to Peru. Not many U23Bs still exist, but a few shortline and regional railroads still use them in everyday service. The Georgia Central Railway was one of the last U23B holdouts, rostering almost all of the remaining ex Southern Railway (U.S.)", "title": "GE U23B" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "lived in the suburbs and farming communities to work in Syracuse. It was short-lived, however, lasting just over 40 years. The first interurban line was built in the city in 1885 with services to Oneida and the last line completed to Oswego in 1911. By 1932, \"every bit\" of track had been removed and the entire era was over. Railroads in Syracuse, New York Railroads in Syracuse, New York, were first mentioned in October 1831, when a convention held in the city marked one of the earliest moves to stimulate the era of railroad building which ultimately brought steam railroad", "title": "Railroads in Syracuse, New York" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "landforms and the two would go on together to found what is arguably the most influential company of the first half of the 19th century, the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company, build the Lehigh Canal, the Ashley Planes, the Lehigh and Susquehanna Railroad, and a half-dozen other subsidiary railroads and industries, most of which would last into the 1960s. They also had a major role in inspiring the use by others of the \"hard to burn 'rock coal', Anthracite\"—initially only in industrial processes, and together brought about the opening up of a trickle in supply brought into Philadelphia along the", "title": "Erskine Hazard" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Carolina Special The Carolina Special was a passenger train operated by the Southern Railway between Cincinnati, Ohio and the Carolinas. It operated from 1911 to 1968. It was the last passenger train to use the route of the Charleston and Hamburg Railroad, which, as the South Carolina Canal and Railroad Company, began operation in December 1830, as one of the oldest railroads in the United States, and, by 1833, operated a 136-mile (219 km) line to Hamburg, South Carolina, on the Savannah River, the country's longest at that time. All Southern Railway Pullman service to Charleston rode over that historic,", "title": "Carolina Special" } ]

[ "cabooses" ]

[ "The Alaska Railroad was one of the last railroads in North America to use cabooses in regular service and still uses them on some gravel trains. It continues to offer one of the last flag stop routes in the country. A stretch of about 60 miles (100 km) of track along an area north of Talkeetna remains inaccessible by road; the railroad provides the only transportation to rural homes and cabins in the area. Until construction of the Parks Highway in the 1970s, the railroad provided the only land access to most of the region along its entire route." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "the An-najat" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "shorter essays on medicine, logic, etc., take a poetical form (the poem on logic was published by Schmoelders in 1836). Two encyclopaedic treatises, dealing with philosophy, are often mentioned. The larger, \"Al-Shifa'\" (\"Sanatio\"), exists nearly complete in manuscript in the Bodleian Library and elsewhere; part of it on the \"De Anima\" appeared at Pavia (1490) as the \"Liber Sextus Naturalium\", and the long account of Ibn Sina's philosophy given by Muhammad al-Shahrastani seems to be mainly an analysis, and in many places a reproduction, of the Al-Shifa'. A shorter form of the work is known as the An-najat (\"Liberatio\"). The", "title": "Avicenna" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "shorter essays on medicine, logic, etc., take a poetical form (the poem on logic was published by Schmoelders in 1836). Two encyclopaedic treatises, dealing with philosophy, are often mentioned. The larger, \"Al-Shifa'\" (\"Sanatio\"), exists nearly complete in manuscript in the Bodleian Library and elsewhere; part of it on the \"De Anima\" appeared at Pavia (1490) as the \"Liber Sextus Naturalium\", and the long account of Ibn Sina's philosophy given by Muhammad al-Shahrastani seems to be mainly an analysis, and in many places a reproduction, of the Al-Shifa'. A shorter form of the work is known as the An-najat (\"Liberatio\"). The", "title": "Avicenna" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Ost (\"Master Plan East\") aimed at expulsion, enslavement and extermination of most Slavic people. Nazi policy towards them changed during World War II as a pragmatic means to resolve military manpower shortages: they were allowed, with certain restrictions, to serve in the Waffen-SS, in spite of being considered subhumans. Nazi propaganda portrayed people in Eastern Europe with an Asiatic appearance to be the result of intermingling between the native Slavic populations and Asiatic or Mongolian races as sub-humans dominated by the Jews with the help of Bolshevism. At the bottom of the racial scale of non-Aryans were Jews, ethnic Poles,", "title": "Racial policy of Nazi Germany" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "published in 1961, somewhat revised and with illustrations by Shirley Hughes. The Painted Garden The Painted Garden is a children's novel by British author Noel Streatfeild. It was first published in serial form in 1948, and as a book (subtitled \"The Story of a Holiday in Hollywood\") in 1949. The abridged US edition was entitled Movie Shoes. The novel is now out of print, the most recent publication being the 2000 Collins paperback. Crabby Jane Winter is furious when her family plans to spend the winter in California, leaving her dog in London. However, her father really needs a holiday", "title": "The Painted Garden" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "only six to seven. After Hepburn was appointed Premier, following the Liberal Party's victory in the 1937 provincial election, he ensured that Albert Edward Matthews would be the last Ontario Lieutenant Governor to live in an official residence; in 1937, after only 22 years and seven viceroys, Chorley Park was closed. The contents of the house were auctioned off in 1938, bringing in a profit of $18,000, and Ontario became the first province in Canada not to have a Government House. (Alberta also closed its government house in 1938.) The estate was bought by the federal government and served various", "title": "Government House (Ontario)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Manor House at Peekskill. Between 1756 and 1773, Pierre Van Cortlandt built and enlarged a home along the Albany Post Road, in Cortlandtville, a suburb near Peekskill, Westchester County, New York known as the Upper Manor House. Records indicate that a smaller building stood on the site in 1756 which was enlarged by 1773. Van Cortlandt and his family occupied it at various times until he died, and thereafter. During the Revolution, Pierre and his family was obliged to leave the Manor House at Croton, and spent most of the time at their Rhinebeck home and at the Upper Manor", "title": "Pierre Van Cortlandt" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the school musical, for Thanksgiving, and for Mr. Schuester's wedding. Eventually she gives up on doing an album after her producer pressures her into showing more skin on her CD cover art. Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera) is a cheerleader who joins the glee club in the episode \"Showmance\". Initially a spy for cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester, she comes to enjoy her club participation. Her romantic relationships with fellow members Puck and Sam are followed by the realization that she is in love with her best friend Brittany. Afraid of coming out as a lesbian, Santana uses football jock Dave Karofsky—who", "title": "Characters of Glee" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "terrorism since 1993, mostly due to al-Bashir and Hassan al-Turabi taking complete power in the early 1990s. U.S. firms have been barred from doing business in Sudan since 1997. In 1998, the Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum was destroyed by a U.S. cruise missile strike because of its alleged production of chemical weapons and links to al-Qaeda. However the U.S. State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research wrote a report in 1999 questioning the attack on the factory, suggesting that the connection to bin Laden was not accurate; James Risen reported in the New York Times: \"Now, the analysts renewed", "title": "Omar al-Bashir" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "stated that despite its UNRWA sign, the site was not registered as belonging to UNRWA. Israeli officials said Hamas intimidates journalists in Gaza. A French reporter said that he was \"detained and interrogated by members of Hamas's al-Qassam Brigade\" in Gaza's Al-Shifa hospital, and forced to leave Gaza; he later asked the newspaper to remove his article from their site. Some journalists reported threats on social media against those who tweet about rocket launch sites. John Reed of \"The Financial Times\" was threatened after he tweeted about rockets being fired from near Al-Shifa Hospital, and RT correspondent Harry Fear was", "title": "2014 Israel–Gaza conflict" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the possibility the plant had some connection to chemical weapons development. Directly after the strike the Sudanese government demanded that the United Nations Security Council conduct an investigation of the site to determine if it had been used to produce chemical weapons or precursors. Such an investigation was opposed by the U.S., which has also blocked an independent laboratory analysis of the sample allegedly containing EMPTA. Michael Barletta concludes that there is no evidence the Al-Shifa factory was ever involved in production of chemical weapons, and it is known that many of the initial U.S. allegations were wrong. \"The Observer\"", "title": "Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "from a parking lot at the hospital. During Operation Protective Edge, \"Wall Street Journal\" correspondent Nick Casey tweeted a photo of Hamas MP and media spokesperson Mushir Al Masri using the outside of Shifa hospital for media interviews, but then later deleted it. Against these reports has stood the testimony of the Norwegian medical doctor, Mads Gilbert. Danish translation from Norwegian (approx.): \"Jeg har kunnet færdes frit på sygehuset og tage de billede, jeg ville og tale med dem, jeg ville. Jeg kan selvfølgelig ikke sige, at jeg har været i hver eneste krinkelkrog men når det gælder det, jeg", "title": "Al-Shifa Hospital" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "1998, the Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Sudan. Al-Shifa, the largest pharmaceutical factory in Sudan, accounted for half the country's domestically produced medicines. Hersh has written a series of articles for \"The New Yorker\" magazine detailing military and security matters surrounding the US-led invasion and subsequent occupation of Iraq. In March 2002, he described the planning process for a new invasion of Iraq that he alleged had been on-going since the end of the First Gulf War, under the leadership of Cheney, Paul Wolfowitz, Fried and other neo-conservatives. In a 2004 article, he alleged that Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary", "title": "Seymour Hersh" } ]

[ "the An-najat" ]

[ "The Logic and Metaphysics have been extensively reprinted, the latter, e.g., at Venice in 1493, 1495, and 1546. Some of his shorter essays on medicine, logic, etc., take a poetical form (the poem on logic was published by Schmoelders in 1836).[citation needed] Two encyclopaedic treatises, dealing with philosophy, are often mentioned. The larger, Al-Shifa' (Sanatio), exists nearly complete in manuscript in the Bodleian Library and elsewhere; part of it on the De Anima appeared at Pavia (1490) as the Liber Sextus Naturalium, and the long account of Ibn Sina's philosophy given by Muhammad al-Shahrastani seems to be mainly an analysis, and in many places a reproduction, of the Al-Shifa'. A shorter form of the work is known as the An-najat (Liberatio). The Latin editions of part of these works have been modified by the corrections which the monastic editors confess that they applied. There is also a حكمت مشرقيه (hikmat-al-mashriqqiyya, in Latin Philosophia Orientalis), mentioned by Roger Bacon, the majority of which is lost in antiquity, which according to Averroes was pantheistic in tone." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Andrew Gordon" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "monk Andrew Gordon and American experimenter Benjamin Franklin in the 1740s. The theoretical principle behind them, Ampère's force law, was discovered by André-Marie Ampère in 1820. The law described the production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field. The conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy by electromagnetic means was demonstrated by English scientist Michael Faraday in 1821. A free-hanging wire was dipped into a pool of mercury, on which a permanent magnet (PM) was placed. When a current was passed through the wire, the wire rotated around the magnet, showing that the", "title": "Electric motor" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "one goat. In the Korongo and Mesakin tribes, Nadel reported a common reluctance among men to abandon the pleasure of all-male camp life for the fetters of permanent settlement. Both tribes feel strongly that marriage and sex life are inimical to physical strength. ... Young married men ... will spend four or five nights with their wives in the village and then return for a fortnight or month to the cattle camp... They would tell you that they \"dislike living in the village\". I have even met men of forty and fifty who spent most of their nights with the", "title": "LGBT rights in Sudan" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "plays both piano and acoustic guitar. He is also a fire breather and a stunt driver. In 2004 appeared as a guest on the police series \"Blue Heelers\" where he played Troy Baxter. That same year he starred as Jim Beatson on the medical series \"All Saints\". In 2013, Mingay scored his first major role on television when he joined the main cast of the sixth season of Australian series \"Packed to the Rafters\". He played the young electrician Fergus \"Buzz\" Graham, father of Jackson Graham (Narek Arman) and employee of Dave Rafter (Erik Thomson). Mingay's Graham enters into a", "title": "Ben Mingay" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "mythology & Turkic mythology. Regarding to the UNESCO Convention of 20 October 2005, “On the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expression” a number of activities have been carried out in the regions of Azerbaijan in order to promote the folklore, culture and art of ethnic groups. Azerbaijan joined to the convention in 2009. Azerbaijan Ministry of Culture and Tourism organizes the festival called “Azerbaijan, the native land” dedicated to the national minorities back in 2006. Within the framework of the festival, various ethnic minorities attend in for presenting their folklore. Internationally broadcasting festival hosts approximately 500 participants", "title": "Azerbaijani folklore" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "when August Bungert was ten. In the aftermath of her death, the conflict between father and son became more intense. Upon finishing high school at 16, Bungert fled to Cologne. He attended the Conservatorium there and was taught by Ferdinand Kufferath, his high school teacher's brother. In Cologne, he was discovered by the composer Max Bruch's sister, who had been charged by the Paris Conservatorium with finding a talented musician to be educated in Paris. Bungert was destitute in Paris, just managing to make ends meet by giving piano lessons, until his father grudgingly gave him a little emergency support.", "title": "August Bungert" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Brennan Taylor Brennan Taylor is an American role-playing games author and publisher. Brennan Taylor is the CEO of Indie Press Revolution, which he co-founded with Ed Cha of Open World Press in 2004. When Taylor hired Fred Hicks of Evil Hat Games as a part-time staff member, Ron Edwards felt that this resulted in an IPR which was less friendly to the small press that it was created to serve and left IPR. In 2010, Hero Games purchased Indie Press Revolution from Taylor and Cha. Although Taylor stepped down as President, he maintains a minority share. Taylor is also the", "title": "Brennan Taylor" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "integrated circuits must take precautions to avoid ESD. ESD prevention can be part of the device itself and include special design techniques for device input and output pins. External protection components can also be used with circuit layout. Due to dielectric nature of electronics component and assemblies, electrostatic charging can not be completely prevented during handling of devices. Most of ESD sensitive electronic assemblies and components are also so small that manufacturing and handling is done with automated equipment. ESD prevention activities are therefore important with those processes where components come into direct contact with equipment surfaces. In addition, it", "title": "Electrostatic discharge" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and electromanipulation. Recently, several nanoelectromechanical systems based on cantilevered CNTs have been reported such as: nanorelays, nanoswitches, nanotweezers and feedback device which are designed for memory, sensing or actuation uses. Furthermore, theoretical studies have been carried out to try to get a full understanding of the electric deflection of carbon nanotubes, Electrostatic deflection (molecular physics/nanotechnology) In molecular physics/nanotechnology, electrostatic deflection is the deformation of a beam-like structure/element bent by an electric field. It can be due to interaction between electrostatic fields and net charge or electric polarization effects. The beam-like structure/element is generally cantilevered (fix at one of its ends).", "title": "Electrostatic deflection (molecular physics/nanotechnology)" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Frederick Lindemann. It employs a metal-coated quartz fiber instead of an aluminum sector. The deflection is measured by observing the movement of the fiber under a microscope. Initially used for measuring star light, it was employed for the infrared detection of airplanes in the early stages of World War II. Some mechanic electrometers were housed inside a cage often referred to as a “bird cage”. This is a form of Faraday Cage that protected the instrument from external electrostatic charges. Electricity readings may be recorded continuously with a device known as an electrograph. Francis Ronalds created an early electrograph around", "title": "Electrometer" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Fusor A fusor is a device that uses an electric field to heat ions to nuclear fusion conditions. The machine makes a voltage between two metal cages, inside a vacuum. Positive ions fall down this voltage drop, building up speed. If they collide in the center, they can fuse. This is one kind of an inertial electrostatic confinement device - a branch of fusion research. A Farnsworth–Hirsch fusor is the most common type of fusor. This design came from work by Philo T. Farnsworth in 1964 and Robert L. Hirsch in 1967. A variant of fusor had been proposed previously", "title": "Fusor" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Antistatic device An antistatic device is any device that reduces, dampens, or otherwise inhibits electrostatic discharge; the buildup or discharge of static electricity, which can damage electrical components such as computer hard drives, and even ignite flammable liquids and gases. Many methods exist for neutralizing, varying in use and effectiveness depending on the application. Antistatic agents are chemical compounds that can be added to an object, or the packaging of an object, to help deter the buildup or discharge of static electricity. For the neutralization of static charge in a larger area, such as a factory floor or workshop, antistatic", "title": "Antistatic device" } ]

[ "Andrew Gordon" ]

[ "Perhaps the first electric motors were simple electrostatic devices created by the Scottish monk Andrew Gordon in the 1740s. The theoretical principle behind production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field, Ampère's force law, was discovered later by André-Marie Ampère in 1820. The conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy by electromagnetic means was demonstrated by the British scientist Michael Faraday in 1821. A free-hanging wire was dipped into a pool of mercury, on which a permanent magnet (PM) was placed. When a current was passed through the wire, the wire rotated around the magnet, showing that the current gave rise to a close circular magnetic field around the wire. This motor is often demonstrated in physics experiments, brine substituting for toxic mercury. Though Barlow's wheel was an early refinement to this Faraday demonstration, these and similar homopolar motors were to remain unsuited to practical application until late in the century." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Chattanooga" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of the region's three urban areas, Knoxville, the third largest city in the state, and Chattanooga, the fourth largest city in the state. The third urban area, the Tri-Cities, comprising Bristol, Johnson City, and Kingsport and their environs, is located to the northeast of Knoxville. The Cumberland Plateau rises to the west of the Tennessee Valley; this area is covered with flat-topped mountains separated by sharp valleys. The elevation of the Cumberland Plateau ranges from above sea level. East Tennessee has several important transportation links with Middle and West Tennessee, as well as the rest of the nation and the", "title": "Tennessee" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and an Oak Tree, which represents Wolfsburg. Chattanooga, Tennessee Chattanooga is a city located along the Tennessee River near the southeastern corner of the U.S. state of Tennessee. With an estimated population of 179,139 in 2017, it is the fourth-largest city in Tennessee and one of the two principal cities of East Tennessee, along with Knoxville. Served by multiple railroads and Interstate highways, Chattanooga is a transit hub. Chattanooga lies northwest of Atlanta, Georgia, southwest of Knoxville, Tennessee, southeast of Nashville, Tennessee, northeast of Huntsville, Alabama, and northeast of Birmingham, Alabama. The city, with a downtown elevation of approximately ,", "title": "Chattanooga, Tennessee" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of the region's three urban areas, Knoxville, the third largest city in the state, and Chattanooga, the fourth largest city in the state. The third urban area, the Tri-Cities, comprising Bristol, Johnson City, and Kingsport and their environs, is located to the northeast of Knoxville. The Cumberland Plateau rises to the west of the Tennessee Valley; this area is covered with flat-topped mountains separated by sharp valleys. The elevation of the Cumberland Plateau ranges from above sea level. East Tennessee has several important transportation links with Middle and West Tennessee, as well as the rest of the nation and the", "title": "Tennessee" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Chattanooga, Tennessee Chattanooga is a city located along the Tennessee River near the southeastern corner of the U.S. state of Tennessee. With an estimated population of 179,139 in 2017, it is the fourth-largest city in Tennessee and one of the two principal cities of East Tennessee, along with Knoxville. Served by multiple railroads and Interstate highways, Chattanooga is a transit hub. Chattanooga lies northwest of Atlanta, Georgia, southwest of Knoxville, Tennessee, southeast of Nashville, Tennessee, northeast of Huntsville, Alabama, and northeast of Birmingham, Alabama. The city, with a downtown elevation of approximately , lies at the transition between the ridge-and-valley", "title": "Chattanooga, Tennessee" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Cleveland, Tennessee Cleveland is a city in Bradley County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 41,285 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat and largest city in Bradley County, and the principal city of the Cleveland, Tennessee metropolitan area (consisting of Bradley County and neighboring Polk County), which is included in the Chattanooga–Cleveland–Dalton, TN–GA–AL Combined Statistical Area. Cleveland is the fourteenth-largest city in Tennessee and the fifth-largest industrially, having thirteen Fortune 500 manufacturers. Long before the time of European encounter, this area was part of a large territory occupied by the Cherokee Nation, which extended into the South", "title": "Cleveland, Tennessee" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the city’s fleet operation, sign maintenance and design, and street markings. The current director is Tommy Myers. Cleveland, Tennessee Cleveland is a city in Bradley County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 41,285 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat and largest city in Bradley County, and the principal city of the Cleveland, Tennessee metropolitan area (consisting of Bradley County and neighboring Polk County), which is included in the Chattanooga–Cleveland–Dalton, TN–GA–AL Combined Statistical Area. Cleveland is the fourteenth-largest city in Tennessee and the fifth-largest industrially, having thirteen Fortune 500 manufacturers. Long before the time of European encounter, this", "title": "Cleveland, Tennessee" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "East Tennessee East Tennessee comprises approximately the eastern third of the U.S. state of Tennessee, one of the three Grand Divisions of Tennessee defined in state law. East Tennessee consists of 33 counties, 30 located within the Eastern Time Zone and three counties in the Central Time Zone, namely Bledsoe, Cumberland, and Marion. East Tennessee is entirely located within the Appalachian Mountains, although the landforms range from densely forested mountains to broad river valleys. The region contains the major cities of Knoxville, Chattanooga, and Johnson City, Tennessee's third, fourth, and ninth largest cities, respectively. East Tennessee is both geographically and", "title": "East Tennessee" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the growth along U.S. Highway 79 is commercial retail. Clarksville is currently one of the fastest-growing large cities in Tennessee. At its present rate of growth, the city will displace Chattanooga by 2020 as the fourth-largest city in Tennessee. On the morning of January 22, 1999, the downtown area of Clarksville was devastated by an F3 tornado, damaging many buildings including the county courthouse. The tornado, wide, continued on a -long path that took it north to Saint Bethlehem. No one was seriously injured or killed in the destruction. Clarksville has since recovered, and has rebuilt much of the damage", "title": "Clarksville, Tennessee" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Clarksville, Tennessee Clarksville is the county seat of Montgomery County, Tennessee, United States. It is the fifth-largest city in the state behind Nashville, Memphis, Knoxville, and Chattanooga. The city had a population of 132,929 at the 2010 census, and an estimated population of 153,205 in 2017. It is the principal central city of the Clarksville, TN–KY metropolitan statistical area, which consists of Montgomery and Stewart Counties in Tennessee, and Christian and Trigg Counties in Kentucky. The city was founded in 1785 and incorporated in 1807, and named for General George Rogers Clark, frontier fighter and Revolutionary War hero, and brother", "title": "Clarksville, Tennessee" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Tullahoma, Tennessee Tullahoma is a city in Coffee and Franklin counties in southern Middle Tennessee. The population was 18,655 at the 2010 census. In 2014 the population was estimated to be 18,899. It is the principal city of the Tullahoma micropolitan area, which consists of Coffee, Franklin, and Moore counties and is the second largest micropolitan area in Tennessee. Tullahoma was founded in 1852 as a work camp along the new Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad. Its name is derived from the Choctaw language, and means \"red rock\". An alternative explanation (see Sam Davis Elliott's \"Soldier of Tennessee\" and sources cited", "title": "Tullahoma, Tennessee" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "song by country artist Eddie Rabbitt on his second studio album, Rocky Mountain Music, released in 1976. Tullahoma, Tennessee Tullahoma is a city in Coffee and Franklin counties in southern Middle Tennessee. The population was 18,655 at the 2010 census. In 2014 the population was estimated to be 18,899. It is the principal city of the Tullahoma micropolitan area, which consists of Coffee, Franklin, and Moore counties and is the second largest micropolitan area in Tennessee. Tullahoma was founded in 1852 as a work camp along the new Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad. Its name is derived from the Choctaw language,", "title": "Tullahoma, Tennessee" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the Tennessee River Blueway, a recreational section of the Tennessee River that flows through Chattanooga and the Tennessee River Gorge. The Tennessee Aquarium has a high speed catamaran, the \"River Gorge Explorer\", to allow up to 70 people to explore the Tennessee River Gorge. The \"Explorer\" departs from the Chattanooga Pier. Since 2008, Chattanooga has hosted the Skyhoundz World Canine Disc Championship, the crowning event of the largest disc dog competition series in the world. The city of Chattanooga is served by numerous local, regional, and national media outlets which reach approximately one million people in four states: Tennessee, Georgia,", "title": "Chattanooga, Tennessee" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Veterans Memorial Bridge (Chattanooga). These bridges have made Chattanooga the walkable city it is today by connecting the Riverfront and Northshore to the Tennessee Riverwalk and Bluff View Art District. Downtown Chattanooga also features a multitude of parks such as Coolidge Park, Renaissance Park, Miller Park, Miller Plaza and Main Terrain Art Park. As you move further south from the Riverfront and into City Center, you come to Chattanooga’s historic Martin Luther King District which runs parallel to the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga’s urban campus. The MLK district also features the largest mural in Chattanooga. The 40,000 square foot", "title": "Chattanooga, Tennessee" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "capitals in the past. Nashville's 13-county metropolitan area has been the state's largest since c. 1990. Chattanooga and Knoxville, both in the eastern part of the state near the Great Smoky Mountains, each has approximately one-third of the population of Memphis or Nashville. The city of Clarksville is a fifth significant population center, northwest of Nashville. Murfreesboro is the sixth-largest city in Tennessee, consisting of 108,755 residents. The area now known as Tennessee was first inhabited by Paleo-Indians nearly 12,000 years ago. The names of the cultural groups that inhabited the area between first settlement and the time of European", "title": "Tennessee" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "advertising business in the late 1960s. In 1971, the agency suggested using a bull as a symbol of the company. The visual became the company's logo. Ogilvy & Mather replaced multiple agencies to become IBM's sole agency for all of the company's marketing and branding efforts in 1994. The worldwide campaign \"Solutions for a Small Planet\" was launched to help rebrand the company. The agency created the slogan \"Incredible India\" for the country's Ministry of Tourism in 2002. The campaign targeted an international audience and aimed to boost tourism. Dove became an agency client in the 1950s, and developed the", "title": "Ogilvy (agency)" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "both his illustrations and literary output. In the Netherlands \"Tom Poes\" is regarded as literature. In 1931 Marten Toonder was in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where he met Jim Davis, a former assistant of Pat Sullivan and Otto Messmer, creators of Felix the Cat, who taught him some lessons in drawing comics. On March 16, 1941 the first \"Tom Poes\" comic, \"Het Geheim der Blauwe Aarde\" (\"The Secret of the Blue Earth\") was published in the newspaper \"De Telegraaf\", replacing the Mickey Mouse comic in 1941. Tom Poes himself was already created in July 1939. The name of the character is", "title": "Tom Puss" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and best reflects their personal identity. Language of adoption The language of adoption is changing and evolving, and since the 1970s has been a controversial issue tied closely to adoption reform efforts. The controversy arises over the use of terms which, while designed to be more appealing or less offensive to some persons affected by adoption, may simultaneously cause offense or insult to others. This controversy illustrates the problems in adoption, as well as the fact that coining new words and phrases to describe ancient social practices will not necessarily alter the feelings and experiences of those affected by them.", "title": "Language of adoption" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "results of the struggle against the bandits underground\". \"Before killing Gekkiyev, the suspects made sure he was indeed a journalist, the host of a news program, which confirms the main suspected motive.\" In an interview about Gekkiyev's murder, Alexander Cherkasov, a board member of the Memorial human rights group, said that this may indicate that these underground groups are prepared to become even more violent. \"The new resistance leaders who are younger and have far fewer qualms as who to attack and kill for the sake of their cause must have decided to abide by fewer limits of violence as", "title": "Kazbek Gekkiyev" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "they were playing at a large venue. As a result, the rhythm section musicians playing electric guitar, electric bass and keyboards were expected to produce enough volume to fill the venue using their own instrument amplifiers. To achieve venue-filling sound with their instruments, bands from the 1960s typically used large, powerful guitar \"stacks\" and big speaker enclosures. A standard cabinet used by guitarists and bassists during this era was the heavy 8x10\" cabinet, which contained eight ten inch speakers. During the 1960s, the PA speakers and the band's amplification were all set in a line, which conceptually grouped PA and", "title": "Backline (stage)" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Medford, Oregon Medford is a city in, and county seat of, Jackson County, Oregon, United States. As of July 1, 2017, the city had a total population of 81,780 and a metropolitan area population of 217,479, making the Medford MSA the fourth largest metro area in Oregon. The city was named in 1883 by David Loring, civil engineer and right-of-way agent for the Oregon and California Railroad, after Medford, Massachusetts, which was near Loring’s home town of Concord, Massachusetts. Medford is near the middle ford of Bear Creek. In 1883, a group of railroad surveyors headed by S. L. Dolson", "title": "Medford, Oregon" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "East Tennessee State University East Tennessee State University (ETSU) is a public university located in Johnson City, Tennessee. Despite being part of the State University and Community College System of Tennessee, the University is no longer governed by the Tennessee Board of Regents. , ETSU is governed by an institutional Board of Trustees. It is the fourth largest university in the state and has off-campus centers in nearby Kingsport and Elizabethton. Listed by The Princeton Review as one of \"America's Best Value Colleges,\" ETSU has a host of programs, including the James H. Quillen College of Medicine which is often", "title": "East Tennessee State University" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Johnson City, Tennessee Johnson City is a city in Washington, Carter, and Sullivan counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee, with most of the city being in Washington County. As of the 2010 census, the population of Johnson City was 63,152, and by 2017 the estimated population was 66,391, making it the ninth-largest city in the state. Johnson City is ranked the #65 \"Best Small Place for Business and Careers\" in the US by \"Forbes\", and #5 in \"Kiplinger\"s list of \"The 10 Least-Expensive Cities For Living in the U.S.A.\" stating the low cost of living is attributed to affordable", "title": "Johnson City, Tennessee" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "| 2002 !colspan=2 | 2005 !colspan=2 | 2009 !colspan=2 | 2011 Castelo Branco District Castelo Branco District (, ) is located in Central Portugal, the district capital is Castelo Branco, which is now also the most populous city, although the city of Covilhã was once the largest city. It has an area of 6675 km² (4th largest in Portugal), and a population of 225 916 inhabitants. The district is composed of 11 municipalities: Summary of election results from Castelo Branco district, 1976-2011 !rowspan=2|Parties!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S !colspan=2 | 1976 !colspan=2 | 1979 !colspan=2 | 1980 !colspan=2 | 1983 !colspan=2 | 1985 !colspan=2 |", "title": "Castelo Branco District" }, { "idx": 23, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Lawrence County, Tennessee Lawrence County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 41,869. Its county seat and largest city is Lawrenceburg. Lawrence County comprises the Lawrenceburg, TN Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro, TN Combined Statistical Area. Created by an act of the Tennessee General Assembly on October 21, 1817, Lawrence County was formed from lands previously part of Hickman and Giles counties. It was named in honor of Captain James Lawrence (1781–1813), who while commanding the USS \"Chesapeake\" in an 1813 battle with the", "title": "Lawrence County, Tennessee" } ]

[ "Chattanooga" ]

[ "Stretching west from the Blue Ridge for approximately 55 miles (89 km) is the Ridge and Valley region, in which numerous tributaries join to form the Tennessee River in the Tennessee Valley. This area of Tennessee is covered by fertile valleys separated by wooded ridges, such as Bays Mountain and Clinch Mountain. The western section of the Tennessee Valley, where the depressions become broader and the ridges become lower, is called the Great Valley. In this valley are numerous towns and two of the region's three urban areas, Knoxville, the 3rd largest city in the state, and Chattanooga, the 4th largest city in the state. The third urban area, the Tri-Cities, comprising Bristol, Johnson City, and Kingsport and their environs, is located to the northeast of Knoxville." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "single formulation" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "group coincide, but they part ways in relativistic physics. The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes all differentiable transformations, i.e., all properties of an object are dynamical, in other words there are no absolute objects. The formulations of the general theory of relativity, unlike those of classical mechanics, do not share a standard, i.e., there is no single formulation paired with transformations. As such the covariance group of the general theory of relativity is just the covariance group of every theory. A further application of the modern mathematical methods, in league with the idea of invariance and", "title": "Philosophy of space and time" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "group coincide, but they part ways in relativistic physics. The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes all differentiable transformations, i.e., all properties of an object are dynamical, in other words there are no absolute objects. The formulations of the general theory of relativity, unlike those of classical mechanics, do not share a standard, i.e., there is no single formulation paired with transformations. As such the covariance group of the general theory of relativity is just the covariance group of every theory. A further application of the modern mathematical methods, in league with the idea of invariance and", "title": "Philosophy of space and time" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Taft tried to avoid, fearing that it might cause a break with Roosevelt (still overseas). Taft asked Elihu Root (by then a senator) to look into the matter, and Root urged the firing of Pinchot. Taft had ordered government officials not to comment on the fracas. In January 1910, Pinchot forced the issue by sending a letter to Iowa Senator Dolliver alleging that but for the actions of the Forestry Service, Taft would have approved a fraudulent claim on public lands. According to Pringle, this \"was an utterly improper appeal from an executive subordinate to the legislative branch of the", "title": "Presidency of William Howard Taft" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the techniques used to achieve free ascents of aid routes, for example placing extra bolts for protection (retro-bolting), are now sometimes thought to have \"polluted the pure spring of mountaineering\" by destroying the route as it was climbed by the first ascenionists. The solution is often a compromise in which an absolute minimum of bolts is added to allow safe protection for free climbers, while not totally destroying the challenge of the route as an aid climb. However, as with most compromises, this is not a solution that satisfies everyone. The A grading scale (A for 'artificial' or 'aid') incorporates", "title": "Aid climbing" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "arterial blood volume (ΔV) due to a given change in arterial blood pressure (ΔP). So, C = ΔV/ΔP. Arterial compliance is an index of the elasticity of large arteries such as the thoracic aorta. Arterial compliance is an important cardiovascular risk factor. Compliance diminishes with age and menopause. Arterial compliance is measured by ultrasound as a pressure (carotid artery) and volume (outflow into aorta) relationship. Compliance, in simple terms, is the degree to which a container experiences pressure or force without disruption. It is used as an indication of arterial stiffness. An increase in the age and also in the", "title": "Compliance (physiology)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "have come out of the college over many decades: Communication, Ethnic Studies, Third World Studies, African American Studies, Urban Studies & Planning, and Education Studies. Founded as Third College in 1970 amid the student activism of the period, TMC's original aim was to help students understand their own community through a critical examination of diversity and community in the United States. Marshall College's required writing program is called Dimensions of Culture (DOC), and is a 3 quarter (1 year) sequence that explores race, identity, imagination, tradition, and the law in the United States. For the last three years in a", "title": "Thurgood Marshall College" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "point, WRCM and WRZM flipped its programming to the national K-LOVE network. K-LOVE later changed the call letters of WRZM to WLXK later that year. WLXK WLXK (88.3 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a Contemporary Christian format airs the K-LOVE programming format from Rocklin, California. Previously, it simulcasted WRCM in Wingate, North Carolina when it was owned by Columbia International University. Licensed to Boiling Springs, North Carolina, United States, the station is currently owned by the Educational Media Foundation. Gardner–Webb University radio station WGWG signed on in 1974 with beautiful music and \"The Afternoon Rock Show\". The signal increased", "title": "WLXK" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "seen as an application of linear algebra, but at the time special relativity was being developed the field of linear algebra was still in its infancy. There were no textbooks on linear algebra as modern vector space and transformation theory, and the matrix notation of Arthur Cayley (that unifies the subject) had not yet come into widespread use. Cayley's matrix calculus notation was used by Minkowski (1908) in formulating relativistic electrodynamics, even though it was later replaced by Sommerfeld using vector notation. According to a recent source the Lorentz transformations are equivalent to hyperbolic rotations. However Varicak (1910) had shown", "title": "History of special relativity" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "imaginary, another as real) results in Lorentz transformations which in turn result in special relativity theory. Symmetry between inertial and gravitational mass results in general relativity. The inverse square law of interactions mediated by massless bosons is the mathematical consequence of the 3-dimensionality of space. One strategy in the search for the most fundamental laws of nature is to search for the most general mathematical symmetry group that can be applied to the fundamental interactions. Some laws are only approximations of other more general laws, and are good approximations with a restricted domain of applicability. For example, Newtonian dynamics (which", "title": "Physical law" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "only important for historical reasons. By then he knew of the gravitational redshift and the deflection of light. He had realized that Lorentz transformations are not generally applicable, but retained them. The theory states that the speed of light is constant in free space but varies in the presence of matter. The theory was only expected to hold when the source of the gravitational field is stationary. It includes the principle of least action: where formula_31 is the Minkowski metric, and there is a summation from 1 to 4 over indices formula_32 and formula_33. Einstein and Grossmann (1913) includes Riemannian", "title": "Alternatives to general relativity" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "other particles.) It was evident from the beginning that a proper quantum treatment of the electromagnetic field had to somehow incorporate Einstein's relativity theory, which had grown out of the study of classical electromagnetism. This need to put together relativity and quantum mechanics was the second major motivation in the development of quantum field theory. Pascual Jordan and Wolfgang Pauli showed in 1928 that quantum fields could be made to behave in the way predicted by special relativity during coordinate transformations (specifically, they showed that the field commutators were Lorentz invariant). A further boost for quantum field theory came with", "title": "History of quantum field theory" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of scales: Scale relativity is developed as an extension of Einstein's relativity, and is founded on the same heuristic principle. The core idea is to suppose the existence of trajectories varying according to scale transformations. Those trajectories are not rectifiable, i.e. they are fractal. The apparently disordered motions of particles at the quantum scale are described in terms of motions following fractal geodesics. The key mathematical tool used in the theory are fractals, which Nottale also enriched to be able to model fractal space-time. The theory leads to fundamental results, as well as precise predictions, many of which have been", "title": "Laurent Nottale" } ]

[ "single formulation" ]

[ "In the classical case, the invariance, or symmetry, group and the covariance group coincide, but, interestingly enough, they part ways in relativistic physics. The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes all differentiable transformations, i.e., all properties of an object are dynamical, in other words there are no absolute objects. The formulations of the general theory of relativity, unlike those of classical mechanics, do not share a standard, i.e., there is no single formulation paired with transformations. As such the covariance group of the general theory of relativity is just the covariance group of every theory." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "1986" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "carried on the classical tradition. During the Umayyad era Christianity retained its importance, churches were built and repaired and some of the most important mosaics of the Christian East were made during the 8th century when the region was under Islamic rule. The mosaics of the Church of St Stephen in ancient Kastron Mefaa (now Umm ar-Rasas) were made in 785 (discovered after 1986). The perfectly preserved mosaic floor is the largest one in Jordan. On the central panel hunting and fishing scenes are depicted while another panel illustrates the most important cities of the region. The frame of the", "title": "Mosaic" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "carried on the classical tradition. During the Umayyad era Christianity retained its importance, churches were built and repaired and some of the most important mosaics of the Christian East were made during the 8th century when the region was under Islamic rule. The mosaics of the Church of St Stephen in ancient Kastron Mefaa (now Umm ar-Rasas) were made in 785 (discovered after 1986). The perfectly preserved mosaic floor is the largest one in Jordan. On the central panel hunting and fishing scenes are depicted while another panel illustrates the most important cities of the region. The frame of the", "title": "Mosaic" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the Army, and helped take the initiative against the Dhofari rebels. His previous experience with the Indian Army proved an asset, as a sizeable proportion of the Omani army was made up of Baluchis. He left in February 1975, with the campaign winding down. After a brief spell as Director of Infantry, he was appointed on 1 November 1977 to succeed Sir David House as General Officer Commanding in Northern Ireland. His experience as a commander had largely been in small-scale \"colonial wars\", and as such he was a contentious choice for the position. He aimed to get quick results,", "title": "Timothy Creasey" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "ultimately decides their fate. In a tragedy, the protagonist here makes a poor decision or a miscalculation that demonstrates their tragic flaw. According to Freytag, the falling action phase consists of events that lead to the ending. Character's actions resolve the problem. In the beginning of this phase, the antagonist often has the upper hand. The protagonist has never been further from accomplishing their goal. The outcome depends on which side the protagonist has put themselves on. In this phase the protagonist and antagonist have solved their problems and either the protagonist or antagonist wins the conflict. The conflict officially", "title": "Plot (narrative)" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and 1930, moving into the home of close friends Lester and Emma Armstrong. Boring died in Portland in 1931 at age 91, after an undisclosed eight-month illness. William H. Boring William Harrison Boring (February 26, 1841 – December 1, 1932) was an American Union soldier who fought in the American Civil War, and who was a member of the distinguished battalion in the 33rd Illinois Infantry Regiment that helped lead the fall of Vicksburg in 1863. Boring would later come to be known as a pioneer after settling the town of Boring, Oregon in 1874, which took its namesake after", "title": "William H. Boring" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "is then played in turn. The first player to the dealer's right starts the next round. The dealer first sets out six cards face down on the table (the \"talon\") and then assigns each player 16 cards (usually counterclockwise in sets of four cards). The right of the dealer players now opens up the auction to play. Each player must beat the bid or pass, anyone that passes can't bid again. The player that bids \"solo\" ends the auction. The winner of the auction is the \"declarer\" and plays alone against the other two players (the \"defenders\"). The bidding increments", "title": "Tapp Tarock" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "particularly women, a deeper voice. Overtone singing is only practised by women and it is generally the overtone singer who leads the song. Diviners often use overtone singing as they believe that it enables them to speak to the ancestors. The uhadi and umrhube is commonly used in Xhosa traditional music, other musical instruments include: Drums: Xhosa music Xhosa music has long been a major part of the music of South Africa, especially in the field of jazz. There are many Xhosa clans, each with their own styles of drumming and dialects. Xhosa music is characteristically expressive and communicative which", "title": "Xhosa music" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Constantine Monomachos, between 1037 and 1046. Naturally the more important surfaces in the interior were decorated with golden mosaics. In the dome we can see the traditional stern Pantokrator supported by angels. Between the 12 windows of the drum were apostles and the four evangelists on the pendentives. The apse is dominated by an orant Theotokos with a Deesis in three medallions above. Below is a Communion of the Apostles. Prince Sviatopolk II built St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery in Kiev in 1108. The mosaics of the church are undoubtedly works of Byzantine artists. Although the church was destroyed by Soviet", "title": "Mosaic" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "2018, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Bulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borisov were present at the inauguration of the renovated St. Stephen's Orthodox Church in Istanbul, on the occasion of its 120th anniversary. In addition to the St. Stephen Church, there is another Bulgarian Orthodox church in Istanbul, St. Demetrius Church, in Feriköy. Bulgarian St. Stephen Church Bulgarian St Stephen Church (; ), also known as the Bulgarian Iron Church, is a Bulgarian Orthodox church in Balat, Istanbul, Turkey. It is famous for being made of prefabricated cast iron elements in the neo-Gothic style. The church belongs to the Bulgarian", "title": "Bulgarian St. Stephen Church" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the intact geometric mosaic floor of the refectory although the severely damaged church floor was similarly rich. The mosaics in the church of the nearby Monastery of Euthymius are of later date (discovered in 1930). They were laid down in the Umayyad era, after a devastating earthquake in 659. Two six pointed stars and a red chalice are the most important surviving features. Mosaic art also flourished in Christian Petra where three Byzantine churches were discovered. The most important one was uncovered in 1990. It is known that the walls were also covered with golden glass mosaics but only the", "title": "Mosaic" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "discovered at Butt Road on the south-west outskirts of Colchester during the construction of the new police station there, overlying an earlier pagan cemetery. The Water Newton Treasure is a hoard of Christian silver church plate from the early 4th century and the Roman villas at Lullingstone and Hinton St Mary contained Christian wall paintings and mosaics respectively. A large 4th-century cemetery at Poundbury with its east-west oriented burials and lack of grave goods has been interpreted as an early Christian burial ground, although such burial rites were also becoming increasingly common in pagan contexts during the period. The Church", "title": "Roman Britain" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and orchestra members; and in 1908, a large octagonal font, again in green marble, is located in a recess on the south-eastern side of the church. Wilson's association with St Bartholomew's ended in 1911, when Arthur Cocks left (having converted to Roman Catholicism) and his successor, the Revd Henry Ross, brought his own ideas in. Few of these were carried out, partly because of the disruption caused by World War I, although the mosaics above the altar were completed in 1912. The aborted plans included a second attempt at completing the north end, which was still unfinished; a subsequent third", "title": "St Bartholomew's Church, Brighton" } ]

[ "1986" ]

[ "The mosaics of the Church of St Stephen in ancient Kastron Mefaa (now Umm ar-Rasas) were made in 785 (discovered after 1986). The perfectly preserved mosaic floor is the largest one in Jordan. On the central panel hunting and fishing scenes are depicted while another panel illustrates the most important cities of the region. The frame of the mosaic is especially decorative. Six mosaic masters signed the work: Staurachios from Esbus, Euremios, Elias, Constantinus, Germanus and Abdela. It overlays another, damaged, mosaic floor of the earlier (587) \"Church of Bishop Sergius.\" Another four churches were excavated nearby with traces of mosaic decoration." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Fat Man" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "short tons (53 metric tons) of uranium oxide, and six short tons (5.5 metric tons) of uranium metal, a majority of which was supplied by Westinghouse Lamp Plant in a makeshift production process. Two major types of atomic bombs were developed by the United States during World War II: a uranium-based device (codenamed \"Little Boy\") whose fissile material was highly enriched uranium, and a plutonium-based device (see Trinity test and \"Fat Man\") whose plutonium was derived from uranium-238. The uranium-based Little Boy device became the first nuclear weapon used in war when it was detonated over the Japanese city of", "title": "Uranium" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of soluble uranium sulfate dissolved in water. Holloway studied the safety of the Little Boy bomb, particularly what would happen if the active material became immersed in water. He was also involved in experiments to measure the critical mass of plutonium. These proved hazardous, taking the lives of Harry Daghlian and Louis Slotin after the war. Holloway was part of Robert Bacher's \"pit team\" that assembled the Gadget for the Trinity nuclear test, and he helped Bacher fabricate the plutonium hemispheres of the Nagasaki Fat Man bomb. Holloway remained at Los Alamos after the war ended in 1945. He was", "title": "Marshall Holloway" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "strongly that \"an American monopoly\" on nuclear weapons \"was dangerous and should be avoided\": He repeated this near-confession in an interview for the TV-series \"Cold War\" on the Cable News Network in 1998, saying: Theodore Hall Theodore Alvin Hall (October 20, 1925 – November 1, 1999) was an American physicist and an atomic spy for the Soviet Union, who, during his work on US efforts to develop the first and second atomic bombs during World War II (the Manhattan Project), gave a detailed description of the \"Fat Man\" plutonium bomb, and of several processes for purifying plutonium, to Soviet intelligence.", "title": "Theodore Hall" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Fat Man \"Fat Man\" was the codename for the nuclear bomb that was detonated over the Japanese city of Nagasaki by the United States on 9 August 1945. It was the second of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in warfare, the first being Little Boy, and its detonation marked the third nuclear explosion in history. It was built by scientists and engineers at Los Alamos Laboratory using plutonium from the Hanford Site, and it was dropped from the Boeing B-29 Superfortress \"Bockscar\" piloted by Major Charles Sweeney. The name Fat Man refers to the early design of the", "title": "Fat Man" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and David Greenglass, who provided them with secret information concerning the Manhattan Project and Fat Man. It was detonated on 29 August 1949 as part of Operation \"First Lightning\". Fat Man \"Fat Man\" was the codename for the nuclear bomb that was detonated over the Japanese city of Nagasaki by the United States on 9 August 1945. It was the second of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in warfare, the first being Little Boy, and its detonation marked the third nuclear explosion in history. It was built by scientists and engineers at Los Alamos Laboratory using plutonium from", "title": "Fat Man" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "thought that if a plutonium gun-type bomb could be created, then the uranium gun-type bomb would be very easy to make by comparison. However, it was discovered in April 1944 that reactor-bred plutonium (Pu-239) is contaminated with another isotope of plutonium, Pu-240, which increases the material's spontaneous neutron-release rate, making pre-detonation inevitable. For this reason, a gun-type bomb is thought to only be usable with an enriched-uranium bomb. After it was discovered that the \"Thin Man\" program would not be successful, Los Alamos redirected its efforts into creating the implosion-type plutonium weapon: \"Fat Man\". The gun program switched completely over", "title": "Gun-type fission weapon" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Theodore Hall Theodore Alvin Hall (October 20, 1925 – November 1, 1999) was an American physicist and an atomic spy for the Soviet Union, who, during his work on US efforts to develop the first and second atomic bombs during World War II (the Manhattan Project), gave a detailed description of the \"Fat Man\" plutonium bomb, and of several processes for purifying plutonium, to Soviet intelligence. His brother, Edward N. Hall, was a rocket scientist who worked on intercontinental ballistic missiles for the United States government. Theodore Alvin Holtzberg was born in Far Rockaway, New York City to a devout", "title": "Theodore Hall" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Harrison Brown Harrison Scott Brown (September 26, 1917 – December 8, 1986) was an American nuclear chemist and geochemist. He was a political activist, who lectured and wrote on the issues of arms limitation, natural resources and world hunger. During World War II, Brown worked at the Manhattan Project's Metallurgical Laboratory and Clinton Engineer Works, where he worked on ways to separate plutonium from uranium. The techniques he helped develop were used at the Hanford Site to produce the plutonium used in the Fat Man bomb dropped on Nagasaki. After the war he lectured on the dangers of nuclear weapons.", "title": "Harrison Brown" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Mexico, which was the scientific hub for research on bomb development and design. Other sites, notably the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory and the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago, played important contributing roles. Overall scientific direction of the project was managed by the physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer. In July 1945, the first atomic explosive device, dubbed \"Trinity\", was detonated in the New Mexico desert. It was fueled by plutonium created at Hanford. In August 1945, two more atomic devices – \"Little Boy\", a uranium-235 bomb, and \"Fat Man\", a plutonium bomb – were used against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima", "title": "Nuclear fission" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "wartime female section leader. Serber created the code-names for all three design projects, the \"Little Boy\" (uranium gun), \"Thin Man\" (plutonium gun), and \"Fat Man\" (plutonium implosion), according to his reminiscences (1998). The names were based on their design shapes; the \"Thin Man\" would be a very long device, and the name came from the Dashiell Hammett detective novel and series of movies of the same name; the \"Fat Man\" bomb would be round and fat and was named after Sydney Greenstreet's character in \"The Maltese Falcon\" (from Hammett's novel). \"Little Boy\" would come last and be named only to", "title": "Robert Serber" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "1945. Recalls an airman afterward: \"I'll tell you what I thought: this is the end of the war.\" The Japanese war cabinet is told that the blast killed or injured 130,000 people, but the hardliners argue that the U.S. can't have many more such bombs, that world opinion will prevent a repetition, and that Japan can still fight to an honorable peace. At worst, Gen. Anami declares, Japan will be \"destroyed like a beautiful flower.\" On August 9, the Soviet Union invades Manchuria and the Fat Man plutonium bomb devastates Nagasaki. Hirohito finally intervenes, telling the cabinet that Japan \"must", "title": "Hiroshima (film)" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "from the Mark 13 nuclear bomb and its ancestors the Mark 6 nuclear bomb, Mark 4 nuclear bomb, and Fat Man Mark 3 nuclear bomb of World War II. Its normal mixed uranium/plutonium fissile core (\"pit\") was replaced with over 60 kg of pure highly enriched uranium or HEU. With a natural uranium tamper layer, the bomb had over four critical masses of fissile material in the core, and was unsafe: the accidental detonation of even one of the detonator triggers would likely cause a significant (many kilotons of energy yield) explosion. An aluminum/boron chain designed to absorb neutrons was", "title": "Mark 18 nuclear bomb" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Pumpkin bomb Pumpkin bombs were conventional aerial bombs developed by the Manhattan Project and used by the United States Army Air Forces against Japan during World War II. It was a close replication of the Fat Man plutonium bomb with the same ballistic and handling characteristics, but it used non-nuclear conventional high explosives. It was mainly used for testing and training purposes, which included combat missions flown with pumpkin bombs by the 509th Composite Group. The name \"pumpkin bomb\" was the actual reference term used in official documents from the large, fat ellipsoidal shape of the munition casing instead of", "title": "Pumpkin bomb" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "found in the remains of cancer victims living near the Rocky Flats site, and breathable plutonium outside the former boundaries of the plant was found in August 2010. The Hanford Site is a mostly decommissioned nuclear production complex on the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington, operated by the United States federal government. Plutonium manufactured at the site was used in the first nuclear bomb, tested at the Trinity site, and in Fat Man, the bomb detonated over Nagasaki, Japan. During the Cold War, the project was expanded to include nine nuclear reactors and five large plutonium processing", "title": "Nuclear safety in the United States" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "In the United States, polonium was produced as part of the Manhattan Project's Dayton Project during World War II. It was a critical part of the implosion-type nuclear weapon design used in the Fat Man bomb on Nagasaki in 1945. Polonium and beryllium were the key ingredients of the 'urchin' detonator at the center of the bomb's spherical plutonium pit. The urchin ignited the nuclear chain reaction at the moment of prompt-criticality to ensure the bomb did not fizzle. Much of the basic physics of polonium was classified until after the war. The fact that it was used as an", "title": "Polonium" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "materials react more rapidly and therefore more completely. It was decided that the plutonium gun would receive the bulk of the research effort, since it was the project with the least amount of uncertainty involved. It was assumed that the uranium gun-type bomb could be more easily adapted from it. The gun-type and implosion-type designs were codenamed \"Thin Man\" and \"Fat Man\" projects respectively. These code names were created by Robert Serber, a former student of Oppenheimer's who worked on the Manhattan Project. He chose them based on their design shapes; the \"Thin Man\" would be a very long device,", "title": "Thin Man (nuclear bomb)" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "by Col. Paul Tibbets. It is the first use of atomic weapons in combat. (Atomic bombing of Hiroshima) August 8, 1945 The Soviet Union declares war on Japan against the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact. August 9, 1945 Second, and more powerful plutonium implosion atomic bomb, Fat Man, is dropped on Nagasaki from a different \"Silverplate\" B-29 named \"Bockscar\", flown by Maj. Charles Sweeney (Atomic bombing of Nagasaki) August 9, 1945 Soviet Armies launch the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. August 10, 1945 The 38th Parallel is set as the delineation between the Soviet and US occupation zones in Korea. August 14, 1945", "title": "End of World War II in Asia" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Little Boy enriched uranium gun design, and almost all of the research at the Los Alamos Laboratory was re-oriented around the problems of implosion for the Fat Man bomb. Thin Man (nuclear bomb) \"Thin Man\" was the code name for a proposed plutonium gun-type nuclear bomb using plutonium-239 which the United States was developing during the Manhattan Project. They aborted its development when they discovered that the spontaneous fission rate of their nuclear reactor-bred plutonium was too high for use in a gun-type design, due to the high concentration of the isotope plutonium-240. In 1942, prior to the Army taking", "title": "Thin Man (nuclear bomb)" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "uranium atomic bomb was dropped on the city of Hiroshima, followed on August 9 by the detonation of the \"Fat Man\" plutonium core atomic bomb over Nagasaki. Both cities were destroyed with enormous loss of life and psychological shock. On August 15, Emperor Hirohito announced the surrender of Japan, stating: The Luftwaffe gained significant combat experience in the Spanish Civil War, where it was used to provide close air support for infantry units. The success of the Luftwaffe's Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers in the blitzkriegs that shattered Poland in 1939 and France in 1940, gave Berlin inordinate confidence in", "title": "Air warfare of World War II" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "suffered lingering deaths. The death toll included an estimated 20,000 Korean slave laborers and 20,000 Japanese soldiers) and destroyed 48,000 buildings (including the headquarters of the Second General Army and Fifth Division). On 9 August, three days later, the B-29 Bockscar flew over the Japanese city of Nagasaki in northwest Kyushu and dropped an implosion-type, plutonium-239 atomic bomb (code-named Fat Man by the U.S.) on it, again accompanied by two other B-29 aircraft for instrumentation and photography. This bomb's effects killed roughly 39,000–80,000 people, including roughly 23,000–28,000 Japanese war industry employees, an estimated 2,000 Korean forced workers, and at least", "title": "Strategic bombing during World War II" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "an entire city by blast, fire, and radiation. Since they are weapons of mass destruction, the proliferation of nuclear weapons is a focus of international relations policy. Nuclear weapons have been used twice in war, both times by the United States against Japan near the end of World War II. On August 6, 1945, the U.S. Army Air Forces detonated a uranium gun-type fission bomb nicknamed \"Little Boy\" over the Japanese city of Hiroshima; three days later, on August 9, the U.S. Army Air Forces detonated a plutonium implosion-type fission bomb nicknamed \"Fat Man\" over the Japanese city of Nagasaki.", "title": "Nuclear weapon" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "short tons (53 metric tons) of uranium oxide, and six short tons (5.5 metric tons) of uranium metal, a majority of which was supplied by Westinghouse Lamp Plant in a makeshift production process. Two major types of atomic bombs were developed by the United States during World War II: a uranium-based device (codenamed \"Little Boy\") whose fissile material was highly enriched uranium, and a plutonium-based device (see Trinity test and \"Fat Man\") whose plutonium was derived from uranium-238. The uranium-based Little Boy device became the first nuclear weapon used in war when it was detonated over the Japanese city of", "title": "Uranium" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "(uranium) and Thin Man (plutonium), and the Fat Man plutonium implosion bomb. In early 1943 Oppenheimer determined that two projects should proceed forwards: the Thin Man project (plutonium gun) and the Fat Man project (plutonium implosion). The plutonium gun was to receive the bulk of the research effort, as it was the project with the most uncertainty involved. It was assumed that the uranium gun-type bomb could then be adapted from it. In December 1943 the British mission of 19 scientists arrived in Los Alamos. Hans Bethe became head of the Theoretical Division. In April 1944 it was found by", "title": "History of nuclear weapons" }, { "idx": 23, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "bomb, tested at the Trinity site, and in Fat Man, the bomb detonated over Nagasaki, Japan. During the Cold War, the project was expanded to include nine nuclear reactors and five large plutonium processing complexes, which produced plutonium for most of the 60,000 weapons in the U.S. nuclear arsenal. Many of the early safety procedures and waste disposal practices were inadequate, and government documents have since confirmed that Hanford's operations released significant amounts of radioactive materials into the air and the Columbia River, which still threatens the health of residents and ecosystems. The weapons production reactors were decommissioned at the", "title": "Nuclear safety and security" }, { "idx": 24, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "using uranium-235. Chemists at the Los Alamos Laboratory developed methods of purifying uranium and plutonium, the latter a metal that only existed in microscopic quantities when Project Y began. Its metallurgists found that plutonium had unexpected properties, but were nonetheless able to cast it into metal spheres. The laboratory built the Water Boiler, an aqueous homogeneous reactor, the third reactor in the world to become operational. It also researched the Super, a hydrogen bomb that would use a fission bomb to ignite a nuclear fusion reaction in deuterium and tritium. The Fat Man design was tested in the Trinity nuclear", "title": "Project Y" }, { "idx": 25, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "part in the total effort; that, and nothing more.\" Initially six reactors or \"piles\" were proposed, when the plutonium was to be used in the gun-type Thin Man bomb. In mid-1944 a simple gun-type bomb was found to be impractical for plutonium, and the more advanced Fat Man bomb, an implosion device, required less plutonium. The number of piles was reduced to four and then three; and the number of chemical separation plants from four to three. In the short time frame of the Manhattan Project, Hanford engineers produced many significant technological advances. As no one had ever built an", "title": "Hanford Site" }, { "idx": 26, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "make way for new programming such as \"The Price Is Right\". The team has decided to rename the team from \"Coolelats\" to \"For The Win\" Kathryn Bernardo, John Manalo and Julia Montes left the show in the second week of \"Level Up\" due to conflicts with their Mara Clara taping. Joe Vargas left the show in the second week of \"Level Up\" due to taping conflicts with Mutya. Yen Santos and Piero Vergara left the show in the second week of \"Level Up\" due to taping conflicts with Mutya. Ryan Bang left the show as well due to his numerous", "title": "Shoutout!" }, { "idx": 27, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "concluding that, \"it was lovely to see Newby in archive footage cycle in the roiling morning commute, head high and defiantly and perilously weaving through the middle lane as beeping echoed all about him.\" Joe Clay writing in the same publication called it, \"a mature, inspiring hour of quintessentially British spirit.\" Allen begins his film chatting with the attendees of Eric Newby's memorial service in Covent Garden. Newby’s wife Wanda discusses the curiously British drive for exploration and Newby’s split-personality of urbane and adventurous. Allen visits Newby’s childhood home in Hammersmith where at St. Paul's School he reads of Newby’s", "title": "Travellers' Century" }, { "idx": 28, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Blackstone entitled \"Commentaries on the Laws of England\": Virginia adopted this provision of the English Bill of Rights in the Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776, and the Virginia convention that ratified the U.S. Constitution recommended in 1788 that this language also be included in the Constitution. Virginians such as George Mason and Patrick Henry wanted to ensure that this restriction would also be applied as a limitation on Congress. Mason warned that, otherwise, Congress may \"inflict unusual and severe punishments.\" Henry emphasized that Congress should not be allowed to depart from precedent: Ultimately, Henry and Mason prevailed, and the", "title": "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "idx": 29, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a new edition of the book in 2003, which contains a preface by Robert W. McChesney and Ben Scott. The text is also freely available on the Internet, as Sinclair opted not to copyright the text in an effort to maximize its readership. For much of Sinclair's career he was known as a \"two book author\": for writing \"The Jungle\" and \"The Brass Check.\" Sinclair organized ten printings of \"The Brass Check\" in its first decade and sold over 150,000 copies. The book is one of the \"Dead Hand\" series: six books Sinclair wrote on American institutions. The series also", "title": "The Brass Check" }, { "idx": 30, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of Moldovans, 50.0% of Ukrainians, 27.4% of Gagauz, 35.4% of Bulgarians, and 54.1% of other ethnic minorities. Russians in Moldova Russians in Moldova form the second largest ethnic minority in the country. According to the Moldovan Census (2004) and a separate 2004 Census in Transnistria, about 370,000 persons identified themselves as ethnic Russians in Moldova. The Russophone population could be even larger, considering that some ethnic Ukrainians, Gagauz, and Bulgarians might be Russophones. The Russian and Ukrainian dominated Transnistria region broke away from government control amid fears the country would soon reunite with Romania. Russians settled Moldova, which was then", "title": "Russians in Moldova" }, { "idx": 31, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "first went critical July 10, 1960. The reactor was not under IAEA safeguards (which did not exist when the reactor was sold), although Canada stipulated, and the U.S. supply contract for the heavy water explicitly specified, that it only be used for peaceful purposes. Nonetheless, CIRUS produced some of India's initial weapons-grade plutonium stockpile, as well as the plutonium for India's 1974 Pokhran-I (Codename Smiling Buddha) nuclear test, the country's first nuclear test. At a capacity factor of 50–80%, CIRUS can produce 6.6–10.5 kg of plutonium a year. CIRUS was shut down in September 1997 for refurbishment and was scheduled", "title": "CIRUS reactor" }, { "idx": 32, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "or a similar one (fleet combat or naval interception). Only Germany, the USA and Russia may research the atomic bomb, and this takes several stages, including controlled reaction and either plutonium production or uranium separation. Success creates a bomb 2-6 turns later, and another every 2 turns thereafter. An atomic bomb may be delivered by bomber, or by rocket or by a German submarine (for either of which a very high research result is needed). An atomic attack on an objective does at least 25 BRPs damage; under some circumstances tactical attacks, where the bomb is deemed to be used", "title": "A World At War" }, { "idx": 33, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "was completed, later renamed to \"Oak Ridge National Laboratory\". The site was chosen for the X-10 Graphite Reactor, used to show that plutonium can be created from enriched uranium. Enrico Fermi and his colleagues developed the world's second self-sustaining nuclear reactor after Fermi's previous experiment, the Chicago Pile-1. The X-10 was the first reactor designed for continuous operation. After the end of World War II the demand for weapons-grade plutonium fell and the reactor and the laboratory's 1000 employees were no longer involved in nuclear weapons. Instead, it was used for scientific research. In 1946 the first medical isotopes were", "title": "Oak Ridge National Laboratory" }, { "idx": 34, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "reactors came on-line in early 1944, the mix of plutonium-239 and plutonium-240 obtained was found to have a high rate of spontaneous fission. To avoid pre-detonation, the muzzle velocity of the gun-type design would need to be greatly raised, making it impractically long. Thin Man as a plutonium-based design was therefore abandoned and the weapon was re-designed to use uranium-235. The muzzle velocity required was much lower, reducing the barrel length of the resulting bomb, now code-named Little Boy, to less than . This allowed the device to fit into a standard B-29 bomb bay, so the Pullman was modified", "title": "Silverplate" }, { "idx": 35, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "(AERE) near Harwell, Oxfordshire, was created by Cockcroft in 1946 as the main centre for military and civilian atomic energy research and development. Penney led the bomb design effort as Chief Superintendent Armament Research (CSAR, pronounced \"Caesar\"), in charge of the Ministry Of Supply's Armaments Research Department (ARD) at Fort Halstead in Kent and the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich. In April 1950 an abandoned Second World War airfield, RAF Aldermaston in Berkshire, was selected as the permanent home for what became the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment (AWRE). Penney assembled a team to initiate the work, firstly preparing a report describing", "title": "Tube Alloys" } ]

[ "Fat Man" ]

[ "Two major types of atomic bombs were developed by the United States during World War II: a uranium-based device (codenamed \"Little Boy\") whose fissile material was highly enriched uranium, and a plutonium-based device (see Trinity test and \"Fat Man\") whose plutonium was derived from uranium-238. The uranium-based Little Boy device became the first nuclear weapon used in war when it was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. Exploding with a yield equivalent to 12,500 tonnes of TNT, the blast and thermal wave of the bomb destroyed nearly 50,000 buildings and killed approximately 75,000 people (see Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki). Initially it was believed that uranium was relatively rare, and that nuclear proliferation could be avoided by simply buying up all known uranium stocks, but within a decade large deposits of it were discovered in many places around the world." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "1971" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Mary, Queen of Scots (1971 film) Mary, Queen of Scots is a 1971 British Universal Pictures biographical film based on the life of Mary, Queen of Scots, written by John Hale and directed by Charles Jarrott. Leading an all-star cast are Vanessa Redgrave as the title character and Glenda Jackson as Elizabeth I. Jackson had previously played the part of Elizabeth in the BBC TV drama \"Elizabeth R\", screened in February and March 1971, the first episode of which was also written by Hale. The screenplay was written by John Hale and the film directed by Charles Jarrott. Like the", "title": "Mary, Queen of Scots (1971 film)" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and Best Sound (Bob Jones, John Aldred). The film received several Golden Globe Award nominations, including Best Motion Picture - Drama, Best Motion Picture Actress - Drama (Glenda Jackson), Best Motion Picture Actress - Drama (Vanessa Redgrave), Best Original Score (John Barry), and Best Screenplay (John Hale). Mary, Queen of Scots (1971 film) Mary, Queen of Scots is a 1971 British Universal Pictures biographical film based on the life of Mary, Queen of Scots, written by John Hale and directed by Charles Jarrott. Leading an all-star cast are Vanessa Redgrave as the title character and Glenda Jackson as Elizabeth I.", "title": "Mary, Queen of Scots (1971 film)" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "earned her a Best Actress at the Canadian Film Awards. She wrote and starred in a short film, \"Marie-Christine\" (1970), directed by Claude Jutra. Wallis and Universal wanted Bujold to star in \"Mary, Queen of Scots\" (1971) but she refused so they sued her for $450,000. Instead she played the role of Cassandra, a Greek prophet, in Michael Cacoyannis's film version of \"The Trojan Women\" (1971), opposite Katharine Hepburn, Vanessa Redgrave, and Irene Papas. It was shot in Spain. In Canada, she made \"Journey\" (1972) with Almond and co-starring John Vernon. Bujold won another Canadian Film Award for Best Actress.", "title": "Geneviève Bujold" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "a fictionalised story of the life of Mary, Queen of Scots. Irish actress Maria Aitken played the part of Jean Gordon, Countess of Bothwell in \"Mary, Queen of Scots\", the 1971 film which starred Vanessa Redgrave in the title role. Jean Gordon, Countess of Bothwell Jean Gordon, Countess of Bothwell (1546 – 14 May 1629) was a wealthy Scottish noblewoman and the second wife of James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell. He became, after his divorce from Lady Jean, the third husband of Mary, Queen of Scots. Lady Jean herself had a total of three husbands. Upon her second marriage,", "title": "Jean Gordon, Countess of Bothwell" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "somewhat problematic, nonetheless. The Ridolfi Plot was covered in \"Mary Queen of Scots\" (1971), starring Vanessa Redgrave as Mary and Glenda Jackson as Elizabeth. An altered and fictionalised version of the Ridolfi Plot was featured in the film \"Elizabeth\" (1998), starring Cate Blanchett as Elizabeth. Christopher Eccleston played Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk as the chief conspirator, and the film omitted the involvement of Ridolfi. In the film, the conspiracy included Bishop Stephen Gardiner, a counter-reformer who had died in 1555, before Elizabeth's accession, and John Ballard, who was involved in the later Babington Plot. This presentation also implicated Robert", "title": "Ridolfi plot" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "shaved. After the series was shown on PBS in the US, Jackson received two Primetime Emmy Awards for her performance. She also portrayed Queen Elizabeth in the film \"Mary, Queen of Scots\", and gained an Academy Award nomination and a BAFTA Award for her role in John Schlesinger's \"Sunday Bloody Sunday\" (both 1971). In that year British exhibitors voted her the 6th most popular star at the British box office. In 1971 she made the first of several appearances with Morecambe and Wise, appearing in a comedy sketch as Cleopatra for the BBC \"Morecambe and Wise Show\" in which she", "title": "Glenda Jackson" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Mary's son James VI would suppress the whole book. Buchanan asked his cousin, Thomas Buchanan, a schoolmaster in Stirling, if he thought the story was true, and the cousin agreed. The story was published. Rizzio was played by John Carradine in the 1936 RKO picture \"Mary of Scotland\"; by Ian Holm in the 1971 movie \"Mary, Queen of Scots\"; by Tadeusz Pasternak in the BBC mini-series \"Gunpowder, Treason, and Plot\"; by Andrew Shaver in The CW network television show \"Reign\"; and by Ismael Cruz Cordova in the 2018 film \"Mary Queen of Scots\". Rizzio's life and death are a key", "title": "David Rizzio" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the Cannes Film Festival, along with a Golden Globe and an Oscar nomination. In the same period came other portrayals of historical (or semi-mythical) figures – ranging from Andromache in \"The Trojan Women\" (1971) to the lead in \"Mary, Queen of Scots\" (1971), the latter earning her a third Oscar nomination. She also played the role of Guinevere in the film \"Camelot\" (1967) with Richard Harris and Franco Nero, and briefly as Sylvia Pankhurst in \"Oh! What a Lovely War\" (1969). She portrayed the character of Mother Superior Jeanne des Anges (Joan of the Angels) in \"The Devils\" (1971), the", "title": "Vanessa Redgrave" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Fotheringay Fotheringay was a short-lived British folk rock group, formed in 1970 by singer Sandy Denny on her departure from Fairport Convention. The band drew its name from her 1968 composition \"Fotheringay\" about Fotheringhay Castle, in which Mary, Queen of Scots had been imprisoned. The song originally appeared on the 1969 Fairport Convention album, \"What We Did on Our Holidays\", Denny's first album with that group. The original Fotheringay released one, self-titled album but disbanded at the start of 1971 as Denny embarked on a solo career. 45 years later, a new version of the band re-formed featuring the three", "title": "Fotheringay" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "producer at Paramount, moved over to Universal, where he produced several films, among them a lavish version of Maxwell Anderson's \"Anne of the Thousand Days\" (1969), and the equally lavish \"Mary, Queen of Scots\" (1971). Although neither could claim to be a big financial hit, both films received Academy Award nominations, and \"Anne\" was nominated for Best Picture, Best Actor (Richard Burton), Best Actress (Geneviève Bujold), and Best Supporting Actor (Anthony Quayle). Wallis retired from Universal after making the film \"Rooster Cogburn\" (1975), a sequel to \"True Grit\" (1969), which Wallis had produced at Paramount. \"Rooster Cogburn\" co-starred John Wayne,", "title": "Universal Pictures" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "on a conspiracy involving the American Medical Association (AMA), the Department of Public Health, and other elements of \"organized medicine\", which had \"brainwashed and intimidated\" his colleagues. Interest in Rife's claims was revived in some alternative medical circles by the 1987 book by Barry Lynes, \"The Cancer Cure That Worked\", which claimed that Rife had succeeded in curing cancer, but that his work was suppressed by a powerful conspiracy headed by the American Medical Association. After this book's publication, a variety of devices bearing Rife's name were marketed as cures for diverse diseases such as cancer and AIDS. An analysis", "title": "Royal Rife" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the club could only manage 10th and 11th finishes in 1973 and 1974, and was sent down yet again. \"Wolfen\" spent seven of the next eight seasons on the DDR-Liga (II) before slipping out of sight into lower level competition in 1985. Their most successful season during this period was in 1983–84 when they finished third, drawing crowds of about 1,600 spectators to watch their matches at the 10,000-capacity Jahnstadion. In 1989, \"Wolfen\" won another Bezirksliga championship, failed to return to the DDR-Liga when they finished third in the promotion playoffs. In the FDGB Cup Chemie Wolfen had their best", "title": "FC Grün-Weiß Wolfen" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Congregation can either select one of them or ask for a different list of candidates to be presented. In some countries, the diocesan chapter or some other body decides on the three names to send, through the nuncio, to the Holy See. With the names, the nuncio sends the information he has gathered on the candidates. If none of the three candidates is acceptable to the Holy See, the chapter is asked for another list. However, the Holy See can reject the list in its entirety and appoint someone not proposed by the chapter. In other cases the cathedral chapter", "title": "Appointment of Catholic bishops" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Contact (video game) The story begins as a scientist, known as the Professor, flees through space from a mysterious enemy known only as the \"CosmoNOTs\" (Cosmic Nihilist Organization for Terror). He crash lands on a strange planet, losing the \"cells\" that power his ship. Without power, he is stranded. He enlists the help of Terry, a young boy. Terry agrees to help the Professor by exploring the planet and locating the cells. Helping the Professor is the only way that Terry will be able to get home, but the Klaxon Army are tracking them down, the cells are hidden in", "title": "Contact (video game)" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Mutsuko Miki Her father, Nobuteru Mori, held a seat in the Japanese House of Representatives and founded Showa Denko, a major chemical engineering firm. Her brother, Kiyoshi Mori, was the head of the now defunct Management and Coordination Agency, which would later become the interior ministry. Yoshihide Mori, another of Miki's brothers, served as the chief of the Environment Agency, the forerunner of the present-day Ministry of the Environment. She married Takeo Miki in 1940. Mutsuko Miki held the title of wife of the Prime Minister, from 1974-76. Takeo Miki died in 1988. Miki, a prominent activist, remained active following", "title": "Mutsuko Miki" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "four \"Queen's Maries\". Mary and her brother, James, Lord Fleming went into exile with Mary, Queen of Scots in France in 1548. In 1558, Lord Fleming was one of the Scottish Commissioners arranging the Queen's marriage to the Dauphin of France. Fleming and other commissioners died mysteriously on the voyage home, poison being suspected. Mary, Queen of Scots, visited the castle and planted a yew tree at Castlecary Castle, only a mile or two away, which still grows there. The whole great hall collapsed while the queen was staying there on 26 January 1562, and 7 or 8 men were", "title": "Cumbernauld Castle" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Mary Queen of Scots Got Her Head Chopped Off Mary Queen of Scots Got Her Head Chopped Off is a 1987 play by Liz Lochhead. It explores the relationship between Elizabeth I of England and Mary Stuart. It is primarily written to be from a female point of view, and is considered to be Lochhead's most successful and critically acclaimed play. According to the BBC website: It was first performed by the Communicado Theatre Company at the 1987 Edinburgh Festival. Mary Queen of Scots Got Her Head Chopped Off was broadcast as a radio play directed by Marilyn Imrie by", "title": "Mary Queen of Scots Got Her Head Chopped Off" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "was made Knight of the Order of the Bath on 29 November 1553, and attended at the subsequent coronation of Mary I. He also served as a Commissioner of Claims at the coronations of Elizabeth I and James I. He was suspected of treasonable dealings with Mary, Queen of Scots, and was imprisoned in 1570 along with the Earl of Arundel, his father-in-law. In October 1586 he was one of the judges at the trial of Mary, Queen of Scots, and also in 1602 of the trial of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex. Lumley married firstly, before 4 March", "title": "John Lumley, 1st Baron Lumley" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "English lords, bishops and earls. She was not permitted legal counsel, not permitted to review the evidence against her nor to call witnesses. Portions of Phellipes' letter translations were read at the trial. Mary was convicted of treason against England. One English Lord voted not guilty. Elizabeth signed her cousin's death warrant, and on 8 February 1587, in front of 300 witnesses, Mary, Queen of Scots, was executed by beheading. \"Mary Stuart\" (), a dramatised version of the last days of Mary, Queen of Scots, including the Babington Plot, was written by Friedrich Schiller and performed in Weimar, Germany, in", "title": "Babington Plot" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Mary of Scotland (film) Mary of Scotland is a 1936 RKO film starring Katharine Hepburn as the 16th century ruler, Mary, Queen of Scots. Directed by John Ford, it is an adaptation of the 1933 Maxwell Anderson play. The screenplay was written by Dudley Nichols. It is largely in blank verse. Ginger Rogers wanted to play this role and made a convincing screen test, but RKO rejected her request to be cast in the part feeling that the role was not suitable to Miss Rogers' image. Mary (Katharine Hepburn), by assuming her throne as Queen of Scotland, strikes terror into", "title": "Mary of Scotland (film)" } ]

[ "1971" ]

[ "At this time, Hal B. Wallis, who had latterly worked as a major producer at Paramount, moved over to Universal, where he produced several films, among them a lavish version of Maxwell Anderson's Anne of the Thousand Days (1969), and the equally lavish Mary, Queen of Scots (1971). Though neither could claim to be a big financial hit, both films received Academy Award nominations, and Anne was nominated for Best Picture, Best Actor (Richard Burton), Best Actress (Geneviève Bujold), and Best Supporting Actor (Anthony Quayle). Wallis retired from Universal after making the film Rooster Cogburn (1975), a sequel to True Grit (1969), which Wallis had produced at Paramount. Rooster Cogburn co-starred John Wayne, reprising his Oscar-winning role from the earlier film, and Katharine Hepburn, their only film together. The film was only a moderate success." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "monarchy" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "£200,000 to charity. In the years to follow, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued. Even though support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republicanism was still a minority viewpoint, and the Queen herself had high approval ratings. Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself and the Queen's wider family rather than her own behaviour and actions. In consultation with her husband and the Prime Minister, John Major, as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury, George Carey, and her private secretary, Robert Fellowes, she wrote to", "title": "Elizabeth II" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Candidates of the 1969 Australian federal election This article provides information on candidates who stood for the 1969 Australian federal election. The election was held on 25 October 1969. Sitting members at the time of the election are shown in bold text. Successful candidates are highlighted in the relevant colour. Where there is possible confusion, an asterisk (*) is also used. Sitting Senators are shown in bold text. Tickets that elected at least one Senator are highlighted in the relevant colour. Successful candidates are identified by an asterisk (*). A special election was held in South Australia to fill the", "title": "Candidates of the 1969 Australian federal election" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "then established himself as a regular under the tutelage of Rossi, playing usually in a role behind the regular striking duo of Fabrizio Miccoli and Edinson Cavani. Thanks to his performances, all praised by fans and pundits, Palermo finished off the season in fifth place, thus qualifying for the UEFA Europa League. In the 2010–11 season, on 14 November, Pastore scored his first career hat-trick in a derby match against Catania. On 30 July 2011, Palermo club president Maurizio Zamparini revealed that a fee had been agreed over Javier Pastore's transfer to Paris Saint-Germain. On 6 August 2011, Paris Saint-Germain", "title": "Javier Pastore" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Tata Young Amita Marie \"Tata\" Young (; born 14 December 1980) is a Thai-American singer, actress, model and dancer who gained prominence in Thailand when she placed first in a national singing contest at age 11, subsequently signing a record deal and releasing her first album \"Amita Tata Young\" in 1996. Within five months, the album had sold over one million copies. Since then, Young has released eight studio albums, three in English and five in Thai. Her most recent album is \"Ready for Love\", released in 2009. Young has acted in three films, \"The Red Bike Story\" (Jakkayan See", "title": "Tata Young" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the 1830s the property was also used as a school. During this time the property is believed to have held prime views of the Darling Harbour and city areas. The decision in 1850 to build Redfern terminus brought industry to the area. This resulted in the subdivision of many of the gentlemen's estates in the neighbouring suburb of Surry Hills. This caused Surry Hills to be built out and changed its character from a picturesque \"village\" to a high density suburb. Daniel Cooper returned to England in 1831 and left the house in the trust of James Cooper on the", "title": "Cleveland House, Surry Hills" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "place within the 90-day period before the expiration of the term of the Jatiyo Sangshad on 24 January 2014. The elections were controversial, with almost all major opposition parties boycotting and 154 of the total 300 seats being uncontested. On 5 January 2014, the 10th general elections were held in Bangladesh. Around 21 people were killed on polling day. The Opposition Bangladesh Nationalist Party and its ally Jamaat-e-Islami had already boycotted the elections. The buildup to the elections were marred by successive strikes and violence by the opposition parties. After the polls, workers and supporters of the opposition parties began", "title": "History of Bangladesh after independence" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "warning, Diana visits him, immediately arousing his suspicion. Diana proposes an escape plan to 47. As he mulls over the briefing she hands him, expressing his misgivings as to the likelihood of its success, Diana injects him with what seems to be a fatal poison. 47's body is surrounded by SWAT officers, and Diana is formally inducted into the Franchise by Jack, its founder. The story then shifts to the present day. 47 is scheduled for cremation so his bone marrow can't be collected by the cloning rivals, forever destroying anyone else's chance of producing a flawless clone. During the", "title": "Hitman: Blood Money" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the band released the EP \"Loser Anthems\", and followed it with what would be the band's final tour in the summer. In August 2001, Dave Genn quit the band, returning though four days later. The band released \"The Audio of Being\" on October 30, 2001. In November 2001, it was reported that Genn had left the band again and Ian Browne had also left the band. Universal Music Canada later confirmed that the band had broken up. In March 2002, during his first interview after the breakup was confirmed, Good stated that the breakup was \"a conscious effort on everybody's", "title": "Matthew Good Band" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "1985, \"Enterprise\" was ferried to Washington, D.C., where it became property of the Smithsonian Institution. In December 2011 it was moved again and became the property of the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum in New York City. After the \"Challenger\" disaster, NASA considered using \"Enterprise\" as a replacement. Refitting the shuttle with all of the necessary equipment for it to be used in space was considered, but NASA decided to use spares constructed at the same time as and to build . In 2003 after the breakup of during re-entry, the \"Columbia\" Accident Investigation Board conducted tests at Southwest", "title": "Space Shuttle Enterprise" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Wales, Charles incongruously doing household chores and Diana watching television in a middle class domicile. Clips of the silent adventure film being watched by Diana are also included in the montage. When Prince Charles appears wielding a rapier and wearing a swashbuckler costume like that of the actors in the silent film, Princess Diana rolls her eyes and returns her attention to the television. Further attempts by Prince Charles to impress his spouse—including presenting her with a red rose and jumping through a flaming hoop—are similarly rebuffed as she is more interested in the romances depicted on her television. Costello", "title": "Everyday I Write the Book" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "King Charles II of England revealed that he would be launching a new type of fashion piece in men’s wear. Scholar Diana De Marly suggests that the formation of such a mode of dress acted as a response to French fashion being so dominant in the time period. The item King Charles II was referencing on that day was a long piece donned beneath the coat that was meant to be seen. The sleeveless garment may have been popularized by King Charles II, based on the facts that a diary entry by Samuel Pepys (October 8, 1666) records that ‘the", "title": "Vest" } ]

[ "monarchy" ]

[ "In the years to follow, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued. Even though support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republicanism was still a minority viewpoint, and the Queen herself had high approval ratings. Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself and the Queen's wider family rather than her own behaviour and actions. In consultation with her husband and the Prime Minister, John Major, as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury, George Carey, and her private secretary, Robert Fellowes, she wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, saying that a divorce was desirable." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Miami oolite" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "current, runs northward just off the coast, allowing the city's climate to stay warm and mild all year. The surface bedrock under the Miami area is called \"Miami oolite\" or \"Miami limestone\". This bedrock is covered by a thin layer of soil, and is no more than thick. Miami limestone formed as the result of the drastic changes in sea level associated with recent glaciations or \"ice ages\". Beginning some 130,000 years ago the Sangamonian Stage raised sea levels to approximately above the current level. All of southern Florida was covered by a shallow sea. Several parallel lines of reef", "title": "Miami" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the Miami Limestone and the Fort Thompson Formation. The Miami Limestone forms the floor of the lower Everglades. The Miami Limestone is made up of ooids: tiny formations of egg-shaped concentric shells and calcium carbonate, formed around a single grain of sand. The Miami Limestone was formerly named the Miami Oolite, which comprises facies of ooids and fossilized bryozoan organisms. The unique structure was some of the first material used in housing in early 20th-century South Florida. The composition of this sedimentary formation affects the hydrology, plant life, and wildlife above it: the rock is especially porous and stores water", "title": "Everglades" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "current, runs northward just off the coast, allowing the city's climate to stay warm and mild all year. The surface bedrock under the Miami area is called \"Miami oolite\" or \"Miami limestone\". This bedrock is covered by a thin layer of soil, and is no more than thick. Miami limestone formed as the result of the drastic changes in sea level associated with recent glaciations or \"ice ages\". Beginning some 130,000 years ago the Sangamonian Stage raised sea levels to approximately above the current level. All of southern Florida was covered by a shallow sea. Several parallel lines of reef", "title": "Miami" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "limestone formations that developed between 25 million and 70 million years ago created the Floridan Aquifer, which serves as the main source of fresh water for the northern portion of Florida. However, this aquifer lies beneath thousands of feet of impermeable sedimentary rock from Lake Okeechobee to the southern tip of the peninsula. Five geologic formations make up the southern portion of Florida: the Tamiami Formation, Caloosahatchee Formation, Anastasia Formation, Miami Limestone (or Miami Oolite), and the Fort Thompson Formation. The Tamiami Formation is a compression of highly permeable light colored fossiliferous sands and pockets of quartz, thick. It is", "title": "Everglades" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Desmond Diamond. The mission changes tactics and instead of obliterating an entire universe, Casanova now kills that timeline's version of Luther Desmond Diamond, which he finds to be less morally reprehensible, but more personal. Casanova begins to develop affection for Luther Desmond Diamond and decides to spare one of the versions. Casanova and Sasa Lisi become romantically involved with the spared Luther Desmond Diamond, and Sasa Lisi formulates a plan to hide Luther from E.M.P.I.R.E. Luther Desmond Diamond is sent to a secret location that only Casanova knows. Casanova and Newman Xeno have a fistfight aboard the crashing E.M.P.I.R.E. flagship,", "title": "Casanova (comics)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Greek alphabet The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late ninth or early eighth century BC. It is derived from the earlier Phoenician alphabet, and was the first alphabetic script to have distinct letters for vowels as well as consonants. In Archaic and early Classical times, the Greek alphabet existed in many different local variants, but, by the end of the fourth century BC, the Eucleidean alphabet, with twenty-four letters, ordered from alpha to omega, had become standard and it is this version that is still used to write Greek today. These twenty-four letters", "title": "Greek alphabet" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "rector for fifty years. In 1730 appeared his 'Memoria Technica; or a new Method of Artificial Memory.' Grey's system consisted in changing the last syllable of names into letters which represented figures according to an arbitrary table, and in stringing together the new formations in lines with a hexameter beat. It therefore uses strings of letters to remember numbers. Example: az = 10, tel = 325, teib = 381. The 'Memoria Technica' was applied to the dates and figures of chronology, geography, measures of weight and length, astronomy, and so on, and though uncouth and complicated met with great favour.", "title": "Richard Grey (priest)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "India and the most artistic parasols, several kind which are raised on the elephants during the display. The commissioning of elephants and parasols is done in the utmost secrecy by each party to excel the other. Commencing in the early hours of the morning, the celebrations last till the break of dawn, the next day. Of the rival groups participating in the Pooram, the most important ones are those from Pramekkavu and Thiruvambadi. At the close of the Pooram both these groups enter the temple through the western gate and come out through the southern gate to array themselves, face", "title": "Culture of Thrissur" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of over-all primetime programming for weekend viewership garnering 22.2% for Mega Manila during its pilot telecast as yielded by AGB Nielsen Philippines. Santos received a PMPC Star Award nomination for her performance. The following year Santos starred in the television medical drama \"Habang May Buhay\" (2010), alongside Derek Ramsey and Joem Bascon. Santos' character – Jane Alcantara – is an emergency room nurse who undergoes family and career challenges in the Philippines and the United States. The show was very well received by critics and won Santos a KBP Golden Dove Award for Best TV Actress. For her next feature", "title": "Judy Ann Santos" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Dodge Island Dodge Island is an artificial island near downtown Miami, Florida, United States. The Port of Miami is located on Dodge Island and has berths for both cruise and cargo ships. The original and much smaller Dodge Island was created during the dredging of Government Cut in the early 1900s. According to \"The Miami News\", the island went unnamed until 1950 when Mr and Mrs Ray Dodge of Wisconsin, friends of Frank Stearns, director of the City of Miami Planning Board, were visiting and asked what the island was called and, \"unable to come up with a name of", "title": "Dodge Island" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Wea The Wea were a Miami-Illinois-speaking Native American tribe originally located in western Indiana, closely related to the Miami Tribe. The name \"Wea\" is used today as the a shortened version of their numerous recorded names. The Wea name for themselves (autonym) in their own language is \"waayaahtanwa\", derived from \"waayaahtanonki\", 'place of the whirlpool', where they were first recorded being seen and where they were living at that time. The different spellings of their name are numerous, as they were made by different settlers from different language and educational backgrounds. One French version is \"Ouiatenon\"; another \"Ouiateno\"; there were", "title": "Wea" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Miami County Courthouse (Indiana) Miami County Courthouse is a historic courthouse located at Peru, Miami County, Indiana. It was built between 1908 and 1910, and is a three-story, steel frame, concrete, and brick building sheathed in a veneer of Bedford limestone. It features a projecting portico with freestanding two-story Tuscan order columns in the Classical Revival. The building has a flat roof topped by a squat four-sided square dome. The property includes an additional 33 contributing object such as a bell with stand, \"Lady Liberty\" statue, retaining wall, 12 architectural lamps, and 6 street lamps. It was listed on the", "title": "Miami County Courthouse (Indiana)" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "developed. The most famous occurrence is at a place called Hell on Grand Cayman.\" Hell, Grand Cayman Hell is a group of short, black, limestone formations located in Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands. Located in West Bay, it is roughly the size of half a football field. Visitors are not permitted to walk on the limestone formations but viewing platforms are provided. There are numerous versions of how Hell received its name, but they are generally variations on \"a ministration exclaimed, 'This is what Hell must look like.'\" It is also claimed that the name \"Hell\" is derived from the fact", "title": "Hell, Grand Cayman" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "be below the appearance of three organisms, \"Dibunophyllum bourtonense\", \"Siphonodendron pauciradiale\" and \"S. junceum\". Similar organisms are found elsewhere in Holkerian rocks. The Park Limestone Formation of south Cumbria, in the north west of England, is an example of rock from the Holkerian. The name of the sub-stage actually comes from Holker in Cumbria where part of Holker Hall estates lie on the limestone. East of Cumbria lie the Yorkshire Dales which contain large areas of Holkerian limestone, sometimes forming dramatic landscapes such as Scaleber Force and Gordale Scar, some of which are quarried commercially. Further south, another area associated", "title": "Holkerian" } ]

[ "Miami oolite" ]

[ "The surface bedrock under the Miami area is called Miami oolite or Miami limestone. This bedrock is covered by a thin layer of soil, and is no more than 50 feet (15 m) thick. Miami limestone formed as the result of the drastic changes in sea level associated with recent glaciations or ice ages. Beginning some 130,000 years ago the Sangamonian Stage raised sea levels to approximately 25 feet (8 m) above the current level. All of southern Florida was covered by a shallow sea. Several parallel lines of reef formed along the edge of the submerged Florida plateau, stretching from the present Miami area to what is now the Dry Tortugas. The area behind this reef line was in effect a large lagoon, and the Miami limestone formed throughout the area from the deposition of oolites and the shells of bryozoans. Starting about 100,000 years ago the Wisconsin glaciation began lowering sea levels, exposing the floor of the lagoon. By 15,000 years ago, the sea level had dropped to 300 to 350 feet (90 to 110 m) below the contemporary level. The sea level rose quickly after that, stabilizing at the current level about 4000 years ago, leaving the mainland of South Florida just above sea level." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "1843" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "are collected in volumes called \"tankōbon\" following magazine serialization. Gag and editorial cartoons usually consist of a single panel, often incorporating a caption or speech balloon. Definitions of comics which emphasize sequence usually exclude gag, editorial, and other single-panel cartoons; they can be included in definitions that emphasize the combination of word and image. Gag cartoons first began to proliferate in broadsheets published in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the term \"cartoon\" was first used to describe them in 1843 in the British humour magazine \"Punch\". Webcomics are comics that are available on the internet. They are", "title": "Comics" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "are collected in volumes called \"tankōbon\" following magazine serialization. Gag and editorial cartoons usually consist of a single panel, often incorporating a caption or speech balloon. Definitions of comics which emphasize sequence usually exclude gag, editorial, and other single-panel cartoons; they can be included in definitions that emphasize the combination of word and image. Gag cartoons first began to proliferate in broadsheets published in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the term \"cartoon\" was first used to describe them in 1843 in the British humour magazine \"Punch\". Webcomics are comics that are available on the internet. They are", "title": "Comics" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "This usage dates from 1843, when \"Punch\" magazine applied the term to satirical drawings in its pages, particularly sketches by John Leech. The first of these parodied the preparatory cartoons for grand historical frescoes in the then-new Palace of Westminster. The original title for these drawings was \"Mr Punch's face is the letter Q\" and the new title \"cartoon\" was intended to be ironic, a reference to the self-aggrandizing posturing of Westminster politicians. Cartoons can be divided into gag cartoons, which include editorial cartoons, and comic strips. Modern single-panel \"gag cartoons\", found in magazines, generally consist of a single drawing", "title": "Cartoon" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Enfibraturas do Ipiranga\"\" (\"The Moral Fibrature of the Ipiranga\"), described as \"A Profane Oratorio\" and complete with specific but impossible stage directions: \"All of the 550,000 singers quickly clear their throats and take exaggeratedly deep breaths\" (81). Andrade read several of these poems during the Week of Modern Art (\"Semana de Arte Moderna\") in February, 1922, which he organized in collaboration with Di Cavalcanti, Malfatti, and several others. He also read an essay, written after the poems were completed, describing their theoretical basis in retrospect; this essay was published as an introduction to the collection, with the tongue-in-cheek title \"Extremely", "title": "Paulicéia Desvairada" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Deutsch, . \"Good And Healthy\", 1983, Robson Books, . \"Colin Spencer's Vegetarian Wholefood Cookbook\", 1985, Panther Books, 1985, Panther/Granada, (paperback), . \"Cordon Vert, 52 Vegetarian Gourmet Dinner Party Menus\", 1985, Thorsons, / \"Mediterranean Vegetarian Cooking\", 1986, Thorsons, . \"The Vegetarians' Healthy Diet Book (Positive Health Guide)\", (with T.A.B. Sanders), 1986, Taylor & Francis, \"The New Vegetarian\", 1986, Elm Tree Books, . 1988 \"Colin Spencer's Fish Cookbook\", 1986, Pan Books, (paperback) . \"One-course Feasts\", 1986, Conran Octopus (spiral comb-bound), . \"Feast For Health\", 1987, Dorling Kindersley, . \"Al Fresco A Feast for Outdoor Entertaining\", 1987, Thorsons, . \"The Romantic Vegetarian: Very", "title": "Colin Spencer" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "agree that Sage was devastated by Tanguy's death. \"Yves was my only friend who understood everything,\" she wrote to Jehan Mayoux, an old friend of Tanguy's, about a month after Tanguy's fatal stroke. Sage did fewer new paintings after Tanguy died, partly because of her depression and partly because of her decreasing eyesight due to cataracts. Instead, she devoted her time to two projects: preserving Tanguy's reputation through retrospective shows and a complete catalogue of his work, and writing poetry, mostly in the slangy French she had learned in her youth and spoken with Tanguy. With the help of longtime", "title": "Kay Sage" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of Europeans moving west, and later, with the advent of global air travel, from Asia and many other parts of the world. The Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast are the original inhabitants of what is now known as Vancouver. The city falls within the traditional territory of three Coast Salish peoples known as, Squamish (Sḵwxwú7mesh), Tsleil-waututh and Xwméthkwyiem (\"Musqueam\"—from \"masqui\" \"an edible grass that grows in the sea\"). On the southern shores of Vancouver along the Fraser River, Xwméthkwyiem live with their main community. In the False Creek and Burrard Inlet area, Squamish currently live on numerous villages", "title": "History of Vancouver" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a fire, and when Billy's father chops down a tree, three raccoons jump out. Old Dan and Little Ann take two of them down, and chase the third to another tree. In the morning, the hunters find them covered with ice circling the tree. That raccoon wins them the championship, gold cup, and $300 of jackpot money. One night Old Dan and Little Ann see a mountain lion, and it attacks. Billy enters the fight with his axe, hoping to save his dogs, but they end up having to save him. Eventually, they kill the mountain lion, but Old Dan", "title": "Where the Red Fern Grows" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "be published and is available enclosed with \"Out\" as a combination package via subscription. In 2010 there were press reports of freelance writers not being paid for their work. As of May 2013, \"The Advocate\" is no longer produced in-house at Here Media but by Grand Editorial for Here Media. Grand Editorial is a contractor based in Brooklyn, New York, that also produces \"Out\". \"The Advocate\" is now published bi-monthly with 6 issues per year. \"The Advocate\" provided a venue for several noteworthy LGBT cartoonists in the 1970s and 1980s. Early in its history the publication ran single-panel gag cartoons", "title": "The Advocate (LGBT magazine)" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "son, Tom Richter, died at an early age. Another son, Daniel Richter is an actor and author. Richter was a contract cartoonist for \"The New Yorker\", and he contributed cartoons to \"Collier's\", \"The Saturday Evening Post\" and \"This Week\". He drew his \"Strictly Richter\" cartoon panel for King Features Syndicate. For \"PM\" and \"The New York Times\", Richter drew political cartoons and spot illustrations. He also illustrated Bugs Baer's humor column, \"One Word Led to Another\", for King Features. Mischa Richter's political cartoons were often featured in the Communist Party's literary journal \"New Masses\" in the late 1930's. In addition", "title": "Mischa Richter" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "place awards in the sports and humor divisions of the Columbia Scholastic Press Association's cartoon contest. He continued drawing and publishing prolifically during his years as an undergraduate journalism major at Southern Illinois University, which in 1977 awarded him the Delta Award \"for significant contribution to intellectual commerce of our time\" (sponsored by Friends of Morris Library) and an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters in 1995. In his first career as a cartoonist (1965–72), Johnson churned out hundreds of drawings, comic strips, panel cartoons and illustrations for the student paper \"The Daily Egyptian\", regular editorial cartoons for \"The Southern Illinoisan\",", "title": "Charles R. Johnson" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "whose outstanding work elevated the comic art form. Originally known as the MoCCA Art Festival Award, it was renamed the Klein Award in 2009 in honor of MoCCA Founder Lawrence Klein. MoCCA Fest hosted the comics industry's 2004 and 2005 Harvey Awards. In 2003, MoCCA opened its art gallery with the debut exhibit \"Gag Art!\", focusing on single-panel magazine cartoons. Subsequent exhibits included the relationship between New York City and cartoonists, an exhibition of women comic-book artists, retrospectives devoted to Stan Lee and Will Eisner, and \"From Richie Rich to Wendy the Good Little Witch: The Art of Harvey Comics\".", "title": "Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "mistakes. Adhesives and tapes help composite an image from different sources. Cartoonist A cartoonist (also comic strip creator) is a visual artist who specializes in drawing cartoons. This work is often created for entertainment, political commentary, or advertising. Cartoonists may work in many formats, such as booklets, comic strips, comic books, editorial cartoons, graphic novels, manuals, gag cartoons, graphic design, illustrations, storyboards, posters, shirts, books, advertisements, greeting cards, magazines, newspapers, and video game packaging. The English satirist and editorial cartoonist William Hogarth, who emerged In the 18th century, has been credited with pioneering Western sequential art. His work ranged from", "title": "Cartoonist" } ]

[ "1843" ]

[ "Gag and editorial cartoons usually consist of a single panel, often incorporating a caption or speech balloon. Definitions of comics which emphasize sequence usually exclude gag, editorial, and other single-panel cartoons; they can be included in definitions that emphasize the combination of word and image. Gag cartoons first began to proliferate in broadsheets published in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the term \"cartoon\"[h] was first used to describe them in 1843 in the British humour magazine Punch." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Tuau Lapua Lapua" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "in the late 19th century were foot racing, lance throwing, quarterstaff fencing and wrestling, although the Christian missionaries disapproved of these activities. The popular sports in Tuvalu include \"kilikiti\", \"Ano\", association football, futsal, volleyball, handball, basketball and rugby union. Tuvalu has sports organisations for athletics, badminton, tennis, table tennis, volleyball, football, basketball, rugby union, weightlifting and powerlifting. At the 2013 Pacific Mini Games, Tuau Lapua Lapua won Tuvalu's first gold medal in an international competition in the weightlifting 62 kilogram male snatch. (He also won bronze in the clean and jerk, and obtained the silver medal overall for the combined", "title": "Tuvalu" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Tuvalu was ranked 18th equal at the Games, with 2 medals (0 gold - 1 silver - 1 bronze). Tuvalu competed at the 2011 Pacific Games in Nouméa, New Caledonia. Tuvalu was ranked 17th at the Games, with 3 medals (0 gold - 2 silver - 1 bronze). At the 2013 Pacific Mini Games in Mata-Utu, Wallis and Futuna, Tuau Lapua Lapua won Tuvalu's first ever gold medal in an international competition in the weightlifting 62 kilogram male snatch. (He also won bronze in the clean and jerk, and obtained the silver medal overall for the combined event.) Tuvalu competed", "title": "Tuvalu at the Pacific Games" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "in the late 19th century were foot racing, lance throwing, quarterstaff fencing and wrestling, although the Christian missionaries disapproved of these activities. The popular sports in Tuvalu include \"kilikiti\", \"Ano\", association football, futsal, volleyball, handball, basketball and rugby union. Tuvalu has sports organisations for athletics, badminton, tennis, table tennis, volleyball, football, basketball, rugby union, weightlifting and powerlifting. At the 2013 Pacific Mini Games, Tuau Lapua Lapua won Tuvalu's first gold medal in an international competition in the weightlifting 62 kilogram male snatch. (He also won bronze in the clean and jerk, and obtained the silver medal overall for the combined", "title": "Tuvalu" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "who is a former weightlifting representative of Tuvalu, has also assisted during training. Lauti had participated in the Oceania Regional Coaching Workshop in 2003, and is recognized as a Commonwealth international referee. At the 2013 Pacific Mini Games, Tuau Lapua Lapua won Tuvalu's first gold medal in an international competition in the weightlifting 62 kg snatch, male division. (He also won bronze in the clean and jerk, and obtained the silver medal overall for the combined event.) In 2015 the TWF sent a team to the Commonwealth Youth Games. The TWF prepared a team for the 2015 Pacific Games held", "title": "Tuvalu Weightlifting Federation" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Julie Stevens (American radio actress) Julie Stevens (November 23, 1916 - August 26, 1984) was an American actress who performed on radio, television, the stage, and in movies. She is best known for her 16-year run as the title character in \"The Romance of Helen Trent\" on radio. Born in St. Louis, Missouri, as Harriet Foote, Stevens attended Christian College. When she was 13, Stevens danced in a musical production of Provincetown's Wharf Theater. She later acted with the St. Louis Little Theater. She also acted in Shakespearean productions at the San Diego Globe Theatre and was an actress with", "title": "Julie Stevens (American radio actress)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Arcades\". Originally, the grid consisted of ten streets crossing ten streets but the village has progressively expanded around the center. The architectural plan of the village of Valbonne differs from that of many other villages located in the South of France which typically spiral around a hill. The construction took over a century, and the village remained relatively unchanged until the middle of the 20th century. In the last century, a surrounding municipality of Valbonne has been constructed around the ancient village. Although the population of the town of Valbonne has greatly increased in recent years, the village itself has", "title": "Valbonne" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in modern scholarship.\" Tapie argued that Soulen's view of economic supersessionism shares important similarities with those of Jules Isaac's thought (the French-Jewish historian well known for his identification of \"the teaching of contempt\" in the Christian tradition) and can ultimately be traced to the medieval concept of the \"cessation of the law\" - the idea that Jewish observance of the ceremonial law (Sabbath, circumcision, and dietary laws) ceases to have a positive significance for Jews after the passion of Christ. According to Soulen, Christians today often repudiate supersessionism but they do not always carefully examine just what that is supposed", "title": "Supersessionism" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "at Chiang Mai University since 2007. At Feng Chia, she directs an international degree program in business analytics, the SJSU-FCU Dual Degree Bachelor's Program in Business Analytics, in conjunction with San Jose State University. Chen is also a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society (elected 2009), and an elected member of the International Statistical Institute (elected 2008). Cathy Woan-Shu Chen Cathy Woan-Shu Chen () is a Taiwanese statistician, who works as a distinguished professor of statistics at Feng Chia University and is editor-in-chief of the \"Journal of Economics and Management\". In 2016, she was elected as a Fellow of the", "title": "Cathy Woan-Shu Chen" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "under the 501(c)(3) designation of American University. The Investigative Reporting Workshop does not accept corporate or government support, and instead relies on private foundations and public supporters to continue to build upon its work. It has been declared tax-exempt by the Internal Revenue Service, which means donations to the organization are tax-deductible. A list of the foundations that have made grants to the Workshop since its inception in May 2008: Investigative Reporting Workshop The Investigative Reporting Workshop is a nonprofit, investigative news organization focusing on significant issues of public concern. The Workshop is an incubator and laboratory for original, nonpartisan", "title": "Investigative Reporting Workshop" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Natán Rivera Natán Armando Rivera Alas (born 12 December 1998) is a Salvadoran athlete specialising in the pole vault. Still as a youth athlete, he won the gold medal at the 2015 NACAC Championships although in rather unusual circumstances. His rivals having much better personal bests than Rivera, who only managed to jump 4.70 metres, entered the competition much higher but none of them actually cleared the bar. This left him as the sole athlete to record a valid jump and the gold medalist. This victory earned him a spot at the 2015 World Championships in Beijing where the opening", "title": "Natán Rivera" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Tuvalu at the 2015 Pacific Games Tuvalu competed at the 2015 Pacific Games in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea from 4 to 18 July 2015. Nakibae Kitisane was the Chef de Mission. Tuvalu listed 101 competitors as of 4 July 2015. Four competitors qualified for two sports. Tuvalu was ranked 19th at the Games, with 4 medals (1 gold - 0 silver - 3 bronze). Telupe Iosefa received the first ever gold medal won by Tuvalu at the Pacific Games in the powerlifting 120 kg male division. Tuvalu qualified 7 athletes in track and field: Tuvalu qualified 4 athletes in", "title": "Tuvalu at the 2015 Pacific Games" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "2006 Tuvalu A-Division The 2006 Tuvalu A-Division was the sixth season of association football competition. the league was won by Lakena United for the second time. the format of the league was changed for this season, rather than a single division, the teams were split into two pools, the winners of each pool then played each other in a single leg final to determine the champion. Kivoli Tehulu was the season's top scorer and Paueli Hemanaia won the player of the year award. Pool 1 was won by Lakena United A, whilst Pool B was won by Nukufetau A. Lakena", "title": "2006 Tuvalu A-Division" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the competition it has competed at, with the exceptions of 2003 and 2015 (though Russian medalists in both those years were subsequently banned). Russia's most successful athlete at the competition is horizontal jumps specialist Tatyana Lebedeva, who between 2001 and 2009 won two triple jump gold medals, a long jump title, and two further silver medals. Women's pole vaulter Yelena Isinbayeva has also won three gold medals, in addition to a bronze. Yuliya Pechonkina, a 400 metres hurdles and relay athlete, has won the most medals for Russia, with her total of seven. The most successful Russian man at the", "title": "Russia at the World Championships in Athletics" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Asenate Manoa Asenate Manoa (born 23 May 1992) is a Tuvaluan track and field athlete who represented Tuvalu at the 2008 Summer Olympics, at the 2009 World Championships & 2011 World Championships and at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Manoa represented Tuvalu in the sport of powerlifting at the Pacific Games 2015 and won a bronze medal in the 72 kg Female category. Manoa was born on Kioa island in Fiji; Kioa was purchased by settlers from Tuvalu, who migrated from Tuvalu between 1947 and 1983. Asenate \"Nancy\" Manoa competed for Tuvalu as its first female Olympian, competing in the Beijing", "title": "Asenate Manoa" } ]

[ "Tuau Lapua Lapua" ]

[ "The popular sports in Tuvalu include kilikiti, Ano, football, futsal, volleyball, handball, basketball and rugby union. Tuvalu has sports organisations for athletics, badminton, tennis, table tennis, volleyball, football, basketball, rugby union, weightlifting and powerlifting. At the 2013 Pacific Mini Games, Tuau Lapua Lapua won Tuvalu's first gold medal in an international competition in the weightlifting 62 kilogram male snatch. (He also won bronze in the clean and jerk, and obtained the silver medal overall for the combined event.) In 2015 Telupe Iosefa received the first gold medal won by Tuvalu at the Pacific Games in the powerlifting 120 kg male division." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Straßburg" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "returned to France, Racing's identity switched towards Jacobinism with, for example, emotional wins in the cup in 1951 and 1966 amidst Franco-Alsatian controversies. More recently, the club has been eager to promote its European vocation along with its strong local ties. The club was founded in 1906 by a group of youngsters in the Neudorf neighbourhood of what was then Straßburg, Elsaß-Lothringen, in the German Empire, but is today Strasbourg, Alsace, in France. With the help of their primary-school teacher, they formed a team called \"Erster Fußball Club Neudorf\", commonly named \"FC Neudorf\". At that time, the new 1. FCN", "title": "Racing Club de Strasbourg Alsace" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "AS Strasbourg Association Sportive de Strasbourg is a French football club from the city of Strasbourg in the Alsace region of France. It was formed in 1920 by the union of FV Straßburg, a German club founded in 1890 when the city was part of the German Empire, and Strasbourger FC Donar, founded in 1899. The team has played in both French and German football leagues, as the political fortunes of the region have changed. \"Fussball Klub Straßburg\" was founded on 19 May 1890 and played in the VSFV (Verband Süddeutscher Fussballvereine or Federation of South German Football Teams). A", "title": "AS Strasbourg" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "bureaucrats are the ones setting up the agenda and implementing it, with the elected representatives of the communes only endorsing key decisions. In areas where languages other than French are or were spoken, most place-names have been translated into a French spelling and pronunciation, such as Dunkerque (formerly \"Duinkerke\" in Dutch), Toulouse (formerly \"Tolosa\" in Occitan), Strasbourg (formerly \"Straßburg\" in German), and Perpignan (formerly \"Perpinyà\" in Catalan). However, many smaller communes have retained their native name. Other examples of retained names in the languages once spoken, or still spoken, on French territory: INSEE \"(Institut National de la Statistique et des", "title": "Communes of France" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "football only surpassed by Marseille. Gilbert Gress holds the record for the longest-serving manager at the club, both for a single spell (39 months between. 1977–80, 152 matches) and overall (75 months in three spells, 275 matches). Paul Frantz holds the record for the most spells at Racing with four (73 months overall, 227 matches). Jacky Duguépéroux is the only manager to win two trophies with the club. Racing Club de Strasbourg Alsace Racing Club de Strasbourg Alsace (commonly known as RC Strasbourg, Racing Straßburg, RCS, or simply Strasbourg; Alsatian: \"Füeßbàllmànnschàft Vu Stroßburri\"; German: \"Fußballmannschaft Straßburg\") is a French association", "title": "Racing Club de Strasbourg Alsace" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "which later came \"Strossburi\" in Alsatian and \"Straßburg\" in Standard German, and then \"Strasbourg\" in French. The Oaths of Strasbourg is considered as marking the birth of the two countries of France and Germany with the division of the Carolingian Empire. A major commercial centre, the town came under the control of the Holy Roman Empire in 923, through the homage paid by the Duke of Lorraine to German King Henry I. The early history of Strasbourg consists of a long conflict between its bishop and its citizens. The citizens emerged victorious after the Battle of Oberhausbergen in 1262, when", "title": "History of Strasbourg" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Racing Club de Strasbourg Alsace Racing Club de Strasbourg Alsace (commonly known as RC Strasbourg, Racing Straßburg, RCS, or simply Strasbourg; Alsatian: \"Füeßbàllmànnschàft Vu Stroßburri\"; German: \"Fußballmannschaft Straßburg\") is a French association football club founded in 1906, based in the city of Strasbourg, Alsace. It has possessed professional status since 1933 and is currently playing the 2018–19 season in Ligue 1, the top tier of French football, after winning the 2016–17 Ligue 2 championship. This comes after the club was demoted to the fifth tier of French football at the conclusion of the 2010–11 Championnat National season after going into", "title": "Racing Club de Strasbourg Alsace" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Kehl-Strasbourg radio control link The Kehl-Straßburg radio control link was a German MCLOS radio control system of World War II. The system was named for Strasbourg, the French/German city on the Rhine and Kehl, at the time a suburb of Strasbourg. It was used by the Fritz X guided bomb and the Henschel Hs 293 guided missile. The \"Kehl-Straßburg\" system combined two units. The dual-axis, single-joystick-equipped \"Funkgerät (FuG 203) Kehl\" series of radio-control transmitter sets, fitted aboard the launch aircraft, were used to send the control signals to the ordnance, with the ordnance device itself picking up the signals through", "title": "Kehl-Strasbourg radio control link" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "University of Strasbourg The University of Strasbourg (, Unistra or UDS) in Strasbourg, Alsace, France, is a university in France with nearly 51,000 students and over 3,200 researchers. The French university traces its history to the earlier German-language \"Universität Straßburg\", which was founded in 1538, and was divided in the 1970s into three separate institutions: Louis Pasteur University, Marc Bloch University, and Robert Schuman University. On 1 January 2009, the fusion of these three universities reconstituted a united University of Strasbourg. With as many as 19 Nobel laureates, the university is now ranked among the best in the League of", "title": "University of Strasbourg" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Margaret Sayers Peden Margaret Sayers Peden is an American translator and professor emerita of Spanish at the University of Missouri. She lives and works in Columbia, Missouri. Her work covers nearly every genre — poetry, novel, theater and belles lettres — from the 16th century to today. Peden received her bachelor's (1948), master's (1963) and doctorate (1966) from the University of Missouri. She started translating while working toward her doctorate in 1964. Peden was writing on Mexican playwright Emilio Carballido and came across a small novel Carballido had written. Peden shared the book with her former late husband, William Peden,", "title": "Margaret Sayers Peden" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Paliurus (1569–1632) (a Moravian, senior of the Evangelical Churches in Great Poland, d. 1632); but he had no part in the work. For the Roman Catholics the Bible was translated from the Vulgate by Jan Nicz of Lwów (Jan Leopolita, hence the \"Biblia Leopolity\") Kraków, 1561, 1574, and 1577. This Bible was superseded by the new translation of the Jesuit Jakub Wujek (c.1540 - Kraków 1593) that became known as the Jakub Wujek Bible. Wujek criticized the Leopolita and non-Catholic Bible versions and spoke very favorably of the Polish of the Brest Bible, but asserted that it was full of", "title": "Bible translations into Polish" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "on the bench of Ferencváros with a shorter interruption (1966–85, 1990–92), during which period the team achieved several outstanding results, winning four Hungarian championships and as many Hungarian cup titles. On continental level Ferencváros won the EHF Women's Cup Winners' Cup in 1978 after beating SC Leipzig 18 to 17 in the final. In the following year they reached the final of the tournament again, however, this time they were defeated by TSC Berlin. In 1971 the team played in the final of the European Champions Cup as well, where they were beaten by Spartak Kiev, the dominant team of", "title": "Gyula Elek" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Jean Gallois Jean Gallois (; ; 14 June 1632 – 9 April 1707) was a French scholar and abbé. Gallois was born in Paris. He was abbot of the priory of Cuers and a royal librarian. He was named to the Académie des sciences in 1669 and elected a member of the Académie française in 1672. Also a member of the Académie des Inscriptions, he became its permanent secretary. He was professor of mathematics, then of Greek, at the Collège Royal, from 1686; the king named him its inspector, and at the same time he was elected syndic by its", "title": "Jean Gallois" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Al Bayrak Al Bayrak (in Arabic البيرق meaning \"The Flag\") was an Arabic newspaper published in Lebanon and was headquartered in Beirut. It was one of the leading and oldest Arabic papers in the country. After being published for a century the paper closed in 2011. \"Al Bayrak\" was founded in 1911 and was published by Dar Alf Leila Wa Leila publishing house. The publishing house owned a number of daily and weekly publications in Lebanon and in Europe. In the 1990s Melhem Karam (died 2010) was the editor and Said Nassereddine the editor-in-chief of the daily. Then Karam who", "title": "Al Bayrak" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "first appeared in the \"Duden Handbook\". In 1901, this was declared the standard definition of the German language. Standard German orthography subsequently went essentially unrevised until 1998, when the German spelling reform of 1996 was officially promulgated by government representatives of Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, and Switzerland. After the reform, German spelling underwent an eight-year transitional period, during which the reformed spelling was taught in most schools, while traditional and reformed spelling co-existed in the media. History of German The history of the German language as separate from common West Germanic begins in the Early Middle Ages with the High German", "title": "History of German" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Eugène Wilhelm Eugène Wilhelm in French, or in German Eugen Wilhelm (Strasbourg, 1866–1951) was a French lawyer and sexologist. Wilhelm was born in Strasbourg in a protestant family. Between 1885-1890 he studied law in Strasbourg. In 1890 he took his doctoral degree (Dr.iur). After his studies, he worked as a judge in Strasbourg. He resigned 1908 to avoid a homosexuality scandal. After World War I he worked as a lawyer in Strasbourg until 1948. Wilhelm published more than 100 articles in various French and German journals under his own name, but mainly under his pseudonym ('Numa Praetorius'). Books Articles Articles", "title": "Eugène Wilhelm" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the advent of scientific obstetrics in Germany. Among his better known pupils was future Göttingen professor, Johann Georg Roederer. Johann Jakob Fried Johann Jakob Fried (21 April 1689, Strasbourg – 3 September 1769, Strasbourg) was a German obstetrician. He is sometimes referred to as the \"Father of German midwifery\". His son, Georg Albrecht Fried (1736-1773), was also a noted obstetrician. In 1710 he obtained his doctorate from the University of Strasbourg with a dissertation thesis titled \"\"\"De cordis palpitatione\"\". From 1728 onward, he was director of the \"Prätor Franz Josef von Klinglin\" municipal midwifery school in Strasbourg, a popular school", "title": "Johann Jakob Fried" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Inventive spelling Inventive spelling (sometimes \"invented spelling\") is the use of unconventional spellings of words. Conventional written English is not phonetic (that is, it is not written as it sounds, due to the history of its spelling, which led to outdated, unintuitive, misleading or arbitrary spelling conventions and spellings of individual words) unlike, for example, German or Spanish, where letters have relatively fixed associated sounds, so that the written text is a fair representation of the spoken words. English spelling is not intuitive and must be learned. There have been numerous proposals to rationalize written English, notably by Inventive spelling", "title": "Inventive spelling" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Ernst Emil Alexander Back Ernst Emil Alexander Back (October 21, 1881 – June 20, 1959) was a German physicist, born in Freiburg. He attended school in Strasbourg until 1900, and from 1902 until 1906 studied law in Strasbourg, Munich, and Berlin. He then worked in the legal profession in Alsace-Lorraine until 1909, afterwards taking leave to study physics in Tübingen. He retired from the legal profession in 1912, and earned his Ph.D. in 1913. His thesis, titled \"Zur Prestonschen Regel\", was on the subject of what would later be called the Paschen-Back effect, and was named after Back and Friedrich", "title": "Ernst Emil Alexander Back" } ]

[ "Straßburg" ]

[ "In the fifth century Strasbourg was occupied successively by Alemanni, Huns, and Franks. In the ninth century it was commonly known as Strazburg in the local language, as documented in 842 by the Oaths of Strasbourg. This trilingual text contains, alongside texts in Latin and Old High German (teudisca lingua), the oldest written variety of Gallo-Romance (lingua romana) clearly distinct from Latin, the ancestor of Old French. The town was also called Stratisburgum or Strateburgus in Latin, from which later came Strossburi in Alsatian and Straßburg in Standard German, and then Strasbourg in French. The Oaths of Strasbourg is considered as marking the birth of the two countries of France and Germany with the division of the Carolingian Empire." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Altar Boyz and The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee." ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "The Jackson 5, Pat Benatar, Billy Idol, Marvin Gaye, Scandal, Tiffany, The Romantics, The Pretenders, The Temptations, The Contours, The Commodores, Tommy James & the Shondells and The Partridge Family, and has been compared to a cross between Altar Boyz and The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee. The fourth a cappella musical to appear Off-Broadway, In Transit, premiered 5 October 2010 and was produced by Primary Stages with book, music, and lyrics by Kristen Anderson-Lopez, James-Allen Ford, Russ Kaplan, and Sara Wordsworth. Set primarily in the New York City subway system its score features an eclectic mix of musical", "title": "A cappella" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "about odd things). Both the clock and the three window option live on in the children's programme \"Tikkabilla\", which borrows much from \"Play School\", while a similar choice of portal into a film clip was provided by the abdomen-mounted video displays in the children's show \"Teletubbies\". Most of the programmes were studio-based, but there were a number of outside broadcasts at a variety of locations, such as zoos, seasides, central London, churches, schools and farms. There would also be songs, games, poems and stories, as well as regular painting and craft activities. The presenters would frequently invite the younger viewers", "title": "Play School (UK TV series)" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "film 4 stars calling it 'A beautiful piece of filmmaking'. Jennie Kermode for 'Eye for Film' gave the film 3 stars, stating \"Northern Lights may sometimes by lacking in energy but it doesn't outstay its welcome and overall it's an impressive debut\". In 2017, aged 17 he directed 'Cotton Wool' with a cast including Leanne Best and Crissy Rock. The film was shot by BAFTA winning cinematographer Alan C. McLaughlin. The film was supported in its research by the British Stroke Association and received a 12A by the British Board of Film Classification. The film received a 5 star review", "title": "Nicholas Connor" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "being \"strong\" and \"clear,\" they also pointed out that songs like \"Take Me Home\" were like a \"third-rate\" version of \"When the Children Cry.\" \"Melodic Rock\" was more positive about the release, awarding it a 91 out of 100. The reviewer likened the songs to older White Lion albums such as \"Pride\" and \"Mane Attraction\" and considered them an \"extension of [Tramp's songwriting].\" \"Rock Eyez\" gave the album three stars and remarked: \"this record is somewhat of a mixed bag to me with some truly good songs and a few misses along the way. Come to think of it, if", "title": "Return of the Pride" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "earlier years. Blair later returned to college to complete his postponed degree. At one time he said he considered going into politics. The year after he left the \"Times\", Blair wrote a memoir, \"Burning Down My Master's House\", published by New Millennium Books in 2004. Its initial print run was 250,000 copies; some 1,400 were sold in its first nine days. The Associated Press reported that the potential audience for his book may have gained enough information from the \"New York Times\" coverage of the reporting scandal. Although most reviews were critical, sales of the book increased after Blair was", "title": "Jayson Blair" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures The Dive Lectures are a series of public lectures that have been hosted at the Royal Geographical Society in London every year since 2005 as part of an ongoing programme of events by the Society and the London Diving Chamber to promote exploration and adventure sports. Featuring keynote presentations by well-known figures in diving, television, exploration, photography and environmentalism, the lectures have developed into a well-attended social and professional forum for the British scuba industry as well as a popular fund-raising occasion for diving-related charities. The first Dive Lecture was inaugurated in March 2002 under", "title": "London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Kashmir Valley. The people mainly rely on government jobs, but agriculture is also practiced by a one third of the population. Ratnipora has been historically important for its contribution to education and poetry having produced notable people like, Syed Shamas-ud-din Andrabi Gamgeen, Syed Jala-ud-Din Aijaz, Syed Mohi-ud-Din Khushbash, Syed Mohi-ud-Din Nawaz and scores more. It is fondly called as the Land of Poets. 100% population practices Islam. While there are three Jamia Masjids, there are more than 30 small Masjids and a Hindu temple. Ratnipora was also inhabited by thirty Hindu ( Kashmiri Pandit) households who lived in perfect harmony", "title": "Ratnipora" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "19 million visitors since August 2004. Kashann Kilson of Inverse called the game \"the perfect combination of a logic puzzle and an online scavenger hunt.\" Several Notpron-inspired websites have been created which achieved significant popularity, the most prominent being Truly Kryptic, Amnesya and OddPawn. Notpron Notpron is an online puzzle game created in 2004 by German game developer David Münnich. NotPron currently has 82 positive levels, 44 negative and 12 Greek (Greek letters; alpha to nu). Inspired by a game he played online entitled \"This is not Porn\", David Münnich created the first five levels in 2004, put them in", "title": "Notpron" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "hit songs \"Dark Horse\" by Katy Perry, \"Blank Space\" by Taylor Swift, \"Perfect Storm\" by Brad Paisley, \"Invincible\" by Kelly Clarkson, and \"Should've Been Us\" by Tori Kelly. From the beginning, the phrase was in heavy use during the financial crisis of 2007–2012, even to the point of pundits anticipating \"another perfect storm\". The phrase was awarded the top prize by Lake Superior State University in their 2007 list of words that deserve to be banned for overuse. Perfect storm A perfect storm is an event in which a rare combination of circumstances drastically aggravates the event. The term is", "title": "Perfect storm" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Perfect Harmony (musical) Perfect Harmony is an a cappella musical comedy by Andrew Grosso and the Essentials about the greatest a cappella group in high school history, eighteen-time national champions, the Acafellas. It's also about their classmates and female counterpart, perennial runners up, the Ladies in Red. Through song and story, we see these students grapple with the weighty issues of truth, love, and what constitutes appropriate choreography for Nationals. As the story unfolds, we learn not just about these students themselves but also about the true nature of harmony. \"Perfect Harmony\" features a cappella arrangements of hit songs by", "title": "Perfect Harmony (musical)" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "tend to \"blend into one overall sound\" sometimes referred to as modal voicings, and both may be applied where the m11 chord is called for during extended periods such as the entire chorus . Quartal and quintal harmony have been used by Robert Fripp, who has described himself as the rhythm guitarist of King Crimson. Fripp dislikes minor thirds and especially major thirds in equal temperament tuning, which is used by non-experimental guitars. Of course, just intonation's perfect octaves, perfect fifths, and perfect fourths are well approximated in equal temperament tuning, and perfect fifths and octaves are highly consonant intervals.", "title": "Quartal and quintal harmony" } ]

[ "Altar Boyz and The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee." ]

[ "The a cappella musical Perfect Harmony, a comedy about two high school a cappella groups vying to win the National championship, made its Off Broadway debut at Theatre Row’s Acorn Theatre on 42nd Street in New York City in October, 2010 after a successful out-of-town run at the Stoneham Theatre, in Stoneham, Massachusetts. Perfect Harmony features the hit music of The Jackson 5, Pat Benatar, Billy Idol, Marvin Gaye, Scandal, Tiffany, The Romantics, The Pretenders, The Temptations, The Contours, The Commodores, Tommy James & the Shondells and The Partridge Family, and has been compared to a cross between Altar Boyz and The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "summer" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "city is one of the rainiest in Canada outside of coastal British Columbia. This is partly due to its propensity for tropical storm activity as well as moist, Atlantic air frequently blowing ashore and creating precipitation. Of major Canadian cities, St. John's is the foggiest (124 days), windiest ( average speed), and cloudiest (1,497 hours of sunshine). Precipitation is frequent and often heavy, falling year round. On average, summer is the driest season, with only occasional thunderstorm activity, and the wettest months are from October to January, with December the wettest single month, with nearly 165 millimetres of precipitation on", "title": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of in summer (average max. ), and in winter (average min. ), with an annual mean of . Relative humidity is 60%, with the most humid month being July with 67%, and the driest in December at 50%. The area is catalogued as subhumid-dry, with a measured maximum (until 2006), in 1980 at , annual media of with a tendency to reach ( in 1996). During the dry season (summer) March is the wettest at . The wet season is at the end of spring (October and November). The driest month on record is August with an average of .", "title": "Laprida Partido" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "letter indicates the precipitation pattern—\"w\" indicates dry winters (driest winter month average precipitation less than one-tenth wettest summer month average precipitation. \"s\" indicates at least three times as much rain in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer. \"f\" means significant precipitation in all seasons (neither above-mentioned set of conditions fulfilled). The third letter indicates the degree of summer heat—\"a\" indicates warmest month average temperature above while \"b\" indicates warmest month averaging below 22 °C. These climates usually occur on the western sides of continents between the latitudes of 30° and 45°. These climates are", "title": "Köppen climate classification" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "is no \"dry season\" precipitation falls in all months with regularity (a good part as snow during the winter), but heavier summer rains make higher average amounts as a general rule with occasional dry periods. February and March rank as the driest months on average. Annual average precipitation is . Despite being cold, extended snow free periods occur in most winter seasons and precipitation can fall as rain with temperatures sometimes climbing above . Average winter snowfall is at the weather station in Downtown Toronto and at Toronto Pearson International Airport. The average January maximum/minimum is / in the city.", "title": "Geography of Toronto" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the low humidity, short duration, and isolationism of the thunderstorms all play a part in making this the driest season. July is the driest month, with only 0.72 in (18.3 mm) of precipitation on average. In late fall, the Pacific Ocean usually begins to kick in again, and starting in late September precipitation begins to increase. During late summer and fall, remnants of tropical cyclones from the East Pacific occasionally reach Utah, resulting in heavy tropical rains. Weather events such as hail, freezing rain, and sleet are uncommon in Salt Lake City. When they do occur, they are of short", "title": "Climate of Salt Lake City" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "gusty winds and another milder dust storm. In 2011, Sydney had the driest February in 30 years with only of rain falling, which is well below than the average . Some of the western suburbs recorded the lowest total February rainfall on record. In September 2013, the combination of dry weather, warm temperatures and strong winds brought early-season bushfires. Major bushfires impacted western Sydney and the Blue Mountains, resulting in some evacuations, closed roads, and destroyed homes. The summer of 2013-14 was the driest in 72 years. The precipitation of December 2013 and January 2014, inclusively, only added up to", "title": "Climate of Sydney" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "climate, Kupang's temperature varies a little between the hotter summer season (October to March) and the cooler winter season (April to September). October is the hottest month (average temperature 28.8 °C /83.8 °F) and July the coolest (average temperature 26.1 °C /79.0 °F). The city has a distinct wet season and dry season. January is the wettest month (precipitation total 386 millimetres/15.2 in). August and September are the driest months (precipitation total 2 millimetres /0.079 in) Kupang is a multi-ethnic city of the tribe of Timor, Rote, Sabu, Flores, a small ethnic Chinese and immigrants from Ambon and several other", "title": "Kupang" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "months), the average temperature is +20.8 °C. July is the hottest month, with the average temperature being +21.7 °C, with a high of +37.8 °C. During the year rainfall is on average 400 – 600 mm. The rainy season is June, July and November, during which monthly rainfall is about 60 – 80 mm. The driest months are January and February, with 20 – 30 mm of rainfall. Fog and dew are uncommon, but often appears in the cold half of the year, while the dew occurs mainly in the summer. The economy of Prymorske relies primarily on agriculture and", "title": "Prymorske, Kiliya Raion" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "very rainy, especially in May, which is the wettest month. Summer is very hot and humid, with moderate levels of rain, and generous sunshine; on average, July and August are the only two months where the area receives more than half of possible sunshine. Autumn is the driest season. From January to May, on average, more than half of the days each month receive some precipitation. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from in January to in July. The annual precipitation is around . With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 15% in February and March to 58% in July,", "title": "Yongzhou" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "wettest parts of England, where in contrast the driest parts of the Vale of Mowbray are some of the driest areas in the UK. Summer temperatures are above average, at 22 °C, but highs can regularly reach up to 28 °C, with over 30 °C reached in heat waves. Winter temperatures are below average, with average lows of 1 °C. Snow and Fog can be expected depending on location, with the North York Moors and Pennines having snow lying for an average of between 45 and 75 days per year. Sunshine is most plentiful on the coast, receiving an average", "title": "North Yorkshire" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "classification. Despite its position on the Tropic of Capricorn, the climate is tempered by its position on a plateau 1230 m above sea level. Average temperatures reach around in January and fall to in July. As with much of inland South Africa, Polokwane has experienced notably warmer seasons over the last decade than its long-term average. Polokwane has a dry climate with a summer rainy season and a pronounced dry spell during winter. Average annual rainfall is , with December or (less often) January the wettest month and July the driest. Polokwane is served by two airports. A public airport,", "title": "Polokwane" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "a warming climate, this has changed. In 2013 and 2016 Sydney was under a tornado watch as a result of unusually powerful thunderstorms. On August 8, 2014 a funnel cloud appeared near the Sydney Airport although no tornado warning or tornado watch was issued and the funnel did not actually touch down (Source https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/wild-weather-prompts-tornado-watch-in-cape-breton-1.3018730) (http://www.capebretonpost.com/news/local/tornado-warning-has-ended-5027/) (http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/1228180-stormy-weather-hits-nova-scotia). While occasional thunderstorms and other rains can occur in summer, June through August are Sydney's driest months on average. Sydney's average annual precipitation cycle reflects these realities; the year's driest month, on average, is July; its wettest month, on average, is December. Average annual", "title": "Sydney, Nova Scotia" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "in the form of cobbles within conglomerates and cobble-bearing mudstones. This material is dense and not easily workable. Under the Köppen climate classification, San Nicolas Island features a semi-arid climate (Köppen \"BSk\") with mediterranean characteristics. Winters are mild with an average temperature of in February, the coolest month and is the season where most of the precipitation falls. Summers are dry and warm with an average of in September, indicating a seasonal lag. Temperatures above are rare, occurring on 2 days per summer. The average annual precipitation is , with the wettest month being February and the driest month being", "title": "San Nicolas Island" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "average rainfall per year is . In the winter, trade winds blow from to . The average temperature for the park is . The park experiences very little temperature variation between summer and winter, while the sea is warm year-round. The main tourist season is from December to April, which are the driest months. During the remaining months (i.e., the Atlantic hurricane season), prices for accommodations are reduced considerably. Camping and rustic lodging are available in the park from November through August at Cinnamon Bay Campground. Caneel Bay Resort provides luxury accommodations along with upscale dining in the park from", "title": "Virgin Islands National Park" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "infection if ambient humidity is low. \"Xanthamonas campestris\" pv. \"vesicatoria\" is a large problem in greenhouses and nurseries where very high humidity and warm temperatures provide a good environment for the bacteria to grow and wet soils easily transmit the disease from plant to plant. Overcrowding in propagation facilities also increases the likelihood of spreading this disease when an infected plant comes into physical contact with its neighbors. Bacterial spot of pepper and tomato can spread extremely quickly with infected plants showing symptoms 3–5 days after exposure to the pathogen. Starting with one infected plant, susceptible neighboring plants can show", "title": "Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Property is a vector of one or more named members, and has a current value vector; a target value vector; provides information about how it should be sequenced with respect to other Properties to accomplish one coordinated unit of observation; and provides hints as to how it might be displayed for interactive manipulation in a graphical user interface (GUI). Clients learn the Properties of a particular Device at runtime using introspection. This decouples Client and Device implementation histories. Devices have full authority over whether to accept commands from Clients. INDI accommodates intermediate servers, broadcasting, and connection topologies ranging from one-to-one", "title": "Instrument Neutral Distributed Interface" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "view a stroke by stroke replay of the drawing, without the pauses in between. The guesser is given a number of blank spaces representing the number of letters in the word, and a selection of scrambled letters, which include all the letters of the word plus some more letters which are not in the word. The guesser gets unlimited tries and time to use these letters and attempt enter the guess word. The drawer gets an opportunity to watch their partner guess the drawing as it is replayed. Coins build up to eventually allow the player to purchase more shades", "title": "Draw Something" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "America, the Caribbean, South America, and Oceania. Yams of African species must be cooked to be safely eaten, because various natural substances in yams can cause illness if consumed raw. The most common cooking methods in Western and Central Africa are by boiling, frying or roasting. Among the Akan of Ghana, boiled yam can be mashed with palm oil into \"eto\" in a similar manner to the plantain dish \"matoke\", and is served with eggs. The boiled yam can also be pounded with a traditional mortar and pestle to create a thick, starchy paste known as \"iyan\" (pounded yam) or", "title": "Yam (vegetable)" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "100 years\". The broadest collection of Bentley's photographs is held by the Jericho Historical Society in his home town, Jericho, Vermont. Bentley donated his collection of original glass-plate photomicrographs of snow crystals to the Buffalo Museum of Science. A portion of this collection has been digitized and organized into a digital library. Bentley was born on February 9, 1865, in Jericho, Vermont. He first became interested in snow crystals as a teenager on his family farm. He tried to draw what he saw through an old microscope given to him by his mother when he was fifteen. The snowflakes were", "title": "Wilson Bentley" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "agricultural purposes, while 28.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 38.4% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (1.7%) is non-productive (rivers or lakes). Between 1981 and 2010 St. Gallen had an average of 141 days of rain or snow per year and on average received of precipitation. The wettest month was July during which time St. Gallen received an average of of rain. During this month there was precipitation for an average of 13.8 days. The month with the most days of precipitation were June and July May. The driest month of the year was February", "title": "St. Gallen" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "as Am by the Köppen-Geiger system. The average annual temperature in Thayyeni is 26.1 °C. The rainfall here averages 4531 mm. The driest month is January, with 2 mm of rain. Most precipitation falls in July, with an average of 1524 mm. April is the warmest month of the year. The temperature in April averages 28.5 °C. In July, the average temperature is 24.7 °C. It is the lowest average temperature of the whole year. There is a difference of 1522 mm of precipitation between the driest and wettest months. The average temperatures vary during the year by 3.8 °C.", "title": "Thayyeni" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "annual average temperature of , dry and mild winters (with occurrence of light frosts on a few days of the season), and rainy summers with high temperatures. The hottest month, February, has an average temperature of , with an average maximum of and a minimum of . The coldest month, July, has an average temperature of , with and being the maximum and minimum averages, respectively. Fall and spring are transitional seasons. The total annual rainfall is measured at , and July is the driest month, with of precipitation. In January, the wettest month, the average is . Since the", "title": "Águas de São Pedro" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "195,000. Port Moresby has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen) with relatively constant temperatures throughout the year. Port Moresby’s average yearly rainfall is just over , making it the driest place in New Guinea. The wet season starts in December and ends in May; the dry season covers the remaining six months, and, like the area around Townsville in Queensland, is due to the southeasterly trade winds running parallel to the coast, and the city being surrounded by high mountains. Average daily high temperatures range from depending on time of year, while the average low temperature shows very little seasonal variation,", "title": "Port Moresby" }, { "idx": 23, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "average of 10.8 days. The month with the most days of precipitation is June, with an average of 11.3, but with only of precipitation. The driest month of the year is February with an average of of precipitation over 10.8 days. The Church of St. Stefan/S. Stefan is listed as a Swiss heritage sites of national significance. The church was first mentioned in 1343. In 1650 it was rebuilt and expanded by the Capuchin monks. During this renovation it was given extensive wood carvings and paintings. Rhaetian Railway operates trains to Tiefencastel (Rhaetian Railway station). On 13 August 2014, a", "title": "Tiefencastel" } ]

[ "summer" ]

[ "Of major Canadian cities, St. John's is the foggiest (124 days), windiest (24.3 km/h (15.1 mph) average speed), and cloudiest (1,497 hours of sunshine). St. John's experiences milder temperatures during the winter season in comparison to other Canadian cities, and has the mildest winter for any Canadian city outside of British Columbia. Precipitation is frequent and often heavy, falling year round. On average, summer is the driest season, with only occasional thunderstorm activity, and the wettest months are from October to January, with December the wettest single month, with nearly 165 millimetres of precipitation on average. This winter precipitation maximum is quite unusual for humid continental climates, which most commonly have a late spring or early summer precipitation maximum (for example, most of the Midwestern U.S.). Most heavy precipitation events in St. John's are the product of intense mid-latitude storms migrating from the Northeastern U.S. and New England states, and these are most common and intense from October to March, bringing heavy precipitation (commonly 4 to 8 centimetres of rainfall equivalent in a single storm), and strong winds. In winter, two or more types of precipitation (rain, freezing rain, sleet and snow) can fall from passage of a single storm. Snowfall is heavy, averaging nearly 335 centimetres per winter season. However, winter storms can bring changing precipitation types. Heavy snow can transition to heavy rain, melting the snow cover, and possibly back to snow or ice (perhaps briefly) all in the same storm, resulting in little or no net snow accumulation. Snow cover in St. John's is variable, and especially early in the winter season, may be slow to develop, but can extend deeply into the spring months (March, April). The St. John's area is subject to freezing rain (called \"silver thaws\"), the worst of which paralyzed the city over a three-day period in April 1984." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "The Mahabharata" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "artistic styles. Greeks continued being an important part of the cultural world of India for generations. The depictions of the Buddha appear to have been influenced by Greek culture: Buddha representations in the Ghandara period often showed Buddha under the protection of Herakles. Several references in Indian literature praise the knowledge of the Yavanas or the Greeks. The Mahabharata compliments them as \"the all-knowing Yavanas\" (sarvajnaa yavanaa); e.g., \"The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so. The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy\", such as flying machines that are generally called vimanas. The", "title": "Hellenistic period" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "artistic styles. Greeks continued being an important part of the cultural world of India for generations. The depictions of the Buddha appear to have been influenced by Greek culture: Buddha representations in the Ghandara period often showed Buddha under the protection of Herakles. Several references in Indian literature praise the knowledge of the Yavanas or the Greeks. The Mahabharata compliments them as \"the all-knowing Yavanas\" (sarvajnaa yavanaa); e.g., \"The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so. The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy\", such as flying machines that are generally called vimanas. The", "title": "Hellenistic period" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and other northwestern tribes in numerous ancient Indian texts. The Mahabharata groups the Yavanas with the Kambojas and the Chinas and calls them \"Mlechchas\" (Barbarians). In the Shanti Parva section, the Yavanas are grouped with the Kambojas, Kiratas, Sakas, and the Pahlavas etc. and are spoken of as living the life of Dasyus (slaves). In another chapter of the same Parva, the Yaunas, Kambojas, Gandharas etc. are spoken of as equal to the \"Svapakas\" and the \"Grddhras\". Udyogaparva of Mahabharata says that the composite army of the Kambojas, Yavanas and Sakas had participated in the Mahabharata war under the supreme", "title": "Yona" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "October 2013, which consisted of storytelling, music and singing. She played the role of Charlotte in \"A Little Night Music\" at the American Conservatory Theater, San Francisco. She played the role of Sandra in \"Big Fish\" at the Lyric Theatre of Oklahoma in July 2015. Emily Skinner Emily Skinner (also known as Emily Scott Skinner) is a Tony-nominated American stage actress and singer. She has played leading roles in such Broadway productions as \"Prince of Broadway\", \"Side Show\", \"Jekyll & Hyde\", \"James Joyce's The Dead\", \"The Full Monty\", \"Dinner at Eight\", \"Billy Elliot\", as well as the Actor's Fund Broadway", "title": "Emily Skinner" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "St. Roch's Church, Białystok St. Roch Roman Catholic Church in Białystok, Poland was built between 1927-1946 in a modernistic style, designed by renowned Polish architect, professor Oskar Sosnowski. Its official name is Church - Monument of Poland’s Regained Independence (Kosciol-Pomnik Odzyskania Niepodleglosci) and it stands on the Saint Roch hill on Lipowa Street in Bialystok, in the spot where a Roman Catholic cemetery, founded in 1839, once stood. The cemetery was profaned by the Russians during the January Uprising. The church was built on initiative of local provost, reverend Adam Abramowicz, who in April 1926 announced competition for the design", "title": "St. Roch's Church, Białystok" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Jeffrey Sconce Jeffrey Sconce is a professor and cultural historian of media and film. He is an associate professor in the Screen Cultures program at Northwestern University. Sconce has a B.A., B.S., and M.A. from the University of Texas, Austin, and a Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin Madison. He is the author of \"Haunted Media: Electronic Presence from Telegraphy to Television\", published by Duke University Press in 2000. Chapters from \"Haunted Media\" have been translated into French and German. He is also the editor of \"Sleaze Artists: Cinema at the Margins of Taste, Style, and Financing,\" published by Duke", "title": "Jeffrey Sconce" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Banking Division, before returning, in August 2004, to Portugal, when Moedas joined the real estate consulting company \"Aguirre Newman Portugal\" becoming Managing Partner until 2008, when he set up his own investment management company, \"Crimson Investment Management\". Following the Eurozone crisis, Moedas was appointed coordinator of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) Economic Research Unit. He and Eduardo Catroga led PSD negotiations in the run-up to Portugal's 2011 State Budget, following which he was selected by PSD to contest the Beja constituency in the legislative elections held on the 5th of June 2011. Moedas was elected to Parliament, becoming the first", "title": "Carlos Moedas" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "clues that give away the trump suit or Strikers. Watten (card game) Watten, regionally also called \"Watteln\" or \"Wattlung\", is a card game that is mainly played in Bavaria, Austria, Switzerland and South Tyrol. There are several main variants: Bavarian, Bohemian, South Tyrolean, (Austrian) Tyrolean, Kritisch and Blind Watten. It is usually a 4-player game, but it may also be played by 2 or 3 players. Parlett says that \"though hard to describe, Watten is fun to play and easy to learn.\" According to tradition the game emerged in its present form in the Kingdom of Bavaria during the time", "title": "Watten (card game)" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "King of Prussia, befriended him. \"Jean de Forcade de Biaix\" pleased him and his career began to show it. Frederick William I of Prussia, known as the \"\"Soldier King\"\", who would later become the organizer of the Prussian Army, particularly appreciated three things: tobacco (Potsdam's Tabagies became famous); soldiers, especially if they were very tall; and lastly, thrift (he was known for a selfish greed). Concerning this latter, he especially appreciated French Huguenots, and is said to have admiringly exclaimed: \"\"These are the only French who are satisfied with a single frog per day!\"\" He found all three qualities \"Jean", "title": "Jean de Forcade de Biaix" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "(i.e. \"foremost among the Kshatriyas\"). The Balakanda of the Ramayana groups the Pahlavas with the Sakas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Mlechhas and the Kiratas and refers to them as military allies of sage Vasishtha against Vedic sage king Vishwamitra. The Kiskindha Kanda of Ramayana associates the Pahlavas with the Yavanas, Shakas, Kambojas, Paradas (Varadas), Rishikas and the Uttarakurus etc. and locates them all in the trans-Himalayan territories i.e. in the Sakadvipa. Mahabharata attests that Pandava-putra Nakula had defeated the Pahlavas in the course of his western expedition. The kings of Pahlava were also present at the Rajasuya sacrifice of king Yudhishtra. The", "title": "Pahlavas" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "our usefulness to the world, wherever we are, is that we can understand different cultures and help people from different cultures understand one another. The disadvantage is that if we don't work on it, we may end up not knowing who we are. Literary writing in Goa began to take shape under Portuguese rule and influence, associated with Portugal's mid-nineteenth-century Regeneration, which saw the reintroduction of the press to Goa, along with expanded Portuguese education. A spate of Portuguese-language publications, 'such as \"A Biblioteca de Goa\" (1839), \"O Enciclopédico\" (1841-1842), \"O Compilador\" (1843-1847), \"O Gabinete Literário das Fontainhas\" (1846-1848), \"A", "title": "Goan literature" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "races i.e. Yadu, Vrushni, Mushti, Bhoja and Andhakas. However, Andhras are different. According to Bhagavatha purana, Andhras are the decedents of King Bali means. Andhras are six such Anga,Vanga, Kalings, Simha, Pundra and Andhras. So Andhras are different from Andhakas. Andhras are eastern where as Andhakas are western yadavas. The clarification is sufficient to distinguish Andhakas from Andhras. The Chanura is also one of Andhakas and not of Andhras.\" Of terrible deeds and exceedingly fierce, the Tusharas, the Yavanas, the Khasas, the Darvabhisaras, the Daradas, the Sakas, the Kamathas, the Ramathas, the Tanganas the Andhrakas, the Pulindas, the Kiratas of", "title": "Andhra in Indian epic literature" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "three verses, and \"Sūrat al-Ḥafd\", with six. The order of suras in Ubayy's codex is said to have differed from that of Uthman's and Ibn Masʿud's as well, although these are structural differences rather than textual variations. The first sura, entitled \"al-Khal\" (\"separation\"), is translated as: \"O Allah, we seek your help and ask your forgiveness, and we praise you and we do not disbelieve in you. We separate from and leave him who sins against you.\" The second sura, entitled \"al-Hafd\" (\"haste\"), is translated as: \"O Allah, we worship You and to You we pray and prostrate and to", "title": "History of the Quran" } ]

[ "The Mahabharata" ]

[ "Several references in Indian literature praise the knowledge of the Yavanas or the Greeks. The Mahabharata compliments them as \"the all-knowing Yavanas\" (sarvajnaa yavanaa) i.e. \"The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so. The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy.\" and the creators of flying machines that are generally called vimanas. The \"Brihat-Samhita\" of the mathematician Varahamihira says: \"The Greeks, though impure, must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein, excelled others.....\" ." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "In 1821, after Mexico's War of Independence from Spain, Texas was part of the United Mexican States as the state of Coahuila y Tejas" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "territory, including the French colony of Louisiana that was under Spanish occupation from 1769 to 1800, and then part of the United States since 1803. When Louisiana was sold to the United States, its Spanish, Louisiana Creole people and Cajun French inhabitants became U.S. citizens, and continued to speak Spanish or French. In 1813, George Ticknor started a program of Spanish Studies at Harvard University. In 1821, after Mexico's War of Independence from Spain, Texas was part of the United Mexican States as the state of Coahuila y Tejas. A large influx of Americans soon followed, originally with the approval", "title": "Spanish language in the United States" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "word, but voiced ones like \"d\" are pronounced unaspirated and with weakened voicing in that position. Similar conventions were used in the earlier Gwoyeu Romatzyh system and the later pinyin system. The Yale system, like Wade-Giles and Gwoyeu Romatzyh, represents palatal consonants using letters for similar sounds with which they are in complementary distribution. This is more intuitive for English speakers than the pinyin usage of the letters \"q\" and \"x\" wherein they no longer carry their expected values. For example, \"q\" in pinyin is pronounced something like the \"ch\" in \"chicken\" and is written as \"ch\" in Yale Romanization.", "title": "Yale romanization of Mandarin" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "German chancellor Georg von Hertling to the Grand Duchess. On 28 September 1918, the Kauffman Ministry was succeeded by a new government under Émile Reuter. Kauffman Ministry The Kauffman Ministry was in office in Luxembourg from 19 June 1917 to 28 September 1918. Léon Kauffman, a member of the Party of the Right, was able to form a coalition government with the liberals on 19 June 1917. This was the first time that a Prime Minister from the Party of the Right was in office. One of the government's tasks was to reform the Constitution of Luxembourg, to make it", "title": "Kauffman Ministry" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "2008 and 2010 seasons. Brendon McCullum lead the team in the intervening period. Both captains were released before the 2011 season. The former team included all-rounders Chris Gayle, David Hussey, Laxmi Ratan Shukla, Angelo Mathews, batsman Ricky Ponting and wicket keeper Wriddhiman Saha. The main bowlers were Umar Gul, Ishant Sharma, Ashok Dinda, Ajit Agarkar and Murali Karthik. Australian batsman Brad Hodge and bowlers Ajantha Mendis and Charl Langeveldt were bought outside the IPL auction in late 2008. At the 2009 auction the team bought Bangladeshi all-rounder Mashrafe Mortaza at a whopping price of $600,000 dollars. Due to the unavailability", "title": "Kolkata Knight Riders" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the recording was deemed unusable.) The deliberate lack of production slickness and attention to audio detail pleased even the notoriously TV-shy Nelson, Lead Marketer Ken Waggoner, and ACL creator Bill Arhos pitched the pilot to PBS as part of its 1975 pledge drive. The show's success as a fundraiser was enough for Arhos to get ACL green-lighted as a series. The show inspired the creation of the Austin City Limits Music Festival, an annual live music festival at Zilker Park in Austin. In 1982, Bill Arhos returned to \"Austin City Limits\" as the executive producer starting in season 7, and", "title": "Austin City Limits" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Siam (also known as King Rama IV) wanted to find someone who would help educate the members of his immediate family without attempting to convert them through use of Christian indoctrination it was his Consul in Singapore, Tan Kim Ching, that he turned to, pointing out \"It is not pleasant to us if the school mistress much morely endeavour to convert the scholars to Christianity than teaching language literature etc. like the American missionaries here.\" In response, and upon a suggestion from William Adamson of The Borneo Company, Tan Kim Ching recommended a suitable teacher in Singapore at that time", "title": "Tan Kim Ching" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and never considered land south of the Nueces River to be part of Texas. This border dispute between the newly-expanded United States and Mexico triggered the Mexican–American War. When the war concluded, Mexico relinquished its claim on Texas, as well as other regions in what is now the southwestern United States. Texas' annexation as a state that tolerated slavery had caused tension in the United States among slave states and those that did not allow slavery. The tension was partially defused with the Compromise of 1850, in which Texas ceded some of its territory to the federal government to become", "title": "1840s" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "back into Texas at Nara Visa. U.S. Route 54 in New Mexico U.S. Route 54 (US 54) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that travels from Griggsville, Illinois to El Paso, Texas. In the U.S. state of New Mexico, US 54 extends from the Texas state line by Chaparral, New Mexico and ends at the Texas state line by Nara Visa, New Mexico. The highway runs for in New Mexico. Nationally a east-west route but is signed as a north-south route through the state. US 54 enters New Mexico in Chaparral as part of the El Paso, Texas", "title": "U.S. Route 54 in New Mexico" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Surfside Beach, Texas Surfside Beach, also known locally as Surfside, is a city in Brazoria County, Texas, United States, that is situated on the Gulf of Mexico near the city of Freeport. The population was 482 at the 2010 census. Former Congressman Ron Paul maintains a home in Surfside. Surfside Beach is located in southern Brazoria County at . It is bordered to the southeast by the Gulf of Mexico and to the southwest by the entrance to Freeport Harbor, across which is the village of Quintana. The Intracoastal Waterway runs through the northwest part of the city, forming the", "title": "Surfside Beach, Texas" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "David Campos Guaderrama David Campos Guaderrama (born May 23, 1954) is a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas. Guaderrama was born in Las Cruces, New Mexico and spent the early part of his life in Deming, New Mexico. His family moved to El Paso, Texas, in 1966, where he graduated from Cathedral High School in 1972. Guaderrama received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1975 from New Mexico State University and his Juris Doctor in 1979 from the University of Notre Dame Law School. He entered solo private practice in", "title": "David Campos Guaderrama" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "U.S. Route 67 in Texas U.S. Route 67 is a major U.S. highway in the state of Texas. It runs from the US-Mexico Border south of Presidio to Texarkana at the Texas-Arkansas border. US 67 is part of the La Entrada al Pacifico international trade corridor from its southern terminus to US 385 in McCamey. US 67 enters Texas from Mexico as Federal Highway 16 south of Presidio. US 67 travels miles between Chinati Mountains State Natural Area and Big Bend Ranch State Park. US 67 shares an overlap with US 90 from Marfa to Alpine. Leaving US 90, US", "title": "U.S. Route 67 in Texas" } ]

[ "In 1821, after Mexico's War of Independence from Spain, Texas was part of the United Mexican States as the state of Coahuila y Tejas" ]

[ "In 1821, after Mexico's War of Independence from Spain, Texas was part of the United Mexican States as the state of Coahuila y Tejas. A large influx of Americans soon followed, originally with the approval of Mexico's president. In 1836, the now largely \"American\" Texans, fought a war of independence from the central government of Mexico and established the Republic of Texas. In 1846, the Republic dissolved when Texas entered the United States of America as a state. Per the 1850 U.S. census, fewer than 16,000 Texans were of Mexican descent, and nearly all were Spanish-speaking people (both Mexicans and non-Spanish European settlers who include German Texan) who were outnumbered (six-to-one) by English-speaking settlers (both Americans and other immigrant Europeans).[citation needed]" ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Mary I of England" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "he inflicted on most English abbeys during this period. Westminster diocese was dissolved in 1550, but the abbey was recognised (in 1552, retroactively to 1550) as a second cathedral of the Diocese of London until 1556. The already-old expression \"robbing Peter to pay Paul\" may have been given a new lease of life when money meant for the abbey, which is dedicated to Saint Peter, was diverted to the treasury of St Paul's Cathedral. The abbey was restored to the Benedictines under the Catholic Mary I of England, but they were again ejected under Elizabeth I in 1559. In 1560,", "title": "Westminster Abbey" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "he inflicted on most English abbeys during this period. Westminster diocese was dissolved in 1550, but the abbey was recognised (in 1552, retroactively to 1550) as a second cathedral of the Diocese of London until 1556. The already-old expression \"robbing Peter to pay Paul\" may have been given a new lease of life when money meant for the abbey, which is dedicated to Saint Peter, was diverted to the treasury of St Paul's Cathedral. The abbey was restored to the Benedictines under the Catholic Mary I of England, but they were again ejected under Elizabeth I in 1559. In 1560,", "title": "Westminster Abbey" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Taxi Girl for eight years, before forming the acoustic outfit Juliette et les Indépendants with his girlfriend Juliette. Taxi Girl's first EP, \"(S.O.S Mannequin)\", was released in early 1980 on Pathé Marconi/EMI. \"For a teenager, the late 70s were a strange mixture of disco music and punk, and it was okay to like them all,\" he says. Taxi Girl captured the punk rock power of The Stooges, the techno futurism of Kraftwerk and the disco euphoria of Giorgio Moroder and molded the diametrically opposed styles into an electrifying new-wave sound that entertained and inspired a generation of listeners bored by", "title": "Mirwais (musician)" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Prost won ahead of Capelli, Senna, Piquet, Berger and Patrese. Britain was next and Mansell, roared on by his home fans at the fast Silverstone airfield circuit, took pole from Senna, followed by Berger, Boutsen, Prost and Alesi. Senna passed Mansell at the first corner and led for the first 11 laps before Mansell retook the lead; the Brazilian then spun on lap 14, dropping down to fifth. As Prost passed Boutsen for third, Mansell began to have troubles with his gearbox. Berger passed him for the lead on lap 22 but then began to suffer handling issues, enabling Mansell", "title": "1990 Formula One World Championship" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "can still be used to help during childbirth. \"Baladi\" () means “of the country” and is a style of Egyptian folk dance from the early 20th century which is still very popular. Thus, ‘Egyptian Beledi’ means ‘of the country of Egypt’ It came about when farmers moved to the city and began dancing in small spaces. Egyptians have Baladi people, Baladi bread, Baladi rhythms, Baladi music and Baladi dance. It is a folk/social form of bellydance. It is more stationary than raqs sharqi, with little use of the arms, and the focus is on hip movements. Baladi dance has a", "title": "Arab dance" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "on nearby Meizhou Island, usually regarded as the cradle of her cult, but she probably spent her adult life on the mainland. In 1086, she joined the deities venerated at the town's \"Holy Mound\" (, \"Shengdun\") after appearing to the villagers in their dreams following a series of mysterious lights at the mound. The main temple in the Qiaodou area today is the Jiucha Temple () honoring the Great God of Jiucha (). Its religious processions occur on the second and third days of the second lunar month. Qiaodou Village Qiaodou Village is a village under the administration of Huangshi", "title": "Qiaodou Village" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "south borders of the park. The Volga's detour around the Zhiguli mountains is almost 200 km in length. The Zhiguli, and most of the bedrock in the park, is a karst (limestone) formation, averaging about 300 meters in height. About 18% of the Samara Bend National Park is in the mountainous Zhiguli on the north, 8% is on Volga floodplains to the south, and the remainder is forest and forest-steppe. In the eastern part of the park, the weathering of the limestone has left more than 500 craters over 1 meter to 100 meters in width, and 1 meter to", "title": "Samarskaya Luka National Park" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of the abbey's archives was lost. The property and temporal jurisdiction of the abbey was acquired by Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma, in 1605. In 1614 the Cassinese transferred the spiritualities to the Benedictines of the abbey of Saint John the Evangelist in Parma, which was independent of the bishops of Parma, as Fontevivo had been as a territorial abbey. Only when it was finally merged into the Diocese of Parma in 1893, when the Benedictines gave it up, did the bishops gain authority over it, and have since used the honorary title of \"Abbot of Fontevivo\". The only", "title": "Fontevivo Abbey" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of Veszprém, meanwhile in the establishing charter of the abbey of Tihany (1055) this territory was under the supervision of the Benedictine Pannonhalma Abbey. The first was confimed later by Pope Alexander III (1175) and Pope Urban II (1187). Pope Innocent III gave a part of Somogy County (including Kőröshegy) the Benedictines, but ecclesiastically to the Archdiocese of Veszprém. Under the rule of Béla IV, Master Albeus wrote a list of the residents of Kőröshegy, therefore they are all known by names today. In 1376 the village was the seat of the cattle regency of Pannonhalma Abbey in Somogy County.", "title": "Kőröshegy" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "who lived at Fontenelle until his death in 1896, restored the entire property to the French Benedictines (Solesmes Congregation), and a colony of monks from Ligugé Abbey settled there in 1893, under Joseph Pothier as superior. Dom Pothier, a scholar who reconstituted the Gregorian chant and one of the most well-known Benedictines of the world, later was elected abbot of Saint Wandrille, becoming upon his installation on 24 July 1898 its first abbot since the French Revolution and its first regular abbot since the 16th century. This community was expelled under the \"Association Laws\" by the French government in 1901,", "title": "Abbey of Saint Wandrille" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Abbey of Santa Maria in Sylvis The Abbey of Santa Maria in Sylvis (Italian: \"Abbazia di Santa Maria in Silvis\") is a monastery in the centre of Sesto al Reghena, in the province of Pordenone, north-eastern Italy. The abbey, founded around 730–735 AD, belonged to the Benedictines until 762. After the fall of the Lombard Kingdom in 774 and the subsequent rebellion of Friuli in 776, the abbey had all its properties confirmed by Charlemagne through a chart including total exemption from any tax obligation to lay authorities. In 899 it was ravaged by a Magyar raid, and was restored", "title": "Abbey of Santa Maria in Sylvis" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "monastery celebrated the Tridentine Mass in Latin, but Mass is now celebrated from the 1979 Book of Common Prayer and with the celebrant facing the congregation. Wells, Wallace L.; \"Prayerful and Militant\", \"The Living Church\", 1960 St. Gregory's Abbey, Three Rivers St. Gregory's Abbey, located near Three Rivers, in St. Joseph County, Michigan, is a community of men living under the Rule of St. Benedict within the Episcopal Church. In 1935, a group of American Episcopalians went to England to be trained by the Anglican Benedictines of Nashdom Abbey in Buckinghamshire. Some of this group returned to the US, became", "title": "St. Gregory's Abbey, Three Rivers" } ]

[ "Mary I of England" ]

[ "The abbey was restored to the Benedictines under the Catholic Mary I of England, but they were again ejected under Elizabeth I in 1559. In 1560, Elizabeth re-established Westminster as a \"Royal Peculiar\" – a church of the Church of England responsible directly to the Sovereign, rather than to a diocesan bishop – and made it the Collegiate Church of St Peter (that is, a non-cathedral church with an attached chapter of canons, headed by a dean.) The last of Mary's abbots was made the first dean." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "to look for omens" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "crimes. Magistrates also had both the power and the duty to look for omens. This power could also be used to obstruct political opponents. One check on a magistrate's power was called \"Collega\" (collegiality). Each magisterial office would be held concurrently by at least two people. Another such check was \"provocatio\". While in Rome, all citizens were protected from coercion, by \"provocatio\", which was an early form of due process. It was a precursor to \"habeas corpus\". If any magistrate tried to use the powers of the state against a citizen, that citizen could appeal the decision of the magistrate", "title": "Roman Republic" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "held in Rijeka harbor, and before he is taken to the sea, a reading of charges is held, where a spokesman reads all of his sins. Afterwards, a boat takes the Pust to the sea and it is burned there. This tradition is held in all places around Rijeka, but it is held on Tuesday or Wednesday after the carnival. In the last few years there are several parties held on various locations in Rijeka, some starting day before the carnival, and end in the night after the carnival. The most known is a carnival party held on Korzo, where", "title": "Rijeka Carnival" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in her film \"High Tide\", as Armstrong and Sandra Levy (the film's producer) continued to let her take part in the film during production. Jones states that Armstrong and Levy \"regarded me as very much part of the process and when some minutes had to be cut out, I was asked about it\". Jones served on the Australian Film Commission during the 1990s and is \"very active in encouraging women's (and alternative) women's cinema\". Laura Jones has won the Australian Writer’s Guild Award three times, the New South Wales Premier’s Prize for Screen Writing twice, and the Australian Film Institute’s", "title": "Laura Jones (screenwriter)" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Azad Maidan Azad Maidan (formerly known as \"Bombay Gymkhana Maidan\") is a triangular-shaped maidan (sports ground) in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It is located on of land near the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus station. It is a regular venue for inter-school cricket matches. The name \"Azad\" means \"liberty\" in Persian. The ground is known for its cricket pitches, for protest meetings, and for political rallies. The Bombay Gymkhana clubhouse was built in 1875, at the southern end of the maidan. The vast expanses of land of the Oval Maidan, Azad Maidan, Cooperage Ground and Cross Maidan until the early 20th century formed", "title": "Azad Maidan" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "on a Tascam reel-to-reel four-track at MikTon Studios (a former factory at 45 Chatham Street, Leicester; now private flats).The backing musicians for Little Stones were members of The Originals; Yvonne Blair (drums & percussion); Kevin Young (Guitar); Terri Lowe (Guitars, Bass Guitar). Equipment was supplied by Lowe and borrowed from Phil Hudson, the sound engineer at The Princess Charlotte, the premier music venue in Leicester. Bob Dylan, an influence, was represented in the form of a cover version of \"All I Really Wanna Do\", which featured a black 12-string Rickenbacker guitar. Ruth continued to play, bringing in Mary Mills (Bass", "title": "Po!" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "considered outside \"social-ethical norms\". In the 1990s, the Netherlands gained international attention due to its policies regarding the age of consent. Between 1990 and 2002 the Netherlands operated what was in effect an age of consent of 12, subject to qualifications. The relevant law, passed in November, 1990, permitted sexual intercourse for young people between 12 and 16 in most circumstances, but allowed a challenge by parents or by the Child Protection Agency if there was evidence of exploitation. Although the age of consent was often reported internationally to be 12, this was partly misleading, because sexual acts up to", "title": "Ages of consent in Europe" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "city hall. His first act that day was to notify other delegates of the dismissal of the scheduled April 22 meeting, which was supposed to be the first meeting of the newly formed city council. However, Delić later re-scheduled and held the meeting on April 22. The meeting was held under a siege by gendarmerie and army troops surrounding the building, as Delić locked himself and 27 present councilmen inside, trying to perform mayoral duties while under suspension. The quorum was confirmed to be met and the minutes were signed, but nothing else could have been accomplished before officer Vragović", "title": "Svetozar Delić" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Vice President Mohammad Hatta issued a decree that outlined the function and authority of the KNIP. In addition to the assisting the President, the committee would perform legislative duties until an MPR and DPR could be formed. In taking on the functions of the MPR, the KNIP was responsible for creating the Broad Outlines of Government Policy (GBHN). The role which KNIP played would provide a rough outline of the duties which the Preparatory Committee (the MPR) would later perform. On 27 December 1949, Indonesia's independence was recognised by the Dutch Government, and the search was on for a form", "title": "People's Consultative Assembly" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "on Earth. It could be argued that the establishment of such a colony would be Earth's first act of self-replication. Intermediate goals include colonies that expect only information from Earth (science, engineering, entertainment) and colonies that just require periodic supply of light weight objects, such as integrated circuits, medicines, genetic material and tools. The monotony and loneliness that comes from a prolonged space mission can leave astronauts susceptible to cabin fever or having a psychotic break. Moreover, lack of sleep, fatigue, and work overload can affect an astronaut's ability to perform well in an environment such as space where every", "title": "Space colonization" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to four, well in accordance with Islamic shari’ah. The marriage ceremony was extremely simple; a man satisfied the parents of his intended bride of their mutual wish to be joined in matrimony. The magistrate thereupon declared them to be man and wife, calling upon those assembled to be witnesses. It would readily be understood that a bond so lightly tied can be as easily severed; should a couple not agree, they would attend again before the magistrate, who after satisfying himself that both parties desired the separation, declared the marriage annulled. Like all other Eastern countries, all household duties were", "title": "Ukulhas" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "controversy does not exceed $15,000. In some counties the chief magistrate may be authorized to appoint one or more additional magistrates to assist in carrying out the chief magistrate's duties. In some Georgia counties the Probate Court Judge also presides over magistrate court as Chief Magistrate. The enabling legislation does not require magistrates to be licensed attorneys and most Magistrates in Georgia are not required licensed attorneys, however, local legislation in certain counties requires that either the chief magistrate or all of the magistrates be licensed attorneys so some counties have both attorneys and non-attorneys on the magistrate court bench.", "title": "State court magistrate judge" } ]

[ "to look for omens" ]

[ "Each republican magistrate held certain constitutional powers. Only the People of Rome (both plebeians and patricians) had the right to confer these powers on any individual magistrate. The most powerful constitutional power was imperium. Imperium was held by both consuls and praetors. Imperium gave a magistrate the authority to command a military force. All magistrates also had the power of coercion. This was used by magistrates to maintain public order. While in Rome, all citizens had a judgement against coercion. This protection was called provocatio (see below). Magistrates also had both the power and the duty to look for omens. This power would often be used to obstruct political opponents." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "10:30 pm" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state until 1973, most notably in Carlisle. During the 20th century elsewhere, both the licensing laws and enforcement were progressively relaxed, and there were differences between parishes; in the 1960s, at closing time in Kensington at 10:30 pm, drinkers would rush over the parish boundary to be in good time for \"Last Orders\" in Knightsbridge before 11 pm, a practice observed in many pubs adjoining licensing area boundaries. Some Scottish and Welsh parishes remained officially \"dry\" on Sundays (although often this merely required knocking at the back door", "title": "Pub" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state until 1973, most notably in Carlisle. During the 20th century elsewhere, both the licensing laws and enforcement were progressively relaxed, and there were differences between parishes; in the 1960s, at closing time in Kensington at 10:30 pm, drinkers would rush over the parish boundary to be in good time for \"Last Orders\" in Knightsbridge before 11 pm, a practice observed in many pubs adjoining licensing area boundaries. Some Scottish and Welsh parishes remained officially \"dry\" on Sundays (although often this merely required knocking at the back door", "title": "Pub" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of the pub). These restricted opening hours led to the tradition of lock-ins. However, closing times were increasingly disregarded in the country pubs. In England and Wales by 2000 pubs could legally open from 11 am (12 noon on Sundays) through to 11 pm (10:30 pm on Sundays). That year was also the first to allow continuous opening for 36 hours from 11 am on New Year's Eve to 11 pm on New Year's Day. In addition, many cities had by-laws to allow some pubs to extend opening hours to midnight or 1 am, whilst nightclubs had long been granted", "title": "Pub" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Relations Committee and Colonies. In this capacity he played a key role in advocating Italy’s participation in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and providing political and academic leadership in the creation of the European Community for Steel and Coal and the European Community for Atomic Energy. With his academic assistance, these two entities were conceived along the until-then unknown figure of a “super-national” international entity with limited but own sovereign powers. This novel idea was at the foundation of the subsequent process of integration leading first to the European Economic Communities (EEC) and then to the European Union. He also", "title": "Gaspare Ambrosini" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "remained consistent throughout its lifetime: players navigate dungeon or open-area environments in 3D, navigating the game's chosen characters with touch screen controls. The series follows fairly traditional role-playing mechanics, with players progressing the story through quests, and accepting side quests for rewards of experience points and in-game currency. The first three games restrict the player party to two people, while \"Chaos Rings III\" uses a traditional three-person party with backup characters in reserve. In addition to attack, the player also has the ability to perform varied forms of magic using card-like objects known as \"genes\", to use items, or to", "title": "Chaos Rings" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the name All Smiles. A second All Smiles album, \"Oh for the Getting and Not Letting Go\", was released on June 30, 2009. In 2010, he was selected to lead a project at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and in 2011 he released his third All Smiles album, \"Staylow and Mighty\". Fairchild has also played for the bands Giant Sand, Great Northern, Lackthereof and Modest Mouse, having first played guitar with the latter in 2005. In March 2012, it was announced that Grandaddy had reformed and were to play a limited number of shows, including London on September", "title": "Grandaddy" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Structure gauge The structure gauge, also called the minimum clearance outline, is the minimum height and width of tunnels and bridges as well as the minimum height and width of the doors that allow a rail siding access into a warehouse. In addition, the term may apply to the minimum distance to railway platforms (passenger or freight), buildings, electrical equipment boxes, railway signal equipment, third rails or to supports for overhead lines from the track. The width of a narrow cut can also affect the maximum loading gauge. The difference between the structure gauge and the loading gauge is called", "title": "Structure gauge" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "deviants who are unknown to their survivors, feminists have emphasized the violence of rape, as well how it is embedded in normal social interactions. This redefinition effectively politicized rape, framing it as a larger pattern stemming from women’s oppression rather than a series of random, unexplainable criminal acts. From a feminist standpoint, the only way to completely eliminate rape is to create a society where women and men have equal status. Working from this new feminist definition of rape, anti-rape activists began organizing at the grassroots level, forming the first RCCs. Among the first was the Washington D.C. Rape Crisis", "title": "Rape crisis center" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Ward towards what became the Kensington Market Jewish community, and the strip became home to a number of Jewish stores and restaurants. As the Jewish community moved north from downtown, the area's proximity to Chinatown led it to be populated by Chinese-Canadians. Also close to the University of Toronto and surrounded by the area known as the \"Student Ghetto\" it also became a centre for the 1960s youth movements. Most notably it was the central location for draft dodgers from the Vietnam War in Toronto. The draft dodgers converted a number of homes to shops catering to the new community.", "title": "Baldwin Village" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Artists\" and \"A Group of Philosophers, Sages and Students\"). He also contributed to what was referred to as the Kensington Valhalla at South Kensington Museum (now the Victoria and Albert Museum), when he was responsible for depicting \"Benozzo Gozzoli\". After retiring from the Royal Academy in May 1894, Armitage spent some time in Royal Tunbridge Wells for the benefit of his health. He lodged at Mount Edgcumbe House, where he died on 24 May 1896 of apoplexy and exhaustion following pneumonia. He is buried in Hove Cemetery. Edward Armitage Edward Armitage (20 May 1817 – 24 May 1896) was an", "title": "Edward Armitage" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "part because there were many new leisure opportunities. The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914, which, along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon–2:30 pm and 6:30 pm–9:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police; a landlord might lose his licence for infractions. Pubs were closed under the Act and compensation paid, for example in Pembrokeshire. There was a special case established under the State Management Scheme", "title": "Pub" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "began to purchase public houses. From 1878 until his death in 1890, Frederic established twelve pubs which exclusively served his ale. This was the beginning of what was to become an estate of over 300 pubs across the North West of England and North Wales. The Unicorn Brewery still rests on the foundations of the public house on Lower Hillgate in Stockport. The brewery continues to be run by the fifth and sixth generations of the Robinson family. The company took over Hartley's Brewery in Ulverston in 1982, closing it and transferring the brewing of Hartley's beers to Stockport in", "title": "Robinsons Brewery" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "is located next to the new Kensington Village development. West Kensington Court was purpose built and completed in 1938 with a view of providing what were considered at the time luxury flats for young professionals and families wishing to move from older-style properties. There are also a number of ex-local authority and local authority buildings around the North End Road, including the recently renovated Lytton Estate. Many of buildings have been sold off. A more recent private development, St Paul's Court, was built in 1980 on the former site of St Paul's School. West Kensington is a cosmopolitan enclave. There", "title": "West Kensington" } ]

[ "10:30 pm" ]

[ "There was a special case established under the State Management Scheme where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state until 1973, most notably in Carlisle. During the 20th century elsewhere, both the licensing laws and enforcement were progressively relaxed, and there were differences between parishes; in the 1960s, at closing time in Kensington at 10:30 pm, drinkers would rush over the parish boundary to be in good time for \"Last Orders\" in Knightsbridge before 11 pm, a practice observed in many pubs adjoining licensing area boundaries. Some Scottish and Welsh parishes remained officially \"dry\" on Sundays (although often this merely required knocking at the back door of the pub). These restricted opening hours led to the tradition of lock-ins." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "1935" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "team of Wrigley and Veeck came to be known as the \"double-Bills.\" Near the end of the first decade of the double-Bills' guidance, the Cubs won the NL pennant in 1929 and then achieved the unusual feat of winning a pennant every three years, following up the 1929 flag with league titles in 1932, 1935, and 1938. Unfortunately, their success did not extend to the Fall Classic, as they fell to their AL rivals each time. The '32 series against the Yankees featured Babe Ruth's \"called shot\" at Wrigley Field in game three. There were some historic moments for the", "title": "Chicago Cubs" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "became the official candy bar of Major League Baseball. In 2018, President Donald Trump announced that Ruth, along with Elvis Presley and Antonin Scalia, would posthumously receive the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Montville noted the continuing relevance of Babe Ruth in American culture, more than three-quarters of a century after he last swung a bat in a major league game: Babe Ruth George Herman \"Babe\" Ruth Jr. (February 6, 1895 – August 16, 1948) was an American professional baseball player whose career in Major League Baseball (MLB) spanned 22 seasons, from 1914 through 1935. Nicknamed \"The Bambino\" and \"The Sultan", "title": "Babe Ruth" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "All-Star game in 1937, 1941, 1950 and 1956, working behind home plate for the second half of the last three games, and he worked in the 3-game series to determine the NL champion in 1946. Pinelli wrote an article for \"The Second Fireside Book of Baseball\", titled \"Kill the Umpire? Don't Make Me Laugh!\" in which he told about his rookie year of 1935, when he was told that he should not call a strike on Babe Ruth, who was winding up his career with the Boston Braves. Pinelli did not see it that way. When he was behind the", "title": "Babe Pinelli" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Babe Ruth George Herman \"Babe\" Ruth Jr. (February 6, 1895 – August 16, 1948) was an American professional baseball player whose career in Major League Baseball (MLB) spanned 22 seasons, from 1914 through 1935. Nicknamed \"The Bambino\" and \"The Sultan of Swat\", he began his MLB career as a stellar left-handed pitcher for the Boston Red Sox, but achieved his greatest fame as a slugging outfielder for the New York Yankees. Ruth established many MLB batting (and some pitching) records, including career home runs (714), runs batted in (RBIs) (2,213), bases on balls (2,062), slugging percentage (.690), and on-base plus", "title": "Babe Ruth" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a theatre and arts centre which opened in 2004. It is situated in the old town centre and named after James Brindley, engineer of the adjacent Bridgewater Canal. It contains a proscenium theatre seating 420 and a multi-purpose theatre seating 108, The Studio, which doubles as a cinema. There is an exhibition space for art installations, a small café and multi-purpose rooms. The centre is owned and administered by Halton Borough Council which runs community events in the building. In 2007, it won the title of \"Best Arts Project in the UK\" at the National Lottery Awards. A multiplex cinema", "title": "Runcorn" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "For the middle school teams, the DOE also sponsors a car competition challenging competitors to construct a car capable of attaining high speeds. They are powered through alternative energy sources such as hydrogen fuel cells and solar panels. The winners of the car competition are awarded with $500 for their school. Several companies and organizations sponsor the National Science Bowl competition, the most prominent being the United States Department of Energy. General Motors is also a regular sponsor of the event, and has in recent years sponsored the Hydrogen Fuel Cell Car competition held at NSB, where 16 teams compete", "title": "National Science Bowl" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "non-person and I think ... they destroy him. Congress recognized that four primary factors contributed to the high rates of Indian child removal. These were 1) \"a lack of culturally competent State child-welfare standards for assessing the fitness of Indian families; 2) systematic due-process violations against both Indian children and their parents during child-custody procedures; 3) economic incentives favoring removal of Indian children from their families and communities; 4) and social conditions in Indian country.\" Various other groups have also had stakes in these decisions. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) had an Indian Placement Program", "title": "Indian Child Welfare Act" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "her military pension and coverage of her medical care. Lambie fought the department's conclusion for five years, during which time she was accepted for a Centrelink disability pension. In 2006, the Administrative Appeals Tribunal was about to rule on whether the video evidence was admissible in her case when DVA abandoned its use of the video and accepted that Lambie was entitled to compensation. The tribunal's deputy president, Justice Christopher Wright, concluded that \"it is likely that even greater improvement would have been achieved a long time ago if her medical treatments, which were initially funded by the respondent, had", "title": "Jacqui Lambie" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "arranged on a flowering stem tall. There are usually two bracts along the flowering stem. The sepals and petals are long and wide. The column is pale blue, white or pinkish, long and wide. The lobe on the top of the anther is dark brown to blackish with a yellow tip and a V-shaped notch. The side lobes turn forwards and have white, toothbrush-like tufts on their ends. The flowers are scented, long-lived, insect-pollinated and open on sunny days. Flowering occurs from August to November. The plains sun orchid was first formally described in 1879 by Robert Fitzgerald from a", "title": "Thelymitra megacalyptra" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "The Babe The Babe is a 1992 American biographical drama film about the life of famed baseball player Babe Ruth, who is portrayed by John Goodman. It was directed by Arthur Hiller, written by John Fusco and released in the United States on April 17, 1992. The story begins in 1902 in Baltimore, Maryland, where a seven-year-old Babe Ruth, troubled and not-so disciplined, is sent to the St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys, a reformatory and orphanage. Ruth is sent by his father, George Herman Ruth Sr. (Bob Swan), who cannot handle raising the boy. At the school, Ruth is", "title": "The Babe" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "talent gets him hired to play for the Baltimore Orioles, and during the interview, he gets his \"Babe\" nickname. Babe becomes a successful baseball player, and is soon sold off to play for the Boston Red Sox. After a bad game, Babe wonders what went wrong at a bar, until he is told by Claire Hogsdon that when he pitches he sticks out his tongue. He continues his success, landing a new $100,000 contract. He finds Claire, but she gives him the cold shoulder. During one game, Denny, a sick paralyzed child, and his father watch Babe Ruth play. When", "title": "The Babe Ruth Story" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Ott Award. Both the awards received little publicity. The Babe Ruth Home Run Award was usually presented to the recipient by Ruth's daughter, Julia Ruth Stevens, or her son, Tom Stevens. Babe Ruth Home Run Award The Babe Ruth Home Run Award was an annual award presented to the previous season's leading home run hitter in Major League Baseball (MLB). The award was named after the legendary Babe Ruth, who led the American League in homers 12 times. It was first awarded to Mark McGwire after his record-setting 1998 season. The award was a , bronze statue of Ruth based", "title": "Babe Ruth Home Run Award" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of the significant social changes that marked the early 1920s. In his history of the Yankees, Glenn Stout noted that \"Ruth was New York incarnate—uncouth and raw, flamboyant and flashy, oversized, out of scale, and absolutely unstoppable\". During his lifetime, Ruth had become a symbol of the United States. During World War II, Japanese soldiers could think of no greater insult than to yell in English, \"To hell with Babe Ruth\", to anger American soldiers. Ruth replied that he hoped that \"every Jap that mention[ed] my name gets shot\". Creamer recorded that \"Babe Ruth transcended sport and moved far beyond", "title": "Babe Ruth" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Bill Jenkinson is a renowned baseball scholar. He resides in Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, and is a member of the Society for American Baseball Research (SABR). He has been a consultant for The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, ESPN and Major League Baseball. The book is dedicated to his wife, Marie Jenkinson. Jenkinson's second book, \"Baseball's Ultimate Power\", was released in March 2010. The Year Babe Ruth Hit 104 Home Runs The Year Babe Ruth Hit 104 Home Runs is a 432-page non-fiction book by Bill Jenkinson published by Carroll & Graf Publishers in March 2007. , its first", "title": "The Year Babe Ruth Hit 104 Home Runs" } ]

[ "1935" ]

[ "On October 1, 1932, in game three of the World Series between the Cubs and the New York Yankees, Babe Ruth allegedly stepped to the plate, pointed his finger to Wrigley Field's center field bleachers and hit a long home run to center. There is speculation as to whether the \"facts\" surrounding the story are true or not, but nevertheless Ruth did help the Yankees secure a World Series win that year and the home run accounted for his 15th and last home run in the post season before he retired in 1935." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "William the Conqueror" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "provide himself with a royal burial church. It was the first church in England built in the Romanesque style. The building was completed around 1060 and was consecrated on 28 December 1065, only a week before Edward's death on 5 January 1066. A week later, he was buried in the church; and, nine years later, his wife Edith was buried alongside him. His successor, Harold II, was probably crowned in the abbey, although the first documented coronation is that of William the Conqueror later the same year. The only extant depiction of Edward's abbey, together with the adjacent Palace of", "title": "Westminster Abbey" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "provide himself with a royal burial church. It was the first church in England built in the Romanesque style. The building was completed around 1060 and was consecrated on 28 December 1065, only a week before Edward's death on 5 January 1066. A week later, he was buried in the church; and, nine years later, his wife Edith was buried alongside him. His successor, Harold II, was probably crowned in the abbey, although the first documented coronation is that of William the Conqueror later the same year. The only extant depiction of Edward's abbey, together with the adjacent Palace of", "title": "Westminster Abbey" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "expense. Mineral jig Mineral jigs or gravity concentrators were designed to allow for separation of materials with different densities. This process is accomplished by flowing a stream of liquid-suspended material over a screen and subjecting the screen to a vertical hydraulic pulsation. This pulsation momentarily expands or dilates the screen bed and allows the heavier materials to work toward the bottom. Heavier material, or concentrate, that is finer than the screen openings will gradually work through the beds and the retention screen into the hutch, or lower compartment. That material, the concentrate, is continuously discharged from this compartment or hutch", "title": "Mineral jig" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Edmonton, Alberta with Harvard dorm-mate Jean de La Bruyere to found Maclab Enterprises (\"Mac\"taggart/\"La B\"ruyere), a property development company. He would involve himself in the local arts and culture scenes of Edmonton, one of the co-founders the Citadel Theatre in 1965, and a founder of the Edmonton Art Gallery. He is also involved with his alma mater, Harvard, serving on the Harvard Resources Committee and in the leadership of the Harvard Alumni Association as well as the directorship of Harvard Clubs in Canada. He has also served as treasurer of the American University of Beirut, president of the C.D. Howe", "title": "Sandy Mactaggart" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the founder of the field of Family Psychology. Further, Dr. Weeks holds every advanced certification and board certification one can obtain the fields of couple and sex therapy- Clinical Fellow (AAMFT); Certified Sex Therapist and Supervisor (AASECT); Diplomate (Board Certified), American Board of Sexology,American Board of Couple and Family Psychology His areas of specialization have been individual and couple relational issues as well as sex therapy for the past 35 years. He has written numerous professional texts and has provided over 30,000 hours of couple/sex therapy. In 1985, be became the youngest director of training at the Marriage Council of", "title": "Gerald R. Weeks" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the \"Spitzen Stein\" stands just east of the village center. Other nearby high points include \"Grauerstein\" (elevation 339 m) to the northwest and \"Leierkopf\" (207 m) to the east. The highest point in Frauenstein is Rotekrauzkopf (elevation 509 m) in the far northwest of the borough. The Frauenstein area is home to a population of the Aesculapian Snake, a large, non-venomous snake rare to this area of Europe. While the German name \"Frauen-Stein\" can be translated \"women's stone\", it actually derives from \"Vrowenstein\", a name which first appears in the historical record in 1221. In that year, a deed names", "title": "Wiesbaden-Frauenstein" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "District contains 72 structures within the original district along East Chicago. These structures include 42 residences and 19 businesses, along with a church, a library, a funeral home, a fraternal lodge, six medical buildings, and a hospital. The additional section added in 1990 contain 53 contributing houses and seven outbuildings on the north side addition, and a further 29 contributing houses in the south addition. Architectural styles in the district range from 1840s Greek Revivals to a 1931 English Tudor, and include Italianate, Queen Anne, and Colonial Revival houses, as well as a few bungalows and vernacular nineteenth-century houses. Significant", "title": "East Chicago Street Historic District" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "(\"Long Live the Queen/King\") are incorporated into the coronation anthem \"I was glad\". The tradition dates back to the coronation of King James II. Despite the formal separation from the abbey, the school remains Anglican, with services in the abbey attended by the entire school at least twice a week, and many other voluntary-attendance services of worship. The school was expressly exempted by the Act of Uniformity to allow it to continue saying Latin prayers despite the Reformation. Every Wednesday there is an assembly Up School known as Latin Prayers, which opens with the headmaster leading all members of the", "title": "Westminster School" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the Orb in his left, while the Queen carried her Sceptre with the Cross in her right hand and the Ivory Rod with the Dove in her left. They proceeded to the West Door of the Abbey as the National Anthem, \"God Save the King\", was sung. As in the 1902 and 1911 events, the coronation was followed by a procession through London's streets from Westminster Abbey to the Royal residence, allowing the public to view the new king and queen. In 1937, this return route was extended significantly. From Westminster Abbey, it passed around Parliament Square and up the", "title": "Coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Lichton, Bishop of Aberdeen, he was sent to England in January 1430, in order to secure peaceful relations while King James dealt with troublesome vassals within his own kingdom. Ochiltree was finally consecrated some time between July 1430 and April 1431. After the assassination of King James I of Scotland at Perth on 21 February 1437, a rushed coronation took place for his seven-year-old son, who became King James II of Scotland. The coronation had to be done at Holyrood Abbey because Scone, the traditional coronation site, was too dangerous. In these circumstances, Bishop Ochiltree conducted the ceremony of anointment,", "title": "Michael Ochiltree" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "It was Livy who first mapped out the logistics of 'Outside broadcasts', especially of the entertainment programmes relayed from the big hotels.' After completing his secondary education at Royal College, Colombo, Livy Wijemanne came on a Colombo Plan scholarship to the United Kingdom in early 1953, he was a member of the first batch of Colombo Plan Scholars from Ceylon. He worked with the famous John Arlott in Scotland, Wales and London. The BBC chose Wijemanne to occupy a seat assigned to a Commonwealth broadcasters at the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth on 2 June 1953 at Westminster Abbey. Wijemanne was", "title": "Livy Wijemanne" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Matilda of Sulzbach Matilda of Sulzbach (died 31 October or 3 November 1165) was Margravine of Istria by marriage to Engelbert III of Istria. Different dates of death are given in the necrologies of Baumburg Abbey and two monasteries of Salzburg. She was a daughter of Berengar II, Count of Sulzbach (c. 1080 – 3 December 1125) and his second wife Adelheid of Wolfratshausen. In 1111, Berengar was among the nobles attending the coronation of Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor. He is mentioned among the sureties of documents related to the coronation. In 1120, Berengar is recorded granting a donation", "title": "Matilda of Sulzbach" } ]

[ "William the Conqueror" ]

[ "Between 1042 and 1052 King Edward the Confessor began rebuilding St Peter's Abbey to provide himself with a royal burial church. It was the first church in England built in the Romanesque style. The building was not completed until around 1090 but was consecrated on 28 December 1065, only a week before Edward's death on 5 January 1066. A week later he was buried in the church, and nine years later his wife Edith was buried alongside him. His successor, Harold II, was probably crowned in the abbey, although the first documented coronation is that of William the Conqueror later the same year." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "a specific hunting interest" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "modern hunters see themselves as conservationists and sportsmen in the mode of Theodore Roosevelt and the Boone and Crockett Club. Local hunting clubs and national organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport by buying land for future hunting use. Some groups represent a specific hunting interest, such as Ducks Unlimited, Pheasants Forever, or the Delta Waterfowl Foundation. Many hunting groups also participate in lobbying the federal government and state government. Each year, nearly $200 million in hunters' federal excise taxes are distributed to state agencies to support wildlife management programs, the purchase of lands open", "title": "Hunting" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "modern hunters see themselves as conservationists and sportsmen in the mode of Theodore Roosevelt and the Boone and Crockett Club. Local hunting clubs and national organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport by buying land for future hunting use. Some groups represent a specific hunting interest, such as Ducks Unlimited, Pheasants Forever, or the Delta Waterfowl Foundation. Many hunting groups also participate in lobbying the federal government and state government. Each year, nearly $200 million in hunters' federal excise taxes are distributed to state agencies to support wildlife management programs, the purchase of lands open", "title": "Hunting" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "fame of the first. Ranjit and Renu return for the final episode. The alumni of this show went on to have chequered careers in Indian and other cinema over the years. Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi (literal meaning: 'Such is Life') is a sitcom that aired on DD National for the first time in 1984. It was written by comedy writer Sharad Joshi and directed by Kundan Shah, S. S. Oberoi and \"Raman Kumar\". The episodes revolved around funny happenings in the lives of Ranjit Verma (played by actor Shafi Inamdar) and Renu Verma (played by actress", "title": "Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to serve man, and her immense power is contained effortlessly in Shiva's hair as she descends from heaven. The artists carved a small three bodied goddess up high, a symbolism for Ganges, Yamuna and Saraswati. The mother goddess Parvati stands tall next to Shiva, smiling. The carving is wide and high. The Gangadhara image is highly damaged, particularly the lower half of Shiva seen seated with Parvati, who is shown with four arms, two of which are broken. From the crown, a cup with a triple-headed female figure (with broken arms) to depict the three major rivers in Hindu texts.", "title": "Elephanta Caves" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "latter is assumed to be metamorphosed, very old oceanic crust which sank into the mantle several hundreds of millions of years ago during the subduction of an ocean, then upwelled from deep within the mantle. Studies using the major and trace-element compositions of Icelandic volcanics showed that the source of present-day volcanism was about 100 °C greater than that of the source of mid-ocean ridge basalts. The variations in the concentrations of trace elements such as helium, lead, strontium, neodymium, and others show clearly that Iceland is compositionally distinct from the rest of the north Atlantic. For instance, the ratio", "title": "Iceland plume" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of the Most Holy (Cofradía de Esclavos del Santísmo), and Brotherhood of the Tears of Saint Peter (Cofradía de las Lágrimas de San Pedro). The passage of time, along with damage from sinking subsoil, earthquakes, and flooding in the 16th to 18th century, made the church’s reconstruction necessary. The original structures were demolished and replaced. Construction on the new and current buildings began in 1759 and were finished in 1776, when the towers and the side facade were completed. Saint Blas was declared the patron saint of both the church and the Brotherhood that sponsored it. During this construction period", "title": "Santa Veracruz Church, Mexico City" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Council on Education (ACE) Fellow at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. This experience afforded him an opportunity to enhance his skills in educational leadership, strategic planning, and systems operations. Aspects of this experience became two chapters (\"Needs Assessment and Strategic Planning\"; \"Assessing Program Costs and Effects\") in the book Health Education Evaluation and Measurement - A Practitioner's Perspective, 2nd edition, which he coauthored with Dr Robert J McDermott in 1999. This fellowship also contributed to his movement into administration first as Director of the Center for Rural Health and Social Service Development. He became chairman of the Department of Health Care", "title": "Paul Sarvela" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Retrievers and Chesapeake Bay Retrievers, specifically bred for the task. Hunters also may use a boat to get downed birds. Some hunters use boats as blinds or float rivers in search of waterfowl. When the ducks see the hunters in the boat, ducks flush off the water and hunters shoot. Then birds are collected and placed in the boat. Each hunter prefers a certain type of weather condition, depending on the type of hunting setting. Some hunters prefer sunny days vs cloudy or rainy days. However, ducks and geese fly more extensively and actively on cloudy days, rain or snow.", "title": "Waterfowl hunting" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "an Important Bird Area of the Pacific Flyway for an impressive variety of waterfowl. Unless the area is impassable due to normal seasonal flooding, a dirt and gravel road is open to the public for driving and walking tours, and a docent-led tour is given once per month. Vic Fazio Yolo Wildlife Area The Vic Fazio Yolo Wildlife Area is a wetland restoration project constructed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers and Ducks Unlimited within the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area located in the Yolo Bypass in Yolo County, California, between the cities of Sacramento and Davis. The Yolo", "title": "Vic Fazio Yolo Wildlife Area" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "residence on Hunt Lake, and their presence is known by their unique cry at twilight, although the birds prefer Townline Lake (located to the east of Enzo Creek) due to its size. Due to the abundance of waterfowl, Ducks Unlimited conducted extensive research on mallard nesting success at Enzo Creek in 2003. As part of the study, 60 mallard hens were decoy trapped in the early spring and surgically implanted with transmitters. Hens were followed via telemetry from the time of implantation to either 30 days after their bood hatch, complete brood loss, or death. Data from this study was", "title": "Enzo Creek Nature Sanctuary" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "approximately 79,000 acres of waterfowl and other water bird habitat. In 2015, Ducks Unlimited partnered with The Trust for Public Land to build an online database that tracked conservation and cleanup efforts following the Deepwater Horizon spill. On August 16, 2018, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) announced a $1.8 million cooperative agreement with Ducks Unlimited to clean up oil spills and hazardous waste releases in the Gulf of Mexico in the state of Texas. Ducks Unlimited takes a continental, landscape approach to wetland conservation. While DU works in all 50 states, the organization focuses its efforts and resources", "title": "Ducks Unlimited" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "green-winged teal), with 1.7 million shot each year. Because of the efforts of Ducks Unlimited, Delta Waterfowl Foundation and other private conservation groups, the species continues to be sustainably hunted. Gadwall The gadwall (\"Mareca strepera\") is a common and widespread dabbling duck in the family Anatidae. The gadwall was first described by Linnaeus in 1758 in his \"Systema naturae\". DNA studies have shown that it is a sister species with the falcated duck, and that these two are closely related to the wigeons. and both are assigned into the genus \"Mareca\". There two subspecies: The specific name \"strepera\" is Late", "title": "Gadwall" } ]

[ "a specific hunting interest" ]

[ "Regulation of hunting within the United States dates from the 19th century. Some modern hunters see themselves as conservationists and sportsmen in the mode of Theodore Roosevelt and the Boone and Crockett Club. Local hunting clubs and national organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport by buying land for future hunting use. Some groups represent a specific hunting interest, such as Ducks Unlimited, Pheasants Forever, or the Delta Waterfowl Foundation. Many hunting groups also participate in lobbying the federal government and state government." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration." ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Act. Most of these one million Cuban Americans settled in southern and central Florida, while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States; most are fluent in Spanish. In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration. Likewise, the Nicaraguan Revolution promoted a migration of Contras who were opposed to the socialist government in Nicaragua, to the United States in the late 1980s. Most of these Nicaraguans migrated to Florida, California and Texas. The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of both economic and political problems. The largest immigration wave occurred as a", "title": "Spanish language in the United States" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Act. Most of these one million Cuban Americans settled in southern and central Florida, while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States; most are fluent in Spanish. In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration. Likewise, the Nicaraguan Revolution promoted a migration of Contras who were opposed to the socialist government in Nicaragua, to the United States in the late 1980s. Most of these Nicaraguans migrated to Florida, California and Texas. The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of both economic and political problems. The largest immigration wave occurred as a", "title": "Spanish language in the United States" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "gives Charles her address hoping for further contact. Out of nervousness she makes a mistake in the address and consequently he fails to find her. Five years later Félicie is a single mother raising Charles' daughter. While still sustaining a strong hope that one day she'll meet Charles again, she carries on a somewhat normal day-to-day life. As Christmas comes and goes, she's having difficulty choosing between her two lovers... the hair dresser Maxence and the librarian Loic, both patiently waiting for her to commit. Eventually, as New Year's Eve approaches she decides that she can't be happy with either", "title": "A Tale of Winter" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the most honest countries in the world, and it is ranked first in the world for perceived level of corruption by the organisation Transparency International. Democracy and rule of law are founding political principles in New Zealand. Early Pākehā settlers believed that traditional British legal principles (including individual title to land) would be upheld in New Zealand. The nation's history, such as the legacy of the British colonial rule, continues to have an impact on political culture. Since the 1970s New Zealand has shown a more liberal outlook. Beginning with the decriminalisation of homosexuality in 1986, New Zealand governments have", "title": "Politics of New Zealand" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "(New York) Mercantile Library and in 2005 changed its name to the Mercantile Library Center for Fiction. although it presents itself as simply \"The Center for Fiction\". The Center, which is one of 17 remaining membership libraries in the United States, three of which are in New York City, maintains a large circulating library of 20th and 21st century fiction, in addition to many stored volumes of 19th century fiction. It also stocks non-fiction volumes on subjects related to literature. It maintains a Reading Room, operates a curated independent bookstore primarily featuring works of fiction, rents space to writers at", "title": "New York Mercantile Library" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "have gone unnoticed outside his family circle, but he was out of favour under James II for his pronounced Whiggery, despite making representations to his consort, Mary of Modena (and fantasizing about having an affair with her). With the Glorious Revolution he rose to some eminence and was commissioned a lieutenant colonel of cavalry. Wharton inherited Buckinghamshire estates on his father's death in 1696. He had been elected to Parliament again in 1690, and sat successively for Westmoreland, Malmesbury, Cockermouth, and the shire of Buckinghamshire until his death. He was one of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty in 1697–99.", "title": "Goodwin Wharton" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "In 1996, Minogue resumed her co-hosting duties, presenting the \"Eggs on Legs\" road show segment. That same year, Minogue briefly hosted the children's show \"Disney Time\" and co-hosted, with Gareth Jones, the teenage Saturday morning entertainment show \"It's Not Just Saturday\" for 16. In 1997, Minogue hosted \"Top of the Pops\", a British music chart television programme, before returning to her recording career later that year. In April 1997, Minogue made her stage debut as Rizzo in the musical \"Grease: The Arena Spectacular\". In Australia, the show sold over 450,000 tickets during its first season. The following year, Minogue resumed", "title": "Dannii Minogue" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "are (Zeitoun 2005:265): Tens are derived with the circumfix (confix) \"m- -hʉ\". There is also a u/ʉ vowel harmony phenomenon. These people live in the mountainous areas because dominating colonizers were in Taiwan for over 380 years. Outsiders have killed the indigenous people, burned villages, and forced them to move as the colonizers claimed more and more spaces. Some such colonizers were the Dutch, Spanish, Japanese, and Chinese. The outside rulers imposed their own education systems on the indigenous people, but the most notable influence came from the Kuomintang era, where Taiwanese people were forced to use Mandarin and where", "title": "Tsou language" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and the US alike. The lyrical content, in and of itself, also speaks to the struggles and hardships experienced by Cubans in impoverished inner city areas of Havana. The harsh Cuban reality, in this way, provides a lens into the unique inner-city experience of Cubans suffering from socio-economic hardships. According to Marc Ramirez, hip hop has acted as tool for youth in Cuba to speak out. Here, Ramirez pinpoints the importance of hip hop in Cuban culture—even more so than other native musical styles: “In Cuba, where teenagers and young adults see their world torn by social ills including street", "title": "Cuban hip hop" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "random bits. For this circuit \"C' \": where \"u\" is a string of \"i\" uniformly random bits, \"s\" is a string of \"l\" uniformly random bits, and \"y\" is a string of \"l\"+1 uniformly random bits. Then, Prob[ | Prob [\"C' \"(\"u...,u,G\"(\"s\")) = 1] - Prob [\"C' \"(\"u...,u,y\") = 1] | ] ≥ \"ε / m\"; Which means, there exists some fixed string \"u\" of \"i\" bits that can be used as an \"advice\" to circuit \"C' \" for distinguishing between \"G\" and \"U\". The existence of pseudorandom generators is related to the existence of one-way functions and hard-core predicates.", "title": "Pseudorandom generator theorem" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "English as their first language. As with English, the majority of Chinese Filipinos speak the Philippine language of the region where they live (e.g., Chinese Filipinos living in Manila speak Tagalog). Many Chinese Filipinos, especially those living in the provinces, speak the regional language of their area as their first language. Spanish was an important language of the Chinese-Filipino, Chinese-Spanish, and \"Tornatras\" (Chinese-Spanish-Filipino) mestizos during most of the 20th century. Most of the elites of Philippine society during that time was made up of both Spanish mestizos and Chinese mestizos. Many of the older generation Chinese (mainly those born before", "title": "Chinese Filipino" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of Crow people over 66 years old speak the language; \"some\" parents and older adults, \"few\" high school students and \"no pre-schoolers\" speak Crow. 80% of the Crow Nation prefers to speak in English. The language was defined as \"definitely endangered\" by UNESCO as of 2012. However, R. Graczyk claims in his \"A Grammar of Crow\" (2007) that \"[u]nlike many other native languages of North America in general, and the northern plain in particular, the Crow language still exhibits considerable vitality: there are fluent speakers of all ages, and at least some children are still acquiring Crow as their first", "title": "Crow language" } ]

[ "In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration." ]

[ "Immigration to the United States of Spanish-speaking Cubans began because of Cuba's political instability upon achieving independence. The deposition of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro's government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the United States, hence there are some one million Cubans in the United States, most settled in southern and central Florida, while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States; most are fluent in Spanish. In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "predominantly in London, and mainly at the Kennington Oval and then Crystal Palace." ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Prior to rebuilding, the final was hosted by the original Wembley Stadium since it opened in 1923 (being originally named the Empire Stadium). One exception to this 78 year series of Empire Stadium finals (including five replays) was the 1970 replay between Leeds and Chelsea, held at Old Trafford in Manchester. In the 51 years prior to the Empire Stadium opening, the final (including 8 replays) was held in a variety of locations, predominantly in London, and mainly at the Kennington Oval and then Crystal Palace. It was played 22 times at The Oval (the inaugural competition in 1872, and", "title": "FA Cup" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Applied psychology eventually lead him to be considered one of the founders of Industrial/Organizational Psychology which is the application of psychological theories and principles to organizations<ref name=\"I/O Psychology\">, I/O Psychology.</ref> In 1917 the United States entered World War I and there immediately arose a problem of personnel selection to which Scott offering to help by applying psychological principles. Using his experience with intelligence testing and The Scott Company, Walter Dill Scott developed a rating scale to forecast the success of linguists, an officers, and servicemen. The proposal was rejected at first. Commanding officers and senior instructors severely criticized the scale", "title": "Walter Dill Scott" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "– this is not a happy world. [...] With a low-brow, low-budget approach, the premises are obviously meant to key in to the slapstick characterizations, but for some viewers, even the comic moments may not assuage the meaner undertones of the film.\" TV Guide's review felt the film had potential, but was played too over-the-top: \"Sort of a modern-day version of \"Oliver Twist\", \"Bad Manners\" was an independently made movie that might have made noise at the box office had more attention been paid to detail and less to overplaying. [...] The film takes lots of whacks at \"The Establishment,\"", "title": "Bad Manners (1984 film)" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "2:5. Neptune has a number of trojan objects, which occupy its Lagrangian points, gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing it in its orbit. Neptune trojans are in a 1:1 mean-motion resonance with Neptune and often have very stable orbits. Additionally, there is a relative absence of objects with semi-major axes below 39 AU that cannot apparently be explained by the present resonances. The currently accepted hypothesis for the cause of this is that as Neptune migrated outward, unstable orbital resonances moved gradually through this region, and thus any objects within it were swept up, or gravitationally ejected from it. The", "title": "Kuiper belt" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "she continued to teach until her death. Jackie Brookner Jackie Brookner (1945 – May 15, 2015) was an ecological artist, writer, and educator. She worked with ecologists, design professionals, engineers, communities, and policy-makers on water remediation/public art projects for parks, wetlands, rivers, and urban stormwater runoff. In these projects, local resources become the focal point of community collaboration and collective creative agency. Brookner lived in New York City and worked and lectured internationally. Brookner was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and received her B.A. from Wellesley College. She completed all work for a Ph.D. in Art History from Harvard University,", "title": "Jackie Brookner" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "more sensitive and has a much shorter sampling time than conventional spectroscopic techniques, but is only applicable in a laboratory environment). The term \"Fourier-transform spectroscopy\" reflects the fact that in all these techniques, a Fourier transform is required to turn the raw data into the actual spectrum, and in many of the cases in optics involving interferometers, is based on the Wiener–Khinchin theorem. One of the most basic tasks in spectroscopy is to characterize the spectrum of a light source: how much light is emitted at each different wavelength. The most straightforward way to measure a spectrum is to pass", "title": "Fourier-transform spectroscopy" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held until a winner was determined. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played. The format of the FA Cup for the season had two preliminary rounds, six qualifying rounds, four proper rounds, and the semi finals and final. 40 of the 44 clubs from the Football League First Division and Football League Second", "title": "1923–24 FA Cup" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "each round, which was always a Saturday. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played. The format of the FA Cup for the season had two preliminary rounds, six qualifying rounds, an intermediate round, three proper rounds, and the semi finals", "title": "1904–05 FA Cup" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "for the 2015 AFC Cup group stage. 2013–14 Hong Kong Season Play-off 2013–14 Season Play-off for the 2013–14 Hong Kong football season is the 2nd season of the tournament. It will be held in May 2014. All matches will take place at Mong Kok Stadium in Mong Kok, Kowloon. The play-off semi-finals are played in one match each, contested by the teams who finished in 2nd and 3rd place in the First Division League table, the winners of the Senior Challenge Shield and the champions of the FA Cup. The winners of the semi-finals go through to the finals, with", "title": "2013–14 Hong Kong Season Play-off" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "district where it wins a large majority of competitions. After winning the district or zone final, the school has the chance to compete in Metropolitan finals, where it is the most successful school in QSS recorded history. Grace Lutheran College is the current metropolitan champion in: The school has no excellence or scholarship program in place but has a history of succeeding in district and metropolitan finals and co-curricular competitions such as ISSA, Uhlsport Cup and Bill Turner Cup. Soccer achievements include for the girls the Uhlsport Cup in 2006, the ISSA Cup in 1996, 1997, 2000, 2002, 2006, 2011", "title": "Grace Lutheran College" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Cup. This proved the club's most successful campaign since their return to European competition, as they reached the semi-finals, where they were eliminated 3–2 on aggregate by Paris Saint–Germain. In the next two seasons, Liverpool played in the UEFA Cup but were eliminated at an early stage of the competition, by Strasbourg and Celta de Vigo, respectively. A seventh-place finish in the 1998–99 FA Premier League meant the club did not qualify for Europe in 1999–2000. Having finished fourth in the 1999–2000 FA Premier League, Liverpool qualified for the 2000–01 UEFA Cup. Their victory in this competition marked a third", "title": "Liverpool F.C. in European football" } ]

[ "predominantly in London, and mainly at the Kennington Oval and then Crystal Palace." ]

[ "In the 51 years prior to the Empire Stadium opening, the final (including 8 replays) was held in a variety of locations, predominantly in London, and mainly at the Kennington Oval and then Crystal Palace. It was played 22 times in the Oval (the inaugural competition in 1872, and then all but two times until 1892). After the Oval, Crystal Palace hosted 21 finals from 1895 to 1914, broken up by 4 four replays elsewhere. The other London venues were Stamford Bridge from 1920 to 1922 (the last three finals before the move to Empire Stadium); and Oxford University's Lillie Bridge in Fulham for the second ever final, in 1873. The other venues used sparingly in this period were all outside of London, as follows:" ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "suprachiasmatic nucleus" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "by modulating the \"smooth\" muscles of the gut. Many animals alternate between sleeping and waking in a daily cycle. Arousal and alertness are also modulated on a finer time scale by a network of brain areas. A key component of the arousal system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a tiny part of the hypothalamus located directly above the point at which the optic nerves from the two eyes cross. The SCN contains the body's central biological clock. Neurons there show activity levels that rise and fall with a period of about 24 hours, circadian rhythms: these activity fluctuations are driven", "title": "Brain" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Melatonin synthesis is also regulated by the nervous system. Nerve fibers in the retinohypothalamic tract connect the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The SCN stimulates the release of Norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve fibers from the superior cervical ganglia that synapse with the pinealocytes. Norepinephrine causes the production of melatonin in the pinealocytes by stimulating the production of cAMP. Because the release of norepinephrine from the nerve fibers occurs at night, this system of regulation maintains the body’s circadian rhythms. Pinealocytes synthesize the hormone melatonin by first converting the amino acid tryptophan to serotonin. The serotonin is then acetylated by", "title": "Pinealocyte" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "When puberty arrives, melatonin production is reduced. In the zebrafish the pineal gland does not straddle the midline but shows a left-sided bias. In humans, functional cerebral dominance is accompanied by subtle anatomical asymmetry. The primary function of the pineal gland is to produce melatonin. Melatonin has various functions in the central nervous system, the most important of which is to help modulate sleep patterns. Melatonin production is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. Light sensitive nerve cells in the retina detect light and send this signal to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), synchronizing the SCN to the day-night cycle.", "title": "Pineal gland" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "in Neuroscience. Takahashi also serves as a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Hypnion, Inc., a company focused on the development of novel therapeutics for central nervous system disorders affecting sleep and wake-alertness as well as circadian rhythm abnormalities. He also serves as a member of the editorial boards of \"Neuron\", \"Physiological Genomics\" and \"Journal of Biological Rhythms\". In the early 1980s, Takahashi and Menaker studied the bird pineal gland culture system \"in vitro\" to understand circadian oscillations, and they demonstrated that the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, which had been identified as the control center for circadian", "title": "Joseph Takahashi" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "blind individuals without light perception with non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder in January the same year, and final FDA approval for the same purpose was achieved in January 2014 under the trade name Hetlioz. In humans there are two subtypes of melatonin receptors targeted by melatonin agonists, MT and MT. They are G protein-coupled receptors and are expressed in various tissues of the body, together or singly. MT receptors are expressed in many regions of the central nervous system (CNS): suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, hippocampus, substantia nigra, cerebellum, central dopaminergic pathways, ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. MT is also", "title": "Melatonin receptor agonist" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "night time being associated with little ambient light. Light is one of the strongest influences of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) which is part of the hypothalamus in the brain that controls the circadian rhythm in most animals. This is what determines whether an animal is diurnal or not. The SCN uses visual information like light to start a cascade of hormones that are released and work on many physiological and behavioural functions. Light can produce powerful masking effects on an animal’s circadian rhythm, meaning that it can “mask” or influence the internal clock, changing the activity patterns of an animal,", "title": "Diurnality" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "system. Orexin neurons in the posterior of the hypothalamus excite brain nuclei in the arousal system and help keep you awake. Orexin neurons also extend to the VLPO likely inhibiting its activity. Thus orexin neurons are thought to play an important role in the stabilisation of the flip-flop switch regulating sleep and wakefulness. It has been suggested in recent years that sleep and circadian rhythms are closely linked in mammals. The “master clock” of circadian rhythms in mammals is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The SCN has modest projections to the VLPO. These projections are thought to activate GABAergic neurons of", "title": "Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "that the oscillator had to be located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). To test this conclusion, Menaker and colleagues conducted experiments whereby the SCN from a tau mutant hamster was transplanted through a neural graft to a wild-type hamster with an ablated SCN. After this procedure, the formerly wild-type hamster displayed a shortened period which resembled the tau mutant. This result led to the conclusion that the SCN is sufficient and necessary for mammalian circadian rhythms. Further investigation of the SCN as a central structure of circadian rhythms by Silver, et al. found that the SCN can control circadian rhythmicity", "title": "Michael Menaker" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "formal diagnosis of SWSD was not typically made in these studies, it remains unclear whether the reported risks apply to the subset of shiftworkers who qualify for a diagnosis of SWSD or apply to all shiftworkers. Brain arousal is stimulated by the circadian system during the day and sleep is usually stimulated at night. The rhythms are maintained in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), located in the anterior hypothalamus in the brain, and synchronized with the day/night cycle. Gene-transcription feedback loops in individual SCN cells form the molecular basis of biological timekeeping. Circadian phase shifts are dependent on the schedule of", "title": "Shift work sleep disorder" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "these neurons, suggesting that melatonin receptors present in the SCN mediate phase-shifting effects through the SCN. Suprachiasmatic nucleus The suprachiasmatic nucleus or nuclei (SCN) is a tiny region of the brain in the hypothalamus, situated directly above the optic chiasm. It is responsible for controlling circadian rhythms. The neuronal and hormonal activities it generates regulate many different body functions in a 24-hour cycle, using around 20,000 neurons. The SCN interacts with many other regions of the brain. It contains several cell types and several different peptides (including vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal peptide) and neurotransmitters. The SCN is situated in the", "title": "Suprachiasmatic nucleus" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "is a member of the Period family of genes. It is expressed in a circadian pattern in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the primary circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain. Genes in this family encode components of the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, metabolism, and behavior. Circadian expression in the SCN continues in constant darkness, and a shift in the light/dark cycle evokes a proportional shift of gene expression in the SCN. PER1 and PER2 are necessary for molecular timekeeping and light responsiveness in the master circadian clock in the SCN, but little data is shown on the concrete function for", "title": "PER3" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Tamana, Kiribati Tamana is the smallest island in the Gilbert Islands. It is accessible both by boat and by air with Air Kiribati and Coral Sun Airways (once a week; airport code: TMN) Tamana is the second southern-most island in the Gilbert group and the smallest inhabited island in Kiribati. The island is approximately in length, at its widest point, and has a total land area of . Tamana is a reef island with no lagoon. The Island Council is located at Bakaakaa, the central village of the island and this is also where the rest of the Government facilities", "title": "Tamana, Kiribati" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and kills Beta. Prior to the events of the series Aaron became a recruiter for the Alexandria Safe-Zone, along with his boyfriend Eric. At some point Aaron recruited a group of three led by Davidson, who Aaron believed would be a good addition to the community. However Davidson's violent nature led to Deanna exiling him and Aaron, Aiden and Nicholas were forced to escort Davidson's group out, taking all their weapons and leaving them only a few days worth of supplies. In the episode \"Them\", Aaron (Ross Marquand) reveals himself, first, to Maggie and Sasha, stating his name and that", "title": "Aaron (The Walking Dead)" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "returned his blue slip for Shwartz's nomination—effectively blocking her nomination, since nominees typically do not go forward without home-state senator support, which takes the form of the return of a blue slip—and that he had not publicly given a reason why. The Times noted that Shwartz \"has been in a relationship for more than two decades with the head of the public corruption unit for New Jersey's federal prosecutor. And that unit investigated the senator during his 2006 election fight, an inquiry Mr. Menendez has long contended was politically motivated.\" The paper noted that that connection has led lawyers and", "title": "Patty Shwartz" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Scottish Railway. It was one of several lightly used intermediate stations on this route to be closed (in 1950) by the British Transport Commission in the years immediately after the nationalisation of the UK railway network. No trace of the station now remains, but the main Carlisle-Maryport line (completed in 1845) remains open and forms part of the Cumbrian Coast Line between Carlisle and Barrow in Furness. Branch lines here served Lowther Pit, Lonsdale Pit, Nelson Pit on Broughton Moor, Bertha Pit, etc. In the nineteenth century coal was brought down a tramway from pits on Broughton Moor and transferred", "title": "Dearham Bridge railway station" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the album in London, England with British producer, Steve Brown, who previously produced Birmingham singer-songwriter Laura Mvula and Rumer. Brown first became aware of Mae when she submitted to open for Laura Mvula. The rest of the album was recorded stateside and produced by Mae and her father. Mae describes the EP as being \"...completely how \"[she]\" heard it in \"[her]\" head\" and wrote the songs \"...with other instruments in mind,\" parting from the stripped back style of her debut album. Mae shared \"Diamond\" on soundcloud for International Women's Day on March 8, 2016. It was featured on WXPN that", "title": "Lily Mae" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Ciguatoxin Ciguatoxins are a class of toxic polycyclic polyethers found in fish that cause ciguatera. There are several different chemicals in this class. \"CTX\" is often used as an abbreviation. Some ciguatoxins lower the threshold for opening voltage-gated sodium channels in synapses of the nervous system. Opening a sodium channel causes depolarization, which could sequentially cause paralysis, heart contraction, and changing the senses of heat and cold. Such poisoning from ciguatoxins is known as ciguatera. Ciguatoxins are lipophillic, able to cross the blood brain barrier, and can cause both central and peripheral neurologic symptoms. The major symptoms will develop within", "title": "Ciguatoxin" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "adaptation such as to enhance gaze stability. They have a role in the perception of self and nonself electric fields in electric fish. They also underlie the phenomenon of tickling. A motor signal from the central nervous system (CNS) to the periphery is called an \"efference\", and a copy of this signal is called an efference copy. Sensory information coming from sensory receptors in the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system is called \"afference\". On a similar basis, nerves into the nervous system are afferent nerves and ones out are termed efferent nerves. When an efferent signal is", "title": "Efference copy" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "imperative in directing skeletal muscles in motor movements. Neuromechanics is the field of study that combines neuroscience and biomechanics in an effort to understand movement and its relationship with the brain. Neuromechanics is an area that attempts to combine the efforts of muscles, sensory organs, pattern generators in the brain, and the central nervous system itself to explain motion. Neuromechanics applications include easing health problems and designing and controlling robotic systems. Neuroscience is the study of the nervous system. The nervous system is divided into two sub-systems: the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system. The peripheral nervous system", "title": "Neuromechanics" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Anabaseine Anabaseine (3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-2,3’-bipyridine) is an alkaloid toxin produced by \"Nemertines\" and \"Aphaenogaster\" ants. It is structurally similar to nicotine and anabasine. Similarly, it has been shown to act as an agonist on most nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The iminium form of anabaseine binds to most nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in both the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system. But, there is a higher binding affinity for receptors in the brain with a α7 subunit, as well as skeletal muscle receptors. Binding causes the depolarization of neurons, and induces the release of both", "title": "Anabaseine" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a malignancy, which has been hypothesized to relate to the disease pathogenesis. In this paradigm, tumor cells express tissue-restricted antigens (e.g., neuronal proteins), triggering an anti-tumor immune response which may be partially or, rarely, completely effective in suppressing tumor growth and symptoms. Patients then come to clinical attention when this tumor immune response breaks immune tolerance and begins to attack the normal tissue expressing that (e.g., neuronal) protein. The abbreviation PNS is sometimes used for paraneoplastic syndrome, although it is used more often to refer to the peripheral nervous system. Symptomatic features of paraneoplastic syndrome cultivate in four different ways:", "title": "Paraneoplastic syndrome" } ]

[ "suprachiasmatic nucleus" ]

[ "A key component of the arousal system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a tiny part of the hypothalamus located directly above the point at which the optic nerves from the two eyes cross. The SCN contains the body's central biological clock. Neurons there show activity levels that rise and fall with a period of about 24 hours, circadian rhythms: these activity fluctuations are driven by rhythmic changes in expression of a set of \"clock genes\". The SCN continues to keep time even if it is excised from the brain and placed in a dish of warm nutrient solution, but it ordinarily receives input from the optic nerves, through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), that allows daily light-dark cycles to calibrate the clock." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "City of Southampton Sunday Football League" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Lawrie McMenemy, Chris Nicholl, Ian Branfoot and Gordon Strachan. There is a strong rivalry between Portsmouth F.C. (\"South Coast derby\") which is located only about away. The two local Sunday Leagues in the Southampton area are the City of Southampton Sunday Football League and the Southampton and District Sunday Football League. Hampshire County Cricket Club play close to the city, at the Rose Bowl in West End, after previously playing at the County Cricket Ground and the Antelope Ground, both near the city centre. There is also the Southampton Evening Cricket League. The city hockey club, Southampton Hockey Club, founded", "title": "Southampton" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad The Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad at its height provided passenger and freight railroad services between Cincinnati, Ohio and the Straits of Mackinac in Michigan, USA. The company was formed on January 18, 1854. After grappling with financial difficulties for many years, the company opened service between Bridge Street in Grand Rapids to Cedar Springs, Michigan, on December 25, 1867, a distance of about . The gross earnings of the railroad in 1867 were about $22,700. In July 1868 it had 2 engines in service: the \"Pioneer\" and the \"Muskegon\". At that time the company", "title": "Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "this tree within the state. State emblem of Pakistan The state emblem of Pakistan was adopted in 1954 and symbolizes Pakistan's ideological foundation, the basis of its economy, its cultural heritage and its guiding principles. The four components of the emblem are a crescent and star crest above a shield, which is surrounded by a wreath, below which is a scroll. The crest and the green colour of the emblem are traditional symbols of Islam. The quartered shield in the centre shows cotton, wheat, tea and jute, which were the major crops of Pakistan at independence and are shown in", "title": "State emblem of Pakistan" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "is estimated that over 2,000 Polish Jews, some as well known as Marek Edelman or Icchak Cukierman, and several dozen Greek, Hungarian or even German Jews freed by Armia Krajowa from Gesiowka concentration camp in Warsaw, men and women, took part in combat against Nazis during 1944 Warsaw Uprising. Some 166,000 people lost their lives in the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, including perhaps as many as 17,000 Polish Jews who had either fought with the AK or had been discovered in hiding (\"see:\" Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński and Stanisław Aronson). Warsaw was razed to the ground by the Germans and more than", "title": "History of the Jews in Poland" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Los Corrales, and so on. Outside his domain was the \"Village of San Mateo\", which belonged to the monastery Cervatos, as recorded in the Calf of Behetrías. In 1431 was formed County Buelna, King John II of Castile But attributed to Child, collateral descendant of one of the most illustrious lineage of The Mountain: Casa de la Vega. His mother was Agnes Laso de la Vega, loves breeding of heir to the crown of Castile, so that from his childhood was educated at King's house, where he received a careful education, in harmony with military activities. In recognition for his", "title": "San Mateo (Cantabria)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "opened nineteen months earlier and having been passed as safe by the Board of Trade, has a long term impact on wider society. According to some commenters, it is still regarded as having been the most notorious bridge disaster to have ever occurred in the British Isles. Within 10 days of the disaster, German poet Theodor Fontane wrote his famous poem . The disaster was commemorated in \"The Tay Bridge Disaster\", one of the best-known verse efforts of William McGonagall. In the present day, the stumps of the original bridge piers are still visible above the surface of the Tay", "title": "Tay Rail Bridge" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "International matches, up until May 2009. Somerset County Cricket Club played some of their games at the Imperial Tobacco Ground in South Bristol until 1966. Bristol has two professional football teams Bristol City, who play in the Football League Championship, the second tier of English football and Bristol Rovers, who play in League One, the third tier. City were founded in 1897, when Bristol South End turned professional and changed its name to Bristol City. In 1900 the club merged with local rivals Bedminster, who had been founded as Southville in 1887. They joined the Football League in 1901. Rovers", "title": "Sport in Bristol" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the colour of choice. A darker shade of green, described as 'Argyle green', was adopted in the 2001-02 season, and has been used ever since. The city of Plymouth is the largest in England never to have hosted top-flight football. They are the most southerly and westerly League club in England. Much speculation surrounds the origin of the name \"Argyle\". One explanation is that the club was named after the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, an army regiment with a strong football side of its own. Another theory is given by the local geography–suggesting the name comes either from the nearby", "title": "Plymouth Argyle F.C." }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "what would become the new WGER 106.3's general manager. In the mid-1980s, the local radio scene was undergoing some major changes, with the Saginaw radio market being enlarged to include Bay and Midland Counties as well as Saginaw County and becoming the Saginaw-Bay City-Midland radio market and with Pinconning-based WFXZ \"Foxy 101\" entering the CHR fray as a direct competitor to WIOG. As a result, WGER and WIOG swapped frequencies that summer, with WGER moving its easy listening format to 106.3. WGER evolved from easy listening to mainstream AC on 106.3 and eventually took the name \"Soft Rock 106.3\" by", "title": "WGER" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "several other local politicians. Following its establishment, funds were raised via membership fees and donations. On 23 February 2010, following the winding up and denial of a League of Ireland licence to Cork City Investments Fc Ltd (Cork City FC's holding company), FORAS were granted a First Division licence. They entered under the temporary name Cork City FORAS Co-Op. On 1 June 2010 the club completed the purchase and restoration of the Cork City FC name and history from Cork City Investments FC Ltd's liquidator. The team continued to compete in the League as Cork City FORAS Co-op but the", "title": "FORAS (football supporters' trust)" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "year later the last \"s\" was removed for ease in pronunciation. In 1881, the town considered changing its name to \"Garfield Plains\" to honor the recently assassinated President of the United States, James Garfield, but dropped the idea after the much larger city of White Plains in southern Westchester County objected. In 1901, to prevent confusion of goods made in the village with Sing Sing prison-made items, local officials had the village name changed to Ossining as well. In 1902 an area east of the village of Ossining, then known as Whitson's Corners, was incorporated as the village of Briarcliff", "title": "Ossining, New York (town)" } ]

[ "City of Southampton Sunday Football League" ]

[ "The two local Sunday Leagues in the Southampton area are the City of Southampton Sunday Football League and the Southampton and District Sunday Football League." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Neuroanatomists" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "vessels enter the central nervous system through holes in the meningeal layers. The cells in the blood vessel walls are joined tightly to one another, forming the blood–brain barrier, which blocks the passage of many toxins and pathogens (though at the same time blocking antibodies and some drugs, thereby presenting special challenges in treatment of diseases of the brain). Neuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions: the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Each of these areas has a complex internal structure. Some parts, such as the cerebral cortex", "title": "Brain" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "stereotype, and that ritual homicide or infanticide was a myth. That said, the possibility existed that: The evidence supporting this hypothesis draws on confessions extracted under torture. His book examines the strong documentary evidence in medieval medical handbooks that dried human blood, traded by both Jewish and Christian merchants, was thought to be medicinally efficacious. Under the stress of forced conversions, expulsions and massacres, Toaff thinks it possible that in certain Ashkenazi groups dried human blood came to play a magical role in calling down God's vengeance on Christians, the historic persecutors of the Jews, and that this reaction may", "title": "Ariel Toaff" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "one of her parents remarries, and Haruka Igawa plays the woman that Koji is photographing. \"Tokyo Koen\" was showcased at the 64th Locarno International Film Festival to compete for the Golden Leopard award in August 2011. The film was awarded a special Golden Leopard to honor Aoyama's career. Mark Shilling of \"The Japan Times\" gave the film a rating of 3.5 stars out of five. He noted that the film was \"a new outlook and approach\" by the director Shinji Aoyama. He described the character Koji as \"an amiable, passive empty slate on which the more aggressive, knowing types around", "title": "Tokyo Park" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Cells in which the non-orange (o) allele is inactivated express the orange (O) allele. Pigment genes are expressed in melanocytes that migrate to the skin surface later in development. In bi-colored tortoiseshell cats, the melanocytes arrive relatively early, and the two cell types become intermingled, producing the characteristic brindled appearance consisting of an intimate mixture of orange and black cells, with occasional small diffuse spots of orange and black. In tri-colored calico cats, a separate gene interacts developmentally with the coat color gene. This spotting gene produces white, unpigmented patches by delaying the migration of the melanocytes to the skin", "title": "Tortoiseshell cat" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "cell containing only one vector molecule. Using a host cell to carry the vector allows for easy amplification and retrieval of specific clones from the library for analysis. There are several kinds of vectors available with various insert capacities. Generally, libraries made from organisms with larger genomes require vectors featuring larger inserts, thereby fewer vector molecules are needed to make the library. Researchers can choose a vector also considering the ideal insert size to find a desired number of clones necessary for full genome coverage. Genomic libraries are commonly used for sequencing applications. They have played an important role in", "title": "Genomic library" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Joshua Hughes Joshua Hughes (7 October 1807 – 21 January 1889) was Bishop of St Asaph, an Anglican diocese in Wales, United Kingdom. Hughes was educated at Cardigan and Ystradmeurig grammar schools and at St David's College, Lampeter (1828–30), where he was placed in the first class in the examinations every year and gained prizes for Latin and Welsh essays. After ordination he served curacies in Aberystwyth and Carmarthen before becoming the vicar of the nearby village of Abergwili in 1837. He then become the vicar of Llandovery (Llandingat) in 1846. During this time, he also returned to Lampeter to", "title": "Joshua Hughes" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "accepted and allowed for people to starting thinking about the way animals and their brains evolve. The 1936 book \"The Comparative Anatomy of the Nervous System of Vertebrates Including Man\" by the Dutch neurologist C.U. Ariëns Kappers (first published in German in 1921) was a landmark publication in the field. Following the Evolutionary Synthesis, the study of comparative neuroanatomy was conducted with an evolutionary view, and modern studies incorporate developmental genetics. It is now accepted that phylogenetic changes occur independently between species over time and can not be linear. It is also believed that an increase with brain size correlates", "title": "Evolutionary neuroscience" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "There are two main types of intraocular lymphomas: primary central nervous system involvement (PCNSL) and primary central nervous system with ocular involvement (PCNSLO). The difference between PCNSL and PCNSLO is that PNSCL involves the central nervous system, while PCNSLO does not. 56-86% of orbital lymphomas are classified PCNSL and 15-25% are classified PCNSLO. PCNSLO is common in people who are severely immunosuppressed. Symptoms of this form of ocular lymphoma include painless decreased vision, sensitivity to light, a red eye, and floaters. Diagnosis is difficult due to its gradual onset and the fact that the symptoms are the same as other", "title": "Orbital lymphoma" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "central nervous system is regulated more over the heart and blood vessels. Neurocardiology Neurocardiology is the study of the neurophysiological, neurological and neuroanatomical aspects of cardiology, including especially the neurological origins of cardiac disorders. The effects of stress on the heart are studied in terms of the heart's interactions with both the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system. Clinical issues in neurocardiology include hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, neurogenic stress cardiomyopathy, cerebral embolism, encephalopathy, neurologic sequelae of cardiac and thoracic surgery and cardiac interventions, and cardiovascular findings in patients with primary neurological disease. Neurocardiology refers to the pathophysiological interplays of", "title": "Neurocardiology" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "located closer more superficially. This provided them with them hypothesis that olfactory bulb removal results in transneuronal deafferentation as a result of the massive sudden loss of input from the removed brain tissue. Unilateral perforant pathway transection is a method to study how transneuronal degeneration results from denervation in the Central Nervous System. Studies are still being done to solidify to connection between candidate molecules creating changes in the central nervous system and postleisonal changes. Current studies in rats and mice have provided evidence that microglia cells contribute to transneuronal degeneration of parvalbumin-positive dendrites. Denervation in the entorhinal-hippicampal area of", "title": "Transneuronal degeneration" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in utero, it is visible as a single portion toward the front of the fetus. At 8 weeks in utero, the forebrain splits into the left and right cerebral hemispheres. When the embryonic forebrain fails to divide the brain into two lobes, it results in a condition known as holoprosencephaly. Forebrain In the anatomy of the brain of vertebrates, the forebrain or prosencephalon is the rostral-most (forward-most) portion of the brain. The forebrain (prosencephalon), the midbrain (mesencephalon), and hindbrain (rhombencephalon) are the three primary portions of the brain during early development of the central nervous system. It controls body temperature,", "title": "Forebrain" } ]

[ "Neuroanatomists" ]

[ "Neuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions: the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Each of these areas has a complex internal structure. Some parts, such as the cerebral cortex and the cerebellar cortex, consist of layers that are folded or convoluted to fit within the available space. Other parts, such as the thalamus and hypothalamus, consist of clusters of many small nuclei. Thousands of distinguishable areas can be identified within the vertebrate brain based on fine distinctions of neural structure, chemistry, and connectivity." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "October 3, 2010" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "that 98% of both the physical and mental phenomena were fraudulent. He did however believe that some mediumship phenomena was genuine. Science historian Sherrie Lynne Lyons wrote that the glowing or light-emitting hands in séances could easily be explained by the rubbing of oil of phosphorus on the hands. In 1909 an article was published in \"The New York Times\" titled \"Paladino Used Phoshorus\". Carrington confessed to having painted Palladino's arm with phosphorescent paint, however he claimed to have used the paint to track the movement of her arm, to detect fraud. There was publicity over the incident and Carrington", "title": "Hereward Carrington" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the order-4-4 hexagonal honeycomb a regular space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb). Each infinite cell consists of an order-4 hexagonal tiling whose vertices lie on a 2-hypercycle, each of which has a limiting circle on the ideal sphere. The Schläfli symbol of the octagonal tiling honeycomb is {6,4,4}, with three octagonal tilings meeting at each edge. The vertex figure of this honeycomb is a square tiling, {4,4}. In the geometry of hyperbolic 3-space, the order-4-4 apeirogonal honeycomb a regular space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb). Each infinite cell consists of a order-4 apeirogonal tiling whose vertices lie on a 2-hypercycle, each of which has", "title": "Order-4-4 pentagonal honeycomb" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "tenure, Nottingham oversaw a number of high-profile cases, such as a copyright infringement case involving Michael Jackson, a ruling barring the State of Colorado from withholding public funds for abortion, a ruling invalidating a law creating a federal \"no-call list\" for telemarketers which was ultimately overturned, and the prosecution of former Qwest CEO Joe Nacchio for insider trading. Although Nottingham's talent as a jurist was never in serious dispute, the consistency of his work and his judicial temperament were matters of widespread concern. On the one hand, \"The Denver Post\" reported that Nottingham had a reputation for judicial efficiency, and", "title": "Edward Nottingham" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "mph (75 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1,005 mbar (29.7 inHg). Later that day, increasing vertical wind shear caused the storm to weaken. Early on October 13, Patty was downgraded to a tropical depression, about six hours before degenerating into a trough of low pressure. A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on October 5. It slowly organized while moving westward and crossed the Lesser Antilles between October 11 and October 12. The system was classified as Tropical Storm Rafael at 1800 UTC on October 12, while located about 200 miles (320", "title": "2012 Atlantic hurricane season" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "specimens of the classic soul era; some notable recordings were \"I'm Evil Tonight\", a beat ballad favored in Northern soul circles; \"I Don't Want to Hear It\", \"Show it\" and \"Twelve Red Roses\", stirring up-tempo tracks; \"Can't Last Much Longer\" and \"What'd I Do Wrong\", emotive deep soul ballads. Harris retired from performing in 1970 to raise a family. All of the Sansu recordings were compiled into an album released in the UK (but not the US) in 1969, called \"Soul Perfection\", an album which, in its vinyl format, although not extremely rare, commands relatively high prices of $200 to", "title": "Betty Harris" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "concerned with questions of policy and their relationship to the justice system. In their role as attorney general, they are the chief law officer of the Crown. A separate cabinet position, the Minister of Public Safety ()—formerly the \"Solicitor General\"—administers the law enforcement agencies (police, prisons, and security) of the federal government. For the Attorneys-General of the various provinces of Canada see: Key: Minister of Justice (Canada) The Minister of Justice () is the Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible for the Department of Justice, chief federal legal adviser and is also Attorney General of", "title": "Minister of Justice (Canada)" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "exploit individuals who are vulnerable due to mental illness or addiction. Also developed under the agreement is the Vancouver Police Department's Keep Exploited Youth Safe program, designed to protect sex trade workers from violent crime, which has been adopted by many other police departments across Canada. Physical redesign of public spaces has also been part of the initiative's strategy for public safety and security. The Carrall Street Greenway, built between Gastown and Chinatown, was meant to deter crime by creating a more open and attractive space. The corner of Hastings and Main, traditionally the site of a major open drug", "title": "Vancouver Agreement" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "research and development activities in the field of public safety and security science and technology as well as related testing and assessment activities. The Centre identifies trends in security technology and related threats, and maintains a network of national and international science and technology experts and partners involved in public safety and security. The Centre also leads the Canadian Safety and Security Program and the Emergency Responder Testing and Evaluation Establishment. This Research Centre was Closed in 1994. It was located in Naden, Esquimalt, a suburb of Victoria, BC, and was originally called the Pacific Naval Laboratory (PNL). DREP was", "title": "Defence Research and Development Canada" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Program Area is run by Dr. Douglas Maughan. The program specializes in cyber-security research, development, testing, and evaluation in order to decrease the amount of economic and national security threats on our nation. This will help secure the nation's current and future critical cyber infrastructure in support of the Department of Homeland Security operational missions and the priorities established in the president's National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace. Cyber Security has three program areas within the overall program: Information Infrastructure Security (IIS), Cyber Security Research Tools and Techniques (RTT), and Next Generation Technologies (NGT.) There were also separate activities and programs", "title": "Command, Control and Interoperability Division" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "work on the process of radicalization in cases of homegrown terrorism (e.g., \"The Study of New Religious Movements and the Radicalization of Home-Grown Terrorists: Opening a Dialogue,\" Terrorism and Political Violence 22, 2010: 1-21). He has done many presentations in recent years on this new topic for groups like the RCMP, CSIS, Public Safety Canada, Defence Research and Development Canada, The Conference Board of Canada, Global Futures Forum, and Homeland Security. In a 2007 \"New York Times\" article, Dawson self-identified as \"an agnostic with a 'Buddhist world view'.\" Lorne L. Dawson Lorne L. Dawson is a Canadian scholar of the", "title": "Lorne L. Dawson" } ]

[ "October 3, 2010" ]

[ "On October 3, 2010, Public Safety Canada unveiled Canada’s Cyber Security Strategy, following a Speech from the Throne commitment to boost the security of Canadian cyberspace. The aim of the strategy is to strengthen Canada’s \"cyber systems and critical infrastructure sectors, support economic growth and protect Canadians as they connect to each other and to the world.\" Three main pillars define the strategy: securing government systems, partnering to secure vital cyber systems outside the federal government, and helping Canadians to be secure online. The strategy involves multiple departments and agencies across the Government of Canada. The Cyber Incident Management Framework for Canada outlines these responsibilities, and provides a plan for coordinated response between government and other partners in the event of a cyber incident. The Action Plan 2010–2015 for Canada's Cyber Security Strategy outlines the ongoing implementation of the strategy." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Romansh" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "identified. Some of the French dialects spoken in the French, Swiss and Italian alps of Aosta Valley derive from Arpitan, while the southern part of the western range is related to Old Provençal; the German dialects derive from Germanic tribal languages. Romansh, spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland, is an ancient Rhaeto-Romanic language derived from Latin, remnants of ancient Celtic languages and perhaps Etruscan. The Alps are one of the more popular tourist destinations in the world with many resorts such Oberstdorf, in Bavaria, Saalbach in Austria, Davos in Switzerland, Chamonix in France, and Cortina d'Ampezzo", "title": "Alps" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "identified. Some of the French dialects spoken in the French, Swiss and Italian alps of Aosta Valley derive from Arpitan, while the southern part of the western range is related to Old Provençal; the German dialects derive from Germanic tribal languages. Romansh, spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland, is an ancient Rhaeto-Romanic language derived from Latin, remnants of ancient Celtic languages and perhaps Etruscan. The Alps are one of the more popular tourist destinations in the world with many resorts such Oberstdorf, in Bavaria, Saalbach in Austria, Davos in Switzerland, Chamonix in France, and Cortina d'Ampezzo", "title": "Alps" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "ignored) and legal contracts; advertisements must bear a translation of foreign words. In Belgium, French is the official language of Wallonia (excluding a part of the East Cantons, which are German-speaking) and one of the two official languages—along with Dutch—of the Brussels-Capital Region, where it is spoken by the majority of the population often as their primary language. French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland (along with German, Italian, and Romansh) and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland, called Romandy, of which Geneva is the largest city. The language divisions in Switzerland do not coincide", "title": "French language" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "is one of the four official languages of Switzerland (along with German, Italian and Romansh) and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called \"Romandie\", of which Geneva is the largest city. The language divisions in Switzerland do not coincide with political subdivisions and some cantons have bilingual status for example, cities such Biel/Bienne or cantons such as Valais-Fribourg-Berne. French is the native language of about 20% of the Swiss population and is spoken by 50.4% of the population. French is the most popular foreign language studied in British schools. According to a 2006 European Commission report, 23% of", "title": "Geographical distribution of French speakers" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "one critical report, the Federal Council noted that \"racism unfortunately is present in Switzerland\", but stated that the high proportion of foreign citizens in the country, as well as the generally unproblematic integration of foreigners, underlined Switzerland's openness. Switzerland has four national languages: mainly German (spoken by 62.8% of the population in 2016); French (22.9%) in the west; and Italian (8.2%) in the south. The fourth national language, Romansh (0.5%), is a Romance language spoken locally in the southeastern trilingual canton of Grisons, and is designated by Article 4 of the Federal Constitution as a national language along with German,", "title": "Switzerland" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Catholic, and have an agrarian or tourism-based economy. Switzerland is also divided by language. There are four official languages: German (spoken by 63.7% of population), French (by 20.4% of population), Italian (by 6.5%) and Romansh (0.5%). From Bern east (except Ticino) the population generally speaks German. West of Bern, the population generally speaks French. In the southern Canton of Ticino, most people speak Italian. Romansh, a group of dialects descended from Vulgar Latin, is spoken in several regions in the canton of Graubünden. Switzerland extends between the parallels 45°49'05 and 47°48'30 lat. and the meridians 5° 57'23 and 10°29'31 long.", "title": "Geography of Switzerland" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Vallader dialect (Romansh) Vallader () is a variety of the Romansh language spoken in the Lower Engadine valley (\"Engiadina Bassa\") of southeast Switzerland, between Martina and Zernez. It is also used as a written language in the nearby community of Val Müstair, where Jauer is spoken. In 2008, schools in the Val Müstair switched from Vallader to Rumantsch Grischun as their written language, but switched back to Vallader in 2012, following a referendum. The name of the dialect is derived from \"val\" 'valley'. It is the second most commonly spoken variety of Romansh, with 6,448 people in the Lower Engadine", "title": "Vallader dialect (Romansh)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "French, and Italian, and in Article 70 as an official language if the authorities communicate with persons who speak Romansh. However, federal laws and other official acts do not need to be decreed in Romansh. In 2016, the languages most spoken at home among permanent residents aged 15 and older were Swiss German (59.4%), French (23.5%), Standard German (10.6%), and Italian (8.5%). Other languages spoken at home included English (5.0%), Portuguese (3.8%), Albanian (3.0%), Spanish (2.6%) and Serbian and Croatian (2.5%). 6.9% reported speaking another language at home. In 2014 almost two-thirds (64.4%) of the permanent resident population indicated speaking", "title": "Switzerland" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Alessandro Celin Alessandro Padovani Celin (; Hangul: 셀린 ; born 11 September 1989 in Castelo Espírito Santo, Brazil), is a Brazilian-Italian footballer who plays as a forward. Alessandro Celin started his steps in the Youth team of Clube Atletico Mineiro when he was 14 years old. Celin began his club career at ASA. He had played for the team in a number of matches in Campeonato Alagoano, a football league of the state of Alagoas and was Champion of Algoas Championship in 2011. He made his debut, as well as the only match, in Campeonato Brasileiro Série B in 2011.", "title": "Alessandro Celin" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "at home. They exited the Trophy suffering a 6–2 home defeat at the hands of Conference Premier outfit York City. While success in the cups had been considerable The Whites' league form suffered for it with many inconsistent results matched with poor performances seeing Salisbury slip down the table into a relegation battle and in complete contrast to their good start. Despite this, The Whites did manage to secure a surprise 2–0 win at home to runaway league leaders Woking thus signalling a turn around in their fortunes. Salisbury's long on-going financial problems were also bolstered during the season, firstly", "title": "Salisbury City F.C." }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in Queensland. List of \"Boletus\" species Boletus austroedulis Boletus austroedulis is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Described as new to science in 2014, it is found in Australia, where it grows in groups on the ground under pink bloodwood (\"Corymbia intermedia\") and rose she-oak (\"Allocasuarina torulosa\"). It is thought to be the first member of \"Boletus\" section \"Boletus\" (commonly known as the porcini) that is endemic to Australia. Although \"Boletus edulis\" has previously been reported from the continent, it is always in association with introduced trees, suggesting that itself is also introduced. The type collection was", "title": "Boletus austroedulis" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "swastika in the center of the cross. The first class award was for 40 years of service was a gold cross, with a gold wreath and a black enameled swastika in the center of the cross. The reverse of both classes was stamped with 'Für treue Dienste' (For faithful Services). The ribbon for the medal is cornflower blue. Civil Service Faithful Service Medal The Civil Service Faithful Service Medal (Treudienst-Ehrenzeichen für Beamte Angestellte und Arbeiter im öffentlichen Dienst) was a Nazi Germany medal of honor that was founded on 30 January 1938, in two grades, to reward civilians in the", "title": "Civil Service Faithful Service Medal" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "house was probably built in the early 1840s, shortly after Hart's Mills was founded. The builder is unknown and the first occupant is uncertain, but it may have been Perley J. Shumway, a blacksmith who also owned a tavern called the \"Wauwatosa House\", which may have been part of the Underground Railroad. Shumway was active in politics and was elected to Wisconsin's State Assembly in 1848. In 1856 he sold the house to Cortland D. Rose. In 1874, after a few more changes of ownership, Thomas B. Hart bought the house. Thomas had joined his brother in Hart's Mills early", "title": "Thomas B. Hart House" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Lanka) comprising 21.7% of the population. This is followed by Aboriginals at 6.2% of the population (which includes indigenous peoples from other parts of Canada and the United States) and Chinese at 1.4%. More than a quarter (26.1%) of the city's population was born outside Canada. Of that percentage, a majority is from South Asia, followed by groups from China, South Korea, Southeast Asia and Latin America. English is the primary language spoken, with 78.7% of the population having it as their first language. The majority of Abbotsford's population is Christian, with 61.4% of the population. The Lutheran and Anabaptist", "title": "Abbotsford, British Columbia" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Province, only in the southeast it is bordered by the Sur Lípez Province for 20 km. The province extends over 120 km from northwest to southeast at an average width of 35 km. The province comprises only one municipality, San Agustín Municipality. It is identical to Enrique Baldivieso Province. The province is subdivided into four cantons: The main language is Quechua, spoken by 96%, while 86% of the population speak Spanish. The population rose from 1,313 inhabitants (1992 census) to 1,640 (2001 census), an increase of 25%. 46.5% of the population are younger than 15 years old. 99.7% of the", "title": "Enrique Baldivieso Province" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "American, British and Canadians of Jamaican descent. A study found that the average admixture on the island was 78.3% Sub-Saharan African, 16.0% European, and 5.7% East Asian. Jamaica is regarded as a bilingual country, with two major languages in use by the population. The official language is English, which is \"used in all domains of public life\", including the government, the legal system, the media, and education. However, the primary spoken language is an English-based creole called Jamaican Patois (or Patwa). A 2007 survey by the Jamaican Language Unit found that 17.1 percent of the population were monolingual in Jamaican", "title": "Jamaica" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "chapels and statues of saints, and the farm houses in the very similar landscape of the Protestant Bernese Oberland show Bible verses carved on the housefronts, instead. German-speaking Switzerland The German-speaking part of Switzerland (, , , ) comprises about 65 percent of Switzerland (North Western Switzerland, Eastern Switzerland, Central Switzerland, most of the Swiss Plateau and the greater part of the Swiss Alps). The variety of the German language spoken in Switzerland is called Swiss German which refers to any of the Alemannic dialects and which are divided into Low, High and Highest Alemannic. The only exception within German-speaking", "title": "German-speaking Switzerland" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Māori and New Zealand Sign Language are the official languages, with English predominant. New Zealand English is mostly non-rhotic and sounds similar to Australian English, with a common exception being the centralisation of the short i. The Māori language has undergone a process of revitalisation and is spoken by 3.7 percent of the population. New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99 percent and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification. In the adult population 14.2 percent have a bachelor's degree or higher, 30.4 percent have some form of secondary qualification as their", "title": "Demographics of New Zealand" } ]

[ "Romansh" ]

[ "Roofs are traditionally constructed from Alpine rocks such as pieces of schist, gneiss or slate. Such chalets are typically found in the higher parts of the valleys, as in the Maurienne valley in Savoy, where the amount of snow during the cold months is important. The inclination of the roof cannot exceed 40%, allowing the snow to stay on top, thereby functioning as insulation from the cold. In the lower areas where the forests are widespread, wooden tiles are traditionally used. Commonly made of Norway spruce, they are called \"tavaillon\". The Alpine regions are multicultural and linguistically diverse. Dialects are common, and vary from valley to valley and region to region. In the Slavic Alps alone 19 dialects have been identified. Some of the French dialects spoken in the French, Swiss and Italian alps of Aosta Valley derive from Arpitan, while the southern part of the western range is related to Old Provençal; the German dialects derive from Germanic tribal languages. Romansh, spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland, is an ancient Rhaeto-Romanic language derived from Latin, remnants of ancient Celtic languages and perhaps Etruscan." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Members are nominated to the court by the president and are confirmed by the Senate" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and headed by the Chief Justice of Liberia. Members are nominated to the court by the president and are confirmed by the Senate, serving until the age of 70. The judiciary is further divided into circuit and speciality courts, magistrate courts and justices of the peace. The judicial system is a blend of common law, based on Anglo-American law, and customary law. An informal system of traditional courts still exists within the rural areas of the country, with trial by ordeal remaining common despite being officially outlawed. Between 1877 and 1980, the government was dominated by the True Whig Party.", "title": "Liberia" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to a group led by Joseph Sitt in 1988. They became publicly traded on the NASDAQ exchange in 1997 under the ticker symbol PLCE. Between 2004 and 2007, the company owned and operated 335 Disney Stores through a subsidiary Hoop Holdings/Hoop Retail Stores LLC. Disney sold the chain for the cost of inventory to Children's Place subsidiary Hoop Holdings plus a 15-year licensing agreement. Mario Ciampi, senior vice president of store development and logistics, was named Hoop/Disney Store North America president. The company agreed to pump $100 million in operation upgrades and remodeling. Under the licensing agreement, a \"royalty holiday\"", "title": "The Children's Place" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "BCE and 5th century BCE (673–482 BCE). He belonged to the Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup J1d, which had not previously been seen in Britain, in either living or dead individuals. J1d has been identified previously in only a few people from Tuscany and the Middle East; it may have been more widely present in Britain in the past, and lost through genetic drift. He had died from traumatic spondylolisthesis – a complete fracture of his spine that is usually associated with death by hanging. Shortly after death his head and upper vertebrae had been severed from his body, almost surgically, using", "title": "Heslington Brain" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "is spontaneous (meaning without explicit training to do so), but occurs only rarely in others, such as monkeys. When present, this may be accompanied by visual monitoring of the person being interacted with, the audience of their gesture, rather than being attentive only to the object pointed to. Others have questioned whether this constitutes \"true pointing\", and whether non-humans have the social or cognitive abilities to understand the intentional communicative nature of pointing. In contrast the production of pointing, some non-human animal species can appropriately respond to pointing gestures, preferring an object or direction, which was previously indicated by a", "title": "Pointing" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the supposed location, then resume their activities. Among their repertoire is the \"Terror Trick\" in which they gradually introduce nine items—a cleaver, a torch, a salt shaker, a ukulele, a skillet, a fish, an egg, a block of dry ice, and a bottle of champagne (which they call a \"time bomb\")—then juggle them all at once only to end up cooking the fish and the egg in the skillet and drinking the champagne. Post-9/11 the troupe stopped using the word \"Terror\" in the bit and replaced it with the word \"Danger\", although as of their 2008/2009 \"4Play\" tour, they had", "title": "The Flying Karamazov Brothers" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "windows. The massage room was located on the eastern verandah, and an ionisation room and orthopaedic room were contained within the house during World War I. It was later adapted for use as the Sister's quarters. The former Sisters' Quarters No 1 (day nurses quarters) is a single storey timber framed building elevated on concrete stumps with pine chamfer board cladding and a corrugated iron gambrel roof. Its linear plan contains what were formerly thirteen bedrooms, an entrance lounge, hall and a bathroom and shower room opening off a central hall. The western end of the building is in contact", "title": "Rosemount Hospital" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "MIT Media Lab, and Norwegian telecom research in Televerket. In 2018, Wium Lie was sued by Lovdata for publishing Norwegian court decisions on rettspraksis.no, a volunteer web site. In less than 24 hours, the web site was closed by the Oslo court, and Wium Lie was sentenced to pay the legal bills of Lovdata. Under Norwegian law, court decisions are exempted from copyright but Wium Lie was not allowed to appear in court. In the wake of this decision, members of the Norwegian Parliament has asked for changes in how Lovdata is organized. Wium Lie lives in Oslo, Norway. There,", "title": "Håkon Wium Lie" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "odd-numbered year, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Presiding Judge of the Court of Criminal Appeals and the President of the Bar Association shall certify to the Secretary of State the names of the judges who are chosen, respectively, by the said courts and by the Oklahoma Bar Association. The Secretary of State shall determine the district judges who hold membership on the Trial Division and the Appellate Division. Promptly thereafter he shall notify the members of the respective divisions to meet at the State Capitol on a day certain, within thirty days, for purposes of organization and", "title": "Oklahoma Court on the Judiciary" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Senior Resident Superior Court Judge upon nomination of the Clerk of Superior Court. Public education in Gaston County is administered by the Gaston County Schools public school system. The system is governed by the nine-member Gaston County Board of Education which sets policy and establishes guidelines for school operations. Board members are elected on a nonpartisan, county wide basis, with seven representatives chosen from the six townships and two members selected at-large. Gaston County Schools has 54 public schools, including 9 high schools, 11 middle schools, 32 elementary schools, one alternative school (middle and high school age), and one separate", "title": "Gaston County, North Carolina" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "up to 3 members are chosen by proportional representation to represent Croatian citizens residing abroad and 8 members represent ethnic and national communities or minorities (including \"undeclared\", \"unknown\", or otherwise other than constitutionally recognized groups). The model of parliamentary elections is based on the Christmas Constitution (1990), but has been significantly modified four times since then, most recently in 1999. The most recent substantial revision of the election law came in February 2015, and was partially upheld by the Constitutional Court in September 2015. An element of preferential voting was introduced by letting voters choose not only for a list", "title": "Croatian Parliament" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "chosen to preside over events related to the Kentucky Derby. These women officially represent both the Derby Festival and the city of Louisville. In January, a court of Derby Princesses is selected from a pool of more than 1000 applicants. Thirty finalists are selected and the pool is then reduced to five young women who make up the court. Criteria for the selection of the court members includes knowledge of the Derby Festival, poise, intelligence, personality, academic excellence and campus/community involvement. The court attends nearly 70 events during the two-week period leading up to the Kentucky Derby. The queen is", "title": "Kentucky Derby Festival" } ]

[ "Members are nominated to the court by the president and are confirmed by the Senate" ]

[ "Liberia's highest judicial authority is the Supreme Court, made up of five members and headed by the Chief Justice of Liberia. Members are nominated to the court by the president and are confirmed by the Senate, serving until the age of 70. The judiciary is further divided into circuit and speciality courts, magistrate courts and justices of the peace. The judicial system is a blend of common law, based on Anglo-American law, and customary law. An informal system of traditional courts still exists within the rural areas of the country, with trial by ordeal remaining common despite being officially outlawed." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Arthur Hutchings" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "notes that Chopin was fortunate to arrive in Paris in 1831—\"the artistic environment, the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what Chopin asked for their lessons\"—and these factors, as well as his musical genius, also fuelled his contemporary and later reputation. While his illness and his love-affairs conform to some of the stereotypes of romanticism, the rarity of his public recitals (as opposed to performances at fashionable Paris soirées) led Arthur Hutchings to suggest that \"his lack of Byronic flamboyance [and] his aristocratic reclusiveness make him exceptional\" among his romantic contemporaries, such", "title": "Frédéric Chopin" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "notes that Chopin was fortunate to arrive in Paris in 1831—\"the artistic environment, the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what Chopin asked for their lessons\"—and these factors, as well as his musical genius, also fuelled his contemporary and later reputation. While his illness and his love-affairs conform to some of the stereotypes of romanticism, the rarity of his public recitals (as opposed to performances at fashionable Paris soirées) led Arthur Hutchings to suggest that \"his lack of Byronic flamboyance [and] his aristocratic reclusiveness make him exceptional\" among his romantic contemporaries, such", "title": "Frédéric Chopin" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "1950s, though he continued to appear in popular films until his accidental death due to a lethal combination of alcohol, a barbiturate, and two tranquilizers. Ladd was born in Hot Springs, Arkansas, on 3 September 1913. He was the only child of Ina Raleigh (also known as Selina Rowley) (25 November 1888 – 1937), and Alan Ladd (1874–1920), a freelance accountant. His mother was English, from County Durham and had migrated to the US in 1907 when she was nineteen. His father died of a heart attack when Ladd was six. On 3 July 1918 a young Alan accidentally burned", "title": "Alan Ladd" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "ironware and coins. The brick well between the two tombs is among the best preserved Jin-era wells in Beijing. The well's opening rises from the Jin-era ground level, and has a diameter of and depth of . The well is lined with grey bricks. Among the items found in the well is a fragment of a Chinese chess board, the oldest to be found in China. Until the summer of 2012, the museum was open every day except Mondays and admission was free. Since September 2012, the museum has been closed for renovation and expansion. The museum is located on", "title": "Dabaotai Western Han Dynasty Mausoleum" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "income for a family was $46,389. Males had a median income of $31,625 versus $22,813 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,777. About 3.3% of families and 4.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 2.4% of those age 65 or over. Eton, Georgia Eton is a town in Murray County, Georgia, United States. It is part of the Dalton, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 319 at the 2000 census. A post office called Eton has been in operation since 1906. The community's name most", "title": "Eton, Georgia" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "more than 20,000. Year by Year results in North Catholic vs Frankford series, North 43 wins -FKD 35 wins -Ties 4 = Delaware priest sex abuse cases settled; Randall Chase; Associated Press; Aug 7, 2011 = Northeast Catholic High School Northeast Catholic High School opened in 1926 as Northeast Catholic High School for Boys, and was located at 1842 Torresdale Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was under the administration of the high school system of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia and its sports teams participated in the Philadelphia Catholic League. During the course of its history, at one point it", "title": "Northeast Catholic High School" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "while Camille was formerly host Wil Time Bigtime then Wowowillie. Villar lives in a two-bedroom house with his family in Las Piñas City. In early 2010, a political smear was disseminated on the Internet, claiming falsely that Villar owned an extravagant mansion in the United States, which was debunked by Snopes.com. Manuel Villar Manuel \"Manny\" Bamba Villar Jr. (, born December 13, 1949) is a Filipino billionaire businessman. He has been a Philippine Senator and the president of the Nacionalista Party. Villar was born to a middle class family in Tondo, an impoverished and densely populated district of Manila. After", "title": "Manuel Villar" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the Clementi Pianos. Field is best known as the inventor of the nocturne, but there is evidence to suggest that this is a posthumous accolade. Field was very highly regarded by his contemporaries and his playing and compositions influenced many major composers, including Frédéric Chopin, Johannes Brahms, Robert Schumann, and Franz Liszt. Although little is known of Field in Russia, he undoubtedly contributed substantially to concerts and teaching, and to the development of the Russian piano school. Notable students include Prussian pianist and composer Charles Mayer. Field was born in Golden Lane, Dublin in 1782, the eldest son of Irish", "title": "John Field (composer)" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "focused on the composers of the Romantic Period such as Fryderyk Chopin (of whom he has recorded the complete Ballades and Impromptus), Franz Liszt, and Robert Schumann. In 2012 he began recording and performing the complete Beethoven Symphonies transcribed by Liszt for piano solo. Very active as a chamber musician, he has performed with Ivry Gitlis, Marco Fornaciari, Mark Drobinsky, and other great names of the international music scene. Baldocci has toured extensively in duo with Martha Argerich, his good friend and mentor. Since 2008 he has formed a stable piano duo with the Argentinean pianist Daniel Rivera; they have", "title": "Gabriele Baldocci" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "deposited at the University of Louisville by the American Liszt Society. They gather his compositions for the piano, his exercises and studies, his editions of the works of Franz Liszt, as well as exercises, studies and works on other composers, recordings, correspondence, photographs, and other artifacts. Philipp began piano lessons with George Mathias at age 16. In an interview with E.H. Lampard, a columnist for the St. Catharine's Standard, Harold Bradley, who was a student and associate of Philipp's for over 30 years, stated that it was Mathias who had been the one student of Chopin who absorbed all the", "title": "Isidor Philipp" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "firm manufactured those used by Franz Liszt. In 1821, Sébastien Érard invented the double escapement action, which incorporated a \"repetition lever\" (also called the \"balancier\") that permitted repeating a note even if the key had not yet risen to its maximum vertical position. This facilitated rapid playing of repeated notes, a musical device exploited by Liszt. When the invention became public, as revised by Henri Herz, the double escapement action gradually became standard in grand pianos, and is still incorporated into all grand pianos currently produced. Other improvements of the piano mechanism included the use of thick felt hammer coverings", "title": "Music technology (mechanical)" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "is reported to have said that \"Carnaval\" was not music at all. Chopin did not warm to Schumann on the two occasions they met briefly and had a generally low opinion of his music.) Consequently, the works for solo piano were rarely performed in public during Schumann's lifetime, although Franz Liszt performed selections from \"Carnaval\" in Leipzig in March 1840, omitting certain movements with Schumann's consent. Six months after Schumann's death, Liszt would write to Wilhelm Joseph von Wasielewski, Schumann's future biographer, that \"Carnaval\" was a work \"that will assume its natural place in the public eye alongside Beethoven's \"Diabelli", "title": "Carnaval (Schumann)" } ]

[ "Arthur Hutchings" ]

[ "Jones comments that \"Chopin's unique position as a composer, despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano, has rarely been questioned.\" He also notes that Chopin was fortunate to arrive in Paris in 1831—\"the artistic environment, the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what Chopin asked for their lessons\"—and these factors, as well as his musical genius, also fuelled his contemporary and later reputation. While his illness and his love-affairs conform to some of the stereotypes of romanticism, the rarity of his public recitals (as opposed to performances at fashionable Paris soirées) led Arthur Hutchings to suggest that \"his lack of Byronic flamboyance [and] his aristocratic reclusiveness make him exceptional\" among his romantic contemporaries, such as Liszt and Henri Herz." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Pioneer Electronics" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "as \"MCA DiscoVision\" (also known as simply \"\"DiscoVision\"\") in 1978, the technology was previously referred to internally as \"Optical Videodisc System\", \"Reflective Optical Videodisc\", \"Laser Optical Videodisc\", and \"Disco-Vision\" (with a dash), with the first players referring to the format as \"\"Video Long Play\"\". Pioneer Electronics later purchased the majority stake in the format and marketed it as both \"LaserVision\" (format name) and \"LaserDisc\" (brand name) in 1980, with some releases unofficially referring to the medium as \"\"Laser Videodisc\"\". Philips produced the players while MCA produced the discs. The Philips-MCA cooperation was not successful, and discontinued after a few years.", "title": "LaserDisc" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "as \"MCA DiscoVision\" (also known as simply \"\"DiscoVision\"\") in 1978, the technology was previously referred to internally as \"Optical Videodisc System\", \"Reflective Optical Videodisc\", \"Laser Optical Videodisc\", and \"Disco-Vision\" (with a dash), with the first players referring to the format as \"\"Video Long Play\"\". Pioneer Electronics later purchased the majority stake in the format and marketed it as both \"LaserVision\" (format name) and \"LaserDisc\" (brand name) in 1980, with some releases unofficially referring to the medium as \"\"Laser Videodisc\"\". Philips produced the players while MCA produced the discs. The Philips-MCA cooperation was not successful, and discontinued after a few years.", "title": "LaserDisc" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "then be conveyed back towards Sandfields Pumping Station, where it was piped along the railway line to Walsall. Ownership of the pool was handed back to the city in 1968 when the reservoir was no longer needed for supply. Lichfield District Council have retained the pool for public amenity and stocked the pool with fish for local anglers. Since the draining of Chasewater the pool has also been used as a venue for watersports such as sailing and canoeing. Stowe Pool Stowe Pool is a reservoir located in the city of Lichfield, Staffordshire. Formerly a fishery (along with nearby Bishop's", "title": "Stowe Pool" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a supremely confident big-screen debut, whose surface simplicity masks a scathing vision of society lurking beneath. In some ways, it recalls Kurosawa's samurai narratives, with its tale of renegade rōnin who come to the aid of the dispossessed. But Gosha's personal obsessions are all over the film, particularly in his depiction of the loss of honor through blind loyalty (and its liberating opposite, the regaining of honor by betrayal), and in the sharp contrast he makes between the refined, comforting worlds of power and social duty and the wild, almost animalistic existence of those who choose freedom. And unlike Kurosawa,", "title": "Three Outlaw Samurai" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "evacuation fleet, Vladimir Tributs, ordered \"Eestirand\"s captain, Boris Nelke to continue to Kronstadt. Ignoring the order, Nelke instead chose to head to Prangli Island, about to the south, and beach the badly damaged ship off the shore of the island. Once grounded, Nelke and his crew helped the 2,700 surviving Estonian conscripts to disarm the Soviet military personnel aboard the ship and escape onto the island and avoid mobilization to Leningrad. In 1946 the wreck of \"Eestirand\" was raised and towed to Kopli Bay for scrapping. After the war a monument was erected on Prangli Island to honor the passengers", "title": "Eestirand" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "first frost. Females lay an average of 400 eggs, which is unusually high for a noctuoid. The entirety of the damage done to cotton is done by the larvae. Young instars feed primarily the underside of the leaves, skeletonizing them as they feed. Older instars move vertically and feed on the younger, fresher foliage near the bolls and sometimes on the bolls themselves. Depending on latitude, two to eight generations could have occurred in the United States each year. This made them an especially dangerous pest, as they fed year-round in some locations. In especially bad years, the larvae destroyed", "title": "Alabama argillacea" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Thursdays. \"50s, 60s and 70s punk\" records were played and it soon provided a live venue for Spacemen 3 and various other local bands. At one of their gigs at The Black Lion in 1985, they came to the attention of Pat Fish, the leader of the recording band The Jazz Butcher; he felt Spacemen 3 were \"extraordinary\" and \"like nothing else\". In November 1985, Spacemen 3 played a gig at a leisure centre in Coventry to an audience of fewer than ten people. Nevertheless, encouraged by the support of Pat Fish, they determined that they ought to record a", "title": "Spacemen 3" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the majority of its output in colour. A rare piece of CTC colour news film from 21 October 1974 can be seen at the National Film & Sound Archive. Kerry Stokes acquired a majority stake in CTC from John Fairfax & Sons warehousing company Surita on 7 May 1980, heading off a rival bid from Television Wollongong Transmissions Ltd (owners of WIN 4) which had increased its stake from 5 to 15 per cent. At the time Stokes owned a share in the Golden West Network in Western Australia. The station shrugged off its decidedly 70s \"Super 7\" branding and", "title": "CTC (TV station)" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Client Computing Limited (FCCL), headquartered in Kawasaki, Kanagawa, the city where the company was founded, is the division of Fujitsu responsible for research, development, design, manufacturing and sales of consumer PC products. Formerly a wholly owned subsidiary, in November 2017, FCCL was spun off into a joint venture with Lenovo and Development Bank of Japan (DBJ). The new company retains the same name, and Fujitsu is still responsible for sales and support of the products; however, Lenovo owns a majority stake at 51%, while Fujitsu retains 44%. The remaining 5% stake is held byd DBJ. Fujitsu's computing product lines include:", "title": "Fujitsu" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "In 1988, Balsam AG purchased all the capital stock of AstroTurf Industries, Inc. In 1994, Southwest Recreational Industries, Inc. (SRI) acquired the AstroTurf brand. In 1996, SRI was acquired by American Sports Products Group Inc. While AstroTurf was the industry leader throughout the late 20th century, other companies emerged in the early 2000s. FieldTurf, AstroTurf's chief competitor since the early 2000s, marketed a product of tall-pile polyethylene turf with infill, meant to mimic natural grass more than the older products. This third-generation turf, as it became known, changed the landscape of the marketplace. Although SRI successfully marketed AstroPlay, a third-generation", "title": "AstroTurf" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Airtel Bangladesh airtel (), in Bangladesh, is an independent product brand of Robi Axiata, since Robi Airtel Limited is the Licensee of 'airtel' Brand in Bangladesh. In 2010, Warid Telecom sold a majority 70% stake in the company to India's Bharti Airtel Limited for US$300 million. Bharti's proposal also included an initial $300-million investment in Warid for creating new shares in the company. The Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission approved the deal on 4 Jan 2010. Bharti Airtel Limited took management control of the company and its board, and re-branded the company's services under its own 'airtel' brand from 20 December", "title": "Airtel Bangladesh" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "While the idea was first demonstrated by Benjamin Franklin, the idea was adapted for use in Christmas lights. They were invented by Carl Otis in 1935, who sold the patents to the NOMA Electric Corporation. There is a long story involving patent fights. Bubble lights can still be purchased online and in stores to this day. Laser projector systems became a prominent phenomenon in 2015; the devices are typically installed on a stake in front of a house, projecting colored dots resembling stars. The devices are marketed as being safer and easier to install than traditional string lights. The concept", "title": "Holiday lighting technology" } ]

[ "Pioneer Electronics" ]

[ "Pioneer Electronics later purchased the majority stake in the format and marketed it as both LaserVision (format name) and LaserDisc (brand name) in 1980, with some releases unofficially referring to the medium as \"Laser Videodisc\". Philips produced the players while MCA produced the discs. The Philips-MCA cooperation was not successful, and discontinued after a few years. Several of the scientists responsible for the early research (Richard Wilkinson, Ray Dakin and John Winslow) founded Optical Disc Corporation (now ODC Nimbus)." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "others, but appears to be working its way toward further recognition. When two Grand Lodges recognize and are in Masonic communication with each other, they are said to be \"in amity\", and the brethren of each may visit each other's lodges and interact Masonically. When two Grand Lodges are not in amity, inter-visitation is not allowed. Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction (for example, since the Grand Lodge of Connecticut is in Amity with the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Connecticut, the principle of Exclusive Jurisdiction", "title": "Prince Hall Freemasonry" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "she joined in the attacks on Okidaitōjima and then served with the 3rd Fleet during the air strikes against Japan from 2 July to 15 August. She remained off Japan until 16 September 1945 and after a short training period off Guam, proceeded to San Francisco, arriving 20 October. She left San Francisco 29 October and steamed to Pearl Harbor to undergo conversion for troop transport duty. From 8 November 1945 to 16 January 1946 she made trans-Pacific voyages, returning servicemen to the United States. She was thereafter generally inactive until decommissioning on 9 January 1947. She was mothballed at", "title": "USS Bon Homme Richard (CV-31)" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Monheit joined the judging panel for The 14th Annual Independent Music Awards and in doing so, helped to assist the careers of upcoming independent artists. Jane Monheit Jane Monheit (born November 3, 1977) is an American jazz and pop vocalist. She has collaborated with John Pizzarelli, Michael Bublé, Ivan Lins, Terence Blanchard and Tom Harrell, and has received Grammy nominations for two of her recordings. Monheit was born and raised in Oakdale, New York, on Long Island. Her father played banjo and guitar. Her mother sang and played music for her by singers who could also be her teachers, beginning", "title": "Jane Monheit" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Division title-winning team. He broke into the S.C.F.A.'s senior team in 1935 and won the SAFA First Division in 1937 and 1938, and the SAFA Challenge Cup in 1935, 1937 and 1939. His performances led to a call-up by Singapore FA for the Malaya Cup. He was converted to the centre-half position he played in the team from 1936 to 1939. Choo won the Malaya Cup with Singapore in 1937 and 1939, after defeating Selangor in both finals. In 1939, Choo was part of the Malayan Chinese F.A. side that toured Manila, Hong Kong and Macau. The China national team", "title": "Choo Seng Quee" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "an Amish and Mennonite settlement. The Binkley family prospered in Ainslie Wood and raised hundreds of grand- and great-grandchildren, and the name has appeared on schools, churches, road signs, and cemeteries throughout Ainslie Wood. George Bamberger started Ainslie Wood's first non-farming business—a hotel/tavern called the Halfway House (so named because it was halfway between Hamilton, Dundas and Ancaster), located on land on Main Street West today used by Canadian Martyrs' School. Trains that crossed the Bamberger property were required, by a contract with the Bamberger family, to stop at the Halfway House for a minimum of five minutes, so that", "title": "Ainslie Wood, Hamilton" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "III\", Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, \"Woman IV\", Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri. During the summer of 1952, spent at East Hampton, de Kooning further explored the theme through drawings and pastels. He may have finished work on \"Woman I\" by the end of June, or possibly as late as November 1952, and probably the other three women pictures were concluded at much the same time. The \"Woman series\" are decidedly figurative paintings. Another important artist is Franz Kline, as demonstrated by his painting \"High Street\", 1950 as with Jackson Pollock and other Abstract Expressionists, was labelled an", "title": "History of painting" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "by the Grand Lodge of Ireland, which is based in Dublin. It has jurisdiction over 13 Provincial Grand Lodges covering all the Freemasons of the island of Ireland, and another 12 provinces worldwide. There are no fewer than 12 national Grand Lodges operating in France. The Grande Loge Nationale Française (GLNF) is the only French Grand Lodge to be recognised as regular by UGLE and its concordant jurisdictions. However, on 14 September 2011 relations were suspended, and on 12 September 2012 UGLE voted to withdraw recognition of GLNF. UGLE finally voted to re-recognise GLNF on 11 June 2014. The Grand", "title": "Regular Masonic jurisdiction" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "military bases. Since the early 1990s onward, most, but not all, US Grand Lodges and Prince Hall Grand Lodges began to extend mutual recognition and promote visitations and fellowship between their members. Other organisations which only accept Master Masons, such as Scottish Rite and the Shriners, have their own governing bodies, not called Grand Lodges, which are not directly accountable to the Grand Lodge in the jurisdiction in which they operate. Other Masonically-affiliated orders, such as the OES and DeMolay, are also independent. However, these organisations' governing bodies, as a rule, defer to their Grand Lodges as the essential authority", "title": "Grand Lodge" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "who are appointed Deputies of the Supreme Council that are later elected to membership on the Supreme Council are then designated \"Sovereign Grand Inspectors General.\" In the Northern Jurisdiction a recipient of the 33rd Degree is an honorary member of the Supreme Council, and all members are referred to as a \"Sovereign Grand Inspectors General.\" Members of the Northern Jurisdiction are required to have achieved the third degree of Masonry (Master Mason) in their local lodges before they can apply to join the Scottish Rite. The Northern Jurisdiction offers 29 additional degrees, with a final 33rd degree conferred as an", "title": "Supreme Council, Scottish Rite, Northern Jurisdiction, USA" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and Grand Lodge of Ireland (taken together) have approximately 150,000 members. In the United States, total membership is just under 2 million. Relations between Grand Lodges are determined by the concept of \"Recognition\". Each Grand Lodge maintains a list of other Grand Lodges that it recognises. When two Grand Lodges recognise and are in Masonic communication with each other, they are said to be \"in amity\", and the brethren of each may visit each other's Lodges and interact Masonically. When two Grand Lodges are not in amity, inter-visitation is not allowed. There are many reasons one Grand Lodge will withhold", "title": "Freemasonry" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the basic models for each variety of freemasonry. The largest collection of mutually recognised Grand Lodges derives its regularity from one or more of the Home Grand Lodges (United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE), Grand Lodge of Scotland (GLoS) and Grand Lodge of Ireland (GLoI)) based on criteria known as \"Basic Principles for Grand Lodge Recognition\" which together they codified and published on 4 September 1929 (although not new – they had been developed and refined over at least the preceding 150 years): The first attempt to codify the governance of Masonry was by James Anderson in his \"Constitutions\", published", "title": "Regular Masonic jurisdiction" } ]

[ "Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived" ]

[ "Exclusive Jurisdiction is a concept whereby only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area. If two Grand Lodges claim jurisdiction over the same area, the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them, and they may not all decide to recognise the same one. (In 1849, for example, the Grand Lodge of New York split into two rival factions, each claiming to be the legitimate Grand Lodge. Other Grand Lodges had to choose between them until the schism was healed.) Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction (for example, since the Grand Lodge of Connecticut is in Amity with the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Connecticut, the principle of Exclusive Jurisdiction does not apply, and other Grand Lodges may recognise both)." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Ashkenazi Jews" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "century BCE, Aramaic, a closely related tongue, joined Hebrew as the spoken language in Judea. By the 3rd century BCE, some Jews of the diaspora were speaking Greek. Others, such as in the Jewish communities of Babylonia, were speaking Hebrew and Aramaic, the languages of the Babylonian Talmud. These languages were also used by the Jews of Israel at that time. For centuries, Jews worldwide have spoken the local or dominant languages of the regions they migrated to, often developing distinctive dialectal forms or branches that became independent languages. Yiddish is the Judæo-German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated", "title": "Jews" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the expulsion decreed in Portugal. Despite this diversity, Ashkenazi Jews represent the bulk of modern Jewry, estimated at between 70% and 80% of all Jews worldwide; prior to World War II and the Holocaust however, it was 90%. While Ashkenazim developed in Europe, their massive emigration from Europe for better opportunities, and during periods of civil strife and warfare, they also became the overwhelming majority of Jews in the New World continents and countries, which previously were without native European or Jewish populations. These include the United States, Mexico, Canada, United Kingdom, Argentina, Australia, Brazil and South Africa, but with", "title": "Jewish ethnic divisions" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the Jerusalem Talmud. The Babylonian Jewry is considered to be the predecessor of most Mizrahi Jewish communities. Ashkenazi Jews is a general category of Jewish populations who immigrated to what is now Germany and northeastern France during the Middle Ages and until modern times used to adhere to the Yiddish culture and the Ashkenazi prayer style. There is evidence that groups of Jews had immigrated to Germania during the Roman Era; they were probably merchants who followed the Roman Legions during their conquests. To a larger degree, modern Ashkenazi Jews are the descendants of Jews who migrated into northern France", "title": "Jewish diaspora" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Jews, Kurdish Jews, Moroccan Jews, Libyan Jews, Syrian Jews, Bukharian Jews, Mountain Jews, Georgian Jews, Iranian Jews, Afghan Jews, and various others. The Teimanim from Yemen are sometimes included, although their style of liturgy is unique and they differ in respect to the admixture found among them to that found in Mizrahim. In addition, there is a differentiation made between Sephardi migrants who established themselves in the Middle East and North Africa after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal in the 1490s and the pre-existing Jewish communities in those regions. Ashkenazi Jews represent the bulk of modern", "title": "Jews" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "al., using SNP microarray techniques and linkage analysis found that when assuming Druze and Palestinian Arab populations to represent the reference to world Jewry ancestor genome, between 35 and 55 percent of the modern Ashkenazi genome can possibly be of European origin, and that European \"admixture is considerably higher than previous estimates by studies that used the Y chromosome\" with this reference point. Assuming this reference point the linkage disequilibrium in the Ashkenazi Jewish population was interpreted as \"matches signs of interbreeding or 'admixture' between Middle Eastern and European populations\". On the Bray et al. tree, Ashkenazi Jews were found", "title": "Ashkenazi Jews" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "added to the history of German Jewry in modern times in the abstract of his seminal work, \"History of the Jews\", which he entitled \"Volksthümliche Geschichte der Juden.\" In an essay on Sephardi Jewry, Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs summarized the demographic history of Ashkenazi Jews in the last thousand years, noting that at the end of the 11th century, 97% of world Jewry was Sephardic and 3% Ashkenazi; by the end of the 16th century, the: 'Treaty on the redemption of captives', by Gracian of the God's Mother, Mercy Priest, who was imprisoned by Turks,", "title": "Ashkenazi Jews" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "estimated between 35 and 55%. The study assumed Druze and Palestinian Arabs populations to represent the reference to world Jewry ancestor genome. With this reference point, the linkage disequilibrium in the Ashkenazi Jewish population was interpreted as \"matches signs of interbreeding or 'admixture' between Middle Eastern and European populations\". Also, in their press release, Bray stated: \"We were surprised to find evidence that Ashkenazi Jews have higher heterozygosity than Europeans, contradicting the widely-held presumption that they have been a largely isolated group\". The authors said that their calculations might have \"overestimated the level of admixture\" in case that the true", "title": "Genetic studies on Jews" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Mari people) and Slavic-speaking (Russians) population. The Ashkenazi Jews on the territory of Tatarstan first appeared in the 1830s. The Jews of Udmurtia and Tatarstan subdivided on cultural and linguistic characteristics into two territorial groups: 1) Udmurt Jews (Udmurt Jewry), who lived on the territory of Udmurtia and the north of Tatarstan; 2) Tatar Jews or Kazan Jews (Tatar Jewry or Kazan Jewry), who lived mainly in the city of Kazan and its agglomeration. In accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, the two state languages of the republic are Tatar and Russian. According to the 2002 Russian", "title": "Tatarstan" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Holocaust. These included 3 million of 3.3 million Polish Jews (91%); 900,000 of 1.5 million in Ukraine (60%); and 50–90% of the Jews of other Slavic nations, Germany, Hungary, and the Baltic states, and over 25% of the Jews in France. Sephardi communities suffered similar depletions in a few countries, including Greece, the Netherlands and the former Yugoslavia. As the large majority of the victims were Ashkenazi Jews, their percentage dropped from an estimate of 92% of world Jewry in made in 1930 to nearly 80% of world Jewry today. The Holocaust also effectively put an end to the dynamic", "title": "Ashkenazi Jews" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "was futile. After their second attempt an hour later, the police declared that the protest was illegal and ordered the students to evacuate the monastery five persons at a time and not to leave Yangon in one group. The students refused and turned themselves in for peaceful arrests. The police then initiated an assault on the protesters including those inside the monastery. The exact number of injured people was not confirmed but the estimate was around 100. The police also attacked on volunteers working to escort the injured. Zar Zar Tun from Free Funeral Service Society, an organization in support", "title": "Myanmar National Education Law 2014" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "C and C symmetry termed ee anti, and ee gauche. The carbon-carbon bond (pivot) between the rings is 1.55 Å, and the carbon-carbon length in the rings is 1.535 Å and carbon-hydrogen bond length is 1.102 Å. The torsion angle between the rings is 74.9°. The C-C-C bond angle ∠ is about 111° and C-C-H angle is 109°. The speed of sound in bicyclohexyl is 1441.51 m/s, higher than many other hydrocarbons. The density is 882.73 kgm. The isothermal compressibility is 674 TPa and isobaric expansivity is 819 K. When bicyclohexyl is heated to around it slowly decomposes to cyclohexane", "title": "Bicyclohexyl" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Daniel Meserve Durell Daniel Meserve Durell (July 20, 1769 – April 29, 1841) was an American attorney and Democratic-Republican politician in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives and as a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives in the early 1800s. Durell was born in Lee, New Hampshire, the son of Nicholas and Abigail Durell. He attended Phillips Exeter Academy, and graduated from Dartmouth College in 1794. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1797, and began practicing law in Dover, New Hampshire. He was", "title": "Daniel Meserve Durell" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "recorded. Also, there is no sheet music; instead the choir performs according to instructions written by Drummond or other choir members. These instructions (called \"scores,\" but bearing little relation to musical scores) are open to change over time, and exist in the public domain. The17's Coast-to-Coast tour \"encompasses 20 different scores each performed at one of 20 different locations within the shores of the British Isles. Each performance is twinned with an overseas performance of The17\". Performances have been twinned so far between, for example, Liverpool and New York, Beirut and Birmingham, and Derry and Calcutta. There is also a", "title": "The17" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Aleriel, or A Voyage to Other Worlds Aleriel, or A Voyage to Other Worlds is a science fiction novel by Wladislaw Somerville Lach-Szyrma, a Polish-English curate, author, and historian. Published in 1883, \"Aleriel\" is a Victorian novel, which was previously thought to be the first published work to apply the word \"Martian\" as a noun (it is now known that the word was first used in 1877): After the protagonist, Aleriel, lands on Mars, he buries his spacecraft in snow, \"so that it might not be disturbed by any Martian who might come across it\". A new edition was published", "title": "Aleriel, or A Voyage to Other Worlds" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "that lived in Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Russia, Romania, Hungary and modern Moldova in collective settlement (from Hebrew: Kibbutz- קיבוץ). At the beginning of the 20th century, over 6 million Jews lived in Eastern Europe. They were organized in large and small communities, living in big cities such as Warsaw (with a population of about 300,000 Jews) and in small towns with only tens or hundreds of Jews. The first Jewish settlement in Eastern Europe began in a colony on the shores of the Black Sea during the 1st century. The settlement, which was located in the north", "title": "Eastern European Jewry" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Soviet Jewry Movement The Soviet Jewry movement was an international human rights campaign that advocated for the right of Jews in the Soviet Union to emigrate. The earliest organized effort was the Cleveland Council on Soviet Anti-Semitism, a grassroots organization that brought attention to the plight of Soviet Jews from 1963 until 1983. It began as a study group led by three of the founding members of Beth Israel - The West Temple in 1963: Louis Rosenblum, Herbert Caron, and Abe Silverstein. Though the council included prominent rabbis, pastors, priests, and city officials, many initial council members were fellow congregants.", "title": "Soviet Jewry Movement" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Sociology of Jewry The sociology of Jewry involves the application of sociological theory and method to the study of the Jewish people and the Jewish religion. Sociologists are concerned with the social patterns within Jewish groups and communities; American Jewry, Israeli Jews and Jewish life in the diaspora. Sociological studies of the Jewish religion include religious membership, ritual and denominational patterns. Notable journals include \"Jewish Social Studies\", \"The Jewish Journal of Sociology\" and \"Contemporary Jewry. Sociology of Jewry initially emerged in the United States in the 1930s beginning with the 1938 publication of \"Jewish Social Studies\", sponsored by the Conference", "title": "Sociology of Jewry" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "force in New York - and American - Jewry. On the other hand, Orthodox Jews subscribing to Modern Orthodoxy in its American and UK incarnations, tend to follow far more right-wing politics than both non-Orthodox and other Orthodox Jews. While the majority of non-Orthodox American Jews are on average strongly liberal and supporters of the Democratic Party, the Modern Orthodox subgroup of Orthodox Judaism tends to be far more conservative, with roughly half describing themselves as political conservatives, and are mostly Republican Party supporters. Modern Orthodox Jews, compared to both the non-Orthodox American Jewry and the Haredi and Hasidic Jewry,", "title": "Orthodox Judaism" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Jewish Concerns\", a grassroots coalition engaging in pro-Jewish activism. Weiss was an early leader of the Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry, founded in 1964. It was one of the first American organizations working to free Russian Jews, who were not allowed to emigrate during the Soviet era. The group used demonstrations, lobbying, and education to pressure the Soviet authorities into allowing Jews to leave the country. In 2015, he published his memoir detailing his efforts to liberate Soviet Jews, \"Open Up the Iron Door: Memoirs of a Soviet Jewry Activist\". The book focuses on how grassroots activism and acts of", "title": "Avi Weiss" } ]

[ "Ashkenazi Jews" ]

[ "Ashkenazi Jews represent the bulk of modern Jewry, with at least 70% of Jews worldwide (and up to 90% prior to World War II and the Holocaust). As a result of their emigration from Europe, Ashkenazim also represent the overwhelming majority of Jews in the New World continents, in countries such as the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, and Brazil. In France, the immigration of Jews from Algeria (Sephardim) has led them to outnumber the Ashkenazim. Only in Israel is the Jewish population representative of all groups, a melting pot independent of each group's proportion within the overall world Jewish population." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "the player is immediately disqualified from further play" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "penalty card is issued to a player who commits a serious infraction: the player is immediately disqualified from further play and his team must continue with one less player for the game's duration. In rugby union, Ireland's Munster rugby, New Zealand's Canterbury provincial team and the Crusaders Super 14 rugby side wear red as a major color in their playing strips. Rosso Corsa is the red international motor racing color of cars entered by teams from Italy. Since the 1920s Italian race cars of Alfa Romeo, Maserati, Lancia, and later Ferrari and Abarth have been painted with a color known", "title": "Red" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "low marks for tailgating, affordability and atmosphere. On January 20, 2012, it was announced that the Rams would play one home game a season at Wembley Stadium in London for the next 3 seasons. The first game was played against the New England Patriots on October 28, 2012. On August 13, 2012, it was announced that the Rams had withdrawn from the 2013 and 2014 games. At this time, the Rams began negotiations with St. Louis about what steps could be taken to remediate the \"top tier\" requirement of the lease. On March 10, 2015, the Rams traded starting quarterback", "title": "Los Angeles Rams" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of these areas are disputed and are claimed by the central government. Senior Kurdish official Hoshyar Zebari said a \"Yes\" vote in the referendum wouldn't mean an automatic declaration of independence of Kurdistan, but will \"strengthen the Kurds' hand\" in talks on self-determination with the central government. On three separate occasions, Assyrians from Alqosh protested against the removal of their mayor by the KDP-dominated Nineveh Provincial Council. The residents of Alqosh rejected the idea of their town being a \"disputed area\" and demanded the immediate reinstatement of their former mayor. The removal, which occurred two months before the referendum, caused", "title": "2017 Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Alfred Denville Alfred Arthur Hinchcliffe Denville (27 January 1876 – 23 March 1955) was an English actor, theatre impresario and Conservative Party politician. Denville, an actor by trade, ran one of the UK's leading repertory companies. In 1924 Denville founded Denville Hall, a retirement home for actors in Northwood, London that is still in operation. As a politician Denville was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Newcastle upon Tyne Central seat from Sir Charles Trevelyan in the 1931 general election and held the seat until he was defeated in 1945. For a time he was associated with the", "title": "Alfred Denville" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Polatlı YHT railway station Polatlı HSR station, short for Polatlı High Speed Rail station ( short for \"Polatlı Yüksek Hızlı Tren Garı\") is a railway station serving the Ankara–Istanbul high-speed railway just southeast of Polatlı. The station was opened on 16 February 2011, two years after the opening of the railway between Ankara and Eskişehir, and is the first railway station in Turkey to be dedicated to high-speed rail. Polatlı YHT is served by two tracks via side platforms with two express tracks in middle, as not all scheduled YHT trains stop at Polatlı. Mainline trains operating along the Istanbul–Ankara", "title": "Polatlı YHT railway station" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "initially a katana. He instructed him specifically in her favorite move, and the counter to it. Despite Duncan's attempts to talk Annie out of it, she would not be swayed from her desire for vengeance. Richie went to face Annie and they fought. The training worked, and Richie disarmed Annie, but found he could not kill her. Having spared her life, she was persuaded to let him live too, and gave up her quest for revenge. Later that day at Duncan's loft, Duncan gave Richie his first sword, a Spanish Rapier. Richie met an immortal named Mako, who was chasing", "title": "Richie Ryan (Highlander)" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "association football league for a 5-minute bench penalty for unsportsmanlike play. And it is also used in the beach soccer for a 2-minute bench penalty for unsportsmanlike play. A Blue Card is also used in quidditch to indicate a technical foul. The fouling player is sent to the penalty box for one minute or until a goal is scored against the fouling player's team. Unlike a yellow card, there is no additional penalty for multiple blue cards. In European indoor soccer or Futsal, a Blue Card was used to send a player off the court; however the team was able", "title": "Penalty card" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the Round of 16 came around, so teams who withdrew from that stage onwards faced no sanctions. If a player received a second yellow card, they would be banned from the next cup match. If a player received a red card, they would be banned a minimum of one match, but more could be added by the Iraq Football Association. The Iraq Football Association decided that from the Round of 16 onwards, there would not be an extra time period for matches that end in a draw; instead the game would go straight to a penalty shootout. The following 60", "title": "2016–17 Iraq FA Cup" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "who called bluff wins it. The loser of the bluff shuffles the cards in his hand, and then hold them face down so that nobody can see them. The winner then takes a penalty pull and selects one card from the hand to look at and then put back. The loser may not know which card was pulled. After this, the loser draws the entire pile into his hand. When a player believes he knows both of the treasure cards, he attempts to shed his hand. When a player has no cards remaining in his hand, he \"must\" guess what", "title": "Treasure (card game)" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "cannot pay the cost, or the card cannot be played at the current time, the player can choose to \"focus\" the card and store it face down as stored energy. When an attack is not stopped, it continues through to the next zone, where the player again flips over a card and has a chance to take an action. If the player is already in the red zone when this occurs, the opponent scores a point and may \"celebrate\". If all of a given player's zones have become charged, he or she may choose to use a signature move (assuming", "title": "QuickStrike" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "player who has been cautioned may continue playing in the game; however, a player who receives a second caution in a match is sent off (shown the yellow card again, and then a red card). Law 12 of the Laws of the Game lists the types of offences and misconduct that may result in a caution. It also states that \"only a player, substitute or substituted player\" can be cautioned. A player is cautioned and shown a yellow card if he/she commits any of the following offences: What constitutes cautionable unsporting behaviour is generally at the referee's discretion, though the", "title": "Fouls and misconduct (association football)" } ]

[ "the player is immediately disqualified from further play" ]

[ "In association football, teams such as Manchester United, Bayern Munich, Liverpool, Arsenal, Toronto FC, and S.L. Benfica primarily wear red jerseys. Other teams that prominently feature red on their kits include A.C. Milan (nicknamed i rossoneri for their red and black shirts), AFC Ajax, Olympiacos, River Plate, Atlético Madrid, and Flamengo. A red penalty card is issued to a player who commits a serious infraction: the player is immediately disqualified from further play and his team must continue with one less player for the game's duration." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "eight" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "season sixteen, the top 24 performed at the Academy in the Heart of LA, and the show repeated the process from the previous season. However, instead of Idol alumnus as duet partners, superstar celebrity singers were used as the duet partners. The finals were broadcast in prime time from CBS Television City in Los Angeles, in front of a live studio audience. The finals lasted eight weeks in the first season. From the second to ninth and fourteenth seasons, the finals lasted eleven weeks. The tenth and eleventh seasons lasted for twelve weeks, while the twelfth season lasted for ten", "title": "American Idol" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "season sixteen, the top 24 performed at the Academy in the Heart of LA, and the show repeated the process from the previous season. However, instead of Idol alumnus as duet partners, superstar celebrity singers were used as the duet partners. The finals were broadcast in prime time from CBS Television City in Los Angeles, in front of a live studio audience. The finals lasted eight weeks in the first season. From the second to ninth and fourteenth seasons, the finals lasted eleven weeks. The tenth and eleventh seasons lasted for twelve weeks, while the twelfth season lasted for ten", "title": "American Idol" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "2010 AFL finals series The Australian Football League's 2010 finals series determined the top eight final positions of the 2010 AFL season. The series was scheduled to occur over four weekends in September 2010, culminating with the 114th AFL/VFL Grand Final at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on 25 September 2010. However, after Collingwood and St Kilda drew in the Grand Final, the series was extended to five weeks, ending on 2 October, with the first Grand Final replay since 1977 (and the last, due to rules changes in 2016). Collingwood won the replay by 56 points to become the 2010", "title": "2010 AFL finals series" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "2010 AFL finals series The Australian Football League's 2010 finals series determined the top eight final positions of the 2010 AFL season. The series was scheduled to occur over four weekends in September 2010, culminating with the 114th AFL/VFL Grand Final at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on 25 September 2010. However, after Collingwood and St Kilda drew in the Grand Final, the series was extended to five weeks, ending on 2 October, with the first Grand Final replay since 1977 (and the last, due to rules changes in 2016). Collingwood won the replay by 56 points to become the 2010", "title": "2010 AFL finals series" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "second with 17 wins, trailed by the in third place with 16 wins, but with the best percentage of any team in the Eight. In fourth place were the who finished with 15 wins and a draw. The following three teams (, and ) finished with 12 wins each, separated by percentage. (with 11 wins) rounded out the Eight. According to the McIntyre Final Eight System, this was how the first week of finals matches were arranged: The 1999 AFL season would also be the last season which used the McIntyre System. It was replaced the following year with the", "title": "1999 AFL finals series" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "quarter/semi-finals) barring disqualification for some reason. If you come in Last, Last, First, which in a race with eight men in your class translates to 0+0+60 or 60 points, you MIGHT race in the main (or in larger races the 1/8/quarter/semi finals) determining how well the others did. The person who came in 3rd place in all three motos or 30+40+50=120p would have a much better shot at making the Main than you. Even the person who came in 2nd+6th+6th or 35+25+35=95 would have a better shot even if you won the final moto. In larger races in both the", "title": "BMX racing" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the first eight rounds in 1973, then was suspended for four weeks after being found guilty of striking Fitzroy captain John Murphy with his forearm, and didn't return until round 15. Collingwood were minor premiers that year, but were win-less in the finals series, which Delahunty didn't take part in. He made 11 appearances in 1974, including two finals. His four games in 1975 all came early in the season and were his last games for Collingwood. He was a member of Wimmera Football League club Murtoa's 1980 premiership team. His brother Hugh played 46 games for Essendon and is", "title": "Mike Delahunty" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "management at the beginning of the 1999–2000 season with Gillingham, and at the end of the season guided them to victory over Wigan Athletic in the Division Two play-off final which marked the Kent club's promotion to the upper half of the English league for the first time in their history. During this season he also guided the Gills to the quarter-finals of the FA Cup after impressive wins over Premiership opposition in Bradford City and Sheffield Wednesday (a brace of 3–1 home wins), before losing 5–0 away to Chelsea in the last eight. A few weeks later he left", "title": "Peter Taylor (footballer, born 1953)" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "finals see 2012 NRL season results. The NRL returned to the top-eight system used by the ARL in the 1990s to decide the grand finalists from the top eight finishing teams. This replaced the McIntyre Final Eight System that was used for the past 12 seasons. Only four of last year's finalists will feature in this year's finals series: Melbourne Storm, Manly Sea Eagles, Brisbane Broncos and the North Queensland Cowboys. For the teams that did not feature last year, the Canberra Raiders last appeared in 2010, the Canterbury Bulldogs in 2009, the Cronulla Sharks in 2008 and the South", "title": "2012 NRL season" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "vying for finals berths, finally making the finals again in 1939 by finishing fourth after a record run of eight consecutive victories and an overall record of 13 wins and 5 losses: the best home and away season in the club's history up to that point. Unfortunately for the Saints, three other clubs did even better, but going into the first semi final against Richmond there was felt to be substantial ground for optimism as the Saints had won their last four meetings. St Kilda had not been victorious in a finals match for twenty-six years (though they had engaged", "title": "History of the St Kilda Football Club" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of the semi-finals before being knocked out by the Bulldogs in the Grand Final qualifier two weeks later. The Panthers then just failed to qualify for the Top 8 in 2005 finishing two points out and in 10th spot on percentages. They endured another below-par season in 2006 this time falling well short of the finals finishing the year in 12th position. The 2007 season turned out to be a poor one for the Panthers, they won only eight games, finished last and \"won\" the wooden-spoon for the second time in six years after losing to the New Zealand Warriors", "title": "Penrith Panthers" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Rothschild's birdwing Rothschild's birdwing (\"Ornithoptera rothschildi\") is a large birdwing butterfly, endemic to the Arfak Mountains in Western New Guinea. What was originally described as \"Ornithoptera akakeae\", is a supposed natural hybrid between \"Ornithoptera rothschildi\" and \"Ornithoptera priamus poseidon\". This species was first recognized by entomologist Charles Edgar Pratt and described by George Kenrick in 1911. It was named in honour of Lord Walter Rothschild who financed most of the expeditions of the naturalist Antwerp Edgar Pratt (1850-1924) and his two sons, Carl Brenders Pratt and Felix Biet Pratt, to British New Guinea from 1902–1903 and to the Arfak Mountains", "title": "Rothschild's birdwing" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of monomial, with only those copies required to obtain symmetry. Any monomial in \"X\", …, \"X\" can be written as \"X\"…\"X\" where the exponents α are natural numbers (possibly zero); writing α = (α,…,α) this can be abbreviated to \"X\". The monomial symmetric polynomial \"m\"(\"X\", …, \"X\") is defined as the sum of all monomials \"x\" where β ranges over all \"distinct\" permutations of (α,…,α). For instance one has Clearly \"m\" = \"m\" when β is a permutation of α, so one usually considers only those \"m\" for which α ≥ α ≥ … ≥ α, in other words for", "title": "Symmetric polynomial" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Paradoxically, as time went by, these neutral objects became valuable in themselves, as symbols of an anthropological way of looking at art. (1921–2004) was an American artist of the mid-20th century; she is associated with both minimalism and Color Field artists like Morris Louis and Kenneth Noland. Primarily thought of as a minimalist sculptor, and as a colorist who painted her sculpture, throughout her career Truitt produced several series of Monochromatic paintings. From 1949 on Fontana started the so-called Spatial Concept or slash series, consisting in holes or slashes on the surface of monochrome paintings, drawing a sign of what", "title": "Monochrome painting" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "lying in repose occurred in the rotunda from April 9–11. After a religious service was held at St. Paul's Episcopal Church on April 11 in Norfolk for an invited 400 guests, a fifth and final horse-drawn procession back to the MacArthur Memorial occurred. A three-volley salute, the folding of the flag, and a 19-gun salute accorded to a five-star rank of general, which MacArthur possessed, was fired before burial in a crypt. On August 25, 2012, \"Apollo 11\" astronaut Neil Armstrong, the first person to walk on the moon, died after complications from coronary artery bypass surgery. Congressman Bill Johnson", "title": "State funerals in the United States" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "also run the network operations for Three Ireland\"). The Network team outsource was limited to the Field Operations team along with some other support functions. The Network rollout team & Transmission team remained in-house to facilitate future network changes. It was more cost effective to retain these divisions in-house. In 2006 O2 chose Irish Autism Action as their charity of choice. The three-year deal involved sponsorship, creating awareness, using O2 staff to assist the charity and using technology developed by O2 to assist children affected by autism. In 2010, the company's charity of choice became Headstrong, a charity providing mental", "title": "O2 (Ireland)" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "weeks from 30 July to 25 October. The Rugby Union Bonus Points System was used to determine which four teams were to go on to the finals. There were seven games in each round. After the round robin Hawke's Bay, Southland, Wellington and Canterbury came out on top to advance to the finals. The top four teams from the round robin advanced to the semifinals. The lists of how many tries and points each team has scored in the 2009 Air NZ Cup Round Robin. Hawke's Bay scored the most points this season with 372 points while Southland had the", "title": "2009 Air New Zealand Cup" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "four qualifier to the Finals in London. There will be a total of nine weeks in this phase of the tournament. All games in the preliminaries will be played online. The top four teams after the conclusion of the regular season moved on to London to play in the Finals; in addition, those teams were invited to next season's ESL Pro League. Teams that placed fifth to eleventh place did not make the Finals, but were invited to next season's ESL Pro League. The teams in 12th place were required to play in Season 3's Relegation match, in which two", "title": "ESL Pro League Season 3" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and Dwyane Wade, in six games. Following the season, Keith Van Horn retired. Dallas and Miami would meet again in the 2011 NBA Finals, where the Mavericks would get their revenge, defeating the favored Heat, who was led by the Big Three of LeBron James, Dwyane Wade, and Chris Bosh, in six games to win their first ever NBA championship; teammates Nowitzki and Jason Terry are the only members of both 2006 and 2011 Finals teams. The Mavericks did not have any selections in the 2005 NBA Draft. (4) Dallas Mavericks vs. (5) Memphis Grizzlies Last Playoffs meeting: This is", "title": "2005–06 Dallas Mavericks season" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "16, Mountjoy was diagnosed with lung cancer after being a smoker for many years. That year, in his final World Championship finals appearance, at the age of 50, he beat Alain Robidoux 10-6 in the first round only weeks before an operation to remove his left lung. For fifteen years he was the last player aged over 50 to appear in the final stages. He survived the cancer and continued to play snooker until 1997. After 1997 he concentrated on snooker coaching but did compete in the World Championship again in 2000 and 2002. Doug Mountjoy Doug Mountjoy (born 8", "title": "Doug Mountjoy" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "well. Following the series, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar announced his retirement at 42, after 20 years with the NBA. Pistons' guard Joe Dumars was named MVP for the series. Prior to the 2016 NBA Finals, when the Cleveland Cavaliers overcame the Golden State Warriors, and the 2014 NBA Finals when the San Antonio Spurs bested the Miami Heat, the Pistons were the last Finals champion to have been runner-up to the same opponent the previous season as they did in the 1988 Finals. Before the season began, the Pistons moved from the Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan to the brand-new The Palace in", "title": "1989 NBA Finals" } ]

[ "eight" ]

[ "The finals are broadcast in prime time from CBS Television City in Los Angeles, in front of a live studio audience. The finals lasted eight weeks in season one, eleven weeks in subsequent seasons until seasons ten and eleven which lasted twelve weeks except for season twelve, which lasted ten weeks, and season thirteen, which lasted for thirteen weeks. Each finalist performs songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as Motown, disco, or big band, songs by artists such as Michael Jackson, Elvis Presley or The Beatles, or more general themes such as Billboard Number 1 hits or songs from the contestant's year of birth. Contestants usually work with a celebrity mentor related to the theme. In season ten, Jimmy Iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season. Initially the contestants sing one song each week, but this is increased to two songs from top four or five onwards, then three songs for the top two or three." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Armenia" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "evidence for a dominant position of wine-making in human culture dates from 8,000 years ago in Georgia. The oldest known winery was found in Armenia, dating to around 4000 BC. By the 9th century AD the city of Shiraz was known to produce some of the finest wines in the Middle East. Thus it has been proposed that Syrah red wine is named after Shiraz, a city in Persia where the grape was used to make Shirazi wine. Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics record the cultivation of purple grapes, and history attests to the ancient Greeks, Phoenicians, and Romans growing purple grapes", "title": "Grape" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Voskevaz Winery Voskevaz Winery ( (\"Voskevazi Ginu Gortsaran\")), is one of the oldest enterprises of Armenia for the production of wine. The winery was opened in 1932 in Voskevaz during the Soviet period, to process the grapes of the fertile vineyards in Aragatsotn, at the foothills of Mount Aragats. The village of \"Voskevaz\" (which means the \"golden vine\" in Armenian), is located on the edge of the picturesque gorge of Kasagh River. The region has an ancient history of wine-making. Many \"karases\" (clay potteries) were found in the nearby church of Surp Hovhannes, dating back to the 7th century. Voskevaz", "title": "Voskevaz Winery" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of Ararat Province and the Proshyan-Armavir winery in the Armavir village of Armavir Province. However, the entire bottling process takes place in the main factory in Yerevan. The factory is mainly famous for its large variety of Armenia Cognac production. Brands of Proshyan winery include: Proshyan Brandy Factory Proshyan Brandy Factory (), is one of the oldest producers of alcoholic drinks in Armenia, located in Yerevan, on the Ashtarak Highway leading to the village of Proshyan. The factory is mainly famous for its cognac brand \"Mané\". Originally, the Proshyan Brandy Factory has been in operation in the village of Proshyan", "title": "Proshyan Brandy Factory" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Old School Love \"Old School Love\" is a song by American hip hop recording artist Lupe Fiasco. The song was released on October 14, 2013, in promotion of his fifth studio album \"Tetsuo & Youth\". English singer Ed Sheeran contributed vocals to the song's hook. The song peaked at number 93 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and number 18 on the New Zealand Singles Chart. In February 2013, English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran said that he was working in the studio with Lupe Fiasco. He told pressparty, \"We have the same A&R in America and he just gave me", "title": "Old School Love" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "European leagues. Alexei Morozov and Milan Kraft elected not to return to the Penguins after the lockout, opting instead to remain playing in Europe. With the lockout resolved in 2005, the League organized an unprecedented draft lottery to set the 2005 NHL Entry Draft selection order. The draft lottery, which was held behind closed doors in a \"secure location\", resulted in the Penguins being awarded the first overall pick for the second time in three years. The entry draft that year was being touted as having the greatest rookie class since Lemieux, himself, had been drafted. Quebec Major Junior Hockey", "title": "Pittsburgh Penguins" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "for the breakup. Nellie, who longed to return to America, was granted a divorce, given a large annual income, and allowed to take her children back to the United States, where she was given renewed citizenship by a special act of Congress. Sartoris died in 1893 at the age of forty-two, leaving Nellie Grant free to remarry. In 1912, Nellie married Frank Hatch Jones (March 6, 1854 – October 2, 1931) a lawyer originally from Springfield who lived in Chicago. He was a Yale University graduate, who was Chairman of the Sangamon County Democratic Committee, President of the State League", "title": "Nellie Grant" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "London Rifle Volunteer Corps are located within Napier House Army Reserve Centre, Grove Park, London; the building is named in his honour. Napier's honours included: In June 1840 Napier married Anne Pearse; they had three sons and three daughters before his wife died in childbirth in 1849. In April 1861 he married Maria Cecilia Smythe Scott: they had six sons and three daughters. Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala Field Marshal Robert Cornelius Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala (6 December 1810 – 14 January 1890) was an Indian Army officer. He fought in the First Anglo-Sikh War and", "title": "Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to challenge Selinger in the 2015 Manitoba NDP leadership election. He returned to cabinet in April 2015 as Minister of Infrastructure and Transportation and Minister responsible for emergency measures. Ashton's 35-year streak as a member of the legislature end on April 19, 2016 when he was defeated by Progressive Conservative candidate Kelly Bindle in the 2016 provincial election. In 1979, Ashton married Hariklia \"Hari\" Dimitrakopoulou, and the couple have two children, Niki and Alexander. His daughter, Niki Ashton, is also a politician and is the New Democratic Party Member of Parliament for the riding of Churchill—Keewatinook Aski, while his son", "title": "Steve Ashton" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Cream Ridge Winery Cream Ridge Winery is a winery in the Cream Ridge section of Upper Freehold Township in Monmouth County, New Jersey. The vineyard was first planted in 1987, and opened to the public in 1988. Cream Ridge has 14 acres of grapes under cultivation, and produces 5,000 cases of wine per year. The winery is named for the community where it is located. Cream Ridge Winery produces wine from Barbera, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chambourcin, Chardonnay, Durif (Petite Sirah), Fredonia, Merlot, Muscat blanc, Niagara, Pinot gris, Pinot noir, Riesling, Sangiovese, Sauvignon blanc, Syrah, Vidal blanc, and Zinfandel grapes.", "title": "Cream Ridge Winery" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of the Garden State Wine Growers Association and the Outer Coastal Plain Vineyard Association. Cape May Winery & Vineyard Cape May Winery & Vineyard is a winery in the North Cape May section of Lower Township in Cape May County, New Jersey. The vineyard was first planted in 1992, and opened to the public in 1995. Cape May Winery is one of the larger winegrowers in New Jersey, having 25 acres of grapes under cultivation, and producing 11,000 cases of wine per year. The winery is named for the region where it is located. Cape May Winery is in the", "title": "Cape May Winery & Vineyard" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "VP of winemaking, following the departure of George Bursick. With a degree in Viticulture and Enology from the University of California and experience in the Russian River Valley AVA as well as organic farming, Melissa Stackhouse builds on existing varietal programs at the J Estate and leads the winemaking team. J Specialty Wines J Vineyards & Winery J Vineyards & Winery is a California winery located in the Russian River Valley AVA of Sonoma County, California, owned and operated by E&J Gallo since 2015. J Vineyards & Winery includes nine distinct estate vineyards located on over , where Pinot noir,", "title": "J Vineyards & Winery" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Wine Growers Association and the Outer Coastal Plain Vineyard Association. Renault Winery Renault Winery ( ) is a winery located in Egg Harbor City and Galloway Township in Atlantic County, New Jersey. It is the oldest active winery in the state in New Jersey. Renault is one of the larger winegrowers in New Jersey, having 48 acres of grapes under cultivation, and producing 20,000 cases of wine per year. The winery is named after its founder. The vineyard was first planted in 1864 by Louis Nicolas Renault, a French immigrant from Mareuil-sur-Ay who brought the original \"vinifera\" grapes from France.", "title": "Renault Winery" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Lazy Creek Vineyards Lazy Creek Vineyards is a winery in Philo, California in the United States. It is owned by Ferrari-Carano. It's the second oldest winery in the Anderson Valley. The vineyard and winery is best known for its Gewürztraminer wine. The on-site Gewürztraminer grapes are some of the oldest in the Anderson Valley AVA. The original Lazy Creek Vineyards property was first used as a farm and vineyard by the Pinolis family in the 1900s. They played grapes and plum trees. In 1969, Hans and Theresia Kobler purchased the property. They maintained a ranch onsite and lived in San", "title": "Lazy Creek Vineyards" } ]

[ "Armenia" ]

[ "The cultivation of the domesticated grape began 6,000–8,000 years ago in the Near East. Yeast, one of the earliest domesticated microorganisms, occurs naturally on the skins of grapes, leading to the innovation of alcoholic drinks such as wine. The earliest archeological evidence for a dominant position of wine-making in human culture dates from 8,000 years ago in Georgia. The oldest winery was found in Armenia, dating to around 4000 BC.[citation needed] By the 9th century AD the city of Shiraz was known to produce some of the finest wines in the Middle East. Thus it has been proposed that Syrah red wine is named after Shiraz, a city in Persia where the grape was used to make Shirazi wine.[citation needed] Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics record the cultivation of purple grapes,[citation needed] and history attests to the ancient Greeks, Phoenicians, and Romans growing purple grapes for both eating and wine production[citation needed]. The growing of grapes would later spread to other regions in Europe, as well as North Africa, and eventually in North America." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "alleged human rights violations in Nigeria" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "EarthRights International (ERI), Paul Hoffman of Schonbrun, DeSimone, Seplow, Harris & Hoffman and other human rights attorneys have brought a series of cases to hold Shell accountable for alleged human rights violations in Nigeria, including summary execution, crimes against humanity, torture, inhumane treatment and arbitrary arrest and detention. The lawsuits are brought against Royal Dutch Shell and Brian Anderson, the head of its Nigerian operation. The cases were brought under the Alien Tort Statute, a 1978 statute giving non-US citizens the right to file suits in US courts for international human rights violations, and the Torture Victim Protection Act, which", "title": "Ken Saro-Wiwa" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Trains continuing from and to Hull follow the route of the Hull and Selby Railway. The line to York follows the Cross Country Route northeast of Micklefield. There are no intermediate stations until it joins the Dearne Valley line south of Church Fenton. South of York, it joins the East Coast Main Line. Stations on the York branch of the line are: (closed stations shown in slanted type). York and Selby Lines The York and Selby lines are commuter railway lines in West and North Yorkshire. They provide a frequent service between Leeds, York, and Selby and intermediate stations. Metrocards", "title": "York and Selby Lines" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "journalist, but primarily as an advertising copywriter, spending most of his career at the Doner and Campbell Ewald agencies in the Detroit area. He lives with his wife, Rita Simmons in Ferndale, Michigan. Michael Zadoorian Michael Zadoorian (born February 26, 1957) is an American novelist and short story writer. Zadoorian’s work explores themes of love, death, music, memory, things forgotten and found again, the eidetic power of photographic images, and Detroit. He is best known as the author of The Leisure Seeker, published in 2009 by William Morrow and Company. In 2018, it was adapted for a motion picture starring", "title": "Michael Zadoorian" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "country house opened as a hotel in 1985. In 2018, an Inquest was opened following \"an unnatural death\" of Home Secretary Sajid Javid's brother at the hotel. The hotel is set in of woodland and has the largest single Rhododendron Arboreum in England. The record breaking plant is over 150 years old and currently measures tall. South Lodge is located in Horsham, West Sussex in the south of England. South Lodge Hotel The South Lodge Hotel is a 19th-century five star country house hotel set in Horsham, West Sussex in the south of England. The hotel was in the international", "title": "South Lodge Hotel" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of 2016. In April 2013, CUP signed a three-year agreement with a new national advertising partner called FREE Media. The marketing group was co-founded as a division of the independent national advertising agency FREE by two CUP alumni, former Gateway business staffers Ashleigh Brown and Vikram Seth. CUP's previous national advertising representative was Campus Plus (officially Canadian University Press Media Services Ltd.) which was formed in 1980 and closed in June 2013 after declaring bankruptcy. Campus Plus' bankruptcy trustee MNP took charge of collections in the months that followed and issued payouts to member papers. CUP is partnered with CWA", "title": "Canadian University Press" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of the season helping the Spurs attain the best record in the second half of the season. Ginóbili produced numbers closely identical to his successful 2004–05 campaign despite starting in only 36 of 75 games, his second lowest since arriving at San Antonio. The 2007 NBA Playoffs saw him help the Spurs to defeat the Denver Nuggets, Phoenix Suns and Utah Jazz, before sweeping the Cleveland Cavaliers to win his third and San Antonio's fourth championship. Ginóbili was to play an even bigger role for the Spurs the following season, reaching career high averages in points, rebounds, assists, and three-point", "title": "Manu Ginóbili" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": ". It noted that no arrangements were made for a location where Kubinyi's faction of adherents would hold services. After his consecration, Kubinyi filed three lawsuits in May for damages against the chairman of the church, Syctha and the officers of the church. He lost the case. He also filed a lawsuit for malicious prosecution against the chairman of the church in city court which stated the chairman had charged Kubinyi with stealing church records, which Kubinyi had sent to Varlaky and later recovered, and although the chairman's charge was withdrawn. A few weeks later, he declared that if a", "title": "American Catholic Church (1915)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Beginning in the 1980s, a series of lawsuits were filed based on the perceived harmful side effects of Ritalin. John Coale, who had participated in one of these lawsuits, joined what became an ever larger contingent of lawyers involved in what was then a growing series of Ritalin class action lawsuits. In the late 90's, there was a significant increase in production of Ritalin. A minority but vocal group of critics perceived that a crisis was on hand. Coale also expressed alarm, \"They were giving this stuff away like candy”. The Church of Scientology advocacy organization, Citizens Commission on Human", "title": "Ritalin class-action lawsuits" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of other budget-related agencies and refused to fund it. After three lawsuits filed by elected officials and good-government groups and several favorable court decisions, IBO was finally funded in 1996, and began to issue reports soon afterward. However, Mayor Giuliani, who had long opposed the creation of IBO, attempted to prevent it from fulfilling its mandate by withholding necessary data from the agency and failing to include money for the office in his proposed budget for 1998-99. IBO sued for access to the city’s data along with 16 other co-plaintiffs, claiming the mayor had broken the law that required him", "title": "New York City Independent Budget Office" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Bay Guardian\" published an editorial claiming that Craigslist could threaten the business of local alternative newspapers. L. Gordon Crovitz, writing for \"The Wall Street Journal\", criticized the company for using lawsuits \"to prevent anyone from doing to it what it did to newspapers\", contrary to the spirit of the website, which bills itself in a \"noncommercial nature, public service mission, and noncorporate culture\". This article was a reaction to lawsuits from Craigslist to prevent competition. The Swedish luxury marketplace website Jameslist.com received a hefty lawsuit filed on July 11, 2012 which among unspecified damages also asked for a complete shutdown", "title": "Craigslist" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "on general shell shape, microstructures and hinge configuration. Because features such as hinge morphology, dentition, mineralogy, shell morphology and shell composition change slowly over time, these characteristics can be used to define major taxonomic groups. Since the year 2000, taxonomic studies using cladistical analyses of multiple organ systems, shell morphology (including fossil species) and modern molecular phylogenetics have resulted in the drawing up of what experts believe is a more accurate phylogeny of the Bivalvia. Based upon these studies, a new proposed classification system for the Bivalvia was published in 2010 by Bieler, Carter & Coan. In 2012, this new", "title": "Bivalvia" } ]

[ "alleged human rights violations in Nigeria" ]

[ "In the beginning of 1996, several human rights groups brought cases to hold Shell accountable for alleged human rights violations in Nigeria, including summary execution, crimes against humanity, torture, inhumane treatment and arbitrary arrest and detention. In particular, Shell stood accused of collaborating in the execution of Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight other leaders of the Ogoni tribe of southern Nigeria, who were hanged in 1995 by Nigeria's then military rulers. The lawsuits were brought against Royal Dutch Shell and Brian Anderson, the head of its Nigerian operation. In 2009, Shell agreed to pay $15.5m in a legal settlement. Shell has not accepted any liability over the allegations against it." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Club Row" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "(called snap-off) leaving the ink upon the substrate surface. There are three common types of screen printing presses: flat-bed, cylinder, and rotary. Textile items printed with multicoloured designs often use a wet on wet technique, or colours dried while on the press, while graphic items are allowed to dry between colours that are then printed with another screen and often in a different colour after the product is re-aligned on the press. Most screens are ready for re-coating at this stage, but sometimes screens will have to undergo a further step in the reclaiming process called dehazing. This additional step", "title": "Screen printing" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "with two victories coming in October and November 2000 allowing him to end the year with a pro record of won three, lost six. The next year saw Edwards revert to the journeyman type with four fights resulting in a further two defeats against one draw and one win against Neil Read. Read was also to prove Edwards solitary opponent throughout the whole of 2002 when in October of that year the two men met one more. Edwards picked up his fifth pro win (2nd against Read) with a points victory over six rounds at the Kings Hall in Stoke-on-Trent.", "title": "Chris Edwards (boxer)" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "family support. The couple has one other daughter, Paulina. Laura Posada Laura Posada is a TV personality and philanthropist. Posada was a co-producer and host on Fox Life's show \"Manual de Supervivencia\" for two seasons. Previously, she was also a co-host on Fox Life's \"Tu Vida Mas Simple,\" a daily show where she gave families advice on parenting and everyday issues. Currently, Posada appears on the TODAY Show on NBC to give life coaching tips. In addition, she makes weekly appearances on Univision's \"Despierta America\" as a lifestyle expert. Graduated from Loyola University with a bachelor in Communications as well", "title": "Laura Posada" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Township and becomes an unnamed road, running through more farm fields with some homes and curving to the northeast. The road turns to the north and passes through a forested gap in Mahantango Mountain. After this, PA 225 heads into the borough of Pillow and becomes South Chestnut Street, passing homes. The route turns west onto Market Street and runs through more residential areas before heading into rural surroundings. PA 225 crosses the Mahantango Creek into Lower Mahanoy Township in Northumberland County, becoming an unnamed road and curving north into a mix of farmland and woodland. The road turns to", "title": "Pennsylvania Route 225" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "international symbol of wisdom, the arts, and classical learning. Western artists and allegorists have often used Athena as a symbol of freedom and democracy. Athena is associated with the city of Athens. The name of the city in ancient Greek is \"Ἀθῆναι\" (\"Athenai\"), a plural toponym, designating the place where—according to myth—she presided over the \"Athenai\", a sisterhood devoted to her worship. In ancient times, scholars argued whether Athena was named after Athens or Athens after Athena. Now scholars generally agree that the goddess takes her name from the city; the ending -\"ene\" is common in names of locations, but", "title": "Athena" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "both special event performances as well as designing shows with new concepts (such as the dinner-show concept in Joya and the ice concept in Crystal). As of October 2015, Cirque du Soleil renounced its intention to be involved in Las Vegas nightclubs and has since dissociated itself from all lounges and clubs listed below. These lounges are no longer affiliated with Cirque du Soleil. Revolution is a lounge concept designed for The Mirage resort in Las Vegas, in which cast members perform to the music of The Beatles. Cirque du Soleil drew inspiration from the Beatles' lyrics to design some", "title": "Cirque du Soleil" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "SBE Entertainment Group SBE is a privately held, lifestyle hospitality company that develops, manages and operates hotels, residences, restaurants and nightclubs. Established in 2002 by Founder and CEO Sam Nazarian, SBE’s established and upcoming hotel brands include SLS Hotel & Residences, Delano, Mondrian, Redbury, Hyde Hotel & Residences, Clift, Hudson, Sanderson and St Martins Lane. In addition, SBE has the following international restaurants and lounges: Katsuya, Cleo, The Bazaar by José Andrés, Fi'lia by Michael Schwartz, Umami Burger, Hyde Lounge and Skybar. Dakota Development, an international real estate development group, and Disruptive Restaurant Group are subsidiaries of SBE. In November", "title": "SBE Entertainment Group" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "\"And it sure smells like snow in Bossier City...\" Johnny Rodriguez recorded a song called \"Achin' Bossier City Backyard Blues\" in 1972. Turnpike Troubadours 2007 freshman album is entitled Bossier City, and includes the title track \"Bossier City\". Shreveport and Bossier City share the same radio stations. From the 1930s to the 1970s, Bossier was regionally and even nationally known for its entertainment district known as The Bossier Strip, which followed U.S. Highway 80 through the city. Nightclubs proliferated from the Texas Avenue Bridge to the Bossier-Webster parish line. Prior to the 1940s, The Strip was as well known for", "title": "Bossier City, Louisiana" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "beginning at the temple all the way to Batu Caves in the neighboring Selangor. The entertainment hub of the city is mainly centred in the Golden Triangle encompassing \" Jalan P. Ramlee\", \"Jalan Sultan Ismail\" and Ampang Road. Trendy nightclubs, bars and lounges, such as Marini's on 57, Skybar at Traders Hotel, the Beach Club, Espanda, the Hakka Republic Wine Bar & Restaurant, Hard Rock Cafe, the Luna Bar, Nuovo, Rum Jungle, No Black Tie, the Thai Club, Zion club, Zouk, and many others are located here. Kuala Lumpur alone has 66 shopping malls and is the retail and fashion", "title": "Kuala Lumpur" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "such as Asian fusion restaurants, French bistros and Italian trattorias. The city has become famous for its fine dining scene among Western expatriates and Persian Gulf tourists. Large shopping malls were built during the 2000s in Amman, including the Mecca Mall, Abdoun Mall, City Mall, Al-Baraka Mall, Taj Mall, Zara Shopping Center, Avenue Mall, and Abdali Mall in Al Abdali (under construction). Wakalat Street (\"Agencies Street\") is Amman's first pedestrian-only street and carries a lot of name-label clothes. The Sweifieh area is considered to be the main shopping district of Amman. Nightclubs, music bars and shisha lounges are present across", "title": "Amman" } ]

[ "Club Row" ]

[ "27th Street is a one-way street runs from Second Avenue to the West Side Highway with an interruption between Eighth Avenue and Tenth Avenue. It is most noted for its strip between Tenth and Eleventh Avenues, known as Club Row because it features numerous nightclubs and lounges." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Franklin Institute" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "World Heritage Sites. Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence was signed, and the Liberty Bell are the city's most famous attractions. Other national historic sites include the homes of Edgar Allan Poe and Thaddeus Kosciuszko, early government buildings like the First and Second Banks of the United States, Fort Mifflin, and the Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church. Philadelphia alone has 67 National Historic Landmarks, the third most of any city in the country. Philadelphia's major science museums include the Franklin Institute, which contains the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial; the Academy of Natural Sciences; the Mütter Museum; and the University", "title": "Philadelphia" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "III and Baron Haussmann. One of the great architectural projects of the reign of Louis-Philippe was the remaking of the Place de la Concorde. An equestrian statue of King Louis XV had originally been the centerpiece of the Place; during the Revolution the statue was pulled down and replaced by a statue of the Goddess of Liberty and the place was the site of the execution of King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. Louis Philippe wanted to erase all the revolutionary associations of site. He selected Jacques Ignace Hittorff to design a new master plan, which was carried out in", "title": "Paris under Louis-Philippe" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Houston Shakespeare Festival The Houston Shakespeare Festival (HSF) is a regional repertory theatre in Houston, Texas, United States. Each summer, the Houston Shakespeare Festival produces a season of two Shakespeare plays in repertory. Since its inception in 1975, HSF has entertained nearly a half million theatergoers with free performances in Hermann Park's Miller Outdoor Theatre. The Houston Shakespeare Festival has since become one of the major events on Houston's summer entertainment calendar. HSF is a recognized Actors' Equity Association theatre. In the summer of 1975, Dr. Sidney Berger, the then Director of the University of Houston's School of Theatre and", "title": "Houston Shakespeare Festival" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to make his first public statements since the revelations that agents of \"News of the World\", which he also owned, hacked the phone of Milly Dowler looking for a story. Murdoch defended his company's actions, saying \"News Corp. has handled the crisis extremely well in every way possible, making just minor mistakes...He rejected criticism that James Murdoch had acted too slowly in dealing with the tabloid scandal.\" On 18 July, the Journal's \"Review and Outlook\" article about the phone hacking scandal defended Dow Jones CEO Les Hinton and News International but strongly criticized politicians, police, and rival newspapers. Rather than", "title": "Media coverage in conjunction with the news media phone hacking scandal" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a diverse and award-winning portfolio of ales and lagers. Wachusett Brewing Company Wachusett Brewing Company is a microbrewery and craft brewery in Westminster, Massachusetts. Wachusett Brewing Company was founded in 1994 by Ned LaFortune, Peter Quinn, and Kevin Buckler, who met while attending Worcester Polytechnic Institute and developed a significant appreciation for craft beer during their adventures of biking, canoeing and hiking around New England. Armed with a “we can do this” attitude, the three cast off from their careers in engineering and biology to pursue their passion to make great beer. Today, Wachusett has grown to become one of", "title": "Wachusett Brewing Company" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "it has been indicated they would have been competitive with current broadband service offerings in terms of price, though speeds would have likely been faster. The Gigabit Seattle network was going to be rolled out initially to 14 demonstration neighborhoods: Gigabit Seattle will own and operate the fiber network and broadband wireless services. The City and The University of Washington will not be asked to invest in the project, and will not have any ownership share. The City's Department of Information Technology, will coordinate the activities of City departments, coordinate the efforts of other public agencies for the purpose of", "title": "Gigabit Seattle" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "have been derived from a Malayan football player from Stulang Laut, Johor named Abdullah Mohd Don (Dollah Don) after he been called as \"Harimau Malaya\" by the founding father of Indonesia, Sukarno when managed to chasing his team lost of 0–3 against an Indonesian football club by scoring hat-trick in a match between Singaporean Malay Club and Peseja (Persija Jakarta) in 1953. Although the Federation of Malaysia have been formed on 16 September 1963, the name are still being maintained for the national squad, thus there is some debate as most Malaysian in the East felt the \"\"Malaya\"\" term does", "title": "Malaysia national football team" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "on November 19, 1888 (the sixth anniversary of the city's founding). As his collections had been the museum's \"leitmotif\", Moreno was named its first director. As director of La Plata Museum of Natural History Moreno sacked Florentino Ameghino in 1888 even denying him entry to the museum. In the process of being sacked Ameghino kept part of a fossil collection (gathered by his brother Carlos Ameghino in Santa Cruz Province on behalf of the museum) to complete its description. Florentino Ameghino's friend Santiago Roth was another early contributor to the museums paleontological collection. Moreno named Roth as head of the", "title": "La Plata Museum" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Har HaAri Har HaAri (, Mount Ari, or Lion Mountain; , Mount Hedar) is a mountain in the Upper Galilee in northern Israel. With its 1047 meters (3435 ft) it is one of the highest mountains in Israel and is located about 1 kilometer south of Beit Jann. It is named after the father of Kabbalah, known as the Ari. It is close to the Druze shrine of Baha' ad-Din, probably dedicated to the founding Druze leader of this name. The mountain is a popular place for paragliding in part because of the landscape visible from there. On a clear", "title": "Har HaAri" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Creek District. In 1883, the lure of gold brought the first permanent white settlers, three of whom were James Ramsey, Ben Pearrygin, and Guy Waring. Waring stopped at the forks of the Chewuch and Methow rivers in 1891. His family settled into the \"Castle\" (now the Shafer Museum). Although Waring is the acclaimed founding father, the town is named after Theodore Winthrop, a Yale graduate, adventurer/traveler and gifted 19th century author. The town was rebuilt after a devastating fire in 1893. Waring's original Duck Brand Saloon was built in 1891. It survived the fire and is now Winthrop's Town Hall.", "title": "Winthrop, Washington" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Museum today. They began their private collection of archaeological and colonial objects years before they established founding in 1977. The first location was in La Reforma Ave and 16th street, Guatemala City, but later moved to the Galerias Reforma building in Zone 9 in Guatemala City after three years. Sixteen years later, it was moved to Zone 10, where it stands today. The museum is named after the Popol Vuh, a book written soon after the Spanish conquest of Guatemala. It narrates myths and pre-Columbian history of the Quiche, whose kings dominated great part of the Western plateau of Guatemala.", "title": "Museo Popol Vuh" } ]

[ "Franklin Institute" ]

[ "Philadelphia's major science museums include the Franklin Institute, which contains the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial; the Academy of Natural Sciences; the Mütter Museum; and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. History museums include the National Constitution Center, the Atwater Kent Museum of Philadelphia History, the National Museum of American Jewish History, the African American Museum in Philadelphia, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in the state of Pennsylvania and The Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania and Eastern State Penitentiary. Philadelphia is home to the United States' first zoo and hospital, as well as Fairmount Park, one of America's oldest and largest urban parks." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "herbivores" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "coevolution. Many modern insect genera developed during the Cenozoic. Insects from this period on are often found preserved in amber, often in perfect condition. The body plan, or morphology, of such specimens is thus easily compared with modern species. The study of fossilized insects is called paleoentomology. Insects are prey for a variety of organisms, including terrestrial vertebrates. The earliest vertebrates on land existed 400 million years ago and were large amphibious piscivores. Through gradual evolutionary change, insectivory was the next diet type to evolve. Insects were among the earliest terrestrial herbivores and acted as major selection agents on plants.", "title": "Insect" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "particularly successful group of animals before they evolved to have wings. Insects are prey for a variety of organisms, including terrestrial vertebrates. The earliest vertebrates on land existed and were large amphibious piscivores, through gradual evolutionary change, insectivory was the next diet type to evolve. Insects were among the earliest terrestrial herbivores and acted as major selection agents on plants. Plants evolved chemical defenses against this herbivory and the insects in turn evolved mechanisms to deal with plant toxins. Many insects make use of these toxins to protect themselves from their predators. Such insects often advertise their toxicity using warning", "title": "Evolution of insects" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "coevolution. Many modern insect genera developed during the Cenozoic. Insects from this period on are often found preserved in amber, often in perfect condition. The body plan, or morphology, of such specimens is thus easily compared with modern species. The study of fossilized insects is called paleoentomology. Insects are prey for a variety of organisms, including terrestrial vertebrates. The earliest vertebrates on land existed 400 million years ago and were large amphibious piscivores. Through gradual evolutionary change, insectivory was the next diet type to evolve. Insects were among the earliest terrestrial herbivores and acted as major selection agents on plants.", "title": "Insect" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "is used to build new biomass. The remaining ninety percent goes to metabolic processes or is dissipated as heat. This energy loss means that productivity pyramids are never inverted, and generally limits food chains to about six levels. However, in oceans, biomass pyramids can be wholly or partially inverted, with more biomass at higher levels. Terrestrial biomass generally decreases markedly at each higher trophic level (plants, herbivores, carnivores). Examples of terrestrial producers are grasses, trees and shrubs. These have a much higher biomass than the animals that consume them, such as deer, zebras and insects. The level with the least", "title": "Biomass (ecology)" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "names suggested by the English newspapers. The Australians rejected this, and did not want the national team to be represented by an imported pest. They opted for the native Wallaby instead. At first it was only touring parties that were nicknamed the Wallabies; when Australia played domestically, they were referred to as internationals. The team mascot is known as Wally. When the World Rankings were introduced in 2003, Australia was ranked fourth. Since then, the highest ranking Australia has achieved is second, and the lowest is seventh. Australia has appeared at every Rugby World Cup since the first tournament in", "title": "Australia national rugby union team" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Queen Sirikit Gallery Queen Sirikit Gallery or Queens Gallery is an art museum in Bangkok, Thailand. The gallery was established in 2003 after the request by Queen Sirikit of Thailand to found a permanent public exhibition and promote the works of Thai artists, both young artists and acclaimed masters. She named the exhibition center \"The Queen Sirikit Arts Exhibition Center\" in Thai, and \"The Queen's Gallery\" in English. The Queen's Gallery Foundation was established on 6 May 2003, and the queen presided at the official opening on 9 August 2003. The gallery has of floor space in a five-storey building.", "title": "Queen Sirikit Gallery" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Jonah Jameson's house to warn him. After Kraven the Hunter attacked J. Jonah Jameson, Jennie Sheldon fired a signal flare into the sky. This attracted the attention of Spider-Woman who defeated Kraven the Hunter. Jennie Sheldon even took pictures of the fight. At the time when Venom encountered some Dinosaur People in the sewers, Kraven the Hunter followed Venom and killed an Ankylosaurus-type Dinosaur Person before engaging Venom in battle. He was fended off by Venom who vowed to fight Venom again. Upon the news of Dinosaur People being found beneath the streets of New York City, Mayor Wilson Fisk", "title": "Kraven the Hunter" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "SXSW and Coachella. They also toured in Australia in March, selling out all six of their performances, with Australia's \"The Vine\" saying of their Melbourne performance, \"They flesh out skeletal elements of tracks with alternative instrumentation, or accentuate features with subtle additions or substitutions. In this way much of the material aired tonight is invigoratingly bolstered, altered or augmented in some way. It makes for a stimulating performance.\" However, regarding a live realisation of \"Crooks & Lovers\" in Glasgow in early 2011 \"The Guardian\" said that \"presenting such short tunes as standalone pieces when they might function better threaded together", "title": "Mount Kimbie" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Board for Public Procurement () was dissolved, and its operations – oversight on public procurement – were taken over by the Swedish Competition Authority. The agency is based in Stockholm, and is led by Director-General Dan Sjöblom. It is organised in into six departments and eight units. Swedish Competition Authority The Swedish Competition Authority () is a Swedish government agency organized under the Ministry of Enterprise tasked to promote and safeguard competition in the private and public sector, to the benefit of all consumers and market participants. The agency ensures that contracting authorities comply with public procurement rules, propose legislative", "title": "Swedish Competition Authority" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "spawn between mid-May and mid-June. Males are sexually mature at age two; females mature at age three. They live an average of five years, but in rare cases, may survive into their teens. Rio Grande cutthroat feed opportunistically on aquatic insects and terrestrial insects that fall into the water. Rio Grande cutthroat trout have irregular shaped spots that are concentrated behind the dorsal fin, smaller less numerous spots located primarily above the lateral line anterior to the dorsal fin, and basibranchial teeth that are minute or absent. Rio Grande cutthroat trout are light rose to red-orange on the sides and", "title": "Rio Grande cutthroat trout" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "following major artificial fly merchants offerings. Dry flies are designed to be buoyant, or land softly on the surface of the water. Dry flies typically represent the adult form of an aquatic or terrestrial insect. Dry flies are generally considered freshwater flies. Wet flies are designed to sink below the surface of the water. Wet flies have been tied in a wide variety of patterns to represent larvae, nymphs, pupa, drowned insects, baitfish and other underwater prey. Wet flies are generally considered freshwater flies. Nymphs are designed to resemble the immature form of aquatic insects and small crustaceans. Nymph flies", "title": "Artificial fly" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "them to be semiaquatic scavengers. They are now considered to have been entirely terrestrial animals. Some forms have characteristics that may have been adaptations to digging for food. There is also evidence that some if not all aetosaurs made nests. The head is small relative to the large body, and quite distinctive in shape, being flat and blunt at the front, like the snout of a pig. Some teeth are chisel-shaped, small and leaf-like, indicating a probable herbivorous diet, although peg-like teeth and a keratinous snout have been considered possible adaptations in some species for feeding on colonial insects. A", "title": "Aetosaur" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "The evolutionary relationship of insects to other animal groups remains unclear. Although traditionally grouped with millipedes and centipedes—possibly on the basis of convergent adaptations to terrestrialisation—evidence has emerged favoring closer evolutionary ties with crustaceans. In the Pancrustacea theory, insects, together with Entognatha, Remipedia, and Cephalocarida, make up a natural clade labeled Miracrustacea. Insects form a single clade, closely related to crustaceans and myriapods. Other terrestrial arthropods, such as centipedes, millipedes, scorpions, and spiders, are sometimes confused with insects since their body plans can appear similar, sharing (as do all arthropods) a jointed exoskeleton. However, upon closer examination, their features differ", "title": "Insect" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Evolution of insects The most recent understanding of the evolution of insects is based on studies of the following branches of science: molecular biology, insect morphology, paleontology, insect taxonomy, evolution, embryology, bioinformatics and scientific computing. It is estimated that the class of insects originated on Earth about 480 million years ago, in the Ordovician, at about the same time terrestrial plants appeared. Insects evolved from a group of crustaceans. The first insects were land bound, but about 400 million years ago in the Devonian period one lineage of insects evolved flight, the first animals to do so. The oldest insect", "title": "Evolution of insects" } ]

[ "herbivores" ]

[ "Insects were among the earliest terrestrial herbivores and acted as major selection agents on plants. Plants evolved chemical defenses against this herbivory and the insects, in turn, evolved mechanisms to deal with plant toxins. Many insects make use of these toxins to protect themselves from their predators. Such insects often advertise their toxicity using warning colors. This successful evolutionary pattern has also been used by mimics. Over time, this has led to complex groups of coevolved species. Conversely, some interactions between plants and insects, like pollination, are beneficial to both organisms. Coevolution has led to the development of very specific mutualisms in such systems." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "psychiatry" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "researchers not directly employed by pharmaceutical companies often look to companies for grants, and companies often look to researchers for studies that will make their products look favorable. Sponsored researchers are rewarded by drug companies, for example with support for their conference/symposium costs. Lecture scripts and even journal articles presented by academic researchers may actually be \"ghost-written\" by pharmaceutical companies. An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009, with half of the top earners working in psychiatry, and about $2 billion in total", "title": "Pharmaceutical industry" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "researchers not directly employed by pharmaceutical companies often look to companies for grants, and companies often look to researchers for studies that will make their products look favorable. Sponsored researchers are rewarded by drug companies, for example with support for their conference/symposium costs. Lecture scripts and even journal articles presented by academic researchers may actually be \"ghost-written\" by pharmaceutical companies. An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009, with half of the top earners working in psychiatry, and about $2 billion in total", "title": "Pharmaceutical industry" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "charging its batteries. At night the rover was powered down to a large extent, and kept from getting too cold by the use of several radioisotope heater units (RHUs) using plutonium-238. The RHUs provide only thermal energy and no electricity. The rover was deployed from the lander, and made contact with the lunar surface on 14 December, 20:35 UTC. On 17 December it was announced that all of the scientific tools apart from the spectrometers had been activated, and that both the lander and rover were \"functioning as hoped, despite the unexpectedly rigorous conditions of the lunar environment\". However, from", "title": "Chang'e 3" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "county commissioner and president of the North Germany Mission. Alexander Neibaur’s eldest daughter, Margaret Jane, married William Miller, the son of Eleazer Miller. Margaret Neibaur Miller’s father-in-law, Eleazer, converted and baptized Brigham Young (who would become the second prophet and President of The LDS Church). Neibaur is a great-grandfather of scholars Hugh, Reid, and Richard Nibley, as well as founder of a large and diverse family to be found throughout the West. His great-great-granddaughter is American sociologist, life coach, and best-selling author Martha Beck. Alexander Neibaur Alexander Neibaur (January 8, 1808 – December 15, 1883) was the first dentist to", "title": "Alexander Neibaur" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Al Jaish and then Kuwaiti top tier side Al Jahra. He also served as Technical Director of Al Wahda FC Abu Dhabi, where he was responsible for the club′s youth academy. It was under his leadership that the academy won two UAE youth league titles, at U17 and U19 age groups, in 2009-10 season. In between, Mihail returned home to Romania for a third spell as manager of FC Sportul Studentesc. In August 2011, Mihail was appointed as National Technical Director of the Romanian Football Federation (FRF). The position was new in the FRF at the time. It included responsibility", "title": "Marian Mihail" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of the area. The range of the breed is principally the plain of the Tavoliere delle Puglie, but extends also into Molise. The Trimeticcia di Segezia is one of the forty-two autochthonous local sheep breeds of limited distribution for which a herdbook is kept by the Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia, the Italian national association of sheep-breeders. In 1983 there were about 4000 head. There are no recent figures. In 2013 no total number for the breed was recorded in the herdbook. In 2005 a population of 188 was reported to DAD-IS. Trimeticcia di Segezia The Trimeticcia di Segezia is a", "title": "Trimeticcia di Segezia" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "from Chinese seed and are commonly grown under the name \"D. fargesii\". The plants are successfully grown in cooler temperate climates, and in fertile, well-drained soil. They are tolerant of temperatures as low as . The fruit is valued by the Lepcha people of Sikkim. Decaisnea Decaisnea, known commonly as dead man's fingers, blue bean plant or blue sausage fruit, is a genus of flowering plant in the family Lardizabalaceae. It is native to eastern Asia, from China west to Nepal and south to Myanmar. The genus consists of one or two species, depending on taxonomic opinion. \"Decaisnea insignis\" (Griffith)", "title": "Decaisnea" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Paulo (27.7%), Minas Gerais (10.8%), Rio de Janeiro (8.4%), Bahia (7.4%), and Santa Catarina (7.2%). The top three states by trip origin were São Paulo (35.7%), Minas Gerais (13.6%). In terms of tourism revenues, the top earners by state were São Paulo (16.4%) and Bahia (11.7%). For 2005, the three main trip purposes were visiting friends and family (53.1%), sun and beach (40.8%), and cultural tourism (12.5%). Tourism in Brazil Tourism in Brazil is a growing sector and key to the economy of several regions of Brazil. The country had 6.36 million visitors in 2015, ranking in terms of the", "title": "Tourism in Brazil" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "than they did in 1996, and 45 percent of taxpayers not in the highest income quintile moved up at least one quintile. Fewer than half (between 40–43%) \"of those in the top 1 percent in 1996 were still in the top 1 percent in 2005. Only about 25 percent of the individuals in the top 1/100th percent in 1996 remained in the top 1/100th percent in 2005.\" The study reassured Americans \"the opportunity for upward mobility\" in America despite their concern about the \"long-term trend of increasing income inequality in the U.S. economy\" After-tax income of the top 1% earners", "title": "Socioeconomic mobility in the United States" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "opening weekend with a gross of $8,032,883, beating the teen sex comedy sequel \"Porky's Revenge\", the biopic \"Mask\", Berry Gordy's martial-arts action musical \"The Last Dragon\" and the Disney dinosaur fantasy \"\". By the end of its theatrical run, the film would earn $21,930,418 at the domestic box office, placing it at number 41 on the list of 1985's top box office earners. The film faced competition throughout the first half of the year against horror releases \"Cat's Eye\" and \"Lifeforce\". Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 16% of 19 surveyed critics, both contemporaneous and modern, gave the film", "title": "Friday the 13th: A New Beginning" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "badges were issued to all regiments except the Foot Guards regiments. Field officers: Two rows of half inch laces with Crown and Bath star. Captain: Two rows of half inch laces with Crown. Lieutenant: One row of half inch lace on the top of collar with Crown and Bath star. Ensign: One row of half inch lace on the top of collar with Crown. In April 1880, rank badges were moved from collar to shoulder. Officers of all regiments including Foot Guards wore the following rank badges. In May 1902, the rank badges issued in 1880 were slightly modified. In", "title": "British Army officer rank insignia" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "En Busca de un Ídolo 2012 The 2012 En Busca de un Ídolo (Spanish for \"In search of an idol\") was a professional wrestling tournament held by Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and was the first tournament in what would become an annual tournament in CMLL. The purpose of the first tournament was to identify which of the 8 \"Rookies\" in the tournament would move up the ranks of the promotion. The tournament consisted of two rounds, first a round-robin tournament group round, with the top four point earners competing in an elimination tournament. Wrestlers", "title": "En Busca de un Ídolo 2012" } ]

[ "psychiatry" ]

[ "An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009, with half of the top earners working in psychiatry, and about $2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services. AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly have paid billions of dollars in federal settlements over allegations that they paid doctors to promote drugs for unapproved uses. Some prominent medical schools have since tightened rules on faculty acceptance of such payments by drug companies." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "1991" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Paris contains the most visited monuments in the city, including the Notre Dame Cathedral and the Louvre as well as the Sainte-Chapelle; Les Invalides, where the tomb of Napoleon is located, and the Eiffel Tower are located on the Left Bank south-west of the centre. The Panthéon and the Catacombs of Paris are also located on the Left Bank of the Seine. The banks of the Seine from the Pont de Sully to the Pont d'Iéna have been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991. Other landmarks are laid out east to west along the historical axis of", "title": "Paris" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Paris contains the most visited monuments in the city, including the Notre Dame Cathedral and the Louvre as well as the Sainte-Chapelle; Les Invalides, where the tomb of Napoleon is located, and the Eiffel Tower are located on the Left Bank south-west of the centre. The Panthéon and the Catacombs of Paris are also located on the Left Bank of the Seine. The banks of the Seine from the Pont de Sully to the Pont d'Iéna have been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991. Other landmarks are laid out east to west along the historical axis of", "title": "Paris" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "policemen from the Pont Saint-Michel and other locations in Paris. Dredging in the 1960s mostly eliminated tidal bores on the lower river, known in French as \"\"le mascaret.\"\" In 1991 UNESCO added the banks of the Seine in Paris—the \"Rive Gauche\" and \"Rive Droite\"—to its list of World Heritage Sites in Europe. Since 2002 Paris-Plages has been held every summer on the Paris banks of the Seine: a transformation of the paved banks into a beach with sand and facilities for sunbathing and entertainment. The river is a popular site for disposal of bodies of murder victims. In 2007, 55", "title": "Seine" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "plein air\" for painters, artists and photographers who are drawn to its unique point of view. The Pont des Arts is also frequently a spot for picnics during the summer. The Argentinian writer, Julio Cortázar, talks about this bridge in his book \"Rayuela\". When Horacio Oliveira goes with the pythia and this tells him that the bridge for La Maga is the \"Ponts des Arts\". In 1991, UNESCO listed the entire Parisian riverfront, from the Eiffel Tower to the end of the Ile Saint Louis, as a World Heritage Site. Therefore, the Pont des Arts is now a part of", "title": "Pont des Arts" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "swimming pool. Between 1961 and 1967, highways were built along both banks of the river to relieve traffic congestion in the center of the city. In 1991, the banks of the river were classified as UNESCO cultural heritage site, and efforts began to turn the highways into parks and promenades. Beginning in 2008, a 2.3 kilometer section of the highway was permanently closed and made into the Promenade des Berges de la Seine, which was dedicated on June 19, 2013. The promenade includes five floating \"islands\", a total of 1800 square meters in size, placed atop barges, with trees, bushes,", "title": "History of parks and gardens of Paris" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "a wooden house built for Peter I in 1703 on the shore of the Neva near Trinity Square. Since 1991 the Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast have been listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The ensemble of Peter and Paul Fortress with the Peter and Paul Cathedral takes a dominant position on Zayachy Island along the right bank of the Neva River. Each noon a cannon fires a blank shot from the fortress. The Saint Petersburg Mosque, the largest mosque in Europe when opened in 1913, is", "title": "Saint Petersburg" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and the first round of both the French Open and Wimbledon. He finished the year ranked world no. 134. At the tournament in Delray Beach, Florida, Ginepri lost in the semifinals to James Blake. In his next tournament, the SAP Open in San Jose, California, Ginepri was able to defeat Blake in the quarterfinals, but lost in the semifinals to Radek Štěpánek. At the Tennis Channel Open in Las Vegas, Nevada, Ginepri reached the semifinals for his third consecutive tournament. Ginepri defeated Xavier Malisse in the first round, world no. 17 Marcos Baghdatis in the second round, and Ernests Gulbis", "title": "Robby Ginepri" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a candidate of PML-N from Constituency NA-174 (Rajanpur-I) in Pakistani general election, 2013. He received 101,705 votes and defeated an independent candidate, Sardar Nasrullah Khan Dreshak. In May 2018, he quit PML-N and joined Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI). He was re-elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of PTI from Constituency NA-193 (Rajanpur-I) in Pakistani general election, 2018. Jaffar Khan Leghari Muhammad Jaffar Khan Leghari (; born 23 June 1942) is a Pakistani politician who has been a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan, since August 2018. Previously he was a member of the National Assembly from 2002 to", "title": "Jaffar Khan Leghari" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to accompany the album. They also announced the first single from the album, a cover of \"Making Christmas\" from \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" which was released on September 28. Pentatonix embarked on their first national headlining tour in autumn of 2012. The tour was sold out and spanned 30 cities. Openings acts consisted of Alexander Cardinale and SJ Acoustic Music. The band went on their second national headlining tour from January 24, 2013, to May 11, 2013, and simultaneously wrote additional original material for their second EP, \"PTX, Vol. II\". In 2014, Pentatonix undertook an extensive tour that included the", "title": "Pentatonix" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "momentum. The longer the virtual particle exists, the closer its characteristics come to those of ordinary particles. They are important in the physics of many processes, including particle scattering and Casimir forces. In quantum field theory, even classical forces—such as the electromagnetic repulsion or attraction between two charges—can be thought of as due to the exchange of many virtual photons between the charges. The term is somewhat loose and vaguely defined, in that it refers to the view that the world is made up of \"real particles\": it is not; rather, \"real particles\" are better understood to be excitations of", "title": "Virtual particle" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "is slightly different from the pure BS-hypothesis, because the goods being produced are 'traded-goods', even though protectionist measures mean that they are more expensive on the domestic market than the international market, so they will not be \"traded\" internationally The supply-side economists (and others) have argued that raising International competitiveness through policies that promote traded goods sectors' productivity (at the expense of other sectors) will increase a nation's GDP, and increase its standard of living, when compared with treating the sectors equally. The Balassa–Samuelson effect might be one reason to oppose this trade theory, because it predicts that: \"a GDP", "title": "Balassa–Samuelson effect" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and churches from the beginning of the 1990s. There are more than 800 buildings with restored façades and interiors; many were adapted to function as small museums and cultural centers. The Historic Center of Salvador as a whole was listed as a national heritage site by the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage in 1984. It was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985. Historic Center (Salvador) The Historic Center (US) or Centre (UK; ) of Salvador de Bahia in Brazil, also known as the Pelourinho (Portuguese for \"Pillory\") or Pelo, is a historic neighborhood in", "title": "Historic Center (Salvador)" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Pont de Bir-Hakeim The pont de Bir-Hakeim, formerly the pont de Passy, is a bridge that crosses the Seine River in Paris, France. It connects the city's 15th and 16th arrondissements, and passes through the île aux Cygnes. The bridge, made of steel, is the second to have stood at the site. It was constructed between 1903 and 1905, replacing an earlier bridge that had been erected in 1878. An arch bridge, it is 237 metres (777 ft) long and 24.7 metres (81 ft) wide. It was designed by the architect Jean-Camille Formigé, who also designed the Viaduc d'Austerlitz, the", "title": "Pont de Bir-Hakeim" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Musée de la Sculpture en Plein Air The Musée de la Sculpture en Plein Air is a collection of outdoor sculpture located on the banks of the Seine in the 5th arrondissement, Paris, France. The museum opens free of charge. The museum was created in 1980 in the Jardin Tino Rossi to display sculptures from the second half of the twentieth century. It stretches some 600 meters along the Quai Saint-Bernard beside the Jardin des Plantes, between Place Valhubert and Gare d'Austerlitz to just east of Pont de Sully. The museum currently contains over fifty sculptures, including pieces by Alexander", "title": "Musée de la Sculpture en Plein Air" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "period remain occupied up to the present. The name translates as \"City of Victory\", from \"vijaya\" (victory) and \"nagara\" (city). As the prosperous capital of the largest and most powerful kingdom of its time in South India, Vijayanagara attracted people from all around the world. The ruined city is a World Heritage Site,known in that context as the Ruins of Hampi. In recent years there have been concerns regarding damage to the site at Hampi from heavy vehicular traffic and the construction of road bridges in the vicinity. Hampi was listed as a \"threatened\" World Heritage Site by the UNESCO", "title": "Vijayanagara" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Hall are located at Esplanade Road, overlooking the historic parade ground (the \"Padang\") within the Esplanade. The buildings are also situated within George Town's UNESCO World Heritage Site. Completed in 1903, the two-storey building combines Edwardian Baroque and Palladian architectural styles. It has been listed as a national monument since 1982 under the Antiquities Act 1976. The building was last renovated between 2004 and 2005. Although the City Hall retains much of its original form, the original arcades or loggias on the ground floor have been enclosed with windows. The history of George Town's municipal accommodations began in 1873, when", "title": "City Hall, Penang" } ]

[ "1991" ]

[ "The centre of Paris contains the most visited monuments in the city, including the Notre Dame Cathedral and the Louvre as well as the Sainte-Chapelle; Les Invalides, where the tomb of Napoleon is located, and the Eiffel Tower are located on the Left Bank south-west of the centre. The banks of the Seine from the Pont de Sully to the Pont d'Iéna have been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991. Other landmarks are laid out east to west along the historic axis of Paris, which runs from the Louvre through the Tuileries Garden, the Luxor Column in the Place de la Concorde, the Arc de Triomphe, to the Grande Arche of La Défense." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "212 BC" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and the Greek leagues (the social war 220-217) to an end, and at this time he controlled all of Greece except Athens, Rhodes and Pergamum. In 215 BC Philip, with his eye on Illyria, formed an alliance with Rome's enemy Hannibal of Carthage, which led to Roman alliances with the Achaean League, Rhodes and Pergamum. The First Macedonian War broke out in 212 BC, and ended inconclusively in 205 BC. Philip continued to wage war against Pergamum and Rhodes for control of the Aegean (204-200 BC) and ignored Roman demands for non-intervention in Greece by invading Attica. In 198 BC,", "title": "Hellenistic period" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "interested in safeguarding their conquered territories in Illyria, the Romans were nevertheless able to thwart Philip V's ambitions in the Adriatic during the First Macedonian War (214–205 BC). In 214 BC, Rome positioned a naval fleet at Oricus when it along with Apollonia were assaulted by Macedonian forces. When the Macedonians captured Lissus in 212 BC and potentially threatened southern Italy in support of Hannibal, the Roman Senate responded by inciting the Aetolian League, as well as Attalus I () of Pergamon, Sparta, Elis, and Messenia to wage war against Philip V, keeping him occupied and away from the Italian", "title": "History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "values of all these cards are totalled for each suit, ace counting 11, court cards 10 and numerals their face value. The \"best suit\" is the one with the highest visible total, and the player holding the highest card of it wins the pot, provided that he has not previously dropped. If he has, the winner is the player counting the greatest face value of cards in any other suit. Une Douillotte is French for a Hot-water Bottle Bouillotte Bouillotte is an 18th-century French gambling card game of the Revolution based on Brelan, very popular during the 19th century in", "title": "Bouillotte" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "J-1s. Few later production J-1s left their delivery crates. In June 1918, all Standard J-1s were grounded, although training remained intensive. Sufficient JN-4s were available to meet training needs, and at $2,000 per aircraft it was not cost-effective to convert them to use Curtiss OX-5 engines. Contracts for 2,600+ JS-1s were canceled, and those not used for ground instruction by the US Army were sold as surplus or scrapped. Curtiss, which produced its competitor (the Curtiss JN) bought surplus J-1s which they modified with different powerplants, for resale. Many J-1s were flown by civilian flying schools, and for joy-riding and", "title": "Standard J" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Cheryl discography The discography of English recording artist Cheryl consists of four studio albums, one extended play, nine singles (excluding three as a featured artist), and fourteen music videos. Cheryl's first foray into a solo music career occurred when she featured on will.i.am's \"Heartbreaker\". After having streetdancing lessons during the filming of \"Passions of Girls Aloud\" series, Cheryl was picked to appear in the song's video. She was later asked to sing the female vocals on the UK release of the track, which reached number four in the United Kingdom and sold over 250,000 copies, giving the single a silver", "title": "Cheryl discography" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "On the show Vickery is known as the 'Legendinho' or 'Vikipedia' for his vast knowledge of football in Brazil, and South America in general. Vickery starred in the 2006 UK TV show 'International Football factories' with Danny Dyer, a documentary about football hooligans in Brazil. As of 2008, Vickery is Brazilian correspondent for \"World Soccer Daily\" and continues his role on \"World Football Daily\", the video podcast that replaced WSD. Since May 2011, he published weekly news on Sambafoot.com website. He occasionally appears on football discussion programmes on the Brazilian television channel SporTV. Vickery appeared as a pundit on the", "title": "Tim Vickery" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "each December by panelling in the recessed passenger waiting shelter in the railway station building. The railway's three coach \"Bar Set\" of saloon coaches were placed in the siding at the railway station for provision of mulled wine, mince pies, tea, coffee and other refreshments and the area suitably decorated; the railway station renamed for the occasion which used to take place in the first two weekends of December. However, in 2010 a considerable revamp of the railway's established seasonal services saw the terminus moved from here to Castletown railway station which was renamed \"Tinseltown\" for the occasion, this continued", "title": "Santon railway station" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Battle of Mantinea (207 BC) The Battle of Mantinea was fought in 207 BC between Sparta under the Tyrant Machanidas, as part of the Aetolian League, and the Achaean League whose forces were led by Philopoemen. Both sides were supplemented by mercenaries. It was the major land battle in Greece of the First Macedonian War, which had occurred due to Macedonian alliance with Carthage in the aftermath of Hannibal's victory at the Battle of Cannae in the Second Punic War. Machanidas routed and chased from the field the mercenaries of Philopoemen. They pursued, however, too eagerly and when Machanidas led", "title": "Battle of Mantinea (207 BC)" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "either to a pro-Macedonian or a pro-Bulgarian view. Illustrating the pro-Macedonian view is Horace Lunt, a Harvard professor, who wrote the first English language grammar of the Macedonian language in the early 1950s: \"Bulgarian scholars, who argue that the concept of a Macedonian language was unknown before World War II, or who continue to claim that a Macedonian language does not exist look not only dishonest, but silly, while Greek scholars who make similar claims are displaying arrogant ignorance of their Slavic neighbours\"; (Lunt 1984:110, 120). Similarly, Loring Danforth, professor of Anthropology at Bates College in Lewiston, Maine, addresses the", "title": "Political views on the Macedonian language" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "During the Second Punic War, Philip V of Macedon allied himself with Hannibal. Fearing possible reinforcement of Hannibal by Macedon, the senate dispatched a praetor with forces across the Adriatic. Roman legions (aided by allies from the Aetolian League and Pergamon after 211 BC) did little more than skirmish with Macedonian forces and seize minor territory along the Adriatic coastline in order to \"combat piracy\". Rome's interest was not in conquest, but in keeping Macedon busy while Rome was fighting Hannibal. The war ended indecisively in 205 BC with the Treaty of Phoenice. While a minor conflict, it opened the", "title": "Macedonian Wars" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in \"The New York Times\" relates subsequent events this way:The seed was sown in 1977, when Menachem Begin of Likud brought his party to power for the first time in a stunning election victory over Labor. A decade before, in the 1967 war, Israeli troops had in effect undone the partition accepted in 1948 by overrunning the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Ever since, Mr. Begin had preached undying loyalty to what he called Judea and Samaria (the West Bank lands) and promoted Jewish settlement there. But he did not annex the West Bank and Gaza to Israel after he", "title": "Land of Israel" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "king, his predictable rejection of their proposal served as a useful tool of propaganda demonstrating the honorable and \"philhellenic\" intentions of the Romans contrasted with the combative and antagonistic Macedonian response. When the \"comitia centuriata\" finally voted in approval of the Roman Senate's declaration of war and handed their ultimatum to Philip V by the summer of 200 BC, demanding that a tribunal assess the damages owed to Rhodes and Pergamon, the Macedonian king rejected it outright. This marked the beginning of the Second Macedonian War (200–197 BC), with Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus spearheading military operations by landing at Apollonia", "title": "History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)" } ]

[ "212 BC" ]

[ "In 215 BC Philip, with his eye on Illyria, formed an alliance with Rome's enemy Hannibal of Carthage, which led to Roman alliances with the Achaean League, Rhodes and Pergamum. The First Macedonian War broke out in 212 BC, and ended inconclusively in 205 BC. Philip continued to wage war against Pergamon and Rhodes for control of the Aegean (204-200 BCE) and ignored Roman demands for non-intervention in Greece by invading Attica. In 198 BC, during the Second Macedonian War Philip was decisively defeated at Cynoscephalae by the Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus and Macedon lost all its territories in Greece proper. Greece was now thoroughly brought into the Roman sphere of influence, though it retained nominal autonomy. The end of Antigonid Macedon came when Philip V's son, Perseus, was defeated and captured by the Romans in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BCE)." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "the nation's energy use" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "supporting the 2000-watt society initiative to cut the nation's energy use by more than half by the year 2050. The most dense rail network in Europe of carries over 596 million passengers annually (as of 2015). In 2015, each Swiss resident travelled on average by rail, which makes them the keenest rail users. Virtually 100% of the network is electrified. The vast majority (60%) of the network is operated by the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS). Besides the second largest standard gauge railway company BLS AG two railways companies operating on narrow gauge networks are the Rhaetian Railway (RhB)", "title": "Switzerland" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "supporting the 2000-watt society initiative to cut the nation's energy use by more than half by the year 2050. The most dense rail network in Europe of carries over 596 million passengers annually (as of 2015). In 2015, each Swiss resident travelled on average by rail, which makes them the keenest rail users. Virtually 100% of the network is electrified. The vast majority (60%) of the network is operated by the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS). Besides the second largest standard gauge railway company BLS AG two railways companies operating on narrow gauge networks are the Rhaetian Railway (RhB)", "title": "Switzerland" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "alkalinity and pH. Using high alkalinity water for irrigation converts the agriculture fields in to fallow Alkali soils. view hill also present Pipri Pipri is a town and a nagar panchayat in Sonbhadra district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Pipri is located at . It has an average elevation of 210 metres (688 feet). As of the 2001 Census of India, Pipri had a population of 13,213. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Pipri has an average literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy", "title": "Pipri" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "visiting Long Island in the 1960s, and in 1973 he moved to Bridgehampton where he opened an architectural practice. He became the most prolific architect in the Hamptons at that time, designing more than 50 local houses, from small summer homes to large estates. His work in the Hamptons included a golf club, synagogue and restaurant. The New York Chapter of the American Institute of Architects gave Jaffe an award in 1977 for a beach house he designed on Long Island. Jaffe and Emery Roth & Sons were the architects of the Guardian Life Building, built in the Financial District", "title": "Norman Jaffe" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "It is cultivated in the valley of the Brahmaputra River, an area of clay soil rich in the nutrients of the floodplain. The climate varies between a cool, arid winter and a hot, humid rainy season—conditions ideal for growing tea. Because of its lengthy growing season and generous rainfall, Assam is one of the most prolific tea-producing regions in the world. Each year, the tea estates of Assam collectively yield approximately 1,500 million pounds (680,500,000 kg) of tea. Assam tea is generally harvested twice, in a \"first flush\" and a \"second flush\". The first flush is picked during late March.", "title": "Assam tea" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "projects with more in the pipeline. The Council is now working with the Mayor of London on the Croydon Opportunity Area. An Opportunity Area Planning Framework (OAPF) has been proposed for the town centre to coordinate this investment. Work is underway on five masterplans underpinning the preparation of this framework: East Croydon, West Croydon, Mid Croydon, Fairfield, and Old Town. There are also a number of public realm improvements planned collectively called 'Connected Croydon'. In 2017, it was announced that the borough topped CoStar 50's 2016 Occupier Index, naming it the place most in-demand for office space in the UK.", "title": "Croydon Vision 2020" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Craig Innes Craig Innes (born 10 September 1969) is a New Zealand former rugby league and rugby union footballer of the 1980s and 1990s. After a successful rugby union career which saw him represent his country he switched to rugby league, playing in both England and Australia, winning the 1996 ARL Premiership, before playing out the last years of his career in rugby union in New Zealand. Craig Innes was born in New Plymouth on the West Coast of New Zealand's North Island on 10 September 1969. Innes played rugby union in New Zealand and made his international début at", "title": "Craig Innes" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "below 1992 levels by 2020. To cut greenhouse gas emissions by 20–30% below 1990 levels by 2020. To become carbon neutral by 2019. To reduce emissions 50% by 2050 below 2000 levels. To cut greenhouse gas emissions by 20% below 1990 levels by 2020. To reduce emissions between 10% to 20% below 1990 levels by 2020 if a global agreement is secured that limits carbon dioxide equivalent (COe) to 450 ppm and temperature increases to 2 °C, effective rules on forestry, and New Zealand having access to international carbon markets. To reduce carbon emissions by 30% below 1990 levels by", "title": "2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "(law), for the first five books is considered misleading by 21st-century Christian bible scholar John Van Seters, because the Pentateuch \"consists of about one half law and the other half narrative.\" The \"Law of Moses\" in ancient Israel was different from other legal codes in the ancient Near East because transgressions were seen as offenses against God rather than solely as offenses against society (civil law). This contrasts with the Sumerian Code of Ur-Nammu (c. 2100-2050 BCE), and the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi (c. 1760 BCE, of which almost half concerns contract law). However the influence of the ancient Near", "title": "Law of Moses" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the largest inventories of tree data ever recorded. In 2016 he co-founded the Global Forest Biodiversity Initiative (GFBI) – a foundation which manages the world's largest tree-level forest inventory database with 1.2 million plots from more than 70 countries. Whilst at NIOO Crowther’s research found that a 1 °C increase in temperatures could release an additional 55 billion tonnes of soil carbon (200 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide), not previously accounted for by scientists, into the atmosphere by 2050. Further, his research suggested that warming generally stimulates decomposition more than photosynthesis. Increased activity of microbes and soil animals, such as", "title": "Thomas Crowther (ecologist)" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Netherlands. Globally, AD prevalence is expected to rise to 45 million by 2050, with three of every four patients with AD living in a developing nation. The US economic toll is currently $80–$100 billion, but by 2050 more than $1 trillion will be spent annually on AD and related dementias. The impact of this single disease will be catastrophic, and this is just one example.\" There have been four SENS roundtables and six SENS conferences held. The first SENS roundtable was held in Oakland, California on October, 2000, and the last SENS roundtable was held in Bethesda, Maryland on July,", "title": "Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "availability of energy supplies. It is supported by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy, the Association of Swiss Architects and Engineers, and other bodies. Breakdown of average energy consumption of 5.1 kW by a Swiss person as of July 2008: Researchers in Switzerland believe that this vision is achievable, despite a projected 65% increase in economic growth by 2050, by using new low-carbon technologies and techniques. It is envisaged that achieving the aim of a 2000-watt society will require, amongst other measures, a complete reinvestment in the country's capital assets; refurbishment of the nation's building stock to bring it up", "title": "2000-watt society" } ]

[ "the nation's energy use" ]

[ "The former ten-year moratorium on the construction of new nuclear power plants was the result of a citizens' initiative voted on in 1990 which had passed with 54.5% Yes vs. 45.5% No votes. Plans for a new nuclear plant in the Canton of Bern have been put on hold after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant in 2011. The Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) is the office responsible for all questions relating to energy supply and energy use within the Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (DETEC). The agency is supporting the 2000-watt society initiative to cut the nation's energy use by more than half by the year 2050." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "burned at the stake" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "by John Wycliffe's writings, founded the Hussite movement. He strongly advocated his reformist Bohemian religious denomination. He was excommunicated and burned at the stake in Constance, Bishopric of Constance in 1415 by secular authorities for unrepentant and persistent heresy. After his execution, a revolt erupted. Hussites defeated five continuous crusades proclaimed against them by the Pope. Later on, theological disputes caused a split within the Hussite movement. Utraquists maintained that both the bread and the wine should be administered to the people during the Eucharist. Another major faction were the Taborites, who opposed the Utraquists in the Battle of Lipany", "title": "Protestantism" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Huldrych Zwingli. Hus was ultimately condemned by the Council of Constance and burned at the stake in 1415. This led to the Hussite Wars. To the people of Bohemia and other regions around Prague, Jan Hus became a symbol of dissidence and a symbol of strength against oppressive regimes. His opposition to church control by the Vatican gave strength to those who opposed control of Czech lands by the Habsburgs in the 19th century, and Hus soon became a symbol of anti-Habsburg rule. He is said to stand arrogantly in the square in defiance of the cathedral before him. In", "title": "Jan Hus Memorial" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of Palach's self-immolation, a statuary in Prague's Old Town Square honours iconic Bohemian religious thinker Jan Hus, who was burned at the stake for his beliefs in 1415. Himself celebrated as a national hero for many centuries, some commentary has linked Palach's self-immolation to the execution of Hus. The music video for the song \"Club Foot\" by the band Kasabian is dedicated to Palach. The composition \"The Funeral of Jan Palach\" performed by The Zippo Band and composed by Phil Kline is a tribute. He is mentioned in The Stranglers' bassist, Jean-Jacques Burnel's 1979 solo album, \"Euroman Cometh\". In 1969,", "title": "Jan Palach" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "protestant reformation. He was condemned to death by the Council of Constance and burned at the stake for his reformation ideas. Jan Hus is also known as \"John Huss\" in the English speaking world. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center before November 1977 (). Based on the asteroid's membership to the Koronis family and its relatively high geometric albedo determined by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), \"Hus\" is very likely a stony S-type asteroid. In June 2006, a rotational lightcurve of \"Hus\" was obtained from photometric observations taken by Maurice Clark at the Chiro Observatory in", "title": "1840 Hus" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and the crown. Wycliffe influenced Jan Hus, a Czech priest from Prague. After Hus was burned at the stake for heresy, his followers waged the Hussite Wars eventually dominating the Kingdom of Bohemia, later spreading to Silesia and Moravia. Both Wycliffe and Hus preached against indulgences. Hus wrote his \"Six Errors\", fixed to the door of his church, in which he criticized corruption of the clergy and touched on other topics which under the later Luther became the key to Reformation. After the Battle of White Mountain, persecuted Hussites established minor churches such as the Unity of the Brethren (and", "title": "History of Protestantism" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Wycliffe, these sermons focused on what were seen as radical reforms of a corrupt Church. Having become too dangerous for the political and religious establishment, Hus was summoned to the Council of Constance, put on trial for heresy, and burned at the stake in Constanz in 1415. Four years later Prague experienced its first defenestration, when the people rebelled under the command of the Prague priest Jan Želivský. Hus' death, coupled with Czech proto-nationalism and proto-Protestantism, had spurred the Hussite Wars. Peasant rebels, led by the general Jan Žižka, along with Hussite troops from Prague, defeated Emperor Sigismund, in the", "title": "Prague" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Town Hall. The clock was first installed in 1410, making it the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest one still in operation. The tower of the Old Town Hall is open to the public and offers panoramic views of the Old Town. An art museum of the Czech National Gallery is located in the Kinský Palace. The square's center is home to a statue of religious reformer Jan Hus, who was burned at the stake for his beliefs in Constance. This led to the Hussite Wars. The statue known as the Jan Hus Memorial was erected on", "title": "Old Town Square" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "First Division in 1968–69. They finished third in the Second Division in 1969–70, two points shy of promotion. Brown finished as the club's top scorer in 1970–71 with 17 goals, as Leicester claimed promotion as the division's champions under Frank O'Farrell's stewardship. He played in the 1971 FA Charity Shield victory over Liverpool at Filbert Street. He was the club's top scorer again in 1971–72 under Jimmy Bloomfield, scoring seven goals, including one against rivals Nottingham Forest. He made 121 appearances for the \"Foxes\" in all competitions, scoring 35 goals. He then left Filbert Street for West Bromwich Albion after", "title": "Alistair Brown (footballer, born 1951)" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "on writing historical novels and children's books. He left the communist party in 1966. He was the elder brother of the far more popular Polish writer, Kazimierz Brandys, author of the heart-wrenching \"Miasto niepokonane\" (Unconquered City) about the two Warsaw Uprisings during World War II. He died in Warsaw in 1998. Marian Brandys Marian Brandys (25 January 1912 – 20 November 1998) was a Polish writer and screenwriter born in Wiesbaden into an assimilated Jewish family of the Polish intelligentsia. Brandys grew up in Łódź. His father owned a bank. Their prosperity allowed Marian, and his younger brother, Kazimierz, to", "title": "Marian Brandys" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Clement obtained his UEFA 'A' coaching licence in 1999 and became a full-time football coach in 2000, when Fulham appointed him to a role in their academy. Clement also helped coach the Republic of Ireland national under-21 football team, working with Don Givens. Clement returned to Chelsea in 2007, initially working with their under-16 team. He progressed through the coaching ranks there, working under managers José Mourinho, Avram Grant, and Luiz Felipe Scolari. He took charge of the Chelsea reserve team, replacing Brendan Rodgers, before working with the Chelsea first team when Guus Hiddink was appointed manager in 2009. Clement", "title": "Paul Clement (football manager)" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "ability to sit for hours and days on end without moving or blinking. They grew little hair, except that on their heads and sometimes small tufts on their chins. They were short and stout, and other men tended to dislike them due to their harsh, rough voices. Their laughter, however, was full of mirth. It is said that their skill of stonework rivaled the Dwarves'. The Drughu were not evil. They were mortal enemies of orcs, defending the homes of their human neighbors with their own lives and with the aid of their magical Watch-Stones. The Elves of Beleriand developed", "title": "Middle-earth peoples" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "fruition, but their interest in grooving rhythms, as well as their recording studio knowledge led to partnerships with drummer John McEntire and bassist Bundy K. Brown (both formerly of Bastro) joining, followed by percussionist Dan Bitney. Though songs are credited to all the musicians, McEntire became perceived as the group's guiding force, as his contributions mainly took the form of being the recording engineer and mixer. Their first single was issued in 1993, and their self-titled debut album followed a year later. Instrumental and mostly mid-tempo, \"Tortoise\" slowly garnered praise and attention, notably for its unusual instrumentation (two bass guitars,", "title": "Tortoise (band)" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a Protestant defeat in the Battle of the White Mountain resulted in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown coming under Habsburg dominion for the next 300 years and being subject to immediate and forced conversion in an intense campaign of return to Catholicism. Jan Hus was born in Husinec, Bohemia, c. 1369. At an early age he traveled to Prague, where he supported himself by singing and serving in churches. His conduct was positive and his commitment to his studies was remarkable. In 1393, Hus earned the degree of Bachelor of Arts at the University of Prague, and he earned", "title": "Jan Hus" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "thus save his own life. Hus declined thus: Anecdotally, it has been claimed that the executioners had trouble intensifying the fire. An old woman then came to the stake and threw a relatively small amount of brushwood on it. Upon seeing her act, a suffering Hus then exclaimed, \"\"Sancta Simplicitas!\"\". The phrase's Czech equivalent, \"\"Svatá prostota!\"\" (vocative form: \"\"Svatá prostoto!\"\", Translated \"\"Holy simplicity!\"\") is still used today when commenting on a person's foolish action coming from the belief that s/he is doing something righteous. It is said that when he was about to expire, he cried out, \"\"Christ, son of", "title": "Jan Hus" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to the papal bulls, and the king made an unsuccessful attempt to reconcile the two parties. King Wenceslaus IV made efforts to harmonize the opposing parties. In 1412, he convoked the heads of his kingdom for a consultation and, at their suggestion, ordered a synod to be held at Český Brod on 2 February 1412. It did not take place there, but in the palace of the archbishops at Prague, in order to exclude Hus from participation. Propositions were made to restore peace in the Church. Hus declared that Bohemia should have the same freedom in regard to ecclesiastical affairs", "title": "Jan Hus" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a 150-seat theatre that was home to Gilbert and Sullivan performing groups almost continuously from 1952 to 1975. Chicago City Limits performed there throughout the 1980s. Since then, several arts organizations have been based at the theatre. The church was founded in 1877 when Gustav Alexy, a Hungarian missionary, wanted to work among the Czech community. The building was designed by R.H. Robertson and built in 1888, and bears the inscription \"\"Truth Prevails\"\", a famous Jan Hus saying. The church sits down the block from the Byzantine Moderne-style Greek Orthodox Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity. When Pastor Alexy died", "title": "Jan Hus Presbyterian Church" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the death of Jan Palach, a statue sculpted by András Beck as a tribute to the student was transported from France to the Czech Republic. The statue was installed in Mělník, the city where Jan Palach did his studies. Italian songwriter Francesco Guccini wrote a song \"La Primavera di Praga\" in dedication to Jan Palach, compared to religious scholar Jan Hus: \"Once again Jan Hus is burning alive\". Polish singer Jacek Kaczmarski wrote a song about Palach's suicide, called \"Pochodnie\" (\"Torches\"). The Italian far-right Folk group, \"La Compagnia dell'Anello\" released a song dedicated", "title": "Jan Palach" } ]

[ "burned at the stake" ]

[ "Besides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views on the Eucharist that were contrary to church doctrine. Wycliffe's teachings influenced two of the major heretical movements of the later Middle Ages: Lollardy in England and Hussitism in Bohemia. The Bohemian movement initiated with the teaching of Jan Hus, who was burned at the stake in 1415 after being condemned as a heretic by the Council of Constance. The Hussite church, although the target of a crusade, survived beyond the Middle Ages. Other heresies were manufactured, such as the accusations against the Knights Templar that resulted in their suppression in 1312 and the division of their great wealth between the French King Philip IV (r. 1285–1314) and the Hospitallers." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "AAI courses" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Cristoforo Colombo, south Rome. Giovanni Ravalli Giovanni Ravalli (1910 – 30 April 1998) was an Italian officer who was imprisoned for war crimes he committed during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II. Following his pardon he served as police prefect of Palermo, investigating the theft of Caravaggio's \"Nativity with St. Francis and St. Lawrence\". Giovanni Ravalli was born in 1910 in Sicily, Italy. During the course of World War II, Ravalli served in the 24th Infantry Division Pinerolo in the rank of Lieutenant. In this capacity became the head of intelligence of the Italian garrison in the", "title": "Giovanni Ravalli" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the Ibrahimi mosque in Hebron on February 25. The Afula bus suicide bombing attack was planned by Hamas chief bombmaker Yahya Ayyash, who began to plan suicide bombings within Israel in 1992. Ayyash rigged a 1987 Opel Ascona with seven gas cylinders, five anti-personnel hand grenades, and wrapped the bomb in a rucksack containing 1,100 carpenter nails. Around 12:10 pm, during the Holocaust Memorial Day, a Palestinian suicide bomber, drove a vehicle full of explosives into the division nine street in downtown Afula. The suicide bomber stopped his vehicle next to an Egged commuter bus line number 348 and detonated", "title": "Afula bus suicide bombing" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Kosciusko Cemetery. Chapman L. Anderson Chapman Levy Anderson (March 15, 1845 – April 27, 1924) was a U.S. Representative from Mississippi. Born near Macon, Mississippi, Anderson attended the common schools in Jackson, Mississippi, and the University of Mississippi at Oxford. Enlisted in the Confederate States Army on March 5, 1862, as a private in the Thirty-ninth Regiment, Mississippi Volunteer Infantry. He was promoted through the successive grades of noncommissioned officer until July 1864, when he was transferred to Bradford's cavalry corps of scouts with the rank of second lieutenant, in which capacity he served until the close of the war.", "title": "Chapman L. Anderson" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a derivative), due to that fact it was assumed to be a further modification of the double-barrelled machine gun, as such it was referred to as Type 89 \"modified single\". It is uncertain whether the Te-4 was a direct derivative of \"otsu-gou\" or it was a result of splitting the Type 89 \"flexible\". Type 89 machine gun Type 89 refers to two unrelated Imperial Japanese Army aircraft machine guns. When any reference is made to a 7.7mm Type 89, it is impossible to tell which gun is indicated without more information. Its Imperial Japanese Navy counterparts are the Type 97", "title": "Type 89 machine gun" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of the liturgical vestments of other dignitaries also. In the twelfth century it became customary for bishops to wear both a tunicle and a dalmatic as part of their pontifical vestments. Previously they had worn one or the other. Earlier editions of the \"Caeremoniale Episcoporum\" made the wearing of both obligatory at a Pontifical High Mass, but the present edition speaks only of the dalmatic. Tunicle The tunicle is a liturgical vestment associated with Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism, and Lutheranism. For a description of the tunicle, see dalmatic, the vestment with which it became identical in form, although earlier editions of", "title": "Tunicle" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Bruce S. Gordon Bruce Scott Gordon (born February 15, 1946) is a business executive who spent most of his career with Verizon and currently serves as a corporate director of CBS, Northrop Grumman, and Tyco International. He was selected in June 2005 to head the NAACP, a major American civil rights organization. Gordon served in that position until March 2007. Born in Camden, New Jersey, Gordon's parents were both active in the civil rights movement. A 1968 graduate of Gettysburg College, where he was a member of Tau Kappa Epsilon Fraternity, and a 1988 Master's degree in Management (M.B.A.) graduate", "title": "Bruce S. Gordon" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Institute of Infection & Immunity. In 2001, he was awarded the Canada Research Chair in Vaccinology and Biotechnology. Lorne Babiuk Lorne Allan Babiuk, (born January 25, 1946) is a Canadian scientist specializing in immunology, pathogenesis, virology, molecular virology, and vaccinology. He is the Vice-President of Research at the University of Alberta and the former Director of the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization at the University of Saskatchewan. Dr Babiuk holds the Canada Research Chair in Vaccinology and Biotechnology and is Chair of the Board for Pan-Provincial Vaccine Enterprise (PREVENT), a vaccine development company. Born", "title": "Lorne Babiuk" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "American Society for Reproductive Immunology The American Society for Reproductive Immunology, or ASRI, is a US-based organization of scientists from around the world interested in reproductive immunology. It was founded in 1981 and is the oldest society of its kind. Its official scientific journal is the American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. ASRI encompasses scientists in areas of study such as molecular biology, microbiology, mucosal immunology, genetics, pediatrics, infectious diseases, endocrinology, obstetrics, gynecology, pathology, veterinary medicine and animal science. The ASRI brings together clinicians and basic scientists to discuss contemporary topics in reproductive immunology. ASRI objectives are achieved in two ways.", "title": "American Society for Reproductive Immunology" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Yehia El-Gamal (pediatrician) Yehia El-Gamal is Professor of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, and Ex-Chairman (1997-2001) of the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Faculty of MedicineCairo, Egypt. He established the first specialized unit of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology in Egypt in February 1988, and is president of the Egyptian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (ESPAI) which he has founded in 2002, and editor-in-chief of the \"Egyptian Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology\". He has been a member of the Technical Advisory Group of the World Health Organization (WHO) for polio eradication since 2003 and shared in research projects", "title": "Yehia El-Gamal (pediatrician)" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Carol Ballard Carol Ballard is an author of more than 80 non-fiction books. Specializing in informational books for children and teens, her focus is toward the 7- to 14-year-old group. After graduating from Leeds University in plant sciences, Ballard did post-graduate research and was awarded a PhD in Immunology. She has many years experience as a science teacher and co-ordinator and has written articles for teachers on various aspects of science teaching, and teachers' materials for classroom use. In addition to her writing, Carol works as a freelance consultant for publishers on educational and scientific matters. She also has her", "title": "Carol Ballard" } ]

[ "AAI courses" ]

[ "Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany Medical College, Cornell University, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York University Langone Medical Center, University at Albany (SUNY), University at Buffalo (SUNY), University of Rochester Medical Center and Upstate Medical University (SUNY). The AAI immunology courses include an Introductory Course and an Advance Course. The Introductory Course is a course that gives students an overview of the basics of immunology." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "JTAG tool vendors" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "on the board. In boundary scan testing, test circuits integrated into various ICs on the board form temporary connections between the PCB traces to test that the ICs are mounted correctly. Boundary scan testing requires that all the ICs to be tested use a standard test configuration procedure, the most common one being the Joint Test Action Group (JTAG) standard. The JTAG test architecture provides a means to test interconnects between integrated circuits on a board without using physical test probes, by using circuitry in the ICs to employ the IC pins themselves as test probes. JTAG tool vendors provide", "title": "Printed circuit board" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and Hastings was renamed the archdeaconry of Brighton and Lewes. The suffragan Bishop of Horsham oversees the archdeaconries of Chichester and Horsham, while the suffragan Bishop of Lewes oversees the archdeaconries of Brighton & Lewes and Hastings. The bishop of Chichester retains oversight over the entire diocese of Chichester i.e. all of Sussex. On 16 November 2001, Pat Sinton, became the first woman priest in Sussex to be ordained. Sinton was ordained by John Hind, the bishop of Chichester, following the departure of the previous bishop of Chichester, Eric Kemp. Although Kemp had encouraged women to serve in the permanent", "title": "History of Christianity in Sussex" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Masur's departure, the producers tried going in a different direction. Instead of Ann Romano being romantically involved with a man, it was decided to give Ann a comedic foil. For that role, producer Lear chose actress and comedienne Mary Louise Wilson, who had just completed a successful run on Broadway as Tessie Tura in a revival of \"Gypsy\" starring Angela Lansbury. Wilson was signed to play Ginny Wroblicki, a cocktail waitress who moves into Schneider's apartment building, and immediately becomes Ann's best friend and confidante. The shows' ratings began to decline soon after Wilson's arrival, as the character of Ginny", "title": "One Day at a Time" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "there were stores operating across Texas, Florida, and Tennessee. Inspired by his love for flying, Dobson designed the orange and white striped A-frame store in Odessa, Texas, in 1961. In 1962, the company added French fries and hot pies to its menu. In 1963, it expanded to Arizona and totaled 26 stores. In 1965, it estimated selling 15,000 burgers daily in the Texas Coastal Bend area. In 1967, the company commissioned the \"Flying W\" company logo, and the company had expanded to 40 restaurants in four states. On April 11, 1967, Dobson and an associate died in an airplane crash", "title": "Whataburger" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and conductor, and José María Castro, Posadas played frequently in religious services. Juan Jose Castro, who also had been a pupil of his brother Manuel, dedicated to him the tango ¡Qué Titeo! He also appeared in a trio with Ennio Bolognini (cello) and Pizzapia (piano) in the first movie theaters in the city. The \"Black Posadas\" was with other black performers such as Alejandro Vilela, Tiburcio Silbarrio, Rosendo Mendizábal, Harold Phillips and Juan Santa Cruz, one of the regular performers that enlivened so-called \"dance schools\" and \"city cafes\", specifically from the dance schools of La Morocha Laura Montserrat and \"lo", "title": "Carlos Posadas" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "through its influence on rain and snow. Regions may become wetter, drier, or may experience changes in the intensity of precipitation - such as moving from a damp climate to one defined by a mixture of floods and droughts. These changes may have a very severe impact on both the natural world and human civilisation, as both naturally occurring and farmed plants experience regional climate change that is beyond their ability to tolerate. A U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) analysis published in the Journal of Climate October 2011, and cited on Joseph J. Romm's, climateprogress.org, found that increasing", "title": "Regional effects of global warming" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "affect direct spending or revenues; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply. H.R. 1528 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act and would impose no costs on state, local, or tribal governments. The Veterinary Medicine Mobility Act of 2014 was introduced into the United States House of Representatives on April 12, 2013 by Rep. Kurt Schrader (D, OR-5). It was coauthored by Rep. Ted Yoho (R-FL); Schrader and Yoho are both veterinarians. The bill was referred to the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce, the United States House Committee on the Judiciary,", "title": "Veterinary Medicine Mobility Act of 2014" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the Neyer test says \"you will learn the most if you drop the next egg carton from a height of 32.123 meters.\" The Neyer test is useful in any situation when you wish to determine the average amount of a given stimulus needed in order to trigger a response. Examples: The Neyer-d optimal test was described by Barry T. Neyer in 1994. This method has replaced the earlier Bruceton analysis or \"Up and Down Test\" that was devised by Dixon and Mood in 1948 to allow computation with pencil and paper. Samples are tested at various stimulus levels, and the", "title": "Neyer d-optimal test" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "player to use next time. After each battle, the winning commander gains experience that allows him to upgrade to a more powerful class. If a hero dies, he is lost forever. During the game, you slowly acquire ally leaders, each of whom can hire up to 8 troops (each troop representing 10 soldiers) to fight in stages called Scenarios. Each scenario starts you out in a defensive position with enemies nearby and a goal to accomplish. Typical goals are, \"Protect this person\", \"Destroy all the enemies\", \"Destroy the enemy leader (other enemies optional)\" and several other types. You chose where", "title": "Langrisser: The Descendants of Light" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "unmanageable—Ty Cobb. Jennings recognized Cobb's talent and his complicated psychological makeup and concluded the best strategy would be to let Cobb be Cobb. Jennings reportedly called Cobb aside one day and said, \"There isn't anything about baseball I can teach you. Anything I might say to you would merely hinder you in your development. The only thing for you to do is go ahead and do as you please. Use your own judgment.. . . . . Do what you think is best and I'll back you up.\" In , during a game in which \"pick-ups\" played for the Tigers", "title": "Hughie Jennings" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "as would the approximately $75 billion black budget. War Is Making You Poor Act The War Is Making You Poor Act (), introduced by Rep. Alan Grayson on May 20, 2010, was a bill which aimed to cut funding for the Iraq War and Afghanistan War, and use the proceeds to eliminate federal income taxes on every American's first $35,000 of income. The bill garnered the support of 18 co-sponsors in Congress including Ron Paul (R-TX), Walter Jones (R-NC), John Conyers (D-MI), Lynn Woolsey (D-CA) and Dennis Kucinich (D-OH). $159.3 billion in war spending would have been affected; the $548.9", "title": "War Is Making You Poor Act" } ]

[ "JTAG tool vendors" ]

[ "In boundary scan testing, test circuits integrated into various ICs on the board form temporary connections between the PCB traces to test that the ICs are mounted correctly. Boundary scan testing requires that all the ICs to be tested use a standard test configuration procedure, the most common one being the Joint Test Action Group (JTAG) standard. The JTAG test architecture provides a means to test interconnects between integrated circuits on a board without using physical test probes. JTAG tool vendors provide various types of stimulus and sophisticated algorithms, not only to detect the failing nets, but also to isolate the faults to specific nets, devices, and pins." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Howard Dean" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "university students at Sangmyung University where Moore also worked as an English instructor. They met and the three became the new bandmates, renaming the band Busker Busker. However, the band was still a loose formation, as many members of the Busker Busker group would rotate in and out of band performances. The Busker Busker group set up multiple performances in the summer of 2011 in a local Cheonan park, which is where the Busker Busker band's fame began to escalate. At the same time, Jang, Kim, and Moore were participating in the \"Superstar K3\" auditions as a trio, because they", "title": "Busker Busker" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the women's discus has a weight of and diameter of . Under IAAF (international) rules, Youth boys (16–17 years) throw the discus, the Junior men (18–19 years) throw the unique discus, and the girls/women of those ages throw the discus. In international competition, men throw the 2 kg discus through to age 49. The discus is thrown by ages 50–59, and men age 60 and beyond throw the discus. Women throw the discus through to age 74. Starting with age 75, women throw the discus. The typical discus has sides made of plastic, wood, fiberglass, carbon fiber or metal with", "title": "Discus throw" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "debut when he came on as a substitute against Cork in a 2-17 to 2-16 defeat in the 2011 All-Ireland qualifiers. Thomas Carroll (hurler) Thomas Carroll (born 1992 in Clareen, County Offaly, Ireland) is an Irish sportsperson. He plays hurling with his local club Seir Kieran and has been a member of the Offaly senior inter-county team since 2011. Carroll plays his club hurling with the Seir Kieran club and has enjoyed some success. He first came to prominence at juvenile and underage levels, winning a county under-16 'B' title in 2007. Carroll later played for the club's minor team", "title": "Thomas Carroll (hurler)" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Nicolas Valcik Nicolas Valcik is an author and a higher education administrator. He is the current Executive Director of Institutional Effectiveness at Central Washington University. Valcik has authored a series of notable case study books on strategic planning and analysis. His books have earned him various Taylor & Francis contracts. Valcik was born in Dallas, Texas is of Czech descent and grew up in Plano, Texas where he worked as a swim instructor and lifeguard for the cities of Plano and Richardson. In 1989, Valcik graduated from Plano East Senior High school in Plano, Texas and then initially attended The", "title": "Nicolas Valcik" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and Gardens is a National Historic Landmark set on 28 acres in Coral Gables. It is early 20th century estate that includes extensive Italian Renaissance gardens, native woodland landscape, and a historic village outbuildings compound. The landscape and architecture were influenced by Veneto and Tuscan Italian Renaissance models and designed in the Mediterranean Revival architecture style, with Baroque elements. Miami enjoys a vibrant culture that is influenced by a diverse population from all around the world. Miami is known as the \"Magic City\" for seemingly popping up overnight due to its young age and massive growth. It is also nicknamed", "title": "Miami" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "entitled \"Battlefield Ohio: The Daily Show's Midwest Midterm Midtacular\" and was intended to bring further national attention to the election in Ohio. This was only the second time that the show had been filmed in a location other than New York City. Ohio played a decisive role in the 2004 presidential election, as Ohio's electoral votes would have been sufficient to swing the election from George W. Bush to John Kerry had Kerry won in Ohio. Given the importance of the state, Blackwell's role in the conduct of the election was closely scrutinized. As Ohio Secretary of State, Blackwell was", "title": "2006 Ohio gubernatorial election" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Electoral votes of the party that won in 1996: Democratic Party Electoral votes of the party that won in 2000: Republican Party Electoral votes of the party that won in 2004: Republican Party Electoral votes of the party that won in 2008: Democratic Party <nowiki>*</nowiki> \"Includes the faithless elector in 2004 who originally pledged to vote for Kerry but instead voted for his vice presidential running mate John Edwards\" <nowiki>**</nowiki> \"Obama received 1 out of Nebraska's 5 total electoral votes\" Electoral votes of the party that won in 2012: Democratic Party <nowiki>*</nowiki> \"While Obama received 1 out of Nebraska's total", "title": "Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "just five votes, triggering an automatic recount of ballots. After all ballots were counted however, Pillich had won by about 600 votes. She serves as ranking member of the Veterans Affairs Committee; and on the committees of Financial Institutions, Housing, and Urban Development; Public Utilities; and Criminal Justice. She also is serving as Secretary of the Ohio House Democratic Women's Caucus, and is a member of the Military Activation Task Force; the State Council on Educational Opportunities for Military Children; the Family Violence Prevention Council Advisory Board; and the Clean Ohio Council. Early in her second term, Pillich cosponsored a", "title": "Connie Pillich" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "2007 Russian legislative election Legislative elections were held in the Russian Federation on 2 December 2007. At stake were the 450 seats in the 5th State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia (the legislature). Eleven parties were included in the ballot, including Russia's largest party, United Russia, which was supported by President of Russia Vladimir Putin. Official results showed that United Russia won 64.3% of the votes, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation 11.6%, the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia 8.1%, and Fair Russia won 7.7%, and none of the other parties won enough votes", "title": "2007 Russian legislative election" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Even sympathetic newspapers admitted that his usual glowing oratory had failed him. Despite the official party platform in favor of the gold standard, Hardin threw his support to the free silver position early in the race, believing he needed to do so to keep the party's rural agrarians from bolting to the Republicans. The strategy backfired as conservative Democrats abandoned the party. Sitting Democratic governor Brown refused to campaign for Hardin, and the Populist Party also ran Thomas S. Pettit, who siphoned off votes for Hardin. Republican Bradley also gained some Democratic votes from the American Protective Association, a secret", "title": "Parker Watkins Hardin" } ]

[ "Howard Dean" ]

[ "Kerry would later state that \"the widespread irregularities make it impossible to know for certain that the [Ohio] outcome reflected the will of the voters.\" In the same article, Democratic National Committee Chairman Howard Dean said \"I'm not confident that the election in Ohio was fairly decided... We know that there was substantial voter suppression, and the machines were not reliable. It should not be a surprise that the Republicans are willing to do things that are unethical to manipulate elections. That's what we suspect has happened.\"" ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "CCTV" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "from the CCTV New Year's Gala and round-the-clock coverage anchor Bai Yansong. It was attended by a wide range of entertainment, literary, business and political figures from mainland China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan. Donations of the evening totalled 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan (~US$208 million). Of the donations, CCTV gave the biggest corporate contribution at ¥50 million. Almost at the same time in Taiwan, a similarly themed programme was on air hosted by the sitting president Ma Ying-jeou. In June, Hong Kong actor Jackie Chan, who donated $1.57 million to the victims, made a music video alongside other artists entitled", "title": "2008 Sichuan earthquake" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "served as President of the University of Minnesota Law Review. After law school graduation, Kaplan was an assistant professor of law and a guest speaker in law classes. Later, he founded Kaplan, Strangis and Kaplan, P.A, a law firm, in 1978. Samuel L. Kaplan Samuel Louis Kaplan (born 1936) was United States Ambassador to Morocco. He was appointed ambassador in 2009 by President Barack Obama, replacing the previous ambassador Thomas T. Riley. He is one of only a few American Jews to represent the United States in a Muslim nation. Before entering the diplomatic service, Ambassador Kaplan was a well-known", "title": "Samuel L. Kaplan" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and asked him to \"tell the actors what to do, and yell 'Action' and 'Cut' and tell the cameraman what shots to get.\" The script supervisor also said that Wiseau asked Schklair to \"direct [his] movie\", but refused to give up the \"director\" title. The story is corroborated by one of the film's actors (who requested anonymity) and by Sestero in \"The Disaster Artist\". Sestero describes Schklair taking charge of numerous sequences in which Wiseau found himself unable to remember lines or adequately interact with the rest of the cast, but jokes that claiming directorial credit was like \"claiming to", "title": "The Room (film)" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "already copyrighted, Gennett Records filed a copyright on the tune as a Joe Oliver original. In the 1920s Walter Melrose added lyrics to it (which are never performed) and republished it, as he did to a several of jazz compositions in order to claim a larger share of the royalties. High Society (composition) \"High Society\" is a multistrain melody, originally a march copyrighted in April 1901 by Porter Steele, which has become a traditional jazz standard. The piccolo obligato is not found in Steele's first version of the song; it appears to have originated in an orchestration by Robert Recker", "title": "High Society (composition)" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "celebrities in care of the magazine, and she remembered how she felt at that age and developed a formula to increase readership in that demographic. \"16\"s covers attracted readers by featuring sensational and hyperbole-laden headlines such as \"The Day He Almost DIED!\", head shots of various male entertainers, and very whimsical artwork. Although the articles were printed on newsprint, \"16\" featured colorful, glossy pin-up poster art. Prior to the 1970s, most of the pin-ups of the celebrities were kept clean-cut, but \"16\" began to increasingly sexualize the posters they featured, in keeping with the more permissive times. \"16 Magazine\" also", "title": "16 (magazine)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "stock exchanges. It also included water heaters in its range of products in the same year. In the year 2000, Symphony introduced the world's largest air cooler, Sumo, which got the Guinness World Record certification. It launched mid-segment coolers, in the year 2001. For coastal markets, in the year 2004, Symphony launched the H! Cool air cooler. Symphony's winter air cooler and Sauna water heater were introduced in the year 2005. In 2006, Symphony expanded itself into 33 other countries and also introduced the Surround cooler. In 2008, it separated the range of air coolers in two different ranges. Also", "title": "Symphony Limited" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "damn good.\" De La Soul, previously known for their skits, gained a lot of support from \"Stylus Magazine\" writer Josh Drimmer who wrote, \"\"The Grind Date\" is as notable for what it lacks—skits, filler, bullshit—than for what it has.\" Lost At Sea also favored the no skits on \"The Grind Date\", \"\"The Grind Date\" is almost shockingly excellent. This is De La Soul at their most focused – no skits, no filler, no weird interludes.\" \"Entertainment Weekly\" gave the album a B+ and called it \"worth keeping\", while Robert Christgau gave it a one-star honorable mention (). Despite generally favorable", "title": "The Grind Date" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "art all over the country. The rapid expansion of the business set stakes for future forms of entertainment and, even though the economy, technology, and unionizing eventually led to the demise of tent shows, future companies realized, and continue to realize that, in order to be a successful business, they need to be like tent shows. Tent shows used an extreme amount of advertisement, always gave the people what they wanted, and gave the public choices of what to see and do. The last touring tent show company was the Schaffner Players, under the management of James and Juanita Davis,", "title": "Tent show" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of 69 out of 100 from Metacritic based on \"generally favorable reviews\". \"USA Today\" gave it three-and-a-half stars out of four and said, \"What makes this hard-to-pigeonhole country/folk/ punk/pop-rocker remarkable is the quality of the quantity. There's not a bad song in Cold Roses' 18-track bouquet, and at least 13 are worth instant iPod enshrining.\" \"The Guardian\" gave it a score of four stars out of five and said of Ryan Adams: \"The boy wonder is back in the saddle.\" \"Chicago Tribune\" gave it a favorable review and called it \"Adams' most ambitious effort to date.\" \"The A.V. Club\" gave", "title": "Cold Roses" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to persuade Bonnaure to join him, and compared the younger Carte's audacity with his father's coup in securing Paris's most famous \"maître d'hôtel\", M. Joseph, a few years earlier. Between 1906 and 1909, Helen Carte, Rupert's stepmother, staged two repertory seasons at the Savoy Theatre. Directed by Gilbert and received with much success, they revitalised the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, which had been in decline after Richard D'Oyly Carte's death. In 1912, when theatre censorship was under discussion in Britain, Carte was strongly in favour of retaining censorship, because it gave managements complete certainty about what they could or could", "title": "Rupert D'Oyly Carte" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "rivalry with Renata Tebaldi and especially her difficult relationship with her mother. As she had done with Lyric Opera of Chicago, on November 21, 1957, Callas gave a concert to inaugurate what then was billed as the Dallas Civic Opera, and helped establish that company with her friends from Chicago, Lawrence Kelly and Nicola Rescigno. She further consolidated this company's standing when, in 1958, she gave \"a towering performance as Violetta in \"La traviata\", and that same year, in her only American performances of \"Medea\", gave an interpretation of the title role worthy of Euripides.\" In 1958, a feud with", "title": "Maria Callas" } ]

[ "CCTV" ]

[ "On the evening of May 18, CCTV-1 hosted a special four-hour program called The Giving of Love (simplified Chinese: 爱的奉献; traditional Chinese: 愛的奉獻), hosted by regulars from the CCTV New Year's Gala and round-the-clock coverage anchor Bai Yansong. It was attended by a wide range of entertainment, literary, business and political figures from mainland China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan. Donations of the evening totalled 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan (~US$208 million). Of the donations, CCTV gave the biggest corporate contribution at ¥50 million. Almost at the same time in Taiwan, a similarly themed programme was on air hosted by the sitting president Ma Ying-jeou. In June, Hong Kong actor Jackie Chan, who donated $1.57 million to the victims, made a music video alongside other artists entitled \"Promise\"; the song was composed by Andy Lau. The Artistes 512 Fund Raising Campaign, an 8-hour fundraising marathon, was held on June 1 in Hong Kong; it was attended by some 200 Sinosphere musicians and celebrities. In Singapore, MediaCorp Channel 8 hosted a 'live' programme 让爱川流不息 to raise funds for the victims." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "around 200 BC" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to close the theatre in September 1938. The Czechoslovak state expressed an interest in the building but the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia on 15 March 1939 and establishment of the \"Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia\" thwarted its plans. Under the new title Deutsches Opernhaus (German Opera House), the theatre served for political assemblies of the Nazi Party, and for the occasional guest presentations by ensembles from the Reich. A radical change came in May 1945 following the fall of the Nazi-led government. A group of Czech artists headed by Alois Hába, Václav Kašlík, and Antonín Kurš founded the Theatre of", "title": "State Opera (Prague)" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "While still based in nature, these were by far the most abstract of his paintings thus far. Thon died in 2000. William Thon William Thon was an American painter. Thon was born in New York City in 1906. He spent his childhood summers camping on Staten Island. He joined the Navy during World War II, and shortly after the war won the Rome Prize, a fellowship to the American Academy in Rome. He later became a trustee of the Academy. In 1951, Thon received a grant from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He taught painting at Ohio University,", "title": "William Thon" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "stations such as New York City flagship WNYW. The affiliation change took place April 4, 1996, after WICZ's contract with NBC expired. NBC programming was then seen on cable via a localized version of Elmira's WETM-TV; the network regained an over-the-air affiliate in Binghamton a year later when WETM's owners, Smith Broadcasting, purchased WBGH-LP (channel 8, now WBGH-CD channel 20) and made it a semi-satellite of WETM. Stainless, whose holdings by this point included its tower manufacturing business, WICZ-TV, and KTVZ in Bend, Oregon, was sold to Northwest Broadcasting for $17 million in 1997. Though Northwest would sell the Stainless", "title": "WICZ-TV" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Niinistö asked these questions with the subtext. He knows that the answer is negative: nobody needs this,” Lavrov added “President Niinistö realizes that what happened in Ukraine is impossible in Finland.” In his New Years Speech 2015 Niinistö stated: \" We condemned Russia’s illegal annexation of Crimea as soon as it happened and then condemned Russia’s actions in eastern Ukraine. We have done this in the EU context but have also made this clear in our direct contacts with Russia. We condemn any illegal occupations, illegal use of force or attempts to limit the sovereignty of independent nations. Such actions", "title": "Sauli Niinistö" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of the court ministers, it would demote rival officials and exile them to govern remote frontier regions of the empire. One of the prominent victims of the political rivalry, the famous poet and statesman Su Shi (1037–1101), was jailed and eventually exiled for criticizing Wang's reforms. While the central Song court remained politically divided and focused upon its internal affairs, alarming new events to the north in the Liao state finally came to its attention. The Jurchen, a subject tribe of the Liao, rebelled against them and formed their own state, the Jin dynasty (1115–1234). The Song official Tong Guan", "title": "Song dynasty" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "perhaps because the state was now assuming the responsibility of providing standard-issue equipment. In addition, the shortage of available manpower led to a greater burden being placed upon Rome's allies for the provision of allied troops. Eventually, the Romans were forced to begin hiring mercenaries to fight alongside the legions. In a process known as the Marian reforms, Roman consul Gaius Marius carried out a programme of reform of the Roman military. In 107, all citizens, regardless of their wealth or social class, were made eligible for entry into the Roman army. This move formalised and concluded a gradual process", "title": "Roman Republic" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Jacek Rostowski Jan Anthony Vincent-Rostowski, also known as Jacek Rostowski (; born 30 April 1951, London) is a Polish economist, conservative politician, academic and former Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland. Jan Vincent-Rostowski was born into a Polish exile family in London. During the Second World War his father, Roman Rostowski, served as personal Secretary to Tomasz Arciszewski, Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile and did not return to Poland after the war. In the 1950s, Roman Rostowski worked for the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office with postings to Kenya, Mauritius and the Seychelles", "title": "Jacek Rostowski" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in that Octavian manipulated the Roman Senate as Palpatine did with the Galactic Senate; he legitimized authoritarian rule by saying that corruption in the Senate was hampering the powers of the head of state; he pressured the Roman Senate to give him extraordinary powers as Consul of the Republic to deal with a crisis and he falsely claimed that he would rescind those powers once the crisis was over; and, like the transition of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire, Octavian, like Palpatine, relied on his strong control over military force. The power relationship in the Galactic Empire between", "title": "Galactic Empire (Star Wars)" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "with: Skopje Skopje (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Macedonia. It is the country's political, cultural, economic, and academic center. The territory of Skopje has been inhabited since at least 4000 BC; remains of Neolithic settlements have been found within the old Kale Fortress that overlooks the modern city centre. Scupi became the capital of Dardania in the second century BC. On the eve of the 1st century AD, the settlement was seized by the Romans and became a military camp. When the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western halves in", "title": "Skopje" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "officer. After successful service he retired, moved to Rome, became a famous and wealthy encyclopedist, and personal assistant of the emperor. Then, and only then, was he qualified to begin the \"cursus\", which was somewhat different from the \"cursus\" of the Republic, including imperial officers. He ended with the imperial rank of \"procurator\". When Mount Vesuvius erupted he was commander of the fleet at Misenum (a large naval base). The title of Pliny’s command was \"praefectus classis\", the same as the first known fleet commander. This was a position, not a rank. It has been interpreted imprecisely as “admiral.” The", "title": "Roman command structure during First Mithridatic War" } ]

[ "around 200 BC" ]

[ "Following various military conquests in the Greek East, Romans adapted a number of Greek educational precepts to their own fledgling system. They began physical training to prepare the boys to grow as Roman citizens and for eventual recruitment into the army. Conforming to discipline was a point of great emphasis. Girls generally received instruction from their mothers in the art of spinning, weaving, and sewing. Schooling in a more formal sense was begun around 200 BC. Education began at the age of around six, and in the next six to seven years, boys and girls were expected to learn the basics of reading, writing and counting. By the age of twelve, they would be learning Latin, Greek, grammar and literature, followed by training for public speaking. Oratory was an art to be practiced and learnt, and good orators commanded respect.[citation needed]" ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "the white-necked petrel, Kermadec petrel" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "on the island and is now extinct, but the taxonomic relation of this is unclear, and has not been scientifically described yet. The Norfolk Island Group Nepean Island is also home to breeding seabirds. The providence petrel was hunted to local extinction by the beginning of the 19th century, but has shown signs of returning to breed on Phillip Island. Other seabirds breeding there include the white-necked petrel, Kermadec petrel, wedge-tailed shearwater, Australasian gannet, red-tailed tropicbird and grey ternlet. The sooty tern (known locally as the whale bird) has traditionally been subject to seasonal egg harvesting by Norfolk Islanders. Norfolk", "title": "Norfolk Island" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "on the island and is now extinct, but the taxonomic relation of this is unclear, and has not been scientifically described yet. The Norfolk Island Group Nepean Island is also home to breeding seabirds. The providence petrel was hunted to local extinction by the beginning of the 19th century, but has shown signs of returning to breed on Phillip Island. Other seabirds breeding there include the white-necked petrel, Kermadec petrel, wedge-tailed shearwater, Australasian gannet, red-tailed tropicbird and grey ternlet. The sooty tern (known locally as the whale bird) has traditionally been subject to seasonal egg harvesting by Norfolk Islanders. Norfolk", "title": "Norfolk Island" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the People's Republic of China. US administrations believe that such sales are potentially harmful to the security of US forces in Asia. China has looked to Israel to obtain technology it could not acquire from elsewhere, and has purchased a wide array of military equipment and technology, including communications satellites, and Harpy Killer unmanned aerial vehicles in 1999, and which China tested over the Taiwan Strait in 2004. In 2000, the United States persuaded Israel to cancel the sale of the Phalcon. The US was also said to have demanded that Israel provide information on 60 recent arms deals with", "title": "Israel–United States relations" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "provide 40,000 people, but all these proposals were ignored. February 22, 1943 Taras Bulba-Borovets began negotiations with the leaders of OUN (B) to unite all nationalist movements of the Ukraine. The UPA was to become the military organization of the united forces, and representatives of the OUN (B) were to enter the common general staff. Borovets rejected the claims of the banderites to full domination and put forward a series of charges against them. In May, the banderites interrupted the negotiations without explanation, but began to call their armed detachments \"UPA\". On Jule 20, 1943, the UPA of Borovets changed", "title": "Taras Bulba-Borovets" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "1994 in Hawaii, but broke up later when Eun returned to South Korea to start Sechs Kies. Eun and Lee Sooyeon were reunited 13 years later, and engaged in a steady relationship. Eun's fiancée was sister-in-law by marriage to soccer player Lee Dong-Gook. On April 7 Eun left for Hawaii to prepare for the wedding ceremony, scheduled for April 20. Although filming for \"1 Night 2 Days\" was postponed due to the ROKS \"Cheonan\" sinking, Eun and his parents returned to South Korea on April 22 and he was interviewed on SBS's \"One Night’s TV Entertainment\"; he said it was", "title": "Eun Ji-won" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "other Paiute groups the Shivwits retained ownership of their lands after termination and leased them to ranchers, instead of selling them outright. The Shivwits regained federal recognition through an act signed by President Jimmy Carter on 3 April 1980. The reservation is larger than it was originally, covering over . In 2003 the Shivwits received water rights for annually, enabling the tribe to create new economic development projects. The tribe is headquartered in Ivins, located in Washington County, Utah. Their Band Chairperson is Jetta Wood. Shivwits Band of Paiutes The Shivwits Band of Paiutes is a band of the Paiute", "title": "Shivwits Band of Paiutes" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the Master Institute of United Arts, Inc. with Horch as its president. At this time, Horch arranged for the Institute to give a five-year mortgage for $1,674,800 to the entity that managed the building (now organized as the Riverside Drive & 103d Street Corporation) at five and one-half percent interest. Horch, who had remained a devoted follower of the Roeriches since his acceptance of their spiritual quest as his own in 1923, started to fall out with them, for unclear reasons. The Roeriches maintained that Horch's motives were base: through guile and deception, they said, he had taken control of", "title": "Master Apartments" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Wales as part of the First Fleet and was proceeding to the north west coast of America refer to trade furs and thence to Macao. A castaway depot was established on Macauley Island in 1889, which was regularly serviced until 1918. The island is a breeding site for large numbers of black-winged and white-necked petrels. Other seabirds recorded as breeding there include grey noddies, sooty terns, masked boobies, red-tailed tropicbirds, wedge-tailed shearwaters, Kermadec little shearwaters, Kermadec petrels and Kermadec storm-petrels. The island also holds a population of the Kermadec red-crowned parakeet. Former populations of goats and kiore have been eradicated.", "title": "Macauley Island" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the threats posed to them, and these efforts have led to the signing of the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels, a legally binding international treaty signed in 2001. The Procellariiformes have a cosmopolitan distribution across the world's oceans and seas, although at the levels of family and genus there are some clear patterns. Antarctic petrels, \"Thalassoica antarctica\", have to fly over to get to the ocean from their breeding colonies in Antarctica, and northern fulmars breed on the northeastern tip of Greenland, the furthest north piece of land. The most cosmopolitan family is the Procellariidae, which are", "title": "Procellariiformes" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to . All Procellariiformes are colonial, predominantly breeding on offshore or oceanic islands. The few species that nest on continents do so in inhospitable environments such as dry deserts or on Antarctica. These colonies can vary from the widely spaced colonies of the giant petrels to the dense 3.6 million-strong colonies of Leach's storm petrels. For almost all species the need to breed is the only reason that Procellariiformes return to land at all. Some of the larger petrels have to nest on windswept locations as they require wind to take off and forage for food. Within the colonies, pairs", "title": "Procellariiformes" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "principal threats to storm petrels are introduced species, particularly mammals, in their breeding colonies; many storm petrels habitually nest on isolated mammal-free islands and are unable to cope with predators like rats and feral cats. Two subfamilies of storm petrel were traditionally recognized. The Oceanitinae, or austral storm-petrels, were mostly found in southern waters (though the Wilson's storm petrel regularly migrates into the northern hemisphere); there were seven species in five genera. The Hydrobatinae, or northern storm petrels, were the two genera \"Hydrobates\" and \"Oceanodroma\". They were largely restricted to the northern hemisphere, although a few could visit or breed", "title": "Austral storm petrel" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "been designated an Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA 114), mainly for use as a relatively pristine reference site for use in comparative studies with more heavily impacted sites. It extends northwards from Brisbane Heights and Wave Peak in the central mountains to the coast between Conception Point in the west to Foul Point in the east. Most of the land in the site is covered by glacial ice, with small areas of ice-free terrain along the coast. Birds known to breed within the site include chinstrap penguins, Cape petrels and snow petrels. Many geographic features on and around Coronation Island", "title": "Coronation Island" } ]

[ "the white-necked petrel, Kermadec petrel" ]

[ "The Norfolk Island Group Nepean Island is also home to breeding seabirds. The providence petrel was hunted to local extinction by the beginning of the 19th century, but has shown signs of returning to breed on Phillip Island. Other seabirds breeding there include the white-necked petrel, Kermadec petrel, wedge-tailed shearwater, Australasian gannet, red-tailed tropicbird and grey ternlet. The sooty tern (known locally as the whale bird) has traditionally been subject to seasonal egg harvesting by Norfolk Islanders." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Justice Secretary Jack Straw" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "loyalties to support fellow Masons, should be transparent to the public. The policy of requiring a declaration of masonic membership by applicants for judicial office (judges and magistrates) was ended in 2009 by Justice Secretary Jack Straw (who had initiated the requirement in the 1990s). Straw stated that the rule was considered disproportionate, since no impropriety or malpractice had been shown as a result of judges being Freemasons. Freemasonry is both successful and controversial in France. As of the early 21st century, membership is rising, but reporting in the popular media is often negative. In some countries anti-Masonry is often", "title": "Freemasonry" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "loyalties to support fellow Masons, should be transparent to the public. The policy of requiring a declaration of masonic membership by applicants for judicial office (judges and magistrates) was ended in 2009 by Justice Secretary Jack Straw (who had initiated the requirement in the 1990s). Straw stated that the rule was considered disproportionate, since no impropriety or malpractice had been shown as a result of judges being Freemasons. Freemasonry is both successful and controversial in France. As of the early 21st century, membership is rising, but reporting in the popular media is often negative. In some countries anti-Masonry is often", "title": "Freemasonry" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "would not pose a problem. Usually this detailed information is not easy to obtain and difficult for users to calculate. The standard requires generation of sufficient preamble bits to make sure a frame can be received when operated within specification limits (i.e. applying the 5-4-3 rule). In a lab at DEC they knew how many bits their repeaters would lose and knowing this were able to create an 11 segment, 10 repeater, 3 active segment (11-10-3) network that maintained a round trip delay of less than 51.2 µs and a sufficient number of preamble bits that all end nodes functioned", "title": "5-4-3 rule" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "We've Got the World \"We've Got the World\" was the Irish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2003, performed in English by Mickey Harte. The song is a moderately up-tempo number, with Harte singing to his lover. He tells her that \"We've got the world tonight/Let's hold on together\", and explains that she is the reason that his world turns on its axis. For his performance in the E.S.C., Mickey wore a black suit, and played a green guitar. He was joined on stage by three female backing singers. The song peaked at #1 in the Irish Charts. The song", "title": "We've Got the World" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "rough and steep in many places. Later, after 1869, it was mostly used by ranchers moving their stock to and from summer grazing or markets. For maps of the Lander road in Wyoming and Idaho see NPS National Trail Map For more information visit Afton, Wyoming to see its Lander and Pioneer Museum. By crossing the lush Wyoming and Salt River Ranges instead of circling via the deserts to the south, the route provided ample wood, grass and water for the travelers, and cut nearly 7 days off the total travel time for wagon trains going to Fort Hall. Despite", "title": "California Trail" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and a Half Men\" premiered in 2003. Jenna Elfman and Thomas Gibson reprised their roles as Dharma and Greg Montgomery for the first time in nearly a decade. Elfman previously played a different character on \"Two and a Half Men\". However, Elfman and Gibson were only credited as an unnamed couple. The couple's chemistry is noticeably darker than in \"Dharma & Greg\", with Gibson's character making sarcastic mentions of divorce and suicide. Elfman and Gibson's co-star, Joel Murray, guest starred as a mail delivery guy in the episode. This is the first episode on the show to feature full nudity", "title": "Nice to Meet You, Walden Schmidt" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "about them in \"The Sunday Times\", and thought their aesthetic matched that of the band. Crause recalled that, \"at first, [Fuel] used to call us in and have a chat about some ideas they'd had, but after a couple of releases we were so headfucked by their covers that we just let them do exactly what they wanted. I have always thought we had some of the best record sleeves of the 90s. In that period, Fuel are about the only people I'm aware of who equaled those extraordinary Factory and 4AD sleeves from the 70s and 80s.\" Fuel desired", "title": "D. I. Go Pop" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and Apax Partners were considering bidding for the company. On 17 June talks with UBM ended because of the rapid rise in Informa's stock price after the public disclosure of the potential merger. On 26 June a private equity consortium consisting of Providence Equity Partners, the Carlyle Group and Hellman & Friedman proposed a takeover bid offering 506 pence per share. On 1 May 2009 the company announced that it would be restructure its business so it was incorporated in Jersey but tax resident in Switzerland. On 10 July 2013 the company announced that Peter Rigby would retire at the", "title": "Informa" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Philippe A. Autexier Philippe Alexandre Autexier (1954–1998) was a French music historian, musicologist, journalist and Masonic researcher, whose research on Mozart and other Masonic composers is particularly significant. Autexier was passionate about music, his research led him to become a musicologist and music historian, a speaker who expressed in French, English, German and Italian. He has taught at several conservatories and universities in France, Italy, Germany, United Kingdom and the United States. He has written music reviews for various specialised journals, and a number of books on Mozart, Liszt, Bartók and other Freemason musicians. He was director of the “”", "title": "Philippe A. Autexier" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "\"\" (released on Xbox Live Arcade in 2009), but is said to be an 'extended edition of the console versions of late.' Team17 released few details or media content concerning the title before release, and a press release is not available. A select group of the public were allowed into a European and Worldwide Beta, however both were under a non-disclosure agreement (NDA). On June 21, 2010, the official Team17 Twitter revealed that the beta testing phase had ended. The developers stated that the game would be released as a digital download only at a \"very attractive\" price. The game", "title": "Worms Reloaded" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Rockhampton Masonic Hall Rockhampton Masonic Hall is a heritage-listed masonic hall at 112-114 Kent Street, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Eaton & Bates and built from 1900 to 1901 by Bradshaw & Ricketts. It is also known as Masonic Lodge and Masonic Temple. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 June 2000. Freemasonry was first established in Queensland in 1859 when dispensation was granted by the Provisional Grand Lodge of New South Wales (English Constitution, hereafter abbreviated as E.C.), authorising what was then the most northerly lodge in Australia, the \"North Australian Lodge\"", "title": "Rockhampton Masonic Hall" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "The covenant of the Palestinian Islamist movement Hamas claims that Freemasonry is a \"secret society\" founded as part of a Zionist plot to control the world. The earliest document accusing Freemasonry of being involved in a conspiracy was \"Enthüllungen des Systems der Weltbürger-Politik\" (“Disclosure of the System of Cosmopolitan Politics”), published in 1786. The book claimed that there was a conspiracy of Freemasons, Illuminati and Jesuits who were plotting world revolution. During the 19th Century, this theory was repeated by many Christian counter-revolutionaries, who saw Freemasons as being behind every attack on the existing social system. Many Islamic anti-Masonic arguments", "title": "Anti-Masonry" } ]

[ "Justice Secretary Jack Straw" ]

[ "Even in modern democracies, Freemasonry is sometimes viewed with distrust. In the UK, Masons working in the justice system, such as judges and police officers, were from 1999 to 2009 required to disclose their membership. While a parliamentary inquiry found that there has been no evidence of wrongdoing, it was felt that any potential loyalties Masons might have, based on their vows to support fellow Masons, should be transparent to the public. The policy of requiring a declaration of masonic membership of applicants for judicial office (judges and magistrates) was ended in 2009 by Justice Secretary Jack Straw (who had initiated the requirement in the 1990s). Straw stated that the rule was considered disproportionate, since no impropriety or malpractice had been shown as a result of judges being Freemasons." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Worldwide, more chickens are kept than any other type of poultry" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the nest at 26 to 30 days weighing about . By this time, the adult pigeons will have laid and be incubating another pair of eggs and a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months. Worldwide, more chickens are kept than any other type of poultry, with over 50 billion birds being raised each year as a source of meat and eggs. Traditionally, such birds would have been kept extensively in small flocks, foraging during the day and housed at night. This is still the case in developing countries, where the", "title": "Poultry" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Mark Schwarzer Mark Schwarzer (; born 6 October 1972) is an Australian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He represented Australia at international level from 1993 to 2013, and was selected for both the 2006 and 2010 FIFA World Cups. Having progressed through the youth ranks of Colo Cougars, Penrith, Blacktown Association and Marconi Stallions, Schwarzer turned professional for National Soccer League side Marconi Stallions in 1990. After making 58 appearances for the club, he moved to German Bundesliga side Dynamo Dresden in 1994, appearing twice, and then to Bundesliga side 1. FC Kaiserslautern in 1995, appearing four", "title": "Mark Schwarzer" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and in July 2013 will be competing in the U23 World Championships in Liptovsky, Slovakia. Craig Brown (canoeist) Craig Brown (born 12 May 1971 in Kitwe, Zambia) is a British slalom canoeist who competed from the mid-1990s to the early 2000s. He finished 12th in the C-2 event at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. He now lives near Nottingham with his wife and two children. Canoe slalom runs in Craig Brown's family. His father is SCA development coach John Brown who has coached other Olympic athletes including silver medallist Campbell Walsh (Athens 2004). Additionally, his younger brother Michael Brown,", "title": "Craig Brown (canoeist)" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "World Cup and the 2004 Copa América. Since both competitions award their winners a place in the Confederations Cup, the runners-up in the Copa América 2004 were called to play. Originally, Kaiserslautern's Fritz-Walter-Stadion was also intended as a venue. However, on 27 May 2004, city authorities withdrew from the bidding process, citing added costs to complete the stadium on time as the reason for the withdrawal. All five venues were reused for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. The official match ball for the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup was the Adidas Pelias 2. Adriano received the Golden Shoe award for scoring", "title": "2005 FIFA Confederations Cup" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "he organized the first \"Esposizione dell’Arte Toscana\". From 1907 to 1908, he decorated the Ballroom of the Palazzo del Governo in Ascoli Piceno, without compensation, to say thanks for the scholarship that had enabled him to come to Rome. At this time, he also designed bookplates for several famous personalities, such as Eleanora Duse. In 1909, he was appointed Knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy. Two years later, he began one of his largest projects, decorating the Palazzo del Podestà in Bologna. He would work on it intermittently until his death. In 1915, he was appointed to", "title": "Adolfo de Carolis" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "cyclopentadienyl ligand restores the η-cyclopentadienyl. The so-called indenyl effect also describes changes in hapticity in a substitution reaction. Hapticity must be distinguished from denticity. Polydentate ligands coordinate via multiple coordination sites within the ligand. In this case the coordinating atoms are identified using the κ-notation, as for example seen in coordination of 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (PhPCHCHPPh), to NiCl as dichloro[ethane-1,2-diylbis(diphenylphosphane)-κP]nickel(II). If the coordinating atoms are contiguous (connected to each other), the η-notation is used, as e.g. in titanocene dichloride: dichlorobis(η-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl)titanium. Molecules with polyhapto ligands are often fluxional, also known as stereochemically non-rigid. Two classes of fluxionality are prevalent for organometallic complexes of", "title": "Hapticity" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "wines must come from a defined area of less than 5 hectares. An \"Estate Wine\" can come from adjacent farms if they are farmed together and wine is produced on site. A ward is an area with a distinctive soil type or climate and is roughly equivalent to a European appellation. The roots of the South African wine industry can be traced to the explorations of the Dutch East India Company, which established a supply station in what is now Cape Town. A Dutch surgeon, Jan van Riebeeck, was assigned the task of managing the station and planting vineyards to", "title": "South African wine" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "variations. The final (post doping) surface shades also vary according to the depth of base color, as well as any special treatments and the type and amount of salts used. This last variable caused significant variation to occur, even between batches of what should have been essentially the same color or color-way. This happened most frequently in early production but to such an extent that collectors now differentiate between these items, describing the degree of iridescence showing. The most popular color for carnival glass is now known by collectors as 'marigold' although that name was not in use at the", "title": "Carnival glass" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Fur farming Fur farming is the practice of breeding or raising certain types of animals for their fur. Fur used from animals caught in the wild is not considered farmed fur, and is instead known as \"wild fur\". Most of the world’s farmed fur is produced by European farmers. There are 5,000 fur farms in the EU, all located across 22 countries; these areas of production collectively account for 50% of the global production of farmed fur. The EU accounts for 63% of global mink production and 70% of fox production. Denmark is the leading mink-producing country, accounting for approximately", "title": "Fur farming" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Culture\" series that focuses on exploring what contemporary Jewish music is and what it offers to contemporary Jewish culture. Periodically Jewish music jumps into mainstream consciousness, Matisyahu (musician) being the most recent example. One type of music, based on Shlomo Carlebach's, is very popular among Orthodox artists and their listeners. This type of music usually consists of the same formulaic mix. This mix is usually brass, horns and strings. These songs are composed from within one pool of composers and one pool of arrangers. Many of the entertainers are former yeshiva students, and perform dressed in a dress suit. Many", "title": "History of religious Jewish music" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "John Chipman Kerr John Chipman Kerr VC (January 11, 1887 – February 19, 1963), was a Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. In 1912, after working as a lumberjack near Kootenay, British Columbia he bought a homestead in Spirit River, Alberta, where he and his brother farmed until war broke out. Immediately they set out for Edmonton, leaving only a single note tacked to the door of their humble shed. It read: \"War is Hell, but what", "title": "John Chipman Kerr" } ]

[ "Worldwide, more chickens are kept than any other type of poultry" ]

[ "Worldwide, more chickens are kept than any other type of poultry, with over 50 billion birds being raised each year as a source of meat and eggs. Traditionally, such birds would have been kept extensively in small flocks, foraging during the day and housed at night. This is still the case in developing countries, where the women often make important contributions to family livelihoods through keeping poultry. However, rising world populations and urbanization have led to the bulk of production being in larger, more intensive specialist units. These are often situated close to where the feed is grown or near to where the meat is needed, and result in cheap, safe food being made available for urban communities. Profitability of production depends very much on the price of feed, which has been rising. High feed costs could limit further development of poultry production." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "physically separate the two copies of the genome" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "T4 DNA elongation in phage-infected \"E. coli\" and found to be impressively rapid. During the period of exponential DNA increase at 37 °C, the rate of elongation was 749 nucleotides per second. After DNA replication is complete, the cell must physically separate the two copies of the genome and divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells. In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) this usually occurs via a relatively simple process called binary fission, in which each circular genome attaches to the cell membrane and is separated into the daughter cells as the membrane invaginates to split the cytoplasm into two membrane-bound portions.", "title": "Gene" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "flowers according to traditional flower art practices. In addition, the bird and butterfly imagery that is frequently included in crowned nun portraits may symbolize indigenous beliefs regarding the soul and the afterlife. Indochristian art Indochristian art, or arte indocristiano, is a type of Latin American art that combines European colonial influences with Indigenous artistic styles and traditions. During the Spanish colonization of the Americas, Franciscan, Dominican, and Augustinian monks extensively converted indigenous peoples to Christianity, introducing them to European arts and aesthetics. The arts of this period reflect a fusion of European and indigenous religious beliefs, aesthetics, and artistic traditions.", "title": "Indochristian art" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to MPS Media which closed April 1, 2008. Shortly thereafter, New Age Media (owner of WDSI) began operation of the station through an LMA. On May 23, 2011, WFLI signed-on a new second digital subchannel of its own to offer MeTV. Sinclair Broadcast Group purchased the non-license assets of WFLI-TV and WDSI-TV from New Age Media for $1.25 million in September 2015 and began operating them under a master services agreement. The station's digital channel is multiplexed: WFLI-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 53, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in", "title": "WFLI-TV" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Stratford Martyrs The Stratford Martyrs were eleven men and two women who were burned at the stake together for their Protestant beliefs, either at Stratford-le-Bow, Middlesex or Stratford, Essex, both near London, on 27 June 1556 during the Marian persecutions. A detailed description of the event is in John Foxe's book, \"The Acts and Monuments\". Foxe lists those executed: Henry Adlington, a sawyer of Grinstead, Laurence Pernam, a smith of Hoddesdon, Henry Wye, a brewer of Stanford-le-Hope, William Halliwel, a smith of Waltham Holy Cross, Thomas Bowyer, a weaver of Great Dunmow, George Searles, a tailor of White Notley, Edmund", "title": "Stratford Martyrs" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Bombardier cars were refurbished as bike cars and entered service in March 2016. All Bombardier consists are now six-car sets with three bike cars and three passenger cars. The third bike car is just south of the existing southern bike car. The third bike car is being placed next to the other bike car to help conductors to manage bike capacity. Official bike capacity for six-car Bombardier consists is 72 (24 bikes × 3 cars), comparable to the 80-bike capacity of five-car gallery consists (40 bikes × 2 cars). Caltrain Caltrain (reporting mark JPBX) is a California commuter rail line", "title": "Caltrain" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Trocadero Transfer The Trocadero Transfer was an after hours dance club in San Francisco from its opening in December 1977 to the late 1990s. It was located at 520 4th Street at Bryant in the SoMa neighborhood. In 2000, the club was bought by a new owner, remodeled, and renamed to the Glas Kat. In late 2011, the club was again remodeled, and the name was changed to \"The Grand\". The Trocadero Transfer was founded by Dick Collier. The club stayed open on Saturday nights until 6 a.m. The entire Golden Gate Business Association (San Francisco's Gay business association) had", "title": "Trocadero Transfer" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "expressed. Transition into the S-phase indicates replication has begun. In order to preserve genetic information during cell division, DNA replication must be completed with high fidelity. In order to achieve this task, eukaryotic cells have proteins in place during certain points in the replication process that are able to detect any errors during DNA replication and are able to preserve genomic integrity. These checkpoint proteins are able to stop the cell cycle from entering mitosis in order to allow time for DNA repair. Checkpoint proteins are also involved in some DNA repair pathways, while they stabilize the structure of the", "title": "Eukaryotic DNA replication" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "cell. Unlike B-cell entry, epithelial-cell entry is actually impeded by viral glycoprotein gp42. Once EBV enters the cell, the viral capsid dissolves and the viral genome is transported to the cell nucleus. The lytic cycle, or productive infection, results in the production of infectious virions. EBV can undergo lytic replication in both B cells and epithelial cells. In B cells, lytic replication normally only takes place after reactivation from latency. In epithelial cells, lytic replication often directly follows viral entry. For lytic replication to occur, the viral genome must be linear. The latent EBV genome is circular, so it must", "title": "Epstein–Barr virus" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "formed DNA and thereafter the ligating activity ligates that breaked DNA strand and so the two DNA gets formed. Prokaryotic DNA replication Prokaryotic DNA replication is the process by which a prokaryote duplicates its DNA into another copy that is passed on to daughter cells. Although it is often studied in the model organism \"E. coli\", other bacteria show many similarities. Replication is bi-directional and originates at a single origin of replication (OriC). It consists of three steps: Initiation, elongation, and termination. All cells must finish DNA replication before they can proceed for cell division. Media conditions that support fast", "title": "Prokaryotic DNA replication" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of their host cell for their own preferential replication. This means that many parvoviruses require host cells to enter S-phase before viral DNA replication can initiate, but they do not encode any gene products that can drive this transition. Parvoviruses overcome this problem in various ways: viruses in many genera simply wait within the cell for it to enter S-phase under its own cell cycle control, which means that they can only infect actively-dividing cell populations. In contrast, the so-called adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) from genus \"Dependoparvovirus\" must wait until the cell is co-infected by a helper DNA virus, commonly an", "title": "Parvovirus" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "features of the three types of cell reproduction that either involve binary fission, mitosis, or meiosis. The diagram below depicts the similarities and differences of these three types of cell reproduction. The DNA content of a cell is duplicated at the start of the cell reproduction process. Prior to DNA replication, the DNA content of a cell can be represented as the amount Z (the cell has Z chromosomes). After the DNA replication process, the amount of DNA in the cell is 2Z (multiplication: 2 x Z = 2Z). During Binary fission and mitosis the duplicated DNA content of the", "title": "Cell growth" } ]

[ "physically separate the two copies of the genome" ]

[ "After DNA replication is complete, the cell must physically separate the two copies of the genome and divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells.:18.2 In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) this usually occurs via a relatively simple process called binary fission, in which each circular genome attaches to the cell membrane and is separated into the daughter cells as the membrane invaginates to split the cytoplasm into two membrane-bound portions. Binary fission is extremely fast compared to the rates of cell division in eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cell division is a more complex process known as the cell cycle; DNA replication occurs during a phase of this cycle known as S phase, whereas the process of segregating chromosomes and splitting the cytoplasm occurs during M phase.:18.1" ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "proper technique must be used by the gymnast" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "This is a critical skill in terms of execution in competition scores, general performance, and injury occurrence. Without the necessary magnitude of energy dissipation during impact, the risk of sustaining injuries during somersaulting increases. These injuries commonly occur at the lower extremities such as cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures. To avoid such injuries, and to receive a high-performance score, proper technique must be used by the gymnast. \"The subsequent ground contact or impact landing phase must be achieved using a safe, aesthetic and well-executed double foot landing.\" A successful landing in gymnastics is classified as soft, meaning the", "title": "Gymnastics" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Under 40\" award winners. This award honors the top 40 best and brightest young executives in the sports industry under the age of 40. Most Recently, the Steelbergs have been honored in 10th annual Excellence in Entrepreneurship Awards by the Orange County Business Journal. This award recognizes individuals who exemplify the American entrepreneurial spirit – individuals who, by their creativity and determination, have established and nurtured successful business ventures. Fortune Magazine has also recognized Steelberg as an innovator in the advertising and digital space. Steelberg is married with three children, and they continue to reside in Orange County, California. Kafka,", "title": "Ryan Steelberg" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "that proves to be impossible. The work is scored for solo soprano and keyboard (with scattered figured bass markings). The cantata contains two recitative-aria pairings. A typical performance of the work takes about eight minutes. The work consists of four movements: Allor ch'io dissi addio Allor ch'io dissi addio (HWV 80) is a dramatic secular cantata (a vocal composition with an instrumental accompaniment) for soprano written by Georg Frideric Handel in 1707–08. Other catalogues of Handel's music have referred to the work as HG l,8 (there is no HHA designation of the work). The title of the cantata translates as", "title": "Allor ch'io dissi addio" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "expansion of public transport essential in order to realize the ideal of a garden city. However, in his opinion the city was and would always be too small for an underground railway. Architect Armin Meili and geographer Hans Carol held similar views, but due to the imminent post-war economic boom (Golden Age of Capitalism) and mass motorization, their voices remained almost unheard. In 1946, Kurt Wiesinger, professor of engineering at the ETH Zürich, put forward plans for a highspeed train that would have covered the distance between Zürich main station and Oerlikon in two minutes. Architect Wolfgang Nägeli presented a", "title": "Zürich Underground Railway" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Mowbray Park and East Brisbane War Memorial Mowbray Park and East Brisbane War Memorial are a heritage-listed park and monument within the park on Lytton Road, East Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1904 to 1974. It is also known as East Brisbane War Memorial and Riversdale. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992. In 1903–04, the South Brisbane City Council acquired the riverfront property known as Mowbray's Paddock, alienated by Rev. Thomas Mowbray in the 1850s, for public park purposes. The new reserve was named officially as Mowbray Park in September 1904. Rev.", "title": "Mowbray Park and East Brisbane War Memorial" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "duress\". Hong Kong's chief executive said that he was unable to act as \"the Gui Minhai case has not been reported to the Hong Kong police or the government\". The Swedish foreign ministry said an envoy had visited Gui in February, but Swedish diplomats had not been given access to him since. On October 2017, he was formally released and ended up living in the eastern city of Ningbo, under heavy police presence and surveillance. In January 2018, Gui was travelling to Beijing for a medical exam at the Swedish embassy, accompanying him was two Swedish diplomats from the Swedish", "title": "Causeway Bay Books disappearances" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the time. Furthermore, \"How Do You Like Me Now?!\" was declared the number-one country song of 2000 according to \"Billboard\". The third and fourth singles from this album, respectively, were \"Country Comes to Town\" (#4 on Hot Country Songs) and \"You Shouldn't Kiss Me Like This\", which spent three non-contiguous weeks at number one on the country chart as well. Overall, the album was certified platinum in the U.S. for sales of one million copies. The album was produced by James Stroud, then the head of DreamWorks Records. How Do You Like Me Now?! How Do You Like Me Now?!", "title": "How Do You Like Me Now?!" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "an Arab and, in order to avoid exposure, killed him. Burton denied this, pointing out that killing the boy would almost certainly have led to his being discovered as an impostor. Burton became so tired of denying this accusation that he took to baiting his accusers, although he was said to enjoy the notoriety and even once laughingly claimed to have done it. A doctor once asked him: \"How do you feel when you have killed a man?\", Burton retorted: \"Quite jolly, what about you?\". When asked by a priest about the same incident Burton is said to have replied:", "title": "Richard Francis Burton" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "… not a terrible vicious horrible vendetta … I used my resentment and withdrawing from Paul and The Beatles, and the relationship with Paul, to write 'How Do You Sleep'. I don't really go 'round with those thoughts in my head all the time\". The Magnificent Bastards, a side project of Stone Temple Pilots lead singer Scott Weiland, recorded a cover version in 1995 for the tribute album \"\". Replicants, featuring members of Failure and Tool, covered the song on their self-titled debut. How Do You Sleep? (John Lennon song) \"How Do You Sleep?\" is a song by English rock", "title": "How Do You Sleep? (John Lennon song)" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "How Do You Do (Mouth & MacNeal song) \"How Do You Do\" released in 1971 was an international hit single for Dutch duo Mouth & MacNeal. It was #1 in the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Switzerland, and New Zealand. It also spent 19 weeks in the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 a year later, and a cover version by Scots-German duo Die Windows (later Windows) reached #1 in Germany. The single earned Mouth & MacNeal, and its composers Hans van Hemert and Harry van Hoof, the 1972 Buma Export Award for the most records sold abroad by a Dutch musical act in that", "title": "How Do You Do (Mouth & MacNeal song)" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "that an offender must pay compensation to you. If you are injured as a result of a crime, you can seek to claim compensation under the Scheme of Compensation for Personal Injuries Criminally Inflicted. This would be funded through the Department of Justice and Equality and administered by the Criminal Injuries Compensation Tribunal. To seek compensation for an injury inflicted in another EU state you need to contact the compensation tribunal to gain information around how to claim compensation from the member state in question. There is no time limit to making a claim if the injury inflicted resulted in", "title": "Victimology" } ]

[ "proper technique must be used by the gymnast" ]

[ "In a tumbling pass, dismount or vault, landing is the final phase, following take off and flight This is a critical skill in terms of execution in competition scores, general performance, and injury occurrence. Without the necessary magnitude of energy dissipation during impact, the risk of sustaining injuries during somersaulting increases. These injuries commonly occur at the lower extremities such as: cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures. To avoid such injuries, and to receive a high performance score, proper technique must be used by the gymnast. \"The subsequent ground contact or impact landing phase must be achieved using a safe, aesthetic and well-executed double foot landing.\" A successful landing in gymnastics is classified as soft, meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "heat left over from Neptune's formation" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "sufficient to drive the fastest planetary winds seen in the Solar System. Depending on the thermal properties of its interior, the heat left over from Neptune's formation may be sufficient to explain its current heat flow, though it is more difficult to simultaneously explain Uranus's lack of internal heat while preserving the apparent similarity between the two planets. The average distance between Neptune and the Sun is (about 30.1 astronomical units (AU)), and it completes an orbit on average every 164.79 years, subject to a variability of around ±0.1 years. The perihelion distance is 29.81 AU; the aphelion distance is", "title": "Neptune" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "sufficient to drive the fastest planetary winds seen in the Solar System. Depending on the thermal properties of its interior, the heat left over from Neptune's formation may be sufficient to explain its current heat flow, though it is more difficult to simultaneously explain Uranus's lack of internal heat while preserving the apparent similarity between the two planets. The average distance between Neptune and the Sun is (about 30.1 astronomical units (AU)), and it completes an orbit on average every 164.79 years, subject to a variability of around ±0.1 years. The perihelion distance is 29.81 AU; the aphelion distance is", "title": "Neptune" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Taser in 1969. 1969 Charge coupled device A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a device for the movement of electrical charge, usually from within the device to an area where the charge can be manipulated. This is achieved by \"shifting\" the signals between stages within the device one at a time. CCDs move charge between capacitive bins in the device, with the shift allowing for the transfer of charge between bins. Often the device is integrated with an image sensor, such as a photoelectric device to produce the charge that is being read, thus making the CCD a major technology for", "title": "Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91)" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "faience, but it disappeared in the 1689 Great Fire. However, some tiles are still visible on the adjoining türbe. Other Turkish public monuments include the 16th-century clock tower, a bedesten, three caravanserais, two Turkish baths and the Stone Bridge, first mentioned in 1469. The oldest churches in the city centre, the Ascension and St Dimitri churches, were built in the 18th century, after the 1689 Great Fire. They were both renovated in the 19th century. The Church of the Ascension is particularly small it is half-buried in order not to overlook neighbouring mosques. In the 19th century, several new churches", "title": "Skopje" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "The Wiedmann Bible The Wiedmann Bible depicts the complete Old and New Testament in images. The original includes 19 Leporello (concertina fold) books which contain 3,333 hand-painted images, and has a total length of 1.17 km (0.73 miles). Created by the Stuttgart artist Willy Wiedmann over a period of 16 years (1984–2000). Wiedmann painted the Bible based on his Polycon Painting Style which he invented in the 1960s. The idea of translating Bible verses into images was initiated in 1984, when Willy Wiedmann was assigned to redecorate the interior of the Pauluskirche in Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen/Germany. He always wanted to simplify and", "title": "The Wiedmann Bible" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "which had several copper and iron ore mines in the area during the late 1800s. During the early 1900s, miners settled near the mine shaft and leased the land from the mining company. However, in 1918, in order to retain workers, the company initiated a program that rented pre-fabricated homes to miners. The Montreal Company Location Historic District, which includes several of these company town houses, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 as a national example of industrial community planning. The ore deposits left from Montreal's mining days can still be seen from Wisconsin Highway", "title": "Montreal, Wisconsin" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "put it together and edited it into what I wanted it to be.\"\" The album features a contribution by Organum's principal member David Jackman. During the mid-1980s, Stapleton and Jackman worked together a number of times, with Nurse With Wound and Organum splitting an LP on United Dairies and Stapleton appearing on some Organum recordings including \"Submission\", \"Vacant Lights\" and \"Crux\". The album was issued on LP by Torso in 1986 and on cassette by United Dairies (Stapleton's own label) in 1987. A CD release came through United Dairies in 1997 which came with new artwork and added two additional", "title": "Spiral Insana" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "occur. Heat-release fluctuations produced by hydrodynamic instabilities happen, for example, in bluff-body-stabilized combustors when vortices interact with the flame (see previous figure) . Lastly, heat-release fluctuations due to static instabilities are related to the mechanisms explained in the next section. Static instability or flame blow-off refer to phenomena involving the interaction between the chemical composition of the fuel-oxidizer mixture and the flow environment of the flame . To explain these phenomena, consider a flame that is stabilized with swirl, as in a gas-turbine combustor, or with a bluff-body. Moreover, say that the chemical composition and flow conditions are such that", "title": "Combustion instability" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Induction forging Induction forging refers to the use of an induction heater to pre-heat metals prior to deformation using a press or hammer. Typically metals are heated to between to increase their malleability and aid flow in the forging die. Induction heating is a non-contact process which uses the principle of electromagnetic induction to produce heat in a workpiece. By placing a conductive material into a strong alternating magnetic field, electric current is made to flow in the material, thereby causing Joule heating. In magnetic materials, further heat is generated below the Curie point due to hysteresis losses. The generated", "title": "Induction forging" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the pot results in resistive heating. For nearly all models of induction cooktops, a cooking vessel must be made of, or contain, a ferrous metal such as cast iron or some stainless steels. The iron in the pot concentrates the current to produce heat in the metal. If the metal is too thin, or does not provide enough resistance to current flow, heating will not be effective. Most induction tops will not heat copper or aluminum vessels because the magnetic field cannot produce a concentrated current; \"all metal\" induction tops use much higher frequencies to overcome that effect. Any vessel", "title": "Induction cooking" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "ionized flow interacts with the magnetic field, inducing eddy currents in the plasma. The current combines with the magnetic field to give Lorentz forces that oppose the flow and detach the bow shock wave further ahead of the vehicle, lowering the heat flux which is due to the brutal recompression of air behind the stagnation point. Such passive flow control studies are still ongoing, but a large-scale demonstrator has yet to be built. Active flow control by MHD force fields on the contrary involves a direct and imperious action of forces to locally accelerate or slow down the airflow, modifying", "title": "Magnetohydrodynamic drive" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "scientific observations of the planets . However, these laws were then determined to be special cases of a more general theory (relativity), which explained both the (previously unexplained) exceptions to Newton's laws and predicted and explained other observations such as the deflection of light by gravity. Thus, in certain cases independent, unconnected, scientific observations can be connected to each other, unified by principles of increasing explanatory power. Since new theories might be more comprehensive than what preceded them, and thus be able to explain more than previous ones, successor theories might be able to meet a higher standard by explaining", "title": "Scientific method" } ]

[ "heat left over from Neptune's formation" ]

[ "Neptune's more varied weather when compared to Uranus is due in part to its higher internal heating. Although Neptune lies over 50% further from the Sun than Uranus, and receives only 40% its amount of sunlight, the two planets' surface temperatures are roughly equal. The upper regions of Neptune's troposphere reach a low temperature of 51.8 K (−221.3 °C). At a depth where the atmospheric pressure equals 1 bar (100 kPa), the temperature is 72.00 K (−201.15 °C). Deeper inside the layers of gas, the temperature rises steadily. As with Uranus, the source of this heating is unknown, but the discrepancy is larger: Uranus only radiates 1.1 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun; whereas Neptune radiates about 2.61 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun. Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun, yet its internal energy is sufficient to drive the fastest planetary winds seen in the Solar System. Depending on the thermal properties of its interior, the heat left over from Neptune's formation may be sufficient to explain its current heat flow, though it is more difficult to simultaneously explain Uranus's lack of internal heat while preserving the apparent similarity between the two planets." ]

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[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "50,000" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "incandescent bulbs into the 21st century. The inventor, William Woods, along with his colleague at Corning Glass Works, David E. Gray, had created a machine that by 1939 was turning out 1,000 bulbs per minute. The Ribbon Machine works by passing a continuous ribbon of glass along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds. Thus the glass bulbs or envelopes are created. A typical machine of this sort can produce anywhere from 50,000-120,000 bulbs per hour, depending on the size of the bulb. By", "title": "Incandescent light bulb" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "incandescent bulbs into the 21st century. The inventor, William Woods, along with his colleague at Corning Glass Works, David E. Gray, had created a machine that by 1939 was turning out 1,000 bulbs per minute. The Ribbon Machine works by passing a continuous ribbon of glass along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds. Thus the glass bulbs or envelopes are created. A typical machine of this sort can produce anywhere from 50,000-120,000 bulbs per hour, depending on the size of the bulb. By", "title": "Incandescent light bulb" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in several notable actions and made many captures, \"Nymphe\" was wrecked off the coast of Scotland on 18 December 1810. \"La Nymphe\" was built as a 32-gun frigate of the fourth rate (\"Quatrième Rang\") at Brest, designed and constructed by Pierre-Augustin Lamothe. She was laid down in April 1777, launched on 18 August, and commissioned in November. She carried a complement of 290 men, and was armed with twenty-six French 12-pounder guns and six French 6-pounders. The 36-gun frigate \"Flora\" was patrolling off Brest on the afternoon of 10 August 1780 when through the haze she sighted two vessels, a", "title": "HMS Nymphe (1780)" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "commencement exercises for a class consisting of two graduates - Mabel Hovey and Eathel M. Wood. Ms. Hovey later became Holland’s first Mayor and believed “...what Holland had been was nothing compared to what it could be.” When elected mayor, Ms. Hovey was one of only two women mayors ever elected in Ohio. She later went on to teach Holland students for more than 27 years. School Facilities The first school house in Springfield Township was a log cabin on the south side of Angola Road between McCord and Clark Street. Land for more schools was deeded to the Township", "title": "Springfield Local School District (Lucas County)" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "built in 1959 by NASCAR founder William \"Bill\" France, Sr. to host racing that was held at the former Daytona Beach Road Course. His banked design permitted higher speeds and gave fans a better view of the cars. Lights were installed around the track in 1998, and today it is the third-largest single lit outdoor sports facility. The speedway has been renovated three times, with the infield renovated in 2004 and the track repaved in 1978 and 2010. On January 22, 2013, the track unveiled artist depictions of a renovated speedway. On July 5, 2013, ground was broken on the", "title": "Daytona International Speedway" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Hispanics are falling behind in education because they are increasingly raised in single-parent families. A third explanation which has been suggested, by, for example University of California, Berkeley Professor Arthur Jensen, in a controversial paper published in 1969, is that there is an innate difference in intelligence between blacks and whites. Other publications are critical of Jensen's methods and disagree with his conclusions. The idea that the difference in achievement is primarily genetic is controversial, and few members of the academic community accept these findings as fact. Other explanations offered for the racial achievement gap include: social class, institutional racism,", "title": "Education in the United States" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "his speeches during the Woodstock concert. Capitol Records sent out Wally Heider to record the live debut of the Band of Gypsys and Gary Kellgren sent Robinson as the Record Plant's preferred engineer. The first live show was to be performed at the Fillmore East on New Year's Eve 1969 with the Voices of East Harlem as the opening act. The Band of Gypsys' performances were recorded two nights in a row with two shows each night. After the shows, the recordings were sent over to Juggy Sound Studios (owned by producer Juggy Murray) where the album was to be", "title": "Jimmy Robinson (recording engineer)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "form of true bulbs in botanical terms, which is unusual among dicotyledons. In fact, \"Oxalis pes-caprae\" produces small bulbs copiously, whereas most other African species produce fewer, larger bulbs. New world \"Oxalis\", such as \"Oxalis corniculata\", apparently do not generally produce bulbs. Indigenous to South Africa, \"Oxalis pes-caprae\", the \"Bermuda buttercup\", is an invasive species and noxious weed in many other parts of the world, including the United States (particularly coastal California), Europe, Israel and Australia. The plant has a reputation for being very difficult to eliminate once it has spread over an area of land. The weed propagates largely", "title": "Oxalis pes-caprae" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of light if bulbs lasted longer than 1000 hours. They argued the result of wasted electricity. Consumers can purchase long-life incandescent bulbs today that last up to 2,500 hours; but long-life bulbs offer less energy-efficiency and produce less light per watt. The Phoebus cartel divided the world’s lamp markets into three categories: In the late 1920s, a Swedish-Danish-Norwegian union of companies (the North European Luma Co-op Society) planned an independent manufacturing center. Economic and legal threats by Phoebus did not achieve the desired effect, and in 1931 the Scandinavians produced and sold lamps at a considerably lower price than Phoebus.", "title": "Phoebus cartel" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "completely unknown, would have simple genital structures. It has been described as a \"mystery\" as to why they in fact have \"anomalously complex\" ones. Palpal bulb The two palpal bulbs – also known as palpal organs and genital bulbs – are the copulatory organs of a male spider. They are borne on the last segment of the pedipalps (the front \"limbs\" of a spider), giving the spider an appearance often described as like wearing boxing gloves. The palpal bulb does not actually produce sperm, being used only to transfer it to the female. Palpal bulbs are only fully developed in", "title": "Palpal bulb" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "average velocity found from the set of v's mentioned above. Finding averages may involve using weighted averages and possibly using the Harmonic mean. A ratio r=a/b has both a numerator a and a denominator b. a and/or b may be a real number or integer. The inverse of a ratio r is 1/r = b/a. Rates occur in many areas of real life. For example: \"How fast are you driving?\" Miles per hour is a rate. \"What interest does your savings account pay you?\" Interest paid / year is a rate. Consider the case where the numerator formula_1 of a", "title": "Rate (mathematics)" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "The cartridge contained both supply and take-up spools, permitting both easy ribbon changes and the use of several types of ribbon on one machine. The ribbons were wider than had been used previously, giving more typed characters per inch of ribbon. Successive characters were staggered vertically on the ribbon, which incremented less than a full character position each time. Different types of ribbons had different-depth holes in the bottom of the cartridge, which set the mechanism to advance the ribbon by the amount appropriate for the type of ribbon. Three types of ribbons were initially available for the Correcting Selectric", "title": "IBM Selectric typewriter" } ]

[ "50,000" ]

[ "In manufacturing the glass bulb, a type of \"ribbon machine\" is used. A continuous ribbon of glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds. Thus the glass bulbs are created. After the bulbs are blown, and cooled, they are cut off the ribbon machine; a typical machine of this sort produces 50,000 bulbs per hour. The filament and its supports are assembled on a glass stem, which is fused to the bulb. The air is pumped out of the bulb, and the evacuation tube in the stem press is sealed by a flame. The bulb is then inserted into the lamp base, and the whole assembly tested." ]

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