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[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "in the Philippines. In countries where Islam is not the majority or state religion, Islamic schools are found in regions such as southern Thailand (near the Thai-Malaysian border) and the southern Philippines in Mindanao, where a significant Muslim population can be found. In Singapore, madrasahs are private schools which are overseen by Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS, \"Islamic Religious Council of Singapore\"). There are six Madrasahs in Singapore, catering to students from Primary 1 to Secondary 4 (and junior college equivalent, or \"Pre-U\", at several schools). Four Madrasahs are coeducational and two are for girls. Students take a range of", "title": "Madrasa" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to mainstream government schools which ban religious headgear as Singapore is officially a secular state. For students who wish to attend a mainstream school, they may opt to take classes on weekends at the \"madrasah\" instead of enrolling full-time. In 2004, madaris were mainstreamed in 16 Regions nationwide, primarily in Muslim-majority areas in Mindanao under the auspices of the Department of Education (DepEd). The DepEd adopted \"Department Order No. 51\", which instituted Arabic-language and Islamic Values instruction for Muslim children in state schools, and authorised implementation of the Standard Madrasa Curriculum (SMC) in private-run madaris. While there are state-recognised Islamic", "title": "Madrasa" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "supplied physicians, administrative officials, judges and teachers. Even to this day many Registered madaris are Working effectively and coping up with Modern Education System such as Jamia-tul-Madina which is a chain of Islamic schools in Pakistan and in European and other countries established by Dawat-e-Islami. The Jamia-tul-Madina are also known as Faizan-e-Madina. Dawat-e-Islami has grown its network of Madaris from Pakistan to Europe. In Southeast Asia, Muslim students have a choice of attending a secular government or an Islamic school. Madaris or Islamic schools are known as \"Sekolah Agama\" () in Malaysia and Indonesia, โรงเรียนศาสนาอิสลาม () in Thailand and \"madaris\"", "title": "Madrasa" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "opposition as unfaithful Muslims. In October 2005, Tajikistan's Ministry of Education banned female students from wearing Islamic headscarves in secular schools. Wearing the hijab, or head scarf traditionally worn by Muslim women, and other religious symbols \"is unacceptable in secular schools and violates the constitution and a new law on education,\" Education Minister Abdudjabor Rahmonov said. He expressed concern that pupils spent too much time in mosques at the expense of their education. \"Many spend evenings in mosques and do not do their homework,\" Rahmonov said, adding that during the Islamic holy month of Ramadan many did not attend classes", "title": "Islam in Tajikistan" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to attend the LNC secular schools. Albeit not focused on steering the recipients towards secular education in lieu of the mission schools; nevertheless, he encouraged the recipients of his bursaries to attend the LNC secular schools. These bursaries helped attract a plethora of intellectually bright students from poor homes to the secular education which soon led to the North Nyanza LNC government schools academically outperforming the parochial counterpart. Likewise, the North Nyanza LNC had its own scholarship program which he helped champion. The scholarship was mostly focused on higher education opportunities for talented students who could not afford to attend", "title": "Esau Khamati Oriedo" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "College-preparatory school A college-preparatory school (shortened to preparatory school, prep school, or college prep) is a type of secondary school. The term can refer to public, private independent or parochial schools primarily designed to prepare students for higher education. In the United States, there are public, private, and charter college preparatory schools and they can be either parochial or secular. Admission is sometimes based on specific selection criteria, usually academic, but some schools have open enrollment. Fewer than 1% of students enrolled in school in the United States attend an independent, private preparatory school, compared to 9% who attend parochial", "title": "College-preparatory school" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Muslim students. State-appointed committees, not private mosques or religious scholars outside the government, determine the curriculum and accreditation of new schools and colleges. Primary education in Arabic and Islamic studies is available to Kerala Muslims almost entirely in after-school madrasa programs - sharply unlike full-time madaris common in north India, which may replace formal schooling. Arabic colleges (over eleven of which exist within the state-run University of Calicut and the Kannur University) provide B.A. and Masters' level degrees. At all levels, instruction is co-educational, with many women instructors and professors. Islamic education boards are independently run by the following organizations,", "title": "Madrasa" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "resemble colleges, where people take evening classes and reside in dormitories. An important function of the madaris is to admit orphans and poor children in order to provide them with education and training. Madaris may enroll female students; however, they study separately from the men. The term \"Islamic education\" means education in the light of Islam itself, which is rooted in the teachings of the Qur'an - the holy book of the Muslims. Islamic education and Muslim education are not the same. Because Islamic education has epistemological integration which is founded on Tawhid - Oneness or monotheism. The first institute", "title": "Madrasa" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "students who attend charter schools. In general, urban charter schools may appear to be a good alternative to traditional urban schools for urban minority students in poor neighborhoods, if one looks strictly at test scores, but students in suburban charter schools do no better than those in traditional suburban schools serving a mostly middle-class white population. CREDO studies charter schools and has completed two national reports for 2009 and 2013. The report is the first detailed national assessment of charter schools. The reports analyze the impact of charter schools in 26 states and find a steady improvement in charter school", "title": "Charter schools in the United States" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "where there were eight higher madaris for specialised studies and eight lower medreses, which prepared students for these.\" The fact that they were built around, or near mosques reveals the religious impulses behind madrasa building and it reveals the interconnectedness between institutions of learning and religion. The students who completed their education in the lower medreses became known as danismends. This reveals that similar to the education system today, the Ottomans' educational system involved different kinds of schools attached to different kinds of levels. For example, there were lower madaris and specialised ones, and for one to get into the", "title": "Madrasa" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "was eliminated in Ontario; it had previously been required only for students who intended to go on to university. Children are required to attend school until the age of sixteen in most provinces, while students in Ontario and New Brunswick must attend schools until the age of eighteen. Some Canadian provinces offer segregated-by-religious-choice, but nonetheless Crown-funded and Crown-regulated, religiously based education. In Ontario, for example, Roman Catholic schools are known as \"Catholic school\" or \"Separate school\", not \"Public school\", although these are, by definition, no less \"public\" than their secular counterparts. In the PRC, state schools are funded and administered", "title": "State school" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the separation of the African educational system from the undue influence of religious dogma. Esau Oriedo, the philanthropist and a literacy advocate, awarded bursaries to individuals from poor families who could not afford to pay fees to attend school. He encouraged the recipients of his bursaries to attend the LNC secular schools. These bursaries helped attract a plethora of bright students from poor homes to the secular education which soon led to the North Nyanza LNC government schools academically outperforming the parochial counterpart. Likewise, the North Nyanza LNC had its own scholarship program which he helped champion. The scholarship was", "title": "Esau Khamati Oriedo" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to charter school students when the receiving school is within 10 miles of the District's borders. Pennsylvania charter schools have the same academic accountability as traditional public schools and must give the PSSAs to their pupils each year, working to achieve AYP status. Admission Students apply to attend the school. Infinity Charter School employs no screening devices in the enrollment of its students, and it must accept any student, regardless of the student's intellectual ability or mental aptitude․ According to PA Charter School law, if more students apply to attend than there are open slots available, charter schools are required", "title": "Infinity Charter School" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "enrolment. Independent schools, both religious and secular, charge fees, which are subsidised by the Federal and State governments. Although non-tertiary public education is free, 1.9% of students attend a private primary or secondary school. The most numerous private schools are Catholic, and the rest are independent (see Public and Private Education in Australia). Regardless of whether a school is government or independent, they are required to adhere to the same curriculum fireworks. Education in all government schools must be secular and not promote any particular religious practice, denomination or sect. Most school students, be they in a government or independent", "title": "Education in Victoria" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to attend private schools or out-of-district public schools that would otherwise be prohibitively expensive for many families. These programs currently exist in fourteen states: Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Virginia in the United States. Vouchers give students the opportunity to attend a private school of their choosing, secular or religious. This would be paid for by accessing all or part of the public funding set aside for their children’s education. Charter schools are independent public schools which are exempt from many of the state and local regulations which govern", "title": "School choice" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "resources and other issues. According to data compiled in 2014, Chicago's \"choice system\", where students who test or apply and may attend one of a number of public high schools (there are about 130), sorts students of different achievement levels into different schools (high performing, middle performing, and low performing schools). Chicago has a network of Lutheran schools, and several private schools are run by other denominations and faiths, such as the Ida Crown Jewish Academy in West Ridge. Several private schools are completely secular, such as the Latin School of Chicago in the Near North Side neighborhood, the University", "title": "Chicago" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "schools. The two technical schools were part of central Rotherham's tripartite system of secondary education. Students leaving primary school would take the Eleven plus exam. Those who showed strong academic ability would go to either Rotherham Grammar School if they were male or Rotherham Girls' High School if they were female. Those showing an aptitude for technology would attend one of the Oakwood Technical High Schools. The remainder would attend South Grove Secondary Modern School or Spurley Hey Secondary Modern School. Rotherham was unusual in that it fully implemented the tripartite system; many areas did not build technical schools, making", "title": "Oakwood High School, Rotherham" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "secular schools. These bursaries helped attract a plethora of intellectually bright students from poor homes to the secular education which soon led to the North Nyanza LNC government schools academically outperforming the parochial counterpart. Likewise, the North Nyanza LNC had its own scholarship program which he helped champion. The scholarship was mostly focused on higher education opportunities for talented students who could not afford to attend colleges such as Makerere Medical School at Mengo, present-day Uganda. The archetypical recipient of the North Nyanza LNC scholarships was Arthur Okwemba; a cerebrally brilliant young man who went to study medicine at Makerere", "title": "Esau Khamati Oriedo" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to Quince Orchard High School if they went to Brown Station or Rachel Carson elementary schools, and those who went to Darnestown Elementary School attend Northwest High School. If students went to Diamond Elementary School, they either attend Quince Orchard High School if their home is south of Great Seneca Highway, or Northwest High School if their home is north of Great Seneca Highway. Montgomery County Public Schools are pioneering a pilot, in Lakelands, for autistic students using the controversial Rapid Prompting Method. Lakelands Park has competitive teams in boys' and girls' softball, boys' and girls' basketball, boys' and girls'", "title": "Lakelands Park Middle School" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "that have been made available to students within the public school system, or the voluntary character of the private choice to prefer a private religious education over a public secular education. Justice Souter's dissenting opinion presented the voucher program as using the tax payers for religious and secular instruction and card to the verdict of a similar case. \"Everson v. Board of Education\" decided that no tax could be used to support religious means. Because Ohio's school voucher program offered aid to those who wished to attend religious private schools, it directly violated \"Everson\". Furthermore, allowing vouchers to be used", "title": "Zelman v. Simmons-Harris" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "western Pennsylvania, districts served include Midland, South Side and Western Beaver. Tuition Mission also serves students who attend a number of tri-state area non-traditional schools such as Lincoln Park Performing Arts Charter School and the Pennsylvania Cyber Charter School, both in Midland, Pennsylvania, Quaker Digital Academy (headquartered in New Philadelphia, Ohio) and Buckeye Online School for Success and East Liverpool Christian School, both in East Liverpool. If enrolled in any of these non-traditional schools, applicants must reside in any of the seven school districts served by the foundation. Tuition Mission Foundation The Tri-State Area Tuition Mission Foundation, popularly known as", "title": "Tuition Mission Foundation" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "In the Ottoman Empire during the early modern period, \"Madaris were divided into lower and specialised levels, which reveals that there was a sense of elevation in school. Students who studied in the specialised schools after completing courses in the lower levels became known as \"danişmends\".\" While \"\" can now refer to any type of school, the term \"\" was originally used to refer more specifically to a medieval Islamic centre of learning, mainly teaching Islamic law and theology, usually affiliated with a mosque, and funded by an early charitable trust known as \"waqf\". Madaris were largely centred on the", "title": "Madrasa" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "students bound for national exams, such as the Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE), GCE O Levels, or the GCE A Levels. Students attending tuition centers on a daily basis is not unheard of in Singapore. Cram schools in Taiwan are called \"buxiban\" (補習班 literally \"supplementary learning class\") and are not necessarily cram schools in the traditional sense. Almost any kind of extracurricular academic lesson could be termed \"buxiban\", such as music, art, math, and science, even if students do not attend these classes specifically in order to pass an examination. It's a traditional belief that parents should send their children", "title": "Cram school" }, { "idx": 23, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Nyanza he spearheaded the creation of a secular schooling system to rival mission schools. Esau Oriedo, the philanthropist and a literacy advocate, awarded bursaries to individuals from poor families who could not afford to pay fees to attend school. The bursaries were pan-ethnic, and were awarded to a multitude of aboriginal students across ethnicities. Recipients included numerous Kenyan luminaries such as Tom Mboya (d. 1969) and other key influencers in Kenyan's development during colonial and postcolonial eras. Albeit not focused on steering the recipients towards secular education in lieu of the mission schools he encouraged the recipients of his bursaries", "title": "Esau Khamati Oriedo" }, { "idx": 24, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "meetings, decide on which religious curriculum to use. Private Christian and Islamic schools offer religious instruction in their respective faiths. Hybrid “grant-aided” schools are managed by private, usually religious, institutions, but their teaching staffs are paid by the government. In exchange for this financial support, the government chooses a significant portion of the students who attend. At grant-aided schools, a board appointed by the school’s operators decides whether the “Bible knowledge” or the “moral and religious education” curriculum will be used. Rastafarian children face obstacles to obtaining education, as school children in Malawi are generally required to shave their heads,", "title": "Freedom of religion by country" }, { "idx": 25, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "South Wales Education Act\" to give students who do not attend Special Religious Education (Scripture) classes in NSW public schools the legal right to attend philosophical ethics classes as an option to supervised \"private study\". Knight resigned from the University of South Australia to become lead curriculum author for Primary Ethics Limited, an independent not-for-profit organisation, chosen to create the Ethics program to be delivered as the alternative to Special Religious Education (Scripture) in NSW Public schools. Both the trial and the introduction of ethics classes was not without controversy with objections and support coming from various church, secular, school", "title": "Sue Knight" }, { "idx": 26, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "could visit beach resort areas in Thandwe, Rakhine State, but could not return to Rangoon without the signature of the Regional Military Commander. Those with money were able to bribe local officials to return. Muslims residing outside of Rakhine State often were barred from return travel to their homes if they visit other parts of Rakhine State. Rohingyas did not have access to state-run schools beyond primary education and were unable to obtain employment in any civil service positions. Muslim students from Rakhine State who completed high school were not granted permits to travel outside the state to attend college", "title": "Freedom of religion in Myanmar" }, { "idx": 27, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "State Supreme Courts have always ruled in favor of the gay-straight alliance, stating that the particular school must either allow the gay-straight alliance, or ban all non-curriculum groups from assembling on school property. The Act requires that if a school permits any religious student group, then it must allow groups focused on any religion or on irreligion. This has been applied to stop schools from blocking Muslim, Jewish, Sikh, and other religious groups as well as Christian ones. The Secular Student Alliance and other secular groups have invoked the Act to stop public high schools from blocking students organizing secular", "title": "Equal Access Act" }, { "idx": 28, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "construction in 1985 of the parish center, which included a gymnasium and additional space for teaching and offices, with the dedication by John Cardinal O'Connor occurring on September 27, 1986. St. Joseph School consists of an upper and lower school of grades kindergarten through eight. It was presented with a National Blue Ribbon Award by the U.S. Department of Education in 2010. The school's facilities are used also for the CCD religious education program for students who attend secular schools. St. Joseph School has an active Mothers' Club and Men's Club. Many students who graduate go on to attend local", "title": "Bronxville, New York" }, { "idx": 29, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Sun Zhijun Sun Zhijun (孫志君) is a well-known present-day teacher of Cheng style baguazhang, living in Beijing, China. Born in 1933 in Cheng Village, Shen County, Hebei Province, Sun began his baguazhang training under Liu Ziyang (劉子楊), disciple of Cheng Dianhua (程殿華) (Cheng Tinghua's younger brother). Later, he also had the opportunity to study with Cheng Yousheng (程有生) (Cheng Dianhua's son) and Cheng Youxin (程有信) (Cheng Tinghua's second son) in Beijing. Today, he has many disciples teaching his baguazhang around the world.At 23:20 on August 13, 2016, he died in Jingxian at the age of 83. Besides traditional baguazhang, Sun", "title": "Sun Zhijun" }, { "idx": 30, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "population. Gangotri and Uttarkashi are good examples too. Gangotri had only a few huts of Sadhus until the 1970s and the population of Uttrakashi has swelled in recent years. Water resources in India Water resources in India includes information on precipitation, surface and groundwater storage and hydropower potential. India experiences an average precipitation of per year, or about of rains annually or about of fresh water \"per person\" every year. Some 80 percent of its area experiences rains of or more a year. However, this rain is not uniform in time or geography. Most of the rains occur during its", "title": "Water resources in India" }, { "idx": 31, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "adjacent to the former Pennsylvania Railroad corridor, later used by the merged Penn Central Transportation and subsequently by Conrail. Shawnee has long since been incorporated into Piqua. The Piqua High School Indians athletic teams took their mascot name from the local Native American history. Rossville, Ohio was an early local African-American settlement. Virginia planter John Randolph of Roanoke, who served as a US Representative and Senator, arranged for the emancipation of his nearly 400 slaves in his will of 1833. He also provided money for his executor to relocate the freedmen to the free state of Ohio, and to buy", "title": "Piqua, Ohio" }, { "idx": 32, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "critical that somebody start making films out of my books. This is essential for my career - which really needs a good film to take off in the Alistair Maclean class.\" Klinger was highly enthusiastic about \"Shout at the Devil\" - his son referred to it as his father's equivalent of \"Gone with the Wind\". The producer himself called it a combination between \"The African Queen\" and \"The Guns of Navarone\". However it was an expensive film to produce. Klinger decided to first make a film of Smith's novel \"Gold Mine\". Smith worked on the script with Stanley Price, who", "title": "Shout at the Devil (film)" }, { "idx": 33, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Evolution of olfaction Odor molecules are detected by the olfactory receptors (hereafter OR) in the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity. Each receptor type is expressed within a subset of neurons, from which they directly connect to the olfactory bulb in the brain. Olfaction is essential for survival in most vertebrates; however, the degree to which an animal depends on smell is highly varied. Great variation exists in the number of OR genes among vertebrate species, as shown through bioinformatic analyses. This diversity exists by virtue of the wide-ranging environments that they inhabit. For instance, dolphins that are secondarily adapted", "title": "Evolution of olfaction" }, { "idx": 34, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "develop with two different philosophies forming. These breakthroughs in the 60s were not carried out by religious Muslims (in fact, they were headed chiefly by secular Muslim communists) but in the following decades two separate schools of thought emerged. The first, was a secular \"Muslim Nationalism\" (as supported by people such as Hamdija Pozderac), and the second was a separate revival of Islamic religious belief (a reaction to communist-sponsored secularism and advocated by people such as Alija Izetbegović). The effects of these two separate ideas on what exactly Bosnian Muslims are that have also occasionally clashed can be seen to", "title": "History of the Bosniaks" }, { "idx": 35, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "secondary schools in Oslo, 25% of Muslims pray regularly while 12% attend religious services weekly. Muslims in Norway are a very fragmented group, coming from many different backgrounds. Kari Vogt estimated in 2000 that there were about 500 Norwegian converts to Islam. The rest are mostly first or second generation immigrants from a number of countries. The largest immigrant communities from Muslim countries in Norway are from Pakistan, Iraq and Somalia: An unknown, but presumably high, proportion of these immigrant populations is Muslim. In other words, the largest group of Norwegian Muslims originate in Pakistan, but no single nationality constitute", "title": "Islam in Norway" }, { "idx": 36, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "culture or in an Islamic context, whether the artist is Islamic or not. Not all Muslims are in agreement on the use of art in religious observance, the proper place of art in society, or the relation between secular art and the demands placed on the secular world to conform to religious precepts. Islamic art frequently adopts secular elements and elements that are frowned upon, if not forbidden, by some Islamic theologians. Although the often cited opposition in Islam to the depiction of human and animal forms holds true for religious art and architecture, in the secular sphere, such representations", "title": "History of aesthetics before the 20th century" }, { "idx": 37, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "request the Shari'a courts to assume jurisdiction. In 2005 a panel was established in the courts for the Shi'a. The panel decides cases regarding marriage, divorce, inheritance, and other domestic matters. In matters involving religious issues, the new Family Law applies, which is not restricted to one branch of Islam. Islamic instruction is compulsory for Muslims in state-sponsored schools. While there were no restrictions on non-Muslims providing private religious instruction for children, most foreign children attended secular private schools. Muslim children were allowed to go to secular and coeducational private schools. The Government regulates the publication, importation, and distribution of", "title": "Freedom of religion in Qatar" }, { "idx": 38, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the honor killings that occur in the West.\" \"The Economist\" wrote: \"Unfortunately, very few Muslims will accept Ms Hirsi Ali's full-blown argument, which insists that Islam must change in at least five important ways. A moderate Muslim might be open to discussion of four of her suggestions if the question were framed sensitively. Muslims, she says, must stop prioritizing the afterlife over this life; they must \"shackle sharia\" and respect secular law; they must abandon the idea of telling others, including non-Muslims, how to behave, dress or drink; and they must abandon holy war. However, her biggest proposal is a", "title": "Ayaan Hirsi Ali" } ]

[ "students" ]

[ "In Southeast Asia, Muslim students have a choice of attending a secular government or an Islamic school. Madaris or Islamic schools are known as Sekolah Agama (Malay: religious school) in Malaysia and Indonesia, โรงเรียนศาสนาอิสลาม (Thai: school of Islam) in Thailand and madaris in the Philippines. In countries where Islam is not the majority or state religion, Islamic schools are found in regions such as southern Thailand (near the Thai-Malaysian border) and the southern Philippines in Mindanao, where a significant Muslim population can be found." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "1901, he attended a conference for the Canadian Press Association held in Charlottetown, P.E.I. Pirie wrote to his sister-in-law in Toronto (Mrs. Boyce Thompson) that many events had lost their lustre. He told her that he and his wife had always dreamt of returning to Toronto after the children grew up. He described the regular visits he made to his wife's grave on Sundays. In July 1903, Pirie visited relatives in Brandon, Manitoba in conjunction with some work for the Liberal party. Relatives hoped that this trip might improve his state of mind. After his return to Dundas, he died", "title": "Alexander Fraser Pirie" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "leading to the Progressive Labour Party winning government for the first time. The PLP government was returned at the 2003 election, winning 22 seats compared to 14 seats for the United Bermuda Party. Bermuda remains a British overseas territory; independence was rejected in a referendum in 1995. However, in 2004 the then Premier of Bermuda, called for a debate on independence to take place. Ewart Brown became Premier in October 2006, defeating the incumbent, William Alexander Scott, in a contest for the leadership of PLP, while in March 2007 Michael Dunkley became leader of the opposition United Bermuda Party, ousting", "title": "2007 Bermudian general election" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "also placed differently from British keyboards. Australian English Australian English (AuE; en-AU) is the set of varieties of the English language native to Australia. Although English has no official status in the Constitution, Australian English is the country's national and \"de facto\" official language as it is the first language of the majority of the population. Australian English began to diverge from British English after the First Settlers, who set up the Colony of New South Wales, arrived in 1788. By 1820, their speech was recognised as being different from British English. Australian English arose from the intermingling of early", "title": "Australian English" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases enhance the organisational capacity of these research areas. AITHM is headquartered at the JCU campus in Townsville, with recently funded research infrastructure planned for Townsville, Cairns, and the Torres Strait. The inaugural Director of AITHM is Professor Louis Schofield. Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine The Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM) is an Australian tropical health and medical research institute based at James Cook University (JCU) in Townsville and Cairns, Queensland. Formerly known as the Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine, AITHM was established at JCU in 2008. AITHM's focus is", "title": "Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "were dead. The deceased soldiers were given a ceremonial Guard of honour by Home minister Sushilkumar Shinde at a function organised by the Uttarakhand State Government. Air Chief Marshal N A K Browne, Chief of the Air Staff said \"We owe it to the lives our people whom we have lost, that we sustain the mission and complete it successfully\". The IAF continued to operate from Dharasu and Pithoragarh detachments flying six Mi-17 V5s, two ALH and one Mi17 from Harsil - Maneri - Dharasu and Darchula - Milam & Kali - Ramganga river axes. Operation Surya Hope Operation Rahat", "title": "Operation Rahat" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "95th Rifles were posted as sharpshooters. Wellington's forces positioning presented a formidable challenge to any attacking force. Any attempt to turn Wellington's right would entail taking the entrenched Hougoumont position. Any attack on his right centre would mean the attackers would have to march between enfilading fire from Hougoumont and La Haye Sainte. On the left, any attack would also be enfiladed by fire from La Haye Sainte and its adjoining sandpit, and any attempt at turning the left flank would entail fighting through the lanes and hedgerows surrounding Papelotte and the other garrisoned buildings on that flank, and some", "title": "Battle of Waterloo" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "ballot initiative barring public spending on the Olympics. Although support for the Olympic bid in the Boston area was at 55% to 33% in early post-selection polling, it fell significantly in subsequent months as residents learned more about what hosting the Olympics would entail and grew increasingly skeptical of Boston 2024's promises that no public funding would be used. In February, Boston area support had fallen to 44%, with 46% opposed. Starting in March until the bid's demise, opposition consistently polled over 50%. On July 27, 2015, United States Olympic Committee CEO Scott Blackmun and Boston 2024 Chairman Steve Pagliuca", "title": "Boston bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "decreasing. An example of such a GQ is \"exactly three boys\". Neither of the following two sentences entail the other. The first sentence doesn't entail the second. The fact that the number of students that ran is exactly three doesn't entail that each of these students \"ran fast\", so the number of students that did that can be smaller than 3. Conversely, the second sentence doesn't entail the first. The sentence \"exactly three students ran fast\" can be true, even though the number of students who merely ran (i.e. not so fast) is greater than 3. The lambda term for", "title": "Generalized quantifier" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of expressing themselves, due to the repercussions. Allen aimed to create the best album she could, by limiting the amount of people who were involved in the process. Lily did not want people telling her what they believed was right and wrong, and what was going to work for radio and what wouldn't. Allen has described the album as a backlash to tabloids and public discourse about her, saying that it is \"taking ownership of [her] narrative and presenting it in musical form\". The album's writing was influenced by the breakdown of her marriage with Sam Cooper, and the effect", "title": "No Shame (Lily Allen album)" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Virginia never had a bishop to represent God nor a hereditary aristocracy with titles like \"duke\" or \"baron\". However it did have a royal governor appointed by the British Crown, as well as a powerful landed gentry. The \"status quo\" was strongly reinforced by what Jefferson called \"feudal and unnatural distinctions\" that were vital to the maintenance of aristocracy in Virginia. He targeted laws such as entail and primogeniture by which the oldest son inherited all the land. The entail laws made land-ownership perpetual: the one who inherited the land could not sell it, but had to bequeath it to", "title": "History of conservatism in the United States" } ]

[ "ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this" ]

[ "One of the most important victories of the magnates was the late 16th century right to create ordynacja's (similar to majorats), which ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this. Ordynacje's of families of Radziwiłł, Zamoyski, Potocki or Lubomirski often rivalled the estates of the king and were important power bases for the magnates." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "ritualcide" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "studio and Flynn, and a new Hollywood star was born. The budget for Captain Blood was $1.242 million, and it made $1.357 million in the US and $1.733 million overseas, making Warner Bros. a huge profit. Flynn had been selected to support Frederic March in \"Anthony Adverse\" (1936), but public response to \"Captain Blood\" was so enthusiastic that Warners instead reunited him with de Havilland and Curtiz in another adventure tale, this time set in British India, \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" (1936). It was another big hit, having been given a slightly larger budget than \"Captain Blood\", at", "title": "Errol Flynn" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": ". At higher elevations, the precipitation increase is significant and is in the form of snow on the Northern Patagonian Ice Field, being recorded over of annual precipitation. Several species of birds find shelter in the park, including black-browed albatrosses, great grebes, black-necked swans and cormorants. The wildlife in this area also include Chilean dolphins, sea lions, marine otters and elephant seals. Laguna San Rafael National Park Laguna San Rafael National Park () is a park located on the Pacific coast of southern Chile. The park is named for the San Rafael Lagoon formed by the retreat of the San", "title": "Laguna San Rafael National Park" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "they drew after the weigh-in. After the finals match, the awards ceremony will take place. The first place and second place wrestlers will receive a gold and silver medal, respectively. (At the FILA World Championships, the first place wrestler will receive the World Championship Belt.) The two repechage round winners will each be awarded third place with a bronze medal. The two wrestlers who lost in the finals for the third place are awarded fifth place. From seventh place down, the wrestlers are ranked according to the classification points earned for their victories or losses. If there is a tie", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "structures called \"cottages\" (cover). Most of these homes were built along Biddle Avenue from Oak Street to Pine Street. A second style included a two-story frame that was slightly larger in size. Over the years, these homes were also referred to as \"Rolling Mill Houses\" since they date back to the iron industry period in Wyandotte’s history (1854–1888). As Biddle Avenue developed into the business district of the community, many of these small frame cottages were moved to streets nearby. It was quite common for the early pioneers to set a house on timbers and with a team or two", "title": "History of Wyandotte, Michigan" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "before Ayyubid rule came to an end. Al-Adil I Al-Adil I (, in full al-Malik al-Adil Sayf ad-Din Abu-Bakr Ahmed ibn Najm ad-Din Ayyub, ,‎ \"Ahmed, son of Najm ad-Din Ayyub, father of Bakr, the King, the Just, Sword of the Faith\"; 1145–1218) was an Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt and Syria of Kurdish descent. From his \"laqab\" or honorific title Sayf ad-Din (\"Sword of Faith\"), he was known to the Crusaders as Saphadin, a name by which he is still called in the Western world. A gifted and effective administrator and organizer, Al-Adil provided crucial military and civilian support for", "title": "Al-Adil I" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "on the histopathology found in the biopsy. Even in these cases, recurrence of the erythroplakia is common and, thus, long-term monitoring is needed. In 1911, French dermatologist Louis Queyrat described a sharply defined, bright red, glistening velvety precancerous lesion of the glans penis. He coined the term \"erythroplasie\" to designate red plaques as an analogy to \"leucoplasie\", which designated white patches. Since \"leucoplasie\" was the equivalent of the English leukoplakia (coined in 1861), the term became erythroplakia in English. Similarly, the term leukoplakia was originally coined to describe white lesions of the urinary tract, and in 1877 was first applied", "title": "Erythroplakia" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "than a tribe, which was elaborated upon in \"The Patwin and their Neighbors\" in which Kroeber first coined the term \"tribelet\" to describe this level of organization. Kroeber is credited with developing the concepts of culture area, cultural configuration (\"Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America\", 1939), and cultural fatigue (\"Anthropology\", 1963). Kroeber's influence was so strong that many contemporaries adopted his style of beard and mustache as well as his views as a cultural historian. During his lifetime, he was known as the \"Dean of American Anthropologists\". Kroeber and Roland B. Dixon were very influential in the genetic", "title": "Alfred L. Kroeber" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Phreaking Phreaking is a slang term coined to describe the activity of a culture of people who study, experiment with, or explore telecommunication systems, such as equipment and systems connected to public telephone networks. The term \"phreak\" is a sensational spelling of the word \"freak\" with the \"ph-\" from \"phone\", and may also refer to the use of various audio frequencies to manipulate a phone system. \"Phreak\", \"phreaker\", or \"phone phreak\" are names used for and by individuals who participate in phreaking. The term first referred to groups who had reverse engineered the system of tones used to route long-distance", "title": "Phreaking" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the destroyer's notion of what is appropriate. Motives may include religious ones (e.g., iconoclasm), as part of a campaign of ethnic cleansing in order to remove the evidence of a people from a specific locale or history, as part of an effort to implement a Year Zero, in which the past and its associated culture is deleted and history is \"reset\", the suppression of an indigenous culture by invaders and colonisers, along with many other potential reasons. The term has been used to describe the destruction of cultural heritage in connection with various events: Cultural genocide Cultural genocide or cultural", "title": "Cultural genocide" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Danubian culture The term Danubian culture was coined by the Australian archaeologist Vere Gordon Childe to describe the first agrarian society in central and eastern Europe. It covers the Linear Pottery culture (Linearbandkeramik, LBK), stroked pottery and Rössen cultures. The beginning of the Linear Pottery culture dates to around 5500 BC. It appears to have spread westwards along the valley of the river Danube and interacted with the cultures of Atlantic Europe when they reached the Paris Basin. Danubian I peoples cleared forests and cultivated fertile loess soils from the Balkans to the Low Countries and the Paris Basin. They", "title": "Danubian culture" } ]

[ "ritualcide" ]

[ "The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as \"a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group's basic existence, including language, culture, and economic infrastructure.” He created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community, to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society. Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term \"ritualcide\" to describe the destruction of a group's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "the Red Shirts" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "amendments. After former Confederates were allowed to vote again, election campaigns from 1872 on were marked by violent intimidation of blacks and Republicans by white Democratic paramilitary groups, known as the Red Shirts. Violent incidents took place in Charleston on King Street in September 6 and in nearby Cainhoy on October 15, both in association with political meetings before the 1876 election. The Cainhoy incident was the only one statewide in which more whites were killed than blacks. The Red Shirts were instrumental in suppressing the black Republican vote in some areas in 1876 and narrowly electing Wade Hampton as", "title": "Charleston, South Carolina" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "amendments. After former Confederates were allowed to vote again, election campaigns from 1872 on were marked by violent intimidation of blacks and Republicans by white Democratic paramilitary groups, known as the Red Shirts. Violent incidents took place in Charleston on King Street in September 6 and in nearby Cainhoy on October 15, both in association with political meetings before the 1876 election. The Cainhoy incident was the only one statewide in which more whites were killed than blacks. The Red Shirts were instrumental in suppressing the black Republican vote in some areas in 1876 and narrowly electing Wade Hampton as", "title": "Charleston, South Carolina" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "groups such as the White League and Red Shirts as a \"military arm\" of the Democratic Party. Their members worked openly to disrupt Republican meetings, and attacked and intimidated voters to suppress black voting. They courted press attention rather than operating secretly, as had the Ku Klux Klan. Chapters spread to Alabama and other states in the Deep South. A similar paramilitary group were the Red Shirts, who originated in Mississippi and became active in the Carolinas. Both paramilitary groups contributed to the Democrats' regaining control in the state legislatures in the late 1870s. The Red Shirts were still active", "title": "Election riot of 1874" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the campaigns for the South Carolina gubernatorial elections of 1876 and 1878. The Red Shirts were one of several paramilitary organizations, such as the White League in Louisiana, arising from the continuing efforts of white Democrats to regain political power in the South in the 1870s. These groups acted as \"the military arm of the Democratic Party\". While sometimes engaging in violent acts of terrorism, the Red Shirts, the White League, rifle clubs, and similar groups in the late nineteenth century worked openly and were better organized than the secret vigilante groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. They used", "title": "Red Shirts (United States)" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "\"rifle clubs\" and the Red Shirts, a paramilitary group of mostly white men who worked to suppress black voting at the polls as \"the military arm of the Democratic Party.\" By 1876, South Carolina rifle clubs included about 20,000 white men. More than 150 blacks were killed in election-related violence. In early 1877, the federal government withdrew its troops from the South, marking an end to Reconstruction, Governor Chamberlain left the state, and the Redeemers took control of South Carolina's legislature. Paramilitary groups such as the Red Shirts continued to suppress black voting in the Carolinas, especially in the upland", "title": "Martin Delany" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Red Shirts (United States) The Red Shirts or Redshirts of the Southern United States were white supremacist paramilitary groups that were active in the late 19th century in the last years of, and after the end of, the Reconstruction era of the United States. Red Shirt groups originated in Mississippi in 1875, when Democratic Party private terror units adopted red shirts to make themselves more visible and threatening to Southern Republicans, both whites and freedmen. Similar groups in the Carolinas also adopted red shirts. Among the most prominent Red Shirts were the supporters of Democratic Party candidate Wade Hampton during", "title": "Red Shirts (United States)" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of the Red River Valley, although 2,000 troops were already in the state. Similarly, the Red Shirts, another paramilitary group, arose in 1875 in Mississippi and the Carolinas. Like the White League and White Liner rifle clubs, to which 20,000 men belonged in North Carolina alone, these groups operated as a \"military arm of the Democratic Party\", to restore white supremacy. Democrats and many northern Republicans agreed that Confederate nationalism and slavery were dead—the war goals were achieved—and further federal military interference was an undemocratic violation of historic Republican values. The victory of Rutherford Hayes in the hotly contested Ohio", "title": "Reconstruction era" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "whites. After the American Civil War, secret groups like the Ku Klux Klan and Knights of the White Camellia arose quickly across the South, reaching a peak in the late 1860s. Even more significant in terms of effect were private militias: paramilitary organizations that formed starting in 1874, including the White League in Louisiana, which quickly formed chapters in other states; the Red Shirts in Mississippi in 1875, and with South Carolina and North Carolina; and other \"white line\" militias and rifle clubs. In contrast to the KKK, these paramilitary organizations were open; members were often well known in their", "title": "Militia" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "suppress black power. They self-consciously defended their own actions within the framework of an Anglo-American discourse of resistance against tyrannical government, and they broadly succeeded in convincing many fellow white citizens says Steedman. The opponents of Reconstruction formed state political parties, affiliated with the national Democratic party and often named the \"Conservative party.\" They supported or tolerated violent paramilitary groups, such as the White League in Louisiana and the Red Shirts in Mississippi and the Carolinas, that assassinated and intimidated both black and white Republican leaders at election time. Historian George C. Rable called such groups the \"military arm of", "title": "Reconstruction era" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "four terms. Serving until March 3, 1879, he established a record of length of service for a black Congressman that was not surpassed until that of William L. Dawson of Chicago in the 1950s. He supported legislation that became known as the Enforcement Acts, to suppress the violent activities of the Ku Klux Klan. This helped for a time, before white insurgents developed other paramilitary groups in the South, such as the White League and the Red Shirts. Rainey made three speeches on the floor of Congress in support of what was finally passed as the Civil Rights Act of", "title": "Joseph Rainey" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "(which continued into the 20th century.) It has also been a retail center of trade. After the Reconstruction era, white Democrats regained power in the state legislature by the mid-1870s; paramilitary groups such as the Red Shirts suppressed black voting through violence and fraud in many parts of the state. These groups acted as \"the military arm of the Democratic Party.\" Redeemers redefined districts to \"reduce Republican voting strength,\" creating a \"'shoestring' Congressional district running the length of the Mississippi River,\" where most of the black population was concentrated. Five other districts all had white majorities. Claiborne County is within", "title": "Claiborne County, Mississippi" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "which filibustered the bill that year, and in 1923 and 1924. Opponents of black civil rights used economic reprisals and frequently violence at the polls in the 1870s and 1880s to discourage blacks from registering to vote or voting. Paramilitary groups such as the Red Shirts in Mississippi and the Carolinas, and the White League in Louisiana, practiced open intimidation on behalf of the Democratic Party. By the turn of the 20th century, white Democratic-dominated Southern legislatures disfranchised nearly all age-eligible African-American voters through a combination of statute and constitutional provisions. While requirements applied to all citizens, in practice, they", "title": "Civil rights movement (1896–1954)" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "numerous African-American farmers finally had to sell their land to pay off debts, thus losing the land which they had developed by hard, personal labor. Democrats had regained control of the state legislature in 1875, after a year of expanded violence against blacks and intimidation of whites in what was called the \"white line\" campaign, based on asserting white supremacy. Democratic whites were well armed and formed paramilitary organizations such as the Red Shirts to suppress black voting. From 1874 to the elections of 1875, they pressured whites to join the Democrats, and conducted violence against blacks in at least", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "77th Governor of South Carolina, serving 1876-1879. He later was elected as a U.S. Senator from the state. His campaign as governor was marked by extensive violence by the Red Shirts, a paramilitary group that served the Democratic Party by disrupting elections and suppressing black Republican voting in the state. They contributed to the Democrats regaining control of the state government in this period. Wade Hampton III was born in 1818 at 54 Hasell St. in Charleston, South Carolina, the eldest son of Wade Hampton II (1791–1858), known as \"Colonel Wade Hampton\", and Ann (née Fitzsimmons) Hampton. His mother was", "title": "Wade Hampton III" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to prepare an effective defense. African Americans in the South were left to the mercy of increasingly hostile state governments dominated by white Democratic legislatures; neither the legislatures, law enforcement or the courts worked to protect freedmen. As Democrats regained power in the late 1870s, they struggled to suppress black voting through intimidation and fraud at the polls. Paramilitary groups such as the Red Shirts acted on behalf of the Democrats to suppress black voting. From 1890 to 1908, 10 of the 11 former Confederate states passed disfranchising constitutions or amendments, with provisions for poll taxes, residency requirements, literacy tests,", "title": "United States v. Cruikshank" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "had been brevetted as a Major General. Hayes's most important asset was the help he provided the Republican ticket in carrying the crucial swing state of Ohio. On the other side, newspaper man John D. Defrees described Tilden as \"a very nice, prim, little, withered-up, fidgety old bachelor, about one-hundred and twenty-pounds avoirdupois, who never had a genuine impulse for many nor any affection for woman.\" The Democratic strategy for victory in the South was highly reliant on paramilitary groups such as the Red Shirts and the White League. Using the strategy of the Mississippi Plan, these groups actively suppressed", "title": "1876 United States presidential election" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "supremacy, particularly through paramilitary groups known as the Red Shirts. They used violence and intimidation during election seasons from 1872 on to disrupt and suppress black Republican voting. In the early summer (year unknown), six black suspects were lynched by a white mob for the alleged murders of a white couple. In the Hamburg Massacre of July 8, 1876, several black militia were killed by whites, part of a large group of more than 100 armed men who attended a court hearing of a complaint of whites against the militia. Some of the white men came from Augusta. Due to", "title": "Edgefield County, South Carolina" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Democratic gubernatorial candidate John McEnery, fought against New Orleans police and state militia in what was called the Battle of Liberty Place. They took over the state government offices in New Orleans and occupied the capitol and armory. They turned Republican governor William Pitt Kellogg out of office, and retreated only in the face of the arrival of Federal troops sent by President Ulysses S. Grant. Similarly, in Mississippi, the Red Shirts formed as a prominent paramilitary group that enforced Democratic voting by intimidation and murder. Chapters of paramilitary Red Shirts arose and were active in North Carolina and South", "title": "Redeemers" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "paramilitary group known as the Red Shirts developed chapters in most South Carolina counties (they had originated in Mississippi), and were similar to rifle clubs. These groups acted as \"the military arm of the Democratic Party.\" They marched in parades during campaigns, openly disrupted Republican meetings, and worked to suppress black voting in the state by violence and intimidation. By 1876, there were estimated to be 20,000 men who were members of rifle clubs in the state. Hampton opposed the Radical Republicans' Reconstruction policies in the South. He re-entered South Carolina politics in 1876, running in opposition to those policies.", "title": "Wade Hampton III" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Radical Republican proposals to enforce social equality by federal legislation. He denounced the federal cotton tax as robbery, and defended separate schools for both races in Mississippi. Although a former slaveholder, he characterized slavery as \"a cancer upon the body of the Nation\" and expressed his gratitude for its end. Although President Grant achieved suppression of the KKK in much of the South through the Enforcement Acts, new groups of Democratic insurgents arose through the 1870s. Such paramilitary terrorist organizations as the White League, the Red Shirts in Mississippi and the Carolinas, and associated rifle clubs raised the level of", "title": "History of Mississippi" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Coushatta massacre The Coushatta Massacre (1874) was the result of an attack by the White League, a paramilitary organization composed of white Southern Democrats, on Republican officeholders and freedmen in Coushatta, the parish seat of Red River Parish, Louisiana. They assassinated six white Republicans and five to 20 freedmen who were witnesses. The White League had organized to drive out Republicans from Louisiana, disrupt their political organizing, and intimidate or murder freedmen to restore white supremacy. Like the Red Shirts and other \"White Line\" organizations, they were described as \"the military arm of the Democratic Party.\" In the period after", "title": "Coushatta massacre" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "peace in the months beforehand, reducing support for Republicans as the Red Shirts, a white Democratic paramilitary group, attacked Republican blacks in numerous areas of the state, particularly the Piedmont, in violent incidents including the Hamburg Massacre, and riots at Ellenton and Cainhoy. Under this pressure, some blacks were discouraged from voting altogether; others had aligned with Democrats for a variety of reasons. White voters overwhelmingly supported the Democratic ticket in November. The turbulent atmosphere ended before election day, which was peaceful. Democrat Wade Hampton narrowly won with slightly more than 1100 votes statewide following the suppression of black voters,", "title": "1876 South Carolina gubernatorial election" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Vicksburg in January 1875 to quell the violence and allow the sheriff's safe return. The sheriff was assassinated by his white deputy, A. Gilmer on June 7, 1875. In 1875, under their Mississippi Plan, the Democrats conducted a political dual-pronged battle to reverse Republican strength in the state. White paramilitary organizations such as the Red Shirts arose to serve as \"the military arm of the Democratic Party.\" Unlike the Ku Klux Klan (which was defunct by then), the Red Shirts operated and paraded openly, with members known in local areas. They sometimes invited newspaper coverage of their parades and activities,", "title": "Mississippi Plan" }, { "idx": 23, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "on hundreds of teenagers\". The game was finally launched on 5 August 2011. The launch incurred some teething troubles, with reports from players that they could not sign into the web site. Other players commented on the quality of the chat robots, and their inability to respond meaningfully to comments made by players that addressed the central theme of the game. On 13 August 2011 the game incurred further controversy when the original entry about \"Jamie Kane\" in English Wikipedia reported the fictional biography of the game's central character as if it were fact. Questions were asked about the possibility", "title": "Jamie Kane" }, { "idx": 24, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "cap a seven-run ninth inning on October 2 against San Francisco that clinched National League Western Division championship for the Dodgers. In December 2004, Finley signed as a free agent with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. In , he missed 18 games due to strained right shoulder, his first DL stint since 1997. In December 2005 he was traded by the Angels to the San Francisco Giants for Edgardo Alfonzo. In 2006, at the age of 41, Finley became the oldest player ever to play more than 100 games in center field. On November 1, , the Giants declined", "title": "Steve Finley" }, { "idx": 25, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Ismail Kamil Pasha, the youngest son of Muhammad Ali. They consisted of between 4,000 and 5,000 men, being Turks and Arabs. They left Cairo in July 1820. Nubia did not put up much of a fight, the Shaigiya tribe immediately beyond the province of Dongola were defeated, the remnant of the Mamluks dispersed, and Sennar was destroyed. Although nominally part of the Ottoman Empire since 1554, between 1821 and 1841, Muhammad Ali, Pasha of Egypt, came to control Yemen and the \"sahil\", with Zeila included. After the Egyptians withdrew from the Yemeni seaboard in 1841, \"Haj\" Ali Shermerki, a successful", "title": "Egypt Eyalet" }, { "idx": 26, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "regional offices. Farmers' Union Mutual Insurance Company bought it in 2005. In 2016, the building was vacant and up for sale. The building is now occupied by the Oklahoma City University College of Law. The two murals painted by Olinka Hrdy in 1928 have been found and restored, and now hang in the school's museum on the third floor of the building. During Hrdy's senior year, noted Tulsa architect, Bruce Goff, attended a luncheon at the Women's Dormitory dining room, where he noticed Hrdy's painted panels. Fascinated, he requested an opportunity to meet the artist. At the meeting, he proposed", "title": "Olinka Hrdy" }, { "idx": 27, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Abingdon and moved to David's home at Hope Park in Fairfax County. About ten years later, they moved to Ossian Hall near Annandale, also in Fairfax County. Eleanor died on September 28, 1811 at age 53 at Tudor Place, the home of her daughter, Martha Parke Custis Peter, in Georgetown, District of Columbia. She was originally buried at Effingham Plantation in Virginia. She was reinterred in Page's Chapel, St. Thomas' Church, Croom, Maryland, in the late 1810s near the graves of her parents. Her resting place remained unmarked until a limestone grave slab was installed in the chapel floor in", "title": "Eleanor Calvert" }, { "idx": 28, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "thousands driven off their lands and property, with many of those remaining being intimidated and threatened by the government and political and paramilitary organizations. However, what soon followed was a mass immigration to the safety and white rule of South Africa, which is the African country known to have the largest white population, currently with 1,755,100 British-South Africans. When apartheid first started most British-South Africans were mostly keen on keeping and even strengthening its ties with the United Kingdom. However, they were largely outnumbered by the Afrikaners, who preferred a republic, and in a referendum voted to abolish the monarchy.", "title": "White Africans of European ancestry" }, { "idx": 29, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "taking control of the party. They sometimes wore red shirts to show their support for the paramilitary white supremacist groups known as Red Shirts, that used violence and the threat of violence to prevent blacks from voting. Their candidate, Wade Hampton III, became governor, although violence made it possible. An unsuccessful breakaway group of Democrats in the 1890 South Carolina gubernatorial election called themselves the Straightout Democrats. They wore red shirts in memory of the 1876 party. The \"Straight-Out Democrat\" was the name of a newspaper published in Columbia, South Carolina between 1878 and 1879. Straight-Out Democratic Party The first", "title": "Straight-Out Democratic Party" }, { "idx": 30, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "sometimes for the opposing White Army. It was officially known as the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine, and it was under the command of the famous anarchist Nestor Makhno. Fascism. The Blackshirts () were Fascist paramilitary groups in Italy during the period immediately following World War I and until the end of World War II. The Blackshirts were officially known as the Voluntary Militia for National Security (\"Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale\", or MVSN). Inspired by the black uniforms of the Arditi, Italy's elite storm troops of World War I, the Fascist Blackshirts were organized by Benito Mussolini as", "title": "Black" }, { "idx": 31, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Montoneras The Montoneras originally were known as the armed civilian, paramilitary groups who organized in the 19th century during the wars of independence from Spain in Latin America. They played an important role in the Argentine Civil War, as well as in other Latin American countries during the 19th century, generally operating in rural areas. In the 20th century, the term was applied to some insurgent groups in countries of Central and South America. Generally these were paramilitary groups composed of persons from a locality who provided armed support to a particular cause or leader. In the late 20th century,", "title": "Montoneras" }, { "idx": 32, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Augusta completed its canal in 1848. After the American Civil War, Hamburg was repopulated mostly by freedmen and was within newly organized Aiken County. It became notorious in July 1876 as the site of a massacre of blacks by whites in what was one of a number of violent incidents by Democratic paramilitary groups to suppress black voting in that year's elections. The Democrats regained control of the state government and federal troops were withdrawn the next year from South Carolina and other states, ending the Reconstruction era. During his American tour as 'Guest of the Nation', the Marquis de", "title": "Hamburg, Aiken County, South Carolina" } ]

[ "the Red Shirts" ]

[ "Violent incidents occurred throughout the Piedmont of the state as white insurgents struggled to maintain white supremacy in the face of social changes after the war and granting of citizenship to freedmen by federal constitutional amendments. After former Confederates were allowed to vote again, election campaigns from 1872 on were marked by violent intimidation of blacks and Republicans by white Democratic paramilitary groups, known as the Red Shirts. Violent incidents took place in Charleston on King Street in September 6 and in nearby Cainhoy on October 15, both in association with political meetings before the 1876 election. The Cainhoy incident was the only one statewide in which more whites were killed than blacks. The Red Shirts were instrumental in suppressing the black Republican vote in some areas in 1876 and narrowly electing Wade Hampton as governor, and taking back control of the state legislature. Another riot occurred in Charleston the day after the election, when a prominent Republican leader was mistakenly reported killed." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Gaddafi's Harem" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Jitter (optics) In optics, jitter is used to refer to motion that has high temporal frequency relative to the integration/exposure time. This may result from vibration in an assembly or from the unstable hand of a photographer. Jitter is typically differentiated from smear, which has a lower frequency relative to the integration time. Whereas smear refers to a relatively constant rate during the integration/exposure time, jitter refers to a relatively sinusoidal motion during the integration/exposure time. The equation for the optical Modulation transfer function associated with jitter is where k is the spatial frequency and formula_2 is the amplitude of", "title": "Jitter (optics)" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "(tropical storms and hurricanes) that formed in the North Atlantic in 1962. Names that were not assigned are marked in . Because of the season's relatively low impact, no storms were retired during the 1962 season, and none of the storms below were used for the first time. 1962 Atlantic hurricane season The 1962 Atlantic hurricane season was the least active since 1939, with only five named storms. Although the season officially began on June 15, the first storm did not form until August 26. Hurricane Alma brushed the Outer Banks before becoming extratropical southeast of New England, destroying hundreds", "title": "1962 Atlantic hurricane season" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "2008 Aaron's 499 The 2008 Aaron's 499 was the 9th race in the 2008 NASCAR Sprint Cup season. It was held on April 27, 2008 at Talladega Superspeedway in Talladega, Alabama. This race was the second race of the season utilizing restrictor plates and the first time that the spring race was raced using the Car of Tomorrow template, with the 2007 UAW-Ford 500 being the first on the superspeedway. The telecast in the USA started at 1 PM US EDT on Fox, with radio coverage on MRN Radio on terrestrial stations and Sirius Satellite Radio starting at 1:15 PM", "title": "2008 Aaron's 499" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "being treated in a fairly cavalier manner by Grace and one more arises when Claud suggests they all go bathing in the sea. The Esplanade has its own changing huts on the beach, which James, as a non-resident, is not allowed to use. He therefore has to leave his \"friends\" and use the public huts, all of which have long queues. He takes a chance and uses an unlocked private hut belonging to one of the large private villas in the resort. After their sea-bathe, James changes back into his clothes which he left in the hut but doesn't join", "title": "The Listerdale Mystery" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "love with a beautiful and mysterious independence fighter (Kim Hye-soo). After small supporting roles in \"Shim's Family\" (also known as \"Skeletons in the Closet\"), and \"Good Morning, President\", Park joined the ensemble cast of \"A Million\" as one of eight participants who take part in a TV reality show in Perth, Australia but discover that they must literally survive to win the prize of 1 million dollars. In 2010, Park headlined Kang Woo-suk's blockbuster mystery thriller \"Moss\", playing a young man who comes to a rural village after hearing about his father's death and later becomes embroiled in its hidden", "title": "Park Hae-il" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "up the argument of the book, stating that there was an ancient Israel, that the bible was written from a genuine historical core, and that archaeology can identify this core and prevent Israel from being \"written out of history\". The book received mixed reviews. Conservative scholars commended Dever for his critique on minimalism but were disappointed by his failure to defend the historicity of the bible prior to the age of David and Solomon. Others chided his inability to distance himself from his obsessions: What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It? What Did the Biblical", "title": "What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "York Times\" Book Review editor Dwight Garner wrote that Amanda Plummer's \"cool, dark telling\" of \"Black Water\" was \"the best book on tape ever recorded\". Black Water (novella) Black Water is a 1992 novella by Joyce Carol Oates. The book begins with Kelly Kelleher in a car that is plunging into mucky, swampy, \"black water.\" We learn the events that led up to the accident in flashbacks as she is drowning: Kelly Kelleher attends a Fourth of July party hosted by her friend Buffy St. John and her lover, Ray Annick. She is planning to stay with them for the", "title": "Black Water (novella)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and the Annick Water. The site is now covered by the modern housing estate known as The Grange. The Cunninghamhead and Annick Lodge Estates are nearby. An excavation undertaken by Headland Archaeology encountered the foundation trench for a defensive wooden palisade enclosing postholes of a substantial timber building. Access to the compound was through an elaborate entrance, possibly with two gateways, shown below.. Historical research and post-excavation work has led to this being interpreted as a 12th-century stockaded farmstead without obvious excavated parallels. At that time it is likely that the Perceton lands were run by a steward, resident in", "title": "Perceton" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "occasional Great Crested Grebe can be seen. Eels are sometimes to be found on land, especially in wet weather, taking a shortcut across the top of the lengthy loops that are found in the river in the area. Marchantia polymorpha, the Common Liverwort grows on the bare bedrock dykes of the Annick near Cunninghamhead Mill, this plant being much rarer than the name suggests. Pellia epiphyla and Lunularia liverworts grow on the earth riverside banks at Cunninghamhead and elsewhere. The riverside vegetation includes Butterburr, Reed-Canary Grass, Rushes, Water Forget-Me-Not, Brooklime-Speedwell, Giant Hogweed, Hemlock Water-Dropwort, Willows and Alders. Annick Water The", "title": "Annick Water" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Annick Girardin Annick Girardin (born 3 August 1964 in Saint-Malo, Ille-et-Vilaine) is a French government minister and a former member of the National Assembly of France. She represented the islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, from 2007 to 2014 before being appointed Junior Minister for Development and Francophonie in April 2014 in the Valls Cabinet. Following the election of President Emmanuel Macron in May 2017, she was appointed Minister of Overseas France in the new Philippe Government. High-niece of the councilor of Saint-Pierre and senator Henri Claireaux, she is the eldest of a sibship of four children; her mother is a", "title": "Annick Girardin" } ]

[ "Gaddafi's Harem" ]

[ "In the 1970s and 1980s there were reports of his making sexual advances toward female reporters and members of his entourage. After the civil war, more serious charges came to light. Annick Cojean, a journalist for Le Monde, wrote in her book, Gaddafi's Harem that Gaddafi had raped, tortured, performed urolagnia, and imprisoned hundreds or thousands of women, usually very young. Another source—Libyan psychologist Seham Sergewa—reported that several of his female bodyguards claim to have been raped by Gaddafi and senior officials. After the civil war, Luis Moreno Ocampo, prosecutor for the International Criminal Court, said there was evidence that Gaddafi told soldiers to rape women who had spoken out against his regime. In 2011 Amnesty International questioned this and other claims used to justify NATO's war in Libya." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Rice University Stadium" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of the nation's energies on other scientific and social fields. He rallied popular support for the program in his \"We choose to go to the Moon\" speech, on September 12, 1962, before a large crowd at Rice University Stadium, in Houston, Texas, near the construction site of the new Manned Spacecraft Center facility. Khrushchev responded to Kennedy's implicit challenge with silence, refusing to publicly confirm or deny the Soviets were pursuing a \"Moon race\". As later disclosed, the Soviet Union secretly pursued a crewed lunar program until 1974. American Virgil \"Gus\" Grissom repeated Shepard's suborbital flight in \"Liberty Bell 7\"", "title": "Space Race" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of the nation's energies on other scientific and social fields. He rallied popular support for the program in his \"We choose to go to the Moon\" speech, on September 12, 1962, before a large crowd at Rice University Stadium, in Houston, Texas, near the construction site of the new Manned Spacecraft Center facility. Khrushchev responded to Kennedy's implicit challenge with silence, refusing to publicly confirm or deny the Soviets were pursuing a \"Moon race\". As later disclosed, the Soviet Union secretly pursued a crewed lunar program until 1974. American Virgil \"Gus\" Grissom repeated Shepard's suborbital flight in \"Liberty Bell 7\"", "title": "Space Race" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "as the \"Invincibles\". Tallon was the first-choice wicket-keeper, with Saggers as his deputy. Having spent the majority of his life in sunny Queensland and growing up in tropical Bundaberg, the cold English climate initially caught Tallon off guard. He did not wet his inner gloves as was his custom due to the temperature. As England agreed to make a new ball available every 55 overs, this meant that the ball would more frequently be in a favourable state for fast bowling, since it would swing more. As a result, Australia adopted a pace-oriented strategy and Ian Johnson was the only", "title": "Don Tallon with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Samantha McIntosh Samantha (Sam) McIntosh is a showjumper and equestrian from New Zealand. McIntosh is the daughter of two riders, trainers and showjumpers, Penny Stevenson and Colin McIntosh. She was born and grew up in Kaikohe, in the North Island of New Zealand, and began showjumping when she was about 15 years old. McIntosh moved to Europe when she was 17 years old and worked as a stablehand for Thomas Fuchs, Marcus Mändli and then in Germany with Lüthi Orschel. In 1998 she signed a contract with Orschel which included adopting dual New Zealand-Bulgarian citizenship, and began riding for Bulgaria.", "title": "Samantha McIntosh" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "\"excesses\", but busied herself with reforming the convent, which she called a \"spiritual brothel\". The absentee mother superior, who wore men's clothing, was sent away, nuns who departed from the rule were removed. In this way, Marguerite Louise's behaviour ceased to be a bone of contention with Florence. Marguerite Louise's health began to decline in 1712, with an attack of apoplexy, which left her with a paralysed left arm and foaming mouth. She soon recovered, only to suffer another attack the next year; the death of the only one of her three children she cared for, Grand Prince Ferdinando, contributed", "title": "Marguerite Louise d'Orléans" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and English mother. As a recognised songwriter, he was signed by Universal Publishing in 2004, prior to him releasing any material as a performer. Unlike many young artists he did not sign away the copyright in his recordings in the fast pursuit of fame. He owns his own music videos and does his own A&R, James released on his own Frofunk imprint via various deals with Independent Labels around the world. In so doing James has become one of the most successful independent soul recording artists globally. James sold over 1,000,000 albums and enjoyed sizable airplay hits across mainland Europe", "title": "Nate James" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the sample space or sampling unit dissipates into randomness when the variance terms of a temporally or \"in-situ\" ordered set are plotted against the variance of the set and the lower limits of its 99% and 95% confidence ranges. The variogram is the key function in geostatistics as it will be used to fit a model of the temporal/spatial correlation of the observed phenomenon. One is thus making a distinction between the \"experimental variogram\" that is a visualisation of a possible spatial/temporal correlation and the \"variogram model\" that is further used to define the weights of the kriging function. Note", "title": "Variogram" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "gave a speech to the United Nations General Assembly on September 20, 1963, in which he again proposed a joint expedition to the Moon. Khrushchev remained cautious about participating, and responded with a statement in October 1963 in which he declared that the Soviet Union had no plans to send cosmonauts to the Moon. However, his military advisors persuaded him that the offer was a good one, as it would enable the Soviet Union to acquire American technology. Kennedy ordered reviews of the Apollo project in April, August and October 1963. The final report was received on November 29, 1963,", "title": "We choose to go to the Moon" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "it was given. Clinton said that she had not seen or read the speech, but that she was glad he had given it: When asked a week later about the controversy about Obama's pastor that prompted, and was addressed by, Obama's speech, Clinton answered, \"He would not have been my pastor. You don't choose your family, but you choose what church you want to attend ... hate speech [is] unacceptable in any setting ... I just think you have to speak out against that. You certainly have to do that, if not explicitly, then implicitly by getting up and moving.\"", "title": "A More Perfect Union (speech)" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the Space Race with the Soviet Union, which had successfully launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, almost four years earlier. The perception increased when, on April 12, 1961, Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space before the U.S. could launch its first Project Mercury astronaut. American prestige was further damaged by the Bay of Pigs fiasco five days later. Convinced of the political need for an achievement which would decisively demonstrate America's space superiority, Kennedy asked his Vice President, Lyndon B. Johnson, in his role as chairman of the National Aeronautics and Space Council, to identify", "title": "We choose to go to the Moon" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and for salary increases as follows in the next four years of the deal: 4 percent, 3.2 percent, 4.5 percent and 4.4 percent. Without any warning, Moon Area School Board members voted, 7–2, to furlough at least 20 staff members in June 2011. On December 8, 2015, the Moon Area School Board voted to put superintendent Curt Baker on administrative leave. Board president Jerry Testa stated, \"We made decisions we felt where in the best interest of the district.\" After the vote, Dr. Donna K. Milanovich became the new Moon Area School District's interim superintendent. Given the district's location to", "title": "Moon Area School District" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to be designed for 3-D\", and explained the company's solutions for the new perspective: \"We did make sure things are as bright as possible; Michael called up theatre owners to make sure they keep the lamps bright in the theatres ... make everything a little sharper, because we know that through the steps, no matter what, when you get to the final screening things tend to go less sharp.\" On the last weekend of ILM's work on \"Dark of the Moon\", the company's entire render farm was being used for the film, giving ILM more than 200,000 hours of rendering", "title": "Transformers: Dark of the Moon" } ]

[ "Rice University Stadium" ]

[ "He justified the program in terms of its importance to national security, and its focus of the nation's energies on other scientific and social fields. He rallied popular support for the program in his \"We choose to go to the Moon\" speech, on September 12, 1962, before a large crowd at Rice University Stadium, in Houston, Texas, near the construction site of the new Manned Spacecraft Center facility. Full text " ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "The maximum distance" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "oborona\" (Cyrillic: Противовозду́шная оборо́на), a literal translation of \"anti-air defence\", abbreviated as \"PVO\". In Russian the AA systems are called \"zenitnye\" (i.e. \"pointing to zenith\") systems (guns, missiles etc.). In French, air defence is called \"DCA\" (Défense contre les aéronefs\", \"aéronef\" being the generic term for all kind of airborne device (aeroplane, airship, balloon, missile, rocket, etc.)). The maximum distance at which a gun or missile can engage an aircraft is an important figure. However, many different definitions are used but unless the same definition is used, performance of different guns or missiles cannot be compared. For AA guns only", "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "oborona\" (Cyrillic: Противовозду́шная оборо́на), a literal translation of \"anti-air defence\", abbreviated as \"PVO\". In Russian the AA systems are called \"zenitnye\" (i.e. \"pointing to zenith\") systems (guns, missiles etc.). In French, air defence is called \"DCA\" (Défense contre les aéronefs\", \"aéronef\" being the generic term for all kind of airborne device (aeroplane, airship, balloon, missile, rocket, etc.)). The maximum distance at which a gun or missile can engage an aircraft is an important figure. However, many different definitions are used but unless the same definition is used, performance of different guns or missiles cannot be compared. For AA guns only", "title": "Anti-aircraft warfare" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "according to Matthew Paris, in 1232, Parliament was held at Kennington. Edward III gave the manor of Kennington to his oldest son Edward the Black Prince in 1337, and the prince then built a large royal palace in the triangle formed by Kennington Lane, Sancroft Street and Cardigan Street, near to Kennington Cross. In 1377, according to John Stow, John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster came to Kennington to escape the fury of the people of London. Geoffrey Chaucer was employed at Kennington as Clerk of Works in 1389. He was paid 2 shillings. Kennington was the occasional residence", "title": "Kennington" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and international competitions are being held at the park. In December 2018 it was announced that due to the construction of the aerial lift to Kalemegdan, the skatepark will be moved to another location, as the starting point of the route on this side of the river will be on the exact spot of the skatepark. In 1961 an all-Yugoslav architectural design competition for the \"Museum of the revolution of the nations and nationalities of Yugoslavia\" was announced. It was to be built in Block 13, on the location between the modern Palace Serbia and Ušće Tower. Out of 29", "title": "Ušće" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "physical picture in which a number of electrons are exchanged between the colliding atoms. This formula has not only found a wide range of application in the physics of ion beams and radiation effects, but has also stimulated considerable theoretical activity. In 1966 and 1970, Firsov published two papers on the reflection of particles from a solid surface. During the last few years of his life, Firsov investigated one of the most fundamental cosmological problems-identifying the nature of dark matter. He proposed that the invisible mass in the universe is dust of ordinary matter. Among his pupils were physicists Mikhail", "title": "Oleg Firsov" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Alice's Curious Labyrinth Alice's Curious Labyrinth is a hedge maze attraction at the Disneyland Park within Disneyland Paris. It opened in 1992 with the Park, and belongs to the British part of Fantasyland. A similar maze attraction, based on both the 1951 and 2010 Disney film adaptations of Lewis Carroll's \"Alice in Wonderland\", exists at Shanghai Disneyland Park. The hedge maze is themed around scenes and characters from the Disney 1951 feature \"Alice in Wonderland\". It comprises two sections: the first one with some of Alice's adventures prior to meeting the Queen of Hearts, and the second based on Alice's", "title": "Alice's Curious Labyrinth" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Atari executives and, after the review was published, \"They explicitly told [Gamer.nl] that they only let high scoring reviews break the post-release embargo date.\" (Gamer.nl still has the offending review posted on the website, despite Atari's wishes.) In addition Atari claimed that reviews were not done as demanded by the official product-review standards at all and should be deleted immediately. Most other websites defended their reviews and refused to delete their articles. So far it is unclear whether or not Atari would decide to sue these websites. In the meantime other editors of magazines specialized in gaming state that it", "title": "Alone in the Dark (2008 video game)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "11 o'clock number 11 o'clock number is a theatre term for a big, show-stopping song that occurs late in the second act of a two-act musical, in which a major character, often the protagonist, comes to an important realization. Examples include \"So Long Dearie\" from \"Hello, Dolly!\", \"Rose's Turn\" from \"Gypsy\", and \"Work the Wound\" from \"Passing Strange\". It was so named because in the days when musical performances would start at 8:30 pm, this song would occur around 11:00 pm. Among the theatre community, there is some debate as to the characteristics of an 11 o'clock number. It often", "title": "11 o'clock number" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "claiming five aircraft downed from 24–28 February 1942:<br> \"\"Chief Ordnance Artificer, Peter Cajetan Mascarenhas was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal for his part in defending the convoy against the Japanese aircraft which attacked it in the Sunda Strait. The citation in the London Gazette said that he had carried out repairs to guns during dive-bombing and machine-gun attacks, and had shown great devotion to duty. Leading Seaman Khan Mohammed, who displayed skill and initiative in engaging the Japanese with an Oerlikon gun was also awarded the Distinguished Service Medal. The Gunnery Officer, Lieut. A.J.V. LeCocq, R.I.N.V.R., was decorated with the", "title": "INS Jumna" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Warsaw against a German attack. The city had been under constant attack by the Luftwaffe since the early morning of 1 September. Initially the only organized units available to him were four infantry battalions, anti-aircraft artillery and anti-aircraft machine guns detachments under colonel Kazimierz Baran, composed mostly of fire-fighter brigades and volunteers supervised by colonel Tadeusz Bogdanowicz and Julian Kulski, the deputy president of Warsaw. The AA artillery had 86 pieces of anti-aircraft artillery, as well as an unknown number of anti-aircraft machine guns. In addition there was an air force Pursuit Brigade which was equipped with 54 fighter aircraft.", "title": "Warszawa Army" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "favorable review, writing \"she is, in equal measure, intellectual, rebel and goofball.\" \"The Independent\" wrote, \"it would be almost unkind to call this an important book, because what it is mostly is engaging, brave and consistently, cleverly, naughtily funny, but actually it is important that we talk about this stuff.\" \"NPR\" spoke positively of \"How to Be a Woman\", describing her as in the vein of the late Nora Ephron. \"The Telegraph\", while praising the book, noted \"The book has not, however, met with universal approval. Germaine Greer, whom Moran idolises as \"Goddess Greer\" but nonetheless disagrees with on a", "title": "How to Be a Woman" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "stated that he has \"no ill will\" towards Lambesis and wished him well. Hipa, when on an episode of Jamey Jasta's podcast when asked about a reunion commented \"what it comes down to is what makes sense with what we have going on in our lives. And we've got a lot of important things going on that don't relate to that and we've made commitments to, and that's what we are honoring at this moment. Honestly it's just not something we try and consume our thoughts with. Because it's like we have families, businesses, professions, and a band—and all these", "title": "As I Lay Dying (band)" } ]

[ "The maximum distance" ]

[ "The maximum distance at which a gun or missile can engage an aircraft is an important figure. However, many different definitions are used but unless the same definition is used, performance of different guns or missiles cannot be compared. For AA guns only the ascending part of the trajectory can be usefully used. One term is 'ceiling', maximum ceiling being the height a projectile would reach if fired vertically, not practically useful in itself as few AA guns are able to fire vertically, and maximum fuse duration may be too short, but potentially useful as a standard to compare different weapons." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "hip hop" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "album-equivalent units, of which 70,000 were pure album sales. In film, Beyoncé will voice Nala in Jon Favreau's \"The Lion King\", which is expected to be released on July 19, 2019. Jody Rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive, describing her voice as \"one of the most compelling instruments in popular music\". Her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of Destiny's Child. Jon Pareles of \"The New York Times\" commented that her voice is \"velvety yet tart, with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting\". Rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced", "title": "Beyoncé" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "album-equivalent units, of which 70,000 were pure album sales. In film, Beyoncé will voice Nala in Jon Favreau's \"The Lion King\", which is expected to be released on July 19, 2019. Jody Rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive, describing her voice as \"one of the most compelling instruments in popular music\". Her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of Destiny's Child. Jon Pareles of \"The New York Times\" commented that her voice is \"velvety yet tart, with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting\". Rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced", "title": "Beyoncé" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "by frustration\". Bro-country Bro-country is a subgenre of mainstream country music originating in the second decade of the 21st century that is influenced by 21st-century hip hop, hard rock and electronic music. Bro-country songs are often about attractive young women, the consumption of alcohol, partying, and pickup trucks. The first use of the term was by Jody Rosen of \"New York\" magazine in an article published August 11, 2013 in which Rosen described songs by Florida Georgia Line, particularly their debut single \"Cruise\". Rosen also named Luke Bryan, Jason Aldean and Jake Owen among singers of the genre. \"Entertainment Weekly\"", "title": "Bro-country" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Bro-country Bro-country is a subgenre of mainstream country music originating in the second decade of the 21st century that is influenced by 21st-century hip hop, hard rock and electronic music. Bro-country songs are often about attractive young women, the consumption of alcohol, partying, and pickup trucks. The first use of the term was by Jody Rosen of \"New York\" magazine in an article published August 11, 2013 in which Rosen described songs by Florida Georgia Line, particularly their debut single \"Cruise\". Rosen also named Luke Bryan, Jason Aldean and Jake Owen among singers of the genre. \"Entertainment Weekly\" cited \"Boys", "title": "Bro-country" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "records may have had a great impact on a young Jamaican DJ named Kool Herc, who had emigrated to New York City in the late 1960s where he began holding parties in the Bronx. It was Kool Herc's parties and the scene that sprung up around them that is generally credited as birth of hip hop and rap. Mixing techniques developed later in dub music have also influenced hip hop. The dancehall genre was developed in the late 1970s by pioneers such as Yellowman and Eek-A-Mouse. The style is characterized by a \"deejay\" singing and rapping over riddims and was", "title": "Reggae genres" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "[and] lovesick\". He raps in a nasal voice and sings subtly, with a flow generally in A-B-AB form. Music journalist Jody Rosen observes \"emotionally transparent\" rapping that eschews the \"thuggy\" style previously popular in hip hop, finding Drake's style to be \"subtle and rueful rather than loud and lively\". Music writers liken \"Thank Me Later\" to Kanye West's \"808s & Heartbreak\". Nathan Rabin writes that, \"musically, Drake favors warm washes of synthesizers that create a melancholy, fragile mood redolent of \"808s & Heartbreak\".\" Comparisons are also drawn to \"Man on the Moon: The End of Day\" by Kid Cudi, a", "title": "Thank Me Later" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "M.A. in Journalism focusing in Cultural Reporting and Criticism from New York University in 1998. The culture of the Bronx at that time greatly influenced Rosen, who went on to publish several books about New York City in the 1970s and 1980s under her imprint, Miss Rosen Editions, with powerHouse Books including the legendary hip-hop epic, \"Wild Style\" by Charles Ahearn (2007), \"Do Not Give Way to Evil: Photographs of the South Bronx, 1979–1987\" by Lisa Kahane (2008), \"It’s Just Begun: The Epic Journey of DJ Disco Wiz, Hip Hop’s First Latino DJ\" by Ivan Sanchez and DJ Disco Wiz", "title": "Sara Rosen" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "\"Blowfly's Rapp\") helped the album \"Blowfly's Party\" reach No. 26 on \"Billboard Magazine\"'s black albums chart and No. 82 on the Billboard Top 200 in 1980. Blowfly's profane style earned Reid legal trouble. He was sued by songwriter Stanley Adams, who was ASCAP president at the time, for spoofing \"What a Diff'rence a Day Makes\" as \"What a Difference a Lay Makes\". Reid's own compositions have been sampled by dozens of hip hop, R&B, and electronic artists (such as Beyonce, Wu Tang Clan, DJ Quik, DMX, Method Man & Redman, Main Source, DJ Shadow, Eazy-E, RJD2, Jurassic 5, Big Daddy", "title": "Blowfly (musician)" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "day. They are then interrupted by Elmer Drimsdale, who witnessed the balloon in his telescope and had concluded it was a UFO. He causes a massive disturbance between both schools. The next morning, the Ambassador arrives at the school to retrieve his lost son and honor the people responsible for rescuing him – Bruno, Boots, and Elmer, who receive medals from the RCMP, the Ontario Provincial Police, and the Ambassador, who is ironically representing the country of Malbonia, the country of which flag Bruno and Boots had used in a prank earlier in the novel. For Macdonald Hall to honor", "title": "This Can't Be Happening at Macdonald Hall" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of South Cerney, bringing more requirements for housing and a large estate was built on the land sold by Aggregate Industries some years ago. South Cerney has a growing business community with many companies occupying the industrial and business estates that have built up on the outskirts of South Cerney. Cirencester is located at the hub of a significant road network with important routes to Gloucester (A417), Cheltenham (A435), Warwick (A429 \"Fosseway\"), Oxford (A40 via the B4425), Swindon (A419), Chippenham (A429), Bristol and Bath (A433), and Stroud (A419). The nearest railway station is a few miles away at Kemble which", "title": "South Cerney" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "professional sports franchise has played in the same neighborhood longer than the White Sox. In 1910, Comiskey Park opened just 4 blocks north of South Side Park on a site that was formerly a junkyard. The Park remained the home of the Sox until 1990, when it was the oldest park in Major League Baseball. The new Comiskey Park, currently known as Guaranteed Rate Field, opened in 1991 across 35th Street from the old ballpark. Comiskey Park was then demolished in 1991 and converted into a parking lot. A plaque embedded in the asphalt marks the spot where home plate", "title": "Armour Square, Chicago" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "was $37,467. Males had a median income of $31,462 versus $21,136 for females. The per capita income for the community was $15,057. About 11.5% of families and 13.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.8% of those under age 18 and 21.3% of those age 65 or over. Herbert Hoover High School, named in honor of former U.S. President Herbert Hoover, is located in Clendenin, a few miles north of Elkview. Elkview, West Virginia Elkview is a census-designated place (CDP) in Kanawha County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 1,222 at the 2010 census. It is", "title": "Elkview, West Virginia" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "suggestion for a centrally located, multipurpose city hall was not approved by the city council, however, until 1916. A public vote that November overwhelmingly supported construction of such a hall and the issuance of a $20,000 municipal bond to finance the project. By then the boomtown had no suitable empty lots, so the city cleared one by paying nominal fees to the owners of three houses and covering the cost of relocating the structures elsewhere. The selected site was adjacent to Ironton's main business district and across the street from the railroad depot. Four bids for construction of the hall", "title": "Ironton City Hall" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Sandy & Junior Sandy & Junior was a Brazilian pop music duo consisting of siblings Sandy Leah Lima (born January 28, 1983) and Durval de Lima Junior (born April 11, 1984). They first gained notoriety by being the children of Xororó from popular sertanejo duo Chitãozinho & Xororó. Sandy & Junior began by singing children's songs and sertanejo-influenced tracks (their first single, \"Maria Chiquinha\", is a classic sertanejo song). Once they reached adolescence, they changed their style to pop-influenced songs, mainly ballads and upbeat songs. They became a pop phenomenon in Brazil with the release of the albums \"Era Uma", "title": "Sandy & Junior" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "an average score of 52, based on 30 reviews, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Andy Gill of \"The Independent\" praised the album as \"a masterclass in modern pop creation, pinballing from style to style without endangering their essential 'TingTingness'\". \"The Daily Telegraph\"s Andrew Perry wrote that the album \"sounds anything but laboured\", concluding, \"Whatever the style, White and de Martino [...] know how to knock a tune together and have delivered a pop party album thrillingly in tune with contemporary listening habits.\" \"Rolling Stone\"s Jody Rosen opined that on \"Sounds from Nowheresville\", \"the band again is at its best when", "title": "Sounds from Nowheresville" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "produced by Posner and Levy, infuses hand claps and Pharrell Williams similar style beats, and, as noted by Pop Crush reviewer Amy Sciaretto, \"is kept to a minimum, allowing The Biebs’ voice, which has strengthened and deepened as he matures and grows up, to shine and take center stage.\" Sciaretto also thought that \"Boyfriend\" is similar to Timberlake's song \"Cry Me a River\" (2002), while it was perceived by Robbie Daw of Idolator as a homage to the early 1990s. Jody Rosen of \"Rolling Stone\" dismissed the lyrical content, and summarized it as \"Justin Has Actually Had Sexual Intercourse –", "title": "Boyfriend (Justin Bieber song)" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "by Mihajlović, with the exception for \"Tegoba\" (Ailment), written by Petkovski, in which he presented his sympathies for jazz rock. The musical style ranged from the hard rock influenced title track, ballads \"Stvar ljubavi\" (A Matter of Love) and \"Plava pesma\" (Blue Song), featuring the London Harmonium string quartet, folk rock \"Daire\" (Tambourine), the progressive \"'Alo\", featuring Aranđelović's scat singing combined with Mihajlović's solo parts, and \"Domaći zadatak\" (Homework), featuring complex solos on drums, bass guitar and keyboards, which was directly dedicated to Bijelo Dugme. The album had a luxurious cover designed by Dragan S. Stefanović, featuring a new band", "title": "Smak" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "their long career\". \"Chicago Tribune\" writer Greg Kot lauded the album's socially conscious themes and viewed its sound as \"bleaker, grimier and harder-edged\" than The Roots' earlier work. Will Dukes of \"Spin\" complimented its socially relevant themes and called the album \"a thematically, unified, musically propulsive statement about the decline of contemporary society\". \"Rolling Stone\"s Jody Rosen complimented its dark, dense production, stating \"It's a sound that fits the dark subject matter\". Tyler Munro of Sputnikmusic stated \"Dark, dense and paranoid, \"Rising Down\" is surprisingly better for it\". By contrast, \"Entertainment Weekly\"s Sean Howe expressed a mixed response towards its", "title": "Rising Down" } ]

[ "hip hop" ]

[ "Beyoncé's vocal range spans four octaves. Jody Rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive, describing her voice as \"one of the most compelling instruments in popular music\". While another critic says she is a \"Vocal acrobat, being able to sing long and complex melismas and vocal runs effortlessly, and in key. Her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of Destiny's Child. The Daily Mail calls Beyoncé's voice \"versatile\", capable of exploring power ballads, soul, rock belting, operatic flourishes, and hip hop. Jon Pareles of The New York Times commented that her voice is \"velvety yet tart, with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting\". Rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced Beyoncé's strange rhythmic vocal style, but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry, gospel and falsetto. Other critics praise her range and power, with Chris Richards of The Washington Post saying she was \"capable of punctuating any beat with goose-bump-inducing whispers or full-bore diva-roars.\"" ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "during the Les Falles" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "instruction. The largest plaza in Valencia is the \"Plaça del Ajuntament\"; it is home to the City Hall \"(Ajuntament)\" on its western side and the central post office \"(Edifici de Correus)\" on its eastern side, a cinema that shows classic movies, and many restaurants and bars. The plaza is triangular in shape, with a large cement lot at the southern end, normally surrounded by flower vendors. It serves as ground zero during the Les Falles when the fireworks of the \"Mascletà\" can be heard every afternoon. There is a large fountain at the northern end. The \"Plaça de la Mare", "title": "Valencia" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "look. There are also many theme restaurants here. Edavannappara village is a predominantly Muslim populated area. Hindus exist in comparatively smaller numbers. So the culture of the locality is based upon Muslim traditions. Duff Muttu, Kolkali and Aravanamuttu are common folk arts of this locality. There are many libraries attached to mosques giving a rich source of Islamic studies. Some of the books are written in Arabi-Malayalam which is a version of the Malayalam language written in Arabic script. People gather in mosques for the evening prayer and continue to sit there after the prayers discussing social and cultural issues.", "title": "Edavannappara" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the 1989 NFL Draft. 1988 Cal State Hayward Pioneers football team The 1988 Cal State Hayward Pioneers football team represented California State University, Hayward in the 1988 NCAA Division II football season. Cal State Hayward competed in the Northern California Athletic Conference (NCAC). The Pioneers were led by head coach Tim Tierney in his 14th year. They played home games at Pioneer Stadium in Hayward, California. The Pioneers finished the season with a record of two wins and nine losses (2–9, 1–4 NCAC). The Pioneers were outscored by their opponents 145–229 for the 1988 season. No Cal State Hayward Pioneers", "title": "1988 Cal State Hayward Pioneers football team" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "German armor. Peiper instead directed his lead tank to cross the railroad and climb the embankment, but as soon as it reached the top on the far side, Peiper received new orders directing him west along the road through Lanzerath to Bucholz Station. He pulled back and headed for Lanzerath instead. The infantry advance was also supported by an array of searchlights that lit up the clouds like moonlight allowing the inexperienced German infantry to find their way, but in some locations the German troops, backlit by the searchlights, became easy targets for American forces. These clouds and the snowstorms", "title": "Battle of Elsenborn Ridge" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Primavera, Tucson Museum of Art, Tucson, AZ Centro Cultural de la Raza, Balboa Park, San Diego, CA 1989 Six from Santa Fe, Gibbs Museum of Art, Charleston, SC 1988 Mask, The Old Pueblo Museum, Tucson, AZ 1987 Fort Wayne Museum of Art, Fort Wayne, IN 1985 Eight Artists, The Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, CA Women of the American West, Bruce Museum, Greenwich, CT 1984 She Holds Her Own, The Green County Council on the Arts, Catskill, NY Contemporary Native American Art Exhibition, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 1982 Modern Native American Abstraction, The Philadelphia Art Alliance Gallery, Philadelphia, PA (traveling", "title": "Emmi Whitehorse" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of Beyoncé in the preparations for the show, in which she combs and sprays her hair, depilates her face and whitens her teeth. The scene transitions to a judge, played by the fashion model Shaun Ross, directing the contestants, during which Beyoncé is seen consuming diet pills. He measures her abdomen with tape and hits her thighs as an indication of preferred onstage behaviour. The second verse follows, during which Beyoncé is pictured exercising at her home and measuring her weight to her own dissatisfaction. As the second verse finishes, the host calls Beyoncé on the stage and praises her", "title": "Pretty Hurts" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Butterfly gives him her hand and this her child's. Sharpless asks the child his name, and Butterfly answers for him, \"Today my name is Sorrow. But write and tell Daddy that, the day he returns, my name will be Joy.\" Sharpless promises to tell Pinkerton. Offstage, Suzuki can be heard shouting, \"Snake. Damned toad!\" Suzuki enters, pulling Goro with her, and she tells Butterfly, \"He buzzes around, the snake. Every day he tells the four winds that no one knows who is the child's father!\" Goro explains that, in America, when a child is born with a curse, he will", "title": "Madama Butterfly" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the illusion-of-truth effect occurs even without explicit knowledge, it is a direct result of implicit memory. Some participants rated previously heard sentences as true even when they were previously told that they were false. The illusion-of-truth effect shows in some ways the potential dangers of implicit memory as it can lead to unconscious decisions about a statement's veracity. A form of implicit memory used every day is called procedural memory. Procedural memory lets us perform some actions (such as writing or riding a bike) even if we are not consciously thinking about it. In one experiment two groups of people,", "title": "Implicit memory" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "future generations, but the contents of that message have not been revealed. When Tsar Peter the Great visited the Netherlands in 1698, he heard the perfect tuned Hemony carillons in Amsterdam and Leiden singing all 24 hours of the day, every quarter of an hour automatically. Later in 1717 he visited Flanders incognito and climbed the tower of the Cathedral of Our Lady in Antwerp, where he must have heard one of the two Hemony carillons in one of the towers of this cathedral. He was impressed by the sound of a carillon and wanted one like these for his", "title": "Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "child. On 26 February 2017, Sean Paul announced the birth of his son, Levi Blaze. Manager and producer Jeremy Harding heard about Sean Paul when Harding's brother told him about seeing someone at a small open mic event in Kingston who sounded a lot like the dancehall DJ and toaster Super Cat. Harding eventually met the singer when Paul came by his studio to ask for some advice. During the meeting Paul recorded a vocal over Harding's rhythm track and in the process created the song \"Baby Girl\". Paul began hanging out at the studio every day, and the pair", "title": "Sean Paul" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the radio division. Select programming and IDs, including hourly time checks are spoken in Pa'enexily, the traditional language of the Cupeños. Rez Radio 91.3's \"Sunday Morning Marley\" reggae show, heard from 9 a.m. to noon Pacific Time boasts of an international online following. The station's commitment to reggae includes an hour of it every night at 7 p.m. The station airs the syndicated \"Wolfman Jack Show\" every Tuesday through Saturday at 6 p.m. Non-hosted hours of the day feature an eclectic mix of classic rock, pop, soul, country, reggae, blues and Native American music. An hour of Old Time Radio", "title": "KPRI" } ]

[ "during the Les Falles" ]

[ "The largest plaza in Valencia is the Plaza del Ayuntamiento; it is home to the City Hall (Ayuntamiento) on its western side and the central post office (Edificio de Correos) on its eastern side, a cinema that shows classic movies, and many restaurants and bars. The plaza is triangular in shape, with a large cement lot at the southern end, normally surrounded by flower vendors. It serves as ground zero during the Les Falles when the fireworks of the Mascletà can be heard every afternoon. There is a large fountain at the northern end." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Indo-European" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "languages, Dutch is grouped within the Germanic languages, meaning it shares a common ancestor with languages such as English, German, and the Scandinavian languages. All Germanic languages are subject to the Grimm's law and Verner's law sound shifts, which originated in the Proto-Germanic language and define the basic features differentiating them from other Indo-European languages. This is assumed to have taken place in approximately the mid-first millennium BCE in the pre-Roman Northern European Iron Age. The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups: East (now extinct), West, and North Germanic. They remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration Period. Dutch", "title": "Dutch language" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "language are Belgium, the Netherlands, Suriname, Aruba and Curacao. Within the Indo-European language tree, Dutch is grouped within the Germanic languages, which means it shares a common ancestor with languages such as English, German, and Scandinavian languages. This common, but not direct, ancestor (proto-language) of all contemporary Germanic languages is called \"Proto-Germanic\", commonly assumed to have originated in approximately the mid-1st millennium BC in Iron Age northern Europe. All Germanic languages are united by subjection to the sound shifts of Grimm's law and Verner's law which originated Proto-Germanic. These two laws define the basic differentiating features of Germanic languages that", "title": "History of the Dutch language" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "languages, Dutch is grouped within the Germanic languages, meaning it shares a common ancestor with languages such as English, German, and the Scandinavian languages. All Germanic languages are subject to the Grimm's law and Verner's law sound shifts, which originated in the Proto-Germanic language and define the basic features differentiating them from other Indo-European languages. This is assumed to have taken place in approximately the mid-first millennium BCE in the pre-Roman Northern European Iron Age. The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups: East (now extinct), West, and North Germanic. They remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration Period. Dutch", "title": "Dutch language" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "closely related, between languages that are distantly related (like English and French, which are distantly related Indo-European languages) and between languages that have no genetic relationship. One theory concerning genetic relationships among languages is monogenesisthe idea that all known languages, with the exceptions of creoles, pidgins and sign languages, are descendant from a single ancestral language. A common visual representation of a language family is given by a genetic language tree. The tree model is sometimes termed a dendrogram or phylogeny. The family tree shows the relationship of the languages within in a family, much as a family tree of", "title": "Genetic relationship (linguistics)" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "are regular within their own terms. However, the suppletive verbs are irregular by any standard, and for most purposes the preterite-presents can also count as irregular. Beyond this, isolated irregularities occur in all Germanic languages in both the strong and the weak verb system. Germanic verb The Germanic language family is one of the language groups that resulted from the breakup of Proto-Indo-European (PIE). It in turn divided into North, West and East Germanic groups, and ultimately produced a large group of mediaeval and modern languages, most importantly: Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish (North); English, Frisian, Dutch and German (West); and", "title": "Germanic verb" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Germanic verb The Germanic language family is one of the language groups that resulted from the breakup of Proto-Indo-European (PIE). It in turn divided into North, West and East Germanic groups, and ultimately produced a large group of mediaeval and modern languages, most importantly: Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish (North); English, Frisian, Dutch and German (West); and Gothic (East, extinct). The Germanic verb system lends itself to both descriptive (synchronic) and historical (diachronic) comparative analysis. This overview article is intended to lead into a series of specialist articles discussing historical aspects of these verbs, showing how they developed out of PIE,", "title": "Germanic verb" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "it gained equal status with Dutch and English as an official language in South Africa in 1925. Dutch remained an official language until the new 1961 constitution finally stipulated the two official languages in South Africa to be Afrikaans and English (although, curiously, the 1961 constitution still had a sub-clause stipulating that the word \"Afrikaans\" was also meant to be referring to the Dutch language). It is the only Indo-European language of significance that underwent distinct development on the African continent. The South African Constitution of post 1994 considers Afrikaans as one of 11 official languages. The majority of Afrikaans", "title": "Low Franconian languages" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "vision of sexual abandon in Nazi Germany (from the film 'Ghosts of Sodom') When Fulci recovers from his vision, he finds himself outside again with his producer saying, \"Lucio, you must stop! Stop, in the name of God!\" Filippo informs the confused director that he has just run amuck, smashed the TV crews camera and tried to rip the interviewer's clothes off. Professor Swharz calls Fulci for another consultation after he had watched all of his films. He suggests using hypnosis. Once Fulci is under, the Professor's true colors are revealed. He switches on a buzzer device and describes a", "title": "A Cat in the Brain" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "was a time of social and cultural change as the ideas of Buddhism, Jainism, and various traditions within Hinduism were competing for members. Buddhism in particular influenced India's spiritual traditions in the first 700 years of the 1st millennium CE. Shankara and his contemporaries made a significant contribution in understanding Buddhism and the ancient Vedic traditions; they then transformed the extant ideas, particularly reforming the Vedanta tradition of Hinduism, making it India's most important tradition for more than a thousand years. Adi Shankara is best known for his systematic reviews and commentaries (\"Bhasyas\") on ancient Indian texts. Shankara's masterpiece of", "title": "Advaita Vedanta" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and buyers as well as wine consultants and academics. The results were \"disturbing\"... \"Over the years he has shown again and again that even trained, professional palates are terrible at judging wine.\" The results were published in the \"Journal of Wine Economics\" in 2008 and '09. Hodgson continued to analyse the results of wine competitions across the state and found that the medals awarded for wine excellence \"were distributed at random\". Although he concedes that \"there are individual expert tasters with exceptional abilities\", the objective evaluation of large numbers of wines as currently attempted at wine competitions is, he asserts,", "title": "Blind wine tasting" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "treaties with the British. Abdel Latif urged Abdullah to settle with his family but he refused. In October 1923, Abdullah's cousin, Hamad bin Ibrahim, set a slave from his household to murder Abdullah. Immediately following the funeral, Hamad bin Ibrahim Al Mualla outwitted the family and its guards and took over the government house, proclaiming himself Ruler. Abdullah bin Rashid Al Mualla II Sheikh Abdullah bin Rashid Al Mualla II was Ruler of Umm Al Quwain from 1922–1923, one of the Trucial States, today the United Arab Emirates (UAE). His short rule was dominated by fears of a coup by", "title": "Abdullah bin Rashid Al Mualla II" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Chicago Bulls guard Dwyane Wade, who appeared via satellite. Other panelists included Chicago Bulls point guard Rajon Rondo, former Detroit Pistons point guard Isiah Thomas, WNBA/Chicago Sky guard Cappie Pondexter, and ESPN analysts Doug Glanville and Marcellus Wiley. On October 11, 2016, the site hosted \"The Undefeated Conversation with President Obama: Sports, Race and Achievement,\" a forum at North Carolina A&T State University in Greensboro. The Undefeated (website) The Undefeated is a sports and pop culture website owned and operated by ESPN. Officially launched May 17, 2016, the site describes itself as “the premier platform for exploring the intersections of", "title": "The Undefeated (website)" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "French, English, Dutch, and Spanish. These European languages often had different phonetic stylings for the foreign languages of the Native Americans, and this translation and transliteration was conducted in an era before many modern writing conventions, resulting in inconsistent spelling, grammar and alphabetic characters. The Algonquian peoples were one of the most populous and widespread North American native language groups, with tribes originally numbering in the hundreds. They were most concentrated in the New England region. The Central Algonquian languages are a subgroup of the Algonquian family, itself a member of the Algic language family. The languages are grouped together", "title": "Protohistory of West Virginia" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "co-official, but the idea never gained ground. Cherokee is officially recognized by the Cherokee Nation within the Cherokee tribal jurisdiction area in eastern Oklahoma. After New Amsterdam (formerly a Dutch colony) was transferred to English administration (becoming the Province of New York) in the late 17th century, English supplanted Dutch as the official language. However, \"Dutch remained the primary language for many civil and ecclesiastical functions and most private affairs for the next century.\" The Jersey Dutch dialect is now extinct. California has agreed to allow the publication of state documents in other languages to represent minority groups and immigrant", "title": "Languages of the United States" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Levenshtein distance. Based on this, one study compared both Afrikaans and West Frisian with Dutch to see which was closer to Dutch. It determined that the Dutch and Afrikaans (mutual distance of 20.9%) were considerably closer than Dutch and West Frisian (mutual distance of 34.2%). However, lexicostatistical methods, which are based on retentions from a common proto-language – and not innovations – are problematic due to a number of reasons, so some linguists argue they cannot be relied upon during the tracing of a phylogenetic tree (for example, highest retention rates can sometimes be found in the opposite, peripheral ends", "title": "Linguistic distance" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "organizational methods, and their political idiosyncrasies on the colonized groups as well developing new ones. After an unsuccessful attempt to claim the colony in 1795, the British permanently established their control between 1806 and 1815. An influx of British pioneers entered the colony, introducing the English language to the region and setting up new frontier settlements. In 1822, the court system was anglicized, posing a significant disadvantage to Afrikaans-speaking individuals. Incentives were offered to teachers who conducted their lessons in English, resulting in a transition from Dutch to English education with adverse long-term effects on Afrikaner education levels. The British", "title": "History of South African nationality" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Penose The penose is the organized criminal underbelly in Amsterdam and other major cities in the Netherlands. Penose usually means the organisations formed by criminals of Dutch descent. It is a slang word coming from the old Amsterdam Bargoens language. Organized crime in the Netherlands goes back to the 18th century when organized groups of thieves, pimps and shady travelling salesmen created a cant language named Bargoens to communicate with each other. Out of the language there arose a couple of new words which would become part of the Dutch folklore. Until this day the word \"Penose\" (which arose from", "title": "Penose" } ]

[ "Indo-European" ]

[ "Within the Indo-European language tree, Dutch is grouped within the Germanic languages, which means it shares a common ancestor with languages such as English, German, and Scandinavian languages. All Germanic languages are united by subjection to the sound shifts of Grimm's law and Verner's law which originated in the Proto-Germanic language and define the basic differentiating features from other Indo-European languages. This assumed to have originated in approximately the mid-first millennium BCE in Iron Age northern Europe." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "synchronized, choreographed routines" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "a vertical wooden pole or rope. The word also refers to the pole used in the sport. Mallakhamba derives from the terms \"malla\" which denotes a wrestler and \"khamba\" which means a pole. Mallakhamba can therefore be translated to English as \"pole gymnastics\". On April 9, 2013, the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh declared mallakhamba as the state sport. General gymnastics enables people of all ages and abilities to participate in performance groups of 6 to more than 150 athletes. They perform synchronized, choreographed routines. Troupes may consist of both genders and are not separated into age divisions. The largest", "title": "Gymnastics" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "a vertical wooden pole or rope. The word also refers to the pole used in the sport. Mallakhamba derives from the terms \"malla\" which denotes a wrestler and \"khamba\" which means a pole. Mallakhamba can therefore be translated to English as \"pole gymnastics\". On April 9, 2013, the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh declared mallakhamba as the state sport. General gymnastics enables people of all ages and abilities to participate in performance groups of 6 to more than 150 athletes. They perform synchronized, choreographed routines. Troupes may consist of both genders and are not separated into age divisions. The largest", "title": "Gymnastics" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "The Examination for Lieutenant The Examination for Lieutenant is an episode of the British television series \"Hornblower\". It is loosely based on part of \"Mr. Midshipman Hornblower\" by C. S. Forester. It was released on DVD in the United States under the title The Fire Ships. Sir Edward Pellew, captain of decides to put his protégé, Horatio Hornblower, forward for the examination for lieutenant. Leading up to the exam, Hornblower faces many challenges. Spain has made peace with France and is no longer an ally of Britain – Spanish ships, although technically neutral, begin to attack British ships. Wreckage from", "title": "The Examination for Lieutenant" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "player controls Taylor, the protagonist of the 1968 film \"Planet of the Apes\", through several environments inspired by the film: a forest, a river, the ape village, a desert, and caverns. Obstacles include three types of apes: harmless chimpanzees; orangutans, who inflict damage and imprison Taylor in the ape village if they touch him; and gorillas, who inflict more damage, fire projectiles, and also imprison Taylor. The action button fires Taylor's gun and also allows him to escape the ape village cage and pits. Counters at the top of the screen track Taylor's \"life\", which decreases with damage, and his", "title": "Revenge of the Apes" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "1896 the Prussian Order of the Red Eagle of the fourth class was conferred upon him. After an interval of nearly ten years he completed the third volume of the \"System der Nationalökonomie,\" which was also issued under the title \"Nationalökonomie des Handelsund Verkehrswesens: Ein Lesebuch für Studierende,\" Stuttgart, 1898. To the \"Jahrbuch für Nationalökonomie\" (vi, Jan., 1901) he contributed \"Ueber die Vereinigung der Staatswissenschaften mit den Juristenfacultäten.\" Gustav Cohn Gustav Cohn (December 12, 1840, Marienwerder, West Prussia, September 17, 1919) was a German economist, noted for his pioneering contributions to the theory and policy of transportation and public finance.", "title": "Gustav Cohn" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "delineation between Trichida and Liceida that has come into discussion. Liceida is a complex order that is not likely monophyletic due to its defining feature being the absence of a capillitium. Further morphological studies have revealed several species within Liceida that may in fact exhibit a capillitium. Many others that have a “pseudocapillitium”, or remnant threads within the spore, which is a poorly defined term as many different kinds of pseudocapillitium have been observed. As a result, suggestions of new kinds of phylogenies based on molecular findings have been proposed. Fiore-Donna proposed the formation of new clades between Trichida and", "title": "Trichiida" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Party of Independence and '48 The Party of Independence and '48 (; F48P), also known mostly by its shortened form Independence Party (), was one of the two major political parties in the Kingdom of Hungary within Austria-Hungary, along with the Liberal Party then National Party of Work. During its existence, the F48P strongly opposed the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. The party was revived after the fall of the Hungarian Soviet Republic and restoration of the monarchy. The Party of Independence and '48 was established in 1884 by a merger of the Independence Party and the Party of 1848. Lajos", "title": "Party of Independence and '48" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "And then, I finally said, 'You know what? I need to go back and perform and do what I love for me,' and that's how Erika Jayne was born.\" Girardi has called this period of her life \"great legal education\". \"I sat in so many meetings, dinners, and talks with the very best legal minds. I went to the U.S. Supreme Court to watch a session. We would go to the Senate to meet people and talk to them on an intimate level. This was not the kind of meet and greet where you shake a politician’s hand and get", "title": "Erika Jayne" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "expression not always includes mounting, and therefore, it meaning is similar to mass game. In the other English speaking countries, such as Malaysia, it is called “gymnastic formation”. In Japan, it is called “kumi-taisô”, which means mounting gymnastics. Basic performances of gymnastic formation are seen at the wall painting of ancient Egypt and ceramic art of ancient China. In the Middle Age of Europe, it was exhibited in Italy on the festivities. In the 19th century, gymnastic formation was performed in Germany. In the beginning of the 20th century, in the United States of America, some young women’s groups performed", "title": "Gymnastic formation" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "used by new in the allocation phase. It can be overridden per class or globally to define a specific memory allocator. Since standard C++ subsumes the C standard library, the C dynamic memory allocation routines , , and are also available to C++ programmers. The use of these routines is discouraged for most uses, since they do not perform object initialization and destruction. and were, in fact, introduced in the first version of C++ (then called \"C with Classes\") to avoid the necessity of manual object initialization. In contrast to the C routines, which allow growing or shrinking an allocated", "title": "New and delete (C++)" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to intimidate guests during Hill's standup routines. Some of Stouffer's famous catchphrases are \"he got a big face\" and \"sorted – respect due\". At the end of each episode, an event called \"The Badger Parade\" was supposed to take place. The parade featured a number of puppet badgers that included Gareth Southgate badger and Tasmin Archer badger, among others – however, every week, there would be some kind of problem, resulting in the badgers being unable to perform. In place of the badger parade, Hill would usually sing a song, with a guest that he had invited onto the show.", "title": "Harry Hill" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "dramatic or musical, are presented on a stage for an audience and have a history that goes back to Hellenistic times when \"leading musicians and actors\" performed widely at \"poetical competitions\", for example at \"Delphi, Delos, Ephesus\". Aristotle and his teacher Plato both wrote on the theory and purpose of theatre. Aristotle posed questions such as \"What is the function of the arts in shaping character? Should a member of the ruling class merely watch performances or be a participant and perform? What kind of entertainment should be provided for those who do not belong to the elite?\" The \"Ptolemys", "title": "Entertainment" } ]

[ "synchronized, choreographed routines" ]

[ "General gymnastics enables people of all ages and abilities to participate in performance groups of 6 to more than 150 athletes. They perform synchronized, choreographed routines. Troupes may consist of both genders and are not separated into age divisions. The largest general gymnastics exhibition is the quadrennial World Gymnaestrada which was first held in 1939. In 1984 Gymnastics for All was officially recognized first as a Sport Program by the FIG (International Gymnastic Federation), and subsequently by national gymnastic federations worldwide with participants that now number 30 million." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "2010" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "with a total of 62 nominations. \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" won Song of the Year in 2010 while \"Say My Name\", \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Drunk in Love\" have each won Best R&B Song. \"Dangerously in Love\", \"B'Day\" and \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\" have all won Best Contemporary R&B Album, while \"Lemonade\" has won Best Urban Contemporary Album. Beyoncé set the record for the most Grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards, breaking the tie she previously held with Alicia Keys, Norah Jones, Alison Krauss, and", "title": "Beyoncé" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "with a total of 62 nominations. \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" won Song of the Year in 2010 while \"Say My Name\", \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Drunk in Love\" have each won Best R&B Song. \"Dangerously in Love\", \"B'Day\" and \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\" have all won Best Contemporary R&B Album, while \"Lemonade\" has won Best Urban Contemporary Album. Beyoncé set the record for the most Grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards, breaking the tie she previously held with Alicia Keys, Norah Jones, Alison Krauss, and", "title": "Beyoncé" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Beyoncé went on to win six of those nominations, breaking a record she previously tied in 2004 for the most Grammy awards won in a single night by a female artist with six. In 2010, Beyoncé was featured on Lady Gaga's single \"Telephone\" and appeared in its music video. The song topped the US Pop Songs chart, becoming the sixth number-one for both Beyoncé and Gaga, tying them with Mariah Carey for most number-ones since the Nielsen Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992. \"Telephone\" received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. Beyoncé announced a hiatus", "title": "Beyoncé" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "artist of all time, according to \"Guinness World Records\", with two Emmy Awards, six Grammy Awards, 30 Billboard Music Awards, 22 American Music Awards, among a total of 415 career awards as of 2010. She held the all-time record for the most American Music Awards of any female solo artist and shared the record with Michael Jackson for the most AMAs ever won in a single year with eight wins in 1994. Houston won a record 11 Billboard Music Awards at its fourth ceremony in 1993. She also had the record for the most WMAs won in a single year,", "title": "Whitney Houston" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Jackson won eight in 1984 and Santana tied Jackson's record in 2000. Michael Jackson won eight in 1984. The record most Grammys won by a female artist in one night is six. Beyoncé and Adele each won six in 2010 and 2012, respectively. In 2000, Santana was awarded a total of 8 awards. They won the awards for Record of the Year, Album of the Year, Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals, Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals, Best Pop Instrumental Performance, Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals, Best Rock Instrumental Performance and", "title": "Grammy Award records" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Amy Winehouse, with Adele equaling this in 2012. Beyoncé has also won 24 MTV Video Music Awards, making her the most-awarded artist in Video Music Award history. \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" and \"Formation\" won Video of the Year in 2009 and 2016 respectively. Beyoncé tied the record set by Lady Gaga in 2010 for the most VMAs won in one night for a female artist with eight in 2016. She is also the most awarded and nominated artist in BET Award history, winning 29 awards from a total of 60 nominations. Following her role in \"Dreamgirls\", Beyoncé", "title": "Beyoncé" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "solo album. The album earned over thirty platinum and one diamond certifications in separate worldwide markets, being certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on January 16, 2009, selling over three million copies in the United States. As of 2015, \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\" has sold over eight million copies worldwide. The album garnered seven Grammy Award nominations at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards ceremony (2010), including a nomination for Album of the Year, winning five and eventually collecting a record setting six wins—the most awards won in one night by a female artist. To promote", "title": "I Am... Sasha Fierce" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "her career she flew over 21,000 hours, 17,000 hours as an instructor on single and twin-engine aircraft, on wheels, skis and floats, and helicopters. She also taught around 5000 people to fly. As one of Canada's most distinguished pilots, she was made a Member of the Order of Canada in 1993. Marion Orr continued to fly until her deteriorating health saw her license revoked in 1994. She died in 1995 in an automobile accident. Marion Alice Orr Marion Alice (Powell) Orr, CM (25 June 1918 – 4 April 1995) was a pioneering Canadian aviator who was the first woman to", "title": "Marion Alice Orr" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "National Labour Federation Pakistan The International Business Federation Pakistan (IBF PAKISTAN) is an international trade union center in Pakistan. It was formed on 9 September 1969 and has 300 affiliated unions, including workers in unorganized sectors such as brick kilns, oil tankers, and carpet workers. It is the second largest trade union federation in Pakistan today. National Labour Federation Pakistan is an Independent and Democratic National Trade Union Federation which organizes workers throughout all Pakistan regions, Baluchistan as well as Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Gilgit-Baltistan areas. On 14 September 2015, Amir of Jamat-e-Islami, Pakistan (a major political party in", "title": "National Labour Federation Pakistan" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "promote international cooperation on migration issues, to assist in the search for practical solutions to migration problems and to provide humanitarian assistance to migrants in need, including refugees and internally displaced people. In September 2016, IOM joined the United Nations System as a related organization during the United Nations General Assembly high-level summit to address large movements of refugees and migrants. The CTBTO PrepCom reports directly to the UN General Assembly. The relationship between the IAEA and the UN was established by a resolution of the UN General Assembly. Unlike the specialized agencies which report to ECOSOC, the IAEA reports", "title": "United Nations System" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "by Jawbone Press in the winter of 2014, to critical acclaim. In 2015 David performed with Ego Plum on the theme to the Nickelodeon TV show Harvey Beaks. In 2016 David recorded with the Theatre Bizarre Orchestra for a record entitled \"Carpe Noctem\" under the name M.C. Nightshade. In 2018 David teamed up again with Peter Murphy on a world the celebrating 40 years of Bauhaus and in particular the album 'In The Flat Field.' David J David John Haskins (born 24 April 1957, Northampton, England), better known as David J, is a British alternative rock musician, producer, and writer.", "title": "David J" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "they prepare the Gunstar to battle the Ko-Dan Armada. While Grig trains Alex, Beta finds it difficult to maintain his impersonation of Alex, particularly with Maggie, Alex's girlfriend. After discovering that a group of Zando-Zan have set up a communication center from their spaceship outside the trailer park, Beta reveals everything to Maggie. She does not believe him until the Zando-Zan discover the pair and Beta is shot, exposing damaged circuitry. They steal a friend's pickup truck and charge it at the Zando-Zan ship; Beta has Maggie jump out before sacrificing himself by crashing into the ship, destroying it. Alex", "title": "The Last Starfighter" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "51st Annual Grammy Awards The 51st Annual Grammy Awards took place at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, on February 8, 2009. Robert Plant & Alison Krauss were the biggest winners of the night, winning five awards including Album of the Year for their critically acclaimed Raising Sand. Krauss became the sixth female solo artist to have won 5 awards in one night joining Lauryn Hill, Alicia Keys, Norah Jones, Beyoncé Knowles, and Amy Winehouse. Lil Wayne received the most nominations with eight. The awards broadcast won a 2009 Creative Arts Emmy for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety or", "title": "51st Annual Grammy Awards" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "an individual nomination, for Best Soul/Gospel performance. Grammy Award records Throughout the history of the Grammy Awards, many significant records have been set. This page only includes the competitive awards which have been won by various artists. This does not include the various special awards that are presented by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences such as Lifetime Achievement Awards, Trustees Awards, Technical Awards or Legend Awards. The page however does include other non-performance related Grammys (known as the Craft & Production Fields) that may have been presented to the artist(s). The record for the most Grammy Awards", "title": "Grammy Award records" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the record for most awards won by a solo artist. Shakira is the biggest winner among female artists with 13 awards. As with its Grammy Awards counterpart, the Latin Grammy Awards has also received criticism from various recording artists and music journalists. Upon the announcement of the Latin Grammy Awards in 1999, several musical journalists raised concerns about the awards being used as a marketing tool by the mainstream media. Manny S. Gonzalez of the \"Vista En L.A\" felt that the award would just be used to advertise artists being promoted by Emilio Estefan. The lack of categories for non", "title": "Latin Grammy Award" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "song written by Warren Zevon, an up-and-coming songwriter of the time. The album garnered several Grammy Award nominationsincluding Record of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Performance/Female for \"Blue Bayou\"and won its art director, Kosh, a Grammy Award for Best Album Cover, the first of three Grammy Awards he would win for designing Ronstadt album covers. \"Simple Dreams\" became one of the singer's best-selling international-selling albums as well, reaching number 1 on the Australian and Canadian Pop and Country Albums charts. \"Simple Dreams\" also made Ronstadt the most successful international female touring artist. The same year, she completed a concert", "title": "Linda Ronstadt" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "inducted as an individual, into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998. He performed \"Black Magic Woman\" with the writer of the song, Fleetwood Mac's founder Peter Green. Green was inducted the same night. In 2000, \"Supernatural\" won nine Grammy Awards (eight for Santana personally), including Album of the Year, Record of the Year for \"Smooth\", and Song of the Year for Thomas and Itaal Shur. Santana's acceptance speeches described his feelings about music's place in one's spiritual existence. Later that year at the Latin Grammy Awards he won three awards including Record of the Year. In 2001,", "title": "Carlos Santana" } ]

[ "2010" ]

[ "Beyoncé has won 20 Grammy Awards, both as a solo artist and member of Destiny's Child, making her the second most honored female artist by the Grammys, behind Alison Krauss and the most nominated woman in Grammy Award history with 52 nominations. \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" won Song of the Year in 2010 while \"Say My Name\" and \"Crazy in Love\" had previously won Best R&B Song. Dangerously in Love, B'Day and I Am... Sasha Fierce have all won Best Contemporary R&B Album. Beyoncé set the record for the most Grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards, breaking the tie she previously held with Alicia Keys, Norah Jones, Alison Krauss, and Amy Winehouse, with Adele equaling this in 2012. Following her role in Dreamgirls she was nominated for Best Original Song for \"Listen\" and Best Actress at the Golden Globe Awards, and Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture at the NAACP Image Awards. Beyoncé won two awards at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2006; Best Song for \"Listen\" and Best Original Soundtrack for Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "0.5%" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "3.0% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and African American heritage number over 6,850 members and form 0.5% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and Native American heritage number over 2,450 members and form 0.2% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and Asian heritage number over 880 members and form 0.1% of the population. People of mixed African American and Native American heritage number over 1,220 members and form 0.1% of the population. The Bronx is the only New York borough with a Hispanic majority. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino,", "title": "Demographics of the Bronx" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "lyrics from the song (\"Now, I find I changed my mind/This is my religion\") were used at the end of the performance of \"Ray of Light\". The performance at The Palace of Auburn Hills in Auburn Hills, Michigan on August 26, 2001 was released in the live video release, \"Drowned World Tour 2001\". Michael Hubbard from MusicOMH gave the performance a positive review, saying it was sung beautifully. Joshua Clover from \"Spin\" described Madonna's arrival during the performance as \"[the singer] taking the style war to stage\". During the Confessions Tour in 2006, Madonna sat down on the middle of", "title": "Drowned World/Substitute for Love" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "intimate links with the royal house of the Carolingians. In 774 Desiderius, last King of the Lombards, was exiled here after his defeat by Charlemagne. From 850 to 854 Charles, the future Archbishop of Mainz, was confined here. Members of the Carolingian house sometimes served as abbots; the ninth abbot was Saint Adalard, one of Charlemagne's cousins. Under Adalard, the monastic school of Corbie attained great celebrity and about the same time it sent forth a colony to found the Abbey of Corvey in Saxony. In the ninth century Corbie was larger than St. Martin's Abbey at Tours, or Saint", "title": "Corbie Abbey" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "was still smaller than one that Erna Gunther recommended. Nevertheless, the new facility was ultimately dedicated on May 3, 1964, with its new director, Walter A. Fairservis, at the helm. In 1996, the museum launched a ten-year plan to move its exhibition space off campus and into a downtown Seattle location. Under the proposal, curators and preservationists would continue to work at the University of Washington while exhibits would be hosted at a new site. The proposal ultimately did not materialize. In 2014, the museum made another push for a new facility, asking the Washington State Legislature for half the", "title": "Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "The shade is called \"Love Symbol #2\" and is defined as Pantone color number 19-3528, web palette #4F3D63 or RGB 79,61,99. Prince's music synthesized a wide variety of influences, and drew inspiration from a range of musicians, including James Brown, George Clinton, Joni Mitchell, Duke Ellington, Jimi Hendrix, the Beatles, Chuck Berry, David Bowie, Earth, Wind & Fire, Mick Jagger, Rick James, Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard, Curtis Mayfield, Elvis Presley, Todd Rundgren, Carlos Santana, Sly Stone, Jackie Wilson, and Stevie Wonder. Prince has been compared with jazz great Miles Davis in regard to the artistic changes throughout his career.", "title": "Prince (musician)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "enemy installments. Chemicals were used to defoliate parts of the area and to contaminate enemy rice supplies which American forces were unable to remove. Operation Cedar Falls was officially terminated on 26 January 1967. The American military claimed that in its course almost 750 VC were killed, 280 were taken prisoner, and 540 defected in the Chieu Hoi (\"open-arms\") program; an additional 512 suspects were detained and almost 6,000 individuals were deported. Moreover, allied forces captured 23 crew served weapons, 590 individual weapons, over 2,800 explosive items, 60,000 rounds of small arms ammunition, and enough rice to feed 13,000 troops", "title": "Operation Cedar Falls" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Robert E. Lamberton High School Robert E. Lamberton High School was an American high school located in the Overbrook Park section of Philadelphia. The school was named for Robert Eneas Lamberton, who served as Mayor of Philadelphia from 1940 to 1941. Lamberton HS had 350 students. The majority of students were African-American, while 2 percent were Caucasian or other ethnic groups in its the last year. When it was opened for primarily Caucasian high school students in 1974, the students met in classrooms made available in a local church and synagogue. The school was closed in 2013 as part of", "title": "Robert E. Lamberton High School" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Mississippi, with its heavily African American population, gave Barack Obama a large victory over Hillary Clinton by an almost two-to-one margin. According to exit polls, 50 percent of voters in the Mississippi Democratic Primary were African Americans and they opted for Obama by a margin of 92-8 compared to the 48 percent of Caucasian voters who backed Clinton by a margin of 70-26. Obama won all age groups, educational attainment levels and socioeconomic classes in Mississippi except senior citizens aged 65 and over who backed Clinton by a margin of 55-43. Obama won moderates and liberals, as well as self-identified", "title": "2008 Mississippi Democratic primary" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "has more Twitter users than other cities. According to Quancast, twenty-seven million people in the US used Twitter as of September 3, 2009. Sixty-three percent of Twitter users are under thirty-five years old; sixty percent of Twitter users are Caucasian, but a higher than average (compared to other Internet properties) are African American/black (sixteen percent) and Hispanic (eleven percent); fifty-eight percent of Twitter users have a total household income of at least US$60,000. The prevalence of African American Twitter usage and in many popular hashtags has been the subject of research studies. On September 7, 2011, Twitter announced that it", "title": "Twitter" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "between the ages of twenty and twenty-one, ten percent are between the ages of twenty-two and twenty-four, and seventeen percent are twenty-five or older. Eight percent of students are African American, four percent are Asian American, nine percent are Hispanic, one percent is Native American, seventy three percent are Caucasian, and five percent are of unknown ethnicity. One percent of students reside out of the state of Connecticut, and the most common states of residence are Kansas, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Rhode Island. For the 2013–2014 school year, the cost of tuition (not counting fees) for a full-time in-state student", "title": "Three Rivers Community College (Connecticut)" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "student body is ethnically and socioeconomically diverse. \"The Advocate\" ranks Tufts as one of the top 20 gay-friendly campuses. Of those accepted for admission to the undergraduate Class of 2019, 27 percent are Asian, Hispanic, African-American, or two or more races. There were 145 international students and 6 illegal immigrants or DACA students Of domestic students admitted, some 31 percent self-identified as one or more races other than Caucasian, including Asian Americans, African Americans, Hispanic Americans and Native Americans. International students make up 15 percent of the undergraduate student population. Students come from all 50 states and represent 71 countries.", "title": "Tufts University" } ]

[ "0.5%" ]

[ "Multiracial Americans are also a sizable minority in the Bronx. People of multiracial heritage number over 41,800 individuals and represent 3.0% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and African American heritage number over 6,850 members and form 0.5% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and Native American heritage number over 2,450 members and form 0.2% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and Asian heritage number over 880 members and form 0.1% of the population. People of mixed African American and Native American heritage number over 1,220 members and form 0.1% of the population." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "The Constitution" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Law of the United States The law of the United States comprises many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law, of which the most important is the United States Constitution, the foundation of the federal government of the United States. The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law, which consists of acts of Congress, treaties ratified by the Senate, regulations promulgated by the executive branch, and case law originating from the federal judiciary. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of general and permanent federal statutory law. Federal law and treaties, so long as they", "title": "Law of the United States" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Law of the United States The law of the United States comprises many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law, of which the most important is the United States Constitution, the foundation of the federal government of the United States. The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law, which consists of acts of Congress, treaties ratified by the Senate, regulations promulgated by the executive branch, and case law originating from the federal judiciary. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of general and permanent federal statutory law. Federal law and treaties, so long as they", "title": "Law of the United States" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of the United States consists of many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law, of which the most important is the United States Constitution, the foundation of the federal government of the United States. The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law, which consists of constitutional acts of Congress, constitutional treaties ratified by Congress, constitutional regulations promulgated by the executive branch, and case law originating from the federal judiciary. The Constitution and federal law are the supreme law of the land, thus preempting conflicting state and territorial laws in the fifty U.S. states and in the territories. However,", "title": "International child abduction in the United States" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "follows the lead of Article XIII of the Articles of Confederation, which provided that \"Every State shall abide by the determination of the United States in Congress Assembled, on all questions which by this confederation are submitted to them.\" A constitutional provision announcing the supremacy of federal law, the Supremacy Clause assumes the underlying priority of federal authority, at least when that authority is expressed in the Constitution itself. No matter what the federal government or the states might wish to do, they have to stay within the boundaries of the Constitution. This makes the Supremacy Clause the cornerstone of", "title": "Supremacy Clause" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "should be made, and under what conditions or set of rules (such as jurisdiction, procedure, etc.). The role of the courts, particularly with respect to the Constitution, \"is essentially a common law function, arising from the court's common law process respecting litigants.\" Thus, \"[b]y paying strict attention to second-order rules allocating power between federal courts and other institutions, the legal process theorists sought to specify with precision the boundaries and purposes of federal judicial power. Once these boundaries were specified, federal judicial decisionmaking could be both legitimated and restrained.\" Among innovations introduced by The Federal Courts was the idea of", "title": "Henry M. Hart Jr." }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "four states had introduced legislation which would nullify federal regulation of trade and activities which are solely within the boundaries of a state and which do not cross state lines; that is activities that are by its definition not commerce, under the Constitution. The Virginia legislation has passed one house. Another form of protest against enforcement of immigration laws, several United States cities have declared themselves sanctuary cities, whereby they have ordered the local police department to specifically not work with United States Customs and Border Protection officials to arrest persons illegally residing within the boundaries of the city, and", "title": "State legislation in protest of federal law in the United States" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of them, it is evident, can pretend to an exclusive or superior right of settling the boundaries between their respective powers.” This approach to government is commonly known as \"departmentalism” or “coordinate construction”. Others argue that Article II of the Constitution requires the President to execute the law, such law being what the lawmaker (e.g. Congress, in the case of statutory contempt) says it is (per Article I). The Executive Branch cannot either define the meaning of the law (such powers of legislation being reserved to Congress) or interpret the law (such powers being reserved to the several Federal Courts).", "title": "Contempt of Congress" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Criminal sentencing in the United States In the United States, sentencing law varies by jurisdiction. Since the US Constitution is the supreme law of the land, all sentences in the United States must conform to the requirements of the Constitution, which sets basic mandates while leaving the bulk of policy-making up to the states. Despite the continued growth of federal criminal law, the vast majority of criminal sentencing takes place in state and local courts. Except for death penalty cases (which are exceptionally rare), juries generally have little involvement in sentencing, which is typically left to the discretion of the", "title": "Criminal sentencing in the United States" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "United States obscenity law United States obscenity law deals with the regulation or suppression of what is considered obscenity. In the United States, discussion of obscenity revolves around what constitutes pornography and of censorship, but also raises issues of freedom of speech and of the press, otherwise protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. Issues of obscenity arise at federal and state levels. The States have a direct interest in public morality and have responsibility in relation to criminal law matters, including the punishment for the production and sale of obscene materials. State laws operate", "title": "United States obscenity law" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Zheludev worked at the Institute of Crystallography Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia and combined his academic work with the post of the Deputy Director General of International Atomic Energy Agency, Austria, Vienna. His mother Dr Galina Zheludeva was a faculty at Moscow State University. Nikolay’s sister Prof Svetlana Zheludeva worked at the Russian Academy of Sciences and his brother Andrey is Professor at EHT Zurich. Nikolay is married to linguist Tanya Nousinova, daughter of playwright They have two sons, Ilya and Ivan. Prof. N. Zheludev in 2015 was awarded the Young Medal and Prize for “Global Leadership and Pioneering,", "title": "Nikolay I. Zheludev" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in the Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 the official term became Registered Providers. The latter also covers council housing, and developers and other bodies that may receive grants for development. The Department for Communities and Local Government sets the policy for housing in England. In Scotland policy is set by the Scottish Parliament; inspecting and regulating activities falls to the Scottish Housing Regulator. Social housing in Northern Ireland is regulated by the Northern Ireland Housing Executive, which was established to take on ownership of former council stock and prevent sectarian allocation of housing to people from one religion. A 2017", "title": "Affordable housing by country" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "2016 EBSA European Under-18 Snooker Championship The 2016 EBSA European Under-18 Snooker Championship was an amateur snooker tournament that took place from 7 February to 12 February 2016 in Wrocław, Poland It was the 1st edition of the EBSA European Under-18 Snooker Championships. The final was notable for being an all Welsh affair between Jackson Page and Tyler Rees as well as Welsh referee Peter Thomas officiating the match. The tournament was eventually won by number 15 seed Tyler Rees who defeated his fellow countryman Page 5–2 in the final. As a result, Rees was awarded with a place in", "title": "2016 EBSA European Under-18 Snooker Championship" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "rear window of his house onto his waiting horse, galloping off into the night. With the soldiers in hot pursuit of him (there was a price of $500 on his head), Bradford made it to McKees Rocks, where he traded his \"faithful grey horse\" for a skiff and set out down the Ohio River. A touch-and-go gun battle with his pursuers went on all night but he managed to slip through by staying close to the opposite shore of the river. Once Bradford reached Louisiana, he sent for the rest of his family. Contrary to popular legend, Bradford did not", "title": "David Bradford (lawyer)" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "went on to a 5–3 victory over local rivals Kickers Offenbach to take the 1959 German national title and followed up immediately with an outstanding run in the 1960 European Cup. Eintracht lost 3–7 to Real Madrid in an exciting final that was widely regarded as one of the best football matches ever played, which included a hat-trick by Alfredo Di Stéfano and four goals by Ferenc Puskás. The side continued to play good football and earned themselves a place as one of the original 16 teams selected to play in the Bundesliga, Germany's new professional football league, formed in", "title": "Eintracht Frankfurt" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "jurisdiction over the budget for the United States Department of State and any Foreign Operations. Traditionally, after a federal budget for the upcoming fiscal year has been passed, the appropriations subcommittees receive information about what the budget sets as their spending ceilings. This is called \"302(b) allocations\" after section 302(b) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974. That amount is separated into smaller amounts for each of the twelve Subcommittees. The federal budget does not become law and is not signed by the President. Instead, it is guide for the House and the Senate in making appropriations and tax decisions.", "title": "United States House Appropriations Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "\"not\" ratify the decisions made by some subordinate entity in its name. Although the United States Constitution and federal laws override state laws where there is a conflict between federal and state law, state courts are not subordinate to federal courts. Rather, as instruments of separate sovereigns (under the U.S. system of dual sovereignty), they are two parallel sets of courts with different but often overlapping jurisdiction. As the U.S. Supreme Court recognized in \"Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins\" (1938), no part of the federal Constitution actually grants federal courts the power to directly decide the content of state law.", "title": "State court (United States)" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "These include: Determinations of what is taxable and at what rate are made at the federal level based on U.S. tax law. Many but not all states incorporate federal law principles in their tax laws to some extent. Federal taxable income equals gross income (gross receipts and other income less cost of goods sold) less tax deductions. Gross income of a corporation and business deductions are determined in much the same manner as for individuals. All income of a corporation is subject to the same federal tax rate. However, corporations may reduce other federal taxable income by a net capital", "title": "Corporate tax in the United States" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "States Department of Transportation and the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. Traditionally, after a federal budget for the upcoming fiscal year has been passed, the appropriations subcommittees receive information about what the budget sets as their spending ceilings. This is called \"302(b) allocations\" after section 302(b) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974. That amount is separated into smaller amounts for each of the twelve Subcommittees. The federal budget does not become law and is not signed by the President. Instead, it is guide for the House and the Senate in making appropriations and tax decisions. However,", "title": "United States House Appropriations Subcommittee on Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Baby Doe Law The Baby Doe Law or Baby Doe Amendment is the name of an amendment to the Child Abuse Law passed in 1984 in the United States that sets forth specific criteria and guidelines for the treatment of seriously ill and/or disabled newborns, regardless of the wishes of the parents. The Baby Doe Law mandates that states receiving federal money for child abuse programs develop procedures to report medical neglect, which the law defines as the withholding of treatment unless a baby is irreversibly comatose or the treatment for the newborn's survival is \"virtually futile.\" Assessments of a", "title": "Baby Doe Law" } ]

[ "The Constitution" ]

[ "The law of the United States comprises many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law, of which the most important is the United States Constitution, the foundation of the federal government of the United States. The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law, which consists of acts of Congress, treaties ratified by the Senate, regulations promulgated by the executive branch, and case law originating from the federal judiciary. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of general and permanent federal statutory law." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "national or feudal levy" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "advantage over the French in the Hundred Years' War. The introduction of gunpowder affected the conduct of war significantly. Though employed by the English as early as the Battle of Crécy in 1346, firearms initially had little effect in the field of battle. It was through the use of cannons as siege weapons that major change was brought about; the new methods would eventually change the architectural structure of fortifications. Changes also took place within the recruitment and composition of armies. The use of the national or feudal levy was gradually replaced by paid troops of domestic retinues or foreign", "title": "Late Middle Ages" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "advantage over the French in the Hundred Years' War. The introduction of gunpowder affected the conduct of war significantly. Though employed by the English as early as the Battle of Crécy in 1346, firearms initially had little effect in the field of battle. It was through the use of cannons as siege weapons that major change was brought about; the new methods would eventually change the architectural structure of fortifications. Changes also took place within the recruitment and composition of armies. The use of the national or feudal levy was gradually replaced by paid troops of domestic retinues or foreign", "title": "Late Middle Ages" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "said. According to one report: Tata Motors paid Rs 900/sqm (US$81,000 per acre) to the Gujarat Government for the land in Sanand. Sanand Plant (Tata Motors) Sanand Plant is a passenger vehicles manufacturing facility located in Sanand, Gujarat, India, and manufactures the world's cheapest car, the Tata Nano; and is owned and operated by Tata Motors, it is also their newest car manufacturing facility. Tata Motors’ plant for the Tata Nano at Sanand, located in the Ahmedabad district of Gujarat. The capacity of the plant, to begin with, will be 250,000 cars per year to be achieved in phases, and", "title": "Sanand Plant (Tata Motors)" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "report changes the optimal allocation \"x\" so as to harm other agents. The payment is calculated which sums the distortion in the utilities of the other agents (and not his own) caused by one agent reporting. and give an impossibility result similar in spirit to Arrow's impossibility theorem. For a very general class of games, only \"dictatorial\" social choice functions can be implemented. A social choice function \"f\"() is dictatorial if one agent always receives his most-favored goods allocation, The theorem states that under general conditions any truthfully implementable social choice function must be dictatorial, show there is no efficient", "title": "Mechanism design" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "John Crozier (bishop of Tuam, Killala and Achonry) John Winthrop Crozier (10 December 1879 – 14 February 1966) was the ninth Bishop of Tuam, Killala and Achonry from 1939 to 1957. Crozier was born in Belfast, the son of Rev. John Baptist Crozier. Educated at Portora Royal School and Trinity College, Dublin and ordained in 1903, his first post was a curacy in Banbridge. He was later Rector of Celbridge, Vicar of St Ann's Dublin, a temporary Chaplain to the Forces, Canon of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin and finally (before his appointment to the episcopate) Archdeacon of Dublin. He had", "title": "John Crozier (bishop of Tuam, Killala and Achonry)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "important in the processes of fluctuation. One has left the realm of classical or macroscopic thermodynamics, and one needs quantum statistical mechanics. The fluctuations can become relatively dominant, and questions of measurement become important. The statement that 'the system is its own internal thermodynamic equilibrium' may be taken to mean that 'indefinitely many such measurements have been taken from time to time, with no trend in time in the various measured values'. Thus the statement, that 'a system is in its own internal thermodynamic equilibrium, with stated nominal values of its functions of state conjugate to its specifying state variables',", "title": "Thermodynamic equilibrium" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "editor Pamela Clark had had a chance to intervene...\". The humorous take concluded that the Fairfax Committee delighted in the lamingtons, with the recipe destined for an issue of the Weekly, but this enjoyment did not extend to Packer's media ownership. In the 1990s, Clark made bi-monthly television presentations and appearances on Channel Nine's 'What's Cooking', and in 2003, the channel's 'Fresh Cooking with the AWW'. From 2006 to 2011, Clark contributed recipes to the ABC Radio website. In 2016, Clark described her cooking philosophy as: \"Cooking for me is all about simplicity - letting the beautiful fresh produce and", "title": "Pamela Clark" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "great victory was absolutely fruitless, owing to the domestic dissensions which prevailed in the Commonwealth during the following five years. Chodkiewicz's army, unpaid for years, abandoned him at last en masse in order to plunder the estates of their political opponents, leaving the hetman to carry on the war as best he could with a handful of mercenaries paid out of the pockets of himself and his friends. With tiny, inadequate forces, Chodkiewicz nonetheless prevented Swedes from overrunning the entire Inflanty region, helped by the relative inaction of Swedish commanders until 1608. Chodkiewicz, who was one of the magnates who", "title": "Polish–Swedish wars" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Møre og Fjordane Heimevernsdistrikt 11. Bergenhus Regiment was first raised in 1628 as part of the Danish King Christian IV's plan to create a Norwegian army. Most armies of that time had in their ranks large proportions of mercenaries, expensive troops to maintain and sometimes of questionable loyalty. Thus by raising an army that was to manned by his own rural subjects he wished to create an organization that would be loyal, could quickly be put on a war-footing and that could serve his interest, both in war and peace. To recruit men for this army all farms in the", "title": "Bergenhus Regiment" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "years for the mission to be completely rebuilt. In 1956, a cattle manager was appointed to establish a herd of mixed breeding cattle. Cattle produced were used for domestic consumption and the surplus sent to Mitchell River to be sold with their cattle. By 1964, cattle-raising was the main industry of the mission, which was run by Aboriginal stockmen supervised by head stockman, Jim Kendall. Mission superintendent, Joseph Chapman, returned to Mitchell River Mission in 1957 and was replaced by Reverend Pidsley, who was subsequently replaced by Gordon Green in 1958. In 1958, the southern part of the Aurukun reserve", "title": "Pormpuraaw, Queensland" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "low regard for violent occupations, and subsequently these armies had to replaced with hired mercenaries or even peasant militia. However, for those without formal education, the quickest way to power and the upper echelons of society was to join the military. Although the soldier was looked upon with a bit of disdain by scholar-officials and cultured people, military officers with successful careers could gain a considerable amount of prestige. Despite the claim of moral high ground, scholar-officials often commanded troops and wielded military power. Entertaining was considered to be of little use to society and was usually performed by the", "title": "Four occupations" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "organisations. Many banks provide an exception to their normal method of calculating interest, in which no interest is charged on an ending statement balance that is paid by the due date. Banks have various rules. In some cases the account must be paid off for two months in a row to obtain the discount. If the required amount is not paid, then the normal interest rate calculation method is still used. This allows cardholders to use credit cards for the convenience of the payment method (to have one invoice payable with one check per month rather than many separate cash", "title": "Credit card interest" } ]

[ "national or feudal levy" ]

[ "Changes also took place within the recruitment and composition of armies. The use of the national or feudal levy was gradually replaced by paid troops of domestic retinues or foreign mercenaries. The practice was associated with Edward III of England and the condottieri of the Italian city-states. All over Europe, Swiss soldiers were in particularly high demand. At the same time, the period also saw the emergence of the first permanent armies. It was in Valois France, under the heavy demands of the Hundred Years' War, that the armed forces gradually assumed a permanent nature." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "early form of semi-cursive script" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "remained in use for formal works such as engraved stelae. Qiu describes this neo-clerical script as a transition between clerical and regular script, and it remained in use through the Cao Wei and Jin dynasties. By the late Eastern Han period, an early form of semi-cursive script appeared, developing out of a cursively written form of neo-clerical script and simple cursive. This semi-cursive script was traditionally attributed to Liu Desheng c. 147–188 AD, although such attributions refer to early masters of a script rather than to their actual inventors, since the scripts generally evolved into being over time. Qiu gives", "title": "Chinese characters" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "remained in use for formal works such as engraved stelae. Qiu describes this neo-clerical script as a transition between clerical and regular script, and it remained in use through the Cao Wei and Jin dynasties. By the late Eastern Han period, an early form of semi-cursive script appeared, developing out of a cursively written form of neo-clerical script and simple cursive. This semi-cursive script was traditionally attributed to Liu Desheng c. 147–188 AD, although such attributions refer to early masters of a script rather than to their actual inventors, since the scripts generally evolved into being over time. Qiu gives", "title": "Chinese characters" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "situ hybridization (CISH), array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), SNP, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), and microsatellite analysis. Despite a wealth of data that has identified the association of chromosome 3 mutation with UM metastasis, the clinical application of this data has yet to be realized. Reasons for the uncertainty of chromosome 3 clinical use include 1) high false-positive rates (ranging from 5-22%), 2) high false-negative rates (ranging from 4-50%), 3) high technical failure rates (up to 50%) due to the large tissue requirement for current analysis techniques, and 4) the adverse effects of cellular heterogeneity on chromosome 3 cytogenetic analysis.", "title": "DecisionDx-UM" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the insane asylum back in the '50s and '60s and the degradation and the abuse, the real-life horrors. I think we really hit that in a great way in the Anne Frank story.\" Regarding the decision to do an episode about Anne Frank, Murphy said, \"We have a great writing staff but I will take credit for that. One of the things we've done on the show is we take historical figures – last year was the Black Dahlia and this year is Anne Frank. The Black Dahlia particularly was a case that was never solved so we solved that", "title": "I Am Anne Frank (American Horror Story)" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "issued claiming all representations of humans and idols, including those in museums, must be destroyed in accordance with Islamic law which prohibits any form of idol worship. The government of Pakistan (itself host to one of the richest and most ancient collections of Buddhist art) implored the Taliban to spare the statues. Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates later denounced the act as savage. Sayed Rahmatullah Hashemi, a senior representative of the Taliban designated as the roving Ambassador, visited the US in March, 2001. He portrayed the Taliban's action not as an act of irrationality, but as an act", "title": "Taliban's rise to power" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "spruce, fir, birch, maple, and beech are found. The mammal species found throughout the Northeast United States are similar to those of the Southeast and include whitetail deer, black bear, bobcat, gray fox, raccoon, eastern gray squirrel, fox squirrel, eastern chipmunk, white-footed mouse, pine vole, and cotton mouse. The Northeast has a very abundant bird population. Common game birds found in the region are turkey, ruffed grouse, bobwhite, and mourning dove. Other non-game birds found in abundance include the cardinal, Carolina wren, wood thrush, summer tanager, red-eyed vireo, blue-gray gnatcatcher, and tufted titmouse. In the mountain range other commonly found", "title": "Ecotourism in the United States" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the north and Franz Joseph, Count Kinsky to the south. Alvinczi was wounded twice and command devolved upon the youthful Archduke Charles who led a counterattack which recovered ground and drove the French over the Little Helpe. To the south, Count Heinrich von Bellegarde defending the line from Oisy to Nouvion was attacked by 23,000 French troops. But the victory at Prisches enabled the Archduke to send troops to his aid and this attack too was repulsed. In this action, Antoine Balland's division was routed. Troops attached to the command of General Chapuis had already clashed with the Duke of", "title": "Battle of Beaumont (1794)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "patron. The \"Book of Han\" covered the history of China left off from Sima's work during Emperor Wu's reign up until the middle Eastern Han. Although the \"Records of the Three Kingdoms\" included events in late Eastern Han, no history work focused exclusively on the Eastern Han period until the \"Book of Later Han\" was compiled by Fan Ye (398–445 CE). The \"Ready Guide\" (\"Erya\") is the oldest known Chinese dictionary and was compiled sometime in the 3rd century BCE before the Han. Dictionaries written during the Han dynasty include Yang Xiong's \"Regional Speech\" (\"Fangyan\") of 15 BCE and Xu", "title": "Society and culture of the Han dynasty" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Sun Fen Sun Fen (died 270), courtesy name Ziyang, was an imperial prince of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the fifth son of Sun Quan, the founding emperor of Eastern Wu. Sun Fen was the fifth son of Sun Quan, a warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty and became the founding emperor of the Eastern Wu state in the Three Kingdoms period. His mother was Consort Zhong (仲姬), a concubine of Sun Quan. In late January or February 252, he received the noble title \"Prince of Qi\" (齊王)", "title": "Sun Fen" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Ma Dai Ma Dai () ( 222–235) was a military general of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served under his uncle Ma Teng, a warlord in northwestern China, during the late Eastern Han dynasty. After Ma Teng's death, he followed his cousin Ma Chao (Ma Teng's eldest son) and they joined the warlord Zhang Lu in Hanzhong for a short period of time. Ma Chao later defected to another warlord Liu Bei, and Ma Dai accompanied him. Ma Dai served under Liu Bei and later in the state of Shu Han", "title": "Ma Dai" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "represents both the historical Zhao Yun and Chen Dao, hence there is no need for two separate characters. Chen Dao Chen Dao ( third century), courtesy name Shuzhi, was a military general of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served under the warlord Liu Bei, the founding emperor of Shu Han, in the late Eastern Han dynasty. Little is recorded about Chen Dao in history; unlike other notable persons of the late Eastern Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms period, he does not have a biography in the 3rd-century text \"Records of the", "title": "Chen Dao" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "her that Sun E had reassigned him to be a secretary/scribe. Jiang Ji Jiang Ji (died 18 May 249), courtesy name Zitong, was an official and military general of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Born in the late Eastern Han dynasty, Jiang Ji started his career as a low-level official in his native Yang Province before becoming a subordinate of Cao Cao, the warlord who controlled the central government towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty. After the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, he served in the state of Cao Wei", "title": "Jiang Ji" } ]

[ "early form of semi-cursive script" ]

[ "By the late Eastern Han period, an early form of semi-cursive script appeared, developing out of a cursively written form of neo-clerical script[c] and simple cursive. This semi-cursive script was traditionally attributed to Liu Desheng c. 147–188 AD,[d] although such attributions refer to early masters of a script rather than to their actual inventors, since the scripts generally evolved into being over time. Qiu gives examples of early semi-cursive script, showing that it had popular origins rather than being purely Liu’s invention." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "1974" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the Carnation Revolution of 1974, which culminated in the end of one of Portugal's most notable phases of economic expansion (that started in the 1960s), a significant change has occurred in the nation's annual economic growth. After the turmoil of the 1974 revolution and the PREC period, Portugal tried to adapt to a changing modern global economy, a process that continues in 2013. Since the 1990s, Portugal's public consumption-based economic development model has been slowly changing to a system that is focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector. Consequently, business services have overtaken more traditional", "title": "Portugal" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "year, and the day is a national holiday in Portugal. Most moderate or non-aligned political sectors of the population consider that the core objectives of the revolution were achieved, although there are differing views held by supporters of the former regime and also by supporters of the revolution who felt it did not go far enough. The international community censured the \"Estado Novo\" regime for refusing to grant independence to its colonies in Africa. Its leaders Salazar and Caetano were accused of being deaf to the so-called \"winds of change\". After the Carnation Revolution in 1974 and the fall of", "title": "Carnation Revolution" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Carnation Revolution The Carnation Revolution (), also referred to as the 25th of April (), was initially a military coup in Lisbon, Portugal on 25 April 1974 which overthrew the authoritarian regime of the Estado Novo. The revolution started as a military coup organised by the Armed Forces Movement (, MFA) composed of military officers who opposed the regime, but it was soon coupled with an unanticipated and popular campaign of civil resistance. The MFA would lead to the fall of the Estado Novo and the withdrawal of Portugal from its African colonies. The name Carnation Revolution comes from the", "title": "Carnation Revolution" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "highly unstable and corrupt Portuguese First Republic. The 6 June 1926 revolution would see the end of that first republic and firmly establish the Estado Novo, or the Portuguese Second Republic, as the ruling regime. The final revolution, the Carnation Revolution, would take place on 25 April 1974 and would end the right-wing Estado Novo and reform the country as the current Portuguese Third Republic. In the 1990s, many of the districts were renovated and projects in the historic quarters were established to modernise those areas; architectural and patrimonial buildings were renovated; the northern margin of the Tagus was re-purposed", "title": "Lisbon" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Spínola. This allowed Spínola to assume an important public place as a leader of the revolution, although that was not what the MFA originally intended. The formation of the Junta de Salvação Nacional (\"National Salvation Junta\"), formed in the days following the Carnation Revolution, allowed Spínola to take on the role of President of the Republic. Spínola met with Mobutu Sese Seko, the President of Zaire, on 15 September 1974, on Sal Island in the Portuguese Cape Verde, crafting a plan to empower Holden Roberto of the National Liberation Front of Angola, Jonas Savimbi of UNITA, and Daniel Chipenda leader", "title": "António de Spínola" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the incumbent Portuguese authoritarian regime, almost all the Portuguese-ruled territories outside Europe became independent. Several left-wing historians have described the stubbornness of the regime as a lack of sensibility to the \"winds of change\". For the regime, those overseas possessions were a matter of national interest. Carnation Revolution The Carnation Revolution (), also referred to as the 25th of April (), was initially a military coup in Lisbon, Portugal on 25 April 1974 which overthrew the authoritarian regime of the Estado Novo. The revolution started as a military coup organised by the Armed Forces Movement (, MFA) composed of military", "title": "Carnation Revolution" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "against the political West. Many have cited the influence of the series of revolutions which occurred in Central and Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s, particularly the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia in 1989. A peaceful demonstration by students (mostly from Charles University) was attacked by the police – and in time contributed to the collapse of the communist regime in Czechoslovakia. Yet the roots of the pacifist floral imagery may go even further back to the non-violent Carnation Revolution of Portugal in April 1974, which is associated with the colour carnation because carnations were worn, and the", "title": "Colour revolution" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "soon fell as the various nationalist factions, each distrustful of the other and unwilling to share power, attempted to take control of the country by force. The name of the agreement comes from the place where it was signed, the village of Alvor, located in the Portuguese southern region of Algarve. Leftist military officers overthrew the Caetano government in Portugal in the Carnation Revolution on 25 April 1974. The MPLA, FNLA, and UNITA each negotiated peace agreements with the transitional Portuguese government and began to fight each other for control of Luanda and the country. Holden Roberto, Agostinho Neto, and", "title": "Alvor Agreement" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Air force (Cann, 1997). These numbers grew quickly. By the end of the conflict in 1974, due to the Carnation Revolution (a military coup in Lisbon), the total in the Portuguese Armed Forces had risen to 217,000. Prior to their own Colonial War the Portuguese military had studied French and British efforts in Indo-China, Algeria and Malaya (Cann, 1997). Based on their analysis of operations in those theatres and considering their own situation in Africa, the Portuguese military took the unusual decision to restructure their entire armed forces, from top to bottom, for counterinsurgency. This transformation did, however, take seven", "title": "Portuguese Colonial War" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "loss for contemporary music. However, ten years earlier, in 1974, when Portugal was still testing the waters of this new cool disco look, peaceful revolution took place on 25 April, which defined the Portuguese way of being. The most interesting part is that the Carnation Revolution (Revolução dos Cravos), as it would later be called, started with a song: Grândola, Vila Morena, an intervention song which derived from intervention poetry. The intervention song got popular and its grieving content was a success, notwithstanding its hopeful and dreamy side, in the history of European contemporary music. Fado is put on the", "title": "Portuguese contemporary art" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of its existence, Rhodesia did not receive official recognition from any state, although it did maintain diplomatic relations with South Africa, which was then under apartheid. South Africa did not recognise Rhodesia to preserve its fragile positions with other nations, but frequently assisted the Rhodesian state. Portugal maintained informal relations until the Carnation Revolution of 1974. The day following the declaration of independence, the United Nations Security Council passed a resolution (S/RES/216) calling upon all states not to accord Rhodesia recognition, and to refrain from any assistance. The Security Council also imposed selective mandatory economic sanctions, which were later made", "title": "Rhodesia" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "April 1974, young officers of the Portuguese Armed Forces triggered the almost bloodless Carnation Revolution, which overthrew the Salazar regime. Incidentally, the STANAVFORTLAND was in the Tagus and leaving it on the day of the Revolution, integrating the Portuguese frigate \"Almirante Gago Coutinho\". When was already leaving the Tagus with the other NATO ships, \"Almirante Gago Coutinho\" was ordered by the Portuguese Navy Staff to leave the international formation, to turn back and to place itself in front of the Terreiro do Paço riverside square, where most of the revolutionary forces were concentrated. When already positioned in front of the", "title": "Portuguese Navy" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "1973 and 1974 accordingly. In August 1974, the SADF cleared a buffer strip about five kilometres wide which ran parallel to the Angolan border and was intensely patrolled and monitored for signs of PLAN infiltration. This would become known as \"the Cutline\". On 24 April 1974, the Carnation Revolution ousted Marcelo Caetano and Portugal's right-wing \"Estado Novo\" government, sounding the death knell for the Portuguese Empire. The Carnation Revolution was followed by a period of instability in Angola, which threatened to erupt into civil war, and South Africa was forced to consider the unpalatable likelihood that a Soviet-backed regime there", "title": "South African Border War" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "post of the Movimento das Forças Armadas (\"Armed Forces Movement\") was responsible for assisting the establishment of a democratic Portugal on 25 April 1974 (Carnation Revolution). Regional intensification, caused by the subdivision of land, greatly affected the local landscape. Twenty-five years after the Carnation Revolution, 85 clandestine barrios developed. Simultaneously, the explosion of civil construction projects (due to a lack of affordable homes in Lisbon) occurred in all the parishes of the municipality (except in Famões), which translated into an increase in the resident population. The political organs developed to support these changes, resulting in the creation of the civil", "title": "Odivelas" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "FLAMA The Frente de Libertação do Arquipélago da Madeira (), or FLAMA (which could be read as an archaic Portuguese word for \"flame\", \"flama\"), was a right-wing terrorist paramilitary organisation from Madeira, whose main goal was to achieve Madeira's independence from mainland Portugal. FLAMA carried out around 200 bomb attacks between 1974-1976, during the revolutionary period that followed the Portuguese Carnation Revolution (April 25, 1974). The Carnation Revolution effectively changed the Portuguese regime from an authoritarian dictatorship (the Estado Novo) to a democracy (the Third Republic), but only after two years of a transitional period known as PREC (\"Processo Revolucionário", "title": "FLAMA" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "June as \"Dia da Raça\" (Day of the Portuguese Race). The notion of a Portuguese \"race\" served his nationalist purposes. Portugal Day celebrations were officially suspended during the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Celebrations resumed after 1974 and were expanded to include the \"Comunidades Portuguesas\", Portuguese emigrants and their descendants living in communities all around the world. The celebrations involve various military ceremonies, exhibitions, concerts, pageants and parades, and an awards ceremony by the President of the Portuguese Republic. Every year, the President chooses a city to host the official celebrations: In 2013 the official celebrations took place in the town", "title": "Portugal Day" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Two indirect consequences of the Carnation Revolution were a collapse of the economy and dislocation of hundreds of thousands of people who returned from the colonies to Portugal as refugees. The \"retornados\" (from the Portuguese verb \"retornar\", to return) are a Portuguese population who fled their overseas colonies during the decolonization process which was managed by the revolutionary National Salvation Junta, in the following months after the Carnation Revolution. After the military coup of 25 April 1974 Portugal faced political turmoil and the colonial army, often highly politicised by the Salazar Regime and the Independence Wars returned home, taking with", "title": "Processo Revolucionário Em Curso" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "National Salvation Junta The National Salvation Junta \"(Junta de Salvação Nacional,\" ) was a group of military officers designated to maintain the government of Portugal in April 1974, after the Carnation Revolution had overthrown the \"Estado Novo\" dictatorial regime. This junta functioned following a communiqué of its president, António de Spínola, at 1:30 a.m. on 26 April 1974. The National Salvation Junta was the \"de jure\" governing body of Portugal following the Carnation Revolution. The Junta was a pre-planned part of the programme of the \"Movimento das Forças Armadas\" (Movement of the Armed Forces; MFA), which aimed to exercise political", "title": "National Salvation Junta" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "April 1974 – the Carnation Revolution. The anti-\"Estado Novo\" MFA-led Carnation Revolution, a military coup in Lisbon on April 25, 1974, initially had a negative impact on the Portuguese economy and social structure. Although the military-led coup returned democracy to Portugal, ending the unpopular Colonial War where thousands of Portuguese soldiers had been conscripted into military service, and replacing the authoritarian \"Estado Novo\" (New State) regime and its secret police which repressed elemental civil liberties and political freedoms, it also paved the way for the end of Portugal as an intercontinental empire and an intermediate emerging power. The coup was", "title": "Economic history of Portugal" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Craveiro Lopes and Américo Tomás, were more or less puppets of an aging Salazar, although the latter did not hesitate to use his wide-ranging powers to prevent Salazar's successor, Marcelo Caetano from performing changes aimed at reforming Portugal's authoritarian government. The direct consequence was the \"coup d'état\" of 1974. The Constitution of 1976 was drafted by a Constituent Assembly that was elected on April 25, 1975, one year after the Carnation Revolution. It was largely completed in 1975, then finished and officially promulgated in early 1976. At the time the constitution was being drafted, a democratic outcome was still uncertain", "title": "Constitution of Portugal" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "become one of the most influential presidents of the club. In the first year in charge, Boavista achieved their best classification ever, a fourth place in the 1974-1975 championship. In the same season Boavista won Taça de Portugal for the first time after defeating Benfica 2–1 in the final. The match was disputed at Estádio José Alvalade instead of the traditional Estádio Nacional because of the association of the national stadium with the fascist regime, since Portugal was living the revolutionary period after the Carnation Revolution. The club disputed a European competition for the first time in the following season.", "title": "Boavista F.C." }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "\"Avante!\", produced the first legal issue in its history. The following months were marked by radical changes in the country, always closely followed and supported by PCP. A stormy process to give independence to the colonies started with the full support of the party and, within a year, Guinea-Bissau, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, and São Tomé and Príncipe became independent countries. Six months after the Carnation Revolution, on 20 October 1974, the party's seventh congress took place. More than a thousand delegates and hundreds of Portuguese and foreign guests attended. The congress set forth important statements that discussed the ongoing", "title": "Portuguese Communist Party" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and the workplace, addressing mainly youngsters aged between fifteen and twenty five years who are not included in the mandatory school system. The training process alternates between the professional/vocational (where the socio-cultural, scientific-technological and the practice training in training context takes place) and the workplace (where the practice training in work context takes place). In the mid-2000s, education policy was reorganised aiming more choice and better quality in vocational technical education. Enhanced and improved technical education programs where implemented in 2007 in an effort to revitalize this sector which had been almost discontinued after the Carnation Revolution of 1974, when", "title": "Education in Portugal" }, { "idx": 23, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Celeste Caeiro Celeste Martins Caeiro (; born 2 May 1933), also known as Celeste dos cravos (\"Celeste of the carnations\") is a Portuguese pacifist restaurant worker. Her actions led to a 1974 coup being known as the Carnation Revolution. Caeiro was born in 1933. She came to notice during the revolution to overthrow Marcelo Caetano. She gave out red and white carnations to the soldiers, leading to the action of 25 April 1974 being known as the \"Carnation Revolution\". She was working in a new restaurant in Lisbon called Rua Braamcamp. The restaurant had planned to give out flowers to", "title": "Celeste Caeiro" }, { "idx": 24, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "25 April is a national holiday in Portugal, with both state-sponsored and spontaneous commemorations praising the elemental civil liberties and political freedoms achieved after the revolution. It commemorates both the 25 April 1974 military coup, and the first free elections on that date in 1975. The construction of the 25 de Abril Bridge began on 5 November 1962. Forty-five months later, the bridge was inaugurated on 6 August 1966 as the Salazar Bridge, after the \"Estado Novo\" regime's leader António de Oliveira Salazar. Soon after the Carnation Revolution in 1974, the bridge was renamed the 25 de Abril Bridge, the", "title": "Carnation Revolution" }, { "idx": 25, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of 1838) when Indonesia annexed this country in 1976, following its invasion in the previous year. After regaining independence in 2002, Timor-Leste adopted its own Civil Code in 2011, which follows closely the Portuguese Code of 1966. Macau continued under Portuguese administration until 1999 and, in this last this year, replaced the Code of 1966 by its own Civil Code which effectively amounts to a revision of the previous Code, prepared under the influence of Portuguese jurists, especially from the Faculty of Law of the University of Coimbra. After the Carnation Revolution in 1974, the Portuguese legal system was changed", "title": "Law of Portugal" }, { "idx": 26, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "alone with their large offspring. He then begun a career in the real estate business of his uncle Júlio, thriving rapidly. In the meanwhile he left his mother's house to finish his high school studies in Liceu D. Pedro V at Lisbon, the capital city of Portugal. He was there when the Carnation Revolution took place in April 1974. After the revolution he became a member of the PSD, a political party, and enrolls in the Universidade Católica Portuguesa (UCP) in order to study law. In 1983 he became a member of the Portuguese Parliament, the Assembleia da República, for", "title": "Domingos Duarte Lima" }, { "idx": 27, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "their small downturn. Two draws were followed followed by a loss to Ribeira Grande on January 19, then a draw with Académica. Travadores is recently 9th place which had been for the past four rounds and now has two points above the 11th-placed club and kept their relief from relegation. Travadores first participated in the playoffs in 1954 and lost to CS Mindelense; this repeated in 1960 with the same club and in 1968 with Académica do Mindelo. They won their first provincial title in 1972 by defeating Académica from Mindelo. In 1974, during Portugal's Carnation Revolution, Travadores defeated Castilho", "title": "CD Travadores" }, { "idx": 28, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Cristina Duarte Cristina Duarte (born 2 September 1962) is a Capeverdean politician who is the Cape Verdean Minister of Finance, Planning and Public Administration from 2006 to 2016. Duarte was born in Lisbon in the Portuguese capital (then also center of the Portuguese Empire). His father Manuel Duarte was a Freedom Fighter in Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde. She later studied at a primary school in Angola up to the age of twelve. Later, the Carnation Revolution of April 25, 1974 took place which ended the Portuguese dictatorial regime of Estado Novo. Not long after, she attended a high school", "title": "Cristina Duarte" }, { "idx": 29, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Cravos de Abril Cravos de Abril (\"April Carnations\") is a Portuguese historic short film by Ricardo Costa. Covering the events between April 24 and May 1, it portrays the Carnation Revolution, which took place in Portugal in April 1974 and put an end to Oliveira Salazar's dictatorship. Introduction: the state of the country, the Portuguese Colonial War, the fascist dictatorship. The first hours of April 24 at \"Praça do Comércio\" in Lisbon. Besieging and besieged troops. The unfolding of events during the square occupation. A threatening frigate sails up and down the Tagus river. The rebelled armed forces move towards", "title": "Cravos de Abril" }, { "idx": 30, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "2004. The day, however, does not force paid time off. In Soviet times, streets, places, squares, parks and also factories were frequently named in honor of International Workers' Day, such as 1 Maja Coal Mine in . In Portugal, the 1 May celebration () was harshly repressedduring the long right wing dictatorship of António de Oliveira Salazar and Marcelo Caetano. Since the Carnation Revolution on 25 April 1974, the Worker's Day is celebrated by unions but as well by several leftist political parties with parades and demonstrations. The first demonstration after the Carnation Revolution, only one week after the coup,", "title": "International Workers' Day" }, { "idx": 31, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and replaced by G.D. Fabril due to the 1974 military coup. After the Carnation Revolution military coup in April 25, 1974, and the fall of the Estado Novo regime that ruled the intercontinental country from 1933 to 1974, CUF entered in collapse. Many of its companies were forcibly nationalized by the communist inspired National Salvation Junta, and the dismembered company fell into decline, losing all of its splendour and importance. After the turmoil of the Carnation Revolution from 1974 to 1976, its communist inspiration fade away from 1977 to 1978. In 1979, the founding family (the Mellos) resumed its business", "title": "Companhia União Fabril" }, { "idx": 32, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "dissent, arms embargoes and other punitive sanctions imposed by most of the international community. For Portuguese society the war was becoming even more unpopular due to its length and financial costs, the worsening of diplomatic relations with other United Nations member states, and the role it had always played as a factor of perpetuation of the Estado Novo regime. It was this escalation that would lead directly to the mutiny of members of the FAP in the Carnation Revolution in 1974 – an event that would lead to the independence of the former Portuguese colonies in Africa. Atrocities, such as", "title": "Carnation Revolution" }, { "idx": 33, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Portuguese colonies, attempting to bring these under, respectively, American and Soviet influence (see Portuguese Colonial War). The overseas policy of the Portuguese Government and the desire of many colonial residents to remain under Portuguese rule eventually led to an abrupt decolonisation after the Carnation Revolution and the fall of the regime in April 1974. For the Portuguese ruling regime, the overseas empire was a matter of national interest. In the view of many Portuguese, a colonial empire was necessary for continued national power and influence. Despite objections in world forums such as the United Nations, Portugal had long maintained that", "title": "Carnation Revolution" }, { "idx": 34, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "António Alva Rosa Coutinho António Alva Rosa Coutinho (14 February 1926 – 2 June 2010) was a Portuguese admiral, political activist, and participant in the Carnation Revolution. As an officer of the Portuguese navy, Rosa Coutinho spent most of his career on board — and occasionally, in command of — hydrographic surveying ships. During the 1960s, on patrol in the Zaire River, he was captured by guerrillas of the National Liberation Front of Angola and held captive for a few months. During the Carnation Revolution (25 April 1974) he was one of the officers who made up the \"Junta de", "title": "António Alva Rosa Coutinho" }, { "idx": 35, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "colonial wars and began negotiations with the African independence movements. By the end of 1974, Portuguese troops had been withdrawn from Portuguese Guinea and the latter had become a UN member state. This was followed by the independence of Cape Verde, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe and Angola in 1975. The Carnation Revolution also led to Portugal's withdrawal from East Timor in south-east Asia. These events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Angola and Mozambique), creating over a million Portuguese refugees — the \"retornados\". Although the regime's political police, PIDE, killed four people", "title": "Carnation Revolution" }, { "idx": 36, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "(Citizenship) Order, 1962\" on 28 March 1962 conferring Indian citizenship on all persons born on or before 20 December 1961 in Goa, Daman and Diu. Portugal's Salazar government did not recognise India's sovereignty over the annexed territories, and established a government-in-exile for the territories, which continued to be represented in the Portuguese National Assembly. After 1974's Carnation Revolution, the new Portuguese government recognised Indian sovereignty over Goa, Daman and Diu, and the two states restored diplomatic relations. Portugal automatically gives citizens of the former Portuguese-India its citizenship and opened a consulate in Goa in 1994. Kollam (originally Desinganadu, a prominent", "title": "Portuguese India" }, { "idx": 37, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "number of public servants, which had been on the rise since the 1974 Carnation Revolution, reached unprecedented proportions. State-funded and supported construction projects such as those related to the Expo 98 World Fair in Lisbon, the 2004 European Football Championship, and a number of new motorways, proved to have little positive effect in fostering sustainable growth. The short-term impact of these major investments was exhausted by the end of the first decade of the 21st century, and the aim of achieving faster economic growth and the improvement of the population's purchasing power in relation to the EU average did not", "title": "Economic history of Portugal" }, { "idx": 38, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "no one had ever seen. Scholars have noted that the appearance of \"waves\" of democracy largely disappears when women's suffrage is taken into account; moreover, some countries change their positions quite dramatically: Switzerland, which is typically included as part of the first wave, did not grant women the right to vote until 1971. The Third wave began in 1974 (Carnation Revolution, Portugal) and included the historic democratic transitions in Latin America in the 1980s, Asia Pacific countries and regions (Philippines, South Korea, and Taiwan) from 1986 to 1988, Eastern Europe after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and sub-Saharan Africa", "title": "Wave of democracy" }, { "idx": 39, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "1974, when Paulo de Carvalho sang \"E depois do adeus\", in 1997, when Célia Lawson performed \"Antes do adeus\" and in as a host country. Despite its last-place finish in the contest, \"E depois do adeus\" gained notability for being used as the radio musical signal to begin the Carnation Revolution against the Estado Novo regime, being played at 22:55 on the 24th of April, 1974. Prior to their sixth-place finish for Lúcia Moniz, with the song \"O meu coração não tem cor\" in , Portugal's best result in the contest was two seventh-place finishes, for Carlos Mendes in and", "title": "Portugal in the Eurovision Song Contest" }, { "idx": 40, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "2.4% of the popular vote and 2 out of 88 seats. In the parliamentary election held on 30 June 2007, the UDT won 0.90% of the vote and did not win any seats in parliament, as it did not reach the 3% threshold to win seats. Timorese Democratic Union The Timorese Democratic Union (\"União Democrática Timorense\") is a conservative political party in East Timor. It was the first party to be established in the country in 1974, following the Carnation Revolution in Portugal. It originally advocated continued links with Portugal, using the Tetum slogan \"Mate bandera hum\" meaning 'In the", "title": "Timorese Democratic Union" }, { "idx": 41, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "fall of the Estado Novo regime and the loss of its colonies in 1974 and 1975, Portugal left EFTA and entered into the European Economic Community in 1986. A report published in January 2011 by the \"Diário de Notícias\", a right-wing Portuguese tabloid newspaper, demonstrated that in the period between the Carnation Revolution in 1974 and 2010, the democratic Portuguese Republic governments have encouraged over expenditure and investment bubbles through unclear public-private partnerships. This has funded numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advising committees and firms, allowed considerable slippage in state-managed public works, inflated top management and head officers'", "title": "Carnation Revolution" }, { "idx": 42, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "that he introduced during his two years (1961–1963) as Minister of the Overseas Provinces (\"Ministro do Ultramar\") during the New State (at Salazar's invitation). From this period are the foundation of two university institutions in Portuguese Angola and Mozambique - \"Estudos Gerais Universitários de Moçambique\" and \"Estudos Gerais Universitários de Angola\". A brief two-year spell in Brazilian exile marked the short path between two political regimes (pre- and post- 1974 Carnation Revolution) for Adriano Moreira. His influence over the CDS – People's Party, the conservative party of which he was President and which he represented as a deputy in the", "title": "Adriano Moreira" }, { "idx": 43, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Constituent Assembly of Portugal The Constituent Assembly () was the Portuguese constituent assembly elected on 25 April 1975, after the Carnation Revolution (25 April 1974), for the purpose of adopting a constitution for the Third Portuguese Republic, the Constitution of 1976. After the Carnation Revolution, the National Salvation Junta dissolved all political offices previously existing in the \"Estado Novo\" (Law no. 1/74). On 14 May 1974, the President of the National Salvation Junta, António de Spínola, abolished the National Assembly and the Corporative Chamber (Law no. 2/74), the two parliamentary chambers in the \"Estado Novo\", and established a transitory constitution", "title": "Constituent Assembly of Portugal" }, { "idx": 44, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "after his seventy-fifth birthday. Whether a late bloomer or a victim of unfortunate delays and political censorship, he became Portugal's preeminent filmmaker during the later part of his long life. Film critic J. Hoberman has said \"at an age when many men think of retirement, Oliveira emerged from obscurity as one of the 70s leading modernists, a peer of Straub, Syberberg and Duras.\" With a newfound artistic freedom after António de Oliveira Salazar's stroke in 1968 and the April 1974 Carnation Revolution, Oliveira's career began to flourish and receive international acclaim. Ironically the Carnation Revolution also resulted in his family's", "title": "Manoel de Oliveira" }, { "idx": 45, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "align=right|% 1976 Portuguese presidential election The Portuguese presidential election of 1976 was held on 27 June. With a broad base of support that comprised the center-left and the center-right, Ramalho Eanes won the election on the first round and became the first elected President of Portugal after the Carnation Revolution. The Portuguese Communist Party presented its own candidate, Octávio Pato, a well known anti-fascist. One of the major responsibles for the military operations during the Carnation Revolution, in 1974, Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, was also a candidate. Any Portuguese citizen over 35 years old has the opportunity to run for", "title": "1976 Portuguese presidential election" }, { "idx": 46, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "1976 Portuguese presidential election The Portuguese presidential election of 1976 was held on 27 June. With a broad base of support that comprised the center-left and the center-right, Ramalho Eanes won the election on the first round and became the first elected President of Portugal after the Carnation Revolution. The Portuguese Communist Party presented its own candidate, Octávio Pato, a well known anti-fascist. One of the major responsibles for the military operations during the Carnation Revolution, in 1974, Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, was also a candidate. Any Portuguese citizen over 35 years old has the opportunity to run for president.", "title": "1976 Portuguese presidential election" }, { "idx": 47, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of jet air travel from the 1950s onwards reduced demand for the company's passenger shipping services. With declining demand the company converted some of its ships into cruise ships. During the Portuguese Colonial War of the 1960s and early 1970s CCN ships were sometimes used as troopships to transport conscripted Portuguese soldiers to fight in Angola, Mozambique and Guinea. On 25 April 1974 the Portuguese dictatorship was overthrown by the Carnation Revolution; the new government rapidly granted independence to all Portugal's African colonies. Demand for troopships immediately ceased. Accordingly, following the Carnation revolution, the CCN was combined with the Empresa", "title": "Companhia Colonial de Navegação" }, { "idx": 48, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Political status of the Azores The political status of the Azores is defined by the Political-Administrative Statute of the Autonomous Region of the Azores (, EPARAA), which acts as the standard legal constitutional framework for the autonomy of the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. It defines the scope of the autonomous regional government and the structure and functioning of the region's organs of government within the framework of the 1976 Constitution of Portugal. The autonomous region of Madeira has a similar status. The Carnation Revolution took place on April 25, 1974, and after an initial period of shock, it became", "title": "Political status of the Azores" }, { "idx": 49, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Political status of the Azores The political status of the Azores is defined by the Political-Administrative Statute of the Autonomous Region of the Azores (, EPARAA), which acts as the standard legal constitutional framework for the autonomy of the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. It defines the scope of the autonomous regional government and the structure and functioning of the region's organs of government within the framework of the 1976 Constitution of Portugal. The autonomous region of Madeira has a similar status. The Carnation Revolution took place on April 25, 1974, and after an initial period of shock, it became", "title": "Political status of the Azores" }, { "idx": 50, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "was crucial to the survival of the Portuguese administration and Macau during the Cold War, the Cultural Revolution and later, the rapid and sudden process of decolonisation by Portugal carried out following Carnation Revolution in 1974. In an interview with the \"Far Eastern Economic Review\" that year, Ho remarked that \"the Chinese and Portuguese people are living in harmony in Macao whereas the Portuguese and Africans are constantly in political and armed conflict.\" In 1975, Lisbon offered to return Macau to Beijing, but the offer was refused, with the Chinese telling the Portuguese that this could only happen when \"the", "title": "Ho Yin" }, { "idx": 51, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "month after the start of daily broadcasts, the studios were ready at Rua Capelo and Radio Renascença settled there where it still remains. Just after midnight on 25 April 1974 the station broadcast the banned song Grandola, Vila Morena as a signal to the revolutionary Armed Forces Movement (MFA) to commence operations against Portugal's authoritarian government in what became known as the Carnation Revolution: for this reason, the song later became famous as the anthem of the revolution. In 1975 the radio station was occupied by workers, but in December of the same year it was returned to the Catholic", "title": "Rádio Renascença" }, { "idx": 52, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and President Américo Tomás fled to Brazil. Caetano spent the rest of his life in Brazil, while Tomás returned to Portugal a few years later. The revolution was closely watched from neighbouring Spain, where the government and opposition were planning for the succession of Spanish dictator Francisco Franco, who died a year and a half later, in 1975. After the military coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974, power was taken by a military junta, the National Salvation Junta, and Portugal went through a turbulent period, commonly called the \"Continuing Revolutionary Process\" (Portuguese: Processo Revolucionário Em Curso, or PREC). Initially", "title": "Carnation Revolution" }, { "idx": 53, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Sellers married Amanda Lomas, a nurse from Hebden Bridge, Yorkshire, before they moved to the US. This marriage ended in divorce. In January 2016, he revealed that he had been diagnosed with stage 4 pancreatic cancer. Sellers died 23 December 2016 at the age of 61. Sellers appeared in the Leonardo DiCaprio-produced documentary film \"Before the Flood\". Sellers and his wife left the UK in 1982, moving to the United States, where he began his NASA career as a research meteorologist at Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. Sellers's work in the field of meteorology focused primarily on computer", "title": "Piers Sellers" }, { "idx": 54, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Real-time geotagging Real-time geotagging is a name given to the automatic technique of acquiring media (such as photos, audio or video), associating a specific location with the media, transferring the media to an online map and publishing the media in real time. It is thus an extension of an automatic geotagging process, requiring an in-built or attached location acquisition device (such as GPS or Wi-Fi positioning system), but also requires communication with a wireless data transfer device (such as mobile phone networks or Wi-Fi networks). Several modern cell phones and digital cameras already integrate camera, aGPS, and wireless data transfer", "title": "Real-time geotagging" }, { "idx": 55, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "detailing that his fiddler John Hay and his harper had injured each other in a fight. The heightened social and cultural status for fiddlers was consolidated by Clan Cummings of Freuchie who became the hereditary fiddlers and subsequently also pipers to the Laird of Grant from the early 17th century until the late 18th century. A distinctive body of Ceòl Mór known as fiddle pibroch developed in this period with melodic themes and formal variations that are similar to, but not necessarily derived from or imitative of concurrent bagpipe pibroch, as the name \"fiddle pibroch\" might suggest. The two forms", "title": "Pibroch" }, { "idx": 56, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in 1864, after which all properties were sold. The property of lot R12 was then purchased by John Davis, brother of Charlotte Davis. At the time of his marriage to Jane Thorpe in 1853, he was working as a sawyer. After suffering the loss of part of a leg in an accident he became known as \"Peg Leg\", the one legged wagoner. His sister, Charlotte Davis, wife of John Herbert, lived across the road at the Royal Oak. After the loss of his publican's license, Herbert also earned his living as a wagoner. Davis was granted lots R6, R7 and", "title": "Samuel Ferguson's cottage" }, { "idx": 57, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to overthrow his diabolical regime. Wei Fung's father dies as soldiers come to protect their emperor before Wei Fung can kill him. The film ends in freeze frame with Wei Fung fighting the emperor's elite royal bodyguards. The Deadly Mantis (1978 film) Shaolin Mantis (螳螂) (Orig. Tang lang) is a 1978 Shaw Brothers film directed by Lau Kar-leung, starring David Chiang and Liu Chia Hui. Wei Fung (David Chiang), a young scholar recruited by the Emperor to infiltrate a group of rebels in the Tien Clan in order to get evidence of the clan's connection to Ming loyalists, the rebel", "title": "The Deadly Mantis (1978 film)" }, { "idx": 58, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "by VIPs from all over the Estado Novo and the neighbouring 'White Laager' countries. The Grande Hotel was the only place large enough to accommodate the event. The swimming pool remained open to the public and, as it was the only Olympic-size swimming pool in the colony at that time, it became the main training facility for the Mozambican Olympic swimming team. On 25 June 1975, Mozambique gained independence as a result of Portugal's nonviolent Carnation Revolution the previous year; the Mozambique Liberation Front, later known as Frelimo, assumed power. On the first day of independence, the Grande Hotel hosted", "title": "Grande Hotel Beira" }, { "idx": 59, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "government due to the radical leftist inclination of some of the leading revolutionaries. During this period Portugal divested itself of almost all of its former colonies underwent severe economic turmoil as the \"Estado Novo\" had such rigid control over the Portuguese economy that it took a long time time to nationalise and reprivatise businesses. For the Portuguese and their former colonies, this was a very difficult period, but many felt that the short-term effects of the Carnation Revolution were well worth the trouble when civil rights and political freedoms were achieved. The Portuguese celebrate Freedom Day on 25 April every", "title": "Carnation Revolution" }, { "idx": 60, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "young men avoided conscription by emigrating illegally, mainly to France and the United States. In addition, the other goals of the revolutionary Armed Forces Movement (MFA) were not in the strict interest of the people of Portugal or its colonies, since the movement was initiated not only as an attempt to liberate Portugal from the authoritarian Estado Novo regime, but as an attempt of rebellion against the new military laws that were to come into force the next year. The Revolution was also a way to work against Laws that would reduce military costs and would reformulate the whole Portuguese", "title": "Carnation Revolution" }, { "idx": 61, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Portugal supported it economically and militarily through neighbouring Portuguese Mozambique until 1975, even though it never officially recognised the new Rhodesian state, which was governed by a white minority elite. In 1975, the Mozambican Liberation Front took over the rule of Mozambique following negotiations with the new Portuguese regime installed by the Carnation Revolution. Ian Smith later wrote in his biography \"\" that had Salazar lasted longer than he did, the Rhodesian government would have survived to the present day, ruled by a black majority government under the name of Zimbabwe Rhodesia. Despite the authoritarian character of the regime, Portugal", "title": "António de Oliveira Salazar" }, { "idx": 62, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in Macau. Following the Carnation Revolution, Portugal redefined Macau as a \"Chinese territory under Portuguese administration\" in 1976. However, Lisbon did not establish diplomatic relations with Beijing until 1979. In 1984, Nam Kwong was split into political and trading arms. On 21 September 1987, a Macau branch of Xinhua News Agency was established which, as in Hong Kong, became Beijing's unofficial representative, replacing Nam Kwong. On 18 January 2000, a month after the transfer of sovereignty over Macau, the Macau branch became the Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Macau Special Administrative Region. In 2007, local residents", "title": "Macau Liaison Office" } ]

[ "1974" ]

[ "A report released in January 2011 by the Diário de Notícias and published in Portugal by Gradiva, had demonstrated that in the period between the Carnation Revolution in 1974 and 2010, the democratic Portuguese Republic governments encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles through unclear Public–private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms. This allowed considerable slippage in state-managed public works and inflated top management and head officer bonuses and wages. Persistent and lasting recruitment policies boosted the number of redundant public servants. Risky credit, public debt creation, and European structural and cohesion funds were mismanaged across almost four decades." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Napoleon III" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "quarter of Paris's district heating is to come from a plant in Saint-Ouen, burning a 50/50-mix of coal and 140,000 tonnes of wood pellets from USA per year. Paris in its early history had only the rivers Seine and Bièvre for water. From 1809, the Canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital. From 1857, the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand, under Napoleon III, oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs built atop the Capital's highest points of elevation.", "title": "Paris" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Napoleon III brought Haussmann to Paris to be the new Prefect of the Seine Department, Haussmann summoned both Alphand and Barillet-Deschamps to Paris. The Emperior had conceived a plan to create large new parks around Paris, to provide green space and recreation for the rapidly growing population of the city. He named Alphand as the head of the new Service des Promenades et Plantations de Paris, and Alphand chose Barillet-Deschamps as the first jardinier en chef, or Chief Gardener of Paris. Barillet-Deschamps worked in close collaboration with Alphand, the engineer Eugene Belgrand (1810-1870), who was charged with providing water to", "title": "Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "province. In 1854, the year after Haussmann was promoted to the powerful role of Prefect of the Seine (Paris) by Napoleon III, Haussmann hired Alphand as chief engineer of the Bois de Boulogne, a role which soon expanded into director of the newly formed parks department (Service des Promenades et Plantations), and later into an all-around director of public works. Under Napoléon III, Alphand participated in the renovation of Paris directed by Baron Haussmann between 1852 and 1870, in the company of another engineer Eugène Belgrand and the landscape architect Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps. He created walks, parks and gardens designed to", "title": "Adolphe Alphand" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "quarter of Paris's district heating is to come from a plant in Saint-Ouen, burning a 50/50-mix of coal and 140,000 tonnes of wood pellets from USA per year. Paris in its early history had only the rivers Seine and Bièvre for water. From 1809, the Canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital. From 1857, the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand, under Napoleon III, oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs built atop the Capital's highest points of elevation.", "title": "Paris" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Will McClay Will McClay (born October 13, 1966) is assistant director of player personnel for the Dallas Cowboys. Previously, he was head coach of the Dallas Desperados of the Arena Football League. Will McClay was born on October 13, 1966 in Memphis, Tennessee but he grew up outside of Houston, TX. He attended Missouri City Jr. High and Marian Christian High School. He went on to play football at Rice University where he earned a bachelor's degree in political science. His football career took off as a player at Rice University, where he started all four years of his collegiate", "title": "Will McClay" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the thirteenth century. It was Vilnius Cathedral, which in its long history has been repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt. The oldest surviving stone church is St. Nicholas, built in the 14th – 15th centuries. It stands in Vilnius and visitors admire its Gothic and Romanesque features. St. Anne's Church is a masterpiece of late Gothic. The Chapel of the Gate of Dawn storing the icon of the Holy Virgin Mary, Mother of Mercy in Vilnius has many features of late Renaissance and is one of the holy places in Lithuania most visited by pilgrims. Impressive architectural work of baroque is St.", "title": "Catholic Church in Lithuania" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "its cargo, at Wismar, where doctors – including Abraham Van Helsing – investigate the strange fate of the ship. They discover a log that mentions their perceived affliction with plague. In turn, Wismar is flooded with rats from the ship. Dracula arrives in Wismar with his coffins, and death spreads rapidly throughout the town. When Jonathan is finally transported home, he is desperately ill, and does not appear to recognize his wife. Lucy later has an encounter with Count Dracula; weary and unable to die, he demands some of the love that she gave so freely to Jonathan, but she", "title": "Nosferatu the Vampyre" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Heidi Gluck Heidi Lynne Gluck is a musician, singer, and songwriter based in Kansas City. She is a multi-instrumentalist solo artist, band member, producer, and studio musician. On her debut EP, \"The Only Girl in the Room,\" Heidi Lynne Gluck rummages through a collection of battered and beautiful sounds that explore the ideas of family and where home truly is. She also tackles the more contentious issues of how a woman comes into a sense of self and other obstacles that come from the world around her. Her lyrics are occasionally barbed but still manage not to keep you at", "title": "Heidi Gluck" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "sat our 2015, and in 2016 he batted .319 in 17 games and played third base. In 2017, as a pitcher he had a team-best 2.67 ERA as a relief pitcher, and as a hitter he batted .294 with a team-best five home runs. On June 22, 2017, de Marte signed with the Normal CornBelters of the Frontier League, for whom in 2017 he was 2-1 with a 5.53 ERA in 20 appearances. Pitching for the CornBelters again in 2018, he was 3-4 with a 2.87 ERA in 42 relief appearances. On September 6, 2018, de Marte signed with the", "title": "Jonathan de Marte" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "his honor, as is a street in Paris. Now his name is a school's name in the small town of Ervy-le-Châtel. Eugène Belgrand Eugène Belgrand (23 April 1810 – 8 April 1878) was a French engineer who made significant contributions to the modernization of the Parisian sewer system during the 19th century rebuilding of Paris. Much of Belgrand's work remains in use today. Prior to 1850, the water system in Paris was inadequate for its growing population. Waste water was discharged into the Seine, a primary source of the critically limited supply of drinking water. Baron Haussmann, tasked by Napoléon", "title": "Eugène Belgrand" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Eugene Bridges Eugene Bridges (born March 30, 1963), usually credited as Eugene \"Hideaway\" Bridges, is an American blues and soul singer, songwriter, guitarist and bandleader who has released seven albums and has performed widely in the US, Asia, Britain, Europe, Australia and New Zealand. He was born in New Orleans, the fourth of five children, and was raised in Amite, Louisiana. His father, Otheneil Bridges, performed as a blues guitarist under the name \"Hideaway Slim\", and his mother was a relative of Anna Mae Bullock, better known as Tina Turner. In his early teens, Eugene Bridges began singing with his", "title": "Eugene Bridges" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and a series of photographs taken by Nadar, pioneering the use of artificial lighting for photography. Belgrand shared his insights with others, writing \"monumental publications\" detailing his work and the science behind it. Belgrand's projects remain \"one of the most extensive urban sewer systems in the world\" and served as a \"transitional phase\" leading to modern wastewater processing. Belgrand wrote the history of Paris. To commemorate his work in Parisian civil engineering, Belgrand's name is one of 72 names engraved on the Eiffel Tower, opposite the École Militaire. The main gallery of the Paris Sewer Museum is also named in", "title": "Eugène Belgrand" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Eugene Trubowitz Eugene Trubowitz is an American mathematician who studies analysis and mathematical physics. He is a Global Professor of Mathematics at New York University Abu Dhabi. Trubowitz, who was born in 1951, received his doctorate in 1977 under the supervision of Henry McKean at New York University, with thesis titled \"The inverse problem for periodic potentials\". Since 1983, he is a full professor of mathematics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich. As of 2016, he has retired from his position at ETH. Trubowitz studies scattering theory (some with Percy Deift, and inverse scattering theory), integrable systems and", "title": "Eugene Trubowitz" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "their connection to algebraic geometry, mathematical theory of Fermi liquids in the statistical mechanics. In 1994 he was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Zürich; his talk was on \"A rigorous (renormalization group) analysis of superconducting systems\". The original article was a translation of the corresponding German article. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-07-27/pdf/2012-18309.pdf Eugene Trubowitz Eugene Trubowitz is an American mathematician who studies analysis and mathematical physics. He is a Global Professor of Mathematics at New York University Abu Dhabi. Trubowitz, who was born in 1951, received his doctorate in 1977 under the supervision of Henry McKean at New York", "title": "Eugene Trubowitz" } ]

[ "Napoleon III" ]

[ "Paris in its early history had only the Seine and Bièvre rivers for water. From 1809, the Canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital. From 1857, the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand, under Napoleon III, oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs built atop the Capital's highest points of elevation. From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris' principal source of drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then on used for the cleaning of Paris' streets. This system is still a major part of Paris' modern water-supply network. Today Paris has more than 2,400 km (1,491 mi) of underground passageways dedicated to the evacuation of Paris' liquid wastes." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "the MVD" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "between the NAA and Soviet Internal Security Forces (MVD) troops based in Yerevan when Armenians decided to commemorate the establishment of the 1918 First Republic of Armenia. The violence resulted in the deaths of five Armenians killed in a shootout with the MVD at the railway station. Witnesses there claimed that the MVD used excessive force and that they had instigated the fighting. Further firefights between Armenian militiamen and Soviet troops occurred in Sovetashen, near the capital and resulted in the deaths of over 26 people, mostly Armenians. The pogrom of Armenians in Baku in January 1990 forced almost all", "title": "Armenia" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "between the NAA and Soviet Internal Security Forces (MVD) troops based in Yerevan when Armenians decided to commemorate the establishment of the 1918 First Republic of Armenia. The violence resulted in the deaths of five Armenians killed in a shootout with the MVD at the railway station. Witnesses there claimed that the MVD used excessive force and that they had instigated the fighting. Further firefights between Armenian militiamen and Soviet troops occurred in Sovetashen, near the capital and resulted in the deaths of over 26 people, mostly Armenians. The pogrom of Armenians in Baku in January 1990 forced almost all", "title": "Armenia" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "broke out between the NAA and the MVD troops based in Yerevan, resulting in the deaths of five Armenians in a shootout at the railway station. Witnesses claimed that the MVD had used an excessive amount of force in the firefight and insisted that it had instigated the fighting. Further firefights between Armenian militiamen and the MVD in nearby Sovetashen (now Nubarashen) resulted in the deaths of twenty-seven people and an indefinite cancellation of the May 28 celebration. Armenia declared its sovereignty over Soviet laws on August 23, 1990. The reason Armenia's decision to break away from the Soviet Union", "title": "Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "up again; after that, the MVD retained its \"internal security\" (police) functions, while the new KGB took on \"state security\" (secret police) functions. In his efforts to fight bureaucracy and maintain 'Leninist principles', Nikita Khrushchev, as the Premier of the Union, called for the dismissal of the All-Union MVD. The Ministry ceased to exist in January 1960 and its functions were transferred to the respective Republican Ministries. The MVD of the Russian SFSR was renamed the Ministry for Securing the Public Order in 1962. Leonid Brezhnev again recreated the All-Union Ministry for Securing the Public Order in July 1966 and", "title": "Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "In 1951, he was replaced by Lt. Gen. Yevgeny Petrovich Pitovranov, longtime secret service worker. Between 1950 and 1951, he was the deputy of MGB head Viktor Abakumov. On March 5, 1953, MVD and MGB were merged into the MVD by Lavrenty Beria and his people took over all high positions. The foreign intelligence (2nd Chief Directorate of the MVD), was given to Vasili Ryasnoy. After Lavrenty Beria was arrested, along with his people in MVD, Aleksandr Panyushkin became the head of foreign intelligence. In the first years of existence, Soviet Russia did not have many foreign missions that could", "title": "First Chief Directorate" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "later assigned Nikolai Shchelokov as Minister; the RSFSR Ministry was disbanded for the second time, the first being at the creation of the NKVD of the Soviet Union. The MVD regained its original title in 1968. Another role of the reformed MVD was to combat \"economic crimes\", that is, to suppress private business which was largely prohibited by socialist law. This fight was never successful due to the pervasive nature of the black market. By the mid-1980s, the image of the \"people's militsiya\" was largely compromised by the corruption and disorderly behaviour of both enlisted and officer staff (the most", "title": "Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia) The Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (MOI, , МВД, Ministerstvo Vnutrennikh Del, MVD) is the interior ministry of Russia. Its predecessor was founded in 1802 by Alexander I in Imperial Russia. The Ministry is headquartered in Moscow. The current Minister of Internal Affairs is General of Police Vladimir Kolokoltsev, who was the Moscow Police Commissioner between 2009 and 2012. Created by Alexander I on 28 March 1802 in the process of government reforms to replace the aging collegia of Peter the Great, the MVD was one of the most powerful governmental bodies", "title": "Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "MVD Entertainment Group MVD Entertainment Group, (previously Music Video Distributors, Inc.) is an American production company and film distributor based in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, consisting of three main departments MVD Visual, MVD Audio and MVD Distribution. The company was founded by Tom Seaman in 1986 and today has released over 8,000 titles. In 2017, the company launched a line of Blu-ray releases called the MVD Rewind Collection. The line features cult movies not previously released on Blu-ray in North America, and some that were never even released on DVD. Each release is numbered and features a slipcover that gives a throw-back", "title": "MVD Entertainment Group" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "released on DVD if an HD master isn't available. Unlike the Rewind Collection, neither of the lines are numbered. MVD Entertainment Group MVD Entertainment Group, (previously Music Video Distributors, Inc.) is an American production company and film distributor based in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, consisting of three main departments MVD Visual, MVD Audio and MVD Distribution. The company was founded by Tom Seaman in 1986 and today has released over 8,000 titles. In 2017, the company launched a line of Blu-ray releases called the MVD Rewind Collection. The line features cult movies not previously released on Blu-ray in North America, and some", "title": "MVD Entertainment Group" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Makhachkala Rus bombing Makhachkala Rus bombing was a July 1, 2005 incident in which at least 11 members of the elite Rus unit of the Russian federal Internal Troops were killed and 25 people wounded in the bomb attack outside a public bath in Makhachkala, Dagestan. The federal commandos of the MVD Rus unit had been sent to Dagestan only two weeks before to help the local MVD forces conduct \"operation filter\", which started after a 4 June 2005 rebel bomb blew up an UAZ vehicle with three policemen inside. The attack closely resembled a January 2001 bombing that killed", "title": "Makhachkala Rus bombing" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Ensemble, under the patronage of the Ministry of Defence, was founded in 1929, and The MVD Ensemble under that of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1939. Ensemble MVD was established in 1939 under the direction of Alexander Vassilivitch. General Victor Eliseev became director of MVD Ensemble in 1985. The Ensemble's repertoire is composed of traditional Russian music, sacred music, opera arias and popular music, such as \"Katyusha\", \"Kalinka\", \"Kernina\", \"Ave Maria\". Since the 1980s, The Ensemble MVD has performed on all continents after modernizing their repertoire. Ensemble MVD has realized more than seven thousand performances in several languages, and", "title": "MVD Ensemble" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "district police stations, a Spetsnaz battalion of Russian MVD “South” troops, Spetsnaz from the 2nd Patrol Regiment of the Chechen MVD, and a detachment of the “Terek” unit from the MVD of the North Caucasus Federal District (SKFO). The search team allegedly happened upon a group of six militants at 11:50 AM, who promptly split into groups of \"two or three\" so as to avoid capture. According to Russian officials, Muhannad and an Ingush militant named Ilez Sultygov ran into an ambush set by a group of commandos, and were killed in the ensuing shootout. Russian television showed footage of", "title": "Muhannad (jihadist)" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "MVD Academy of Kyrgyzstan The Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Kyrgyz Republic named after Ergesh Aliyev (Kyrgyz: Кыргыз Республикасынын ички иштер министрлигинин Академиясы, Russian: Министерство внутренних дел Киргизской Республики), known locally as the MVD Academy of Kyrgyzstan is a military institution in the Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic acts as a training center for future soldiers and officers of the Internal Troops and future police officers in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. It is named after Police Major General Ergesh Aliyev, who was the first high ranking officer in the original Kyrgyz Militia. It was", "title": "MVD Academy of Kyrgyzstan" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "recruitment of new members of the militsiya, who were recommended by work collectives and public organizations. The local party and Komsomol bodies screened candidates thoroughly to ensure their political reliability. Individuals serving in the militsiya were exempt from the regular military draft. \"Source\": Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union) The Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) - - was a government ministry in the Soviet Union. The MVD, a successor agency to the NKVD, was established in March 1946. Unlike the NKVD, except for a period of about 12 months, from mid-March 1953 until mid-March 1954, the MVD did not include", "title": "Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to be a tool to strengthen the MVD's grip on local party organs. Khrushchev and Malenkov, who had begun receiving information which stated that the MVD had begun spying on party officials, started to act in the spring of 1953. Beria was defeated at the next Presidium plenums by a majority against him, and not long after, Khrushchev and Malenkov started to plan Beria's fall from power. However, this was no easy task, as Beria was able to inspire fear in his colleagues. In Khrushchev's and Malenkov's first discussion with Kliment Voroshilov, Voroshilov did not want anything to do with", "title": "Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "MVD and Vincent Niclo interpreted \"All by Myself\" near her. She invited Niclo to open the seven concerts that she gives in Paris and Anvers in November and December 2013. MVD Ensemble The MVD Ensemble is an official academic ensemble of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation and the National Guard of Russia. Established in 1939, the ensemble carries on the tradition of choirs and ballets of the Soviet Red Army, with singers, musicians and dancers. The MVD Ensemble was born to serve and sustain the Soviet state. Its task was to lift the morale of the", "title": "MVD Ensemble" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Russian SFSR. After the establishment of the USSR there was no Soviet (federal) NKVD until 1934. In March 1946, all of the People's Commissariats (NK) were redesignated as Ministries (M). The NKVD was renamed the MVD of the USSR, along with its former subordinate, the NKGB which became the MGB of the USSR. The NKVDs of Union Republics also became Ministries of Internal Affairs subordinate to MVD of the USSR. Secret police became a part of MVD after Lavrenty Beria merged the MGB into the MVD in March 1953. Within a year Beria's downfall caused the MVD to be split", "title": "Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Moscow Serbsky Institute professors (a quote from Vladimir Bukovsky's archives). Some of them had high rank in the MVD, such as the infamous Daniil Luntz, who was characterized by Viktor Nekipelov as \"no better than the criminal doctors who performed inhuman experiments on the prisoners in Nazi concentration camps\". The sane individuals who were diagnosed as mentally ill were sent either to a regular psychiatric hospitals or, those deemed particularly dangerous, to special ones, run directly by the MVD. The treatment included various forms of restraint, electric shocks, a range of drugs (such as narcotics, tranquilizers, and insulin) that cause", "title": "Psikhushka" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and the surging Azerbaijan Popular Front were common, in the end leading to the deaths of 120 Azerbaijanis and eight MVD soldiers in Baku. During this time Azerbaijan's Communist Party had fallen and the belated order to send the MVD forces had more to do with keeping the Party in power than with protecting the city's Armenian population. The events, referred to as \"Black January\", also strained the relations between Azerbaijan and the central government. Azerbaijan has several exclaves within the territory of Armenia: Yukhari Askipara, Barkhudarli and Sofulu in the northwest and an exclave of Karki in the Nakhchivan", "title": "Nagorno-Karabakh War" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "more than 20 million viewers worldwide. In this way, Ensemble MVD met Pope John Paul II in Rome, or opening the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. It is the only military unit of the MVD having received the \"Star Platinum\", on the avenue dedicated to great Russian artists, and it counts fifty of its artists that have received the supreme title of \"Emeritus Artist of Russia\". In 2014, the MVD Ensemble and Chorus opened the Winter Olympic Games in Sochi, singing a cover of Daft Punk's \"Get Lucky\". On December 29 of the same year, the group released a video", "title": "MVD Ensemble" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "from the Leningrad Military District, 210 from the Byelorussian Military District and 700 from Internal Troops. These additional vehicles were stationed just outside the border of the Baltic Republics in advance so as not to raise suspicion and sent in at the start of the operation. The preparation on the MVD side was slower. USSR MVD order No. 00225 instructing various branches of MVD to prepare for the deportation and to assist the MGB was issued only on 12 March. Six months later, an internal review commission criticized the delay. Special representatives of MVD arrived to local districts only on", "title": "Operation Priboi" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "MVD Ensemble The MVD Ensemble is an official academic ensemble of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation and the National Guard of Russia. Established in 1939, the ensemble carries on the tradition of choirs and ballets of the Soviet Red Army, with singers, musicians and dancers. The MVD Ensemble was born to serve and sustain the Soviet state. Its task was to lift the morale of the exhausted troops, and it did so by glorifying the revolutionary ideal, allowing people to re-live the spirit of the October Revolution and the storming of the Winter Palace. The Alexandrov", "title": "MVD Ensemble" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "shocking case was the robbery and by a group of militsiya officers stationed in the Moscow Metro in 1980). Many high-ranking MVD officers, including the Minister himself, were revealed to be routinely bribed by illegal \"shadow\" businesses and criminals. The Russian MVD re-formed as the MVD of the Russian SFSR in 1990 following the restoration of the republican Council of Ministers and the Supreme Soviet. It continued in its functions when Russia gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. the Ministry controls: Since the disbanding of the Tax Police Service in 2003 the MVD also investigates economic crimes. Two", "title": "Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)" }, { "idx": 23, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the National Guard. The Vityaz name and logo is now used by a private security firm and a private security training center headed by the unit's former commander, Sergei Lysyuk. Vityaz (MVD) The 1st Special Purpose Unit of the Internal Forces \"Vityaz\" (), commonly known as Vityaz (Витязь, lit. \"Knight\"), was one of the special forces (\"spetsnaz\") units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (MVD). Vityaz belonged to the Independent Operative Purpose Division (ODON) rapid deployment division of the Internal Troops of Russia, the gendarmerie force of the MVD, and was assigned specifically to counter-terrorism duties,", "title": "Vityaz (MVD)" }, { "idx": 24, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Vityaz (MVD) The 1st Special Purpose Unit of the Internal Forces \"Vityaz\" (), commonly known as Vityaz (Витязь, lit. \"Knight\"), was one of the special forces (\"spetsnaz\") units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (MVD). Vityaz belonged to the Independent Operative Purpose Division (ODON) rapid deployment division of the Internal Troops of Russia, the gendarmerie force of the MVD, and was assigned specifically to counter-terrorism duties, with additional roles such as countering civil unrest, prison rebellions, and mutinies of regular army units. On September 1, 2008, Vityaz was deactivated and merged with Rus into the 604th", "title": "Vityaz (MVD)" }, { "idx": 25, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) on 15 March 1946, when all the People′s Commissariats were transformed into ministries. On 15 March 1953, the MGB was incorporated into the MVD, and a year later the State Security agency was established as a separate state committee, the KGB. The MVD was originally established as a union-republic ministry with headquarters in Moscow, but in 1960 the Khrushchev leadership, as part of its general downgrading of the police, abolished the central MVD, whose functions were assumed by republic ministries of internal affairs. Then, in 1962 the MVD was redesignated the Ministry for the Preservation", "title": "Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)" }, { "idx": 26, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "under the jurisdiction of MVD. The primary function of SOBR is to combat against organized crime, with additional roles including anti-terrorism. They also fought during the wars in Chechnya. Russia's first SOBR units were formed on 10 February 1992, under the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) within the Directorate for Combating Organized Crime. SOBR units were staffed by senior-ranking police officers and typically received better training than the members of OMON, the paramilitary special police units of the MVD. They carried out SWAT-type special operations under the jurisdiction of the MVD, including the apprehension of dangerous criminals and high-profile raids,", "title": "SOBR" }, { "idx": 27, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "equipped criminals. For this the MVD needed more fire power. On 21 March 1989, the Presidium decided to take the Internal Troops out of the Armed Forces and the Ministry of Defense and give them to the Internal Affairs Ministry, ending a 55-year partnership between the two ministries. In 1990, the establishment of the RSFSR MVD meant that the Internal Troops in the SFSR were now subordinated to the republican ministry. With the April 2016 foundation of the National Guard, the IT became the \"National Guard Forces\" (\"Войска национальной гвардии\", \"Voyska Natsionalnoy Gvardi\") and now reports directly to the Security", "title": "National Guard Forces Command" }, { "idx": 28, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "enemy states and destroying strategic infrastructure in the critical \"special period,\" when the outbreak of war between the superpowers would have been unavoidable. Vympel quickly gained the reputation of being among the best Soviet special forces units, surpassing its GRU and MVD counterparts. However, after the collapse of the USSR, Vympel was decimated by endless re-organisation and re-definition. It passed under the aegis of the Security Ministry before being receded to the GUO (the two institutions were short-lived offspring of the ex-KGB during the Boris Yeltsin era) and finally passed to the MVD (Interior Ministry). However, the \"militsiya\" had no", "title": "Vympel" }, { "idx": 29, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "behind the Chir river. For over two weeks the unit engaged in nonstop battle, in which she was on medic duty where she contracted typhoid fever. Soldiers carried her, barely alive, to a hospital, and she was considered missing in action. After recovering she was sent back to battle on the 3rd Ukrainian Front. After intense battle between 15-22 August after carrying 30 wounded to safety she sustained a severe concussion but soon returned to battle. After the concussion she reported in a letter to her mother that she could not hear well after the event. In a battle near", "title": "Valeriya Gnarovskaya" }, { "idx": 30, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of Democratic Liberties (MTLD), also headed by Messali Hadj. In 1950, Ben M'hidi had been convicted in absentia and sentenced to 10 years in prison. Ben M'hidi and eight other members of this movement soon grew impatient with Hadj, and decided to form the Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action (CRUA), on 30 March 1954. During May and June 1954, they decided that Algeria would be split into five areas; Ben M'hidi was assigned Zone 5, Oran. On 10 October, Larbi Ben M'hidi and five other members of the CRUA approved the transformation, thus giving birth to the National Liberation", "title": "Larbi Ben M'hidi" }, { "idx": 31, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "her 50 cents for a greens fee and another 50 cents to rent a set of clubs at a public golf course in Dallas when she was 11 years old. She won the 1932 Texas Publinx title at the age of 13 and the Southern Championship when she was 15. She won the U.S. Women's Amateur in 1939 and 1940. She won the Women's Western Amateur in 1940 and 1942. In 1942, she also won the Women's Western Open, a major at the time, while still an amateur. Jameson turned professional in 1945. She was one of the thirteen women", "title": "Betty Jameson" }, { "idx": 32, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "his minimalist style. One of Summerall's most memorable on-air calls was his account of Marcus Allen's electrifying touchdown run in Super Bowl XVIII. The transcript is surprisingly sparse: \"Touchdown, 75 yards!\" That the quote is memorable is testament to the weight of Summerall's voice when he was at the height of his powers as an NFL broadcaster. This was a hallmark of his broadcasting career as simple calls like \"Montana...Rice... Touchdown!\" (describing a Joe Montana to Jerry Rice touchdown pass) to describe a big play were frequently used. His last game alongside Madden for CBS (before the NFC television contract", "title": "Pat Summerall" }, { "idx": 33, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the Ward Hunt Strait past Cape Vogel and then through Collingwood Bay in support of the operation to take Buna was of critical importance as the Japanese control of open sea approaches to the north required ships to pass in the dangerous and almost uncharted inshore waters approaching Cape Nelson and it was only after difficult survey efforts that larger ships were able to supply that campaign. That work was first done by luggers and small ships joined later by in surveying, installing lights, landing shore parties for reconnaissance, establishing radio stations and piloting ships through the discovered channels. Operation", "title": "Cape Nelson (Papua New Guinea)" }, { "idx": 34, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a household, the first son in most cases, each \"nanui-gashira\" was shared by all the male member of a lineage. From 1689 male members of the Pechin class also had \"kara-naa\" (唐名) or Chinese names. Each \"kara-naa\" consists of a one-character name for a lineage called \"shii\" or \"uji\" (sei/\"shii\", 姓 or uji/\"uji\", 氏) and a personal name called \"imina\" (諱). For example, Tamagusuku Chōkun had the \"kara-naa\" Shō Juyū (向受祐). \"Kara-naa\" appeared neither officially nor privately in domestic affairs, but were used for diplomatic correspondence with Chinese dynasties. Thus a lower-class Pechin who had no post in the court", "title": "Okinawan name" }, { "idx": 35, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and he had to shed around 14 kilos weight for portraying the role. Arjun Janya has composed a total of 5 songs written by various lyricists. Neenade Naa Neenade Naa (English: \"For Yourself, Right?\") is a 2014 Indian Kannada romantic comedy film directed and written by \"Kadhal\" Kandhas who earlier worked as a choreographer for South Indian films. The film stars Prajwal Devaraj, Priyanka Kandwal and Ankitha in the lead roles. The film marks the first productional venture of Devaraj's home production, \"Dynamic Visions\". The film released on 17 October 2014 and positive response from critics Dev (Prajwal Devaraj), who", "title": "Neenade Naa" }, { "idx": 36, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "\"Balashikha-arena\". At this time in the Junior League, the team plays on the name of HC MVD. MVD Moscow Oblast was founded in 1949 as Spartak Kalinin, and adopted its last name, MVD, in 2004 as part of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs and their move to Podolsk. In the same year, they qualified for the Russian Superleague play-off for the first time, losing to Ak Bars Kazan in a hard-fought series. In 2007, they moved again (this time to Balashikha) for the KHL size arena. 2007–2009 HC MVD Balashikha First League 2009–2010 Sheriff Balashikha JHL HC MVD HC", "title": "HC MVD" }, { "idx": 37, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "members of the all-star team: 2010–11 KHL season The 2010–11 KHL season was the third season of the Kontinental Hockey League. It was held from 8 September 2010 and ended on 16 April 2011. The season started with the Opening Cup game between the last season's finalists, Ak Bars Kazan and UHC Dynamo, the new team that was created by merging last season's Western conference winner HC MVD with Dynamo Moscow. Salavat Yulaev Ufa won the Gagarin Cup and the Russian Championship after beating Atlant Moscow Oblast 4–1 in the play-off final series. Folding of Lada Togliatti Lada Togliatti dropped", "title": "2010–11 KHL season" }, { "idx": 38, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Seenu reflecting on his life's journey to the audience. Naa Autograph Naa Autograph () is a 2004 Tollywood drama film directed by S. Gopal Reddy. The film stars Ravi Teja as the protagonist, with Gopika, Bhumika Chawla, Mallika and Prakash Raj playing other important roles. This film is a remake of Tamil film \"Autograph\" which starred Cheran and Sneha in lead roles. The film was also dubbed in Hindi as \"Thokar\" by Aditya Music India Pvt Ltd in 2012. The film begins with Seenu (Ravi Teja), who runs an advertising agency in Hyderabad, setting off on a journey, distributing wedding", "title": "Naa Autograph" } ]

[ "the MVD" ]

[ "Gorbachev's inability to alleviate any of Armenia's problems created disillusionment among the Armenians and fed a growing hunger for independence. In May 1990, the New Armenian Army (NAA) was established, serving as a defence force separate from the Soviet Red Army. Clashes soon broke out between the NAA and Soviet Internal Security Forces (MVD) troops based in Yerevan when Armenians decided to commemorate the establishment of the 1918 First Republic of Armenia. The violence resulted in the deaths of five Armenians killed in a shootout with the MVD at the railway station. Witnesses there claimed that the MVD used excessive force and that they had instigated the fighting." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "been associated with emerging antibiotic resistance since the 1950s. Widespread usage of antibiotics in hospitals has also been associated with increases in bacterial strains and species that no longer respond to treatment with the most common antibiotics. Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery.", "title": "Antibiotic" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a number of motorsports in their short existence. Two Pic-Pics with 4.5 liter engines and front wheel brakes competed in the 1914 Grand Prix, but both cars were withdrawn. In hillclimbing events, Pic-Pics competed more successfully. Pic-Pic cars came in first place in Vosges in 1909, Bern in 1911, and Jaunpass in 1912, 1913, and 1914. Pic-Pic Pic-Pic was a Swiss automobile manufactured in Geneva from 1906 to 1924. They were produced by the Piccard-Pictet Company (whence its name derives) until 1920, and by Gnome et Rhône from 1920 until the demise of the marque in 1924. At the beginning", "title": "Pic-Pic" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "high-speed train sets in operation grew from 1,277 pairs in June to 1,556.5 pairs in December. In response to a slowing economy, central planners approved a slew of new lines including Shangqiu-Hefei-Hangzhou, Zhengzhou-Wanzhou, Lianyungang-Zhenjiang, Linyi-Qufu, Harbin-Mudanjiang, Yinchuan-Xi'an, Datong-Zhangjiakou, and intercity lines in Zhejiang and Jiangxi. The government actively promoted the export of high-speed rail technology to countries including Mexico, Thailand, the United Kingdom, India, Russia and Turkey. To better compete with foreign trainmakers, the central authorities arranged for the merger of the country's two main high-speed train-makers, CSR and CNR, into the China Railway Rolling Stock Group. By 2015, six", "title": "High-speed rail in China" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a friend, he was someone I looked up to like my older brother\" and \"I will live with those memories in my heart and I will love him forever.\" Cornell's former Audioslave bandmates paid tribute to him during a Prophets of Rage concert in Berlin on June 7, playing an instrumental version of \"Like a Stone\" with a single spotlight shining down on an empty mic at center stage as the audience filled in on vocals. At the Alternative Press Music Awards on July 17, the band Pierce The Veil paid tribute to Cornell with their rendition of \"Black Hole", "title": "Chris Cornell" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Ann Lowdon Call Ann Lowdon Call (1945–2007) was a horsewoman and was the 2005 AQHA Select World Champion in Pleasure Driving. She was inducted into the National Cowgirl Hall of Fame in 2005. Call was born to Robert and Maria Lowdon in Chicago, Illinois, on May 30, 1945. She wasn't born in Texas but often said she got there as quickly as she could. She graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a major in physical education and Spanish. In 1971 she earned a master's degree in guidance and counseling from Brigham Young University. She married Rodger L.", "title": "Ann Lowdon Call" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Grantown-on-Spey (West) railway station Grantown-on-Spey (West) railway station was opened with the Inverness and Perth Junction Railway in 1863. Originally appearing on timetables as 'Grantown', the name was changed by British Railways. At the same time, the former GNSR station 'Grantown-on-Spey' was renamed similarly as 'Grantown-on-Spey (East)'. The station was located to the south of Grantown-on-Spey, just off the B9102, at the end of Woodlands Terrace. The woodlands to the east of the station location are named 'Station Wood' on OS maps available when the railway was open. The station closed along with line to Aviemore on 18 October 1965.", "title": "Grantown-on-Spey (West) railway station" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "current web environment there are hundreds, if not thousands, of websites dedicated to online auction practices. There are six different basic types of online auctions: In live terms, English auctions are where bids are announced by either an auctioneer or by the bidders and winners pay what they bid to receive the object. English auctions are claimed to be the most common form of third-party on-line auction format used and is deemed to appear the most simplistic of all the forms. The common operational method of the format is that it is an ascending bid auction in which bids are", "title": "Online auction" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and distinctive practices – what the worker eats, and especially the way he eats it, the sport he practices and the way he practices it, his political opinions and the way he expresses them are systematically different from the industrial proprietor's corresponding activities / habitus are also structuring structures, different classifying schemes classification principles, different principles of vision and division, different tastes. Habitus make different differences; they implement distinctions between what is good and what is bad, what is right and what is wrong, between what is distinguished and what is vulgar, and so on, but they are not the", "title": "Habitus (sociology)" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "support bacterial growth in higher antibiotic concentration. For example, sub-inhibitory concentration have induced genetic mutation in bacteria such as \"Pseudomonas aeruginosa\" and \"Bacteroides fragilis\". Up to half of antibiotics used in humans are unnecessary and inappropriate. For example, a third of people believe that antibiotics are effective for the common cold, and the common cold is the most common reason antibiotics are prescribed even though antibiotics are useless against viruses. A single regimen of antibiotics even in compliant individuals leads to a greater risk of resistant organisms to that antibiotic in the person for a month to possibly a year.", "title": "Antimicrobial resistance" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Antibiotic use in dentistry There are many circumstances during dental treatment where antibiotics are prescribed by dentists to prevent further infection (e.g. post-operative infection). The most common antibiotic prescribed by dental practitioners is penicillin in the form of amoxicillin, however many patients are hypersensitive to this particular antibiotic. Therefore, in the cases of allergies, erythromycin is used instead. Bacteraemia is a condition in which bacteria are present in the blood and may cause disease, including systemic disease such as infective endocarditis. Some dental treatments may cause bacteraemia, such as tooth extractions, subgingival scaling or even simple aggressive tooth brushing by", "title": "Antibiotic use in dentistry" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "extraction. There are still reasonable concerns remaining regarding the possible adverse effects of indiscriminate antibiotic use in patients. There are also concerns about development of antibiotic resistance which advises against the use of prophylactic antibiotics in practice. Immediately following the removal of a tooth, bleeding or just oozing very commonly occurs. Pressure is applied by biting on a gauze swab, and a thrombus (blood clot) forms in the socket (hemostatic response). Common hemostatic measures include local pressure application with gauze and the use of oxidized cellulose (gelfoam) and fibrin sealant. Dental practitioners usually have absorbent gauze, hemostatic packing material (oxidized", "title": "Dental extraction" } ]

[ "failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery" ]

[ "Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery. Inappropriate antibiotic treatment, for example, is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold. One study on respiratory tract infections found \"physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them\". Multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "50" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "- some locals treat this festival as an opportunity to exact revenge on their enemies. Vandalism is common and \"businesses constantly have to prepare in covering or repainting their advertisements during Carnival season because of the mischief performed.\" The tradition continues despite critics who advocate the termination of these festivities. \"La Diablada\" Carnival takes place in Oruro in central Bolivia. It is celebrated in honor of the miners' patron saint, \"Vírgen de Socavon\" (the Virgin of the Tunnels). Over 50 parade groups dance, sing, and play music over a five kilometre-long course. Participants dress up as demons, devils, angels, Incas,", "title": "Carnival" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "duration of the carnival period and many organise parties and dances or public events on streets and in squares. Some participate in the parade with their own carnival float constructed to match the masquerade theme of the group. The number of participants in a group varies between 50 and 300 people, sometimes more. This is also called the \"Nihterini Podarati\" [Night Parade on foot]. In earlier years, only the Treasure Hunt groups could participate without their floats. However, the last few years every group is free to join. Night, bright lights, an overwhelming stream of people, colors and high spirits", "title": "Patras Carnival" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "- some locals treat this festival as an opportunity to exact revenge on their enemies. Vandalism is common and \"businesses constantly have to prepare in covering or repainting their advertisements during Carnival season because of the mischief performed.\" The tradition continues despite critics who advocate the termination of these festivities. \"La Diablada\" Carnival takes place in Oruro in central Bolivia. It is celebrated in honor of the miners' patron saint, \"Vírgen de Socavon\" (the Virgin of the Tunnels). Over 50 parade groups dance, sing, and play music over a five kilometre-long course. Participants dress up as demons, devils, angels, Incas,", "title": "Carnival" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "krewes of Mardi Gras. Currently, over 50 krewes march in each parade, with smaller krewes participating on a rotating basis due to the limited number of available slots. Many of the same Krewes - large and small - also participate in the Gasparilla Children's Parade and the Sant'Yago Knight Parade. Gasparilla Pirate Festival The Gasparilla Pirate Festival is a large parade and a host of related community events held almost every year since 1904 in Tampa, Florida celebrating the apocryphal legend of José Gaspar (also known as Gasparilla), a mythical Spanish pirate who supposedly operated in Southwest Florida in the", "title": "Gasparilla Pirate Festival" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Blonde des Pyrenees breeds, during the formation of the Blonde Aquitaine breed in 1962. All of these cattle belonged to the \"blond and red\" branch of cattle. Limousin breeders fiercely opposed the merger and the Limousin breed was retained. The Limousin breed resumed its growth in the 1960s. The size of the French Limousin herd has increased sharply in recent years, with a 50% increase in numbers in France in 15 years. Today, it is the second-most numerous French beef breed, behind Charolais and ahead of Blonde d'Aquitaine. In 2004, of about 900,000 Limousin cows, 63,000 were recorded in the", "title": "Limousin cattle" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "arrest (despite that Eddie Johnson having had no encounters with the police other than minor traffic citations). The former Kansas City/Sacramento Kings, Phoenix Suns, Seattle SuperSonics, and Houston Rockets forward (then and now employed in Arizona) considered suing for defamation and negligence, due to the damage to his reputation that occurred following the reports. In 2008, Johnson was convicted of sexual battery of a minor under 12, lewd and lascivious molestation of a child under 12, and trespassing. The sex crimes carried a mandatory life sentence without parole. Johnson is currently incarcerated at Santa Rosa Correctional Institution. Eddie Johnson (basketball,", "title": "Eddie Johnson (basketball, born 1955)" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the bridge. Rory Maguire was leader of the Irish Rebellion of 1641 in Fermanagh, and the burning of Lisnarick on 23 October 1641 was the signal for the rebellion to start. Castle Archdale was also destroyed at the time. Castle Archdale Country Park is on the main Enniskillen to Kesh road (B82), 1 mile on the Enniskillen side of Lisnarick. Lisnarick, County Fermanagh Lisnarick or Lisnarrick () is a small village in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, 4km west of Irvinestown. It is situated in the civil parish of Derryvullan and historic barony of Lurg. The village was once known as", "title": "Lisnarick, County Fermanagh" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "many years the members of the Council of Underwriters which had 80% of the New Zealand insurance market had non-completion agreements in place and also agreements with a number of other insurance companies who were not members to keep insurance brokers out of the market. In 1957 this practice changed as a result of efforts by Price Forbes, a major Lloyd's insurance broker which lead to the establishment of the Insurance Brokers Registration Agreement. To obtain the required capital to establish his own insurance business Adam took advantage of a scheme oil companies were prepared to assist with financing suitable", "title": "Denis Adam" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "million for the Citytv stations. On June 28, Rogers further offered to sell the two religious-licensed Omni stations in Winnipeg and Vancouver as part of the Citytv deal, although the company stated that it intended to retain the multilingual-licensed Omni stations. That same year, Rogers also applied to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to acquire a 20 per cent interest in CP24, a local news channel in Toronto which shares the same staff and resources from Citytv Toronto. Both stations were previously owned by CHUM Limited, but CTVglobemedia retained ownership of CP24 following the CRTC's approval of the", "title": "Rogers Media" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Britain was no longer interested in the monarchy; a pervading sense of apathy amongst the populace seemed to confirm this. However, the predictions were proven wrong, especially during the official jubilee weekend, when people numbering in the hundreds of thousands turned out to participate in the fêtes. These festivities culminated in the 4 June event on The Mall in London, when over one million attended the parade and flypast. The \"Daily Mail\" stated in its editorial: \"How the sour anti-Royalists in \"The Guardian\" newspaper and elsewhere have been confounded. They were convinced that the occasion would be a flop, that", "title": "Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and unique participants such as the BBQ & Hibachi Marching Grill Team, the Shopping Cart Drill Team, the Bastard Sons of Lee Marvin, the Men of Leisure Synchronized Nap Team, The Marching Lumberjacks, The Army of Toy Soldiers, Claude Rains & the 20-Man Memorial Invisible Man Marching Drill Team, Uncle Fester, Count Smokula, The Radioactive Chicken Heads and the Committee for the Right to Bear Arms, a group that marches in precise formations while carrying mannequin arms. Snotty Scotty and the Hankies is still the official band. Many groups participate in the Doo Dah Parade as a fundraising effort for", "title": "Doo Dah Parade" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Daegu Queer Culture Festival Daegu Queer Culture Festival (DQCF) or Daegu Queer Festival is an annual modern Korean festival, whose theme is LGBT rights. It includes a pride parade and film festival events. The festival lasts for a week or two, and usually takes place in late June. The event has been held every year since 2009 and has faced opposition from religious groups. Opposition by religious groups has prohibited the Daegu Queer Culture Festival from being held on an outdoor stage on a popular street that is typically utilized for other festivities in Daegu. It is estimated that about", "title": "Daegu Queer Culture Festival" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "sports and bullfighting, as well as nightly firework displays. The festivities begin with the \"chupinazo\" or \"txupinazo\", which is the launch of a small rocket, and the reading of a proclamation by the festivities' herald. The central point of the festivities is the place around the \"txosnas\", where the different \"konpartsak\" are reunited, organised by neighbourhood associations as well as cultural, social and political groups. The symbol of the festivities is \"Marijaia\", a large doll which is burned during the last day of celebrations. Beyond the main festivities of the \"Aste Nagusia\", the city also celebrates some minor festivities, many", "title": "Bilbao" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "streets, a spectacle involving tens of thousands of visitors every year. Over 100 floats are included, and since 1970 the carnival groups are only from Aalst itself. Apart from these large groups also smaller 'loose groups' participate; they lay their focus more on mockery and satire than the decorative aspect. These 'small' groups can count as many as 100 members. The Monday parade has a different atmosphere than the Sunday one; the floats don't follow the strict Sunday order of appearance. In the evening, prizes are awarded based on points given on Sunday. Apart from that, also the yearly Broom", "title": "Carnival of Aalst" } ]

[ "50" ]

[ "La Diablada Carnival takes place in Oruro in central Bolivia. It is celebrated in honor of the miners' patron saint, Vírgen de Socavon (the Virgin of the Tunnels). Over 50 parade groups dance, sing and play music over a five kilometre-long course. Participants dress up as demons, devils, angels, Incas and Spanish conquistadors. Dances include caporales and tinkus. The parade runs from morning until late at night, 18 hours a day, 3 days before Ash Wednesday. It was declared the 2001 \"Masterpieces of Oral Heritage and Intangible Heritage of Humanity\" for UNESCO. Throughout the country celebrations are held involving traditional rhythms and water parties. In Santa Cruz de la Sierra, on the east side of the country, tropical weather allows a Brazilian-type Carnival, with Comparsas dancing traditional songs in matching uniforms." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "a return to simple Scripture" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "while still maintaining a true faith in God. For moderate Christians, this meant a return to simple Scripture. John Locke abandoned the corpus of theological commentary in favor of an \"unprejudiced examination\" of the Word of God alone. He determined the essence of Christianity to be a belief in Christ the redeemer and recommended avoiding more detailed debate. In the \"Jefferson Bible\", Thomas Jefferson went further and dropped any passages dealing with miracles, visitations of angels and the resurrection of Jesus after his death, as he tried to extract the practical Christian moral code of the New Testament. Enlightenment scholars", "title": "Age of Enlightenment" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "while still maintaining a true faith in God. For moderate Christians, this meant a return to simple Scripture. John Locke abandoned the corpus of theological commentary in favor of an \"unprejudiced examination\" of the Word of God alone. He determined the essence of Christianity to be a belief in Christ the redeemer and recommended avoiding more detailed debate. In the \"Jefferson Bible\", Thomas Jefferson went further and dropped any passages dealing with miracles, visitations of angels and the resurrection of Jesus after his death, as he tried to extract the practical Christian moral code of the New Testament. Enlightenment scholars", "title": "Age of Enlightenment" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "\"UHF discount\" (a policy that counts television stations broadcasting on UHF channels by 50% of their total audience towards the FCC's 39% market cap), Sinclair announced its intent to purchase Bonten Media Group for $240 million. The sale was approved on June 30, and the sale was completed September 1. On March 1, 2017, reports surfaced that Sinclair Broadcast Group was in discussions to acquire Chicago-based Tribune Media, which was approached by Sinclair management about a possible merger in late February. Any deal would occur pending FCC review of the UHF discount, which had been eliminated in a 3–2 vote", "title": "Sinclair Broadcast Group" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "him the finger, Austin gave her the stunner. Goldust and Marc Mero would continue to tag for some weeks until the hostility between their valets, Luna Vachon and Sable, respectively, resulted in an in ring brawl. Mero took exception to Goldust grabbing Sable to restrain her and hit Goldust, a mixed tag team match was booked for WrestleMania which Sable won after using Mero's TKO on Vachon. Vachon, insistent on humiliating Sable demanded a rematch between just the two of them at , and laid down the stipulation of an evening gown match. Ken Shamrock would go on to face", "title": "No Way Out of Texas: In Your House" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Abdul Darwiche was acquitted of the Yanderra Street shooting by Justice Bell. Between 13 and 16 March 2006 Mr X received several text messages threatening his family in the lead-up to him giving evidence at a hearing. In March 2006 Taleb returned to Australia. On 3 April 2006 two trials commenced in the Supreme Court of New South Wales before Justice Bell: (a) the shooting of Bilal Razzak, the Yanderra Street shooting, the murder of Ali Abdul Razzak and the Lawford Street murders and (b) the murder of Fahda. In May 2006 the trial in relation to the Mons Street", "title": "Darwiche–Razzak–Fahda family conflict" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "went on to play at four seasons with the Blast. In 1984, he became the first American player to score 200 goals in MISL. He followed that achievement up by scoring five goals in the final game of the 1983-1984 championship series to give the Blast the title over the St. Louis Steamers. He was inducted into the Baltimore Blast Hall of Fame in 2006. Fink earned his first cap with the U.S. national team in a 1-0 win over Bermuda on September 9, 1973. He went on to play a total of six games with the national team, his", "title": "Joey Fink" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "make Beit Hanina the capital of a future Palestinian state. According to \"Al-Quds,\" Kerry demanded Abbas to officially recognize Israel as a Jewish state and offered that Beit Hanina neighborhood will be declared as the Palestinian capital instead of the entire east Jerusalem area. The College of Daawa and Religious Principles was established in Beit Hanina in 1978. A branch of al-Quds University is also located there. There are four mosques in Beit Hanina: Sultan Ibrahim Ibn Adham Mosque, Bader Mosque, Mosque of Religion College, and Mosque of Teacher's Suburb. Christian schools include the Rosary Sisters and De La Salle.", "title": "Beit Hanina" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "societal norm and a personal habit in our society, especially with the development of new information communication technologies (ICTs). Bayer, Campbell & Ling explain how individuals internalize and activate social connectedness during daily life. The model outlined typed of connection cues, factors, that moderate sensitivity to connection norms, and activation paths for connection habits. But what does it really mean to stay “connected”? Does it mean that our physical presence also determines our social presence? The research done by Turner & Foss” suggests that there are four types of presences when we engage in multiple conversations: budgeted, entitled, competitive and", "title": "Multicommunicating" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "title (\"Qu'est-ce que les Lumières?\"). Foucault's essay reflected on the contemporary status of the project of enlightenment, inverting much of Kant's reasoning but concluding that enlightenment \"still entails work on our limits.\" Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment? \"Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?\" () is a 1784 essay by the philosopher Immanuel Kant. In the December 1784 publication of the \"Berlinische Monatsschrift\" (\"Berlin Monthly\"), edited by Friedrich Gedike and Johann Erich Biester, Kant replied to the question posed a year earlier by the Reverend Johann Friedrich Zöllner, who was also an official in the Prussian government. Zöllner's question was", "title": "Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "exceptions. However, this did not automatically mean the total takeover of the German Christians in all Protestant organisations, since due to the decentral and grassroot organisation of many Protestant groups, the official church bodies had no direct control, this was especially true for missionary endowments such as Jerusalem's Association. In Germany the Protestant opposition first formed among pastors with the Emergency Covenant of Pastors, founded to fight for pastors discriminated by the \"German Christians\" for their Jewish ancestry. This covenant helped to found the Protestant Confessing Churches, which paralleled in all destroyed Protestant church bodies the official \"German Christian\"-subjected church", "title": "Immanuel Church (Tel Aviv)" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the départements of Ardennes, of Côte D'Or and of Doubs. He retired from political life in 1798, before being banned from the french territory as regicide under the Restoration of monarchy in 1816. Although having voted for the death of King Louis XVI, the representative of the Mountain Calès was however a moderate revolutionary. Nourished by the renovating ideas characterizing the pre-revolutionary Age of Enlightenment, he did not support any of the radical measures taken during the Reign of Terror and even pronounced himself against Robespierre during the events of the 9 Thermidor. His parliamentary activity was particularly characterized by", "title": "Jean-Marie Calès" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "that attaining God's blessing will mean denying self: \"Those who are unwilling to deny self, to agonize before God, to pray long and earnestly for His blessing, will not obtain it. Wrestling with God–how few know what it is!\" (GC 621). Ellen White in her writings does not link perfection to something that happens from the believer, but with what God does for the believer through Christ, and those who try to trust in their own righteousness cannot understand how it comes through Christ. Adventists believe the term 'remnant' as found in Revelation 12:17 (Christians who \"keep the commandments of", "title": "Last Generation Theology" } ]

[ "a return to simple Scripture" ]

[ "Enlightenment era religious commentary was a response to the preceding century of religious conflict in Europe, especially the Thirty Years' War. Theologians of the Enlightenment wanted to reform their faith to its generally non-confrontational roots and to limit the capacity for religious controversy to spill over into politics and warfare while still maintaining a true faith in God. For moderate Christians, this meant a return to simple Scripture. John Locke abandoned the corpus of theological commentary in favor of an \"unprejudiced examination\" of the Word of God alone. He determined the essence of Christianity to be a belief in Christ the redeemer and recommended avoiding more detailed debate. Thomas Jefferson in the Jefferson Bible went further; he dropped any passages dealing with miracles, visitations of angels, and the resurrection of Jesus after his death. He tried to extract the practical Christian moral code of the New Testament." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "1924" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "IBM International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) is an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States, with operations in over 170 countries. The company began in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) and was renamed \"International Business Machines\" in 1924. IBM manufactures and markets computer hardware, middleware and software, and provides hosting and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology. IBM is also a major research organization, holding the record for most U.S. patents generated by a business () for 25 consecutive years. Inventions by IBM include the automated teller machine (ATM), the", "title": "IBM" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the closing and sale of the Endicott factories. Endicott is best known as the \"Birthplace of IBM\". The Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) was founded in Endicott on June 16, 1911, via the consolidation of the International Time Recording Company (ITR), The Tabulating Machine Company, Computing Scale Company, and Bundy Time Recording. These companies used a technology invented by the genius Herman Hollerith whereby stiff paper cards with holes in a systematic pattern, called punched cards, could be \"read\" by machines via electrical contact. The Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company changed its name to International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) in 1924. The formation of what", "title": "Endicott, New York" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "is challenging his expulsion in court. The Independent Electoral Commission suspended the party's statutory fund’s allocations until there was clarity about who leads the party, and in October 2015 the high court confirmed that Mbinda was the recognised leader. Conflict then arose between Mbinda and Chief Executive Officer Narius Moloto over control of the party's funds. The party split into factions, and Mbinda was then charged and later expelled for bringing the organisation into disrepute. Moloto was elected party leader in December 2017. ! Election ! Total votes ! Share of vote ! Seats ! Government ! 1994 ! 1999", "title": "Pan Africanist Congress of Azania" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "bottles by plastic type. Under this scheme, a plastic container is marked with a triangle of three \"chasing arrows\", which encloses a number denoting the plastic type: The first plastic based on a synthetic polymer was made from phenol and formaldehyde, with the first viable and cheap synthesis methods invented in 1907, by Leo Hendrik Baekeland, a Belgian-born American living in New York state. Baekeland was looking for an insulating shellac to coat wires in electric motors and generators. He found that combining phenol (CHOH) and formaldehyde (HCOH) formed a sticky mass and later found that the material could be", "title": "Plastic" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Aurea (singer) Áurea Isabel Ramos de Sousa (born 7 September 1987), publicly known as Aurea, is a Portuguese soul singer from Santiago do Cacém, Alentejo. She debuted in 2008 with her single \"Okay Alright\", which was included on the soundtrack of the Portuguese series \"Morangos com Açúcar\". At the end of 2008, she performed the song live at the Morangos Live Festival, among with two other cover duets. This concert was released on DVD in 2009. Aurea released her debut album, \"Aurea\", in September 2010. The album entered at number 21 at the Portuguese Albums Chart, but quickly reached number", "title": "Aurea (singer)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Indicopleustes, a merchant of Alexandria who lived in the 6th century, made a voyage to India and subsequently wrote works on cosmography. He gives a description of a unicorn based on four brass figures in the palace of the King of Ethiopia. He states, from report, that \"it is impossible to take this ferocious beast alive; and that all its strength lies in its horn. When it finds itself pursued and in danger of capture, it throws itself from a precipice, and turns so aptly in falling, that it receives all the shock upon the horn, and so escapes safe", "title": "Unicorn" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "“No Violeta” eventually became “Noveleta.“ Noveleta has the distinction of leading a pivotal role in the Philippine revolutionary activities in Cavite. It used to be the seat of the Magdiwang Council of the Katipunan, the counterpart of the Magdalo Council under Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. The capture of the Noveleta Tribunal on August 31, 1896 was led by Mariano Alvarez, founder and president of the Sangguniang Bayan Magdiwang. Its revolutionary name is Magdiwang, meaning to celebrate a momentous event. The revolution against the Spanish colonialism produced five brave and able military generals and tacticians from Noveleta in the persons of Gen.", "title": "Noveleta" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of nature\" to be patentable they instead put the basic concepts of FBP into the public domain, by means of a Technical Disclosure Bulletin, \"Data Responsive Modular, Interleaved Task Programming System\", in 1971. An article describing its concepts and experience using it was published in 1978 in the IBM Research IBM Systems Journal under the name DSLM. A second implementation was done as a joint project of IBM Canada and IBM Japan, under the name \"Data Flow Development Manager\" (DFDM), and was briefly marketed in Japan in the late '80s under the name \"Data Flow Programming Manager\". Generally the concepts", "title": "Flow-based programming" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "stored and how to get it back; the computer would retrieve the data automatically. The only difference to the user was the speed at which data was returned. CSIRO Australia's Division of Computing Research implemented an HSM in its DAD (Drums and Display) operating system with its Document Region in the 1960s, with copies of documents being written to 7-track tape and automatic retrieval upon access to the documents. HSM in the shape of the IBM 3850 Mass Storage Facility was (according to IBM) announced in 1974. Later, IBM ported HSM to its AIX operating system, and then to other", "title": "Hierarchical storage management" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "sold by IBM under the name of PC DOS. After learning about the deal, Digital Research founder Gary Kildall threatened to sue IBM for infringing DRI's intellectual property, and IBM agreed to offer CP/M-86 as an alternative operating system on the PC to settle the claim. The IBM PC was announced on 12 August 1981, and the first machines began shipping in October the same year, ahead of schedule. CP/M-86 was one of three operating systems available from IBM, with PC DOS and UCSD p-System. Digital Research's adaptation of CP/M-86 for the IBM PC was released six months after PC", "title": "CP/M-86" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a response to IBM's THINK. \"THINK\" entered the popular culture, often in a humorous context. Think (IBM) \"THINK\" is a slogan first used by Thomas J. Watson in December, 1911, while managing the sales and advertising departments at the National Cash Register Company. At an uninspiring sales meeting Watson interrupted, saying \"The trouble with every one of us is that we don't think enough. We don't get paid for working with our feet — we get paid for working with our heads\". Watson then wrote THINK on the easel. Asked later what he meant by the slogan, Watson replied, \"\"By", "title": "Think (IBM)" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "IBM Omnifind IBM OmniFind was an enterprise search platform from IBM. It did come in several packages adapted to different business needs, including OmniFind Enterprise Edition, OmniFind Enterprise Starter Edition, and OmniFind Discovery Edition. IBM OmniFind as a standalone product was withdrawn in April 2011 and is now part of IBM Watson Content Analytics with Enterprise Search. IBM OmniFind Yahoo! Edition was a free-of-charge version that could handle up to 500,000 documents in its index and was intended for small businesses. IBM OmniFind Yahoo! Edition was simple to install, provided a user friendly front end for administration, and incorporated technology", "title": "IBM Omnifind" } ]

[ "1924" ]

[ "The company originated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) through the consolidation of The Tabulating Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company, the Computing Scale Company and the Bundy Manufacturing Company. CTR was renamed \"International Business Machines\" in 1924, a name which Thomas J. Watson first used for a CTR Canadian subsidiary. The initialism IBM followed. Securities analysts nicknamed the company Big Blue for its size and common use of the color in products, packaging and its logo." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Biceps reflex Biceps reflex is a reflex test that examines the function of the C5 reflex arc and the C6 reflex arc. The test is performed by using a tendon hammer to quickly depress the biceps brachii tendon as it passes through the cubital fossa. Specifically, the test activates the stretch receptors inside the biceps brachii muscle which communicates mainly with the C5 spinal nerve and partially with the C6 spinal nerve to induce a reflex contraction of the biceps muscle and jerk of the forearm. A strong contraction indicates a 'brisk' reflex, and a weak or absent reflex is", "title": "Biceps reflex" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Nazis to high offices, such as Theodor Oberländer and Reinhard Gehlen. From August to December, he was interrogated by the KGB in Moscow before he returned to East Berlin, where he resumed his criticism of West Germany as a speaker. During that time, he was surveilled by East Germany's security service, the \"Staatssicherheit\". On 12 December 1955, John defected to West Germany where he was instantly arrested. He now claimed that his move to East Berlin was not voluntary but that he was abducted by the KGB. As his explanations were not believed, he was charged with treason and sentenced", "title": "Otto John" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "working as a lecturer in the Department of biochemistry in the Kasturba Medical College in Mangalore in 1978. In 1982, he met Basava Premanand, a notable rationalist from Kerala, and was influenced by him. He decided to take on full-time anti-superstition activism in 2004 when he heard that a girl had been sacrificed in Gulbarga in Karnataka. He was an assistant professor of biochemistry when he took voluntary retirement on 25 November 2006, after working there for 28 years. Before the general election in 2009, Narendra Nayak laid an open challenge to any soothsayer to answer 25 questions correctly about", "title": "Narendra Nayak" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Alpha7 Alpha7 is a cloud technology company headquartered in Singapore. It is a business cloud enabler for clients, including listed companies, enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises spanning various industries in the Asia-Pacific region. It was founded in January 2014, in Singapore. In January 2015, Alpha7 launched “COOaaS” (Chief Operating Officer as a Service) concept, intended to provide the services of a chief operating officer (COO) on an outsourced, retainer, or project basis. Alpha7 currently works with over 25 companies, whose applications are offered on the COOaaS platform. In May 2015, Alpha7 launched iMap, a system for recommending the right", "title": "Alpha7" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of fiction depicting the difficult lives of peasants and fishermen in Portugal in the first half of the 20th century: (1941), (1942), and (1943). The publication of in 1943 coincided with the birth of his only son, António. Redol's work is characterized by his commitment to study real-world experiences. Redol would meet with agricultural workers, such as the rice field workers near the Tagus river, and hear about their stories and experiences. At the beginning of the 1940s, he joined the Portuguese Communist Party although it was then illegal to do so. Redol was arrested in May 1944. In November", "title": "Alves Redol" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Myelin Repair Foundation The Myelin Repair Foundation (MRF) is a 501(c)3 not-for-profit organization based in Saratoga, California. The organization applies a collaborative business model to the process of medical research with the aim of accelerating the identification and development of new patient treatments. MRF's goal is to license its first drug target for commercial drug development by July 1, 2009, five years after the organization began funding research. The MRF was created by entrepreneur Scott Johnson in 2002, and began funding research in 2004. On June 22, 2015, the Foundation announced that due to a lack of financing, it will", "title": "Myelin Repair Foundation" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Maritsa Plovdiv. Diogo scored his first goal in an official game for Botev Plovdiv on 27 February during the 1-3 home defeat from Ludogorets Razgrad. On 12 March, on day when Botev Plovdiv celebrated 106 years from its foundation, Diogo scored a goal for the dramatic 2-4 away win over FC Vereya. On 21 April Diogo Campos scored a goal during the 2-4 defeat from Ludogorets Razgrad. Diogo Campos Gomes Diogo Campos (born 31 December 1990) is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a striker for Bulgarian First League club Botev Plovdiv. Diogo Campos, revealed by Atletico in 2010, still", "title": "Diogo Campos Gomes" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "first league goal of the season was against Middlesbrough in a 5–0 win. The Frenchman scored the crucial second goal in a 2–0 win against Newcastle, scoring from Frank Lampard's pass in what was almost a carbon copy of the goal he scored at St James' Park the previous season. Malouda then played one of his best games for Chelsea in a 3–1 win over Liverpool in the Champions League, supplying crosses for Branislav Ivanović and Didier Drogba to score. He then scored the leveling goal against Arsenal in what would be a 2–1 victory for Chelsea in their FA", "title": "Florent Malouda" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the starting line-up until 12 December. He used the opportunity to impress and scored a hat-trick for the 5-0 win over Litex Lovech in the quarter final of the Bulgarian Cup. On 12 March, on day when Botev Plovdiv celebrated 106 years from its foundation, Steven Petkov scored for the dramatic 2-4 away win over FC Vereya. On 31 March 2018 Steven scored the only goal for Botev Plovdiv during the 1-4 away defeat from CSKA Sofia. A week later, on 6 April, Petkov came on as a substitute and scored the winning goal for the 1-0 victory over Levski", "title": "Steven Petkov" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "2005, what was the PRHO year now forms the first year of Foundation Training (Foundation Year 1), and trainees during this year now have the job title of Foundation House Officer 1 instead of PRHO. Despite this, they are still often referred to as House Officers by themselves and other hospital staff. In other parts of the world, this stage is generally referred to as medical internship. Pre-registration house officer Pre-registration house officer (PRHO), often known as a houseman or house officer, is a former official term for a grade of junior doctor that was, until 2005, the only job", "title": "Pre-registration house officer" } ]

[ "One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States" ]

[ "One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States, and the organization has funded \"Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery\" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations to produce white papers on ideas for changing the current system of federal financial aid for college students, with a goal of increasing graduation rates. One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster, but that idea has received some pushback from organizations of universities and colleges." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "manga" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "contained examples of sequential images, movement lines, and sound effects. Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some American comic strips. 1900 saw the debut of the \"Jiji Manga\" in the \"Jiji Shinpō\" newspaper—the first use of the word \"manga\" in its modern sense, and where, in 1902, Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip. By the 1930s, comic", "title": "Comics" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "\"a Japanese comic or graphic novel\", reflecting the change of the meaning this word has had once used outside Japan. Because the word \"manga\"—being a Japanese loanword in English use—means comics initially published in Japan, there have been attempts to find more appropriate terms for the growing number of publications of manga created by non-Japanese authors. Beside the term “OEL Manga”, there is also the term “manga-influenced comics” (MIC) in use. For example, Megatokyo, which was scheduled to be published by the largest manga producer Kodansha, is still referenced as a \"manga-influenced comic\". Anime and manga news site Anime News", "title": "Original English-language manga" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Manga The term \"manga\" (kanji: ; hiragana: ; katakana: ; ; or ) in Japan is a word used to refer to both comics and cartooning. \"Manga\" as a term used outside Japan refers to comics originally published in Japan. In Japan, people of all ages read manga. The medium includes works in a broad range of genres: action-adventure, business and commerce, comedy, detective, historical drama, horror, mystery, romance, science fiction and fantasy, erotica, sports and games, and suspense, among others. Many manga are translated into other languages. Since the 1950s, manga has steadily become a major part of the", "title": "Manga" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "October 2005, publishing industry journal Publishers Weekly was also making use of the term, but manga publishers have yet to use it in official advertisements or press releases. However the original parent loan word, manga, is still used by publishers such as Tokyopop, Harper Collins, and various small presses as a blanket term for all of their bound graphic novels—without reference to origin or location of its creator(s). The significance of the word, however, has mutated outside Japan as a reference to comics originally published in Japan, regardless of style or language. Merriam-Webster's dictionary defines the word manga as meaning", "title": "Original English-language manga" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Kirtu Kirtu is a word that, by association, has become synonymous with sexually explicit comics or animation originating in India, which depict modern Indian sexuality. The common noun is derived from the domain name of the popular erotic comics website Kirtu.com, although as a proprietary eponym it is often used to refer to Indian cartoon pornography in general, much like hentai is used to denote sexually explicit or pornographic comics and animation from Japan, particularly anime, manga, and computer games. Pornography is illegal in India, and although it is available virtually anywhere, especially in areas where pirated material is already", "title": "Kirtu" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "such works as Santō Kyōden's picturebook \"Shiji no yukikai\" (1798), and in the early 19th century with such works as Aikawa Minwa's \"Manga hyakujo\" (1814) and the celebrated \"Hokusai Manga\" books (1814–1834) containing assorted drawings from the sketchbooks of the famous ukiyo-e artist Hokusai. Rakuten Kitazawa (1876–1955) first used the word \"manga\" in the modern sense. In Japanese, \"manga\" refers to all kinds of cartooning, comics, and animation. Among English speakers, \"manga\" has the stricter meaning of \"Japanese comics\", in parallel to the usage of \"anime\" in and outside Japan. The term \"ani-manga\" is used to describe comics produced from", "title": "Manga" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "period lasting since 2004–2005 is commonly referred to as the \"New Wave of Hungarian comics\", since comics scene participants show a degree of activity never seen before. The Hungarian word for comics is \"képregény\" (pronounced: ), a combined word (compound) from \"kép\" (picture) and \"regény\" (novel). The word was already used in the 1930s, but it only became the exclusive term after 1948, before that, \"képes történet\" (pictorial story) and other similar expressions described the medium The words \"comics\" (referring to American comics), \"manga\" (referring to mainly Japanese comics), \"bd / bande dessinée\" (referring to Franco-Belgian comics) are sometimes used", "title": "Hungarian comics" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "there are contests which prospective mangaka may enter, sponsored by manga editors and publishers. They are also recognized for the number of manga they run at one time. The word can be broken down into two parts: and . The manga corresponds to the medium of art the artist uses: comics, or Japanese comics, depending on how the term is used inside or outside Japan. The -\"ka\" (家) suffix implies a degree of expertise and traditional authorship. For example, this term would not be applied to a writer creating a story which is then handed over to a manga artist", "title": "Mangaka" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "latter is more common in the West and more often refers to a general aesthetic rather than specifically the genre of comics. Lesbian-romance themed anime and manga is known as \"yuri\" (which means \"lily\"). Yuri is used as a catch-all term, much more so than yaoi; it is used to describe female-female relationships in material marketed to straight men, straight women, or lesbians, despite significant stylistic and thematic differences between works aimed at these different audiences. Another word that has recently become popular in Japan as an equivalent of yuri is \"GL\" (meaning \"Girls' Love\" and obviously inspired by \"Boys'", "title": "LGBT culture in Japan" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "in Hungary, but, apart from \"manga\", are not generally in use. (The word \"sztrip\" or \"strip\" is also used by the Hungarian minorities in Vojvodina, Serbia.) The history of Hungarian comics is best divided along political eras, because of the great influence politics has made on comics. During the late 19th century Hungary, as part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, kept pace with the European trends, pointing in the direction of what later became to be known as modern comics. Rodolphe Töpffer and especially Wilhelm Busch (\"Max und Moritz\") were popular and had great effect on Hungarian journalism, and soon the", "title": "Hungarian comics" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Japan)」 published by Media Factory. In 2015 July, 2015年7月 Romance comics「さよならセプテンバー(Goodbye, September)」(3 volumes(complete), Japanese translated version) published by CREEK & RIVER. In 2015 October, Traditional Chinese version of “That’s what Åsa found in Japan” published by 台湾国際角川書店(Kadokawa in Taiwan). In 2015 December, “Goodbye, September” win first prize in「ガイマン賞2015(Gaiman Award, foreign comics contest)」. In 2015 December 17, にNHK(Japan Broadcasting Corporation) interviewed her. In 2016 February, second volume of “That’s what Åsa found in Japan” published by 台湾国際角川書店(Kadokawa in Taiwan). Åsa Ekström Åsa Ekström is a Swedish comics artist, currently resides and works as a manga creator in Suginami, Tokyo, Japan. Born", "title": "Åsa Ekström" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to promote comics scholarship. The publication of Frederik L. Schodt's \"Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics\" in 1983 led to the spread of use of the word \"manga\" outside Japan to mean \"Japanese comics\" or \"Japanese-style comics\". Coulton Waugh attempted the first comprehensive history of American comics with \"The Comics\" (1947). Will Eisner's \"Comics and Sequential Art\" (1985) and Scott McCloud's \"Understanding Comics\" (1993) were early attempts in English to formalize the study of comics. David Carrier's \"The Aesthetics of Comics\" (2000) was the first full-length treatment of comics from a philosophical perspective. Prominent American attempts at definitions of", "title": "Comics" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "contained examples of sequential images, movement lines, and sound effects. Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some American comic strips. 1900 saw the debut of the \"Jiji Manga\" in the \"Jiji Shinpō\" newspaper—the first use of the word \"manga\" in its modern sense, and where, in 1902, Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip. By the 1930s, comic", "title": "Comics" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "with the Chinese Huace Group in order to produce live-action, Chinese language films and television dramas based on South Korean webtoons. Manhua Manhua () are Chinese comics produced in China and the greater region of Sinosphere. The word \"manhua\", literally \"impromptu sketches\", is originally an 18th-century term used in Chinese literati painting. It became popular in Japan as manga in the late 18th century. Feng Zikai, in his 1925 series of cartoons entitled \"Zikai Manhua\", reintroduced the term into Chinese in the modern sense. The oldest surviving examples of Chinese drawings are stone reliefs from the 11th century BC and", "title": "Manhua" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Manhua Manhua () are Chinese comics produced in China and the greater region of Sinosphere. The word \"manhua\", literally \"impromptu sketches\", is originally an 18th-century term used in Chinese literati painting. It became popular in Japan as manga in the late 18th century. Feng Zikai, in his 1925 series of cartoons entitled \"Zikai Manhua\", reintroduced the term into Chinese in the modern sense. The oldest surviving examples of Chinese drawings are stone reliefs from the 11th century BC and pottery from 5000 to 3000 B.C. Other examples include symbolic brush drawings from the Ming Dynasty, a satirical drawing titled \"Peacocks\"", "title": "Manhua" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "one would by either Kenneth James' in the Daily News Egypt or IGN's. Every year The Japan Foundation participates in the event and they wrote an article on their blog for EGYcon 2015. EGYcon was also featured in ComicsGate, a Middle East comics website. Held at Al-Sawy Cultural Wheel, Nile bank Official attendees number was 1,600. It had no marketing or branding, a complete word of mouth with people inviting others to an individual's Facebook event. Event included cosplay competition, Standup comedies, Manga corner, Japan Foundation booth, anime gadgets booths, Maid Cafe (canceled)، Manga drawing corner, Ninjutsu school performance and", "title": "EgyCon" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "for drawing. The Japanese term for such a writer of comics is . In a 2010 message from, at the time chairman, Takashi Yanase it says: \"[w]hile Japan is often said to be world's cartoon kingdom, not a few people will surely be wondering what exactly the Japanese mean by the term 'cartoon'. Unfortunately, there is no hard-and-fast definition that can be offered, since the members of this association lay claim to an extensive variety of works.\" While Japan does have a thriving independent comic market for amateur and semi-professional artists, creating manga professionally is rarely a solo effort. Mangaka", "title": "Mangaka" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "nominated by the Harvey Awards in the category \"Best American Edition of Foreign Material\". It was also nominated at the Eisner Award in the category \"Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia\" in 2014 for \"Showa 1926-1939\", and it won it in 2015 and 2016 for \"Showa 1939-1944\" and \"Showa 1953-1989\" respectively. Comics critic Paul Gravett elected \"Showa: A History of Japan\" the third best manga published in North America in 2014, asking \"What a better way to tell an epic modern history lesson than in these multi-layered, accessible manga?\" Showa: A History of Japan Showa: A History of Japan, known", "title": "Showa: A History of Japan" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "discussing it, social mores that were violated by the West's flaunting of the discovery. Since the dawn of the 20th century historians of '—Japanese comics and cartooning—have developed narratives connecting the art form to pre-20th-century Japanese art. Particular emphasis falls on the \"Hokusai Manga\" as a precursor, though Hokusai's book is not narrative, nor does the term ' originate with Hokusai. In English and other languages the word \"\" is used in the restrictive sense of \"Japanese comics\" or \"Japanese-style comics\", while in Japanese it indicates all forms of comics, cartooning, and caricature. The ruling classes strictly limited the space", "title": "Ukiyo-e" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Åsa Ekström Åsa Ekström is a Swedish comics artist, currently resides and works as a manga creator in Suginami, Tokyo, Japan. Born in Karlskrona, Blekinge. The impact of anime “Sailor Moon” enthralled her into Japanese culture. After that, she read manga, such as “Ranma ½” “ONE PIECE”. As she started to think of manga artist in Japan, she learned graphic design in Swedish college. In 2011, she immigrated to Japan, that was the seventh time of the visit to Japan. She started to post her 4-koma essay(her diary) manga on her blog. In 2015 May, 「北欧女子オーサがみつけた日本の不思議(That’s what Åsa found in", "title": "Åsa Ekström" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of her career. Her duties in this department mainly included travelling the world to collect soil samples and collect to find oil reserves. Throughout her professional career, Rhodes became well-known as a carbonate stratigrapher and an expert on several of the Permian basin rock units. Rhodes died on June 26, 1987 from cancer in Midland, Texas. Rhodes was born on April 5, 1916 in Clinton, Missouri but grew up in Humansville. She graduated from Humansville High School in Missouri and after her high school graduation Rhodes enrolled in the University of Missouri to undertake a degree in journalism. This degree", "title": "Mary Louise Rhodes" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "she was stricken in 1927 and she too was sold to the ship-breakers in 1928. \"République\" and \"Patrie\" were authorized in the Fleet Law of 1900, which also called for four additional battleships, which were to be the similar . The new battleship design corrected many of the defects in earlier battleships, which was accomplished through increases in the displacement and beam. They also had a significantly reduced tumblehome compared to earlier French battleships. The ships were long between perpendiculars and had a beam of and a full-load draft of . \"République\" displaced at full load, and \"Patrie\" displaced slightly", "title": "République-class battleship" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "also mentioned on the front cover of the \"TV Times\" for the week of the first two episodes, a double length premiere and a \"regular\" episode, which were shown on consecutive Tuesday and Wednesday nights. Later episodes were scheduled for subsequent Wednesdays, but the public and press outcry against the series was so great that the series was pulled and replaced with re runs of \"Chance in a Million\" before the third episode was aired. The decision to pull the show was taken at such short notice that \"TV Times\" was unable to change its listings and \"Hardwicke House\" feature.", "title": "Hardwicke House" }, { "idx": 23, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "from the Bridge, Of Mice and Men. The recent hit Much Ado About Nothing with David Tennant and Catherine Tate at Wyndham's Theatre as Balthasar and Sexton Recent TV credits include: Judas on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), for Paramount, playing the role of James starring a UK and US cast with Johnathon Schaech, in the title role. Tim Matheson, Bob Gunton, Enzo Squillino Jr., Owen Teale, Suzanne Bertish, Diane Keen and Jonathan Scarfe. The film was written by award-winning writer & producer Tom Fontana of \"Homicide: Life on the Street\". Recent film credits include: \"Paddington 2\" as Giuseppe; \"Mamma", "title": "Enzo Squillino Jr." }, { "idx": 24, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "António Alves Martins António Alves Martins (18 February 1808 – 5 February 1882) was a Portuguese bishop, professor, journalist and politician, he was bishop of Viseu. He joined the Order of St. Francis at age 16, he later went to the University of Coimbra. In 1828, he was expelled, having been accused for the participation of the Porto Liberal Liberation that took place on 16 May. He headed Jornal Nacional from 1848 to 1849. In 1852, he became a university professor He became Bishop of Viseu in 1862. He was also leader of the Reformist Party from 1868 to 1869.", "title": "António Alves Martins" }, { "idx": 25, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "187th Infantry Regiment (United States) The 187th Airborne Infantry Regiment (Rakkasans) is a regiment of the 101st Airborne Division. The nickname \"Rakkasans\" is derived from the Japanese word for parachute (literally \"umbrella for falling\", 落下傘). The name was given to the 187th during its tour in occupied Japan following World War II. When a translator dealing with local Japanese dignitaries was trying to explain what their unit was trained to do (and not knowing the Japanese word for \"airborne soldiers\") he used the phrase \"parachute-men\" (literally \"falling down umbrella men\"), or \"rakkasan\". Amused by the clumsy word, the locals began", "title": "187th Infantry Regiment (United States)" }, { "idx": 26, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "reprints going on, for 30 millions of copies sold each year. Since late nineties, Disney Italia produced innovative series like \"PK\" (Paperinik stories with an American superheroes flavour), \"W.I.T.C.H.\" or \"Monster Allergy\". Italian comics Italian comics are known in Italy as \"fumetto\" , plural form \"fumetti\" . The most popular Italian comics have been translated into many languages. The term \"fumetto\" (literally \"little puff of smoke\") refers to the distinctive word balloons that contain the dialog in comics (also called \"nuvoletta\" in Italian). The term \"fumetti\" is often used in English to refer to photo comics, regardless of origin or", "title": "Italian comics" }, { "idx": 27, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "caters to a certain demographic of the population. The site and its contents have become a cause célèbre for cultural freedom among many of India's liberal thinkers and social scientists. Kirtu Kirtu is a word that, by association, has become synonymous with sexually explicit comics or animation originating in India, which depict modern Indian sexuality. The common noun is derived from the domain name of the popular erotic comics website Kirtu.com, although as a proprietary eponym it is often used to refer to Indian cartoon pornography in general, much like hentai is used to denote sexually explicit or pornographic comics", "title": "Kirtu" }, { "idx": 28, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "The word \"spájz\" (\"Speis\", Austrian German for \"Speisekammer\") is being used for the pantry.<br> The Hungarian phrase \"nem nagy vasziszdasz\" (\"not a big what-is-it\") is an informal way of belittling the complexity/importance of something (from German \"was ist das?\", \"what is it?\"). Sometimes linguistic communities borrow the same term for a word from each other's language. This is the case for razzia – the Germans taken their word \"Razzia\" from the Italians (originally Arab غزوة ghazwa = \"razzia\"), the Italians use the term \"blitz\" for this, from the German word \"Blitzkrieg\". \"Un lager\" in Italian is not a beer like", "title": "Germanism (linguistics)" }, { "idx": 29, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "was chosen by the manufacturers originally for the purpose of marketing the product as a sports drink in Japan, where English words are used differently. It was largely derived from the notion of what it is intended to supply to the drinker: all of the nutrients and electrolytes lost when sweating. The first part of the name, \"Pocari\", does not have any meaning; the word was coined for its light, bright sound. On 15 May 2014, Pocari Sweat started a project to send a \"dream capsule\" to the Moon. The capsule will have the same shape as a Pocari Sweat", "title": "Pocari Sweat" } ]

[ "manga" ]

[ "Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for \"comics\" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessinées (\"drawn strip\") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic comics. The term manga is used in Japanese to indicate all forms of comics, cartooning, and caricature." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "the modern state" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "openness was beginning to take hold in the construction and dissemination of knowledge that were to become imperative for the formation of the modern state. By the 18th century, universities published their own research journals and by the 19th century, the German and the French university models had arisen. The German, or Humboldtian model, was conceived by Wilhelm von Humboldt and based on Friedrich Schleiermacher's liberal ideas pertaining to the importance of freedom, seminars, and laboratories in universities. The French university model involved strict discipline and control over every aspect of the university. Until the 19th century, religion played a", "title": "University" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "this first marriage was raised by Amjad's brother, Rehmat Ali Khan, who was childless. The following year, on 25 September 1976, Khan got married a second time. His bride was Bharatanatyam dancer Subhalakshmi Barooah, a Hindu woman hailing from Assam in north-eastern India. They have two sons, Amaan and Ayaan, both of whom are performing artists trained in music by their father. Khan cared for his diabetic father until he died in 1972. Their family home in Gwalior was made into a musical center and they live in New Delhi. Amjad Ali Khan Amjad Ali Khan Bangash (born 9 October", "title": "Amjad Ali Khan" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "images. The rocket massed 41 kilograms. Maul's rockets achieved no military significance because conventional aeroplanes during World War I succeeded in the role of aerial reconnaissance. The Deutsches Museum in Munich displays a Maul-built rocket. Alfred Maul Alfred Maul (1870 - 1942) was a German engineer who could be thought of as the father of aerial reconnaissance. Maul, who owned a machine works, experimented from 1900 with small solid-propellant sounding rockets. Although people had long been experimenting with rockets, hardly anyone had used them in a practical application. It was Alfred Maul, an industrialist and engineer born in Pößneck, in", "title": "Alfred Maul" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Leah Hunt-Hendrix Leah Hunt-Hendrix is an activist, political theorist, and movement builder, who writes and speaks about the new economy, solidarity, and funding progressive social movements. After time living in Egypt, Syria, Israel and the Palestinian Territories, Hunt-Hendrix began a PhD on Religion, Ethics, and Politics at Princeton University. During that period, she became involved in the Occupy Wall Street movement out of an interest in the role of money in politics, global inequality, and the power of social movements. These experiences led her to co-found three organizations: Solidaire, the Emergent Fund and Way to Win. In 2012, Hunt-Hendrix co-founded", "title": "Leah Hunt-Hendrix" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Day of Remembrance for all Victims of Chemical Warfare The Day of Remembrance for all Victims of Chemical Warfare is an annual event held on April 29 as a \"tribute to the victims of chemical warfare, as well as to reaffirm the commitment of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) to the elimination of the threat of chemical weapons, thereby promoting the goals of peace, security, and multilateralism.\" It is officially recognised by the United Nations (UN) and has been celebrated since 2005. On the 2013 observance day, the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon gave a speech where", "title": "Day of Remembrance for all Victims of Chemical Warfare" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "round draft pick in either the 2012 or 2013 NHL Entry Draft. Two days later, on June 29, the Panthers signed Kopecký to a four-year deal worth a total of $12 million. At the conclusion of his contract with the Panthers, and failing to meet the expectations of his contract, Kopecký went un-signed over the summer as a free agent. On October 22, 2015, Kopecký returned to Europe and signed in the Czech Republic for the remainder of the season with HC Oceláři Třinec. Tomas is married to Maria and has two sons named Jakub (born February 8, 2004) and", "title": "Tomáš Kopecký" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "\"Fortunguavis\" is notoriously difficult to place phylogenetically. Bohaiornithidae Bohaiornithidae is a group of early predatory enantiornitheans from the early Cretaceous Period of China. All known specimens come from the Jiufotang Formation and Yixian Formation, dating to the early Aptian age, 125-120 million years ago. Bohaiornithidae was first coined as a family of enantiornithean birds by Wang and colleagues in 2014. They defined it as the natural group formed by all descendants of the common ancestor of the type species, \"Bohaiornis guoi\", and \"Shenqiornis mengi\". Similar to most enantiornitheans, bohaiornithids possessed teeth rather than a beak as in modern birds, although", "title": "Bohaiornithidae" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "This road could not be completed due to geotechnical reason and alignment was require change but due to suspension of work forest land needed was not transferred. The formation width was 10 m. For construction of approach road to surge shaft, a long Bhukki -Kujjan road was to be constructed. LOA No. was LOA-09 dated 29-03-2004. The Deposit Work Agency was BRO. Completion period was 24 Months, date of start of work was 01-07-2005 and scheduled completion date was 30-06-2007. Formation width was 10 m. Private land/forest land was acquired to start the work. For construction of three units, there", "title": "Loharinag Pala Hydro Power Project" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "less structured tests provide shorter stems, which produce a wider variety of responses. Hermann Ebbinghaus is generally credited with developing the first sentence completion test in 1897. Ebbinghaus's sentence completion test was used as part of an intelligence test. Simultaneously, Carl Jung's word association test may also have been a precursor to modern sentence completion tests. Moreover, in recent decades, sentence completion tests have increased in usage, in part because they are easy to develop and easy to administer. As of the 1980s, sentence completion tests were the eighty-fifth most widely used personality assessment instruments. Another reason for the increased", "title": "Sentence completion tests" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Teva. In Israel, technology transfer entities are organized as companies, unlike the United States. In the United States technology transfer operations only began after the Bayh–Dole Act in 1982. The formation of companies for doing technology transfer greatly influences the operation of technology transfer. Yissum is a for-profit company which is fully owned by the Hebrew University which is a not-for-profit entity. This makes Yissum a non-typical entity which unlike regular for-profit companies has additional goals. In 2005, Yissum developed a TTM solution considered the leading solution for universities in Israel. Yissum maintains ongoing contacts with Association of University Technology", "title": "Yissum Research Development Company of the Hebrew University" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "describes MUW's successful attempt to avoid a merger with another institution and to remain a separate entity. In 2009, President Dr. Claudia Limbert announced the possibility of changing the university's name to \"Reneau University\". The Mississippi State legislature did not approve the change. As of 2018, U.S. News & World Report ranked The W 11th as a best value among public Southern regional universities and tied at 20th among best public regional universities in the South. The W also appeared in U.S. News’ Best Colleges for Veterans in Southern regional universities at No. 40. The university offers academic programs in", "title": "Mississippi University for Women" } ]

[ "the modern state" ]

[ "By the end of the early modern period, the structure and orientation of higher education had changed in ways that are eminently recognizable for the modern context. Aristotle was no longer a force providing the epistemological and methodological focus for universities and a more mechanistic orientation was emerging. The hierarchical place of theological knowledge had for the most part been displaced and the humanities had become a fixture, and a new openness was beginning to take hold in the construction and dissemination of knowledge that were to become imperative for the formation of the modern state." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Utrecht's waterways are used by several rowing clubs" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "boules. Kampong's men and women top hockey squads play in the highest Dutch hockey league, the Rabohoofdklasse. Utrecht is also home to baseball and softball club UVV, which plays in the highest Dutch baseball league: de Hoofdklasse. Utrecht's waterways are used by several rowing clubs. Viking is a large club open to the general public, and the student clubs Orca and Triton compete in the Varsity each year. In July 2013, Utrecht hosted the European Youth Olympic Festival, in which more than 2,000 young athletes competed in nine different olympic sports. In July 2015, Utrecht hosted the Grand Départ and", "title": "Utrecht" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "boules. Kampong's men and women top hockey squads play in the highest Dutch hockey league, the Rabohoofdklasse. Utrecht is also home to baseball and softball club UVV, which plays in the highest Dutch baseball league: de Hoofdklasse. Utrecht's waterways are used by several rowing clubs. Viking is a large club open to the general public, and the student clubs Orca and Triton compete in the Varsity each year. In July 2013, Utrecht hosted the European Youth Olympic Festival, in which more than 2,000 young athletes competed in nine different olympic sports. In July 2015, Utrecht hosted the Grand Départ and", "title": "Utrecht" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "manager Jimmy Dack, County slipped to a fourth successive defeat. County halted a run of four straight defeats with a 1-1 draw against Tranmere Rovers in Dack's first home game in charge. Despite the poor run of form Newport were still within the play-off positions, in 6th place. However, with only five more wins in the remaining 16 games, County slipped out of the play-off places, eventually finishing 9th. Caps and goals as at 10 May 2015 as per Soccerbase. 2014–15 Newport County A.F.C. season The 2014–15 season was Newport County's second consecutive season in Football League Two, 62nd season", "title": "2014–15 Newport County A.F.C. season" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "killed either during the fighting, or by his own hand. Nobunaga's son, Oda Nobutada, fled the scene, but was surrounded at Nijō and killed. Despite not killing Nobunaga personally, Mitsuhide claimed responsibility for his death. Mitsuhide's betrayal of the Oda shocked the capital, and he was forced to move quickly to secure his position. Mitsuhide looted Azuchi castle to reward his men and maintain their loyalty. Mitsuhide attempted to make gestures of friendship to a panicked Imperial Court; he also made many attempts to win over the other clans, but to no avail. Hosokawa Fujitaka, to whom he was related", "title": "Akechi Mitsuhide" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "front: While wh-movement is the rule (and these three cases are the exceptions to the rule) in English, other languages may leave wh-expressions \"in situ\" (in base position) more often. In French for instance, wh-movement is often optional in certain matrix clauses. The examples in the previous section have wh-movement occurring in main clauses (in order to form a question). Wh-movement is not restricted to occurring in main clauses. It frequently appears in subordinate clauses, although its behavior in subordinate clauses differs in a key respect, viz. word order. The following two subsections consider wh-movement in indirect questions and relative", "title": "Wh-movement" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the 1996–97 season, when he severed his ties with the club after six years. He joined Heybridge Swifts in the summer of 1997 and later had spells at Wivenhoe Town, Clacton Town and Harwich & Parkeston. Andy Partner Andrew Neil Partner (born 21 October 1974) is an English former footballer who played in the Football League as a defender for Colchester United. Born in Colchester, Partner is son to former Colchester United trainee Neil Partner and step-son to former club chief executive Marie Partner. He joined the U's during the club's brief stint outside of the Football League, making his", "title": "Andy Partner" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "cartoon, \"Ozzy & Drix\" (2002–2004) for its WB broadcast network. Following the releases of \"The Iron Giant\" and \"Osmosis Jones\", the feature animation staff was scaled back, and the entire animation staff – feature and television – were moved to the larger Sherman Oaks facility. \"\" was released in 2003. It was intended to be the starting point for a reestablishment of the classic cartoons brands, including a planned series of new \"Looney Tunes\" theatrical shorts, produced by \"Back in Action\" writer and producer Larry Doyle. After \"Back in Action\", directed by Joe Dante (live action) and Eric Goldberg (animation),", "title": "Warner Bros. Animation" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "by law. - The Bill identifies additional 106 waterways as national waterways. The Schedule of the Bill also specifies the extent of development to be undertaken on each waterway. - The Bill repeals the five Acts that declare the existing national waterways. These five national waterways are now covered under the Bill. - The Statement of Objects and Reasons of the Bill states that while inland waterways are recognised as a fuel efficient, cost effective and environment friendly mode of transport, it has received lesser investment as compared to roads and railways. Since inland waterways are lagging behind other modes", "title": "National Waterways Act, 2016" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "addition, Alberic directed the mission of Ludger in Ostergau. Alberic was a good friend of Alcuin, a teacher and poet from York, England, preeminent among the scholars of that era. This relationship likely speaks to Alberic's own intelligence, as the saint has been noted for his \"encyclopedic knowledge of the faith.\" Alberic of Utrecht Saint Alberic of Utrecht (died 21 August 784) was a Benedictine monk and bishop of Utrecht, in what is today the Netherlands. Alberic was the nephew of Saint Gregory of Utrecht. Little is known of Alberic before he joined the Order of Saint Benedict. It is", "title": "Alberic of Utrecht" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "following services currently call at Utrecht Lunetten: The railway tracks were doubled in order to separate local from Intercity services. Utrecht Lunetten railway station Utrecht Lunetten is a railway station located in Utrecht, Netherlands. The station originally opened on 10 June 1874 and is located on the Utrecht–Boxtel railway and the Hilversum–Lunetten railway (via Utrecht Maliebaan). The station closed on 15 May 1932. The station was re-opened on 25 September 1980. The services are currently operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen. When new the station was just an interchange station between the Utrecht - 's-Hertogenbosch line and the Hilversum - Utrecht Lunetten", "title": "Utrecht Lunetten railway station" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "cities of Zutphen, Deventer, and Utrecht, for allegedly desecrating the Host. Rioters massacred the majority of the Jews in the region and expelled those who survived. In 1349 the Duke of Guelders was authorized by the Emperor Louis IV of the Holy Roman Empire of Germany to receive Jews in his duchy, where they provided services, paid a tax, and were protected by the law. In Arnhem, where a Jewish physician is mentioned, the magistrate defended him against the hostilities of the populace. When Jews settled in the diocese of Utrecht is unknown, but rabbinical records regarding Jewish dietary laws", "title": "History of the Jews in the Netherlands" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "factors when presented with high mercury levels, are home to the bacteria that process it. These methylmercury containing bacteria are what are then eaten by the next higher level in the food chain. Some methylmercury containing bacteria also excrete the toxin directly into the water. This newly transformed form of mercury (methylmercury) then begins to bio-accumulate in the many species inhabiting the contaminated waterways and ecosystems. Animals accumulate methylmercury in their body's faster, then it leaves their systems, resulting in each successive species in the food chain consuming higher levels of methylmercury. The bio-accumulation levels of toxic methylmercury are highest", "title": "Mercury contamination in California waterways" } ]

[ "Utrecht's waterways are used by several rowing clubs" ]

[ "Utrecht is home to the premier league (professional) football club FC Utrecht, which plays in Stadium Nieuw Galgenwaard. It is also the home of Kampong, the largest (amateur) sportsclub in the Netherlands (4,500 members), SV Kampong. Kampong features fieldhockey, soccer, cricket, tennis, squash and jeu de boules. Kampong's men and women top hockey squads play in the highest Dutch hockey league, the Rabohoofdklasse.Utrecht is also home to the baseball and Sofball club: UVV which plays in the highest Dutch baseball league: de Hoofdklasse. Utrecht's waterways are used by several rowing clubs. Viking is a large club open to the general public, and the student clubs Orca and Triton compete in the Varsity each year." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "April 2014" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Graham to Swansea City. During the period, Watford were still able to register players with prior permission from league officials. In 2013, French team Nantes received a ban lasting two transfer windows after breaking rules over the 2012 signing striker Ismaël Bangoura from Emirati club Al Nasr. It was ruled that Nantes had persuaded Bangoura to break his contract with the United Arab Emirates team, and were fined €4.5 million by FIFA, to be paid to Al Nasr. After an initial reprieve, the ban was upheld. In April 2014, Spanish club Barcelona received a transfer ban for two consecutive windows", "title": "Transfer (association football)" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "July 2013, Gerardo Martino was confirmed as manager of Barcelona for the 2013–14 season. Barcelona's first official games under Martino were the home and away legs of the 2013 Supercopa de España, which Barça won 1–1 on away goals. On 23 January 2014, Sandro Rosell resigned as president by the admissibility of the complaint for alleged misappropriation following the transfer of Neymar. Josep Maria Bartomeu replaced him to finish the term in 2016. In April 2014, FIFA banned the club from buying players for the next two transfer windows following the violation of the FIFA's rules about the transfer of", "title": "History of FC Barcelona" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "be banned from buying players until summer 2015 after illegally signing underaged players, putting the move in doubt. On 23 April 2014, FC Barcelona's transfer ban was suspended pending an appeal, allowing the transfer to go ahead for the time being. On 2 May 2014, Halilović signed for Barcelona on a five-year contract for €2.2 million. Halilović made his first appearance for Barcelona's senior team on 15 January 2015, replacing Adama Traoré for the last 28 minutes of a 4–0 away win against Elche CF in the last 16 of the Copa del Rey. On 21 August 2015, he was", "title": "Alen Halilović" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "failed due to a range of calamities including financial difficulties (the bishop decided to sever Spinelli's connection to the order as a result). He arrived in Rivolta d'Adda in Cremona penniless and pained due to what happened back in Bergamo. It was the diocesan bishop who offered him to come to Cremona to exercise his pastoral duties. In 1892 he founded the Sisters Adorers of the Blessed Sacrament that later received the diocesan approval of the Bishop of Cremona Geremia Bonomelli in 1897. He died in 1913. The papal decree of praise for his order was issued on 11 December", "title": "Francesco Spinelli" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the pain, and might also improve the range of motion of the wrist. The procedure consists of making a hockey-stick shaped incision along the ulnar border. This incision is made between the fifth and sixth dorsal compartment. Being careful not to harm any essential structures, like the posterior interosseous nerve, the incision is continued between the extensor carpi ulnaris and the extensor digiti quinti, until the ulna is found. The ulnar head is then removed. A guide wire is then inserted in the medullary canal of the ulna, allowing centralization for a cannulated drill bit. A poly-ethylene ball, which will", "title": "Madelung's deformity" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "for \"Armaan\" in 2003 and Amrita Singh for \"Kalyug\" in 2005. Abhishek Bachchan and Priyanka Chopra are the only actors to be nominated in the supporting category for the same role. Preity Zinta for \"Armaan\" in 2003 is the only actor to be nominated for the Best Actress award as well as this award in the same year. The following 14 actors have received multiple Best Villain nominations. The list is sorted by the number of total awards (with the number of total nominations listed in parentheses). In the list below, the winner of the award for each year is", "title": "Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "does not perform on the album, though three of his songs are included. Fellow Canadian folkie/rocker/musician Murray McLauchlan also contributed one song, \"Coat Of Colors\", his first recorded songwriting credit. The song was issued as the b-side of the band's minor hit, \"Bird Without Wings\" (written by Cockburn). Donna Warner was the primary singer, but David Wiffen and Brent Titcomb also sang lead. They did a slow, military rendition of \"(Let's) Get Together\" by Chet Powers, and had a minor hit with \"Bird Without Wings\". A related documentary, \"Christopher's Movie Matinee\", under the sponsorship of the National Film Board of", "title": "3's a Crowd (band)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "as a \"parody of a demonstration, clearly organised by the authorities and putting Athas in serious danger.\" The Sri Lanka Working Journalists Association criticised it as \"systematic intimidation\". W. G. Gunaratne, a journalist who translated Athas's articles into Sinhala for the newspaper \"Lankadeepa\", also reportedly received a death threat from an Air Force officer. The Parliament of Sri Lanka later launched a probe into the purchase. In 1994, Athas was awarded the International Press Freedom Award of the Committee to Protect Journalists, which recognises journalists who show courage in defending press freedom despite facing attacks, threats, or imprisonment. In 2007,", "title": "Iqbal Athas" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "gold medal during the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. The youth teams have also been quite successful in the last decade. The U-20 team won the FIFA World Youth Championship in 1999 and were runners-up in 1985 and 2003. The U-17 team was runners-up three times and won third place in 1997 in the FIFA U-17 World Cup. The Spanish ACB is one of the major European basketball leagues. Spanish teams such as Real Madrid Baloncesto, FC Barcelona Bàsquet and Joventut Badalona have won international championships such as the Euroleague or Eurocup. A number of Spanish players such as Pau Gasol and", "title": "Sport in Spain" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "attracted four investors from outside Rangers who have invested £1 million, with the club also putting up an initial £2.5 million. It led to Rangers F.C. being in the unfamiliar position of buying its own youth players from Rangers Youth Development Ltd. The Youth Development company owned the young players and the club had to bid for them, although it had first option on all the players. If both sides cannot reach an agreement on a transfer fee then a FIFA transfer model will be used. Any profit made by the company will be divided between investors with the majority", "title": "Rangers F.C. Under-20s and Academy" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Japan on 23 May 2011, FIFA President Sepp Blatter confirmed that Japan would remain as hosts of the tournament despite the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. The tournament was won by Spanish club Barcelona, who defeated Brazilian club Santos 4–0 in the final. In bold: Previous tournament winners Appointed referees are: Each team had to submit a squad of 23 players, three of them goalkeepers. Yokohama and Toyota were the two cities that served as venues for the 2011 FIFA Club World Cup. A draw was held on 17 November in Nagoya to decide the \"positions\" of the three teams", "title": "2011 FIFA Club World Cup" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "The game contains over 69 stadiums, including thirty-two real-world venues. New additions to \"FIFA 14\" include La Bombonera (home stadium of Boca Juniors), Goodison Park (home stadium of Everton), and the Donbass Arena (home stadium of Shakhtar Donetsk). The Nou Camp (home stadium of Barcelona), which was removed from \"FIFA 13\" due to licensing issues, has returned. The game features new signature goal celebrations from a number of players including Cristiano Ronaldo’s ‘Calm down’, Gareth Bale’s ‘11 of Hearts’, Lionel Messi’s ‘Point to the Sky’, Daniel Sturridge’s ‘Riding the Wave’, among others. A demo of the game was released worldwide", "title": "FIFA 14" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "team, now known as FC Barcelona Handbol, as well as baseball, and cycling teams. Piñeyro made his inaugural speech to his fellow FC Barcelona board members on 13 March 1940 and outlined his intentions to depoliticise the club off the field, while at the same time aiming for sporting greatness on it. One of the first acts of the Piñeyro administration was to campaign against a six-year ban imposed by the Franco regime on any exiled sportsmen returning to Spain. This allowed several former FC Barcelona players, including Domènec Balmanya and Josep Escolà, to return to the club. These reinforcements", "title": "Enrique Piñeyro Queralt" } ]

[ "April 2014" ]

[ "In April 2014, FIFA banned the club from buying players for the next two transfer windows following the violation of the FIFA's rules about the transfer of footballers aged under 18. A statement on FIFA's website read \"With regard to the case in question, FC Barcelona has been found to be in breach of art. 19 of the Regulations in the case of ten minor players and to have committed several other concurrent infringements in the context of other players, including under Annexe 2 of the Regulations. The Disciplinary Committee regarded the infringements as serious and decided to sanction the club with a transfer ban at both national and international level for two complete and consecutive transfer periods, together with a fine of CHF 450,000. Additionally, the club was granted a period of 90 days in which to regularise the situation of all minor players concerned.\" FIFA rejected an appeal in August but the pending appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport allowed Barcelona to sign players during the summer of 2014." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "the perceptual theory" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "that attempts to explain how emotion and mood interact with one's ability to process information. Theories dealing with perception either use one or multiples perceptions in order to find an emotion (Goldie, 2007). A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emphasizes the meaningfulness of emotions or the idea that emotions are about something, as is recognized by cognitive theories. The novel claim of this theory is that conceptually-based cognition is unnecessary for such meaning. Rather the bodily", "title": "Emotion" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Fellow of the American Physical Society, in recognition of her role on treaty verification, her research accomplishments and leadership in research, and leadership and service on behalf of women in physics. Dowdy received her B.S. in electrical engineering from St. Louis University in 1960. She then received her M.S. in nuclear engineering from University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign in 1961, where she stayed to earn her doctorate in physics in 1966. Upon finishing her graduate studies, she was appointed a teaching position at the University of Missouri-St. Louis as an Assistant Professor of Physics in 1967. From 1974 to 1976 she", "title": "Nancy M. Dowdy" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "from the windmills to the cities. Pickens testified before the Senate Homeland Security and Government Affairs Committee and said the government should begin building transmission lines for wind-generated power in the same way that President Eisenhower did by declaring an emergency to build the interstate highway system in the 1950s and 1960s. As an alternative, Pickens proposed that the government should provide the right of way on private land and extend tax credits so the private sector can build the lines. Kenneth Medlock III, an energy fellow at the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy and a critic", "title": "Pickens Plan" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "was born at Azaguié-Gare and studied economics, becoming an economist and economics professor. Under the transitional military regime of Robert Guéï, Koulibaly served in the government as Minister of the Budget from 15 January 2000 to 18 May 2000, then as Minister of the Economy and Finances from 18 May 2000 to 25 October 2000. When Guéï was ousted following the disputed results of the October 2000 presidential election and FPI leader Laurent Gbagbo was sworn in as President, Koulibaly retained his post as Minister of the Economy and Finances, while gaining the role of Government Spokesman. He remained in", "title": "Mamadou Koulibaly" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Summit of Cucuyon at , is formed on the pre-Celtic root \"*Kug-\", another oronym, with repetition and addition of a diminutive suffix. The first traces of occupation date back to the Gallo-Roman at the current location of the hamlet of Petit Defend. Augustus made the conquest of the Asses Valley, while that of the Alps he completed in 14 BC. It is difficult to know the name of the Gallic tribe that inhabited the valley, and the name of the civitas which Tartonne depended on in the early Empire: \"Eturamina\" (Thorame) or \"Sanitensium\" (Senez). At the end of the Roman", "title": "Tartonne" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Michigan Wolverines. In his freshman season at Michigan, Bredeson was switched from offensive tackle to guard, a position he never played in high school. Following the 2017 season, Bredeson was named to the All-Big Ten offensive second-team by both the coaches and the media. Following the 2018 season, Bredeson was again named to the All-Big Ten offensive second-team by both the coaches and the media. Ben Bredeson Ben Bredeson (born February 20, 1998) is an American football guard who currently plays college football for the Michigan Wolverines. In his hometown Hartland, WI Bredeson attended Arrowhead High School, where he was", "title": "Ben Bredeson" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "just a linguistic theory, but a theory on human cognition. Like many semantic theories, Jackendoff claims that a decompositional method is necessary to explore conceptualization. Just as one of the ways a physical scientist tries to understand matter is by breaking it down into progressively smaller parts, so a scientific study of conceptualization proceeds by breaking down, or decomposing, meanings into smaller parts. However, this decomposition cannot go on forever, for at some point, meanings can no longer be broken down. This is the level of conceptual structure, the level of mental representations which encode the human understanding of the", "title": "Conceptual semantics" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "an understanding of intention; rather it may indicate an association between the gesture and interesting objects or events. However, an understanding of intention may develop as the child develops a theory of mind and begins to use pointing to convey meaning about referents in the world. The embodiment hypothesis holds that cognition arises out of an individual's physical interactions with the environment. In this way, environment and behavior are an integral part of cognition and what psychologists conceive of as ‘mental representations’ are indistinguishable from perception and action (e.g. Smith, 2005). The ontogenetic development of social cognition may be thought", "title": "Intention" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "is that it brings social cognition in line with a connectionist approach to cognition. The connectionist approach is a neurologically plausible model of cognition where semantic units are not stored, but rather semantic information forms as a consequence of network pattern activation (both current and prior). In social psychology a category prototype may be thought of as a “representative exemplar” of a category. Self-categorization theory predicts that what is prototypical of a category is contingent on the context in which the category is encountered. More specifically, when the comparative context changes (i.e., the psychologically available stimuli change) this has implications", "title": "Self-categorization theory" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a bar or a human getting a drink of water are all mental behaviors. Mind is not synonymous with sentience or the capacity for mental experience, although such processes are presumed to emerge in the mental/cognitive dimension. Cognition, in the broad sense of the term is meaning bodily-neuro-social information processing, as in EEEE Cognition: Embodied, Embedded, Enactive, Extended. While cognitive science stands for naturalist study of mind, psychology is an approach grounded in the tradition of humanities, especially philosophy. Thus, by defining mind as mental behavior, Henriques argues that the ToK System provides a way to bridge the epistemological differences", "title": "Tree of knowledge system" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "closely related to research and theory in two intersecting fields of study: Mirror neurons systems and embodied cognition. As concerns mirror systems, common coding seems to reflect the functional logic of mirror neurons and mechanisms in the brain. As concerns embodied cognition, common coding is compatible with the claim that meaning is embodied, i.e. grounded in perception and action. Common coding theory Common coding theory is a cognitive psychology theory describing how perceptual representations (e.g. of things we can see and hear) and motor representations (e.g. of hand actions) are linked. The theory claims that there is a shared representation", "title": "Common coding theory" } ]

[ "the perceptual theory" ]

[ "Theories dealing with perception either use one or multiples perceptions in order to find an emotion (Goldie, 2007).A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emphasizes the meaningfulness of emotions or the idea that emotions are about something, as is recognized by cognitive theories. The novel claim of this theory is that conceptually-based cognition is unnecessary for such meaning. Rather the bodily changes themselves perceive the meaningful content of the emotion because of being causally triggered by certain situations. In this respect, emotions are held to be analogous to faculties such as vision or touch, which provide information about the relation between the subject and the world in various ways. A sophisticated defense of this view is found in philosopher Jesse Prinz's book Gut Reactions, and psychologist James Laird's book Feelings." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Montgomery County and Robertson County" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "by the publication of Henry Timberlake's \"\" in 1765. In 1788, North Carolina created \"Tennessee County\", the third county to be established in what is now Middle Tennessee. (Tennessee County was the predecessor to current-day Montgomery County and Robertson County.) When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new state out of the Southwest Territory, it adopted \"Tennessee\" as the name of the state. Tennessee is known as The Volunteer State, a nickname some claimed was earned during the War of 1812 because of the prominent role played by volunteer soldiers from Tennessee, especially during the Battle of", "title": "Tennessee" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "together with their oppressor in lily pad pools, with gospels and guitars and 'I have a dream' speeches?\" The March on Washington put pressure on the Kennedy administration to advance its civil rights legislation in Congress. The diaries of Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., published posthumously in 2007, suggest that President Kennedy was concerned that if the march failed to attract large numbers of demonstrators, it might undermine his civil rights efforts. In the wake of the speech and march, King was named Man of the Year by \"TIME\" magazine for 1963, and in 1964, he was the youngest person ever", "title": "I Have a Dream" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of workplace practices and enrolment at the college. The American Association of State Colleges and Universities appointed Aldridge a senior fellow in January 2013. Later that year, in September, she was made senior vice president for online learning at Drexel University, and president of Drexel e-Learning. Susan C. Aldridge Susan C. Aldridge is an American academic and university administrator. She was president of the University of Maryland University College from 1 February 2006 until March 2012, and was a senior fellow with the American Association of State Colleges and Universities. In 2013 she was appointed senior vice president for online", "title": "Susan C. Aldridge" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "International NGO Council on Genital Autonomy, submitted to the United Nations a report on circumcision as a human rights violation, capping nearly two full years of work. He has published over 200 reviews of books relating to men, boys, and gender. For eight years, he wrote a column for \"Everyman\" magazine titled, \"Gender, Law, and Society,\" which he renamed after his first child's birth, \"Gender, Law, and Fatherhood.\" He is co-author, with Warren Farrell and James Sterba, of the gender studies textbook \"Does Feminism Discriminate Against Men?\" (Oxford University Press, 2007). He has also been a contributor to the website", "title": "J. Steven Svoboda" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "31st Parliament of British Columbia The 31st Legislative Assembly of British Columbia sat from 1976 to 1979. The members were elected in the British Columbia general election held in December 1975. The Social Credit Party led by Bill Bennett formed the government. The New Democratic Party (NDP) led by William Stewart King formed the official opposition. Dave Barrett had lost his seat in the election; he was reelected in a by-election held in June 1976 and resumed his role as party leader. Dean Smith served as speaker for the assembly until 1978 when he resigned as speaker. Harvey Schroeder replaced", "title": "31st Parliament of British Columbia" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "was renamed as Mizo District within Assam State in April 1954 and in that year, the institution of hereditary chieftainship was abolished, and instead village courts/council were set up. In the same year the Young Mizo Association was formed which is still an important institution in Mizoram. The representatives of the Lushai Hills Autonomous District Council and the Mizo Union pleaded with the States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) to integrate the Mizo-dominated areas of Tripura and Manipur with the District Council in Assam. The tribal leaders in the northeast were unhappy with the final SRC recommendations and met in Aizawl in", "title": "Mizoram" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Ohio River and has a very small portion of its drainage basin in north-central Tennessee. Green River (Tennessee) The Green River is a tributary of the Buffalo River in Tennessee. By the Buffalo River and the Duck River it is a tributary of the Tennessee River. The Green River is one of the main streams of Wayne County. Situated in the southwestern corner of Middle Tennessee along the Alabama line, Wayne County is one of the state's largest counties in area but is very sparsely populated. Most of the county is located on the Southern Highland Rim, an area of", "title": "Green River (Tennessee)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "is already dead. These salamanders are insectivores that feed on insects including pseudoscorpions, orb-weaver spiders, ticks and mites, springtails, true bugs, butterflies and moths, flies, and beetles. This species of plethodon salamander is a high-altitude species found in the southern Blue Ridge Mountains. Their range is the area around northwest North Carolina and includes the parts of Tennessee and Virginia into which the mountains extend. However, these salamanders are restricted to a few counties in the mentioned states. These counties include Johnson and Unicori Counties in Tennessee and Yancey County in North Carolina. The mountains these salamanders inhabit include Mt.", "title": "Weller's salamander" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "buried in an area cemetery near Nutbush. Singer Tina Turner spent her childhood in Nutbush, Tennessee, 7 mi (11 km) northwest of Brownsville, where State Route 180 starts at State Route 19, part of which was named \"Tina Turner Highway\" in 2002, in honor of the singer. Tennessee State Route 180 State Route 180 (abbreviated SR 180) is a secondary south–north highway in Haywood and Lauderdale Counties, Tennessee, United States. State Route 180 is 12.52 mi (20.1 km) long. State Route 180 starts in Nutbush in Haywood County, childhood home of singer Tina Turner, and continues north to Gates in", "title": "Tennessee State Route 180" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Cumberland County, Tennessee Cumberland County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 56,053. Its county seat is Crossville. Cumberland County comprises the Crossville, TN micropolitan statistical area. Cumberland County was formed in 1856 from parts of Bledsoe, Roane, Morgan, Fentress, Rhea, Putnam, Overton, and White. During the Civil War, the county was nearly evenly split between those supporting the Union and those supporting the Confederacy. In 1787, the North Carolina legislature ordered widening and improvements to Avery's Trace, the trail that ran from North Carolina through Knoxville and what", "title": "Cumberland County, Tennessee" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "hanging was the subject of a book, \"The Day They Hung the Elephant\", by Charles Edwin Price. Hear it spoken (Voice of Unicoi County Mayor Greg Lynch, 2010) According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.2%) is water. It is the fifth-smallest county in Tennessee by total area. The Nolichucky River, which enters Unicoi County from North Carolina, is the county's primary drainage. Unicoi County is situated entirely within the Blue Ridge Mountains, specifically the Bald Mountains (south of the Nolichucky) and the Unaka Range (north of the", "title": "Unicoi County, Tennessee" } ]

[ "Montgomery County and Robertson County" ]

[ "The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to James Glen, the governor of South Carolina, who used this spelling in his official correspondence during the 1750s. The spelling was popularized by the publication of Henry Timberlake's \"Draught of the Cherokee Country\" in 1765. In 1788, North Carolina created \"Tennessee County\", the third county to be established in what is now Middle Tennessee. (Tennessee County was the predecessor to current-day Montgomery County and Robertson County.) When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new state out of the Southwest Territory, it adopted \"Tennessee\" as the name of the state." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Friday or Saturday" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the season from May to February (the week after the NFL's Super Bowl) and scheduled most of its games on Sunday instead of Friday or Saturday as it had in the past. In 2006, because of the XX Winter Olympic Games, the Stanley Cup playoffs and the Daytona 500, NBC scaled back from weekly coverage to scattered coverage during the regular season, but committed to a full playoff schedule ending with the 20th ArenaBowl. NBC and the Arena Football League officially severed ties on June 30, 2006, having failed to reach a new broadcast deal. Las Vegas owner Jim Ferraro", "title": "Arena Football League" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Four Music Four Music (\"FOUR MUSIC Productions GmbH\") is a German record label founded by Die Fantastischen Vier in 1996. It was originally located in Stuttgart, but has moved to Kreuzberg, Berlin. Notable musicians and groups signed on Four Music are In 2004, Max Herre's debut album, \"Confidence\" by Gentleman and \"Viel\" by Die Fantastischen Vier were among the Top 3 in German album charts. The same year the opening concert for the Popkomm solely consisted of artists signed on Four Music. In July 2005 the record label Sony BMG Music Entertainment took over 50% of Four Music Productions for", "title": "Four Music" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "by the Associated Press as a returner. He finished the season with 45 receptions for 555 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns to go along with 37 kick returns for 949 net return yards and one kick return touchdown. On August 29, 2018, Lockett signed a three-year, $31.8 million contract extension with the Seahawks through the 2021 season. In the first three games of the season, Lockett totaled 12 receptions for 196 receiving yards. In addition, he recorded a receiving touchdown in each game. Tyler was born to Nicole Edwards and Kevin Lockett who, having played at Kansas State from", "title": "Tyler Lockett" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "also saw Strachan guide Celtic into last 16 of the Champions League for the first time. Celtic secured their progress from the group stages courtesy of Shunsuke Nakamura's 30-yard free-kick against Manchester United in a 1–0 win at Parkhead. The win on the night, and qualification to the last 16, was clinched when Artur Boruc saved Louis Saha's 88th-minute penalty kick. Celtic lost 0–1 in the last 16 round to the eventual winners of the cup, Milan, after a goal from Kaká in extra time. On 26 May 2007, Celtic again won the Scottish Cup, for a 34th time, beating", "title": "History of Celtic F.C. (1994–present)" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "same time, he led his forces to attack and conquer the four commanderies further south in Jing Province: Wuling (武陵; around present-day Changde, Hunan), Changsha, Guiyang (桂陽; around present-day Chenzhou, Hunan) and Lingling (零陵; around present-day Yongzhou, Hunan). After Liu Qi died in late 209, Sun Quan nominated Liu Bei to replace Liu Qi as the new governor of Jing Province. Liu Bei then made Gong'an County the administrative centre of his territories. To further strengthen the Sun–Liu alliance, he also married Sun Quan's younger sister, Lady Sun. In 210, Liu Bei travelled to Jing (京; present-day Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) to", "title": "Sun–Liu territorial dispute" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "(built 1898–1902, architect Arthur Harrison) was converted into Sparkhill Library () and opened on 19 January 1923. It is one of the earliest examples of double-glazed windows in a public building. Other buildings built for the district were a police station, magistrate's court and a fire station, which were all located next to the council house. St John's Church is the local Anglican Parish Church and the home of the charity Narthex Sparkhill. Designed by the famous Birmingham Architects Martin and Chamberlain the church was built in 1888. As a result of the nearby BSA factory being targeted, the area", "title": "Sparkhill" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "played in Philadelphia. Five games also used the American Bowl format without the name prior to 1986. One of these games was an AFL–NFL matchup, Boston vs. Detroit on August 25, 1969. Firstly, two games were played in Montreal in 1969. Then NFL exhibition games took place in Tokyo (1976), Mexico City (1978), and London (1983) before the term \"American Bowl\" was coined. The game in Tokyo was called the \"Mainichi Star Bowl\" . The game in London was called the \"Global Cup\". At least one \"American Bowl\" game was played annually between 1986 and 2003. As many as four", "title": "American Bowl" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "also played in the AFL Academy game on AFL Grand Final, drawing strong praise from coach Brenton Sanderson. Witherden's draft year started off strongly in 2016, he was named the captain of the Geelong College 1st XVIII football team after an impressive season in 2015. Witherden played two Academy games and two Falcons games where he averaged 23 disposals and five marks per game in the TAC Cup, playing mostly as a skilful defender. While playing for Geelong College in early May, they were losing by about 90 points, as Witherden was sick before the game so he was just", "title": "Alex Witherden" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "2018 JLT Community Series The 2018 JLT Community Series was the Australian Football League (AFL) pre-season competition played before the 2018 home and away season. It featured 18 matches across 16 days, reducing each team's games played from three to two, seemingly to create space for AFLX events. For the fifth year in a row, the competition did not have a grand final or overall winner. 2018 was also the first pre-season competition played without the nine-point super goal, since its inception in 2003. The competition continued under JLT Sport as a sponsor. All matches were televised live on Fox", "title": "2018 JLT Community Series" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Brendan McCartney Brendan McCartney (born 23 October 1960) is the former senior coach of the Western Bulldogs football club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He coached 66 games in 3 seasons before he resigned from the job. He has served as the development and strategy coach of the Melbourne Football Club since 2015. In his playing days, Brendan McCartney played in the Geelong Football League for the Newtown & Chilwell Football Club. He is one of the few AFL coaches who never played at the highest level. His father, Graeme McCartney, played one senior game with Richmond in 1957.", "title": "Brendan McCartney" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "AFL on FSN The Arena Football League had a regional-cable deal with Fox Sports Net (beginning in 2004), where FSN regional affiliates in AFL markets carried local team games. In some areas Fox Sports affiliates still carry the games. The Fox Sports Networks agreement had some of the revenue-sharing aspects in common with the two-year deal that the AFL had with NBC. FSN, like NBC, didn't pay rights fees to carry the games. The network instead, split ad revenue with the AFL; NBC split ad revenue 50-50 with the league, and the Fox deal was similar but apparently not 50-50.", "title": "AFL on FSN" } ]

[ "Friday or Saturday" ]

[ "Beginning with the 2003 season, the AFL made a deal with NBC to televise league games, which was renewed for another two years in 2005. In conjunction with this, the league moved the beginning of the season from May to February (the week after the NFL's Super Bowl) and scheduled most of its games on Sunday instead of Friday or Saturday as it had in the past. In 2006, because of the XX Winter Olympic Games, the Stanley Cup playoffs and the Daytona 500, NBC scaled back from weekly coverage to scattered coverage during the regular season, but committed to a full playoff schedule ending with the 20th ArenaBowl. NBC and the Arena Football League officially severed ties on June 30, 2006, having failed to reach a new broadcast deal. Las Vegas owner Jim Ferraro stated during a radio interview that the reason why a deal failed is because ESPN refused to show highlights or even mention a product being broadcast on NBC." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "enhanced breeding opportunities" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "are effectively moving in response to winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food, rather than enhanced breeding opportunities. In the tropics there is little variation in the length of day throughout the year, and it is always warm enough for a food supply, but altitudinal migration occurs in some tropical birds. There is evidence that this enables the migrants to obtain more of their preferred foods such as fruits. Altitudinal migration is common on mountains worldwide, such as in the Himalayas and the Andes. Many bird species arid regions across southern Australia are nomadic; they follow water", "title": "Bird migration" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "(1909), Auberon Blowand in \"Peggy\" (1911) and Lord Bicester in \"The Sunshine Girl\" (1912). He often performed together with diminutive comic Edmund Payne. Grossmith co-wrote the successful \"Havana\" (1908), while he moved to another Edwardes theatre to play Count Lothar in \"A Waltz Dream\". Grossmith was given writing credits for some of the Gaiety pieces, usually adaptations from French comedies (like \"The Spring Chicken\") or collaborations with other writers (such as \"The Girls of Gottenberg\"), but he wrote the libretto to \"Peggy\" on his own. His contributions in collaborative pieces were primarily to add in jokes. He adapted \"The Dollar", "title": "George Grossmith Jr." }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "with Sally comparing the day's events with a movie she is fond of. Sally's father appears to be a neighbour of Bowles, also an ex-butler turned landlord in London's Ebury Street. George Barnert Callender, playwright and an excellent swimmer, is at Marvis Bay for the production of his play Fate's Footballs, shortly to be put on there. He is on the pier, dwelling on the play's troubles, particularly its star Arthur Mifflin, when he sees a very attractive girl in the water. Straining to follow her as she swims beneath him, he falls from the pier, and is just about", "title": "The Man Upstairs (short story collection)" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a white dot in front. The forewing underside has a white discal spot. There is a small white preapical costal patch. The hindwing upperside is dull brown and orange near tornus. The hindwing underside has a marginal area that is markedly darker than the postmedian area, which is shaded with a bluish tinge and traversed by two dark lines. Eurypteryx shelfordi Eurypteryx shelfordi is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Borneo and Sumatra. The length of the forewings is 42–46 mm. The abdominal anal tuft is dark brown, like the rest of the body. The antennae", "title": "Eurypteryx shelfordi" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "have a limited temperature range because the amount of change in resistance per degree of change in temperature becomes very non-linear at temperatures over 572 °F (300 °C). Copper has a very linear resistance–temperature relationship; however, copper oxidizes at moderate temperatures and cannot be used over 302 °F (150 °C). The significant characteristic of metals used as resistive elements is the linear approximation of the resistance versus temperature relationship between 0 and 100 °C. This temperature coefficient of resistance is denoted by α and is usually given in units of Ω/(Ω·°C): where Pure platinum has α = 0.003925 Ω/(Ω·°C) in", "title": "Resistance thermometer" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "with the Alaalatoa was a member of the Samoa Under 20 side that competed in the 2011 IRB Junior World Championship. Michael Alaalatoa Michael Alaalatoa (born 28 August 1991) is an Australian rugby union player who currently plays as a prop for the in the international Super Rugby competition. Born into a rugby household where father Vili was a member of the squad for the 1991 Rugby World Cup, Alaalatoa was quickly introduced into the sporting world and played rugby, volleyball and cricket in his childhood. Rugby was where he excelled and he played three years in the Newington College", "title": "Michael Alaalatoa" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "enucleator\"), grey-cheeked thrush, Catharus minimus, tree sparrow (\"Passer montanus\"), spruce grouse (\"Dendragapus canadensis\"), willow ptarmigan (\"Lagopus lagopus\"), sandhill crane (\"Grus canadensis\"), waterfowl and . As a part of the Tazin Lake Upland, prominent birds are common loon, greater yellowlegs (\"Tringa melanoleuca\"), white-crowned sparrow (\"Zonotrichia leucophrys\") and golden eagle (\"Aquila chrysaetos\"). The Athabasca Plain ecoregion in the Boreal Shield provides breeding grounds for the Bohemian waxwing (\"Bombycilla garrulus\"), white-winged crossbill (\"Loxia leucoptera), Cape May warbler (\"Dendroica tigrina\"), Canada goose (\"Branta canadensis\") and blackpoll warbler (\"Dendroica striata). In the south west area of the Boreal Shield ecozone lays the Churchill River Upland", "title": "Fauna of Saskatchewan" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "become part of the \"mothball\" fleet at Astoria, Oregon. On 15 January 1957, \"Waxwing\" arrived at Astoria and was placed in commission in reserve with inactivation scheduled to be completed by May 1957. While laid up in reserve, \"Waxwing\" was modified to become an anti-submarine escort ship; and she was transferred to the Republic of China on 14 October 1965 and served the Republic of China Navy as \"Chu Yung\" (PCE-67) and decommissioned on February 16, 1998. USS Waxwing (AM-389) USS \"Waxwing\" (AM-389) was an acquired by the United States Navy for the dangerous task of removing mines from minefields", "title": "USS Waxwing (AM-389)" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "May 1947, and placed in the Pacific Reserve Fleet. Following the outbreak of Korean War hostilities, the vessel was reactivated and recommissioned on 19 March 1952 at San Diego, California. From May to November, the ship conducted type training between Long Beach, California, and San Diego, California. On 1 December 1952, \"Waxwing\" sailed for the Far East. Her minesweeping duties took her to both coasts of Korea and were broken by periods of rest and upkeep in Sasebo and Yokosuka, Japan. These operations continued until 9 June 1953 when the ship sailed for home. She reached Long Beach, California, on", "title": "USS Waxwing (AM-389)" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "western population of migrating monarchs overwinters in coastal sites in central and southern California, United States, notably in Pacific Grove, Santa Cruz, and Grover Beach. Western monarchs also overwinter in Baja, California's central valley, and the Sierra Nevada foothills. Not all monarchs migrate. Migrating populations and non-migrating populations coexist in many areas. Monarchs are year-round residents in Florida and monarchs migrate to Florida and Gulf coast areas, and can often continue to breed and survive the winter. The monarch population in Florida may be a result from migratory butterflies that do not migrate north in the spring. These locations provide", "title": "Monarch butterfly migration" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "name corrects the taxonomical error: '(this should be \"shadei\", of course)'. The line \"I was the shadow of the waxwing slain\" was also used in the song \"The Obituaries\" by the band The Menzingers. Waxwings are also mentioned in the song \"Autumn\" by Joanna Newsom. Waxwing The waxwings are passerine birds classified in the genus Bombycilla. They are brown and pale grey with silky plumage, a black and white eyestripe, a crest, a square-cut tail and pointed wings. Some of the wing feathers have red tips, the resemblance of which to sealing wax gives these birds their common name. According", "title": "Waxwing" } ]

[ "enhanced breeding opportunities" ]

[ "Species that have no long-distance migratory relatives, such as the waxwings Bombycilla, are effectively moving in response to winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food, rather than enhanced breeding opportunities." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "the Beiyang government" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "World Team Chess Championships: Klaudia Kulon Klaudia Kulon (born 13 March 1992) is a Polish chess player who holds the title of Woman Grandmaster. She won the U12 Girls' World Championship in 2004, the U14 Girls' World Championship in 2006, the Women's World University Championship in 2014. Chess career began at the age of 7 in Koszalin University of Technology chess club and, in a short time, reaching a number of successes in chess. From 2002 Klaudia several times won Polish Junior Championships in different age categories. In 2008, she was the runner up behind Nazí Paikidze in the European", "title": "Klaudia Kulon" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "was then known since 1926) played one more season in the first division in 1947–48. In 1990 the club merged with R. Léopold Uccle Forestoise to become R. Uccle Léopold F.C. R. Uccle Sport Royale Uccle Sport was a Belgian football club from the municipality of Uccle, Brussels. It was created in 1901 as Uccle Sport and it registered with the Belgian Football Association in 1905 to receive the matricule n°15. In 1914 the club won the second division and was thus promoted to the first division to take place in 1919 (because of World War I). The club finished", "title": "R. Uccle Sport" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "now higher status language of the Anglo-Saxons. In these circumstances, it is plausible that Old English would borrow few words from the lower-status language(s). Comparable language-shifts might be the eastward spread of Gaelic across what is now Scotland during the early Middle Ages; the seventh- to ninth-century spread of Slavonic dialects in the Balkan region of the Eastern Roman Empire under the Bulgarian Empire; or the later spread of Middle High German into previously Slavonic-speaking regions. This account, which demands only small numbers of politically dominant Germanic-speaking migrants to Britain, has become 'the standard explanation' for the gradual death of", "title": "Celtic language decline in England" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "number on the order of 1. The capillary number plays a role in the dynamics of capillary flow, in particular it governs the dynamic contact angle of a flowing droplet at an interface. Capillary number In fluid dynamics, the capillary number (Ca) represents the relative effect of viscous drag forces versus surface tension forces acting across an interface between a liquid and a gas, or between two immiscible liquids. For example, an air bubble in a liquid flow tends to be deformed by the friction of the liquid flow due to viscosity effects, but the surface tension forces tend to", "title": "Capillary number" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "2017–18 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season The 2017–18 season was Tottenham Hotspur's 26th season in the Premier League and 40th successive season in the top division of the English football league system. Along with the Premier League, the club competed in the Champions League, FA Cup and EFL Cup. Following the rebuilding of White Hart Lane, Spurs played all home fixtures at Wembley Stadium during this season at full 90,000 capacity. The season also marked a change in kit suppliers as Nike replaced Under Armour. The season covered the period from 1 July 2017 to 30 June 2018. Summer: £87,000,000 Winter:", "title": "2017–18 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "areas in the 18th century led the colonial government to place the town and its surrounding areas under the rule of a military government in the mid 18th century. Military governors during this period included Simon de Herrera Leiba and Pablo Enrique Yriarte Lanumbe. These military governments were charged with all civil and criminal proceedings in the region under their rule, known as Las Fronteras de Colotlán, which in addition to Colotlan, included the provinces of Nayarit and Bolaños. Upon the military government's dissolution in 1806, the area was divided into nine subdelegations and put under the rule of government", "title": "Colotlán" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "died on 6 June of that year. Vice President Li Yuanhong assumed the presidency and appointed Beiyang Gen. Duan Qirui as his Premier. Yuan Shikai's imperial ambitions finally ended with the return of republican government. After Yuan Shikai's death, shifting alliances of regional warlords fought for control of the Beijing government. Despite the fact that various warlords gained control of the government in Beijing during the warlord era, this did not constitute a new era of control or governance, because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves. These military-dominated governments", "title": "History of the Republic of China" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the Confederate States Army, serving with cavalryman John Hunt Morgan, General Braxton Bragg, and General J.E.B. Stuart. He resigned from the Confederate Army in 1864 to join a plot to take over the governments of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois and establish a Northwestern Confederacy. When the plan to take over Chicago was discovered, Grenfell and some 150 others were arrested. In what became known as the \"Chicago Conspiracy\", Grenfell was tried, convicted, and sentenced to hang. Through the efforts of the British Minister in Washington, his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment at the isolated Fort Jefferson military prison located", "title": "George St. Leger Grenfell" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Bono state. This area is the origin of modern Akan people. A group of Akan people who left Bonoman later formed the Adansi Kingdom in the mid-14th century. The Adansis were known for their ability to build illustrious structures in their kingdom; hence the name \"adansi\" (builders). In the first half of the 17th century, the area of what is now Ghana was dominated by three states the Denkyera, the Adansi, and the Akwamu. Within the Adansi state there were three military posts in the Western Portion Akyem Abuakwa, Akyem Kotoku, and Akyem Bosome. Eastern Adansi as an entity lost", "title": "Akyem" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Anarchism in Argentina The Argentinian anarchist movement was the strongest such movement in South America. It was strongest between 1890 and the start of a series of military governments in 1930. During this period, it was dominated by anarchist communists and anarcho-syndicalists. The movement's theories were a hybrid of European anarchist thought and local elements, just as it consisted demographically of both European immigrant workers and native Argentinians. The first Argentinian anarchist groups appeared in the 1870s. A section of the First International was founded in the Argentinian capital of Buenos Aires in either 1871 or 1872, but at first", "title": "Anarchism in Argentina" } ]

[ "the Beiyang government" ]

[ "After the early 20th century revolutions, shifting alliances of China's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government. Despite the fact that various warlords gained control of the government in Beijing during the warlord era, this did not constitute a new era of control or governance, because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves. These military-dominated governments were collectively known as the Beiyang government. The warlord era ended around 1927." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "1950" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Photointerpretation Center (NPIC), which had analysts from both the CIA and the military services. Subsequently, NPIC was transferred to the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA). The Directorate of Support has organizational and administrative functions to significant units including: The CIA established its first training facility, the Office of Training and Education, in 1950. Following the end of the Cold War, the CIA's training budget was slashed, which had a negative effect on employee retention. In response, Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet established CIA University in 2002. CIA University holds between 200 and 300 courses each year, training both new hires", "title": "Central Intelligence Agency" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Photointerpretation Center (NPIC), which had analysts from both the CIA and the military services. Subsequently, NPIC was transferred to the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA). The Directorate of Support has organizational and administrative functions to significant units including: The CIA established its first training facility, the Office of Training and Education, in 1950. Following the end of the Cold War, the CIA's training budget was slashed, which had a negative effect on employee retention. In response, Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet established CIA University in 2002. CIA University holds between 200 and 300 courses each year, training both new hires", "title": "Central Intelligence Agency" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "CIA University CIA University (CIAU) is the primary education facility of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Founded in 2002 and located in Chantilly, Virginia, the school holds courses on various intelligence-related subjects, ranging from chemical weapons manufacturing to foreign languages. Students include CIA new hires, experienced officers, support staff, and individuals from other U.S. intelligence agencies. CIAU does not issue degrees. The CIA was founded in 1947 and in 1950 created its first training establishment, the Office of Training and Education. In the 1990s, following the end of the Cold War, budget cuts forced the CIA to drastically reduce", "title": "CIA University" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "in the 2nd Marine Parachute Battalion and fighting in the 5th Marine Division on Iwo Jima. He received the Purple Heart twice and was a sergeant by the time he was honorably discharged. Returning to civilian life, he enrolled at Saint Mary's College, before transferring to what is now San Jose State University. He contemplated going to work for the FBI. On graduating in 1950, he instead joined the CIA, where he was part of the first recruit class to receive all of its training at the new Camp Peary. He was active in Korea during the Korean War, training", "title": "Anthony Poshepny" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "remarked that the game's graphics, sound, gameplay and level design were all worse than previous \"Twisted Metal\" titles, criticizing the graphics as \"appalling\" and the menus as \"horrendous\". Kraig Kujawa of \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\" cited the \"plumber's ass that sticks out from underneath the sink in the kitchen level\" as the best feature in the game, while Shane Bettenhausen warned that \"series veterans won't be impressed\", and Christian Nutt dismissed the game as \"a slapdash, sloppy and unimaginative retrofit.\" Andy McNamara of \"Game Informer\" remarked that the game \"doesn't even live up to the first four PSX titles in the", "title": "Twisted Metal: Small Brawl" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Sydney Morning Herald believes if The Sports had been English they would have been huge. saying \"\"Boys! (What Did the Detective Say?)\" and \"Who Listens to the Radio\" are classic new wave moments\" adding \"it's in the collection of could-have-been/should-have-been hits from 1979-81 that this compilation provides its worth. Great pop songs played well - rare enough at any time, a treasure all the time. Jason Ankeny from AllMusic said \"The two-disc, 36-track complete anthology paints a definitive portrait of the Sports' career; split between singles and album tracks (compiled on the first disc) and rare and unreleased material (found", "title": "This is Really Something" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "22 minutes. On December 2017, Christian Lanz said on Twitter he'll be voicing Fegan Floop. FM De Marco stated on Twitter that he has had \"many inspirations for the series but it has its own very specific style and attitude\". He also stated that it will have a nice mix of all kinds of humor, and it will have great characters old and new. In April 2018, Travis Turner faced controversy for being cast as the voice of PSI, a black character, since Travis himself is white. However, two days later he issued an apology via his Twitter. On April", "title": "Spy Kids: Mission Critical" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "active membership in the corporation if the individual- (1) is of good moral character; and (2) has received the Purple Heart for wounds received as a member, of any rank, of the Armed Forces of the United States or any foreign country during military or naval combat against an armed enemy of the United States. The MOPH's stated mission is \"to foster an environment of goodwill and camaraderie among combat wounded veterans, promote patriotism, support necessary legislative initiatives, and most importantly, provide service to all veterans and their families.\" The MOPH Service Program exists to assist all U.S. Military veterans", "title": "Military Order of the Purple Heart" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "on 17 carries, with 2 touchdowns. He finished the 2014 season with 238 rushing yards on 38 carries (6.3 average), with 2 rushing touchdowns. Johnson began the 2015 CFL season as the back-up tailback behind Chevon Walker. The Redblacks released Walker prior to Week 10, making Jeremiah Johnson the feature back. In the first 3 games following Walker's departure, Johnson accumulated 329 yards from scrimmage and scored 7 of Ottawa's 10 touchdowns. Johnson started a total of 6 games for the Redblacks in the 2015 campaign before his season was cut short after a suffering a dislocated foot. His season", "title": "Jeremiah Johnson (gridiron football)" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "also work for the mine. \"A federal review of the relationship between De Beers' Victor mine and Attawapiskat showed that government support for training and capacity did not start soon enough to deal with the huge lack of skills in the First Nation.\" \"Training is carried out on a year-round basis at the Victor Mine site as well as at the De Beers Canada Training Facility in Attawapiskat.\" Victor Diamond Mine The Victor Diamond Mine is the first Canadian diamond mine located in Ontario, and De Beers' second diamond mine in Canada (after the Snap Lake Diamond Mine). It is", "title": "Victor Diamond Mine" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "botulinum, clostridium, perfringens, mycotoxins, aflatoxins, and ricin. A special forces training camp at the southernmost point of the shifting land form was also used by the Mukhabarat (Iraqi Intelligence) as the headquarters for its Special Operations [14th] Directorate. The facility was discussed in the leadup to the 2003 invasion of Iraq as a result of a campaign by Iraqi defectors associated with the Iraqi National Congress (INC) to assert that the complex incorporated a purpose-built terrorist training camp; a narrative first promoted by western journalists David Rose and Judith Miller. Internally, both the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Defense", "title": "Salman Pak facility" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of the Central Library of the Los Angeles Public Library system), its primary responsibility was teacher training. The Department of Education was established in 1894. The school was renamed the Los Angeles State Normal School in 1914, and in 1917 the school was moved to a larger site on Vermont Avenue (on what is now the site of Los Angeles City College). The new facility included an elementary school where teachers-in-training could practice their teaching technique on children. That same year Ernest Carroll Moore (for whom Moore Hall is named) was appointed its director. The University of California opened its", "title": "UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Ali Mohamed, and that it knew Ali occasionally took trips to Afghanistan, where he claimed to fight Russians. According to journalist Lawrence Wright who interviewed U.S. officials about Ali, the Egyptian did tell his Army superiors he was fighting in Afghanistan, but did not tell them he was training other Afghan Arabs or writing a manual from what he had learned from the US Army Special Forces. Wright also reports that the CIA failed to inform other US agencies that it had learned Ali, who was a member of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, was an anti-American spy. Allegations of CIA assistance", "title": "Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Interrogation\" and \"Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual - 1983\" were declassified in response to a FOIA request filed by the Baltimore Sun in 1994. The Baltimore Sun was investigating \"kidnapping, torture and murder\" committed by the Honduran Battalion 3-16 death squad. The documents were released only after the Baltimore Sun had threatened to sue the CIA. In the June 11 to 18, 1995 four-part series, \"The Baltimore Sun\" printed excerpts of an interview with Florencio Caballero, a former member of Battalion 3-16. Caballero said CIA instructors taught him to discover what his prisoners loved and what they hated, \"If a", "title": "U.S. Army and CIA interrogation manuals" } ]

[ "1950" ]

[ "The CIA established its first training facility, the Office of Training and Education, in 1950. Following the end of the Cold War, the CIA's training budget was slashed, which had a negative effect on employee retention. In response, Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet established CIA University in 2002. CIA University holds between 200 and 300 courses each year, training both new hires and experienced intelligence officers, as well as CIA support staff. The facility works in partnership with the National Intelligence University, and includes the Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis, the Directorate of Analysis' component of the university." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "lossily-compressed" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "largely replaced the audio cassette player as standard equipment in new automobiles, with 2010 being the final model year for any car in the United States to have a factory-equipped cassette player. With the increasing popularity of portable digital audio players, such as mobile phones, and solid state music storage, CD players are being phased out of automobiles in favor of minijack auxiliary inputs, wired connection to USB devices and wireless Bluetooth connection. Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s.", "title": "Compact disc" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Trust in 1984 (which in 1990 became Cywaith Cymru/Artworks Wales). She ran the agency until her retirement. She died in 2009. Her works include: \"In the Minds Eye\", \"Unassembled Information\", \"Vanitas\", \"Eyebath\" (1977); Vanitas/Still Life (1978); \"Heart of the Illusion: Landscape\", \"Still Life an Self Portrait\" (1981). In 1983 she made \"Sabra and Shatila massacres in Beirut\" that was included in the \"Expanded Cinema\" exhibition at Tate in 2009. Tamara Krikorian Tamara Seta Krikorian (5 July 1944–11 July 2009) was a British video artist and a public art curator. Born in Dorset from an Armenian family, she was educated in", "title": "Tamara Krikorian" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "came to attention following a 1949 debut at New York's Park Avenue Restaurant, where public reception led to a stay of over 7 months. Appearances in London, Ontario and Cleveland, Ohio followed, including performances at jazz DJ and impresario Leonard Feather's concerts. Initially billed as \"Reta\" Moss, her first single was released in January 1950 on Futurama Records, a local label run by Main Stem record store owner Arthur Bangel. Bangel formed Futurama to cut jazz, blues and rhythm, including artists involved in Feathers' contemporary bop concerts at Carnegie Hall. In the early 1950s Moss cut a few singles on", "title": "Rita Moss" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Nina George Nina George (30 August 1973 in Bielefeld) is a German writer, best known as the author of \"The Little Paris Bookshop\", an international bestseller, that has been translated in more than 28 languages as of 2015, and sold in more than 500.000 copies. She has published 26 books (novels, mysteries and non-fiction) as well as over hundred short stories and more than 600 columns. George has worked as a cop reporter, columnist and managing editor for a wide range of publications, including Hamburger Abendblatt, Die Welt, Der Hamburger, as well as TV Movie and Federwelt. George writes also", "title": "Nina George" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "ERA in 15 appearances as a pitcher. At the plate, he hit .295 with 26 hits in 88 at-bats. He began the year as the team's manager, but was replaced by Jack Dean on August 8. Overall, Matulis spent eight years in the minor leagues, going 63-55 with a 3.86 ERA in 214 games on the mound. In 1,078 innings pitched, he allowed 1,125 hits and 461 walks. As a batter, he hit .282 with 284 hits, 63 doubles, five triples and 13 home runs in 1,007 at-bats. He is a member of the East Chicago Athletic Hall of Fame.", "title": "Adolph Matulis" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "trials of at least two antidepressants from two different classes and psychotherapy for 6-8 weeks; depression with psychotic features is considered “refractory” when it does not improve after one or two trials of antidepressant/antipsychotic combination”. When medication is simply not effective, ECT has been shown, through various research trials, to cause significant physiological and chemical changes at molecular level of the brain which accounts for its therapeutic effect. As previously stated, ECT is not considered a first-line treatment for depression, but rather an intervention used when other interventions such as antidepressant medications do not help relieve one’s symptoms. According to", "title": "History of electroconvulsive therapy in the United States" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Shawn Fanning, then an 18-year-old freshman computer science student at Northeastern University. It provided a platform for users to access and download compressed digital music files, specifically MP3s, from other users' machines. Unlike many peer-to-peer services, however, Napster included a central server that indexed connected users and files available on their machines, creating a searchable list of music available across Napster's network. Napster's ease of use compared to other peer-to-peer services quickly made it a popular service for music enthusiasts to find and download digital song files for free. Plaintiffs alleged both contributory and vicarious copyright infringement by Napster, and", "title": "A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc." }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of the work done with each step could be provided by the spring-like action of tendons, rather than by muscle work. When the animal’s foot contacts the surface of the ground during high speed locomotion, the tendon or ligament is pressed tightly together, storing elastic energy much like a compressed spring. As the foot gets of the ground, the pressure on the compressed tendons and ligaments is released, and elastic recoil from these spring like structures provides additional force to propel the animal thus resulting in energetic savings. Simple calculations based kangaroo hopping and forces involved in hopping show how", "title": "Elastic mechanisms in animals" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Internet, and most (excluding drama, poetry and music) as audio-on-demand, or for download as MP3s for at least four weeks after broadcast. Some programs are available as MP3s going back to 2005, when Radio National commenced podcasting. From 1928, the National Broadcasting Service, as part of the federal Postmaster-General's Department, gradually took over responsibility for all the existing stations that were sponsored by public licence fees (\"A\" Class licences). The outsourced Australian Broadcasting Company supplied programs from 1929. In 1932 a commission was established, merging the original ABC company and the National Broadcasting Service. It is from this time that", "title": "Radio National" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "1694 Wh/l. The energy density of a compressed air system can be more than doubled if the air is heated prior to expansion. In order to increase energy density, some systems may use gases that can be liquified or solidified. \"CO2 offers far greater compressibility than air when it transitions from gaseous to supercritical form.\" Compressed air cars could be emission-free at the exhaust. Since a compressed air car's source of energy is usually electricity, its total environmental impact depends on how clean the source of this electricity is. However, most air cars have petrol engines for different tasks. The", "title": "Compressed air car" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "T.81 and in 1994 as ISO/IEC 10918-1. The JPEG standard specifies the codec, which defines how an image is compressed into a stream of bytes and decompressed back into an image, but not the file format used to contain that stream. The Exif and JFIF standards define the commonly used file formats for interchange of JPEG-compressed images. JPEG standards are formally named as \"Information technology – Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images\". ISO/IEC 10918 consists of the following parts: Ecma International TR/98 specifies the JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF); the first edition was published in June 2009. The", "title": "JPEG" } ]

[ "lossily-compressed" ]

[ "Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 - 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%, although independent and DIY music sales may be tracking better according to figures released 30 March 2009, and CDs still continue to sell greatly. As of 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34 percent of music sales in the United States. In Japan, however, over 80 percent of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats as of 2015." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "hippopotamus" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "from 1,000 in 1982. Elephants, which \"are gunned down elsewhere for their ivory\", have gone to 20,000 from 15,000 in 1995. Lions, which were on the brink of extinction \"from Senegal to Kenya\", are increasing in Namibia. In contrast, Botswana has recently been forced to ban trophy hunting following a precipitous wildlife decline. The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana, with a resultant decline in predator numbers, while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose. According to the government of Botswana, trophy hunting is at least partly to blame for this, but many other factors, such as poaching, drought", "title": "Hunting" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "from 1,000 in 1982. Elephants, which \"are gunned down elsewhere for their ivory\", have gone to 20,000 from 15,000 in 1995. Lions, which were on the brink of extinction \"from Senegal to Kenya\", are increasing in Namibia. In contrast, Botswana has recently been forced to ban trophy hunting following a precipitous wildlife decline. The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana, with a resultant decline in predator numbers, while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose. According to the government of Botswana, trophy hunting is at least partly to blame for this, but many other factors, such as poaching, drought", "title": "Hunting" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Georges Washington de La Fayette Georges Washington Louis Gilbert de La Fayette (1779–1849) was the son of Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, the French officer and hero of the American Revolution, and Adrienne de La Fayette. The elder La Fayette named his son in honor of George Washington, under whom he served in the Revolutionary War. From 1783, La Fayette grew up in the Hôtel de La Fayette at 183 rue de Bourbon, Paris. Their home was the headquarters of Americans in Paris. Benjamin Franklin, John and Sarah Livingston Jay, and John and Abigail Adams met there every Monday.", "title": "Georges Washington de La Fayette" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "March 2001 to July 2006 - Unfortunately, the demand for the buses gradually decreased over the years, and eventually the company's owner, Graeme Power, decided that it would be best to pursue more profitable business interests. Twin Grove Township, Greenwood County, Kansas Twin Grove Township is a township in Greenwood County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 601. Twin Grove Township covers an area of and contains one incorporated settlement, Severy. According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: South Lawn and Twin Grove. The stream of Plum Creek runs through this township. Twin Grove Township", "title": "Twin Grove Township, Greenwood County, Kansas" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of one hundred. Throughout all three classes; A, AA, and AAA, and in both divisions; High Kick and Jazz, the judging rubric remains consistent. After completing the judging criteria rubric, the ranking process begins. Depending on the number of officials per meet, they may use one of three ranking options; A, B, or C listed in the MSHSL Dance Team Handbook. In all ranking options, teams are rated in numerical order, one being the highest then lowering in value as the numbers increase. For final tabulation, some ranks are dropped for each team dependent on the ranking method used. The", "title": "MSHSL dance team judging" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "undergraduates at Harvard College, she was awarded a Certificate of Teaching Excellence from Harvard University in October 2014. Kim is now a Professor at the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television. In 2017, L'atelier des Cahiers published \"Séoul, Visages d'une Ville\", a multimedia photo book essay based on Kim's feature length documentary \"Faces of Seoul\" (2009). Gina Kim Gina Kim (born 1973, South Korea) is a filmmaker and academic. Kim's five feature-length films and short films have garnered acclaim through screenings at most major film festivals and at venues such as the MOMA, Centre Pompidou and the Smithsonian. According", "title": "Gina Kim" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a result of Sarah Jane having been abandoned by the Fourth Doctor at the end of \"Doctor Who\" serial \"The Hand of Fear\". He claims Part Two has \"[p]lenty of tension-free chase sequences function[ing] as meaningless padding and lessen[ing] the threat posed by Commander Kaagh\", attributing the lack of tension to \"inadequate direction.\" He brands Clyde and Luke as \"dependable as ever\" and the Jacksons as \"endearing\", the latter compensating \"for [Part Two's] action failings\" with Maria and Alan's departure being \"well handled\" and \"touching\" and Chrissie being \"a revelation...[as] her seemingly vacuous nature has been replaced by an air", "title": "The Last Sontaran" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "is considered to have stable numbers and a wide geographic range (over 60,000 square km), it is unevenly distributed and hard to find, making the species difficult to research. The sword-billed hummingbird is a specialist species, feeding on the nectar of specific flowers. Its abnormally long beak allows it to feed from flowers with long corollas, especially from the genera \"Passiflora\" and \"Datura\", which include the most heavily hummingbird-pollinated plant species. \"E. ensifera\" usually drinks while in flight and is a trap-line feeder, visiting the same flowers in a consistent, patterned sequence. This promotes flower pollination and outcrossing. A distinct", "title": "Sword-billed hummingbird" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "conducted in Moreton Bay, Queensland finding the species recruits heavily to shallow waters and increase numbers during winter months, while studies in the Noosa River estuary have shown no difference in numbers recruited over the course of a season. Like other sillaginids, they have the ability to 'burrow' into the sand and remained hidden until a predator or seine net has passed by. The sand whiting's distinctive body shape and mouth placement is an adaptation to bottom feeding, which is the predominant method of feeding for all whiting species. All larger whiting feed by using their protrusile jaws and tube-like", "title": "Sand whiting" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "largest seabird colonies are on the Prince Edward Islands, followed by the Crozet Islands which have breeding colonies of all six species of albatross as well as more than half the world's population of king penguins (\"Aptenodytes patagonicus\"). All six Antarctic seals can be found here, the two fur seals, leopard seal (\"Hydrurga leptonyx\"), Weddell seal (\"Leptonychotes weddellii\"), southern elephant seal (\"Mirounga leonina\"), and crabeater seal (\"Lobodon carcinophagus\")). The fur seals and southern elephant seal breed in the region, and are increasing in numbers now that seal-hunting has stopped, while large numbers of leopard seals winter on the rocks of", "title": "Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "since then, but there are areas that are not patrolled, where trappers are able to trap freely. The Arabuko-Sokoke forest and other Kenyan forests where the shrews live, have the status of National Monuments, which prevents any further development, but does not particularly provide specific protection for them or for biodiversity. Due to their small populations, even though many are protected, their numbers are expected to continue to decline due to stochastic events and further anthropogenic disturbances. Golden-rumped elephant shrew The golden-rumped elephant shrew (\"Rhynchocyon chrysopygus\") is a small African mammal. It is the largest species of the elephant shrew", "title": "Golden-rumped elephant shrew" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations the best-selling papers as of January 2017 are \"The Sun\", 1.67 million, \"The Daily Mail\", 1.51 million and the \"Daily Mirror\", 725,000. The heyday of the newspaper industry was the 1940s, but the percentage of Americans reading newspapers began to decline with the increased competition from radio, television and, more recently, the Internet. A growing population helped the absolute circulation numbers continue to increase until the 1970s, where it remained stable until the 1990s, when absolute circulation numbers began declining. Newspaper circulation numbers are reported to the Alliance for Audited Media. The best-selling", "title": "Newspaper circulation" } ]

[ "hippopotamus" ]

[ "In contrast, Botswana has recently been forced to ban trophy hunting following a precipitous wildlife decline. The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana, with a resultant decline in predator numbers, while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose. According to the government of Botswana, trophy hunting is at least partly to blame for this, but many other factors, such as poaching, drought and habitat loss are also to blame. Uganda recently did the same, arguing that \"the share of benefits of sport hunting were lopsided and unlikely to deter poaching or improve [Uganda's] capacity to manage the wildlife reserves.\"" ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Reconstruction Era" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the diversity of current American society suggests that affirmative action policies succeeded and are no longer required. In particular, policies adopting racial quotas or gender quotas have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination. Scholars have also questioned whether quota systems and \"targeted goals\" can be clearly distinguished from each other. Ideas for what we now call affirmative action came as early as the Reconstruction Era (1865–1877) in which a former slave population lacked the skills and resources for independent living. In 1865, General William Tecumseh Sherman proposed, for practical reasons, to divide the land and goods from Georgia", "title": "Affirmative action in the United States" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "been numerous criticisms of the hype cycle, prominent among which are that it is not a cycle, that the outcome does not depend on the nature of the technology itself, that it is not scientific in nature, and that it does not reflect changes over time in the speed at which technology develops. Another is that it is limited in its application, as it prioritizes economic considerations in decision-making processes. It seems to assume that a business' performance is tied to the hype cycle, whereas this may actually have more to do with the way a company devises its branding", "title": "Hype cycle" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "medical management, to which quality-adjusted life year benefits (calculated by the UK Department of Health in 2006) were added. More people are on the waiting list for organ donation than organs are available. In Wales, 33 people died in 2012/13 while waiting for an organ. In September 2012, 237 people in Wales were on the waiting list for an organ. In 2011/12, 67 people became organ donors in Welsh hospitals. Potentially, each donor could provide up to nine organs for transplant. The Welsh Government hope organ donation rates will increase by 25 per cent following the introduction of a soft", "title": "Human Transplantation (Wales) Act 2013" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the way. Edge of Fame Edge of Fame is a podcast hosted by Geoff Edgers and produced as a collaboration between radio station WBUR and the \"Washington Post\". Edgers, drawing on his experience as a journalist, documentary film maker, writer, and National Arts Reporter for the \"Washington Post\", investigates the lives of various celebrities and performers on the dark and humorous sides of show business. Each podcast episode focuses on Edgers shadowing a specific performer for a long period of time. Eschewing a typical one-on-one interview style, Edgers assembles a combination of interviews, testimonials, and anecdotes from various voices he", "title": "Edge of Fame" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "all kinds within The Armory. The sale was not announced until January 2007 as a result of a non-disclosure agreement with the previous owner. The sale drew a mixed response from the San Francisco community. Many people welcomed this use of The Armory as a way of revitalizing the structure and bringing back business to the area without altering the appearance of the historic building, as well as being in keeping with San Francisco's tradition of accommodating sexual minorities. Others were disturbed that a pornography studio would be located in the middle of a residential neighborhood near schools, or were", "title": "San Francisco Armory" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "18, he recorded his 12th double-double of the season with 10 points, 11 rebounds and a career-high seven assists in a 108–98 win over the Washington Wizards. On January 29, in a win over the Charlotte Hornets, Plumlee recorded 13 points and 12 rebounds for his career-high 13th double-double of the season. On March 20, he recorded 14 points and a then career-high 19 rebounds in a 132–120 overtime loss to the Dallas Mavericks. In Game 3 of the Trail Blazers' 2016 first-round playoff series against the Los Angeles Clippers, Plumlee recorded career highs of 21 rebounds and nine assists", "title": "Mason Plumlee" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "PSEW from 1971-1991. Sandler was also active in the Women's Equity Action League (WEAL), through which she did similar work promoting gender equity in higher education. After Sandler, Caryn McTighe Musil served as director of the successor Program on the Status and Education of Women (PSEW) until 2012. Margaret C. Dunkle served as the Associate President of PSEW from 1972-1977. Roberta M. Hall and Grace L. Mastalli were also important staff members. PSEW was founded to aid colleges and universities in developing policies that addressed gender discrimination and sexual harassment. However, their work soon expanded beyond this mission, as PSEW", "title": "Project on the Status and Education of Women" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Solomon Amendment constitutional. In 1993, Congress passed the \"Don't ask, don't tell\" policy, codified at , which required that the military discharge a member who (with certain exceptions): Many law schools had policies denying campus access to recruiters from employers who did not comply with their anti-discrimination policies. Objecting to the military's \"Don't ask, don't tell\" policy as discriminatory, the schools refused to permit military recruiters on-campus. Congress responded by passing the Solomon Amendment, which required colleges and universities receiving federal money to allow military recruiters onto their campuses in the same manner as recruiters for other employers. In Fall", "title": "Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc." }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc. United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc. 499 U.S. 187 (1991), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States establishing that private sector policies prohibiting women from knowingly working in potentially hazardous occupations are discriminatory and in violation of Title VII and the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978. At the time the case was heard, it was considered one of the most important sex-discrimination cases since the passage of Title VII. The majority opinion by Justice Blackmun held that that Title VII prohibits gender–specific fetal protection policies. Hence based on", "title": "United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc." }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "structural discrimination was Jim Crow laws in the Southern United States, which were explicitly aimed at limiting the rights of black Americans in education, employment, and other areas of society. Structural discrimination Structural discrimination is a form of institutional discrimination against individuals of a given race or sex which has the effect of restricting their opportunities. It may be either intentional or unintentional, and it may involve either public or private institutional policies. Such discrimination occurs when these policies have disproportionately negative effects on the opportunities of certain social groups. Some conceptualizations of structural discrimination focus on past forms of", "title": "Structural discrimination" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "as “different” from the other contenders but also different from her party, which had been in power for the previous twelve years. She was the least-known of the candidates from Mexico’s three main parties (PAN, PRI and PRD). One of her campaign pledges was life sentences for politicians found guilty of corruption related to organized crime, more scholarships for students, and labor-law reforms, which she said would incorporate 400,000 people each year into the formal economy. She also promised to fight discrimination against women. She did not come out against the policies of her predecessors, Calderón and Fox. and stated", "title": "Josefina Vázquez Mota" } ]

[ "Reconstruction Era" ]

[ "Affirmative action is a subject of controversy. Some policies adopted as affirmative action, such as racial quotas or gender quotas for collegiate admission, have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination, and such implementation of affirmative action has been ruled unconstitutional by the majority opinion of Gratz v. Bollinger. Affirmative action as a practice was upheld by the Supreme Court's decision in Grutter v. Bollinger in 2003. Affirmative action policies were developed in order to correct decades of discrimination stemming from the Reconstruction Era by granting disadvantaged minorities opportunities. Many believe that the diversity of current American society suggests that affirmative action policies succeeded and are no longer required. Opponents of affirmative action argue that these policies are outdated and lead to reverse discrimination which entails favoring one group over another based upon racial preference rather than achievement." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "natural resources" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "80% of the country. More than 100,000 boreholes have been drilled in Namibia over the past century. One third of these boreholes have been drilled dry. Namibia is one of few countries in the world to specifically address conservation and protection of natural resources in its constitution. Article 95 states, \"The State shall actively promote and maintain the welfare of the people by adopting international policies aimed at the following: maintenance of ecosystems, essential ecological processes, and biological diversity of Namibia, and utilisation of living natural resources on a sustainable basis for the benefit of all Namibians, both present and", "title": "Namibia" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Communal Wildlife Conservancies in Namibia Namibia is one of few countries in the world to specifically address habitat conservation and protection of natural resources in their constitution. Article 95 states, \"The State shall actively promote and maintain the welfare of the people by adopting international policies aimed at the following: maintenance of ecosystems, essential ecological processes, and biological diversity of Namibia, and utilization of living natural resources on a sustainable basis for the benefit of all Namibians, both present and future.\". In 1993, the newly formed government of Namibia received funding from the United States Agency of International Development (USAID)", "title": "Communal Wildlife Conservancies in Namibia" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "likely to be valued by groups of people who live or have lived in Millers Point in recent decades, a precinct of State significance for its social and cultural values. The place has moderate potential to contain archaeological deposits within subfloor areas and building cavities and low potential for underground archaeological deposits, which have the potential to further contribute to an understanding of early 19th century public houses and domestic life in Australia. Shipwrights Arms Inn was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in", "title": "Shipwrights Arms Inn" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "coleoids but lack the extra specialised feeding appendages known as tentacles which are longer and thinner with suckers only at their club-like ends. The vampire squid (\"Vampyroteuthis\") also lacks tentacles but has sensory filaments. Two possible extant cephalopod phylogenies, based on genetics studies by Strugnell \"et al.\" 2007, are shown in the possible cladograms. The scientific name Octopoda was first coined and given as the order of octopuses in 1818 by English biologist William Elford Leach, who classified them as Octopoida the previous year. The Octopoda consists of around 300 known species and can be divided into two suborders, the", "title": "Octopus" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "her to write some of the songs. That the original footage dates back to the previous album period can observed in the video clips as Amos' fashion, styling and appearance is the same as the artwork and promotion during the release and tour supporting \"American Doll Posse\". The footage was shot in HD and Super 8. Seemingly inspired more by fashion, scenery and art, rather than by silent films or typical music videos, \"The Road Chronicles\" is composed of 16 vignettes in which Amos can be seen in dream-sequences infused with myriad metaphors, symbols, images, locations and haute couture fashion-pieces,", "title": "Abnormally Attracted to Sin" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "perspectives. Wundt's more demanding, sometimes more complicated and relativizing, then again very precise style can also be difficult – even for today's German readers; a high level of linguistic competence is required. There are only English translations for very few of Wundt's work. In particular, the Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie expanded into three volumes and the ten volumes of Völkerpsychologie, all the books on philosophy and important essays on the theory of science remain untranslated. Such shortcomings may explain many of the fundamental deficits and lasting misunderstandings in the Anglo-American reception of Wundt's work. Massive misconceptions about Wundt's work have", "title": "Wilhelm Wundt" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Harry was thirteen his family moved to a farm near Lincoln, Nebraska. As the eldest son Harry was responsible for working on the farm. He had a deep love of books and often read while walking behind the plow. Wolfe was in one of the first students to enter the then fledgling University of Nebraska. He arrived in a time of much controversy for the University, when people were unsure if the state could afford to support a university. There was much controversy within the university regarding the curriculum, which had expanded to include medicine, agriculture, and engineering as well", "title": "Harry Kirke Wolfe" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "for a public servant to resign from their position. Second, it states a person can be reappointed to a public servant position unless explicitly not allowed by the Constitution or a law of Parliament. Third, it defines shortened versions of phrases used such as \"Assembly\" for the National Assembly. While the constitution has been relatively stable in terms of being the governing document, some scholars, including Gretchen Bauer, Druscilla Scribner, John Holm, as well as others have argued that the constitution does not adequately protect women or minorities. In Botswana there have been movements in order to try and establish", "title": "Constitution of Botswana" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "government in 1980. The Administration for Whites (1980–89) took over the arms in 1981. The official blazon of the arms is : Coat of arms of Namibia The coat of arms of Namibia is the official heraldic symbol of Namibia. Introduced at the time of independence in 1990, it superseded the earlier coat of arms used by the South African administration of the territory. The Constituent Assembly which drew up the Namibian Constitution in 1989 appointed a National Symbols Sub-Committee to produce a flag and coat of arms for the country. The committee enlisted the assistance of the South African", "title": "Coat of arms of Namibia" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "relinquishes any and all South African authority over Namibia, and provides that, as far as South Africa is concerned, South African laws no longer have effect in Namibia. (The Constitution of Namibia, however, provides for the laws in force in Namibia prior to independence to continue in force subject to amendment.) The act also contains a savings clause providing that it does not recognise \"the validity of any provision of the Constitution of Namibia which purports to derogate from the sovereignty of the Republic over its territory.\" This is a reference to the Orange River border dispute; South Africa claims", "title": "Recognition of the Independence of Namibia Act, 1990" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "it.\" In 1979, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit stated: \"A careful reading of \"Sullivan\" and \"Garner\", therefore, is that the self-incrimination privilege can be employed to protect the taxpayer from revealing the information as to an illegal source of income, but does not protect him from disclosing the amount of his income.\" If the government gives an individual immunity, then that individual may be compelled to testify. Immunity may be \"transactional immunity\" or \"use immunity\"; in the former, the witness is immune from prosecution for offenses related to the testimony; in the latter, the witness may", "title": "Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to administer the territory. The border between South Africa proper and the Territory of South West Africa remained the same as the former colonial border, and when Namibia finally achieved independence in 1990 it became once again an international border. The South African exclave at Walvis Bay was transferred to Namibia in 1994. South Africa claims, on the basis of the 1890 treaty, that the border runs along the north bank of the Orange River. Namibia claims that it follows the middle of the river. The Constitution of Namibia explicitly claims the territory up to the middle of the river,", "title": "Namibia–South Africa border" } ]

[ "natural resources" ]

[ "Namibia is one of few countries in the world to specifically address conservation and protection of natural resources in its constitution. Article 95 states, \"The State shall actively promote and maintain the welfare of the people by adopting international policies aimed at the following: maintenance of ecosystems, essential ecological processes, and biological diversity of Namibia, and utilisation of living natural resources on a sustainable basis for the benefit of all Namibians, both present and future.\"" ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "16th and 17th centuries" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "eventually. When John Paul II visited Nagasaki in 1981, he baptized some young people from Kakure Kirishitan families, a rare occurrence. Kirishitan The Japanese term , from Portuguese \"cristão\" (cf. Kristang), referred to Roman Catholic Christians in Japanese and is used in Japanese texts as a historiographic term for Roman Catholics in Japan in the 16th and 17th centuries. Modern Japanese has several ways of spelling Christian of which the most common are the noun form \"kirisuto-kyōto\" キリスト教徒, and also \"kurisuchan\" クリスチャン. The Japanese spelling \"kirishitan\" キリシタン is used primarily in Japanese texts for the early history of Roman Catholicism", "title": "Kirishitan" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Kirishitan The Japanese term , from Portuguese \"cristão\" (cf. Kristang), referred to Roman Catholic Christians in Japanese and is used in Japanese texts as a historiographic term for Roman Catholics in Japan in the 16th and 17th centuries. Modern Japanese has several ways of spelling Christian of which the most common are the noun form \"kirisuto-kyōto\" キリスト教徒, and also \"kurisuchan\" クリスチャン. The Japanese spelling \"kirishitan\" キリシタン is used primarily in Japanese texts for the early history of Roman Catholicism in Japan, or in relation to \"kakure kirishitan\", Hidden Christians. However, English sources on histories of Japan generally use the term", "title": "Kirishitan" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "\"kirishitan\" (written in Edo period documents 吉利支丹, 切支丹, and in modern Japanese histories as キリシタン), from Portuguese \"cristão\", referred to Roman Catholics in the 16th and 17th centuries before the religion was banned by the Tokugawa shogunate. Today, Christians are referred to in Standard Japanese as キリスト教徒, \"Kirisuto-kyōto\" or the English-derived term クリスチャン \"kurisuchan\". Korean still uses 기독교도, \"Kidok-kyo-do\" for \"Christian\", though the Greek form \"Kurisudo\" 그리스도 has now replaced the old Sino-Korean \"Kidok\", which refers to Christ himself. In Thailand, the most common terms are คนคริสต์ (\"khon khrit\") or ชาวคริสต์ (\"chao khrit\") which literally mean \"Christ person/people\" or \"Jesus", "title": "Christians" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "(aesthetic) significance of the place. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. The Maroon War Memorial and Enclosure is of social and spiritual significance for the local community, having a strong and continuing association with that community as evidence of the impact of a major historical event and as the focus for annual remembrance of that event in local Anzac Day commemorative ceremonies. Maroon War Memorial Maroon War Memorial & Memorial Enclosure is a heritage-listed memorial at Boonah - Rathdowney Road, Maroon, Scenic Rim Region, Queensland,", "title": "Maroon War Memorial" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "former New Kingdom of León. General Zuazua Municipality is bordered by the municipalities of Cienega de Flores to the west and northwest, Higueras to the north, Marín to the east, and Apodaca and Pesquería to the south. It was founded in 1630 as the Hacienda de Abajo by an expedition of Spanish settlers led by Spanish captain Enrique Gutiérrez de Lara, in a region known as Valle del Carizal or Carrizal Valley, within the jurisdiction of the Salinas Valley or Valle de las Salinas, the Hacienda de Abajo changed its name in 1650 as the Hacienda Santa Elena, in honor", "title": "General Zuazua" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "as well as in the System of Common Courts. Speaker judges enable the court to inform the public. Comprehensive information is posted on the website of the Supreme Court concerning the judiciary system, reform strategy and fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens. The Supreme Court proactively engages with students. Judiciary officials meet with students to discuss judicial reform and the role of the judiciary. The Supreme Court supports various type of public activities such as Olympiads for law students in form of moot court competitions. Preparation of journalists working in the justice sphere is vital for proper communication with the", "title": "Supreme Court of Georgia (country)" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Frederick Seymour Frederick Seymour (6 September 1820 – 10 June 1869) was a colonial administrator. After receiving little education and no inheritance from his father, Prince Albert offered Seymour a junior appointment in the colonial service. Seymour held positions in various British colonies from 1842 until 1863 when he returned to England. From 1864 to 1866, he served as the second Governor of the Colony of British Columbia, succeeding Sir James Douglas. He would enter government at a time of unrest, with the Fraser River gold rush causing violence within the colony, as well as dealing with large debts left", "title": "Frederick Seymour" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "understanding of the nature of social change. Mao Dun participated in Chiang Kai-shek's Northern Expedition (1926–28) in an attempt to unite China, but this failed and he fled to Kuling, when the Kuomintang dissolved relations with the Chinese Communist Party. In the 1930s he was one of the key founders of the League of Left-Wing Writers, which was dissolved in a quarrel in 1936. Mao Dun's next major work was Hong (1929), which became famous for having no less than 70 main characters and numerous plot twists and turns. In 1933 came his next work, \"Midnight\", which gained great popularity,", "title": "Mao Dun" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "be their Christian martyrs. Kakure Kirishitan was recognized by Bernard Petitjean, a Catholic priest, when Ōura Church was built in Nagasaki in 1865. Approximately 30,000 secret Christians, some of whom had adopted these new ways of practicing Christianity, came out of hiding when religious freedom was re-established in 1873 after the Meiji Restoration. The Kakure Kirishitan became known as , or \"ancient\" Christians, and emerged not only from traditional Christian areas in Kyushu, but also from other rural areas of Japan. The majority of Kakure Kirishitan rejoined the Catholic Church after renouncing unorthodox, syncretic practices. Some Kakure Kirishitan did not", "title": "Kakure Kirishitan" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "emissary of the Viceroy of New Spain asked the \"shōgun\" for land to build a Spanish fortress and this deepened Japan's suspicion against Catholicism and the Iberian colonial powers behind it. Domestically, the ban was closely related to measures against the Toyotomi clan. The statement on the \"Expulsion of all missionaries from Japan\", drafted by Zen monk Konchiin Suden (1563–1633) and issued in 1614 under the name of second Tokugawa \"shōgun\" Hidetada (ruled 1605–1623), was considered the first official statement of a comprehensive control of Kirishitan. It claimed that the Christians were bringing disorder to Japanese society and that their", "title": "History of the Catholic Church in Japan" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "ancestors, in which the ancestors happened to be their Christian martyrs. Many secret Christians, some of whom had adopted these new ways of practicing Christianity, came out of hiding when religious freedom was re-established in the mid-19th century and rejoined the Roman Catholic Church after renouncing their unorthodox, syncretic practices. However, there were those who decided not to rejoin. They are known as the Hanare Kirishitan (, separated Christians). Following the legalization of Christianity and secularization of Japan, many Hanare Kirishitan lineages ended abruptly. Traditionally, boys learned the rituals and prayers from their fathers; when boys were uninterested or moved", "title": "History of the Catholic Church in Japan" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "this resistance was not the presence of a few priests but rather the self-organization of many communities. Forced to secrecy, and having a small number of clergymen working underground, the Japanese Church was able to recruit leadership from among lay members. Japanese children caused admiration among the Portuguese and seem to have participated actively in the resistance. Nagasaki remained a Christian city in the first decades of the 17th century and during the general persecutions other confraternities were founded in Shimabara, Kinai and Franciscans in Edo. The number of active Christians is estimated to have been around 200,000 in 1582.", "title": "Kirishitan" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "\"Christian\" without distinction. Christian missionaries were known as \"bateren\" (from the Portuguese word \"padre\", \"father\") or \"iruman\" (from the Portuguese \"irmão\", \"brother\"). Both the transcriptions 切支丹 and 鬼利死丹 came into use during the Edo Period when Christianity was a forbidden religion. The Kanji used for the transcriptions have negative connotations. The first one could be read as \"cut off support\", and the second as \"devils who profit from death\". Portuguese ships began arriving in Japan in 1543, with Catholic missionary activities in Japan beginning in earnest around 1549, mainly by Portuguese-sponsored Jesuits until Spanish-sponsored mendicant orders, such as the Franciscans", "title": "Kirishitan" } ]

[ "16th and 17th centuries" ]

[ "In Japan, the term kirishitan (written in Edo period documents 吉利支丹, 切支丹, and in modern Japanese histories as キリシタン), from Portuguese cristão, referred to Roman Catholics in the 16th and 17th centuries before the religion was banned by the Tokugawa shogunate. Today, Christians are referred to in Standard Japanese as キリスト教徒, Kirisuto-kyōto or the English-derived term クリスチャン kurisuchan." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "German" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "materialism. Beginning with Immanuel Kant, German idealists such as Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and Arthur Schopenhauer dominated 19th-century philosophy. This tradition, which emphasized the mental or \"ideal\" character of all phenomena, gave birth to idealistic and subjectivist schools ranging from British idealism to phenomenalism to existentialism. Idealism as a philosophy came under heavy attack in the West at the turn of the 20th century. The most influential critics of both epistemological and ontological idealism were G. E. Moore and Bertrand Russell, but its critics also included the New Realists. According to \"Stanford Encyclopedia", "title": "Idealism" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "influenced Luigi Pareyson's thought. Ken Wilber places Schelling as one of two philosophers who \"after Plato, had the broadest impact on the Western mind\". Selected works are listed below. Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (; 27 January 1775 – 20 August 1854), later (after 1812) von Schelling, was a German philosopher. Standard histories of philosophy make him the midpoint in the development of German idealism, situating him between Johann Gottlieb Fichte, his mentor in his early years, and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, his former university roommate, early friend, and later rival. Interpreting Schelling's philosophy is regarded as", "title": "Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (; 27 January 1775 – 20 August 1854), later (after 1812) von Schelling, was a German philosopher. Standard histories of philosophy make him the midpoint in the development of German idealism, situating him between Johann Gottlieb Fichte, his mentor in his early years, and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, his former university roommate, early friend, and later rival. Interpreting Schelling's philosophy is regarded as difficult because of its evolving nature. Schelling's thought in the large has been neglected, especially in the English-speaking world. An important factor was the ascendancy of Hegel, whose mature", "title": "Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "titled \"Schelling\", representing him as a forerunner of the existentialists. Walter Schulz, one of organizers of the 1954 conference, published a book claiming that Schelling had made German idealism complete with his late philosophy, particularly with his Berlin lectures in the 1840s. Schulz presented Schelling as the person who resolved the philosophical problems which Hegel had left incomplete, in contrast to the contemporary idea that Schelling had been surpassed by Hegel much earlier. Theologian Paul Tillich wrote: \"what I learned from Schelling became determinative of my own philosophical and theological development\". Maurice Merleau-Ponty likened his own project of natural ontology", "title": "Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "figures in the neo-Kantian movement, which began around the 1860s, include Friedrich Albert Lange and Hermann Cohen. The three most prominent German idealists were Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814), Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854) and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831), who was the predominant figure in nineteenth century German philosophy. An idiosyncratic opponent of German idealism, particularly Hegel's thought, was Arthur Schopenhauer (1788 – 1860). He was influenced by Eastern philosophy, particularly Buddhism, and was known for his pessimism. Schopenhauer's most influential work, \"The World as Will and Representation\", claimed that the world is fundamentally what we recognize in ourselves as", "title": "German philosophy" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "German idealism German idealism (also known as post-Kantian idealism, post-Kantian philosophy, or simply post-Kantianism) was a philosophical movement that emerged in Germany in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It began as a reaction to Immanuel Kant's \"Critique of Pure Reason.\" German idealism was closely linked with both Romanticism and the revolutionary politics of the Enlightenment. The most notable thinkers in the movement were Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and the proponents of Jena Romanticism (Friedrich Hölderlin, Novalis, and Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel). Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, Gottlob Ernst Schulze, Karl Leonhard Reinhold, Salomon", "title": "German idealism" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the Advisory Council for the Institute of Philosophy. His elder brother, Angus, is a classicist. Andrew Bowie Andrew S. Bowie (born 1952) is Professor of Philosophy and German at Royal Holloway, University of London and Founding Director of the Humanities and Arts Research Centre (HARC). He has worked to promote a better understanding of German philosophy in the Anglophone analytical tradition - including the works of Johann Georg Hamann, Johann Gottfried von Herder, Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenberg), Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel, Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, Walter Benjamin,", "title": "Andrew Bowie" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Andrew Bowie Andrew S. Bowie (born 1952) is Professor of Philosophy and German at Royal Holloway, University of London and Founding Director of the Humanities and Arts Research Centre (HARC). He has worked to promote a better understanding of German philosophy in the Anglophone analytical tradition - including the works of Johann Georg Hamann, Johann Gottfried von Herder, Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenberg), Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel, Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, Walter Benjamin, Martin Heidegger, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Theodor W. Adorno, Jürgen Habermas, Albrecht Wellmer and Manfred Frank. Frank", "title": "Andrew Bowie" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Naturphilosophie Naturphilosophie (German for \"nature-philosophy\") is a term used in English-language philosophy to identify a current in the philosophical tradition of German idealism, as applied to the study of nature in the earlier 19th century. German speakers use the clearer term \"Romantische Naturphilosophie\", the philosophy of nature developed at the time of the founding of German Romanticism. It is particularly associated with the philosophical work of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel—though it has some clear precursors also. More particularly it is identified with some of the initial works of Schelling during the period 1797–9, in", "title": "Naturphilosophie" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer Friedrich Philipp Immanuel Niethammer (6 March 1766 – 1 April 1848), later Ritter von Niethammer, was a German theologian, philosopher and Lutheran educational reformer. He received instruction at the Maulbronn monastery, and in 1784 became a student at Tübinger Stift, where he met Friedrich Hölderlin (1770–1843), Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854). In 1790 he moved to Jena, where he studied Kantian philosophy under Karl Leonhard Reinhold (1757–1823). Subsequently, he became an associate professor of philosophy at the University of Jena, where he remained until 1804. In 1806 he was Protestant \"Oberschulkommissar\"", "title": "Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of civics and civility were vital in a child's education, and made efforts to combine the best of philanthropinism with the best of \"humanism\", a word that he derived from Cicero's \"humanitas\". Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer Friedrich Philipp Immanuel Niethammer (6 March 1766 – 1 April 1848), later Ritter von Niethammer, was a German theologian, philosopher and Lutheran educational reformer. He received instruction at the Maulbronn monastery, and in 1784 became a student at Tübinger Stift, where he met Friedrich Hölderlin (1770–1843), Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854). In 1790 he moved to Jena, where he", "title": "Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "when Gotthold Ephraim Lessing died and Kant's \"Critique of Pure Reason\" appeared. German philosophy exercised broad influence in this century, owing in part to the dominance of the German university system. German idealists, such as Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and the members of Jena Romanticism (Friedrich Hölderlin, Novalis, and Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel), transformed the work of Kant by maintaining that the world is constituted by a rational or mind-like process, and as such is entirely knowable. Arthur Schopenhauer's identification of this world-constituting process as an irrational will to live influenced later 19th-", "title": "Western philosophy" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Ernst August Friedrich Klingemann Ernst August Friedrich Klingemann (31 August 1777 in Braunschweig – 25 January 1831 in Braunschweig) was a German writer. He is generally agreed to be the author of the 1804 novel \"Nachtwachen\" (Nightwatches) under the pseudonym Bonaventura. As a young boy, Klingemann developed an interest in the theatre which would last his whole life. After he completed his education at the Collegium Carolinum in Braunschweig, he went to Jena in 1798 to study law and philosophy. There he heard lectures by Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling and August Wilhelm Schlegel and became friends", "title": "Ernst August Friedrich Klingemann" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "physical and medical science. In 1795 Schelling published \"Philosophische Briefe über Dogmatismus und Kritizismus\" (\"Philosophical Letters on Dogmatism and Criticism\"), consisting of 10 letters addressed to an unknown interlocutor that presented both a defense and critique of the Kantian system. In the period 1796/97 there was written the seminal manuscript now known as the \"Das älteste Systemprogramm des deutschen Idealismus\" (\"The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism\"). It survives in Hegel's handwriting. On its first publication (1916) by Franz Rosenzweig, it was attributed to Schelling. It has also been claimed for Hegel and Hölderlin. In 1797 Schelling published the essay", "title": "Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "facts of consciousness, the voluntary activity in which our personality is truly revealed. It was through this \"triple discipline\" that Cousin's philosophical thought was first developed, and that in 1815 he began the public teaching of philosophy in the Normal School and in the faculty of letters. He then took up the study of German, worked at Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, and sought to master the \"Philosophy of Nature\" of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, which at first greatly attracted him. The influence of Schelling may be observed very markedly in the earlier form of his philosophy. He sympathized", "title": "Victor Cousin" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "H. W. J. Thiersch Heinrich Wilhelm Josias Thiersch (November 5, 1817 – December 3, 1885), usually known as H. W. J. Thiersch, was a German philologist, initially a Protestant theologian, then minister in the short-lived Catholic Apostolic Church. Thiersch was born in Munich, the son of well-known classicist Friedrich Thiersch, and brother of surgeon Karl Thiersch and painter Ludwig Thiersch. He studied philology at the University of Munich from 1833 to 1835, primarily under his father but also under Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling and Joseph Görres. He switched to theology and moved to the University of Erlangen, where from 1835", "title": "H. W. J. Thiersch" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "hostile to naturalism. His transcendental philosophy is considered to be a form of liberal naturalism. In late modern philosophy, \"Naturphilosophie\", a form of natural philosophy, was developed by Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel as an attempt to comprehend nature in its totality and to outline its general theoretical structure. A politicized version of naturalism that has arisen after Hegel was Ludwig Feuerbach, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels's dialectical materialism, especially Engels's dialectical philosophy of nature (\"Dialectics of Nature\"). Another notable school of late modern philosophy advocating naturalism was German materialism: members included Ludwig Büchner, Jacob", "title": "Metaphysical naturalism" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to the historiography of philosophy. He was attracted both by science and by the German idealism of Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Lotze's first essay was his dissertation \"De futurae biologiae principibus philosophicis\", with which he gained (1838) the degree of doctor of medicine, four months after obtaining the degree of doctor of philosophy. He laid the foundation of his philosophical system in his \"Metaphysik\" (Leipzig, 1841) and his \"Logik\" (1843), short books published while still a junior lecturer at Leipzig University, whence he moved to Göttingen, succeeding Johann Friedrich Herbart in the", "title": "Hermann Lotze" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Theodor Schwarz (theologian) Theodor Schwarz (1 September 1777, in Wiek, Rügen – 10 February 1850, in Wiek) was a German Protestant clergyman and writer. He published novels under the pseudonym Theodor Melas. He was the son of provost Georg Theodor Schwarz. From 1798 he studied at the University of Jena, where he attended lectures given by Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Johann Jakob Griesbach and Friedrich Schiller. In 1800 he traveled with painter Jakob Wilhelm Roux to Saxon Switzerland and to Dresden, where he met with Caspar David Friedrich. In 1801 he returned to Rügen and assisted his", "title": "Theodor Schwarz (theologian)" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "historically significant: Gottfried Leibniz's contributions to rationalism; the enlightenment philosophy by Immanuel Kant; the establishment of classical German idealism by Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling; Arthur Schopenhauer's composition of metaphysical pessimism; the formulation of communist theory by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; Friedrich Nietzsche's development of perspectivism; Gottlob Frege's contributions to the dawn of analytic philosophy; Martin Heidegger's works on Being; Oswald Spengler's historical philosophy; the development of the Frankfurt School by Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, Herbert Marcuse and Jürgen Habermas have been particularly influential. The largest internationally operating media companies in Germany", "title": "Germany" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to continue in either the military or the civil service, Bakunin decided to abandon both and made his way to Moscow, hoping to study philosophy. In Moscow, Bakunin soon became friends with a group of former university students and engaged in the systematic study of idealist philosophy, grouped around the poet Nikolay Stankevich, \"the bold pioneer who opened to Russian thought the vast and fertile continent of German metaphysics\" (E. H. Carr). The philosophy of Immanuel Kant initially was central to their study, but they progressed to Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. By", "title": "Mikhail Bakunin" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and the German philosophers, especially Immanuel Kant, to read Latin and French classics, and Arabic and Syriac books. After suffering a breakdown from overwork in 1808, he went to Lemberg for medical treatment; and the friendship he there formed with S.L. Rapoport, whose teacher he became, was most fruitful for Jewish science. On his return to Żółkiew, after having partially recovered, he again took up philosophy, reading Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling, and subsequently Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, whose system chiefly attracted him and exerted a great influence on his views. Aside from Rapoport, who", "title": "Nachman Krochmal" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Panentheism Panentheism (meaning \"all-in-God\", from the Ancient Greek \"pân\", \"all\", \"en\", \"in\" and \"Theós\", \"God\") is the belief that the divine pervades and interpenetrates every part of the universe and also extends beyond time and space. The term was coined by the German philosopher Karl Krause in 1828 to distinguish the ideas of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854) about the relation of God and the universe from the supposed pantheism of Baruch Spinoza. Unlike pantheism, which holds that the divine and the universe are identical, panentheism maintains an ontological distinction between the divine and", "title": "Panentheism" }, { "idx": 23, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Kami(God) is also seen as infinitely loving and powerful. People associated with panentheism: Panentheism Panentheism (meaning \"all-in-God\", from the Ancient Greek \"pân\", \"all\", \"en\", \"in\" and \"Theós\", \"God\") is the belief that the divine pervades and interpenetrates every part of the universe and also extends beyond time and space. The term was coined by the German philosopher Karl Krause in 1828 to distinguish the ideas of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854) about the relation of God and the universe from the supposed pantheism of Baruch Spinoza. Unlike pantheism, which holds that the divine and", "title": "Panentheism" }, { "idx": 24, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "German Romanticism German Romanticism was the dominant intellectual movement of German-speaking countries in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, influencing philosophy, aesthetics, literature and criticism. Compared to English Romanticism, the German variety developed relatively late, and, in the early years, coincided with Weimar Classicism (1772–1805). In contrast to the seriousness of English Romanticism, the German variety of Romanticism notably valued wit, humour, and beauty. The early period, roughly 1797 to 1802, is referred to as \"Frühromantik\" or Jena Romanticism. The philosophers and writers central to the movement were Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder (1773–1798), Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854), Friedrich Schleiermacher", "title": "German Romanticism" }, { "idx": 25, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "materialism. Beginning with Immanuel Kant, German idealists such as Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and Arthur Schopenhauer dominated 19th-century philosophy. This tradition, which emphasized the mental or \"ideal\" character of all phenomena, gave birth to idealistic and subjectivist schools ranging from British idealism to phenomenalism to existentialism. Idealism as a philosophy came under heavy attack in the West at the turn of the 20th century. The most influential critics of both epistemological and ontological idealism were G. E. Moore and Bertrand Russell, but its critics also included the New Realists. According to \"Stanford Encyclopedia", "title": "Idealism" }, { "idx": 26, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Blake refused to view the crucifixion of Jesus as a simple bodily death, and rather, saw in this event a \"kenosis\", a self-emptying of God. As Altizer writes, Blake \"celebrates a cosmic and historical movement of the Godhead that culminates in the death of God himself.\" In the 19th century, \"Death of God\" thought entered philosophical consciousness through the work of German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Drawing upon the mysticism of Jakob Böhme and the Idealism of Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Hegel sought to revise Immanuel Kant's Idealism through the introduction of a dialectical methodology.", "title": "Death of God theology" }, { "idx": 27, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "belonged to the German Romantic movement. He was personally acquainted with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Alexander von Humboldt, Johann Gottfried Herder and Clemens Brentano. He was strongly influenced by Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, who was the main philosopher of the \"Naturphilosophie\" movement. In 1801, Hans Christian Ørsted visited Jena and became his friend. Several of Ritter's researches were latter reported by Ørsted, who was also strongly influenced by the philosophical outlook of \"Naturphilosophie\". Ritter's first scientific researches concerned some galvanic phenomena. He interpreted the physiological effects observed by Luigi Galvani and other researchers as due to the electricity generated by", "title": "Johann Wilhelm Ritter" }, { "idx": 28, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "\"On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates\" (1841), Kierkegaard left Copenhagen in October 1841 to spend the winter in Berlin. The main purpose of this visit was to attend the lectures by the German philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, who was an eminent figure at the time. The lectures turned out to be a disappointment for many in Schelling's audience, including Mikhail Bakunin and Friedrich Engels, and Kierkegaard described it as \"unbearable nonsense\". During his stay, Kierkegaard worked on the manuscript for \"Either/Or\", took daily lessons to perfect his German and attended operas and plays, particularly by", "title": "Either/Or" }, { "idx": 29, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Athenaeum (German magazine) The Athenaeum was a literary magazine established in 1798 by August Wilhelm and Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel. It is considered to be the founding publication of German Romanticism. Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel, August Wilhelm Schlegel, Dorothea von Schlegel, Karoline Schelling (then Schlegel), Novalis, August Ferdinand Bernhardi, Gustav Adolf Bergenroth, Sophie Bernhardi, Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher, August Ludwig Hülsen, Carl Gustaf von Brinkman. The following is a partial listing of articles in \"Athenaeum\" taken from Lacoue-Labarthe and Nancy's \"The Literary Absolute\". Volume 1 (1): \"Notice\" (Friedrich and August Schlegel), \"Languages: A Dialogue on Klopstock's Grammatical Dialogues\" (August Schlegel),", "title": "Athenaeum (German magazine)" }, { "idx": 30, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Johannes Möller Johannes Möller (1806 – 11 December 1862) was a German historian of Dano-Norwegian descent. Möller was born in Münster. He was the son of Jacob Nikolaus Møller, an intellectual who had moved from Norway to which his father Hans Møller had migrated from Denmark. Johannes' paternal grandfather was a doctor of medicine, whereas his uncle Hans Eleonardus was a ship-owner. His brother Bartolomæus became a naval officer. Johannes' inclination towards the humanities stemmed from his father, who had befriended the likes of Henrik Steffens, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling and Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg-Stolberg and also converted to Catholicism.", "title": "Johannes Möller" }, { "idx": 31, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Nature\" portion of the \"Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences\" (1817), \"Lectures on the Philosophy of History\" (1837), and \"Lectures on the History of Philosophy\". Other topics considered include Hegel's relationship to philosophers such as Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and the work of the philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey. Marcuse acknowledges the influence of Martin Heidegger on his work. \"Hegel's Ontology and the Theory of Historicity\" was first published in German in 1932 under the title \"Hegels Ontologie und die Grundlegung einer Theorie der Geschichtlichkeit\". In 1968, an unrevised version was published in German under the", "title": "Hegel's Ontology and the Theory of Historicity" }, { "idx": 32, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "over republics, warned against the French Revolution, and defended Prussia against accusations that it was despotic. In the 19th century the von Humboldt brothers reorganized the Academy along more open lines. Prominent critical thinkers such as Theodor Mommsen, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Friedrich Schleiermacher were all active members for many decades. With the collapse of the German monarchy in 1918, the Royal Academy was renamed the Prussian Academy of Sciences (). During this period it rose to international fame and its members included top academics in their fields such as Albert Einstein, Max Planck, Hermann Diels, and Ernst Bloch. During", "title": "Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities" }, { "idx": 33, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "around Clemens Brentano. The following years he spent on his estates in Holstein while travelling extensively and meeting many personalities from the German cultural elite of his days. Of importance for the development of his thinking was his contact in the years 1806/1807 in Munich with the Naturphilosophie of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling. He undertook studies at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich and befriended the son of the director, Johann Peter von Langer. He made his first important contribution to Art history with the publication in 1812 of: \"Über die antike Gruppe Castor und Pollux …\". His second Italian", "title": "Carl Friedrich von Rumohr" }, { "idx": 34, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "kills her 'honestly.'\" Rumors, accusations, and gossip didn't die down, and August Wilhelm Schlegel and his wife Caroline divorced in 1803 at Goethe's behest. Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling married her two months later. They left Jena together in 1804 and moved to Würzburg, where Schelling received a teaching position at the university, and Caroline Schelling stood faithfully by her new husband's side. In 1806 Pauline Gotter stayed with her friend Sylvie von Ziegesar in Karlsbad, where Goethe courted Ziegesar and dedicated some of his poems to her. Her friend Louise Seidler also enjoyed the favor of the German prince of poets,", "title": "Pauline Gotter" }, { "idx": 35, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and Habermas have spoken highly of his work in this area - with Habermas calling his work \"masterly\" and Frank calling him an \"exceptional scholar\", whose work represents \"the most knowledgeable presentation in English of the history of the German contribution to so-called continental philosophy\". The philosopher Charles Taylor has described his work on music as \"excellent and densely argued\". He has translated the works of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling and Friedrich Schleiermacher. His recent work has focused on music and philosophy, and Adorno on the nature of philosophy. In addition to his philosophical work on music, he is a", "title": "Andrew Bowie" }, { "idx": 36, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the Germans\" (Friedrich Schlegel), \"Dialogue on Poetry\" II (Friedrich Schlegel), \"Hymns to the Night\" (Novalis), \"Conception of Life\" (Sophie Bernhardi), \"Idylls translated from the Greek\" (August and Friedrich Schlegel), \"To Ludwig Tieck\" (August Schlegel, sonnet), \"Discourses on Religion --- The Soul of the World of Schelling\" (sonnets), \"The Athaneum --- Zebrino\" (Friedrich Schlegel, sonnet), \"The Moral Stories of Ramdohr\" (Dorothea Schlegel), (various reviews by August Schlegel, Schleiermacher, Bernhardi), \"On Incomprehensibility\" (Fridrich Schlegel) Athenaeum (German magazine) The Athenaeum was a literary magazine established in 1798 by August Wilhelm and Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel. It is considered to be the founding publication", "title": "Athenaeum (German magazine)" }, { "idx": 37, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Johann Nepomuk Oischinger Johann Nepomuk Paul Oischinger (13 May 1817 – 11 December 1876) was a German Roman Catholic theologian and philosopher who was a native of Wittmannsberg, Bavaria. Oischinger studied theology and philosophy at the University of Munich, where he had as instructors Franz Xaver von Baader (1765-1841), Joseph Görres (1776-1848), Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775-1854), Ignaz von Döllinger (1799-1890), Heinrich Klee (1800-1840), Johann Adam Möhler (1796-1838) and Franz Xaver Reithmayr (1809-1872). In 1841 he received his ordination in Regensburg, and shortly afterwards returned to Munich, where he worked as a private scholar and journalist for the remainder of", "title": "Johann Nepomuk Oischinger" }, { "idx": 38, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "term \"plastic arts\" long preceded them. The term should not be confused, either, with Piet Mondrian's concept of \"Neoplasticism\". The oldest known plastic art date to (30,000–34,000 bp). In contrast to the limiting of 'plastic arts' to sculpture and architecture by Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling in 1807, the German critic August Wilhelm Schlegel (1767-1845) applied the concept not only to visual arts, but also poetry. Classical poetry lines he saw utilizing plastic isolation, and rhyme falling under the Romantic (domain). . In Schlegel's Viennese lectures (1809-1811), published in 1827 as \"On the Theory and History of the Plastic Arts\", he", "title": "Plastic arts" }, { "idx": 39, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to Schelling's in his 1957-58 Course on Nature. In the 1970s nature was again of interest to philosophers in relation to environmental issues. Schelling's philosophy of nature, particularly his intention to construct a program which covers both nature and the intellectual life in a single system and method, and restore nature as a central theme of philosophy, has been reevaluated in the contemporary context. His influence and relation to the German art scene, particularly to Romantic literature and visual art, has been an interest since the late 1960s, from Philipp Otto Runge to Gerhard Richter and Joseph Beuys. This interest", "title": "Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling" }, { "idx": 40, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "likely, the four truths were first associated with the culmination of the path in the destruction of the \"āsavās\", where they substituted the unspecified \"liberating insight\"; as the canon developed, they became more logically associated with the beginning of the Buddhist path. According to Anderson there is a strong tendency within scholarship to present the four truths as the most essential teaching of Buddhism. According to Anderson, the four truths have been simplified and popularized in western writings, due to \"the colonial project of gaining control over Buddhism.\" According to Crosby, the Buddhist teachings are reduced to a \"simple, single", "title": "Four Noble Truths" }, { "idx": 41, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Summer's 18th birthday. May grabs Summer, calling her Sophie, and begins packing Summer's things, but Dawn distracts her and Mickey throws her out of the bedroom, locking the door after her. May tries to smash the door down with the crowbar, but finding this impossible, she goes downstairs and opens the music box she had brought for Summer. She turns on the gas, lights a cigarette causing an explosion and instantly dies. In preparing for her role as May, Amanda Drew met a female GP, to learn the structure of May's daily routine. She read up on IVF, consulting people", "title": "May Wright" }, { "idx": 42, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and says that Steiner's cues \"immediately call to mind the story of Howard Roark\". In Sciabarra's article about the film's music he quotes philosophy professor Glenn Alexander Magee, who says that Steiner's score suggested \"a strong affinity for \"The Fountainhead\" [...] [it] perfectly conveys the feel of a Rand novel\". Magee suggests that Steiner's music accents themes of redemption and renewal present in the story, providing insight into Roark's opposition, Francon's sense of life and Wynand's flaw. Excerpts from Steiner's score were included in RCA Victor's tribute to the composer, an album featuring the National Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Charles", "title": "The Fountainhead (film)" }, { "idx": 43, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "formerly the General Counsel for Sea-Land Service Incorporated and Chief of Staff for U.S.Senator John McCain and former Senator Slade Gorton would retire as President and CEO in July 2015, with Senior Vice-President and General Counsel, John Butler, assuming the position. The Council was formed in 2000 to lobby national governments regarding container and cargo shipping regulation, generally in favour of improved maritime security coupled with deregulation of ports and transport routes. The Council also develops draft standards on vessel air emissions and pollution, improvements to seaport customs procedures and international standards for container design and handling. In 2007, in", "title": "World Shipping Council" }, { "idx": 44, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "best song on the album. Chuck Campbell of Knoxville News Sentinel was positive and commented the song is \"surprisingly bold\". Daynah of Disney Geek He commented that the song have an addictive melody and good sound effects, with a marked keyboard. Marshal Knight of Laughing Place was negative and said \"Rotten to the Core\" is disjointed and the worst song from a Disney Channel Original Movie, analyzing that Booboo Stewart \"saying the same phrase over and over with a rasp that wasn't necessary\". Gary Wright of Rotoscopes said that the song is a \"ridiculously cheesy song\", \"fails to hit the", "title": "Rotten to the Core (song)" }, { "idx": 45, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "sharpened by Schelling's apparent success, led to the surreptitious publication of a verbatim report of the lectures on the philosophy of revelation, and, as Schelling did not succeed in obtaining legal condemnation and suppression of this piracy, he in 1845 ceased the delivery of any public courses. In 1793 Schelling contributed to Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob Paulus's periodical \"Memorabilien\". His 1795 dissertation was \"De Marcione Paullinarum epistolarum emendatore\" (\"On Marcion as emendator of the Pauline letters\"). In 1794, Schelling published an exposition of Fichte's thought entitled \"Ueber die Möglichkeit einer Form der Philosophie überhaupt\" (\"On the Possibility of a Form of", "title": "Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling" }, { "idx": 46, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Thomas Aquinas, Origen, Gregory of Nazianzus, Gregory of Nyssa, Teresa of Ávila, Catherine of Siena, Francis of Assisi, Basil of Caesarea, Eusebius of Caesarea, Pope Leo I, Pope John XXIII, Teresa of Lisieux, John of the Cross, Ambrose, Pope Gregory I, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, Bernard of Clairvaux, Hildegard of Bingen, etc. Some philosophers and writers, for example : Aristotle, Meister Eckhart, Dante Alighieri, Thomas Cajetan, Nicolas of Cusa, Pierre de Bérulle, Christina of Sweden, Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire, Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, Simone Weil, Michel de Montaigne, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling,", "title": "Éditions du Cerf" }, { "idx": 47, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the next generation spending their time studying past generations and making moral and social comments about preceding generations was called, \"The Hegelian cud-chewing process with three-stomachs - first immediacy - then regurgitation - then down again.\" He said, \"Maybe a succeeding master-mind could continue this with four stomachs, etc., down once more and up again. I don't know if the master-mind grasps what I mean.\" In 1841–1842, Kierkegaard attended the Berlin lectures of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling. Schelling was a critic of Georg Hegel and a professor at the University of Berlin. The university started a lecture series given", "title": "Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard" }, { "idx": 48, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "education of his time. From his twelfth year, he was in the charge of his uncle Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Hardenberg at his stately home in Lucklum. Young Hardenberg studied law from 1790 to 1794 at Jena, Leipzig and Wittenberg. He passed his exams with distinction. During his studies, he attended Schiller's lectures on history and befriended him during his illness. He also met Goethe, Herder and Jean Paul, and befriended Ludwig Tieck, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and the brothers Friedrich and August Wilhelm Schlegel. In October 1794, he started working as actuary for August Coelestin Just, who became not", "title": "Novalis" }, { "idx": 49, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "philosophy in its original meaning, that is, transcendental philosophy: specifically, Fichte's own \"Wissenschaftlehre\". But Schelling, who was becoming the acknowledged leader of the Romantic school, had begun to reject Fichte's thought as cold and abstract. Schelling was especially close to August Wilhelm Schlegel and his wife, Caroline. A marriage between Schelling and Caroline's young daughter, Auguste Böhmer, was contemplated by both. Auguste died of dysentery in 1800, prompting many to blame Schelling, who had overseen her treatment. Robert Richards, however, argues in his book \"The Romantic Conception of Life\" that Schelling's interventions were not only appropriate but most likely irrelevant,", "title": "Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling" } ]

[ "German" ]

[ "Beginning with Immanuel Kant, German idealists such as G. W. F. Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and Arthur Schopenhauer dominated 19th-century philosophy. This tradition, which emphasized the mental or \"ideal\" character of all phenomena, gave birth to idealistic and subjectivist schools ranging from British idealism to phenomenalism to existentialism. The historical influence of this branch of idealism remains central even to the schools that rejected its metaphysical assumptions, such as Marxism, pragmatism and positivism." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "1815" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of the later laïkó (song of the people). The leading performers of the genre include Vassilis Tsitsanis, Grigoris Bithikotsis, Stelios Kazantzidis, George Dalaras, Haris Alexiou and Glykeria. Regarding the classical music, it was through the Ionian islands (which were under western rule and influence) that all the major advances of the western European classical music were introduced to mainland Greeks. The region is notable for the birth of the first School of modern Greek classical music (Heptanesean or Ionian School, Greek: \"Επτανησιακή Σχολή\"), established in 1815. Prominent representatives of this genre include Nikolaos Mantzaros, Spyridon Xyndas, Spyridon Samaras and Pavlos", "title": "Greece" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of the instrument. The Cretan music theme \"Zorba's dance\" by Mikis Theodorakis (incorporating elements from the hasapiko dance) which appears in the Hollywood 1964 movie Zorba the Greek remains the best-known Greek song abroad. Other major regional musical traditions of Greece include: It was through the Ionian islands (which were under Venetian rule and influence) that all the major advances of the western European classical music were introduced to mainland Greeks. The region is notable for the birth of the first School of modern Greek classical music (Heptanesian or Ionian School; Greek: Επτανησιακή Σχολή), established in 1815. Prominent representatives of", "title": "Music of Greece" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of the later laïkó (song of the people). The leading performers of the genre include Vassilis Tsitsanis, Grigoris Bithikotsis, Stelios Kazantzidis, George Dalaras, Haris Alexiou and Glykeria. Regarding the classical music, it was through the Ionian islands (which were under western rule and influence) that all the major advances of the western European classical music were introduced to mainland Greeks. The region is notable for the birth of the first School of modern Greek classical music (Heptanesean or Ionian School, Greek: \"Επτανησιακή Σχολή\"), established in 1815. Prominent representatives of this genre include Nikolaos Mantzaros, Spyridon Xyndas, Spyridon Samaras and Pavlos", "title": "Greece" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the birth of the first School of modern Greek classical music (Heptanesean or Ionian School, Επτανησιακή Σχολή), established in 1815. Folk dances in Macedonia include Makedonia (dance), hasapiko, leventikos, zonaradiko, endeka Kozanis, samarinas, stankena, akritikos, baidouska, Macedonikos antikristos, mikri Eleni, partalos, kleftikos Makedonikos, bougatsas, kastorianos, tromakton, o Nikolos, antikrystos, sirtos Macedonias and Kapitan Louka. There are also folk songs which make references to the Macedonian Struggle (Greek Struggle for Macedonia), while it is notable the use of trumpets and koudounia (\"chàlkina\" in local idioma). Folk songs from Thessaly are slow and stately, and include dances like the kalamatianos (popular allover", "title": "Greek folk music" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "western and Catholic influences on the Orthodox rite. The region is also notable for the birth of the first School of modern Greek classical music (Heptanesean or Ionian School, Greek: Επτανησιακή Σχολή), established in 1815. Folk dances of the islands include: Music of the Heptanese The music of the Heptanese is the folk music of the geographic and historical region of the Ionian Islands. It is based a lot on the western European style. It is dominant the use of guitars and mandolins, while the \"kantadhes\" (romantic serenades from the Ionian Islands) are very popular. The island of Zakynthos has", "title": "Music of the Heptanese" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by John Wiley & Sons since 2006. It covers the areas of magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, but also all other in vivo imaging technologies such as x-Ray, PET/CT, etc. The current editors-in-chief are Silvio Aime (University of Turin) and Robert N. Muller (University of Mons-Hainaut). On 1 January 2017, the journal became fully open access due to a publishing partnership between John Wiley & Sons and the Hindawi Publishing Group, where the journal \"remain[s] a Wiley title but will be", "title": "Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Aero Commander 500 family The Aero Commander 500 family is a series of light-twin piston-engined and turboprop aircraft originally built by the Aero Design and Engineering Company in the late 1940s, renamed the Aero Commander company in 1950, and a division of Rockwell International from 1965. The initial production version was the 200-mph, seven-seat Aero Commander 520. An improved version, the 500S, manufactured after 1967, is known as the Shrike Commander. Larger variants are known by numerous model names and designations, ranging up to the 330-mph, 11-seat Model 695B/Jetprop 1000B turboprop. The idea for the Commander light business twin was", "title": "Aero Commander 500 family" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "subtle command of ornamentation has dazzled audiences worldwide, as she shares her country's rich musical heritage through performances and recordings. Farida Gulali Ayubi was born into a conservative Afghan family. Her mother was a Quran teacher, who recited with a beautiful voice, an early inspiration to the young girl. But religion loomed large in the family, and formany years, her interest in music was suppressed. Upon completing her studies,Farida was recruited to sing for Kabul Radio. The station's director, UstadKhayal, encouraged her to pursue singing as a career. It was Ustad Khayal who gave Farida her enduring stage name, Mahwash,", "title": "Mahwash" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Perez Jimenez on January 23, 1958 a street campaign called \"The March of Bolivar to the Sierra Maestra\", $220,000 were collected, as well as a lot of arms and ammunition that were taken by Captain Hector Abdelnour Musa on board of a C-46 airplane, purchased for that purpose, which were delivered to Cuban guerilla. The weapons imported from United States, came from the arsenals of the Venezuelan Army. All this was managed by René Estévez with the knowledge and approval of then-President Wolfgang Larrazabal, supported by his brother Carlos and other officers like Hugo Trejo. In turn, Venezuelan broadcasters had", "title": "Cuba–Venezuela relations" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "father migrating as late as 1948. His father went on to join the Indian Audit and Accounts Service. Debroy started his education at St. Peter’s, Shillong. He studied there till the 6th standard. In 1965, he won a National Merit Scholarship that funded all boarding, lodging, and tuition; standing second in what was then an undivided Assam. His efforts took him to Ramakrishna Mission School, Narendrapur, in 7th standard. He passed his school leaving examinations in 1970 and joined Presidency College, Kolkata, with a scholarship from the Director of Public Instruction (DPI), West Bengal. He graduated with Honours in Economics", "title": "Bibek Debroy" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Manolis Kalomiris Manolis Kalomiris (; December 14, 1883, Smyrna – April 3, 1962, Athens), was a Greek classical composer. He was the founder of the Greek National School of Music. Born in Smyrna, he attended school in Constantinople and studied piano and composition in Vienna. After working for a few years as a piano teacher in Kharkov (then Russia and now Ukraine) he settled in Athens. An admirer of Richard Wagner, Rimsky-Korsakoff, Kostis Palamas, and Nikos Kazantzakis, he set himself the life goal of establishing a Greek \"national school\" of music, based on the ideas of the Russian national composers,", "title": "Manolis Kalomiris" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "from Latin, Classics, Ancient Greek, Russian, French, Spanish and German and two creative subjects from Art, Music, Design Technology, Electronics and Drama. At GCSE level, all pupils take the following core subjects: English Language, English Literature, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. Four additional subjects are chosen from the following, one of which must be a language: Art, DT, Electronics, Music, Spanish, German, French, Latin, Classical Civilisation, Classical Greek, Religious Studies, Geography, and History. The school has follows the IGCSE syllabi in Mathematics and English. Around a quarter of pupils take Mathematics a year early, going on to do an FSMQ", "title": "Bancroft's School" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Matos left Viper when the band began to change its musical style. He had become interested in classical music, and felt that his musical vision had begun to diverge from that of the other band members, who wanted to focus on heavier, \"crude\" music. After leaving Viper, Andre went back to school and finished his education in music, specializing in orchestral conducting and music composition. In 1991 Angra was formed, and with the first album, \"Angels Cry\", released in 1993, the band became famous in Japan and Europe. Later \"Holy Land\" and \"Fireworks\" were released. Angra's style evolved from a", "title": "Andre Matos" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Becktell formed the \"classical band\" REVEL, which is based in Austin, Texas. The group arranges both classical and modern works for duos and piano trio, and performs these in small venues. In 2012 REVEL released an album, \"“Magic Hour” with REVEL\". Cármelo de los Santos Cármelo de los Santos (born 1977) is a violinist from Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. He plays a Carl Becker violin, 1929. De Los Santos was born in Brazil. He won the , in São Paulo, Brazil, when he was sixteen years old. De los Santos earned his Bachelor of Music degree in Violin Performance from", "title": "Cármelo de los Santos" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Giorgos Papadopoulos Giorgos Papadopoulos is a Greek Cypriot singer who began its career in Cyprus. After three successful EPs he released his first album in both Greek and Cypriot market and started getting popularity also in Greece. He worked with Anna Vissi, Christos Dantis, Nama, Constantinos Christoforou, Christos Thiveos, Helena Paparizou, and others. Giorgos Papadopoulos was born in Nicosia, Cyprus, on May 26, 1985 to Greek Cypriot parents. His involvement in music started at a very young age and when he was 14 years old he formed his first musical group called \"Εξ Επαφής\" that performed at school and charity", "title": "Giorgos Papadopoulos" } ]

[ "1815" ]

[ "Regarding the classical music, it was through the Ionian islands (which were under western rule and influence) that all the major advances of the western European classical music were introduced to mainland Greeks. The region is notable for the birth of the first School of modern Greek classical music (Heptanesean or Ionian School, Greek: Επτανησιακή Σχολή), established in 1815. Prominent representatives of this genre include Nikolaos Mantzaros, Spyridon Xyndas, Spyridon Samaras and Pavlos Carrer. Manolis Kalomiris is considered the founder of the Greek National School of Music." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Benedict Arnold" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "British parliament. Under Captain Benedict Arnold, they broke into the powder house to arm themselves and began a three-day march to Cambridge, Massachusetts. Other New Haven militia members were on hand to escort George Washington from his overnight stay in New Haven on his way to Cambridge. Contemporary reports, from both sides, remark on the New Haven volunteers' professional military bearing, including uniforms. On July 5, 1779, 2,600 loyalists and British regulars under General William Tryon, governor of New York, landed in New Haven Harbor and raided the 3,500-person town. A militia of Yale students had been preparing for battle,", "title": "New Haven, Connecticut" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "own citizens. The Second Company was organized in New Haven primarily by Benedict Arnold who was elected the company's captain. This caused the original unit to take the name First Company Governor's Guard and the new organization to take the name Second Company Governor's Guards. It was in 1778, with the establishment of a unit of Governor's Horse Guards, that the original unit changed its name for the final time to \"First Company Governor's Foot Guard\" and the newer unit adopted the name \"Second Company Governor's Foot Guard\". Both units of Foot Guard are recognized by the state of Connecticut", "title": "Governor's Guards" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "held on March 5, the anniversary of the 1770 Boston Massacre. Powder House Day in New Haven, Connecticut, is celebrated annually to commemorate the events of April 22, 1775 when the Governor's Foot Guard, under Captain Benedict Arnold, demanded the keys to the powder house in order to arm themselves and begin the march to Cambridge, Massachusetts, marking the entry of New Haven into the American Revolution. When news of the Battle of Lexington reached New Haven, Connecticut on April 21, 1775, the Second Company of the Governors Foot Guard voted to assist their fellow Massachusetts patriots. Although the New", "title": "Minor American Revolution holidays" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "since the Goryeo period. Rice in Korea was traditionally made by using a heavy iron cauldrons (like a Dutch oven), with the rice being cooked until all water had been boiled away and a crust made on the bottom of the pot. Making \"sungnyung\" would not only prevent waste of the remaining rice that was sticking to the pot, it would also naturally clear out the pot's insides which made cleaning easier. As \"sungnyung\" was made after rice had been served, it typically served after the meal. The consumption of 'sungnyung' waned as nickel-silver pots and modern electric rice cookers", "title": "Sungnyung" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "having his own room. He graduated from Wesleyan University and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and finished his postgraduate medical training at Harvard. Cook ran the Cousteau Society's blood-gas lab in the south of France. He later became an aquanaut (a submarine doc) with the U.S. Navy's SEALAB program when he was drafted in 1969. Cook served in the Navy from 1969 to 1971, reaching the rank of lieutenant commander. He wrote his first novel, \"Year of the Intern\", while serving on the Polaris submarine . \"The Year of the Intern\" was a failure, but Cook began to", "title": "Robin Cook (American novelist)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "zone\" or \"hidden final zone\". A large bonus of 4,000,000 points is rewarded if the player passes in front of the devil's statue located at the center of the level. In the Super Pitfall II version, the NOGOYA has been changed to 7 5 8 and the secret final zone gives you the maximum number of lives as wells as all the power ups in the game. The black hole is an eerie area in zone 42 which is completely dark and will automatically take the player to the game over screen. Wynn falls downwards as the message \"BLACK HOLE!\"", "title": "Atlantis no Nazo" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "recovery point objectives, and recovery time objectives, and is therefore part of the basic foundation of business continuity. The BIA can be used to identify extent and timescale of the impact on different levels of an organization. For instance it can examine the effect of disruption on operational, functional and strategic activities of an organization. Not only the current activities but the effect of disruption on major business changes, introducing new product or services for example, can be determined by BIA. Most standards require that a business impact analysis should be reviewed at defined intervals appropriate for each organization and", "title": "Business continuity" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "December of the following year he was appointed at the helm of La Roda CF, and after leading the club to a comfortable 10th place, he resigned. On 27 June 2014 Jiménez was named UCAM Murcia CF manager. On 7 October 2016, Jiménez was appointed as new head coach of Mérida AD. José Eloy Jiménez Moreno José Eloy Jiménez Moreno (born 14 June 1971) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a forward, most recently as manager of Fuenlabrada. Born in Hellín, Albacete, Castile-La Mancha, Jiménez made his senior debuts with hometown's Bakú Hellín Deportivo in 1991, in the", "title": "José Eloy Jiménez Moreno" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "acquiring it January 1, 2013. This acquisition built on MassMutual's record retirement business growth, added complementary markets and distribution capabilities, and nearly doubled the number of retirement plan participants MassMutual served. Haven Life Insurance Agency, LLC was created as a subsidiary of MassMutual in 2015 with offices in New York. Haven Life exclusively sells term life policies. A total of 11,593 employees make up the company's global workforce. As of 2016, MassMutual Life Insurance holds Fortune 500's 76th place – up from 2015's 94th. MassMutual owns Tremont Capital Management, a feeder fund that fed investors' money to Bernard Madoff's Ponzi", "title": "Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Fatland, named for the estate's great soil fertility, remained in the Wetherill family through the early 20th century.\" In 1861 the State Fencibles began training. \"The original Company being full, an additional Company was organized, and on April 24th, both companies were mustered into the United States service, for the period of three months by Captain Neill... Out of 85 officers and men who were active members before the war, 62 entered the U. S. service in the three months campaign; 68 were elected into the Corps after the President's Proclamation, from which the second Company was formed, and the", "title": "Old Guard State Fencibles" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Denver City Home Guard The Denver City Home Guard was a formation of militia during the American Civil War, raised from Denver City in the Colorado territory. The unit was mustered out in April 1862. In September and early October, 1861, Colorado Territorial Governor William Gilpin enlisted men for six month service, into the Denver City Home Guard, which consisted of two companies, designated No. 1 and No. 2. Joseph Ziegelmuller was the Captain of Company 1, and James W. Iddings was Captain of Company 2. Other officers for Company 1 were: 1st Lieutenant Jacob Garres, and 2nd Lieutenant William", "title": "Denver City Home Guard" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Rollin S. Woodruff Rollin Simmons Woodruff (July 14, 1854 – June 30, 1925) was an American politician and the 62nd Governor of Connecticut. Woodruff was born in Rochester, New York on July 14, 1854. He was the son of Jeremiah Woodruff, who was a minister; and Clarissa \"Clorise\" Thompson Woodruff. He was educated in the public schools of Rochester and New Haven. He married Kaomeo E. Perkins on January 14, 1880, and they had three children, all of whom died young. Woodruff was a successful businessman and was involved in several banks and corporations. He was a director of the", "title": "Rollin S. Woodruff" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Guard, the Spanish Guardia Civil, the Columbian Coast Guard, the Norwegian Coast Guard, Port of London, and Port of Hong Kong to track marine vessels and aircraft, while the Terma ET2 embedded tracker is developed to help track stealth objects or smaller objects in the presence of clutter. Terma A/S Terma A/S is a Danish defense and aerospace manufacturer for both civilian and military applications, and is owned by the Danish company Thrige Holding A/S. It is Denmark's largest company within the aerospace and defense industry employing approximately 1100 people worldwide. The company was founded in 1949 by Orla and", "title": "Terma A/S" } ]

[ "Benedict Arnold" ]

[ "For over a century, New Haven citizens had fought in the colonial militia alongside regular British forces, as in the French and Indian War. As the American Revolution approached, General David Wooster and other influential residents hoped that the conflict with the government in Britain could be resolved short of rebellion. On 23 April 1775, which is still celebrated in New Haven as Powder House Day, the Second Company, Governor's Foot Guard, of New Haven entered the struggle against the governing British parliament. Under Captain Benedict Arnold, they broke into the powder house to arm themselves and began a three-day march to Cambridge, Massachusetts. Other New Haven militia members were on hand to escort George Washington from his overnight stay in New Haven on his way to Cambridge. Contemporary reports, from both sides, remark on the New Haven volunteers' professional military bearing, including uniforms." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Persian" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Indo-European mythologies and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion. In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades. In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim. In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge. In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by Cŵn Annwn. In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death, owns two watch dogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka. The hunter god Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and", "title": "Dog" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Indo-European mythologies and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion. In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades. In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim. In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge. In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by Cŵn Annwn. In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death, owns two watch dogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka. The hunter god Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and", "title": "Dog" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "is sacred to her. Arshtat is once (\"Visperad\" 7.2) identified with Daena (generally translated as \"Religion\"). Arshtat's eschatological role is carried forward into the 9th–14th century texts of Zoroastrian tradition, where she appears as Middle Persian \"Ashtad\". Arshtat is an assayer of deeds at the Chinvat bridge, the bridge of judgement that all souls must cross. in \"Bundahishn\" (37.10–14), Arshtat plays this role together with the Amesha Spenta Ameretat, of whom Arshtat is a \"hamkar\" \"co-operator\"; and in the \"Book of Arda Wiraz\" (5.3), she stands there with Mithra, Rashnu, Vayu-Vata, and Verethragna. In the apocalyptic \"Zand-i Wahman yasn\" (7.19-20),", "title": "Arshtat" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "virtue. Crossing the Chinvat Bridge, he is then conducted by \"Srosh, the pious and Adar, the angel\" through the \"star track\", \"moon track\" and \"sun track\" – places outside of heaven reserved for the virtuous who have nevertheless failed to conform to Zoroastrian rules. In heaven, Wīrāz meets Ahura Mazda who shows him the souls of the blessed (\"ahlaw\", an alternate Middle Persian version of the word \"ardā\"). Each person is described living an idealised version of the life he or she lived on earth, as a warrior, agriculturalist, shepherd or other profession. With his guides he then descends into", "title": "Book of Arda Viraf" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "In Paris they supported themselves through teaching and translation work and planned the next stage of \"the fight to overthrow British rule in Ireland.\" Stephens in Paris, set himself three tasks, during his seven years of exile. They were, to keep alive, pursue knowledge, and master the technique of conspiracy. At this time Paris particularly, was interwoven with a network of secret political societies. They became members of one of the most powerful of these societies and acquired the secrets of some of the ablest and \"most profound masters of revolutionary science\" which the nineteenth century had produced, as to", "title": "James Stephens (Fenian)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "or east. Papak is first mentioned as a local ruler of a district named Khir in southern Estakhr. He was a vassal of Gochihr, the overlord of Pars, who was himself the vassal of the Parthian king Artabanus V. When Ardashir became 15 years old, Papak was ordered by Artabanus V to send Ardashir to his court. Papak, not daring to disobey his orders, sent Ardashir to the court of Artabanus V. Ardashir, during his stay in the Parthian court, offended Artabanus. When the news reached Papak, he criticized Ardashir for his actions. After the death of Tiri, the argbadh", "title": "Papak" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "up spending 250 million pesos for 2000 cameras, which experts described as “outrageous” compared to market prices. For example, compared to the 125,000 per camera that Global View charged Buenos Aires, La Matanza paid between 11,000 and 22,000 pesos per camera. Mototo's negotiations for security cameras with suburban mayors have been described as “rough” and as involving “allegations of overpricing.” According to La Verdad Online, “Many mayors complained about the pressures put upon them from above” to buy security cameras from Montoto, and despite the pressures, many of them “refused to work with Montoto.” In April 2011 Montoto was awarded", "title": "Mario Montoto" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "number (bib #10 shoots at lane #10 regardless of their position in the race), then for the remainder of the relay, the athletes shoot at the lane corresponding to the position they arrived (arrive at the range in 5th place, shoot at lane five). The single mixed relay involves one male and one female biathlete each completing two legs consisting of one prone and one standing shoot. The female biathletes all start the race at the same time and complete one leg before exchanging with their male counterparts who complete one leg before exchanging again with the female skier who", "title": "2017–18 Biathlon World Cup – Mixed Relay" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Machias Valley Airport Machias Valley Airport is a town owned, public use airport located one nautical mile (2 km) southwest of the central business district of Machias, a town in Washington County, Maine, United States. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a \"general aviation\" facility. The airport was once served by commercial airline service on Northeast Airlines. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned MVM by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA (which assigned", "title": "Machias Valley Airport" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "on which he basically said, “Never again on my watch.” In 2005, the IAEA and its Director General were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Coblentz has described working with ElBaradei on the Nobel speech: Everything that you have seen and worked for over the past 30 years – how do you compress that into 20 minutes? What is really the message you want to send [to a global audience]? And we came back to the Iraq War, because he had begun to think that the two twin themes of the UN, security and development, really were a single theme. …", "title": "Laban Coblentz" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "he might die. Sharon begs him not to jump, saying that her career and by extent her life will be over if he does. Henry still leaps off the bridge, however, and Sharon runs from the bridge down to river where she goes into the water after him and drags him to shore. Henry realizes what he has become and asks Sharon to help him make things right with his family. Checking Sharon’s watch, he sees that he has only nineteen minutes left. Sharon hails a cab, driven by the same cabbie who hit Henry that morning. The cabbie and", "title": "The Angriest Man in Brooklyn" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and farming have put pressure on tiger habitats and reduced their wild prey. Most man-eating tigers are old, missing teeth, and unable to capture their preferred prey. For example, the Champawat Tiger, a tigress found in Nepal and then India, had two broken canines. She was responsible for an estimated 430 human deaths, the most attacks known to be perpetrated by a single wild animal, by the time she was shot in 1907 by Jim Corbett. According to Corbett, tiger attacks on humans are normally in daytime, when people are working outdoors and are not keeping watch. Early writings tend", "title": "Tiger" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "speed and a rapid turn to the left (port)\" (to pass ahead of \"ACX Crystal\"), but \"these orders were not carried out.\" At 01:29 the \"Bosun Mate of the Watch [BMOW], a more senior supervisor on the bridge, took over the helm and executed the orders.\" The Navy has not said what those orders were, nor what transpired on the bridge following the collision at 01:30. Among other failings the Navy says \"physical look out duties\" were not performed on the starboard (right) side, where \"ACX Crystal\" and two other ships were approaching. The collision damaged \"Fitzgerald\"s starboard (right) side,", "title": "USS Fitzgerald and MV ACX Crystal collision" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "discussed what to do next. Caution prevailed, and Colonel James Barrett withdrew from the town of Concord and led the men across the North Bridge to a hill about a mile north of town, where they could continue to watch the troop movements of the British and the activities in the center of town. This step proved fortuitous, as the ranks of the militia continued to grow as minuteman companies arriving from the western towns joined them there. When the British troops arrived in the village of Concord, Lt. Col. Smith divided them to carry out Gage's orders. The 10th", "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord" } ]

[ "Persian" ]

[ "In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades. In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim. In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge. In Philippine mythology, Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan, god of thunder, is responsible for lightning. In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by Cŵn Annwn." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Cultural practices" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaraní, Mayan languages and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture, and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples. or (\"indigenous peoples\") is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries, and or (lit. \"native peoples\") may also be heard, while (aborigine) is used in Argentina, and", "title": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "solidife and begins, while is dying, to sadly laugh and to make ironic statements on what is happening and when she sees Naples in the distance she reaches out her arm and ironically cites the Neapolitan proverb \"See Naples and die!\" and these reveal to be her last words since she dies becoming a statue with the arm reached out toward Naples because the magma of which she is made completely solidifies. Pulcinella becomes very happy and begins to laugh but his happiness is soon interrupted when it is heard the shooting of a cannon in the distance that reminds", "title": "Totò Sapore e la magica storia della pizza" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Pamela Austin Pamela Austin (born Pamela Joan Akert, December 20, 1941) is an American actress. Austin was born in Omaha, Nebraska. She spent part of her childhood in Europe, as her father served a tour of duty with the Air Force there. Austin studied dancing at Sacramento State College, and found work with the Tony Martin nightclub act upon arriving in Hollywood. In addition to appearing in two Elvis Presley films, in 1965-1967 Austin gained fame for a long series of popular automobile television commercials (and print ads) for Dodge (the Charger, Coronet, Polara, and other models). As the perky", "title": "Pamela Austin" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Murder of Kluivert Roa Kluivert Ferney Roa Núñez (November 3, 2000 – February 24, 2015) was a Venezuelan high school student who was killed during a protest against Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro by an officer from the Policía Nacional Bolivariana. The event shocked Venezuela. Roa was born in San Cristóbal, in the Andean state of Táchira. He was a high school student at the Instituto Agustín Codazzi. On February 24, 2015, at the Barrio Obrero of San Cristóbal, during a student protest against Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro, Roa was shot by Javier Osías Mora, an officer of the Policía Nacional", "title": "Murder of Kluivert Roa" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "approaches. The first approach is to treat equality as no different than any other binary relation. In this case, if an equality symbol is included in the signature, it is usually necessary to add various axioms about equality to axiom systems (for example, the substitution axiom saying that if \"a\" = \"b\" and \"R\"(\"a\") holds then \"R\"(\"b\") holds as well). This approach to equality is most useful when studying signatures that do not include the equality relation, such as the signature for set theory or the signature for second-order arithmetic in which there is only an equality relation for numbers,", "title": "Interpretation (logic)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "beginning with the design for Kowloon Station (opened 1998) and the associated Union Square master plan, one of the largest air-rights developments on earth which includes the tallest tower in Hong Kong, the International Commerce Centre. The Ground Transportation Centre at Incheon International Airport, Seoul (2001) serves five different rail systems and won several awards. The firm subsequently won commissions to design additional MTR stations in Hong Kong (namely Tsuen Wan West, Kennedy Town, Ma Tau Wai, To Kwa Wan) in addition to railway stations in Johannesburg (three Gautrain stations) and Singapore (Punggol Station). In recent years the firm has", "title": "Farrells" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "sharing elevates and builds personal relationships, even defying geographical boundaries. Dark Social sharing allows for people to feel helpful, on trend, or interesting. When sharing to a smaller, intimate social circle, the sharer gets to be knowledgeable within their groups, giving them street cred. Email and IM are the common sources of dark social sharing but Facebook may actually be the part of the cause of the increase in dark social-through their chatting and messaging services.Other sources of Dark Social are Reddit, StumbleUpon, Twitter, Tumblr, LinkedIn and Google+, WhatsApp, Viber, Kwik, Firechat,OM and Livetext. There is some evidence by Pew", "title": "Dark social media" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Affinity space An affinity space is a place where learning takes place. According to James Paul Gee, affinity spaces are locations where groups of people are drawn together because of a shared, strong interest or engagement in a common activity. Often but not always occurring online, affinity spaces encourage the sharing of knowledge or participation in a specific area, and informal learning is a common outcome. In his coining of the term, Gee takes the notion of participatory cultures and reframes it to the idea of \"space\". To Gee, what is happening in these online cultures is not merely a", "title": "Affinity space" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Geographical zone The five main latitude regions of the Earth's surface comprise geographical zones, divided by the major circles of latitude. The differences between them relate to climate. They are as follows: On the basis of latitudinal extent, the globe is divided into three broad heat zones. The Torrid is also known as the Tropics. The zone is bounded on the north by the Tropic of Cancer and on the south by the Tropic of Capricorn; these latitudes mark the northern and southern extremes in which the sun seasonally passes directly overhead. This happens annually, but in the region between,", "title": "Geographical zone" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "rise until US$12.00, thus giving more incentives for Malaysia to set up her own oil company. Several countries such as United Arab Emirates, Egypt, and Indonesia have adopted the production sharing agreement instead of concession system for oil revenue distribution. Malaysian government also believed that foreign oil companies did not properly inform the government regarding the oil exploration activities in their respective concessions (such as new discovery of oil fields), thus resulted in loss of revenue to the government. The formulation of Malaysian New Economic Policy in early 1970s encourage Malaysians to take control of various modern industries and to", "title": "Petronas" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "by organizing a regional basketball tournament, more sports were added throughout the years, starting with track and field in 1958, badminton, volleyball and cross-country running in the 1960s; gymnastics, wrestling, and curling in the 1970s; and golf, cheerleading and football in the 1980s. Gymnastics was discontinued in 1989. Girls' wrestling was added in 1995. More recently rugby was added in 2006, team handball in 2010, and six-man football in 2011. The association is structured in 8 geographical zones, Calgary & Edmonton as urban zones, complemented by six rural zones. The eight geographic zones of the ASAA are: Within these geographic", "title": "Alberta Schools' Athletic Association" } ]

[ "Cultural practices" ]

[ "Cultural practices in the Americas seem to have been shared mostly within geographical zones where unrelated peoples adopted similar technologies and social organizations. An example of such a cultural area is Mesoamerica, where millennia of coexistence and shared development among the peoples of the region produced a fairly homogeneous culture with complex agricultural and social patterns. Another well-known example is the North American plains where until the 19th century several peoples shared the traits of nomadic hunter-gatherers based primarily on buffalo hunting." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Khariboli" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "ਭਾਸ਼ਾ), Braj Bhakha (ब्रज भाखा, ਬ੍ਰਜ ਭਾਖਾ), or Dehaati Zabaan (देहाती ज़बान, ਦੇਹਾਤੀ ਜ਼ਬਾਨ, 'country tongue'), is a Western Hindi language closely related to Hindustani. In fact, it is usually considered to be a dialect of Western Hindi, and along with Awadhi (a variety of Eastern Hindi) was one of the two predominant literary languages of North-Central India before the switch to Hindustani (Khariboli) in the 19th century. Braj Bhasha language, also spelled Braj Bhasa, Braj Bhakha, or Brij Bhasa, language descended from Shauraseni Prakrit and commonly viewed as a western dialect of Hindi. It is spoken by some 575,000", "title": "Mathura district" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "three cases: There are three cases in Occitan: The national language of Pakistan and official languages in many parts of India, the Khariboli dialect has become the chief language variety for use in Hindi and Urdu. Grammatically, Hindi and Urdu are the same but differ in their lexicons. Hindi tends to revitalize its Sanskrit words and purges words borrowed from Persian and Arabic while Urdu does the opposite. In essence, apart from their scripts, the lexicon is what distinguishes Urdu and Hindi. Also, there are other Indo-Aryan languages that are classed as Hindi but are not necessarily the same as", "title": "Language secessionism" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Central Zone (Hindi) The Central Zone languages, also known as the Hindi languages, are a group of related language varieties spoken across northern and central India. These language varieties form the central part of the Indo-Aryan languages family, itself a part of the Indo-European languages family. They historically form a dialect continuum that descends from the Madhya Prakrits. Located in the Hindi Belt, the Hindi language varieties also includes the Khariboli dialect, the primary dialect spoken in Delhi and the basis of modern Hindi and Urdu. This dialect developed over centuries into the medieval Hindustani language, of which Modern Standard", "title": "Central Zone (Hindi)" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "with the Muslims prompted Hindus to develop their own Sanskritised version of the dialect, leading to the formation of Modern Standard Hindi. After India became independent in 1947, the Khariboli-based dialect was officially recognized as the approved version of the Hindi language, which was declared as one of the official languages for central government functioning. Khariboli dialect Khariboli, also known as Kauravi or Delhavi, is the prestige dialect of Hindustani, of which Standard Hindi and Standard Urdu are standard registers and literary styles, which are the principal official languages of India and Pakistan respectively. The term \"Khariboli\" has, however, been", "title": "Khariboli dialect" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Standard Hindi is based on the Khariboli dialect, the vernacular of Delhi and the surrounding region, which came to replace earlier prestige dialects such as Awadhi, Maithili (sometimes regarded as separate from the Hindi dialect continuum) and Braj. \"Urdu\" – another form of Hindustani – acquired linguistic prestige in the later Mughal period (1800s), and underwent significant Persian influence. Modern Hindi and its literary tradition evolved towards the end of the 18th century. However, modern Hindi's earlier literary stages before standardization can be traced to the 16th century. In the late 19th century, a movement to further develop Hindi as", "title": "Hindi" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to Awadhi, spoken in the neighbouring Awadh region. Much of the Hindi literature was developed in Braj in the medieval period. However, today Khariboli dialect has taken its place as the predominant standard dialect of Hindi. In modern India, Braj Bhasha exists as an unofficial dialect spoken colloquially by natives of the region of Braj Bhoomi, with great cultural and religious significance. Much of Hindi poetry, especially that of 'Bhakti' or devotional poetry is in this language. Some devotional poems for Krishna are also composed in Braj Bhasha. The pioneering Urdu poet Amir Khusrow, also spoke and composed poetry in", "title": "Braj Bhasha" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "after the Kuru Kingdom of ancient India. Although the term \"Khariboli\" continues to be applied as it traditionally was, some linguists have accepted the term \"Kauravi\" as well, applying to the language spoken in the linguistic arc running from Saharanpur to Agra (i.e. the close east and north east of Delhi). Sankrityayan postulated that this \"Kaurvi\" dialect was the parent of Delhi's specific Khari dialect. Sankrityayan had also advocated that all Hindustani be standardised on the Devanagari script and Perso-Arabic entirely be abandoned. Khariboli is related to four standardised registers of Hindustani: Standard Hindi, Urdu, Dakhini and Rekhta. Standard Hindi", "title": "Khariboli dialect" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Khariboli dialect Khariboli, also known as Kauravi or Delhavi, is the prestige dialect of Hindustani, of which Standard Hindi and Standard Urdu are standard registers and literary styles, which are the principal official languages of India and Pakistan respectively. The term \"Khariboli\" has, however, been used for any literary dialect, including Braj Bhasa, and Awadhi. As a base for the medieval Hindustani language, Khariboli is a part of the Western group of the Central Zone (Hindi Zone) of Indo-Aryan languages. It is spoken mainly in India in the rural area surrounding Delhi, Western Uttar Pradesh, and southern Uttarakhand. In academic", "title": "Khariboli dialect" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "proper, Hindi can be equated with the Central Zone Indic languages. These are conventionally divided into Western Hindi and Eastern Hindi. An even narrower definition of Hindi is that of the official language, Modern Standard Hindi or \"Manak Hindi\", a standardised register of Hindustani, one of the varieties of Western Hindi. Standardised Hindustani—including both Manak Hindi and Urdu—is historically based on the Khariboli dialect of 17th-century Delhi. Population data from the 16th (2009) edition of \"Ethnologue\" is as follows, counting languages with two million or more speakers: According to the 2001 Indian census, 258 million people in India (25% of", "title": "Hindi Belt" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Hindi-Urdu vocabulary Hindustani vocabulary, also known as Hindi-Urdu vocabulary, like all Indo-Aryan languages, has a core base of Sanskrit, which it gained through Prakrit. As such the standardized registers of the Hindustani language (Hindi-Urdu) share a common vocabulary, especially on the colloquial level. However, in formal speech, Hindi tends to draw on Sanskrit, while Urdu turns to Persian and sometimes Arabic. This difference lies in the history of Hindustani, in which the Khariboli dialect started to gain more Persian words in urban areas (such as Lucknow and Hyderabad), under the Delhi Sultanate; this dialect came to be termed Urdu. The", "title": "Hindi-Urdu vocabulary" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "is a literary register of the Hindustani language, derived from the Khariboli dialect of the Hindi languages. A Persianized variant of Hindustani began to take shape during the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526 AD) and Mughal Empire (1526–1858 AD) in South Asia. Urdu, along with English, became the first official language of British India in 1850. Urdu was being written, spoken and translated to and from English in all courts, schools, official documents, and government institutes. Although the need to have a language for Hindus developed in the 1850s, the irrevocable momentum of the Hindi language movement occurred around 1880. Urdu is", "title": "Hindi–Urdu controversy" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "four prominent forms or styles, being \"Bhakti\" (devotional – Kabir, Raskhan); \"Śṛṇgār\" (beauty – Keshav, Bihari); \"Vīgāthā\" (epic); and \"Ādhunik\" (modern). Medieval Hindi literature is marked by the influence of Bhakti movement and the composition of long, epic poems. It was primarily written in other varieties of Hindi, particularly Avadhi and Braj Bhasha, but to a degree also in Khariboli, the basis for Modern Standard Hindi. During the British Raj, Hindustani became the prestige dialect. \"Chandrakanta\", written by Devaki Nandan Khatri in 1888, is considered the first authentic work of prose in modern Hindi. The person who brought realism in", "title": "Hindi" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Rekhta Rekhta (, , \"rextā\"), was the Hindustani language as its dialectal basis shifted to the Khariboli dialect of Delhi. This style evolved in both the Perso-Arabic and Nagari scripts and is considered an early form of Urdu and Hindi. \"Rekhta\" means \"scattered\" but also \"mixed\" and implies that it contained Persian and Hindvi/Hindi. Rekhta is a very versatile vernacular, and can grammatically change to adapt to Persian grammar, without sounding odd to the reader. The term Rekhta was in greatest use from the late 17th century until the late 18th century, when it was largely supplanted by \"Hindi/Hindwi (Hindavi)\"", "title": "Rekhta" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "in culinary vocabulary, which differs markedly across the German-speaking area of Europe), and by different terminology employed in law and administration. A list of Austrian terms for certain food items has even been incorporated into EU law, even though it is clearly incomplete. The Hindi languages are a large dialect continuum defined as a unit culturally. The medieval Hindustani was based on a register of Delhi's Khariboli dialect and has two modern standard forms, Standard Hindi and Standard Urdu. Additionally, there are historical literary standards, such as the closely related Braj Bhasha and the more distant Awadhi, as well as", "title": "Pluricentric language" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Sadhukadi Sadhukaddi, is a vernacular dialect of Hindi/ Hindustani, a popular language of medieval North India, which is a mix of Hindi (Khariboli, Haryanvi, Braj Bhasha, Awadhi, Bhojpuri), Punjabi and Marwari (Rajasthani), hence it is also commonly called a Panchmail Khichadi. Since it is simpler, it is used in adult literacy books or early literacy books. It is common variant of Hindi and finds place in the oral tradition and the writings of medieval poets and saints in Hindi Literature like Kabir and Guru Nanak. Other poets like Mirabai, Baba Farid, and Shah Latif used it in addition to local", "title": "Sadhukadi" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to win the Booker of Bookers. Hindi literature started as religious and philosophical poetry in medieval periods in dialects like Avadhi and Brij. The most famous figures from this period are Kabir and Tulsidas. In modern times, the \"Khariboli dialect\" became more prominent than Sanskrit. \"Chandrakanta\", written by Devaki Nandan Khatri, is considered to be the first work of prose in Hindi. Munshi Premchand was the most famous Hindi novelist. The \"chhayavadi\" poets include Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala', Prem Bajpai, Jaishankar Prasad, Sumitranandan Pant, and Mahadevi Varma. Other renowned poets include Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar', Maithili Sharan Gupt, Agyeya, Harivansh Rai Bachchan,", "title": "Indian literature" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Hindustani language Hindustani (, ,), also known as Hindi-Urdu, and historically also known as Hindavi, Dehlavi, and Rekhta, is the \"lingua franca\" of Northern India and Pakistan. It is an Indo-Aryan language, deriving its base primarily from the Khariboli dialect of Delhi. The language incorporates a large amount of vocabulary from Prakrit, Persian as well as Sanskrit (via Prakrit and Tatsama borrowings) and Arabic (via Persian). It is a pluricentric language, with two official forms, Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu, which are its standardised registers. According to Ethnologue's 2017 estimates Hindustani is the 3rd most spoken language in", "title": "Hindustani language" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "her crew was transferred to the battleship which relieved her in the Channel Squadron. The next day, she recommissioned to relieve the battleship in the Mediterranean Sea. Before departing for the Mediterranean, she took part in the Fleet Review for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria at Spithead on 26 June 1897, and from 7–11 July took part in annual manoeuvres off the coast of Ireland. She finally departed England for the Mediterranean in September. Upon arrival, \"Royal Sovereign\" joined the Mediterranean Fleet. On 18 January 1899, Rear-Admiral Gerard Noel, Second-in-Command of the Mediterranean Fleet, hoisted his flag aboard the", "title": "HMS Royal Sovereign (1891)" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "at or near Warroad, thence extending in a northerly direction to a point on the boundary between the State of Minnesota and the Province of Manitoba, Canada. Subd. 245.*[[ (Minnesota)|Legislative Route 314. Beginning at a point on *[[ (Minnesota)|Legislative Route 110 southerly of St. Francis, thence extending in a general easterly direction to a point on *[[ (Minnesota)|Legislative Route 5, thence extending in a general easterly direction to a point on *[[ (Minnesota)|Legislative Route 1 at or near Forest Lake, provided, however, that such route shall not be established, constructed or marked until receipt by the adjutant general of Minnesota", "title": "Legislative route (Minnesota)" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the Official UK Charts Company in October 2012, Houston is at number four in the top 10 biggest selling female singles artists of all-time list with a sales total of 8.5 million singles. Whitney Houston is one of pop music's best-selling music artists of all-time, with an estimated 170–200 million records sold worldwide. Whitney Houston albums discography The discography of American singer Whitney Houston (1963–2012) consists of seven studio albums, six compilations, two soundtrack albums, five box sets, six extended plays, and 57 singles. In 1985, Houston released her self-titled debut album. It spent 14 weeks at No.1 on the", "title": "Whitney Houston albums discography" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "order to prevent it from falling into the hands of his attackers. After several months on the road he eventually found a place in Prague at the court of Emperor Rudolf II, an enlightened and generous man who was interested in the research of the Accademia dei Lincei. Rudolf's court was a major international centre for scholars and researchers on many fields, and he owned one of the largest cabinets of curiosities ever assembled. He had been patron to Tycho Brahe until the latter's death in 1601, and at the time of van Heeck's arrival, was still patron to Johan", "title": "Johannes van Heeck" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Radio, which also happens to be owned by the Walt Disney Company. On August 13, 2014, Disney put WDYZ and twenty-two other Radio Disney stations up for sale, in order to focus more on digital distribution of the Radio Disney network. On December 15, Radio Disney Group filed to sell WDYZ to the Pennsylvania Media Associates, Inc., a subsidiary of Salem Media Group. The FCC granted the sale on February 10, 2015. On March 10, 2015, Salem Media CEO Ed Atsinger revealed that WDYZ will be the eighth Salem station to carry its Radio Luz Spanish Christian format. On March", "title": "WDYZ" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "numerous other situations. Though Hindi films routinely contain many songs and some dance routines, they are not musicals in the Western theatrical sense; the music-song-dance aspect is an integral feature of the genre akin to plot, dialogue and other parameters. Linguistically, Bollywood songs tend to use a colloquial dialect of Hindi-Urdu, or Hindustani, mutually intelligible to both Hindi and Urdu speakers, while modern Bollywood songs also increasingly incorporate elements of Hinglish. Urdu poetry has had a particularly strong impact on Bollywood songs, where the lyrics draw heavily from Urdu poetry and the ghazal tradition. The Indian music industry is largely", "title": "Music of Bollywood" }, { "idx": 23, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Maithili Sharan Gupt Maithili Sharan Gupt (3 August 1886 – 12 December 1964) was one of the most important modern Hindi poets. He is considered one among the pioneers of \"Khari Boli\" (plain dialect) poetry and wrote in Khari Boli dialect, at a time when most Hindi poets favoured the use of Braj Bhasha dialect. He was a recipient of the third highest (then second highest) Indian civilian honour of Padma Bhushan. For his book Bharat-Bharati (1912), widely quoted during India's freedom struggle, he was given the title of Rashtra Kavi by Mahatma Gandhi. He was born in Chirgaon, Jhansi", "title": "Maithili Sharan Gupt" }, { "idx": 24, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of the paper was published in May 2002 from the town of Karwi in Chitrakoot district of Uttar Pradesh, in the local \"Bundeli\" dialect of Hindi. In 2012, the newspaper launched editions from Mahoba, Lucknow and Varanasi districts of Uttar Pradesh in \"Bundeli\", \"Awadhi\" and \"Bhojpuri\" dialects respectively. The newspaper also has an edition published from the Sitamarhi district of Bihar in \"Bajjikka\" dialect, and from Banda, Uttar Pradesh, in the \"Bundeli\" dialect. As of September 2012, its total print-run, all editions included, is around 6000 copies sold in about 600 villages in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar with an estimated", "title": "Khabar Lahariya" }, { "idx": 25, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Gwari, patti Attigaon of the Gangolihat tehsil of Uttarakhand. Dham Singh's four sons founded the four \"Raaths\" of the Pathani clan. They are divided into four Raaths (राठ) descended from the four sons of Dham Singh the original founder of the clan. They are 1.Padhaan Raath ; (पधान राठ) 2. Dhuri Raath ; (धुरि राठ) 3. Malla Raath ; (मल्ला राठ) 4. Paar Raath ; (पार राठ). The word Raath comes from Sanskrit \"ratha\" or chariot or bearers of the founders legacy. They speak the Gangoli dialect of Kumaoni (गंगोली कुमाँऊनी) and Hindi. Being Hindus the vast they worship Hindu", "title": "Pathani" }, { "idx": 26, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "East England and Scotland. In addition, Scots (including Ulster Scots) is descended from the Northumbrian dialect, as is modern Northumbrian and other dialects of Northern English. Some Scottish and Northumbrian folk still say or \"our father\" and \"thou art\". <poem style=\"margin-left: 2em;\" lang=\"ang\"> FADER USÆR ðu arð in heofnu Sie gehalgad NOMA ÐIN. Tocymeð RÍC ÐIN. Sie WILLO ÐIN suæ is in heofne and in eorðo. HLAF USERNE of'wistlic sel ús todæg, and f'gef us SCYLDA USRA, suæ uoe f'gefon SCYLDGUM USUM. And ne inlæd usih in costunge, ah gefrig usich from yfle. </poem> Northumbrian dialect (Old English) Northumbrian was", "title": "Northumbrian dialect (Old English)" } ]

[ "Khariboli" ]

[ "Sanskrit has greatly influenced the languages of India that grew from its vocabulary and grammatical base; for instance, Hindi is a \"Sanskritised register\" of the Khariboli dialect. All modern Indo-Aryan languages, as well as Munda and Dravidian languages, have borrowed many words either directly from Sanskrit (tatsama words), or indirectly via middle Indo-Aryan languages (tadbhava words). Words originating in Sanskrit are estimated at roughly fifty percent of the vocabulary of modern Indo-Aryan languages, as well as the literary forms of Malayalam and Kannada. Literary texts in Telugu are lexically Sanskrit or Sanskritised to an enormous extent, perhaps seventy percent or more." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "time the landing takes Gymnasts" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the Kadhimiya neighbourhood of Baghdad. As a young boy, he liked to mould objects out of clay that he found in his surroundings and his talent was soon noticed. He graduated from the Fine Arts Institute in Baghdad in 1953, before completing his studies in 1957 at the Academy of Fine Arts in Rome, Italy. He spent seven years in Italy, where he also studied bronze casting at the Instituto di Zaka in Florence. While in Rome, he sculpted the wooden gates for the Church of Tista de Libra, becoming the first Muslim sculptor to produce work for the Catholic", "title": "Mohammed Ghani Hikmat" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Goblini discography The discography of Goblini, a Serbian punk rock band from Šabac, consists of four studio albums, three live albums as well as several various artists compilations. The debut album \"Goblini\" (\"The Goblins\"), released in 1994, was recorded in the lineup Branko Golubović (vocals), Alen Jovanović (guitar), Vlada Kokotović (bass) and Nenad Divnić (drums), released on compact cassette only. During the same year, not satisfied with the album production, the band rerecoreded a part of the material on the second studio album, \"Istinite priče I deo\" (\"True Stories Part I\"), featuring the new drummer Nedeljko Nedić \"Meketa\". The next", "title": "Goblini discography" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Armiñan (voz primo and guitar accompanist) and Juan Limonta (segunda, guitar and author). Extremely popular in Santiago de Cuba in the 1920s. \"Dúo Juanito Valdés y Rafael Enriso\". \"Dúo Carbo–Quevedo\": Pablo Quevedo (primo) and Panchito Carbó (segundo and guitar). \"Dúo Hermanas Martí\": Amelia and Bertha. \"Dúo Sirique y Miguel\": Alfredo 'Sirique' González and Miguel Doyble. \"Los Compadres\": Lorenzo Hierrezuelo, first with Compay Segundo, then with Rey Caney. \"Trio Palabras\": Vania Martinez, Liane Pérez, Nubia González. Trova Trova is one of the great roots of the Cuban musical tree. In the 19th century a group of itinerant musicians known as \"trovadores\"", "title": "Trova" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and Suisun estuaries: Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, and Sonoma counties. Today, this definition is accepted by most local governmental agencies including San Francisco Regional Water Quality Control Board, Bay Area Air Quality Management District, the San Francisco Bay Restoration Authority, the Metropolitan Transportation Commission, and the Association of Bay Area Governments, the latter two of which partner to deliver a Bay Area Census using the nine-county definition. Various U.S. Federal government agencies use definitions that differ from their local counterparts' nine-county definition. For example, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) which regulates broadcast,", "title": "San Francisco Bay Area" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "he performed it on all of his world tours: Bad, Dangerous and HIStory. The October 1, 1992 Dangerous Tour performance of \"Beat It\" was included in the \"Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection\" box set. The DVD was later repackaged as \"\". Jackson also performed the song on the \"\", a concert celebrating the musician's thirtieth year as a solo performer. The performance featured Slash as the song's guest guitarist. A highlight of Jackson's solo concert tour performances of the song is that would he would begin the song on a cherry picker (which he would also later use with \"Earth", "title": "Beat It" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "angles and the positions of certain joints are the elemental variables, and the performance variables are the endpoint coordinates of the hand. This hypothesis proposes that the controller (the brain) acts in the space of elemental variables (i.e. the rotations shared by the shoulder, elbow, and wrist in arm movements) and selects in the space of manifolds (i.e. sets of angular values corresponding to a final position). This hypothesis acknowledges that variability is always present in human movements, and it categorizes it into two types: (1) bad variability and (2) good variability. Bad variability affects the important performance variable and", "title": "Motor coordination" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "field to continue to progress. Today environmental psychology is being applied to many different areas such as architecture and design, television programs and advertisements. Environmental psychology is a direct study of the relationship between an environment and how that environment affects its inhabitants. Specific aspects of this field work by identifying a problem and through the identification of said problem, discovering a solution. Therefore, it is necessary for environmental psychology to be problem oriented. One important aspect of a problem-oriented field is that by identifying problems, solutions arise from the research acquired. The solutions can aid in making society function", "title": "Environmental psychology" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion. A higher flight phase results in a higher vertical ground reaction force. Vertical ground reaction force represents an external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and affects the gymnasts' linear and angular momentum. Another important variable that affects linear and angular momentum is the time the landing takes. Gymnasts can decrease the impact force by increasing the time taken to perform the landing. Gymnasts can achieve this by increasing hip, knee and ankle amplitude. According to FIG rules, only women compete in rhythmic", "title": "Gymnastics" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "continue in this way for the entire performance. This requires a degree of discipline, technical musical skill and creativity to achieve. Additionally, some electronic musicians are also able to play keyboards, percussion and other conventional instruments, and will incorporate instrument playing with live manipulations of samples, effects, and electronics. Such situations meet the criteria of a live musical performance, since physical movements directly affect music. Some might argue that the visual aspect of a performance, such as the movements of the performer and the light show, would be sufficient to call it \"live\". Codifying what defines \"live\" and what does", "title": "Live PA" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Cultural emphasis Cultural emphasis is an important aspect of a culture which is often reflected though language and, more specifically, vocabulary (Ottenheimer, 2006, p. 266). This means that the vocabulary people use in a culture indicates what is important to that group of people. If there are a lot of words to describe a certain topic in a specific culture, then there is a good chance that that topic is considered important to that culture. The idea of cultural emphasis is rooted form the work of Franz Boas, who is considered to be one of the founders of American Anthropology", "title": "Cultural emphasis" } ]

[ "time the landing takes Gymnasts" ]

[ "A higher flight phase results in a higher vertical ground reaction force. Vertical ground reaction force represents external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum. Another important variable that affects linear and angular momentum is time the landing takes Gymnasts can alter the shape of the area by increasing the time taken to perform the landing. Gymnasts can achieve this by increasing hip, knee and ankle amplitude. With the increase of height, the amplitude in ankles knees and hips rise the bars." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Rangoon" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the capital and principal port of Burma, but was delayed by Japanese rearguards north of Rangoon at the end of the month. Slim feared that the Japanese would defend Rangoon house-to-house during the monsoon, which would commit his army to prolonged action with disastrously inadequate supplies, and in March he had asked that a plan to capture Rangoon by an amphibious force, Operation Dracula, which had been abandoned earlier, be reinstated. \"Dracula\" was launched on 1 May, to find that the Japanese had already evacuated Rangoon. The troops that occupied Rangoon linked up with Fourteenth Army five days later, securing", "title": "Pacific War" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "renamed \"Extended Capital\" to include a pursuit of the enemy to Rangoon. See Battle of Meiktila / Mandalay for a fuller description of this operation and its context. Operation Capital During World War II, Operation Capital, Operation \"Y\", was a broad British offensive launched from Assam, India across the Chindwin River into northeast Burma near Mandalay, launched on 19 November 1944. The objectives were to clear Japanese forces from northern Burma, reopen the Burma Road supply route to China and tie down Japanese forces to prevent their transfer to the Pacific theatre. The British Fourteenth Army struck the Japanese Fifteenth", "title": "Operation Capital" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "a Leading Body. The Leading Body consists of at least ten members and includes State or Regional Hluttaw members elected from the Zones or Divisions and other members nominated by the Armed Forces. The Leading Body has both executive and legislative powers. A Chairperson is head of each Leading Body. Within Sagaing Region: Within Shan State: In 1900, Burma was a province of British India, and was divided into two subdivisions: Lower Burma, whose capital was Rangoon with four divisions (Arakan, Irrawaddy, Pegu, Tenasserim), and Upper Burma, whose capital was Mandalay with six divisions (Meiktila, Minbu, Sagaing, North Federated Shan", "title": "Administrative divisions of Myanmar" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the War in Europe. By default, the plan adopted was for an offensive into Central Burma by the British Fourteenth Army under Lieutenant General William Slim, to reconquer Burma from the north. The operation, originally codenamed \"Operation Capital\", which was intended to capture Mandalay in Central Burma, was renamed \"Operation Extended Capital\" to encompass a subsequent pursuit to Rangoon. In support of Fourteenth Army's offensive, the Indian XV Corps would advance in the coastal province of Arakan. The corps was also ordered to seize or construct airfields on the coast and on islands just offshore, which could be supplied by", "title": "Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the British and Indian Burma Army in several engagements, and capturing the capital of Rangoon by March 7, 1942. The Army was reinforced by troops released by the Fall of Singapore and drove northwards into central Burma, defeating the British Burma Corps and the Chinese forces, ultimately driving the Allies from Burma. During the following year, the Army remained as a garrison force in Burma, defeating an Allied offensive in Arakan and inflicting heavy casualties on a long-range penetration raid under Orde Wingate. In 1944, the Fifteenth Army became part of the Burma Area Army. Lieutenant General Iida was posted", "title": "Fifteenth Army (Japan)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Minister and prominent Burma critic, said that Coco Island was part of India until it was donated to Burma by former Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru. Coco Island is located at 18 km from the Indian Nicobar Islands. Burma has a fully operating embassy based in New Delhi and India has one in Rangoon, the former capital of Burma. Like the PRC, the Republic of India maintains a Consulate-General in Mandalay. India is the largest market for Burmese exports, buying about US$220 million worth of goods in 2000; India's exports to Burma stood at US$75.36 million. India is Burma’s", "title": "Foreign relations of Myanmar" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of Salween river to the British after the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826) per the Treaty of Yandabo. The British and the Siamese signed a boundary demarcation treaty on 20 June 1826, and another one in 1868. Mawlamyaing (Moulmein) became the first capital of British Burma. The British seized all of Lower Burma after the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852, and moved the capital to Yangon (Rangoon). After 1852, Tanintharyi Region consisted the entire southeastern Myanmar, including today's Mon State, Kayin State, and Taungoo District, in Bago Region. Mawlamyaing was the capital of Tanintharyi. Upon independence from Britain in 1948, the", "title": "Tanintharyi Region" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and gave his life to the Lord reaching out to Myanmar (Burma). He positioned the lay ministers to lead the believers in Myanmar (Burma) after he died. That was in Rangoon (Yangon), the Capital City of Myanmar (Burma). They could not reach to the Daai area at that time because it was very far and for many other reasons. The gospel reached to the Daai area in around 1970 by other missionaries. That was 156 years after Judson's arrival in Myanmar (Burma). Daai people practise shifting cultivation, known as \"\"Taungya\"\" in Burmese and \"\"Lou\"\" in the Daai language. Cultivators cut", "title": "Daai Chin" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "in Beit Hanina during his stay in the region. Before \"Jerusalem\", Delisle had previously written three other graphic novel travelogues. They are, in order of publication: \"Shenzhen\", about his trip to Shenzhen, an economic hub of Southern China; \"\", about his stay in Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea; and \"Burma Chronicles\", about his stay in Rangoon, the then-capital of Burma. He went to Shenzhen and Pyongyang for his work in animation, while he went to Burma to accompany his partner, Nadège, as she did her work for MSF. While in Jerusalem, Delisle again worked primarily as a stay-at-home dad,", "title": "Jerusalem (comics)" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "three Anglo-Burmese Wars (1824–1885), Britain proclaimed control over most of Burma. British rule brought social, economic, cultural and administrative changes. With the fall of Mandalay, all of Burma came under British rule, being annexed on 1 January 1886. Throughout the colonial era, many Indians arrived as soldiers, civil servants, construction workers and traders and, along with the Anglo-Burmese community, dominated commercial and civil life in Burma. Rangoon became the capital of British Burma and an important port between Calcutta and Singapore. Burmese resentment was strong and was vented in violent riots that paralysed Yangon (Rangoon) on occasion all the way", "title": "Myanmar" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "on the Rangoon-Mandalay line to Kalaw (a hill station in the southern Shan State) was built between 1914 and 1918. In 1928, the Burma Railway Company was dissolved; the railways were brought directly under government operation and renamed Burma Railways. Around this time, they began to lose money because of competition from road transport. With return on capital declining, Burma Railways became the country's single largest debt item when the financial separation of India and Burma took place in 1937. The company's coal and rolling stock were imported from India or Britain. The British had long planned to construct a", "title": "History of rail transport in Myanmar" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "(BIA) in Bangkok, Thailand. It was aligned with Japan for most of World War II. The capital of Burma, Rangoon (also known as Yangon), fell to the Japanese in March 1942 (as part of the Burma Campaign). The BIA formed an administration for the country under Thakin Tun Oke that operated in parallel with the Japanese military administration until the Japanese disbanded it. In July, the disbanded BIA was re-formed as the Burma Defense Army (BDA). Aung San was made a colonel and put in charge of the force. He was later invited to Japan, and was presented with the", "title": "Aung San" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of Southeast Asia. By 1757 the Mons had been stripped of their power in southern Myanmar and the Konbaung Dynasty had begun. The leader responsible for taking control of southern Myanmar and unifying the north and the south was Alaungpaya. Under the Konbaung Dynasty the capital of Myanmar was established at Rangoon. The Konbaung Dynasty was a time of constant warfare, typically of aggression. By the turn of the 19th century, Britain had gained complete control over all of Burma via the three Anglo-Burmese Wars. Britain’s occupation of Burma drastically changed the culture of southern Burma (Bogalay Township Region). An", "title": "Bogale" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "as the Battle of Central Burma, was the destruction of most of the Japanese units in Burma, which allowed the subsequent pursuit. Fourteenth Army now advanced south. While XXXIII Corps advanced down the Irrawaddy River, IV Corps made the main effort along the Sittang River, covering in a month. It was vital to capture Rangoon, the capital and principal port of Burma, to allow the Army to be supplied during the monsoon. In the event, IV Corps was held up north of Rangoon by sacrificial Japanese rearguards, but its advance caused the Japanese to abandon Rangoon, which was occupied after", "title": "Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Bombing of Rangoon (1941–1942) The bombing of Rangoon was a series of air raids conducted by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service that took place between December 1941 to March 1942 during the Burma Campaign of World War II. The capital city of Rangoon was the first to be attacked after Japan executed air raids on Burma in preparation for its invasion of the country weeks following its declaration of war upon the United States and the United Kingdom on December 8, 1941. The air war in southern Burma was about to enter an entirely new phase after Japan executed", "title": "Bombing of Rangoon (1941–1942)" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "north-east India where two important battles, Kohima and Imphal, took place from March to June 1944. Imphal was besieged by the Japanese until the Allies achieved a decisive victory at Kohima in June and the Japanese fled back into Burma. The Regiment subsequently took part in the successful Allied offensive into Burma and on 3 May 1945 the Burmese capital Rangoon was liberated by British forces. There were still Japanese forces present in Burma but the fight against the Japanese was now ostensibly a mopping up operation. The war concluded with the formal surrender of Japan on 2 September 1945", "title": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay The concurrent Battle of Meiktila and Battle of Mandalay were decisive engagements near the end of the Burma Campaign. Collectively, they are sometimes referred to as the Battle of Central Burma. Despite logistical difficulties, the Allies were able to deploy large armoured and mechanised forces in Central Burma, and also possessed air supremacy. Most of the Japanese forces in Burma were destroyed during the battles, allowing the Allies to later recapture the capital, Rangoon, and reoccupy most of the country with little organised opposition. In 1944, the Japanese had sustained several defeats in the mountainous", "title": "Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "on 29 April formally bringing hostilities to an end on 2 May 1945. In Burma the Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay started in January, despite logistical difficulties, the British were able to deploy large armoured forces in Central Burma. Most of the Japanese forces in Burma were destroyed during the battles, allowing the Allies to capture the capital, Rangoon on 2 May. Still in control of Malaya and parts of Burma, the Japanese surrendered on 14 August. From the German invasion of Poland to victory over Japan, the war lasted just under six years. Only British and Dominion forces served", "title": "British Army during the Second World War" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "be seen from some places, like \"Horben\". Lindenberg (Switzerland) The Lindenberg, peaking at 878 m, is a wooded hill in the Swiss Plateau north of the Alps, situated between the valleys of the Aabach, the Bünz and the Reuss. The hill draws a straight north-south line. On his ridge lies the border between the cantons of Lucerne (western slope) and Aargau (eastern slope and the northern half of the hill). Although the highest peak lies in the canton of Lucerne in the municipality of Müswangen, around 75% of the hill lies in the Aargau. The highest point is unspectacular as", "title": "Lindenberg (Switzerland)" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "always clear; they can be deceptive, understating or overstating the real situation, or present a completely false picture of transactions and values. Jean-Claude Trichet for example remarked in 2008 about the global financial crisis that: Trichet's suggestion is that completely wrong pricing occurred, with devastating results. A \"unit of risk\" does not really exist, but this category can nevertheless be thought of as the quantity of money which represents a \"possible\" financial loss. Risk-pricing is intrinsically a problem-fraught process, since it relies on assumptions about \"unknowns\", in advance of actual events, and these unknowns may include factors that were not", "title": "Real prices and ideal prices" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Czechoslovak First League The Czechoslovak First League (, ) was the premier football league in the Czechoslovakia from 1925 to 1993, with the exception of World War II. Czechoslovakia was occupied by German forces who formed Gauliga Sudetenland and Gauliga Böhmen und Mähren leagues on occupied territories. Until 1934-35 season no teams from Slovakia participated in the league. Czechs were allowed to run their own league in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, while Slovaks were granted their own independent Slovak State and created their own league. After the World War II the league was recreated. The league was dominated", "title": "Czechoslovak First League" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "effort should be made to relieve the castle. Each soldier was given packages of gunpowder and food to carry about their person in addition to their weapons. Shortly before the battle Clanricarde withdrew, on the grounds of poor health, and thus Castlehaven was left to direct the combined armies. On 19 June the Irish column moved into the bog. Only four miles away from the castle they ran into the 2,600 English soldiers deployed in a battle line. After deploying, Castlehaven ordered a small force of horse to distract the enemy; immediately afterwards the Irish infantry attacked, the Irish left", "title": "Battle of Tecroghan" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "church is particularly notable for its 44 stained glass windows, the largest undertaking of this kind in Italy in the 14th and 15th century. The windows in the aisles and in the transept depict saints from the Old and the New Testament, while the circular windows in the drum of the dome or above the entrance depict Christ and Mary. They are the work of the greatest Florentine artists of their times, such as Donatello, Lorenzo Ghiberti, Paolo Uccello and Andrea del Castagno. \"Christ crowning Mary as Queen\", the stained-glass circular window above the clock, with a rich range of", "title": "Florence Cathedral" }, { "idx": 23, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "claimed Guilin was a lost cause. In his diary, Stillwell wrote: \"What they ought to do is to shoot the G-mo [Chiang] and Ho [General He Yingqin] and the rest of the gang\". Stillwell ordered the American troops to pull out of Guilin, and was able to persuade Chiang to reluctantly accept the loss of Guilin. The clash over Guilin was only a prelude to another clash, where Chiang demanded the return of the Y Force from Burma to defend Kunming, the capital of Yunnan province, which was also threatened by the Japanese advance. After meeting Chiang, Stilwell wrote in", "title": "Joseph Stilwell" }, { "idx": 24, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Mon-speaking kingdom. Binnya Dala continued the war against the Toungoo dynasty, launching a full-scale invasion of Upper Burma in 1750, and capturing the capital of Ava in April 1752. Binnya Dala mistakenly thought Upper Burma had been won, and withdrew two-thirds of the invasion force back to Pegu, leaving just a third for what he considered a mop-up operation. The remaining Hanthawaddy forces soon faced serious resistance put up by Alaungpaya who had just founded a new dynasty called Konbaung to challenge the invaders. By December 1753, all of Hanthawaddy forces had been driven out of Upper Burma. Binnya Dala", "title": "Binnya Dala" }, { "idx": 25, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Pagoda named Dagon. The British first captured Yangon in the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824-26) but returned it Burmese administration after the war. The British seized Yangon and all of Lower Burma in the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852, and subsequently transformed Yangon into the commercial and political hub of British Burma. Yangon was the capital of British Burma and Hanthawaddy Province, which covered today's Yangon and Bago divisions. The British brought in many Indians to serve as workers and civil servants. By the 1930s, the Indians made up half of Yangon city, and only one-third was Bamar (Burmese). Between World", "title": "Yangon Region" }, { "idx": 26, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Hanthawaddy Kingdom, which covered all of what is now lower Burma. The area came under Burman control again in 1539, when it was annexed by King Tabinshwehti of Kingdom of Taungoo. The kings of Taungoo made Bago their royal capital from 1539–1599, and used it as a base for their repeated invasions of Siam. As a major seaport, the city was frequently visited by Europeans, who commented on its magnificence. The Burmese capital was relocated to Ava in 1634. In 1740, the Mon revolted and briefly regained their independence, but Burmese King Alaungpaya sacked and completely destroyed the city (along", "title": "Bago Region" }, { "idx": 27, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "dramatizes the career of Mickey Marcus, has a major part dedicated to the construction of the Burma Road. The 2006 film \"O Jerusalem\" includes scenes in which food and supplies are brought into Jerusalem on what would become the Burma Road. Burma Road (Israel) Burma Road () (Derekh Burma) in Israel was a makeshift bypass road between Kibbutz Hulda and Jerusalem, built under the supervision of General Mickey Marcus during the 1948 Siege of Jerusalem. It was named for the Chinese Burma Road. During the early phase of the 1948 Palestine war (from November 29, 1947 to May 15, 1948),", "title": "Burma Road (Israel)" } ]

[ "Rangoon" ]

[ "During April, Fourteenth Army advanced 300 miles (480 km) south towards Rangoon, the capital and principal port of Burma, but was delayed by Japanese rearguards 40 miles (64 km) north of Rangoon at the end of the month. Slim feared that the Japanese would defend Rangoon house-to-house during the monsoon, placing his army in a disastrous supply situation, and in March he had asked that a plan to capture Rangoon by an amphibious force, Operation Dracula, which had been abandoned earlier, be reinstated. Dracula was launched on 1 May, but Rangoon was found to have been abandoned. The troops which occupied Rangoon linked up with Fourteenth Army five days later, securing the Allies' lines of communication." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Photo Gallery" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the data's use. Purchased games and content from the PlayStation Network store are governed by PlayStation's Network Digital Rights Management (NDRM). The NDRM allows users to access the data from up to 2 different PlayStation 3's that have been activated using a user's PlayStation Network ID. PlayStation 3 also limits the transfer of copy protected videos downloaded from its store to other machines and states that copy protected video \"may not restore correctly\" following certain actions after making a backup such as downloading a new copy protected movie. Photo Gallery is an optional application to view, create and group photos", "title": "PlayStation 3" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "at Large\" column, Robertson decided to show the book to Hitchcock, even though studio readers at Paramount Pictures had already rejected its premise for a film. Hitchcock acquired rights to the novel for $9,500 and reportedly ordered Robertson to buy up copies to preserve the novel's surprises. She later worked as an associate producer on several Peter Bogdanovich films including \"Mask\" (1985). Peggy Singer married Canadian film editor Douglas Robertson. She was widowed in 1983, and died in 1998, aged 81, at the Motion Picture and Television Hospital in Woodland Hills, California, following a long illness. She was survived by", "title": "Peggy Robertson" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "declared sick in 1992. However, when the Government of India failed in submitting any revival proposal for the closed fertilizer units, the BIFR recommended for their closure. The Government of India on 5 September 2002 decided to close down all loss-making fertilizer units of FCI and Hindustan Fertilizer Corporation and lay off all the employees. The employees of Sindri fertilizer factory units were made to retire under Voluntary Separation Scheme (VSS) and the plants were closed in December 2002. The BIFR then referred the case of closed fertilizer units to Delhi High Court for appointing liquidators for selling the assets", "title": "Sindri" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "given little or no advance notice of their flight, to deter escapes and sabotage, and to prevent harm from outsiders. Passengers aboard a flight are restrained with handcuffs as well as ankle and waist chains which are double- or even triple-locked. Those who pose additional danger may be given additional restraints, such as reinforced mittens that completely isolate and almost completely immobilize the hands, handcuff covers which conceal the keyholes, and face masks to prevent biting and spitting. However, due to FAA regulations inmates are not physically restrained to their seats in any way except for seat belts used during", "title": "Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "assigns only four scenes to Fletcher (Act II, scene 2; Act IV, 1; and Act V, 1 and 2), though one of those is the climax of the play (IV, 1). The play was entered into the Stationers' Register on 28 April 1619, and published later that year by the bookseller Francis Constable. Subsequent editions appeared in 1622, 1630, 1638, 1641, 1650, and 1661. The play was later included in the second Beaumont and Fletcher folio of 1679. The texts of the first quarto of 1619, and the second of 1622, are usually synthesized to create modern editions, since Q2", "title": "The Maid's Tragedy" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "systems such as indentured labor and slavery. Industrial plantations are established to produce a high volume of wood in a short period of time. Plantations are grown by state forestry authorities (for example, the Forestry Commission in Britain) and/or the paper and wood industries and other private landowners (such as Weyerhaeuser, Rayonier and Sierra Pacific Industries in the United States, Asia Pulp & Paper in Indonesia). Christmas trees are often grown on plantations as well. In southern and southeastern Asia, teak plantations have recently replaced the natural forest. Industrial plantations are actively managed for the commercial production of forest products.", "title": "Plantation" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Play allows the PS3 to be turned on and off remotely and lets PSP to control audio playback from the PS3 to a home theater system. Although most of the PS3's capabilities are accessible with Remote Play, playback of DVDs, Blu-ray Discs, PlayStation 2 games, most PlayStation 3 games and copy-protected files stored on the hard drive are not supported. Starting with system software version 3.90, the PSP-2000, 3000 and Go can use the Skype VoIP service. Due to hardware constraints it is not possible to use the service on the PSP-1000. The service allows Skype calls to be made", "title": "PlayStation Portable" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and more tech-centric.\" In August 2013, Lover.ly launched a new \"Popular\" tab which lets users see exactly what's trending on the site in real time, giving brides and grooms a new way to uncover content. In 2013 Lover.ly released an updated iOS7 application in an effort to further optimize the platform given that 30 percent of the company’s overall traffic, and 60 percent of its total engagement, happens in its mobile app. As of December 2013, the iPhone application had garnered 75,000 downloads. In 2016 Loverly launched the first ever virtual wedding planning iOS application offering couples a wedding concierge", "title": "Lover.ly" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and digital resources, including images from Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and India. Highlights include manuscripts from Iraq and the famed Timbuktu manuscripts of Mali. Over 6,000 complete manuscripts in thirty languages are now in vHMML Reading Room. vHMML Reading Room lets users search for manuscripts by country, repository, author, language, genre, date, features, city or even script. Even uncataloged collections will be hosted in vHMML Reading Room, lowering all barriers to scholarly access. Users can contribute cataloging metadata using a simple tool only a click away. Researchers can view a highly-zoomable single page or view the manuscript as a", "title": "Hill Museum & Manuscript Library" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and included Windows Live Messenger. On August 25, 2006, Microsoft began seeking testers for their invitation-only Windows Live service named \"Windows Live Essentials\". It was very similar to Google Pack in that it allows users to discover, install, and maintain a number of Windows Live application programs. However, the original \"Windows Live Essentials\" was referred to as the website serving the purpose of allowing users to discover new Windows Live services. The \"Windows Live Essentials\" website was integrated tightly with \"Windows Live Dashboard\", an application which offers a view of the services the user already has and what new Windows", "title": "Windows Essentials" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "number. The app alerts users when one of the loyalty programs they are a member of has an offer or coupon available. Rewards points earned by the user are kept track of within the loyalty card feature as well. Users can share loyalty and membership cards with other users as long as they are registered in Key Ring. Weekly Sales Circulars are digitized, allowing users to view what they would normally find in a newspaper on their smartphone. Key Ring (software) Key Ring is a smartphone application owned by Gannett, Inc. that allows users to digitally store loyalty cards, enroll", "title": "Key Ring (software)" } ]

[ "Photo Gallery" ]

[ "Photo Gallery is an optional application to view, create and group photos from PS3, which is installed separately from the system software at 105 MB. It was introduced in system software version 2.60 and provides a range of tools for sorting through and displaying the system's pictures. The key feature of this application is that it can organize photos into groups according to various criteria. Notable categorizations are colors, ages, or facial expressions of the people in the photos. Slideshows can be viewed with the application, along with music and playlists. The software was updated with the release of system software version 3.40 allowing users to upload and browse photos on Facebook and Picasa." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "the Divinity of Jesus" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "a \"masterpiece\") as evidence of his righteousness. They also emphasize his close relationship with Anthony the Great, the ancient monk who was one of the founders of the Christian monastic movement. The Gospel of St. John and particularly the first chapter demonstrates the Divinity of Jesus. This Gospel in itself is the greatest support of Athanasius' stand. The Gospel of St. John's first chapter began to be said at the end of Mass, we believe as a result of Athanasius, and his life's stand, but quietly, and was later - together with some other originally private devotions - absorbed by", "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "a \"masterpiece\") as evidence of his righteousness. They also emphasize his close relationship with Anthony the Great, the ancient monk who was one of the founders of the Christian monastic movement. The Gospel of St. John and particularly the first chapter demonstrates the Divinity of Jesus. This Gospel in itself is the greatest support of Athanasius' stand. The Gospel of St. John's first chapter began to be said at the end of Mass, we believe as a result of Athanasius, and his life's stand, but quietly, and was later - together with some other originally private devotions - absorbed by", "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "\"echo canceller\" in this context is misleading since there is no cancellation of echo per se but rather of leakage from the analog line interface with very short time delay more accurately characterized as phase-shift. However, any uncancelled hybrid leakage will cause echo when the associated transmission path has delay, so the effect on the system is reduction of echo.) Hybrids and cancellers are sometimes combined with echo suppressors. These work on the assumption that usually only one of the two parties to a conversation is speaking at a given time. The suppressor switches a loss into the inactive speech", "title": "Telephone hybrid" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Rodríguez; five of González Valencia's siblings: Arnulfo, Édgar Edén, Elvis, Marisa Ivette, and Noemí; businessman Fabián Felipe Vera López; and attorney María Teresa Quintana Navarro. All their U.S.-based assets were frozen, and U.S. citizens were prohibited from doing business with them. El Mencho has five brothers: Juan, Miguel, Antonio, Marín and Abraham. In the 1990s, Abraham in California was given a 10-year sentence. In 2013, Mexican authorities accused him of murder in Michoacán. The charges were later dropped and the case was closed. Marín was accused in a California court, but the charges are not available to the public. Antonio", "title": "Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "have identified the novel as an example of grunge lit, a term used to describe a series of unrelated but thematically equal Australian novels dealing with disenfranchised and alienated urban life. Ettler relocated to London in 1997 to escape the fallout caused by the novel in Australia. She returned to Sydney in the 2000s, and in 2018 addressed \"The River Ophelia's\" impact: \"I can finally set the record straight – \"The River Ophelia\" is a postmodern novel about domestic violence. I can also acknowledge the scholarship which has defended it\". She used the #metoo movement and increasing awareness of sadomasochism", "title": "The River Ophelia" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "meaning \"glade\". Loxley had a population of 1,775 in 2011. The area on which Loxley stands was originally moorland; Loxley Chase was a large expanse of upland ground set aside for hunting by the Norman lords after the Conquest in the 11th century. The Loxley valley was an extensive woodland which was mentioned in the \"inquisition post mortem\" after the death of Thomas de Furnival, 1st Lord Furnival (1270-1332). Hunting on Loxley Chase was an infrequent pursuit, and so much of the more productive ground in the valley was turned over to farming. Loxley developed over the following centuries as", "title": "Loxley, South Yorkshire" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "As a child, Dan Beach Bradley was an astounding scholar and he loved to read. When Bradley was 20 years old, he suffered a week of deafness and it caused him to examine his spiritual life. Two years after this incident, Bradley dedicated his life to serve Jesus Christ. Bradley thought that his age was not appropriate to study for the ministry so he began studying medicine in the office of an Auburn physician. Bradley took a brief reprieve from his studies due to health concerns, but resumed his studies for a year in Penn Yan, New York. After a", "title": "Dan Beach Bradley" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "church sobors of 1553 and 1554 as a witness with regards to the restoration of icons and frescos in the Kremlin cathedrals after the fire of 1547. In 1555–1556, Athanasius was engaged in restoring the Icon of Nikolai Velikoretsky together with Metropolitan Macarius. In 1567, he participated in the restoration of the Icon of Our Lady of Vladimir. It is believed that Athanasius is the author of the icon called \"The Belligerent Church\" (\"Церковь воинствующая\"). Also, he wrote the \"Life of Daniel of Pereyaslavl\" (Житие Даниила Переяславского; 1556–1562) and (supposedly) the \"Book of Generations\" (Степенная книга; between 1560 and 1563).", "title": "Athanasius, Metropolitan of Moscow" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of the physical body. John of Ephesus asserts that Athanasius supported this view. John also ascertains that Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople followed this belief in his second term (577-582). He explains what this Patriarch supported: \"These bodies of men do not attain to the resurrection, but others are created anew, which arise in their stead.\" Athanasius is recorded spending gold to spread this belief: \"The great difficulty which they found in propagating their audacious and polluted heresy was the want of bishops. For at first there were but two, namely, Conon himself, the head of the schism, and Eugenius, both", "title": "Athanasius (grandson of Theodora)" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "life, (Epist. lxxi, ad Max.): \"Let what was confessed by the fathers of Nicaea prevail\". Throughout most of his career, Athanasius had many detractors. Classics scholar Timothy Barnes recounts ancient allegations against Athanasius: from defiling an altar, to selling Church grain that had been meant to feed the poor for his own personal gain, and even violence and murder to suppress dissent. Athanasius used \"Arian\" to describe both followers of Arius, and as a derogatory polemical term for Christians who disagreed with his formulation of the Trinity. Athanasius called many of his opponents \"Arian\", except for Meletius (Miletus). Scholars now", "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "his successor, thrice repeating his name. In consequence of his recommendation, the bishops of all Egypt assembled at Alexandria, and finding the people and clergy unanimous in their choice of Athanasius for patriarch, they confirmed the election about the middle of year 326. He seems, then, to have been about thirty years of age.\" Christian denominations worldwide revere Athanasius as a saint, teacher, and father. They cite his defense of the Christology described in the first chapter of the Gospel of St. John and his significant theological works (C. S. Lewis calls \"On the Incarnation of the Word of God\"", "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Thomas as a \"gnostic\" gospel is based upon little other than the fact that it was found along with gnostic texts at Nag Hammadi. The name of Thomas was also attached to the Book of Thomas the Contender, which was also in Nag Hammadi Codex II, and the Acts of Thomas. While the Gospel of Thomas does not directly point to Jesus' divinity, it also does not directly contradict it, and therefore neither supports nor contradicts gnostic beliefs. When asked his identity in the Gospel of Thomas, Jesus usually deflects, ambiguously asking the disciples why they do not see what", "title": "Gospel of Thomas" } ]

[ "the Divinity of Jesus" ]

[ "The Gospel of John and particularly the first chapter demonstrates the Divinity of Jesus. This Gospel in itself is the greatest support of Athanasius's stand. The Gospel of John's first chapter began to be said at the end of Mass, we believe as a result of Athanasius, and his life's stand, but quietly. The Last Gospel of The Mass, The Eucharist, St John[1:1–14], together with the prayer; \"Placeat tibi\", the Blessing, are all private devotions that have been gradually absorbed by the liturgical service. The beginning of John's Gospel was much used as an object of special devotion throughout the Middle Ages. Nevertheless, the practice of saying it at the altar grew; eventually Pius V made this practice universal for the Roman Rite in his edition of the Missal (1570). It became a firm custom with exceptions in using an other Gospel in use from 1920. So the Missals showed different last Gospel for certain Feast days. A Prayer Card for the St John's Gospel. Also:" ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "about 400 years" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "present-day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling () during reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times. The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang. Nanjing first became a state capital in 229,", "title": "Nanjing" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "present-day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling () during reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times. The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang. Nanjing first became a state capital in 229,", "title": "Nanjing" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the \"Kriegsmarine\" organized Operation \"Nordmark\" to search for Allied merchant ships in the North Sea as far north as the Shetland Islands. The 2nd Destroyer Flotilla, \"Luchs\" and the torpedo boat escorted the battleships and and the heavy cruiser during the initial stages of the sortie on 18 February before patrolling the Skaggerak until the 20th. During the Invasion of Norway in April 1940, the boat was assigned to Group 4 under \"Kapitän zur See\" (Captain) Friedrich Rieve on the light cruiser , tasked to capture Kristiansand. They departed Wesermünde on the morning of 8 April and arrived off Kristiansand", "title": "German torpedo boat Luchs" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "1947 and early 1948, he felt ill quite frequently and months could not attend his professional work. Doctors advised him that because of the serious attack of epidemic dropsy, he would not be able to lead an active life anymore. At that time, he got an offer for appointment as a Judge of Calcutta High court and he agreed to accept. He was also a member of the Special Committee on Tibet of the International Commission of Jurists, and a chairman of the Subordinate Legislation Committee of Parliament. He represented India at the Commonwealth Law Conference held in London in", "title": "Nirmal Chandra Chatterjee" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "750, and underwent a styling change in later versions after the merge with Cubic. Swan also designed a matched, separate receiver and transmitter pair, the 600R and 600T, which together offered better performance, higher output power and many more features than the transceivers could. They were produced in far fewer numbers, however, and are therefore harder for collectors to find today. Swan Electronics Swan Electronics was a manufacturer of amateur radio gear located in Oceanside, California, United States. Herbert G. Johnson, W6QKI, founded Swan Engineering. Johnson built the first ten largely vacuum tube type design single sideband (SSB) transceivers in", "title": "Swan Electronics" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Lima was scheduled to fight Jessica Penne at UFC Fight Night 67 on May 30, 2015. However, Penne was pulled from that bout in favor of a matchup with current UFC Women's Strawweight Champion Joanna Jędrzejczyk on June 20, 2015 at UFC Fight Night 69. Lima instead faced Ericka Almeida and won the bout by unanimous decision. Lima was scheduled to face UFC newcomer Amanda Ribas on July 7, 2017 at . Ribas, however, was flagged by USADA for a potential anti-doping violation and removed from the bout. Lima instead faced replacement Tecia Torres. Lima lost the fight via submission", "title": "Juliana Lima" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Maro Charitra (2010 film) Maro Charitra () is a 2010 Telugu film, which is an adaptation of the 1978 film of the same name, starring Kamal Haasan and Saritha. The film stars Varun Sandesh and newcomer Anita in the lead roles. The film is produced by Dil Raju and directed by Ravi Yadav, Story by K. Bala Chandar, Dialogues by Umarji Anuradha, cinematography by Ravi Yadav of 2008 Hindi film \"Race\". Music is composed by Mickey J Meyer and background score is composed by Thaman. The film released on 25 March 2010. The trailer released recently got a huge response.", "title": "Maro Charitra (2010 film)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "as the city's mayor a year later. In 2004 he was named Party Secretary of Yangzhou. Yangzhou is the hometown of former Chinese president Jiang Zemin. In 2010, Ji was promoted to mayor of Nanjing, a city with some eight million residents in its areas of jurisdiction. He worked under Party Secretary Yang Weize, with whom he was known to have a difficult relationship. As mayor of the provincial capital, Ji undertook a large number of massive development projects. In the process, many areas of the city were demolished to make way for new construction. Ji was said to have", "title": "Ji Jianye" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "as well as a number of major cities to the west, north, and south (such as Xi'an, Wuhan, and Guangzhou), including an overnight Z-series express train to Beijing. Later, frequent high-speed (D-series) service has been introduced on this line as well. There is no direct rail service between Yangzhou and Shanghai, however; to travel to Shanghai, or elsewhere in the Yangtze Delta regions, travelers cross the Yangtze over the new Runyang Bridge to Zhenjiang (frequent commuter bus service is available) and take a train from the Zhenjiang Railway Station, which is located on the main Nanjing-Shanghai rail line. In 2016,", "title": "Yangzhou" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and made the following changes: Yangzhou (the original Jiangning County) was merged into Runzhou (潤州; capital at present-day Zhenjiang, Jiangsu); Hanzhou (邗州) was renamed back to \"Yangzhou\" (揚州). Only since then was the modern city of Yangzhou officially named \"Yangzhou\". In 742, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong (r. 712–756), provinces were reduced to prefectures again, and Yangzhou was renamed \"Guangling Prefecture\" (廣陵郡) but it was still commonly referred to as \"Yangzhou\" even though its official name had been changed. In 760, Emperor Suzong (r. 756–762) restored the provinces and Guangling Prefecture was renamed back to \"Yangzhou\". The name \"Guangling\"", "title": "Yang Province" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Fei Gaoyun Fei Gaoyun (; born August 1971) is a Chinese politician serving since 2018 as the Vice Governor of Jiangsu. Fei worked his way up the ranks from the grassroots level. Fei was born in Huai'an, Jiangsu. He graduated from Yangzhou Technology Institute (now part of Yangzhou University) with a major in electronics. He also has a Master of Public Administration from Nanjing University. He began his career in the Communist Youth League organization in Hanjiang County (near Yangzhou). He once worked as a magistrate of a township. He then served as the mayor of Yizheng, then district governor", "title": "Fei Gaoyun" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "centuries earlier. Beset by factional conflicts, his regime could not offer effective resistance to Qing forces, when the Qing army, led by the Manchu prince Dodo approached Jiangnan the next spring. Days after Yangzhou fell to the Manchus in late May 1645, the Hongguang Emperor fled Nanjing, and the imperial Ming Palace was looted by local residents. On June 6, Dodo's troops approached Nanjing, and the commander of the city's garrison, Zhao the Earl of Xincheng, promptly surrendered the city to them. The Manchus soon ordered all male residents of the city to shave their heads in the Manchu queue", "title": "Nanjing" } ]

[ "about 400 years" ]

[ "Archaeological discovery shows that \"Nanjing Man\" lived in more than 500 thousand years ago. Zun, a kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago. In the late period of Shang dynasty, Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state, and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture. According to legend,[which?] Fuchai, King of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area in 495 BC. Later in 473 BC, the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng (越城) on the outskirts of the present-day Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BC, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi (金陵邑) in the western part of present-day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling (秣陵) during reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times.[citation needed] The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106 BC). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "the International Bitterness Units scale" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "only short periods of cold storage, typically 1–3 weeks. Beer is measured and assessed by bitterness, by strength and by colour. The perceived bitterness is measured by the International Bitterness Units scale (IBU), defined in co-operation between the American Society of Brewing Chemists and the European Brewery Convention. The international scale was a development of the European Bitterness Units scale, often abbreviated as EBU, and the bitterness values should be identical. Beer colour is determined by the malt. The most common colour is a pale amber produced from using pale malts. \"Pale lager\" and \"pale ale\" are terms used for", "title": "Beer" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "only short periods of cold storage, typically 1–3 weeks. Beer is measured and assessed by bitterness, by strength and by colour. The perceived bitterness is measured by the International Bitterness Units scale (IBU), defined in co-operation between the American Society of Brewing Chemists and the European Brewery Convention. The international scale was a development of the European Bitterness Units scale, often abbreviated as EBU, and the bitterness values should be identical. Beer colour is determined by the malt. The most common colour is a pale amber produced from using pale malts. \"Pale lager\" and \"pale ale\" are terms used for", "title": "Beer" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "\"less bitter\" and higher values \"more bitter\". The scale and method are defined by the European Brewery Convention, and the numerical value should be the same as of the International Bitterness Units scale (IBU), defined in co-operation with the American Society of Brewing Chemists. However, the exact process of determining EBU and IBU values differs slightly, which may in theory result with slightly smaller values for EBU than IBU. IBU can not be determined by perceived bitterness. For example, the bittering effect of hops is less noticeable in beers with a high quantity of malt, so a higher bitterness is", "title": "Bitterant" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Isohumulone Isohumulones are chemical compounds that contribute to the bitter taste of beer and are in the class of compounds known as iso-alpha acids. They are found in hops. The bitterness of beer is measured according to the International Bitterness Units scale, with one IBU corresponding to one part-per-million of isohumulone. When beer is exposed to light, these compounds can decompose in a reaction catalyzed by riboflavin to generate free-radical species by the homolytic cleavage of the exocyclic carbon-carbon bond. The cleaved acyl side-chain radical then decomposes further, expelling carbon monoxide and generating 1,1-dimethylallyl radical. This radical can finally react", "title": "Isohumulone" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "with sulfur-containing amino acids, such as cysteine, to create 3-methylbut-2-ene-1-thiol, a thiol which causes beer to develop a \"skunky\" flavor. Isohumulones are generated by the isomerization of humulone. Isohumulone Isohumulones are chemical compounds that contribute to the bitter taste of beer and are in the class of compounds known as iso-alpha acids. They are found in hops. The bitterness of beer is measured according to the International Bitterness Units scale, with one IBU corresponding to one part-per-million of isohumulone. When beer is exposed to light, these compounds can decompose in a reaction catalyzed by riboflavin to generate free-radical species by", "title": "Isohumulone" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the Commonwealth and the United States. European Bitterness Units scale, often abbreviated as EBU, is a scale for measuring the perceived bitterness of beer, with lower values being generally \"less bitter\" and higher values \"more bitter\". The scale and method are defined by the European Brewery Convention, and the numerical value should be the same as of the International Bitterness Units scale (IBU), defined in co-operation with the American Society of Brewing Chemists. However, the exact process of determining EBU and IBU values differs slightly, which may in theory result with slightly smaller values for EBU than IBU. The International", "title": "Food grading" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "28, 2011. The contract was for four years and worth $10 million with a $5.7 million signing bonus. In Detroit, he joined All-Pro Ndamukong Suh on the interior of the Detroit defensive line. Though at times his play was stout, he was troubled by inconsistency. In his second season in the NFL Fairley recorded 5.5 sacks, 2 forced fumbles, and 26 tackles. However, on December 12, 2012, Fairley was put on the injured reserve list, ending his season. Fairley's fourth season had been productive for the most part. However, on October 26, 2014, Fairley sustained a Medial collateral ligament sprain", "title": "Nick Fairley" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the medulla as part of the primordial reptilian brain is confirmed by its disproportionate size in modern reptiles such as the crocodile, alligator, and monitor lizard. Medulla oblongata The medulla oblongata (or medulla) is located in the brainstem, anterior and partially inferior to the cerebellum. It is a cone-shaped neuronal mass responsible for autonomic (involuntary) functions ranging from vomiting to sneezing. The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and therefore deals with the autonomic functions of breathing, heart rate and blood pressure. During embryonic development the medulla oblongata develops from the myelencephalon. The myelencephalon is a secondary", "title": "Medulla oblongata" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "had been evacuated to that point. At the camp they encountered Russian prisoners of war, but no Jews from Riga. The prisoners told them that they knew nothing about the Jews. Frida Michelson had been marched out with the column, and she described the forest as being surrounded by a ring of SS men. Michelson further described the scene when they arrived at Rumbula that morning: Of the 12,000 people forced out of the ghetto to Rumbula that day, three known survivors later gave accounts: Frida Michelson, Elle Madale, and Matiss Lutrins. Michelson survived by pretending to be dead as", "title": "Rumbula massacre" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Sword Stained with Royal Blood Sword Stained with Royal Blood is a wuxia novel by Jin Yong (Louis Cha). It was first serialised in the Hong Kong newspaper \"Hong Kong Commercial Daily\" between 1 January 1956 and 31 December 1956. Since its first publication, the novel has undergone two revisions, with the latest edition being the third. Some characters from the novel play minor roles or are simply mentioned by name in \"The Deer and the Cauldron\", another of Jin Yong's novels. The novel is set in the late Ming dynasty. The protagonist, Yuan Chengzhi, is the son of Yuan", "title": "Sword Stained with Royal Blood" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "reviewer of \"The New York Times\", wrote: \"So sue me ... Mason was very, very funny\". It won a Special Tony Award, an Outer Critics Circle Award, an Ace Award, an Emmy Award, and a Grammy nomination. His special \"Jackie Mason on Broadway\" won an Emmy Award for outstanding writing and an Ace Award. He starred in the sports comedy movie \"Caddyshack II\" (1988), where his character had the same surname, Hartounian, as his character in \"The Jerk\". In 1990 and 1991, Mason again was on Broadway, this time with his successful two-act show \"Brand New\", which ran for 216", "title": "Jackie Mason" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "solution threshold. The most bitter substance known is the synthetic chemical denatonium, which has an index of 1,000. It is used as an aversive agent (a bitterant) that is added to toxic substances to prevent accidental ingestion. This was discovered in 1958 during research on lignocaine, a local anesthetic, by MacFarlan Smith of Gorgie, Edinburgh, Scotland. Beer bitterness scales attempt to rate the perceived relative bitterness of beer. The bitterness of beer is provided by compounds such as isohumulones from hops used during brewing. The International Bittering Units scale, or simply IBU scale, is measured through the use of a", "title": "Bitterant" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "These beers can have honey, spices and fruit added, and may be fermented with lager or ale yeast.\" Vital statistics:<br> Style: Golden ale<br> Original gravity: 1.044<br> Final gravity: 1.010<br> International Bitterness Units: 20<br> Alcohol by volume: 4.5% The Woodhead Amber Ale is a take on the red ales of the United States' Pacific Northwest, and has a slightly hoppier finish compared with other South African examples of this style. Its name derives from The Woodhead Dam, one of the five dams built on Table Mountain at the turn of the 20th century to supply water to Cape Town. The Woodhead", "title": "Devils Peak Brewing Company" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "fruit flavour similar to the aroma, but more intense. Plum, prune, raisin and raspberry are the most common flavours, followed by orange and some spiciness. The sour or acidic taste can range from moderate to strong. There is no hop bitterness, but tannins are common. Consequently, Flanders red ales are often described as the most wine-like of all beers. Notable examples include Duchesse de Bourgogne, Rodenbach and . Flanders red ale Flanders red ale or Flemish red-brown, is a style of sour ale brewed in West Flanders, Belgium. Flanders red ale is fermented with organisms other than \"Saccharomyces cerevisiae\", especially", "title": "Flanders red ale" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Wind gust A gust or wind gust is a brief increase in the speed of the wind, usually less than 20 seconds. It is of a more transient character than a squall, which last minutes, and is followed by a lull or slackening in the wind speed. Generally, winds are least gusty over large water surfaces and most gusty over rough land and near high buildings. The wind is measured using an anemometer or estimated with a windsock. The average value of the latter is generally measured over a period of 2 minutes before the meteorological observation according to the", "title": "Wind gust" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "men, craft brewers themselves, initially re-created the full-bodied beers of their homeland, many Americans had not developed a taste for the malt-heavy style. They needed a domestic ingredient that would make the beers more effervescent, bubbly and lighter. Rice and corn did that – it was a desired flavor, not inexpensive filler.\" Hops contribute bitterness, flavour and aroma to a beer in different ways depending on when they are added during the brewing process. How much hop bitterness and aroma is appropriate varies between beer styles. There are many varieties of hops, some of which are associated with beers from", "title": "Beer style" } ]

[ "the International Bitterness Units scale" ]

[ "Hops contain several characteristics that brewers desire in beer. Hops contribute a bitterness that balances the sweetness of the malt; the bitterness of beers is measured on the International Bitterness Units scale. Hops contribute floral, citrus, and herbal aromas and flavours to beer. Hops have an antibiotic effect that favours the activity of brewer's yeast over less desirable microorganisms and aids in \"head retention\", the length of time that a foamy head created by carbonation will last. The acidity of hops is a preservative." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "around 1850" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Kingdom|George IV]]). The great changes of centuries before the 19th were more connected with ideas, religion or military conquest, and technological advance had only made small changes in the material wealth of ordinary people. The first Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships and railways, and later in the 19th century with the [[internal combustion engine]] and [[electric power]] generation. The Second Industrial Revolution was a phase of the Industrial Revolution; labeled as the separate Technical Revolution. From a technological and a social point", "title": "Modern history" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Kingdom|George IV]]). The great changes of centuries before the 19th were more connected with ideas, religion or military conquest, and technological advance had only made small changes in the material wealth of ordinary people. The first Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships and railways, and later in the 19th century with the [[internal combustion engine]] and [[electric power]] generation. The Second Industrial Revolution was a phase of the Industrial Revolution; labeled as the separate Technical Revolution. From a technological and a social point", "title": "Modern history" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to characterise a \"Second Industrial Revolution\", beginning around 1850, although a method for mass manufacture of steel was not invented until the 1860s, when Sir Henry Bessemer invented a new furnace which could convert molten pig iron into steel in large quantities. However, it only became widely available in the 1870s after the process was modified to produce more uniform quality. Bessemer steel was being displaced by the open hearth furnace near the end of the 19th century. This Second Industrial Revolution gradually grew to include chemicals, mainly the chemical industries, petroleum (refining and distribution), and, in the 20th century,", "title": "Industrial Revolution" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "under Professor Andreas Lindemann with the title\"The Johannine Exegesis of God: An Exploration Into the Johannine understanding of God\" which was co-moderated by Professor François Vouga. Subsequently, Sadananda's work was published in 2004 by a publisher in Germany. Since 1990, Sadananda began teaching at the Seminary established in 1847 by the Basel Evangelical Mission Society, which later became Karnataka Theological College, Mangalore, 1965 and affiliated to the nation's first University, the Senate of Serampore College (University). In 1997 August on completion of his doctoral studies,he joined KTC faculty and in 2002 August he was promoted as Professor of New Testament.", "title": "Daniel Sadananda" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "translations in all three languages) International Symposium in Ethics, Strasbourg (IES). She teaches mainly in France, but also in the US, and Canada. Her contacts and research activities in collaboration with Yale University in the USA led Thiel to begin a summer school on interdisciplinary European Ethics in the summer of 2013. The summer school drew 41 students from 22 countries and five continents around the world. In November 2003, Thiel won the Maurice Rapin Prize in medical ethics for her direction of the book: \"Où va la médecine ? Sens des représentations et pratiques médicales\". Thiel won the first", "title": "Marie-Jo Thiel" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "A monument dedicated to him was destroyed in the Great Fire in 1666. He was an influence on a number of 18th-century architects, notably Lord Burlington and William Kent. There is an Inigo Jones Road in Charlton, south east London (SE7), near Charlton House, some of whose features were allegedly designed by him. A bridge in Llanrwst, North Wales, named \"Pont Fawr\" is also known locally as \"Pont Inigo Jones\"—Inigo Jones's Bridge. He is also said to be responsible for the Masonic Document called \"The Inigo Jones Manuscript\", from around 1607. A document of the Old Charges of Freemasonry. Inigo", "title": "Inigo Jones" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Tupou well before he emerged on television with his three-try effort, but on 12 September 2014 Tupou was officially named in the Queensland Reds squad for the 2015 season. Tupou played his first game for the Brothers Old Boys club in 2015, in a trial match alongside his 25-year-old brother Criff Tupou. After completing the full 2015 season in Queensland Premier Rugby with Brothers, he joined Queensland Country to play in the National Rugby Championship. After playing for Queensland Under-20 in 2016, he made his debut for the Reds in 2016. Tupou toured as a development player in the Australian", "title": "Taniela Tupou (rugby union)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of the Global 500, use ILOG Optimization in some of their most important planning and scheduling applications. ILOG ILOG was an international software company purchased and incorporated into IBM announced in January, 2009. It created enterprise software products for supply chain, business rule management, visualization and optimization. The main product line for Business Rules Management Systems (BRMS) has been rebranded as IBM Operational Decision Manager (ODM). Many of the related components retain the ILOG brand as a part of their name. The software developed by the ILOG software company supports several software platforms, including COBOL, C++, C#, .NET, Java, AJAX", "title": "ILOG" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "both be scarce and valuable. The first machine shops started to appear in the 19th century when the Industrial Revolution was already long underway. Before the industrial revolution parts and tools were produced in workshops in local villages and cities on small-scale often for a local market. The first machinery that made possible the Industrial Revolution were also developed in similar workshops. The production machines in the first factories were built on site, where every part was still individually made to fit. After some time those factories started their own workshops, where parts of the existing machinery were repaired or", "title": "Machine shop" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "that merge-insertion sort makes, in the worst case, when sorting formula_2 elements. This number of comparisons can be broken down as the sum of three terms: In the third term, the worst-case number of comparisons for the elements in the first group is two, because each is inserted into a subsequence of formula_7 of length at most three. First, formula_32 is inserted into the three-element subsequence formula_46. Then, formula_31 is inserted into some permutation of the three-element subsequence formula_48, or in some cases into the two-element subsequence formula_49. Similarly, the elements formula_50 and formula_51 of the second group are each", "title": "Merge-insertion sort" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Bydgoszcz Canal. In the first half of the nineteenth century, this area remained almost undeveloped. The situation changed in the second half of the 19th century, when industrial plants and residential complexes, following industrial revolution in Prussia, were established. Królowej Jadwigi Street was then laid out in 1860 together with the development of Bydgoszcz thanks, in particular, to the rapid grow of the railway traffic. The thoroughfare connected then the train station area to the Bydgoszcz Canal. The street was first mentioned on maps of Bromberg from 1857 and 1876, under the name \"Victoria Straße\", in reference to Empress Victoria,", "title": "Królowej Jadwigi Street in Bydgoszcz" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "by 1880, there were 13,500 locomotives which each carried 97,800 passengers a year, or 31,500 tons of freight. During the First Industrial Revolution, the industrialist replaced the merchant as the dominant figure in the capitalist system. In the later decades of the 19th century, when the ultimate control and direction of large industry came into the hands of financiers, industrial capitalism gave way to financial capitalism and the corporation. The establishment of behemoth industrial empires, whose assets were controlled and managed by men divorced from production, was a dominant feature of this third phase. By the middle of the 19th", "title": "Economic history of the United Kingdom" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "means to \"do better\". Much of the Industrial revolution in the United Kingdom began in Birmingham and the Black Country area of West Midlands. The Industrial Revolution is thought to have begun when Abraham Darby substituted coke in the place of charcoal to smelt iron, at his Old Furnace. The Black Country may be regarded as the world's first industrial landscape, while nearby Ironbridge Gorge claims to be the Birthplace of Industry. The world's first cast iron bridge in 1779 spans the Gorge. The first self-propelled locomotive to run on rails in 1803 at Coalbrookdale, was built by Richard Trevithick.", "title": "West Midlands (region)" } ]

[ "around 1850" ]

[ "The first Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships and railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electric power generation. The Second Industrial Revolution was a phase of the Industrial Revolution; labeled as the separate Technical Revolution. From a technological and a social point of view there is no clean break between the two. Major innovations during the period occurred in the chemical, electrical, petroleum, and steel industries. Specific advancements included the introduction of oil fired steam turbine and internal combustion driven steel ships, the development of the airplane, the practical commercialization of the automobile, mass production of consumer goods, the perfection of canning, mechanical refrigeration and other food preservation techniques, and the invention of the telephone." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "1,000 BCE – 600 BCE" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000BCE600BCE in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings, dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect which each receives from Ahura Mazda (God in the form of supreme wisdom). The idea of Ahura Mazda as a non-intervening deistic god or Great Architect of the Universe was combined with a unique eschatology and ethical system which implied that each person is held morally responsible in the afterlife, for their choices they", "title": "Humanism" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Mariana Cap-Bun to have grown aware of his own international recognition by 1900-1910: this revelation, Cap-Bun argues, is what prompted him to diversify his approach and seek to contribute works with a universal appeal, primarily by reworking old narrative themes. In his 1941 synthesis of literary history, influential critic George Călinescu also identified Caragiale's maturity with a growing interest in the Balkans and the Levant in general, and in particular with producing \"artistic Balkanism\" on the basis of picturesque motifs. According to researcher Tatiana-Ana Fluieraru, the change also constituted a radical break with the modern themes of Caragiale's consecrated works,", "title": "Kir Ianulea" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "not see him and continues to walk away. He follows her but didn't meet her. Later, both Mayank and Gunjan go to their respective homes and tell their families that they have failed to unite with their partners. On the other hand, Bitu is admitted to the mental hospital, Rachna is taking care of him. At market Mayank again meet Gunjan but she didn't recognize him and even slapped him for stalking her. Mayank tells the incident to the house members, Dhollu too supports him, everyone is shocked. Mayank reaches Gunjan's house to find out why her wife is behaving", "title": "Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Ismail Nasiruddin of Terengganu Sultan Ismail Nasiruddin Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Haji Zainal Abidin III Mu’azzam Shah KCMG (Jawi: سلطان إسماعيل ناصرالدين شاه ابن سلطان زين العابدين ااا; 24 January 1907 – 20 September 1979) was the fourth Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia, and the sixteenth Sultan of Terengganu. The date of his birth has been given as either 16 March 1906 or as 24 January 1907, the latter being the one more often used. Born in Kuala Terengganu, he was the fifth, but third surviving, son of Sultan Zainal Abidin III ibni Sultan Ahmad II (reigned 1881–1918). His mother", "title": "Ismail Nasiruddin of Terengganu" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "lock and the key, and the same principle underlies possession factor authentication in computer systems. A security token is an example of a possession factor. Disconnected tokens have no connections to the client computer. They typically use a built-in screen to display the generated authentication data, which is manually typed in by the user. Connected tokens are devices that are \"physically\" connected to the computer to be used. Those devices transmit data automatically. There are a number of different types, including card readers, wireless tags and USB tokens. A software token (a.k.a. \"soft token\") is a type of two-factor authentication", "title": "Multi-factor authentication" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in 2003. Sestero lives in Southern California. Greg Sestero Gregory Sestero (born July 15, 1978) is an American actor, model and author. He is best known for his role as Mark in the 2003 cult film \"The Room\" and for his 2013 memoir \"The Disaster Artist\" about his life and experience making \"The Room\". Sestero was born in Walnut Creek, California. His mother is of French and Sicilian descent. He was raised in Danville, California, where he attended Monte Vista High School. At the age of 12, he wrote a sequel to the then-recently released 1990 film \"Home Alone\" with", "title": "Greg Sestero" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Rabbi Abulafia's legal insights made their way into the \"Tur.\" He also penned Halachic \"responsa\" in Aramaic, and wrote a commentary on \"Sefer Yetzirah,\" entitled \"Lifnei v'Lifnim\". Rabbi Abulafia is credited with writing the authoritative Torah scroll for Spanish Jewry. Scholars came from Germany and North Africa to copy his master copy. He also wrote an authoritative book of regulations about Torah-writing, called \"Masoret Siyag La-Torah\". His poem \"A Letter from the Grave\" is famous because it is a letter he wrote to his father in the name of his sister when she died. It was meant to inform him", "title": "Meir Abulafia" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and has had six original novels published in addition to his \"Doctor Who\" fiction. Already known in \"Doctor Who\" fan circles, Cornell's professional writing career began in 1990 when he was a winner in a young writers' competition and his entry, \"Kingdom Come\", was produced and screened on BBC Two. Soon after, he wrote \"\", a novel for the Virgin New Adventures series of \"Doctor Who\" novels. \"Timewyrm: Revelation\" was a reworking of a serialised fan fiction piece Cornell had penned previously for the fanzine \"Queen Bat\". Several other \"Doctor Who\" novels followed, including the award-winning \"Human Nature\". Cornell then", "title": "Paul Cornell" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a quiet setting, contemplating deep thoughts or savouring fine writing; the reader is being jostled and penned among strangers, and seeks distraction from the boredom and inconveniences of travel. Similarly, the reader is not in a position to consult reference works, scholarly papers, or the author's previous works. The writer of an airport novel must meet the needs of readers in this situation. The realisation that this niche market for mass market paperbacks had given rise to a new genre was slow in coming. Perhaps a defining moment in the history of the genre came in 1968, when Arthur Hailey", "title": "Airport novel" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "as Humphrey Bogart and James Cagney; films that were penned by the likes of Raymond Chandler and Dashiell Hammett. Cohen was especially a fan of director Michael Curtiz, whose films include \"The Adventures of Robin Hood\", \"Casablanca\", and \"Dodge City\". His own career in film began during the 1950s when he worked for NBC television network: it was while working at NBC that he learned how to produce teleplays and, shortly after, began writing his own television scripts. He solely created the TV series \"The Invaders\" and also scripted episodes of \"The Defenders\" and \"The Fugitive\". Cohen began his career", "title": "Larry Cohen" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "band's roadie Jimmi Seiter has stated in an interview that the song was re-recorded because the band were unhappy with the previously released version and because another Crosby-penned song was required in order for the guitarist to have an equal share of writing credits on the album. The group re-recorded the song between December 5 and December 8, 1966, with Gary Usher in the producer's chair. Although the song's Indian influences were still present in the re-recorded version, they were somewhat watered down when compared to the original B-side recording. \"Why\" was released as the B-side of \"Eight Miles High\"", "title": "Why (The Byrds song)" } ]

[ "1,000 BCE – 600 BCE" ]

[ "Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect which each receives from Ahura Mazda (God in the form of supreme wisdom). The idea of Ahura Mazda as a non-intervening deistic divine God/Grand Architect of the universe tied with a unique eschatology and ethical system implying that each person is held morally responsible for their choices, made freely in this present life, in the afterlife. The importance placed on thought, action, responsibility, and a non-intervening creator was appealed to by, and inspired a number of, Enlightenment humanist thinkers in Europe such as Voltaire and Montesquieu." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Nixon Secretary of Defense" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "\"Winter Soldier Investigation\" conducted by VVAW of U.S. atrocities in Vietnam, and he appears in a film by that name that documents the investigation. According to Nixon Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird, \"I didn't approve of what he did, but I understood the protesters quite well\", and he declined two requests from the Navy to court martial Reserve Lieutenant Kerry over his antiwar activity. On April 22, 1971, Kerry appeared before a U.S. Senate committee hearing on proposals relating to ending the war. The day after this testimony, Kerry participated in a demonstration with thousands of other veterans in which", "title": "John Kerry" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "than twice as long as all but one of the other songs on \"Queens of Noise\". Described by Jett as a chance \"for Lita to show off her lead guitar work\", the \"seven minute epic\" has been criticized as \"an unnecessary use of vinyl\" and a \"doom-laden attempt at a slow blues number\". Fox even went so far as to declare it \"without a question the single worst song the Runaways ever did\". It has also garnered positive reviews, however, including Henderson's recognition of it being a \"fine vehicle\" for Ford's guitar playing and Moro's belief that it proved Ford", "title": "Queens of Noise" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in Albania waiting to be discovered. Korab III Korab III is a mountain peak located in eastern Albania. Korab III is a peak of Mount Korab and is the third highest peak of this mountain. The height of Korab III is not known, the only thing that is known about its height is that it is lower than Korab II at and higher than Shulani i Radomirës at . So Korab III is somewhere between . Korab III just like Korab II is not yet named. It is not located in maps and does not have an official name. It", "title": "Korab III" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in Teaneck, between Teaneck Rd, Degraw Avenue, Fycke Lane and the Glenpointe Facility. This is a 46 acre eco-art park, consists of passive trails and art installations throughout a forested wetland environment. The Teaneck Creek Conservancy, a non-profit, manages the land in partnership with the County of Bergen. Overpeck County Park Overpeck County Park is an county park in Bergen County, New Jersey, with major sections in Leonia, Palisades Park, Ridgefield Park, and Teaneck, surrounding Overpeck Creek, a tributary of the Hackensack River. The Overpeck Creek flows to the west of the Henry Hoebel Area and the South Area of", "title": "Overpeck County Park" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "at all grade levels. The referral process for a gifted evaluation can be initiated by teachers or parents by contacting the student's building principal and requesting an evaluation. All requests must be made in writing. To be eligible for mentally gifted programs in Pennsylvania, a student must have a cognitive ability of at least 130 as measured on a standardized ability test by a certified school psychologist. Other factors that indicate giftedness will also be considered for eligibility. Through the strategic planning process, the Superintendent must ensure that Carbondale Area School District provides a continuum of program and service options", "title": "Carbondale Area School District" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Balla Moussa Keïta Balla Moussa Keïta (1934 – March 6, 2001) was a Malian actor and comedian, and a West African cinema pioneer who was well known in the West (especially France). Born in the Ségou Region of Mali as a traditional prince of the Keita dynasty, he was originally a radio producer. He later turned to acting and acted in a number of movies by notable Mali directors like Cheick Oumar Sissoko, Souleymane Cissé and Abdoulaye Ascofaré. Among his critically acclaimed roles are those of the tribal king \"Rouma Boll\" in \"Yeelen\" and as Mambi in \"Guimba, un tyrant,", "title": "Balla Moussa Keïta" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "USS Trepang (SSN-674) USS \"Trepang\" (SSN-674), a \"Sturgeon\"-class attack submarine, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the trepang, \"Holothuroidea\", a marine animal having a long, tough, muscular body, sometimes called a 'sea slug' or a 'sea cucumber', found on coral reefs. The contract to build \"Trepang\" was awarded to the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation in Groton, Connecticut, on 15 July 1966 and her keel was laid down there on 28 October 1967. She was launched on 27 September 1969, sponsored by Mrs. Melvin R. Laird, the wife of United States", "title": "USS Trepang (SSN-674)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "being heard at an April 22, 1970, meeting of the National Security Council. An impediment to Nixon's plan for Vietnamization of the war in Southeast Asia was increasing Viet Cong control of parts of Cambodia, beyond the reach of South Vietnamese troops and used as sanctuaries. Feeling that Nixon was getting overly dovish advice from Secretary of State William P. Rogers and Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird, Agnew stated that if the sanctuaries were a threat, they should be attacked and neutralized. Nixon chose to attack the Viet Cong positions in Cambodia, a decision that had Agnew's vigorous support, and", "title": "Spiro Agnew" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "evaluate and review service proposals. Laird noted this in his FY 1971 report, \"Except for the major policy decisions, I am striving to decentralize decisionmaking as much as possible ... So, we are placing primary responsibility for detailed force planning on the Joint Chiefs and the Services, and we are delegating to the Military Departments more responsibility to manage development and procurement programs.\" The military leadership was enthusiastic about Laird's methods. As the Washington Post reported after his selection as secretary of defense, \"Around the military-industrial complex these days they're singing 'Praise the Laird and pass the transformation.'\" Laird did", "title": "Melvin Laird" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "SEASIA\" outlines use of lead iodide and silver iodide deployed by aircraft in a program that was developed in California at Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake and tested in Okinawa, Guam, Philippines, Texas, and Florida in a hurricane study program called Project Stormfury. The chemical weather modification program conducted from Thailand over Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam was allegedly sponsored by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and CIA without the authorization of Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird who had categorically denied to Congress that a program for modification of the weather for use as a tactical weapon even existed. The", "title": "United States herbicidal warfare research" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Hill (D-Alabama) also authorized legislation which funded the building of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP) in Atlanta, GA. Following the death of Clarence Clifton Young on April 3, 2016, Laird became the last surviving member of the 83rd Congress, as well as the last surviving member elected in either the 1952 or 1954 elections. Laird died of congestive heart failure in Fort Myers, Florida on November 16, 2016, at the age of 94. Secretary of Defense Ash Carter said in a statement: \"Secretary Laird led the Defense Department through a time of great change in the world", "title": "Melvin Laird" } ]

[ "Nixon Secretary of Defense" ]

[ "After returning to the United States, Kerry joined the Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW). Then numbering about 20,000, VVAW was considered by some (including the administration of President Richard Nixon) to be an effective, if controversial, component of the antiwar movement. Kerry participated in the \"Winter Soldier Investigation\" conducted by VVAW of U.S. atrocities in Vietnam, and he appears in a film by that name that documents the investigation. According to Nixon Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird, \"I didn't approve of what he did, but I understood the protesters quite well\", and he declined two requests from the Navy to court martial Reserve Lieutenant Kerry over his antiwar activity." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "bishops" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the standard defense that canon law could be retained so long as it did not contradict the civil law. According to Polly Ha, the Reformed Church Government refuted this claiming that the bishops had been enforcing canon law for 1500 years. The Book of Concord is the historic doctrinal statement of the Lutheran Church, consisting of ten credal documents recognized as authoritative in Lutheranism since the 16th century. However, the Book of Concord is a confessional document (stating orthodox belief) rather than a book of ecclesiastical rules or discipline, like canon law. Each Lutheran national church establishes its own system", "title": "Canon law" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "became particularly clear with the East–West Schism. During the period of the Seven Ecumenical Councils, five primary sees emerged, an arrangement formalised in the mid-6th century by Emperor Justinian I as the pentarchy of Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem and Alexandria. In 451 the Council of Chalcedon, in a canon of disputed validity, elevated the see of Constantinople to a position \"second in eminence and power to the bishop of Rome\". From c. 350 to c. 500, the bishops, or popes, of Rome, steadily increased in authority through their consistent intervening in support of orthodox leaders in theological disputes, which encouraged", "title": "Catholic Church" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Petro Parfenii Petro Parfenii was an Orthodox Bishop and a Basilian monk who united the Ruthenian Church with Rome. On April 24, 1646, 63 Ruthenian priests (under Parfenii’s and eparch Vasyl Tarasovych leadership) solicited and performed an union with the Catholic Church. However, they required the preservation of the Byzantine Rite, Canon law and the ecclesiastical authority, based on the principles of Orthodox governance (an independent choice of the bishops). Parfenii after the Union of Uzhhorod of the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo became its first eparch (1651 - 1665). Ok January 15, 1652, Petro Parfenii personally handed over to", "title": "Petro Parfenii" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and over the insertion of the Filioque clause into the Nicene Creed by the Western patriarch in 1014. Eastern Orthodox today state that the 28th Canon of the Council of Chalcedon explicitly proclaimed the equality of the Bishops of Rome and Constantinople, and that it established the highest court of ecclesiastical appeal in Constantinople. The seventh canon of the Council of Ephesus declared: Eastern Orthodox today state that this Canon of the Council of Ephesus explicitly prohibited modification of the Nicene Creed drawn up by the first Ecumenical Council in 325, the wording of which but, it is claimed, not", "title": "History of the East–West Schism" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "desirable. The National Council of Synagogues (NCS) is a partnership of the non-Orthodox branches of Judaism. (Orthodox Jews have been invited to join, but Orthodox leaders have ruled that an Orthodox rabbi may not work with non-Orthodox rabbis as a matter of religious principle.) This group deals with interfaith issues, and meets regularly with the representatives of the United States Catholic Bishops Conference, the National Council of Churches of Christ and various other denominations and religions. Their goal is to foster religious conversation and dialogue in the spirit of religious pluralism. Today the Jewish leaders are having connection with the", "title": "Christian–Jewish reconciliation" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "(c. 1419.1), Judges (c. 1421.3), Promoters of Justice (c. 1435), Defenders of the Bond (c. 1435). In addition, Vicars General and Episcopal Vicars are to be doctors or at least licensed in canon law or theology (c. 478.1), and canonical advocates must either have the doctorate or be truly expert in canon law (c. 1483). Ordinarily, Bishops are to have advanced degrees in sacred scripture, theology, or canon law (c. 378.1.5). St. Raymond of Penyafort (1175–1275), a Spanish Dominican priest, is the patron saint of canonists, due to his important contributions to the science of Canon Law. The Greek-speaking Orthodox", "title": "Religious law" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "his daughter, Ava. As rumors were floating around about the band's \"break-up\", DeLonge chose to abstain for six months from any interviews surrounding the issue and his future plans; instead he concentrated on writing and recording in his home-based studio. In September 2005, he finally spoke publicly in \"Kerrang!\" magazine, where he unveiled the name of his new band, Angels & Airwaves. The band included former Hazen Street guitarist and high-school friend David Kennedy, former Rocket from the Crypt and The Offspring drummer Atom Willard and former The Distillers bass guitarist Ryan Sinn. Atom Willard told \"Shave\" magazine that the", "title": "Angels & Airwaves" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of service at Nazareth, Margoschis died on 27 April 1908. Arthur Margoschis was buried inside the St. John's Church, Nazareth premises. The people of Nazareth commemorated the 100th Death centenary of Canon Arthur Margoschis at Nazareth from 23 April to 27 April, in the year 2008. Some years before, the town of Nazareth has become famous for producing lot of sports personalities, especially in football. To commemorate Reverend Margoschis every year, 'Canon Margoschis Memorial trophy' State-level football tournament, is organized by the Margoschis Recreation Club, with the teenagers of this town involving largely, at Nazareth. Arthur Margoschis Arthur Margoschis (24", "title": "Arthur Margoschis" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "EPIC 2014 EPIC 2014 is a Flash movie released in November 2004 by Robin Sloan and Matt Thompson with original music by Aaron McLeran. It was based on a presentation they gave at the Poynter Institute in the spring of that year. The movie is 8 minutes long and is licensed under a Creative Commons non-commercial license. The movie is presented from the viewpoint of a fictional \"Museum of Media History\" in the year 2014. It explores the effects that the convergence of popular news aggregators, such as Google News, with other Web 2.0 technologies like blogging, social networking and", "title": "EPIC 2014" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "demarcates the extent of the bath complex on the northwest. The western side of the bath complex is demarcated by a sandstone platform higher than the surrounds of the bath. On the southern side of the bath is a shallow trough. This trough is in depth, long and wide. Notches to secure timber steps are located on the northern edge. After the 2004 survey, the remnants of the hardwood steps were left in the bath. Deception Bay Sea Baths was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 July 2006 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in", "title": "Deception Bay Sea Baths" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "win. In the 2016-2017 the Lobos record went from 9-4 to 3-9. It was the first time in 2 years that they didn't make a bowl game. After the season ended, they ended up losing two coaches. One was the Offensive Coordinator/Wide Receiver coach and the other was the Corners coach. The Lobos will return a lot of key players from the offense one being Jay Griffin IV. Jay Griffin IV will be a redshirt sophomore for this upcoming season. He is from Huntsville, Texas and went to Huntsville High School. At Huntsville, he played Varsity football for two years", "title": "New Mexico Lobos" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Fridays resulting from the Roman Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays. In the present day, episcopal conferences are now authorized to allow some other form of penance to replace abstinence from meat. The 1983 Code of Canon Law states: Some Anglicans (particularly Anglo-Catholics) also practice abstinence from meat either on all Fridays or on Fridays in Lent. More generally, traditional Anglican Prayer Books prescribe weekly Friday abstinence for all Anglicans. The Eastern Orthodox Church continues to observe Fridays (as well as Wednesdays) as fast days throughout the year (with the exception of several fast-free periods during the year).", "title": "Friday" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "fast to belief that man, though fallen, is free. They thus did not teach that human beings are deprived of free will and involved in total depravity, which is one understanding of original sin among the leaders of the Reformation. During this period the doctrines of human depravity and the inherently sinful nature of human flesh were taught by Gnostics, and orthodox Christian writers took great pains to counter them. Christian apologists insisted that God's future judgment of humanity implied humanity must have the ability to live righteously. Historian Robin Lane Fox argues that the foundation of the doctrine of", "title": "Original sin" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "untranslated where Greek is the liturgical language, e.g. in the Orthodox Church of Constantinople, the Church of Greece and the Cypriot Orthodox Church. Critical translations of the Old Testament, while using the Masoretic Text as their basis, consult the Septuagint as well as other versions in an attempt to reconstruct the meaning of the Hebrew text whenever the latter is unclear, undeniably corrupt, or ambiguous. Perhaps the earliest reference to a Christian canon is the Bryennios List which was found by Philotheos Bryennios in the Codex Hierosolymitanus in the library of the monastery of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre", "title": "Development of the Old Testament canon" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Didache is similar in several ways to the Gospel of Matthew, perhaps because both texts originated in similar communities. The opening chapters, which also appear in other early Christian texts, are likely derived from an earlier Jewish source. The Didache is considered part of the group of second-generation Christian writings known as the Apostolic Fathers. The work was considered by some Church Fathers to be a part of the New Testament, while being rejected by others as spurious or non-canonical, In the end, it was not accepted into the New Testament canon. However, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church \"broader canon\" includes", "title": "Didache" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "most important religious blessings in the contemporary Armenian Church. Contemporary church leaders assert that the ritual today is imbued with a new set of religious significance within the canon of Orthodox Christian practice. Contemporary interpretations link the \"madagh\" with the practice of Christian \"agape\", or communal fellowship and love. It is also connected with the practice of religious charity, because the meal is often given to the community for free and is associated with feeding the poor. Members of the Armenian diaspora typically associate the serving of the \"madagh\" with an annual commemoration of \"martyr's day\", the anniversary of the", "title": "Madagh" } ]

[ "bishops" ]

[ "The Greek-speaking Orthodox have collected canons and commentaries upon them in a work known as the Pēdálion (Greek: Πηδάλιον, \"Rudder\"), so named because it is meant to \"steer\" the Church. The Orthodox Christian tradition in general treats its canons more as guidelines than as laws, the bishops adjusting them to cultural and other local circumstances. Some Orthodox canon scholars point out that, had the Ecumenical Councils (which deliberated in Greek) meant for the canons to be used as laws, they would have called them nómoi/νόμοι (laws) rather than kanónes/κανόνες (rules), but almost all Orthodox conform to them. The dogmatic decisions of the Councils, though, are to be obeyed rather than to be treated as guidelines, since they are essential for the Church's unity." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "the Buddhacarita" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the show was published by Plug in Editions/Smart Art Press. Beck's nine-year relationship with designer Leigh Limon and their subsequent breakup is said to have inspired his 2002 album, \"Sea Change\". He wrote most of the songs for the album in one week after the breakup. In April 2004, shortly before the birth of their son Cosmo Henri, Beck married actress Marissa Ribisi, who is the twin sister of actor Giovanni Ribisi. Their daughter, Tuesday, was born in 2007. Both children were delivered by Beck's mother, Bibbe Hansen. Beck suffered a spinal injury while filming the music video for 2005's", "title": "Beck" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Love Is Not All Around Love Is Not All Around (traditional Chinese： 十分愛) is a 2007 Hong Kong film written and directed by Patrick Kong. Bo (Stephy Tang) is an expert on dating boys, explaining her strategy to her friends at Wing (Sammy Leung) and Ching's (Linda Chung) wedding. During the wedding Bo sees Bik Lin, her \"love rival\". Bo also meets Michael (Philip Ng) for the first time and soon asks him to drive her home. After the wedding, the newly weds head back to their house along with Siu Mo (Terry Wu), where it is seen hinted that", "title": "Love Is Not All Around" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "1988 Birthday Honours Queen's Birthday Honours are announced on or around the date of the Queen's Official Birthday in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The dates vary, both from year to year and from country to country. All are published in supplements to the London Gazette and many are conferred by the monarch (or her representative) some time after the date of the announcement, particularly for those service people on active duty. The 1988 Queen's Birthday honours lists were announced on 11 June 1988. Recipients of honours are shown below as they were styled before their new", "title": "1988 Birthday Honours" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "east of Carter Lake directly corresponds with streets in Carter Lake, but due to smaller block sizes in the East Omaha neighborhood immediately to the north of Carter Lake, north-south streets intersecting East Fort Street do not perfectly match between 8th St. E and 15th St. E. (for example, 8th Street East in Omaha is directly north of North 10th Street in Carter Lake). East Omaha is the site of several important facilities for the entire City of Omaha as well as the local community. The Sherman Community Center has been home to recreational activities and meeting space for East", "title": "East Omaha, Nebraska" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "at Cochin, and on 1 December at Calicut. She returned to Tellicherry on 4 December and Bombay on 14 December. On 27 February 1794 \"Barwell\" reached the Cape. She arrived at St Helena on 18 March, Galway on 20 July, and Long Reach on 31 August. For her last voyage for the EIC, Welladvice left Portsmouth on 24 May 1795. \"Barwell\" reached Bombay on 3 September, Calicut on 6 November, Anjengo on 16 November, Quilon on 22 November, Calicut on 7 December, Tellicherry on 12 December, and Bombay on 28 December. On her return voyage \"Barwell\" arrived at St Helena", "title": "Barwell (1782 ship)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "these texts were revised over time, and it is unclear what constitutes the earliest layer of Buddhist teachings. One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest extant versions of the Theravadin Pāli Canon and other texts. The reliability of the early sources, and the possibility to draw out a core of oldest teachings, is a matter of dispute. According to Vetter, inconsistencies remain, and other methods must be applied to resolve those inconsistencies. According to Schmithausen, three positions held by scholars of Buddhism can be distinguished: According to Mitchell, certain basic teachings", "title": "Buddhism" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "except what is either positively given empirically, or demonstrated through indubitable conclusions. Also note: This actual world of what is knowable, in which we are and which is in us, remains both the material and the limit of our consideration. The argument that Buddhism affected Schopenhauer's philosophy more than any other Dharmic faith loses more credence when viewed in light of the fact that Schopenhauer did not begin a serious study of Buddhism until after the publication of \"The World as Will and Representation\" in 1818. Scholars have started to revise earlier views about Schopenhauer's discovery of Buddhism. Proof of", "title": "Arthur Schopenhauer" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "detached from the Vinaya and beginning to circulate as independent biographies of the Buddha. Some of the myths told in the Vinayas include: While the early texts were mostly completed in the pre-Ashokan period, the post-Ashokan period saw the widespread adoption of Buddhism as a popular religion. At this time, Buddhism was spreading across the Indian subcontinent and beyond, and several distinct schools were emerging in different regions. It seems likely that each school would have used the life of the Buddha as a primary teaching vehicle. Several distinctive versions of this story survive. While these vary greatly in their", "title": "Buddhist mythology" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Sutra\" in its teachings. During the Sui dynasty, the Tiantai school became one of the leading schools of Chinese Buddhism, with numerous large temples supported by emperors and wealthy patrons. The school's influence waned and was revived again through the Tang dynasty and also rose again during the Song dynasty. Its doctrine and practices had an influence on Chinese Chan and Pure land Buddhism. Unlike earlier schools of Chinese Buddhism, the Tiantai school was entirely of Chinese origin. The schools of Buddhism that had existed in China prior to the emergence of the Tiantai are generally believed to represent direct", "title": "Tiantai" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "intermediate research. In the years leading up to Bach's 300th birthday in 1985 some new biographies were published. Malcolm Boyd's \"Bach\" appeared in 1983. Denis Arnold's \"Bach\" appeared the next year, as well as a new French biography by Roland de Candé, and a German one by Werner Felix. That last one was translated in English in 1985. Piero Buscaroli's Italian biography appeared in 1985. Around the 250th anniversary of Bach's death (2000) several new biographies were published, along with reprints and revised editions of earlier publications. John Butt collaborated to several publications on Bach. In 1997 he was the", "title": "Biographies of Johann Sebastian Bach" } ]

[ "the Buddhacarita" ]

[ "This narrative draws on the Nidānakathā of the Jataka tales of the Theravada, which is ascribed to Buddhaghoṣa in the 5th century CE. Earlier biographies such as the Buddhacarita, the Lokottaravādin Mahāvastu, and the Sarvāstivādin Lalitavistara Sūtra, give different accounts. Scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life. Most accept that he lived, taught and founded a monastic order, but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard Domagk" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "inexorably to severe skin ulceration, neurological damage, and death. Ehrlich's approach of systematically varying the chemical structure of synthetic compounds and measuring the effects of these changes on biological activity was pursued broadly by industrial scientists, including Bayer scientists Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard Domagk. This work, also based in the testing of compounds available from the German dye industry, led to the development of Prontosil, the first representative of the sulfonamide class of antibiotics. Compared to arsphenamine, the sulfonamides had a broader spectrum of activity and were far less toxic, rendering them useful for infections caused by pathogens", "title": "Pharmaceutical industry" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Newcastle led to the opening of an office in that city; a number of theatres were built in other towns in the north and the midlands. By the time of the First War, the Company had a London office. The First War expanded the range of contracts, which now included aerodromes and railway sidings. When peace came, the firm became involved in large-scale housing schemes (including the Parkinson-Kahn reinforced concrete house) and a wider range of civil engineering work – including new trunk roads. Lindsay Parkinson was knighted for public services and the Company took on his new name. On", "title": "Sir Lindsay Parkinson & Co. Ltd" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "mixed-race ancestry that included African. The case was notable for the Virginia Supreme Court's defining a difference between presumptions about people of Indian and African descent. The noted judge George Wythe, Chancellor of the Circuit Court/Chancery Court, had ruled in Wright's favor in the first trial, based on the presumption of persons being born free as expressed in the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights. St. George Tucker, a noted justice of the Virginia Supreme Court, participated in ruling on the appeals case. He and his fellow justices ruled that the appellant had not provided sufficient evidence to offset Wright's claim", "title": "Hudgins v. Wright" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "white male while radioing the dispatcher at the Philadelphia Police Academy, while he uses the term \"brother\" to refer to a black person, despite being white himself. On the TV series \"Barney Miller\", Season 5, Episode 8, \"Loan Shark\", Arthur Dietrich gives an etymology of the word \"honky\", claiming it was \"coined by blacks in the 1950s in reference to the nasal tone of Caucasians\". One of the Harlem Globetrotters refers to the robot Bender as \"silver honky\" in the episode \"Time Keeps On Slippin'\" of the cartoon series \"Futurama\". The animated television series \"Black Dynamite\" extensively uses the word", "title": "Honky" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "puppet emperor in his control. The Mughal emperor and his \"wazir\" Imad-ul-Mulk were alarmed by all these developments and hence requested Marathas to help them get rid of Abdali's agents in Delhi. A contingent of 30,000 Maratha troops was dispatched for attacking Delhi. The Marathas encamped opposite the Red Fort on the other side of Yamuna river. The Marathas were joined by Mughal commanders Imad-ul-Mulk and Ahmad Khan Bangash for assisting them in freeing Delhi from Rohilla Afghans. Najib gave the charge of 2,500 strong infantry to Qutub Shah and Mulla Aman Khan and himself commanded another infantry contingent of", "title": "Battle of Delhi (1757)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to the existing legislation of the Empire). He argued heatedly about the need of the immediate imposition of the Responsible Ministry. He informed the tsar that his thoughts were wrong, he told Nicholas that it was necessary to adopt the policy: \"the sovereign reigns, and the government rules.\" The tsar argued that this policy was too incomprehensible for him, he said that what was necessary was that the people should be educated, or in other words, should be reborn. He disagreed and then argued with the tsar. And about an hour later, Nicholas finally agreed to the Responsible Ministry. It", "title": "Nikolai Ruzsky" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "stating the Japanese government supports Okinawa's independent plans to help improve the prefecture. He also acknowledged the burden the military bases in Okinawa have on the islanders and claimed to continue trying to reduce the burden. Noda also said that, \"It is Okinawa that will be the driving force for Japan as a whole, creating a role for itself at the forefront of the Asia-Pacific era. It is we who are responsible for creating this future. There is no doubt that the aspirations of the people of Okinawa for peace, and their globally-minded spirit as a \"bridge between nations\" will", "title": "1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Domagk's work, translating the German article, and \"was so intrigued by [the] experiments and by the three accompanying clinical articles on Prontosil that he contacted a pharmaceutical house, obtained a supply of the drug, and proceeded to treat a patient [a daughter of a colleague] who had serious streptococcal disease.\" Dr. Perrin Long and Dr. Eleanor Bliss of Johns Hopkins University began their pioneering work later on prontosil and sulfanilamide which led to the large scale production of this new treatment saving the lives of millions with systemic bacterial infections. Sulfanilamide was cheap to produce and (due to the early", "title": "Prontosil" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "rest of the band's output. No other Steeleye studio album features an accordion, although \"Hark! The Village Wait\" features a concertina on several songs. The album cover is by the English commercial artist Adrian Chesterman, who was also responsible for creating album art for, amongst others, Motörhead for their 1979 'Bomber' album and Chris Rea for his 1989 'Road To Hell' album. \"\"Q\"\" (May 2007, p. 135): \"It was Steeleye Span who carried the British folk rock banner into the '70s, with Martin Carthy's guitar (plus honking accordions and the clear, high voice of Maddy Prior, the band's one constant", "title": "Storm Force Ten" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Chicago Woman's Club The Chicago Woman's Club was formed in 1876 by women in Chicago who were interested in \"self and social improvement.\" The club was notable for creating educational opportunities in the Chicago region and helped create the first juvenile court in the United States. The group was primarily made up of wealthy and middle-class white women, with physicians, lawyers and university professors playing \"prominent roles.\" The club often worked towards social and educational reform in Chicago. It also hosted talks by prominent women, including artists and suffragists. The Chicago Woman's Club was responsible for creating the first Protective", "title": "Chicago Woman's Club" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "time at the University of Greifswald. In 1939, Gerhard Domagk (1895–1964) received the Nobel Prize in Medicine (see Nobel Prize Website) \"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil\". The university was named in honour of its former student and faculty member, the writer, politician and poet Ernst Moritz Arndt. Otto von Bismarck, chancellor of the German Empire from 1871–1890 and the \"engineer\" of the Unification of Germany in 1871, had a connection to Greifswald when he studied at the agricultural college, as well as one of his successors, Prince Bernhard von Bülow, who was chancellor of the German", "title": "University of Greifswald" } ]

[ "Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard Domagk" ]

[ "Ehrlich’s approach of systematically varying the chemical structure of synthetic compounds and measuring the effects of these changes on biological activity was pursued broadly by industrial scientists, including Bayer scientists Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard Domagk. This work, also based in the testing of compounds available from the German dye industry, led to the development of Prontosil, the first representative of the sulfonamide class of antibiotics. Compared to arsphenamine, the sulfonamides had a broader spectrum of activity and were far less toxic, rendering them useful for infections caused by pathogens such as streptococci. In 1939, Domagk received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for this discovery. Nonetheless, the dramatic decrease in deaths from infectious diseases that occurred prior to World War II was primarily the result of improved public health measures such as clean water and less crowded housing, and the impact of anti-infective drugs and vaccines was significant mainly after World War II." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Santiago Bernabéu" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "was in need of redesign to meet UEFA criteria, the club raised money by offering supporters the opportunity to inscribe their name on the bricks for a small fee. The idea was popular with supporters, and thousands of people paid the fee. Later this became the centre of controversy when media in Madrid picked up reports that one of the stones was inscribed with the name of long-time Real Madrid chairman and Franco supporter Santiago Bernabéu. In preparation for the 1992 Summer Olympics two tiers of seating were installed above the previous roofline. It has a current capacity of 99,354", "title": "FC Barcelona" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "at the Autumn Equinox, the tables finally turn in the Holly King's favor; his strength peaks at Midwinter. Graves identified a number of paired hero-figures which he believes are variants of this myth, including Lleu Llaw Gyffes and Gronw Pebr, Gwyn and Gwythr, Lugh and Balor, Balan and Balin, Gawain and the Green Knight, the robin and the wren, and even Jesus and John the Baptist. A similar idea was suggested previously by Sir James George Frazer in his work \"The Golden Bough\" in Chapter XXVIII, \"The Killing of The Tree Spirit\" in the section entitled \"The Battle of Summer", "title": "Holly King (archetype)" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "frame of the writing as a salvation from death and dark visions of the horsemen of the apocalypse. He perceives the world from the off-perspective of the good \"fools\", but despite the quixotic fervor and humor, the sense of sorrow, anxiety, disappointment and anti-utopian situations breaks through. In the follow up, \"Dani crvenog sljeza\" (\"Days of red marshmallow\"), it all evolves into the collapse of the social ideals as expensively paid illusions. He was also writing children's poetry and prose. Best known works include \"Priče partizanke\" (\"Partisan stories\"), \"Nasmejana sveska\" (\"Smiley notebook\"), \"U carstvu leptirova i medveda\" (\"In the realm", "title": "Branko Ćopić" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Palatine Karl Ludwig. In 1666, he had the castle repaired and made some alterations: he greatly changed the interior of the \"palas\" and between it and the northern rampart built a massive new building with a \"Fachwerk\" half-timbered upper storey. An inscribed stone tablet on the \"palas\" commemorates his rebuilding of the castle. During the War of the Palatine Succession, the castle was decisively destroyed, like most of the fortifications in the Upper Middle Rhine Valley. Its commander, von Dachenhausen, surrendered it to French troops on 11 October 1688, but on 15 March 1689 they blew it up. The explosion", "title": "Stahleck Castle" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "year, were voted out in favour of Hereford United despite having improved to 22nd. The club once again avoided the re-election zone in 1972–73, finishing in 20th place, but with four successive finishes either in or not far above the bottom four and strong challenges coming from non-league sides, the club needed to show signs of improvement. Ashurst did precisely that, finishing in 11th in 1973–74; he then left the club to manage Gillingham. Ken Hale took over and guided the team to 13th and 14th over the next two seasons and also reached the League Cup Fourth round in", "title": "Hartlepool United F.C." }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "radicosum\" in appearance and habitat, but can be distinguished by its yellower cap and lack of odor. Additionally, \"H. radicosoides\" fruits after experimental application of urea to soil, while \"H. radicosum\" does not. Another lookalike, \"Hypholoma radicosum\", has a rooting stipe, but it is more slender and smells strongly of the compound iodoform.\" \"Hebeloma radicosum\" is an ammonia fungus, and associates with the latrines of moles, wood mice, and shrews. The mushroom has been used to study the nesting ecology of moles. Fruit bodies occur on the ground scattered or in groups on soil or grassy areas, and are also", "title": "Hebeloma radicosum" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Vaste inscription (\"Corpus Inscriptionum Messapicarum 149\"), a passage that probably consists mostly of personal names: For this other Messapic inscription (Grotta della Poesia, Melendugno, Lecce): Here, \"klauhi\" probably means \"hear\" (< PIE \"*kleu-\", \"to hear\"); \"Zis\" has been interpreted as the Messapic Zeus; \"Dekias\" is a first name (compare Latin Decius); \"Artahias\" is a patronym or nomen gentile with the Messapic genitive \"-as\" suffix; \"Thautori\" is inferred to be an infernal god because of its placement next to what appears to be an adjective, \"andirahho\" (perhaps from PIE \"*ndher-\", \"under\"). It is similar to Tartarus, a classical Greek name for", "title": "Messapian language" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in memory of his father, who had the same name. A fragment of another runestone, inscription U 1113, with a partial inscription consisting of just this name was found about 1 kilometer to the west near Häggeby. Runic inscription U 1046 is the Rundata listing for an inscription on a granite stone that is 1.65 meters in height and was moved to its current location south of the church in 1920. It consists of runic text carved on an intertwined serpent with a Christian cross in the upper center of the design. The inscription is classified as being carved in", "title": "Björklinge runestones" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Algren Street caused controversy and was almost immediately reversed. In 1998, Algren enthusiasts instigated the renaming after Algren of the Polish Triangle in what had been the center of the Polish Downtown. Replacing the plaza's traditional name, the director of the Polish Museum of America predicted, would obliterate the history of Chicago ethnic Poles and insult ethnic Polish institutions and local businesses. In the end a compromise was reached where the Triangle kept its older name and a newly installed fountain was named after Algren and inscribed with a quotation about the city's working people protecting its essence, from Algren's", "title": "Nelson Algren" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "prison.The low quality was on purpose because as Varg said, it was a rebellion against good production. Burzum's early music shows heavy Tolkien influence; for example, Vikernes' early moniker \"Count Grishnackh\" is taken from an orc character called Grishnákh in Tolkien's works. The choice of the name for the project reflects both this influence and the desire for anonymity: \"Burzum\" is a word of the Black Speech of Mordor meaning \"darkness\" (though Vikernes views what Christians consider \"darkness\" as \"light\"), and is one of those found on the Ring-inscription of the One Ring (the final part of the Ring inscription", "title": "Burzum" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "This is why the production was moved from Colombia to New Mexico. However, most of the controversy was centered on the title of the film. Some found the name so offensive that the newspapers actually edited the name in the advertisements to \"The Legend of Black Charley\", or just \"Black Charley\". Williamson said, \"I called it Nigger Charley because it was controversy. The word nigger in the '70s was hot. Controversy is what sells.\" He later explained that he believed the movie was helping to take back the meaning from the historical defamation. The movie helps reinforce the expected interaction", "title": "The Legend of Nigger Charley" } ]

[ "Santiago Bernabéu" ]

[ "In 1980, when the stadium was in need of redesign to meet UEFA criteria, the club raised money by offering supporters the opportunity to inscribe their name on the bricks for a small fee. The idea was popular with supporters, and thousands of people paid the fee. Later this became the centre of controversy when media in Madrid picked up reports that one of the stones was inscribed with the name of long-time Real Madrid chairman and Franco supporter Santiago Bernabéu. In preparation for the 1992 Summer Olympics two tiers of seating were installed above the previous roofline. It has a current capacity of 99,354 making it the largest stadium in Europe." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "1996" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "albeit by a narrow margin of two percent. At the state level, the pattern of split-ticket voting and divided government holds. Democrats currently hold one of the state's U.S. Senate seats, as well as one of the five statewide offices (Governor). The lone congressional district has been Republican since 1996 and in 2014 Steve Daines won one of the state's Senate seats for the GOP. The Legislative branch had split party control between the house and senate most years between 2004 and 2010, when the mid-term elections returned both branches to Republican control. The state Senate is, as of 2017,", "title": "Montana" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Electoral history of Bob Dole Electoral history of Bob Dole, United States Senator from Kansas (1969–1996), Senate Majority Leader (1985–1987, 1995–1996), Senate Minority Leader (1987–1995), 1976 Republican Party Vice Presidential nominee and 1996 Presidential nominee. He has been involved in many elections on regional, statewide and nationwide stage, from 1950 to 1996. Kansas House of Representatives, 81st district, 1950: County Attorney, Russell County, 1952 (Republican primary): Russell County Attorney, 1952: Russell County Attorney, 1954: Russell County Attorney, 1956: Russell County Attorney, 1958 Kansas's 6th congressional district, 1960 (Republican primary) Kansas's 6th congressional district, 1960: Kansas's 1st congressional district, 1962: NOTE:", "title": "Electoral history of Bob Dole" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "congressional district, 1996 (Republican primary): Texas's 14th congressional district, 1996 (Republican primary runoff): Texas's 14th congressional district, 1996: Texas's 14th congressional district, 1998: Texas's 14th congressional district, 2000: Texas's 14th congressional district, 2002: Texas's 14th congressional district, 2004: Texas's 14th congressional district, 2006 (Republican primary): Texas's 14th congressional district, 2006: Texas's 14th congressional district, 2008 (Republican primary): Texas's 14th congressional district, 2008: Texas's 14th congressional district, 2010 Iowa Republican straw poll, 2008: Republican New Hampshire Vice Presidential primary, 2008: Liberty Union Party presidential primary, 2008: Constitution Party presidential primaries, 2008: Minnesota Independence Party presidential caucus, 2008: 2008 Libertarian National Convention", "title": "Electoral history of Ron Paul" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "vote. The district has a PVI of D+6. Republican Greg Walden has represented Oregon's 2nd congressional district since 1998 and is seeking re-election. The district has a PVI of R+10. Democrat Earl Blumenauer has represented Oregon's 3rd congressional district since 1996 and is seeking re-election. The district is the most Democratic-leaning district in the state, with a PVI of D+21. Oregon's 4th congressional district has been represented by Democrat Peter DeFazio since 1987 and he is seeking re-election. The district has a PVI of D+2. Democratic incumbent Kurt Schrader has represented Oregon's 5th congressional district since 2008 and is running", "title": "2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Oregon" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "this is where Democratic presidential candidates perform best in the state. Bill Clinton easily carried the district in 1992 and 1996. However, the district has been swept up in the growing Republican trend in Oklahoma. George W. Bush received 59 percent of the vote in this district in 2004. John McCain received 66 percent of the vote in this district in 2008. Muskogee has produced six representatives, more than any other city in the district. Tahlequah has produced three representatives, the second most of any city in the district. Oklahoma's 2nd congressional district Oklahoma's Second Congressional District is one of", "title": "Oklahoma's 2nd congressional district" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Electoral history of Bob Barr Electoral history of Bob Barr, Republican Representative from Georgia (1995–2003) and Libertarian Party presidential nominee in 2008 election. Republican primary for the United States Senate from Georgia, 1992: Republican primary runoff for the United States Senate from Georgia, 1992: Georgia's 7th congressional district, 1994 (Republican primary): Georgia's 7th congressional district, 1994: Georgia's 7th congressional district, 1996: Georgia's 7th congressional district, 1998: Georgia's 7th congressional district, 2000: Georgia's 7th congressional district, 2002 (Republican primary): Note: Linder, incumbent from 11th district, ran against 7th district incumbent Barr due to districts borders changes 2008 Libertarian National Convention: First", "title": "Electoral history of Bob Barr" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Tramm Hudson Tramm Hudson was a Republican candidate for Florida's 13th congressional district, to succeed former Congresswoman and U.S. Senate candidate Katherine Harris. Hudson was born in Montgomery, Alabama. He attended Vanderbilt University on a Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) scholarship, graduating in 1975. He served in the 3rd Infantry Division in Germany after graduating. He retired from the Army Reserve in 1996 with the rank of lieutenant colonel. Hudson has had a long career as a banking executive and has served on a number of civic and business organizations in Florida. He has also been very active in Republican", "title": "Tramm Hudson" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "ballot: Second ballot: Third ballot: Fourth ballot: Fifth ballot: Sixth ballot: 2008 Libertarian ticket: Electoral history of Bob Barr Electoral history of Bob Barr, Republican Representative from Georgia (1995–2003) and Libertarian Party presidential nominee in 2008 election. Republican primary for the United States Senate from Georgia, 1992: Republican primary runoff for the United States Senate from Georgia, 1992: Georgia's 7th congressional district, 1994 (Republican primary): Georgia's 7th congressional district, 1994: Georgia's 7th congressional district, 1996: Georgia's 7th congressional district, 1998: Georgia's 7th congressional district, 2000: Georgia's 7th congressional district, 2002 (Republican primary): Note: Linder, incumbent from 11th district, ran against", "title": "Electoral history of Bob Barr" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Edward Packard (businessman, born 1843) (Sir) Edward Packard, junior (1843-1932), was an English businessman who developed a major artificial fertilizer industry near Ipswich, Suffolk. Edward Packard was born in 1843 at Saxmundham in Suffolk, the son of Edward Packard senior. He was educated at King's College, London and the Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester. He joined his father in business as a dispensing chemist at Bramford in 1866, and was an active member of Dr. John Taylor's Ipswich Science-Gossip Society from the late 1860s. He received, accompanied and led the Society's inspection of the works in 1872. In that year,", "title": "Edward Packard (businessman, born 1843)" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "was the main left wing opposition party and their leader, Ingibjörg Sólrún Gísladóttir, a former mayor of Reykjavík, was hoping to become the first female Prime Minister of Iceland. They were hoping to capitalise on a feeling that it was time for a change in government. The Social Democrats stressed welfare, health and housing which they said the Independence Party had failed to address. The Independence Party campaigned on their record of economic growth over the past decade. This had seen Icelandic businesses expand abroad and Iceland become the 6th richest county per capita in purchasing power parity. Opinion polls", "title": "2003 Icelandic parliamentary election" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "goose bumps and primitive reflexes. However, many traits that appear to be simple adaptations are in fact exaptations: structures originally adapted for one function, but which coincidentally became somewhat useful for some other function in the process. One example is the African lizard \"Holaspis guentheri\", which developed an extremely flat head for hiding in crevices, as can be seen by looking at its near relatives. However, in this species, the head has become so flattened that it assists in gliding from tree to tree—an exaptation. Within cells, molecular machines such as the bacterial flagella and protein sorting machinery evolved by", "title": "Evolution" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 31.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 120.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.7 males. As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $23,750, and the median income for a family was $30,000. Males had a median income of $18,750 versus $28,750 for females. The per capita income for the village was $11,629. There", "title": "Hazard, Nebraska" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma (common names: western cottonmouth, water moccasin, cottonmouth, more) is a venomous pit viper subspecies found in the south central United States. It is the smallest of the three subspecies and tends to be darker in color. This is the smallest of the three subspecies, both in maximum length and especially in average length. The two maximum lengths ever reported were both 62 inches (157.5 cm): the first by Wright and Wright (1957) and the second by David L. Edwards for a specimen killed north of Yazoo City in Mississippi almost 30 years later. Regarding", "title": "Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "for the purposes of researching a link between illegal wildlife poaching and Al-Qaeda. Bonner was a member of the Republican Study Committee until October 2011, when he dropped out of the group. Alabama's 1st congressional district, 2002 – Republican primary: Alabama's 1st congressional district, 2002 – Republican primary runoff: Alabama's 1st congressional district, 2002 – general election: Alabama's 1st congressional district, 2004 – general election: Alabama's 1st congressional district, 2006 – general election: Alabama's 1st congressional district, 2008 – general election: Alabama's 1st congressional district, 2010 – Republican primary: Alabama's 1st congressional district, 2010 – general election: Alabama's 1st congressional", "title": "Jo Bonner" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "2016. Colorado's 5th congressional district Colorado's 5th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Colorado. The district lies in the center of the state and mostly comprises Colorado Springs and its suburbs including Cimarron Hills and Fort Carson. The district is currently represented by Republican Doug Lamborn. The Republican Party has held control of the seat since the district's creation. With a Cook PVI of R+16, the 5th Congressional District of Colorado is the most conservative district in the state. Colorado Springs, the main population center within the district, is home to many conservative organizations. Among", "title": "Colorado's 5th congressional district" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "12th district. Democrat Allyson Schwartz, who has represented Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district since 2005, sought re-election. Nathan Kleinman, a member of the Occupy Philadelphia movement who worked as a field organizer for Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign, was expected to challenge Schwartz in the Democratic primary, but Schwartz ran unopposed. She defeated Republican Joseph James Rooney in the general election. Incumbent Democrat Mike Doyle defeated challenger Janis C. Brooks in the Democratic primary. He faced Republican Hans Lessmann in the general election. Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district has been represented by Republican Charlie Dent since 2005. Rick Daugherty, the chairman of", "title": "2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "California's 41st congressional district California's 41st congressional district is a congressional district in western Riverside County, in the U.S. state of California. The district is currently represented by . It includes the cities of Moreno Valley, Perris, and Riverside, located in the Inland Empire region of Southern California. In the 1980s, the 41st Congressional District was one of four that divided San Diego County, formerly located in the North County region. The district had been held for 12 years by Republican Bill Lowery and was considered the most Republican district in the San Diego area. The 41st District was renumbered", "title": "California's 41st congressional district" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "conservative on social issues and has been trending Republican. It was part of Tennessee's 8th congressional district, which had been represented by Blue Dog Democrat John S. Tanner. It is now part of Tennessee's 7th congressional district and is represented by Republican Marsha Blackburn. The county had been among the most consistently Democratic in the state on presidential elections. Prior to 2012, only twice have Democratic candidates failed to carry Houston County at the presidential level. In 1928, Herbert Hoover became the first Republican presidential candidate to ever carry Houston County, due to anti-Catholic voting against Al Smith in this", "title": "Houston County, Tennessee" } ]

[ "1996" ]

[ "However, at the state level, the pattern of split ticket voting and divided government holds. Democrats currently hold one of the state's U.S. Senate seats, as well as four of the five statewide offices (Governor, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Secretary of State and State Auditor). The lone congressional district has been Republican since 1996 and in 2014 Steve Daines won one of the state's Senate seats for the GOP. The Legislative branch had split party control between the house and senate most years between 2004 and 2010, when the mid-term elections returned both branches to Republican control. The state Senate is, as of 2015, controlled by the Republicans 29 to 21, and the State House of Representatives at 59 to 41." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "1949-1952" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "\"China's Hollywood\". The politics of Zhejiang is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in Mainland China. The Governor of Zhejiang is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor is subordinate to the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the \"Zhejiang CPC Party Chief\". Several political figures who served as Zhejiang's top political office of Communist Party Secretary have played key roles in various events in PRC history. Tan Zhenlin (term 1949-1952), the inaugural Party Secretary, was one of", "title": "Zhejiang" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "\"China's Hollywood\". The politics of Zhejiang is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in Mainland China. The Governor of Zhejiang is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor is subordinate to the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the \"Zhejiang CPC Party Chief\". Several political figures who served as Zhejiang's top political office of Communist Party Secretary have played key roles in various events in PRC history. Tan Zhenlin (term 1949-1952), the inaugural Party Secretary, was one of", "title": "Zhejiang" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of a serpent or wild cat. This theme is further established by the magical elements of the story. The lionesses have been interpreted as spiritual, physical, and metaphorical. It is speculated that the lionesses do not consume their female victims, but rather the female victims become the lionesses. Through this transformation, the anger at the victim's oppression, which they have had to hide during their lifetimes, is made manifest through the violence of the lionesses. Female oppression is the central theme of the work to which all other themes and motifs relate. As a result, the similarities between man and", "title": "Confession of the Lioness" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "relied upon during periods of unemployment common in the writing industry. The WGA requested a doubling of the residual rate for DVD sales, which would result in a residual of 0.6% (up from 0.3%) per DVD sold. The AMPTP maintained that studios' DVD income was necessary to offset rising production and marketing costs. They further insisted that the current DVD formula (0.3%) be applied to residuals in other digital media—an area which was also contested by the Writers Guild. The WGA provisionally removed the increased DVD residual request from the table, in an effort to avert a strike and on", "title": "2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "has gone mad in the Tower. On the scaffold, Catherine states that, although Queen of England, she would have preferred to have been Thomas Culpepper's wife. In Episode 6, Henry is courted by both Spain and Rome to form a military alliance against the French, who have allied with the Turks, and he is persuaded to form an alliance with the Emperor and invade France. Thomas Seymour introduces Catherine Parr at court and she catches the King's eye, even though married. Henry pursues her and sends Seymour over to Belgium to remove him as a love rival. Military preparations are", "title": "The Tudors" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "after the subroutine runs the algorithm must take an additional 55\"n\" + 2\"n\" + 10 steps before it terminates. Thus the overall time complexity of the algorithm can be expressed as \"T\"(\"n\") = 55\"n\" + \"O\"(\"n\"). Here the terms 2\"n\"+10 are subsumed within the faster-growing \"O\"(\"n\"). Again, this usage disregards some of the formal meaning of the \"=\" symbol, but it does allow one to use the big O notation as a kind of convenient placeholder. In more complicated usage, \"O\"(...) can appear in different places in an equation, even several times on each side. For example, the following are", "title": "Big O notation" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "German roots and influences are particularly strong in Mexican music, due to the large German immigration to Texas and northern Mexico around the 1830s. Today, there are various styles of music that descended in part from German music and they are Tejano, Conjunto, Tex-Mex, Quebradita, Banda, Ranchera, and Norteño. These musical styles are especially popular in northern Mexico and in places of the United States where there is a large Mexican immigrant population. German Mexicans were instrumental and played a crucial part in the development of the cheese and brewing industries in Mexico. German influence can be seen as having", "title": "Model minority" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Communist revolutionaries such as Chen Yi and Nie Rongzhen, openly attacked the CCRG and their insistence on expanding the Cultural Revolution. Tan bluntly told the assembled leaders that the Cultural Revolution was an attempt to purge the Communist old guard. Tan also reputedly said, \"I made three mistakes in my life. I should not have lived to this day. I should have never joined the revolution with Mao. I should have never joined the Communist Party.\" He was then thoroughly denounced by Lin Biao as part of the \"February Countercurrent\" and subsequently purged. However, after Lin Biao's own demise in", "title": "Tan Zhenlin" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Tan Shaowen Tan Shaowen (; July 4, 1929 – February 3, 1993) was a Chinese politician. He served as the Communist Party Chief and top leader of the direct-controlled municipality of Tianjin, and was a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China, one of the most powerful political bodies in the People's Republic of China. However, he died in 1993 before completing the full term of his office. Tan Shaowen was born on July 4, 1929 in Xinjin County, Sichuan province. Both his parents worked as post and telecommunications employees. He attended primary and secondary school in", "title": "Tan Shaowen" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Socialist Workers Party (India) The Socialist Workers Party (SWP) was a Trotskyist political party in India. The party was established in 1965 by activists, mostly in Mumbai. These included two former leading members of the Revolutionary Workers Party: S. B. Kolpe, who became editor of the party journal, \"Marxist Outlook\", and Murlidhar Parija, who became the party's general secretary. It aligned itself with the United Secretariat of the Fourth International. In 1968 the party recruited Gour Pal, formerly a leading figure in the Revolutionary Communist Party of India (RCP), and significant numbers of trade unionists from the Communist Party of", "title": "Socialist Workers Party (India)" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the member of the CPC Zhenjiang Municipal Committee, and the Organization Department Minister. In January 2007, he was appointed by the Jiangsu Province Safety Production Supervision and Administration Bureau, party secretary, Jiangsu coal mine safety supervision Secretary of the party group. In July 2009, he was transferred to the Jiangsu Province, human resources, the social security department director, and party secretary. July 2010, Xu was appointed as the acting mayor of Taizhou, and deputy secretary of the CPC Taizhou Municipal Committee. Then, on January 2011, he was formally elected as the mayor of Taizhou. In 2013, he was elected to", "title": "Xu Guoping" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "majority of the troop in the north, then the communist 2nd Column under commander Wei Guoqing (韦国清) must be retained in the region to check the nationalist southward advance. Otherwise, Su Yu and Tan Zhenlin could not be responsible for the situation (when it turned for the worse). The pleas from Su Yu and Tan Zhenlin were rejected by Chen Yi, who telegraphed back on August 9, 1946, claiming that the situation has changed and the nationalist 7th Army had moved southward to regions including Lingbi (灵壁), Siyang, Suqian and Suining and its original defense perimeter was filled by other", "title": "Battle of Huaiyin–Huai'an" } ]

[ "1949-1952" ]

[ "Several political figures who served as Zhejiang's top political office of Communist Party Secretary have played key roles in various events in PRC history. Tan Zhenlin (term 1949-1952), the inaugural Party Secretary, was one of the leading voices against Mao's Cultural Revolution during the so-called February Countercurrent of 1967. Jiang Hua (term 1956-1968), was the \"chief justice\" on the Special Court in the case against the Gang of Four in 1980. Three provincial Party Secretaries since the 1990s have gone onto prominence at the national level. They include CPC General Secretary and President Xi Jinping (term 2002-2007), National People's Congress Chairman and former Vice-Premier Zhang Dejiang (term 1998-2002), and Zhao Hongzhu (term 2007-2012), the Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, China's top anti-corruption body. Of Zhejiang's fourteen Party Secretaries since 1949, none were native to the province." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Mount Suribachi" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "reoccupied again. The network of bunkers and pillboxes greatly favored the defender. Starting in mid-June 1944, Iwo Jima came under sustained aerial bombardment and naval artillery fire. However, Kuribayashi's hidden guns and defenses survived the constant bombardment virtually unscathed. On 19 February 1945, some 30,000 men of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Marine Divisions landed on the southeast coast of Iwo, just under Mount Suribachi; where most of the island's defenses were concentrated. For some time, they did not come under fire. This was part of Kuribayashi's plan to hold fire until the landing beaches were full. As soon as", "title": "Pacific War" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "during this battle. The film \"Sands of Iwo Jima\", directed by Allan Dwan and starring John Wayne in 1949, follows a United States Marine rifle squad preparing for battle at Iwo Jima. The films \"Letters from Iwo Jima\" and \"Flags of Our Fathers\", directed by Clint Eastwood in 2006, treat the theme of this Pacific battle and present the positions of both belligerents in this conflict. Mount Suribachi Mount Suribachi (JPN.: , \"Suribachiyama\") is a 169 m high mountain at the southwest end of the island Iwo Jima (now officially Iō-tō) in the northwest Pacific Ocean, under the administration of", "title": "Mount Suribachi" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the Battle of Iwo Jima between February 1945–March 1945. The island became globally recognized when Joe Rosenthal, who worked for the Associated Press at the time, published his photograph \"Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima\" which was photographed on Mount Suribachi. The US military occupied Iwo Jima until 1968, when it was returned to Japan. The first European to arrive at Iwo Jima was Spanish sailor Bernardo de la Torre who named it Sufre Island, after the old Spanish term for sulphur (\"azufre\" in modern Spanish). At that time Iwo Jima and other islands were the limit betweenthe Spanish and", "title": "Iwo Jima" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "South Field (Iwo Jima) South Field was a World War II airfield on Iwo Jima in the Volcano Islands, located in the Central Pacific. The Volcano Islands are part of Japan. The airfield was located on the southern corner of Iwo Jima located on the Motoyama plateau, to the north of Mount Suribachi. South Field was significant to the overall Battle of Iwo Jima. Built by the Japanese, the base included three intersecting runways. On 2 January 1944, more than a dozen B-24 Liberator bombers raided Airfield No. 1 and inflicted heavy damage. Commander of the island, Lieutenant General Tadamichi", "title": "South Field (Iwo Jima)" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Moves to revert the pronunciation were sparked by the high-profile films \"Flags of Our Fathers\" and \"Letters from Iwo Jima\". The change does not affect how the name is written with kanji, \"\", only how it is pronounced or written in hiragana, katakana and rōmaji. The island has an approximate area of . The most prominent feature is Mount Suribachi on the southern tip, a vent that is thought to be dormant and is high. Named after a Japanese grinding bowl, the summit of Mount Suribachi is the highest point on the island. Iwo Jima is unusually flat and featureless", "title": "Iwo Jima" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Iwo Jima , known in English as Iwo Jima (, ), is one of the Japanese Volcano Islands and lies south of the Bonin Islands. Together with other islands, they form the Ogasawara Archipelago. The highest point of Iwo Jima is Mount Suribachi at high. Although south of the metropolis of Tokyo on the mainland, this island of 21 km (8 square miles) is administered as part of the Ogasawara Subprefecture of Tokyo and since July 1944, when the civilian population was forcibly evacuated, has been only populated by military forces. The island of Iwo Jima was the location of", "title": "Iwo Jima" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "To the Shores of Iwo Jima To the Shores of Iwo Jima is a 1945 Kodachrome color short war film produced by the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. It documents the Battle of Iwo Jima, and was the first time that American audiences saw in color the footage of the famous flag raising on Iwo Jima. The film follows the servicemen through the battle in rough chronological order, from the bombardment of the island by warships and carrier-based airplanes to the final breakdown of resistance. Although it shows the taking of Mount Suribachi, it then switches to", "title": "To the Shores of Iwo Jima" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "towards Mount Suribachi and ascended the mountain with two Marine photographers at this time. It is the photo of the second flag raising by Rosenthal that became the iconic photo of the battle. Following the taking of Mount Suribachi, the 2nd Battalion, 28th Marines were allowed a few days rest and then returned to fighting on the northern side of Mount Suribachi and the island on March 2 until Iwo Jima was declared secure on March 26, 1945 (the 5th Division left for Hawaii on March 27). After the fighting on Iwo Jima, the battalion returned to Camp Tarawa, Hawaii", "title": "2nd Battalion, 28th Marines" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "stayed in their cave bunkers. Schrier and his men near the flagstaff then came under fire from Japanese troops, but the Marines quickly eliminated the threat. Schrier was later awarded the Navy Cross for volunteering to take the patrol up Mount Suribachi and raising the American flag, and a Silver Star Medal for a heroic action in March while in command of D Company, 2/28 Marines on Iwo Jima. Photographs of the first flag flown on Mount Suribachi were taken by Staff Sergeant Louis R. Lowery of \"Leatherneck\" magazine, who accompanied the patrol up the mountain, and other photographers. Others", "title": "Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "division was transferred to Camp Tarawa near Hilo, Hawaii for further training to prepare for the invasion of Iwo Jima. In January 1945, the division left Hawaii for Iwo Jima. He participated in the battle of Iwo Jima which began on February 19, helped raise the replacement U.S. flag atop Mount Suribachi on February 23, was wounded in action on March 13, and was honorably discharged with the rank of corporal on October 17, 1945. The 4th and 5th Marine Division assault forces landed Iwo Jima on February 19, 1945. The 28th Marines of the 5th Division landed on the", "title": "Harold Schultz" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima is an iconic photograph taken by Joe Rosenthal on February 23, 1945, which depicts six United States Marines raising a U.S. flag atop Mount Suribachi, during the Battle of Iwo Jima, in World War II. The photograph was first published in Sunday newspapers on February 25, 1945. It was extremely popular and was reprinted in thousands of publications. Later, it became the only photograph to win the Pulitzer Prize for Photography in the same year as its publication, and came to be regarded in the United States as", "title": "Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "over the facility to the Japanese government on 30 September 1955. Today most traces of the airfield have been removed, and natural vegetation has taken over the landscape. Possibly some small roads remain which are still in use. South Field (Iwo Jima) South Field was a World War II airfield on Iwo Jima in the Volcano Islands, located in the Central Pacific. The Volcano Islands are part of Japan. The airfield was located on the southern corner of Iwo Jima located on the Motoyama plateau, to the north of Mount Suribachi. South Field was significant to the overall Battle of", "title": "South Field (Iwo Jima)" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "World War II film, \"Flags of Our Fathers\". Citing historical accuracy, Eastwood responded that his film was specifically about the Marines who raised the flag on Mount Suribachi at Iwo Jima, pointing out that while black Marines did fight at Iwo Jima, the U.S. military was racially segregated during World War II, and none of the men who raised the flag were black. He angrily said that Lee should \"shut his face\". Lee responded that Eastwood was acting like an \"angry old man\", and argued that despite making two Iwo Jima films back to back, \"Letters from Iwo Jima\" and", "title": "Spike Lee" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "received another brief parody in July 2015 in the Syfy television movie \"\", when Fin, April, the President of the United States and a few others hold up the American Flag at the White House in a similar way to the real photograph to impale an incoming shark, with Fin reciting \"God bless America.\" Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima is an iconic photograph taken by Joe Rosenthal on February 23, 1945, which depicts six United States Marines raising a U.S. flag atop Mount Suribachi, during the Battle of Iwo Jima, in World War", "title": "Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "zone, was about 800 yards across from \"Motoyama Airfield #1\", which in turn was 1,500 yards north of Mount Suribachi on the south end of Iwo Jima. \"Red Beach 2\" was one of the seven color named and numbered landing zones that combined were two miles long on the east side of Iwo Jima. Tatum was awarded the Bronze Star Medal with Combat \"V\" for saving a Marine buddy, Steve Evanson, during fighting at Hill 362 on Iwo Jima (Evanson nevertheless died the next day). Tatum was subsequently wounded in action and evacuated from the island. Tatum became a successful", "title": "Chuck Tatum" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Harlon Block Harlon Henry Block (November 6, 1924 – March 1, 1945) was a United States Marine Corps corporal who was killed in action during the Battle of Iwo Jima in World War II. Born in Yorktown, Texas, Block joined the Marine Corps with seven high school classmates in February 1943, and subsequently participated in combat on Bougainville and Iwo Jima. He is best known for being one of the six flag-raisers who helped raise the second U.S. flag atop Mount Suribachi on February 23, 1945, as shown in the iconic photograph \"Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima\". The Marine", "title": "Harlon Block" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "landgrave Reinoud I of Zutphen. There were six councilors, four of which were aldermen and two mayors. The judicial archive of Groenlo is very incomplete. Since 1406, Groenlo has been part of the bishopric of Münster. The city was an important trade center along the German–Dutch trade route, which resulted in a rich variety of guilds. It became a strong stronghold during the 16th and 17th century. The stronghold was repeatedly besieged during the Eighty Years' War. The city still has a defensively shaped Gracht (canal) and (the remains of) bulwarks stemming from this era. In 1597 the city was", "title": "Groenlo" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "military and political terminology. It is explained that during the early and rapid conquest of Egypt, in 1820 Draka scouts stumbled upon a long lost treasure trove of \"all\" the lost works of the Greco-Roman world, which sparked off this fixation. Antiquity provides the Draka with a ready-made model of \"colour-blind slavery\". The ancient Greeks and Romans saw no problem in enslaving people of the same skin colour as themselves, and even of the same language and culture - though with them, unlike the Draka, the wholesale enslavement of a defeated enemy was the exception rather than the rule, and", "title": "The Domination" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "which was the first museum in Norfolk. It was founded by Wood, to honor her friend, and later incorporated into three rooms in the Chrysler Museum of Art in Norfolk. The Irene Leach Memorial also promoted a Biennial Art Show for more than 80 years, from 1918 to 1999, and an annual Literary Contest and now grants literary, performing (theater, dance, music), and visual arts awards. Irene Leache Irene Kirke Leache (1839 — December 2, 1900) was an American teacher and the co-founder of the Leache-Wood Seminary, one of the premier women's schools in the post-Civil War era in Norfolk,", "title": "Irene Leache" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Bridge lies the Victorian Guildhall, and just north of the bridge the railway station. This is the terminus of the Looe Valley branch line to Liskeard, where it connects to the Great Western Main Line and services to London Paddington. On the hilltop above East Looe lies Shutta, and beyond that the Sunrising housing estate and Looe Community Academy. Along the cliffs to the east is Plaidy Beach, and further on the bay and village of Millendreath. West Looe spreads west from the bridge on the Polperro Road towards Sclerder, and along the river south of the bridge, with hotels,", "title": "Looe" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Edward Mazurek Edward 'Coach' J. Mazurek (December 21, 1938 – October 4, 2017) was an American schoolteacher and politician from Maine. Mazurek served as a Democratic State Senator from Maine's 22nd District, representing much of Knox County, including Thomaston and his residence in Rockland. Mazurek was born and raised in Stamford, Connecticut. At the age of 13, Mazurek won the 1951 Little League World Series with his fellow Stamford residents over Austin, Texas. Mazurek attended Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he played with the Musketeers football team and earned a Bachelor of Business Administration. A defensive tackle, Mazurek was", "title": "Edward Mazurek" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the screen of TG 50.8, she—together with , , , , and reached Iwo Jima on 21 February. She then began protecting the transports. On 23 February, \"Aylwin\" was assigned to TF 54, the fire support group, and relieved . By that time, marines had occupied the southern section of Iwo Jima and were advancing to the north. On 23 and 24 February, \"Aylwin\" engaged in the Battle of Iwo Jima, before she left on the 25th for a fueling rendezvous en route back to Ulithi where she arrived on the 28th. During the first phase of the invasion of", "title": "USS Aylwin (DD-355)" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of Iwo Jima\" documentary and \"To the Shores of Iwo Jima\", a documentary produced by the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps, released by Warner Home Video. Flags of Our Fathers (film) Flags of Our Fathers is a 2006 American war film directed, co-produced, and scored by Clint Eastwood and written by William Broyles, Jr., and Paul Haggis. It is based on the 2000 book of the same name written by James Bradley and Ron Powers about the 1945 Battle of Iwo Jima, the five Marines and one Navy corpsman who were involved in raising the flag", "title": "Flags of Our Fathers (film)" }, { "idx": 23, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Wilson D. Watson Wilson Douglas Watson (February 16, 1922 – December 19, 1994) was a United States Marine Corps private who received the Medal of Honor for his actions on Iwo Jima during World War II. He single-handedly killed 90 enemy soldiers, thus enabling his platoon to advance, earning him the name \"One-Man Regiment\" of Iwo Jima. After World War II, Watson continued his military service in the United States Army. At the time he retired, he held the rank of Staff Sergeant. Wilson \"Doug\" Watson was born on February 18, 1922, to Charles Watson and Ada Watson (née Posey),", "title": "Wilson D. Watson" }, { "idx": 24, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "1968. It then became a navigation and weather station of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (Nihon Kaijo Jieitai), and is still used by the U.S. military as an aircraft refueling depot and as a U.S. Navy special pilot training facility. At any given time about 350 JSDF personnel are posted to Iwo Jima and though the airfield is strictly for military use, commercial flights carrying veterans are frequent visitors. Central Field (Iwo Jima) Central Field or Iwo Jima Air Base is a World War II airfield on Iwo Jima in the Bonin Islands, located in the Central Pacific. The Bonin", "title": "Central Field (Iwo Jima)" }, { "idx": 25, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Flags of Our Fathers (film) Flags of Our Fathers is a 2006 American war film directed, co-produced, and scored by Clint Eastwood and written by William Broyles, Jr., and Paul Haggis. It is based on the 2000 book of the same name written by James Bradley and Ron Powers about the 1945 Battle of Iwo Jima, the five Marines and one Navy corpsman who were involved in raising the flag on Iwo Jima, and the aftereffects of that event on their lives. Until June 23, 2016, Bradley's father John Bradley, Navy corpsman, was misidentified as being one of the figures", "title": "Flags of Our Fathers (film)" } ]

[ "Mount Suribachi" ]

[ "Starting in mid-June 1944, Iwo Jima came under sustained aerial bombardment and naval artillery fire. However, Kuribayashi's hidden guns and defenses survived the constant bombardment virtually unscathed. On 19 February 1945, some 30,000 men of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Marine Divisions landed on the southeast coast of Iwo, just under Mount Suribachi; where most of the island's defenses were concentrated. For some time, they did not come under fire. This was part of Kuribayashi's plan to hold fire until the landing beaches were full. As soon as the Marines pushed inland to a line of enemy bunkers, they came under devastating machine gun and artillery fire which cut down many of the men. By the end of the day, the Marines reached the west coast of the island, but their losses were appalling; almost 2,000 men killed or wounded." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Bobbie Gentry Bobbie Lee Gentry (born Roberta Lee Streeter; July 27, 1942) is an American singer-songwriter who was one of the first female artists to compose and produce her own material. Her songs typically drew on her Mississippi roots to compose vignettes of the Southern United States. Gentry rose to international fame with her intriguing Southern Gothic narrative \"Ode to Billie Joe\" in 1967. The track spent four weeks as the No. 1 pop song on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and was fourth in the Billboard year-end chart of 1967 and earned her Grammy awards for Best New Artist", "title": "Bobbie Gentry" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Four singles were released from \"Justified\". The lead single \"Like I Love You\" peaked at number 11 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, while the follow-up singles \"Cry Me a River\" and \"Rock Your Body\" peaked within the top five on the chart. \"Like I Love You\", \"Cry Me a River\", and \"Rock Your Body\" peaked at number two in the United Kingdom and in the top ten in Australia (with \"Rock Your Body\" topping the Australian chart), Ireland, Netherlands, and Belgium. To promote the album, Timberlake performed on several television shows and award ceremonies, including the 2002 MTV Video", "title": "Justified (album)" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "his \"Representative History of Great Britain and Ireland\" that, out of the 514 members representing England and Wales, about 370 were selected by nearly 180 patrons. A member who represented a pocket borough was expected to vote as his patron ordered, or else lose his seat at the next election. Voters in some constituencies resisted outright domination by powerful landlords, but were often open to corruption. Electors were bribed individually in some boroughs, and collectively in others. In 1771, for example, it was revealed that 81 voters in New Shoreham (who constituted a majority of the electorate) formed a corrupt", "title": "Reform Act 1832" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "20 ITK 40 VKT 20 ItK 40 VKT or \"20 mm dual anti-aircraft cannon model 1940 manufactured by VKT\" was a Finnish light anti-aircraft gun designed by the Finnish gunsmith Aimo Lahti. As the only multi-barrel 20 mm anti-aircraft gun 20 ItK 40 VKT was the most effective 20 mm air defence weapon used by the Finnish Army during World War II. A total of 174 guns were built, used in training until the 1970s and kept in reserve until 1988. The gun received the nickname \"Vekotin\" (gadget) from Finnish soldiers. The nickname was reached by adding to the abbreviation", "title": "20 ITK 40 VKT" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Mongoose reached a mark of being downloaded over 2,500,000 times. Functions of Mongoose include: In August 2013, the license was changed from MIT license to a dual GPLv2 / commercial licensing scheme. After the license change, Mongoose was forked, the different forks then significantly diverged when adding features. Mongoose (web server) Mongoose is a cross-platform embedded web server and networking library with functions including TCP, HTTP client and server, WebSocket client and server, MQTT client and broker and much more. The small size of the software enables any Internet-connected device to function as a web server. Mongoose is available under", "title": "Mongoose (web server)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "include \"Silla en jardín\" (1988) and \"El oscuro splendor\" (1994). His work does not make any major breaks with the art traditions of Europe, but does add new twists and even some elements that contradict the aesthetics of his main later influences of Cézanne and Matisse. Works such as \"Las suecas\", \"Bodegón rosa\" and \"Dos botellas\" show the fascination Gandía had for form and color and how the two interact. Poet Eliseo Diego wrote for the exhibition catalogue for the Palacio de Bellas Artes in 1988, “The work of Vicente Gandía is part of the best tradition of Spanish painting.", "title": "Vicente Gandía" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "or drinks. However, they can also occur with eating or drinking. The increased release of acetylcholine may also be a factor, but the triggering event is not known. Esophageal spasm Esophageal spasm or oesophageal spasm is a disorder of esophageal motility. The esophagus is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a fibromuscular tube through which food passes, aided by peristalsis contractions, from the upper esophageal sphincter to the stomach through waves of coordinated muscle contraction, or peristalsis. There are two types of esophageal spasm: Both conditions can be linked with Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). When the coordinated muscle contraction", "title": "Esophageal spasm" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Retroperistalsis Retroperistalsis is the reverse of the involuntary smooth muscle contractions of peristalsis. It usually occurs as a precursor to vomiting. Local irritation of the stomach, such as bacteria or food poisoning, activates the emetic center of the brain which in turn signals an imminent vomiting reflex. Food then moves in the opposite direction, often from the duodenum into the stomach. Retroperistalsis occurs pathologically during vomiting and physiologically at first part of duodenum where it protects from high acidity of food, and also at terminal ileum, where an amount of water and electrolyte is absorbed to assist defecation. Peristalsis is", "title": "Retroperistalsis" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "volume that stretches the walls of the calyces. This causes them to fire impulses which stimulate rhythmical contraction and relaxation, called peristalsis. Parasympathetic innervation enhances the peristalsis while sympathetic innervation inhibits it. A \"staghorn calculus\" is a kidney stone that may extend into the renal calyces. A renal diverticulum is diverticulum of renal calyces. Renal calyx The renal calyces are chambers of the kidney through which urine passes. The minor calyces surround the apex of the renal pyramids. Urine formed in the kidney passes through a renal papilla at the apex into the minor calyx; two or three minor calyces", "title": "Renal calyx" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to such a degree that I did not want to work with them in this way anymore unless I understood them.\" In 1953 Gustav Born joined Bülbring in her work initiating a collaboration that became the origin of her smooth muscle group. Early on with the group, she researched the metabolism and passive electrical properties of smooth muscle. She also studied the role that serotonin plays in peristalsis in the small intestine. She innovated a double sucrose gap apparatus that she used in her experiments. Bülbring was concerned with the effect that neurotransmitters, particularly acetylcholine and adrenaline, have on smooth", "title": "Edith Bülbring" } ]

[ "waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body" ]

[ "Many annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate fluid-filled \"balloon\". However, the septa are often incomplete in annelids that are semi-sessile or that do not move by peristalsis or by movements of parapodia – for example some move by whipping movements of the body, some small marine species move by means of cilia (fine muscle-powered hairs) and some burrowers turn their pharynges (throats) inside out to penetrate the sea-floor and drag themselves into it." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "English" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of Ketton's 1143 translation of the Quran for Peter the Venerable, \"Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete\", was the first into a Western language (Latin). Alexander Ross offered the first English version in 1649, from the French translation of \"L'Alcoran de Mahomet\" (1647) by Andre du Ryer. In 1734, George Sale produced the first scholarly translation of the Quran into English; another was produced by Richard Bell in 1937, and yet another by Arthur John Arberry in 1955. All these translators were non-Muslims. There have been numerous translations by Muslims. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has published translations of the Quran in 50 different", "title": "Quran" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of Ketton's 1143 translation of the Quran for Peter the Venerable, \"Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete\", was the first into a Western language (Latin). Alexander Ross offered the first English version in 1649, from the French translation of \"L'Alcoran de Mahomet\" (1647) by Andre du Ryer. In 1734, George Sale produced the first scholarly translation of the Quran into English; another was produced by Richard Bell in 1937, and yet another by Arthur John Arberry in 1955. All these translators were non-Muslims. There have been numerous translations by Muslims. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has published translations of the Quran in 50 different", "title": "Quran" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of Cluny in c. 1143. As Latin was the language of the church it never sought to question what would now be regarded as blatant inaccuracies in this translation which remained the only one until 1649 when the first English language translation was done by Alexander Ross, chaplain to King Charles I, who translated from a French work \"L'Alcoran de Mahomet\" by du Ryer. In 1734, George Sale produced the first translation of the Qur'an direct from Arabic into English but reflecting his missionary stance. Since then, there have been English translations by the clergyman John Medows Rodwell in 1861,", "title": "Quran translations" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "ultra-conservative Salafi scholars who “have monopolized English-language Muslim resources”. The Study Quran The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary is an English-language edition of the Quran edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr and published by HarperOne. Caner Dagli, Maria Dakake, and Joseph Lumbard prepared the translation, wrote the commentary, and also served as general editors, and Mohammed Rustom contributed as an assistant editor. Alongside a new English translation and extensive commentary, \"The Study Quran\" features numerous essays, maps, and other material. The idea of an English-language Quran for scholars and students was originally proposed to Nasr by HarperOne (then HarperSanFrancisco),", "title": "The Study Quran" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "The Study Quran The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary is an English-language edition of the Quran edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr and published by HarperOne. Caner Dagli, Maria Dakake, and Joseph Lumbard prepared the translation, wrote the commentary, and also served as general editors, and Mohammed Rustom contributed as an assistant editor. Alongside a new English translation and extensive commentary, \"The Study Quran\" features numerous essays, maps, and other material. The idea of an English-language Quran for scholars and students was originally proposed to Nasr by HarperOne (then HarperSanFrancisco), who wanted Nasr as the editor-in-chief. Nasr initially declined,", "title": "The Study Quran" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Fatwa on Terrorism The Fatwa on Terrorism and Suicide Bombings is a 600-page (Urdu version), 512-page (English version) Islamic decree by scholar Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri which demonstrates from the Quran and Sunnah that terrorism and suicide bombings are unjust and evil, and thus un-Islamic. It was published in London as a book. The English edition was published in the UK by Minhaj-ul-Quran Publications. Qadri released the fatwa on 2 March 2010. This fatwa is a direct refutation of the ideology of Al-Qaeda and the Taliban. It is one of the most extensive Islamic anti-terrorism rulings, an \"absolute\" condemnation of terrorism without", "title": "Fatwa on Terrorism" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Tazkirul Quran Tazkirul Quran is a commentary on the Qur'an, written in Urdu by Maulana Wahiduddin Khan, in 1983. First published in Arabic in 2008 from Cairo as al-Tadhkir al-Qawim fi Tafsir al-Quran al-Hakim, the work has also been translated into Hindi and English. The English version was published by Goodword Books in 2011 as The Quran Translation and Commentary with Parallel Arabic Text. Maulana Wahiduddin Khan, born in 1925 at Azamgarh in India, is an Islamic spiritual scholar who is well versed in both classical Islamic learning and modern science. The mission of his life from a very early", "title": "Tazkirul Quran" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "on Terrorism and Suicide Bombings\" is a 600-page (Urdu version), 512-page (English version) is an Islamic decree by Qadri which demonstrates from the Quran and Sunnah that terrorism and suicide bombings are unjust and evil, and thus un-Islamic. It was published in London as a book. This fatwa is a direct refutation of the ideology of al-Qaeda and the Taliban. It is one of the most extensive Islamic anti-terrorism rulings, an \"absolute\" condemnation of terrorism without \"any excuses or pretexts\" which goes further than ever and declares that terrorism is kufr under Islamic law. The launch was organised by Minhaj-ul-Quran", "title": "Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "The Holy Quran: Arabic Text and English translation The Holy Quran: Arabic Text and English translation (completed 1936, published 1955) is a parallel text edition of the Quran compiled and translated by Maulvi Sher Ali, an Ahmadiyya missionary at the Fazl Mosque in London. This current version has been published with an alternative translation of, and footnotes to, some of the verses, by Mirza Tahir Ahmad, the fourth successor of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. Since its first publication in 1955 in the Netherlands, many editions have appeared in different countries. In 1997, an appendix was added at the end. An ex-evangelist,", "title": "The Holy Quran: Arabic Text and English translation" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "also translated the Qur'aan in simple Urdu, making him a translator of the Qur'aan in dual languages. In 2007 \"The Sublime Qur'an\" appeared by Laleh Bakhtiar; it is the second translation of the Qur'an by an American woman. In 2009 Maulana Wahiduddin Khan translated the Quran in English, which was published by Goodword Books entitled, The Quran: Translation and Commentary with Parallel Arabic Text. This translation is considered as the most easy to understand due to simple and modern English. The pocket size version of this translation with only English text is widely distributed as part of dawah work. A", "title": "Quran translations" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "with the respective verses of the Quran where they occur, thus the Dictionary also forms a sort of concordance of the Holy Quran. The writer says, “The whole project was based on standard dictionaries of Arabic language such as the Lisan al-Arab, the Taj al-'Arus, the Mufradat of Imam Raghib, the Arabic English Lexicon by E. W. Lane and the Aqrab AI-Mawar etc. The current edition has been published by Islam International Publications Limited, “Islamabad”, Sheephatch Lane, Tilford, Surrey GU10 2AQ UK (2006). . Dictionary of the Holy Quran The Dictionary of the Holy Quran was prepared in 1969, by", "title": "Dictionary of the Holy Quran" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "pages. In March 2013, the al Qaeda English-language magazine Inspire published a poster stating \"Wanted dead or alive for crimes against Islam\" with a prominent image of Terry Jones, known for public Quran burning events. Iran's news agency, IRIB, reported on April 8, 2013, that Terry Jones planned another Quran burning event on September 11, 2013. On April 11, IRIB published statements from an Iranian MP who said the West must stop the event and warned that \"the blasphemous move will spark an uncontrollable wave of outrage among over 1.6 billion people across the globe who follow Islam.\" In Pakistan,", "title": "Quran desecration" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "him\" for his own safety. In March 2013 the al-Qaeda English-language magazine \"Inspire\" published a poster stating \"Wanted dead or alive for crimes against Islam\" with a prominent image of Terry Jones. Within hours of Jones's cancellation announcement on September 9, Westboro Baptist Church member Megan Roper announced via Twitter that the church would proceed with its own Quran-burning ceremony; Her mother said she was angry that the media had not covered WBC's 2008 Quran-burning similarly to its approach in 2010. Phelps announced his intention to \"burn the Quran and the doomed American flag at noon on September 11\", subsequently", "title": "Dove World Outreach Center Quran-burning controversy" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "been advanced by some Muslim scholars. For example, it has been suggested that Dhul-Qarnayn could be Cyrus the Great (see Cyrus the Great in the Quran). The Muslim sentiment against Alexander is reflected in Islamic textbooks (e.g. \"Some [Muslim Scholars] say it was Alexander the Great, who lived from 356 BCE to 323 BCE, but that is highly unlikely, given that Alexander was an idol-worshipper.\"), often with references to his polytheistic religious beliefs and (more recently) his personal relationships. \"Dhul-Qarnayn\" (the \"Two-Horned One\" in English) is a person described in the Quran, the sacred scripture believed by Muslims to have", "title": "Alexander the Great in the Quran" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Muttanisseril Koyakutty Muttanisseril Koyakutty Maulavi (14 August 1926 – 27 May 2013) was an Islamic scholar, orator and author who comes from the southern state of Kerala in India. His works in the scientific interpretation of the Quran, its translation into the local language (Malayalam), and authoring of various articles related to Islam and its studies have been published in various mediums and are very well received. He was awarded the Kerala Sahithya Akademi Literary award for translating the Quran in 1967 . He died on 27 May 2013. He has authored twenty five books, published in Malayalam and English,", "title": "Muttanisseril Koyakutty" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "truth conveyed to His offspring in the language in which they think and live led me to produce the Berkeley Version (BV) of the New Testament. For I grew increasingly aware that the King James Version (AV) is only, in part, the language of our people.\" Berkeley Version The Berkeley Version of the New Testament is an English translation published by Zondervan in 1945. This \"New Berkeley Version in Modern English\" was later expanded to include the entire Bible, published in 1959 as the Modern Language Bible. The stated aim of this version was to achieve plain, up-to-date expression which", "title": "Berkeley Version" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Furthermore, Sale is most critical of the quality of both the Arabic-French translation work as well as the French-English translation work. Despite this, since the publication of Sale's translation, Alexander Ross has been widely and most probably wrongly credited with this work. Alexander Ross (writer) Alexander Ross (c. 1590–1654) was a prolific Scottish writer and controversialist. He was Chaplain-in-Ordinary to Charles I. Ross was born in Aberdeen, and entered King's College, Aberdeen after completing his studies at Aberdeen Grammar School, in 1604. About 1616 he succeeded Thomas Parker in the mastership of the free school at Southampton, an appointment which", "title": "Alexander Ross (writer)" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Noble Quran (Hilali-Khan) The Noble Qur'an (with those words understood here as referring to this particular translation, rather than the Quran itself - also commonly called 'Noble' by Muslims) is a translation of the Qur'an by Muhammad Muhsin Khan (Arabic: محمد محسن خان, \"muḥammad muḥsin khān\") and Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali (Arabic: محمد تقي الدين الهلالي, \"muḥammad taqiyyu-d-dīn al-hilālī\"). This English translation comes with a seal of approval from both the University of Medina and the Saudi \"Dar al-Ifta\". It is also the most widely distributed version of the Qur'an in the English language. The Saudi-financed translation is interspersed with commentaries", "title": "Noble Quran (Hilali-Khan)" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "guardian to a nephew, William Ross. Among Ross's friends and patrons were Lewis Watson, 1st Baron Rockingham, John Tufton, 2nd Earl of Thanet, Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel, and John Evelyn. His correspondence with Henry Oxenden, in English and Latin, is in the British Museum. He is not the Alexander Ross of the Aberdeen doctors, who remained in Scotland and died in 1639. Richard Westfall calls him \"the vigilant watchdog of conservatism and orthodoxy\". He was concerned to defend Aristotle and repel the Copernican theory, as it gained ground. In 1634 he published a work on the immobility of", "title": "Alexander Ross (writer)" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "yet gentle, poetic language. This refreshing and beautiful presentation of the message of the glorious Quran is accurate, and reads easily and flows smoothly. The notes help to explain special Islamic concepts and Quranic terms, as well as Arabic metaphors and idioms. This landmark translation will appeal to English readers globally. Punjabi Shahmukhi , In 1986 Punjabi Adbi Lehr Lahore Pakistan Published Quran Punjabi Shahmukhi Translation by Maulana Hidayat Ullah , The Copy of this publication is available in Quaid-e-Azam Library Lahore and library code is 234.481 05 ق ۔ . In 1997 Punjabi Foundation 25 c Lower Mall Lahore", "title": "Quran translations" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "in 1946 as a Lecturer in English Language at Birmingham University, becoming Reader the following year. He was Professor of English Language there from 1948 to 1951 and Professor of Linguistics 1951-74. In an article published in 1954, he coined the terms \"U\" and \"non-U\", on the differences that social class makes in English language usage. In 1933 Ross married Elizabeth Stefanyja Olszewska (12 May 1906 – 20 April 1973); they had one son, Alan Wacaw Padmint Ross (born 1934); the marriage ended with her death in 1973. His grandson is the diplomat and author Carne Ross. Alan S. C.", "title": "Alan S. C. Ross" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "were reconstructed from a marionette opera by Haydn called \"Der Gotterath\" (Prologue to Philemon and Baucis), now lost. The marionette show was performed for the Empress Maria Theresa in 1773. Given that Empress Maria Theresia held rather conservative tastes in music and that this symphony is in some ways less \"advanced\" than No. 48, scholars such as H. C. Robbins Landon have suggested that No. 50 may be the symphony Haydn wrote for the imperial visit to Eszterháza. Symphony No. 50 (Haydn) Symphony No. 50 in C major, Hoboken I/50, by Joseph Haydn was written partly in 1773 and partly", "title": "Symphony No. 50 (Haydn)" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Ade Chandra Ade Chandra () is a retired Chinese Indonesian male badminton player. A doubles specialist of ample bulk by Indonesian standards, he was noted for his power and quick defensive reflexes. With the formidable Christian Hadinata he won numerous international men's doubles titles between 1972 and 1980, including a pair of All-England titles, though they were often runners-up to fellow countrymen Tjun Tjun and Johan Wahjudi at major events . They were unbeaten in two Thomas Cup campaigns together (1973, 1976) both of which resulted in world team titles for Indonesia. Late in Chandra's career he won men's doubles", "title": "Ade Chandra" }, { "idx": 23, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Top Indie Film Festival, US Nominated Best Sound at Top Indie Film Festival, US Nominated Best Score at Top Indie Film Festival, US Winner Best Feature Film at International Planet Film Festival Barcelona, ES Winner Platinum Award for Cinematography at International Independent Film Awards, US Winner Gold Award for Best Feature Film at International Independent Film Awards, US Winner Gold Award for Best Score at International Independent Film Awards, US Official Selection Portobello International Film Festival , UK Official Selection Haryana International Film Festival, I Official Selection International Buddhist Film Festival Europe, NL Official Selection Orlando Film Festival, US Official", "title": "Pawo (film)" }, { "idx": 24, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "two to three weeks to stamp out, or at least slow, a pandemic flu strain after it began spreading in humans.\" David Nabarro, chief avian flu coordinator for the United Nations, says avian flu has too many unanswered questions. CIDRAP reported on August 25, 2006 on a new US government Web site that allows the public to view current information about testing of wild birds for H5N1 avian influenza which is part of a national wild-bird surveillance plan that \"includes five strategies for early detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza. Sample numbers from three of these will be available on", "title": "Disease surveillance" }, { "idx": 25, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of its membership, PIAA has assisted intermediate school, middle school, junior high school, and senior high school students in participating in interscholastic athletic programs on a fair and equitable basis, thus producing important education benefits. Initially, and until 1972, PIAA membership was limited to public schools within the Commonwealth. It was and remains a voluntary organization For example until 2004, public schools in Philadelphia did not participate in the PIAA. Pennsylvania Catholic (or other private schools) were not eligible for PIAA membership. As a result most Catholic schools belonged to another voluntary athletic organization the PCIAA (Pennsylvania Catholic Interscholastic Athletic", "title": "Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association" }, { "idx": 26, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Tafsir Zia ul Quran Tafsir Zia ul Quran is a Quranic exegesis (\"tafsir\") written by Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari. He was a Sunni scholar specialized in the Hanafi fiqh. He also belonged to the Chishti Sufi order. The tafsir has been published in 5 volumes. Mostly the names of Islamic texts are kept in Arabic, even if the text is in a non Arabic language. Following this de facto rule, Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari named his book, which is also considered as his magnum opus as \"Diya ul Quran fi Tafsir ul Quran\" meaning “The light of the Quran in", "title": "Tafsir Zia ul Quran" }, { "idx": 27, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "since Britain continued to define latitude and longitude on the Airy ellipsoid or, after 1936, a slightly modified version. In the final section of the report Clarke combined the British data with that for the meridian arcs of France, Russia, India, Prussia, Peru, Hanover and Denmark. The result was In he notes that General T. F. de Schubert had published a paper in which he claimed that the meridian arc data established that the equator of the Earth was elliptical in form. Clarke was prompted to analyze a larger data set from which he deduced that if the Earth was", "title": "Alexander Ross Clarke" }, { "idx": 28, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Muslim modernists to call upon the Turkish Parliament to sponsor a Quran translation of suitable quality. The Parliament approved the project and the Directorate of Religious Affairs enlisted, Mehmet Akif Ersoy, to compose a Quran translation and an Islamic scholar to author a Turkish language Quranic commentary (tafsir) titled \".\" Ersoy declined the offer and destroyed his work, to avoid the possible public circulation of a transliteration which may remotely be faulty. Only in 1935 did the version read in public find its way to print. The program also involved implementing a Turkish adhan, as opposed to the conventional Arabic", "title": "Atatürk's Reforms" }, { "idx": 29, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "\"Account due to Henry Fraser, Ross Herald, for paintings done for funeral of George, 1st duke of Gordon: lozenge arms, mort heads, branches for the coffin, a helmet and ducal crown, etc., and other work in the Citadel of Leith.\" He was also mentioned by Alexander Nisbet in his book \"A System of Heraldry, Speculative & Practical\" written in 1712 but not published until 1722 in Edinburgh. \"James Workman's \"Illuminated Book of Arms\", who was Herald in the reign of James VI, which book I frequently refer to... which book I had from the ingenious Mr. Henry Fraser, Ross Herald...\"", "title": "Ross Herald" }, { "idx": 30, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Great current in the Middle East in the early years of the Christian era. According to these legends the Scythians, the descendants of Gog and Magog, once defeated one of Alexander's generals, upon which Alexander built a wall in the Caucasus mountains to keep them out of civilised lands (the basic elements of the legend are found in Flavius Josephus). The Alexander Romance went through much further elaboration in subsequent centuries before eventually finding its way into the Quran through a Syrian version. Alexander was already known as \"the two-horned one\" in these early legends. The reasons for this are", "title": "Dhul-Qarnayn" } ]

[ "English" ]

[ "Robert of Ketton's 1143 translation of the Quran for Peter the Venerable, Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete, was the first into a Western language (Latin). Alexander Ross offered the first English version in 1649, from the French translation of L'Alcoran de Mahomet (1647) by Andre du Ryer. In 1734, George Sale produced the first scholarly translation of the Quran into English; another was produced by Richard Bell in 1937, and yet another by Arthur John Arberry in 1955. All these translators were non-Muslims. There have been numerous translations by Muslims. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has published translations of the Quran in 50 different languages besides a five-volume English commentary and an English translation of the Quran." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "the German Empire" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "was supported by the German Empire. In a few years these alignments became the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance (already formed in 1882), which were in part a cause of World War I. By its end in 1918 three empires were gone, a fourth was about to fall to revolution, and two more, the British and French, were forced to yield in revolutions started under the aegis of their own ideologies. By 1916, when millions of Europeans were becoming casualties of imperial war in the trenches of eastern and western Europe over \"the eastern question\", Arnold J. Toynbee, Hegelesque", "title": "Near East" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "wealthy men of the cities, who achieved wealth through trade and industrialization. The urban middle and upper class tended to seek their own power and supported progressive movements in the aftermath of revolutions in Europe. They were described as \"leftist liberals\" and their representatives began to be elected to the parliaments of Vienna and Budapest. These leftist liberal parliamentary parties were backed by the big industrialists, bankers, businessmen, and the predominant majority of newspaper publishers. As in the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire frequently used liberal economic policies and practices. From the 1860s, businessmen succeeded in industrializing parts of the", "title": "Austria-Hungary" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "socialist rhetoric. In 1882 Italy joined with the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire to form the Triple Alliance. However, even if relations with Berlin became very friendly, the alliance with Vienna remained purely formal, as the Italians were keen to acquire Trentino and Trieste, parts of the Austro-Hungarian empire populated by Italians. During World War I Italy aligned with the Allies, instead of joining Germany and Austria. This could happen since the alliance formally had merely defensive prerogatives, while the Central Empires were the ones who started the offensive. With the Treaty of London, Britain secretly offered Italy Trentino", "title": "Aftermath of World War I" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "I had begun, even though the Ottoman Empire had retained close relations with both Germany and Austria-Hungary since the beginning of the 20th century. The Central Powers consisted of the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the beginning of the war. The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers later in 1914. In 1915, the Kingdom of Bulgaria joined the alliance. The name \"Central Powers\" is derived from the location of these countries; all four (including the other groups that supported them except for Finland and Lithuania) were located between the Russian Empire in the east and France and the", "title": "Central Powers" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "other Austro-Hungarian units in the area to retreat in an organized manner. Polish casualties were approximately 2,000 fatalities and wounded. The battle is considered one of the largest and most vicious of those involving the Polish Legions in World War I. In World War I, the partitioners of Poland fought each other, with the German Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire aligned against the Russian Empire. The Polish Legions in Austro-Hungary were created by Józef Piłsudski in order to exploit these divisions, serving as one of his primary tools for restoring Polish independence. The Polish Legions first arrived in the vicinity of", "title": "Battle of Kostiuchnówka" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Stigmella apicialbella Stigmella apicialbella is a moth of the Nepticulidae family. It is found in Kentucky and Ohio of the United States. The wingspan is 3.6-4.8 mm. Late instar larvae can be found in mid-June, late July, August and September. Adults have been collected from late April to mid-May and early July through to August. There are three generations per year. The larvae feed on \"Ulmus fulva\", \"Ulmus americana\" and \"Ulmus thomasii\". They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is long and linear and located on the upper surface. It increases gradually in width. The colour is", "title": "Stigmella apicialbella" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "long and 1.5–2 cm wide. In the centre of the petal, is a yellow beard. The erect standards are long and narrow, or oblanceolate, they are up to long. It has a 2–2.5 cm long, funnel-shaped perianth tube, 2 cm long stamens, yellow anthers and a 1–1.2 cm long green, spindle-shaped, ovary. It has long and flat, style branches that are 3 cm long and 4–5 mm wide, they have a large lobed (or toothed) end. After the iris has flowered, between June and August, it produces a fusiform (spindle shaped) seed capsule. Which is up to long and 1.5", "title": "Iris mandshurica" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Nerópolis Nerópolis is a municipality in central Goiás state, Brazil. The municipality is part of the metropolitan region of Goiânia, which is 25 kilometers to the west. It is nationally known as the city of garlic and sweets. Strategically located, it is crossed by highways GO-080 and GO-222, with connections to Belém, Mato Grosso, and is near the national capital of Brasília and the state capital of Goiânia. Besides these advantages it is located in a region of high agricultural productivity, a factor that has attracted large industries to the town, such as Quero Indústrias Alimentícias; national leader in tomato", "title": "Nerópolis" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Monster (Imagine Dragons song) \"Monster\" is a song recorded by American rock band Imagine Dragons for the soundtrack to the 2013 Chair Entertainment and Epic Games action role-playing game \"Infinity Blade III\". It is the band's fifth appearance on a soundtrack after appearing on \"Answers to Nothing (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)\", \"Frankenweenie Unleashed!: Music Inspired by the Motion Picture\", and \"Iron Man 3: Heroes Fall\" and performing \"Warriors\" at the 2014 \"League of Legends\" World Championship in September 2014. The song was released as a single on September 19, 2013, and later appeared on the \"super deluxe\" edition of the", "title": "Monster (Imagine Dragons song)" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "minutes before reentry into Earth's atmosphere, the cone-shaped command module containing the three crewmembers separated from the Service Module, which would burn up during reentry. At 265 hours and 37 minutes into the mission, at a velocity of about , Apollo 16 began atmospheric reentry. At its maximum, the temperature of the heat shield was between . After successful parachute deployment and less than 14 minutes after reentry began, the command module splashed down in the Pacific Ocean southeast of the island of Kiritimati (or \"Christmas Island\"), 290 hours, 37 minutes, 6 seconds after liftoff. The spacecraft and its crew", "title": "Apollo 16" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Franz Wognar Franz Wognar was an Austrian-Hungarian World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories who held the rank of \"Offiziersstellvertreter\". Franz Wognar was born in Nagyszombat, Hungary, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire; due to subsequent changes in national boundaries, his birthplace is in present-day Slovakia. His birthdate was 6 January 1890. He was of Slovakian heritage. Wognar trained as a mechanic before enlisting in the Austro-Hungarian Army in 1913. He later transferred to aviation service during the first year of World War I. He was then trained as a pilot and sent into action when Italy entered the", "title": "Franz Wognar" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Hermann Pokorny Hermann Pokorny (Kroměříž, Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1882–1960, Budapest, Hungary) was a World War I Austro-Hungarian Army cryptologist whose work with Russian ciphers contributed substantially to Central Powers victories over Russia. He was a member of the Hungarian Order of Vitéz. Pokorny was born in Moravia into a German-speaking family. His father was the postmaster of Kroměříž. A cousin was Major Franciszek Pokorny, a Polish Army officer who after World War I headed the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau. In 1900 Herman Pokorny joined the \"k.u.k.\" Austro-Hungarian Army. By 1918, when the Austro-Hungarian Empire fell, he was a lieutenant colonel.", "title": "Hermann Pokorny" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "drew to a close, the Austro-Hungarian Empire began to break apart, and local committees began assuming responsibility for administration from the central government. In October 1918, the self-proclaimed National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was established in Zagreb, and later that month there were discussions between the Austro-Hungarian Navy and representatives of the National Council regarding the future of the Austro-Hungarian fleet. There was even an exchange of delegates between the National Council and the Austro-Hungarian naval staff in Vienna. By the end of that month, the \"sailor's councils\" that had been formed aboard Austro-Hungarian warships at the main", "title": "Royal Yugoslav Navy" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the Czechs were growing as a nation and their national ambitions would sooner or later have to be accommodated within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as the ambitions of the Hungarians had been decades previously. Badeni was one of the few politicians who saw that without rapprochement between different nations within the Austro-Hungarian state, the Empire would fall apart. Count Kasimir Felix Badeni Count Kasimir Felix Badeni (German: \"Kasimir Felix Graf von Badeni\", Polish: \"Kazimierz Feliks hrabia Badeni\"; 14 October 1846 – 9 July 1909), a member of the Polish noble House of Badeni, was an Austrian statesman, who served as Minister-President", "title": "Count Kasimir Felix Badeni" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Kr. After several earlier attempts the Austro-Hungarian Empire adopted the gold standard in 1892 according to a plan drawn up by Minister of Finance Sándor Wekerle. This plan included the introduction of the new currency, the Krone. It consisted of 100 \"Heller\" (Austria) or \"Fillér\" (Hungary). The value of the Krone was set at 2 Kronen = 1 Gulden (\"Florin\", or \"forint\" in Hungarian) of the previous silver-based currency. From 1900 onward, Krone notes were the only legal banknotes of the Empire. The currency depreciated sharply as a result of the First World War, which was financed mostly by the", "title": "Austro-Hungarian krone" } ]

[ "the German Empire" ]

[ "If the British Empire was now going to side with the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire had no choice but to cultivate a relationship with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was supported by the German Empire. In a few years these alignments became the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance (already formed in 1882), which were in part a cause of World War I. By its end in 1918 three empires were gone, a fourth was about to fall to revolution, and two more, the British and French, were forced to yield in revolutions started under the aegis of their own ideologies." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "the Commission report" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "or through the militias under their control, should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region. International offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide.\" In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the ICC, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes. Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote on the referral resolution. As", "title": "Genocides in history" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "members of the Society of Human Rights, were arrested in September 1835. Judged before the Court of Peers, they were sentenced to death and guillotined on 19 February 1836. The Fieschi attentat shocked the bourgeoisie and most of France, which was generally more conservative than the people of Paris. The Republicans were discredited in the country, and public opinion was ready for strong measures against them. The first law reinforced the powers of the president of the Cour d'assises and of the public prosecutor against those accused of rebellion, possession of prohibited weapons or attempted insurrection. It was adopted on", "title": "July Monarchy" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Disney's business partner Jack Wrather. After the success with the multi-park, multi-hotel business model at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, Disney acquired large parcels of land adjacent to Disneyland to apply the same business model in Anaheim. During the expansion, the property was named the Disneyland Resort to encompass the entire complex, while the original theme park was named Disneyland Park. The company purchased the Disneyland Hotel from the Wrather Company and the Pan Pacific Hotel from the Tokyu Group. The Pan Pacific Hotel became Disney's Paradise Pier Hotel in 2000. In 2001 the property saw the", "title": "Disneyland Resort" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "by the early 1990s. Wearable heart rate monitors for athletes were available in 1981. Wearable fitness tracking devices, including wireless heart rate monitoring that integrated with commercial-grade fitness equipment found in gyms, were available in consumer-grade electronics by at least the early 2000s. Electronic activity trackers are fundamentally upgraded versions of pedometers; in addition to counting steps, they use accelerometers and altimeters to calculate mileage, graph overall physical activity, calculate calorie expenditure, and in some cases also monitor and graph heart rate and quality of sleep. Some also include a silent alarm. Some newer models approach the US definition of", "title": "Activity tracker" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "all over the country. Theatres groups performing in different Indian languages and a troupe from abroad take part in the festival every year. Festival also hosts handicrafts exhibition, book exhibition, art exhibition, food festival, seminar and interaction with leading theatre personalities. In order to reach people all over Karnataka, repertory conducts annual tours to different towns in the state which is called \"Ranga Yatre\". Rangayana Rangayana () is a theatre institute which operates from Mysore, Karnataka, India. It works as an autonomous cultural institute. The organization consists of a professional repertory company, a theatre-training institute and a documentation and research", "title": "Rangayana" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Amanda America Dickson Amanda America Dickson (November 20, 1849 – June 11, 1893) was a mulatto or mixed-race socialite in Georgia who became known as one of the wealthiest African-American women of the 19th century after inheriting a large estate from her white planter father. Born into slavery, she was the child of David Dickson, a white planter, and Julia Frances Lewis Dickson, one of his slaves, who was thirteen when her daughter was born. Amanda was raised by Elizabeth Sholars Dickson, her white grandmother and mistress. She was educated and schooled in the social skills of her father's class,", "title": "Amanda America Dickson" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in a non-attainment air-quality region. It is the most stringent air pollution standard above the best available control technology and reasonably available control technology standards. Best available control technology (BACT) is a pollution control standard mandated by the Clean Air Act: The EPA determines what air pollution control technology will be used to control a specific pollutant to a specified limit. When a BACT is determined, factors such as energy consumption, total source emission, regional environmental impact, and economic costs are taken into account. It is the current EPA standard for all polluting sources that fall under the New Source", "title": "State Implementation Plan" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "McClatchy News Service published a package of articles about Guantanamo. In a profile of Zia Khalid Najib they quoted Abdul Jabar Sabit, Attorney General of Afghanistan. According to their report \"...he was struck that detainees were classified into groups, marked in descending order from orange to white garb, by how well they behaved and not by whether they were suspected of terrorist or anti-American activities. ... This division did not have anything to do with the crimes attributed to them. Only their behavior in the prison was taken into account.\" According to the McClatchy package, some of the detainees with", "title": "Guantanamo Bay detainee uniforms" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "usually involves both cooperation between the trading partners, so that each gets what they want from others, and competition by each party to get the best deal for themselves. So the trading relationship is normally both self-directed and other-directed at the same time. The issue then is, just how far the concerns of other party or parties to the trade are really taken into account, or to what extent the expectations of others are fully met or honoured. \"Selfishness\" would then denote a \"specific type\" of self-interest which violates a \"shared\" principle of trade (or some other principle) in a", "title": "Economic opportunism" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "East Midlands, England began uploading hundreds of files of collected glove prints into their criminal database. Glove Print Database to help Police in their fight against crime The Glove Mark Working Group in Derbyshire includes the Derbyshire Police Department, the Home Office Scientific Development Branch, and Nottingham Trent University. With the belief that individual offenders possess preferences for specific types of gloves (style and fabric/material), forensic scientists have also used glove print databases to create complex computations and charts that isolate, geographically, \"hot spots\" where prints taken from specific types of gloves are matched against similar types of crimes. Forensic", "title": "Glove prints" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "again mostly in Caesar's account of the Gaulish wars, seems again to fit reasonably well with what we could reconstruct as ‘general principles’ from early medieval Irish and Welsh law. Crimes mentioned in Caesar's account are murder, theft and robbery, as well as crimes specific to only some Gaulish societies, e.g. usurpation of kingship amongst the Helvetii. The punishment considered most severe amongst the Gauls, according to Caesar, is to ban criminals from religious rites, which probably is better understood as outlawing them. He does, however, also mention the death penalty, presumably of outlaws, not as a regular form of", "title": "Celtic law" } ]

[ "the Commission report" ]

[ "In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes. Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote on the referral resolution. As of his fourth report to the Security Council, the Prosecutor has found \"reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the UN Security Council Resolution 1593] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes,\" but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "organic compounds. The later part of the 19th century saw the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals, after the exhaustion of the oil supply from whaling. By the 20th century, systematic production of refined materials provided a ready supply of products which provided not only energy, but also synthetic materials for clothing, medicine, and everyday disposable resources. Application of the techniques of organic chemistry to living organisms resulted in physiological chemistry, the precursor to biochemistry. The 20th century also saw the integration of physics and chemistry, with chemical properties explained as the result of the electronic structure of the atom. Linus", "title": "History of science" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "he marvelled at the wonders of his uncle's American cars. When he was a Fulbright exchange student at Lafayette College, he bought, for thirty dollars, a convertible Chrysler Royal he found in a junkyard. Forty-five years later, he saw a photograph of the same Chrysler in a French vintage car magazine. The automobile was about to be auctioned in Poitiers. He rushed to the auction, made a bid, and won it. When he was a student at the University of Paris, he acquired an old Amil car, which he and a classmate drove all the way to Ankara, Turkey. He", "title": "Dominique Lapierre" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "time, she had known nothing about film-making and was trained by the film's cinematographer, Steven Fierberg. Alberti began her cinematography career working for the film company, Apparatus, run by short-film director Christine Vachon. The first full-length documentary she shot was Stephanie Black's \"H-2 Worker\" (1990). She won her first Sundance Film Festival award as a cinematographer for this film. She secured her career after being hired for Todd Haynes' controversial pseudo-documentary feature film \"Poison\" (1991). The cinematographer is most famous for shooting both feature films and small 16mm documentaries- her favourite camera being an Aaton 16 mm camera. She has", "title": "Maryse Alberti" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "life sentences of the previous president Celal Bayar and the former chief of general staff Rustu Erdelhun whose prior execution sentence was also revoked by the National Unity Committee upon Gürsel's appeals. He initiated the new era of planned economy in Turkey, formed a State Institute of Statistics, launched the State Planning Organization (DPT) that implemented \"The First 5-Years Development Plan\", arranged re-entry of the Turkish Republic in the United Nations Security Council in 1961 and moved Turkey, through his close and personal diplomatic dialogues with Charles de Gaulle and Konrad Adenauer, into the direction of European Union membership with", "title": "Cemal Gürsel" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "redesign of the faceplate graphics. In 1990 the Super Speak & Math was released as a major redesign similar to the first version of the Super Speak & Spell. As with the Super Speak & Spell, the display screen of the Super Speak & Math was changed to an LCD screen instead of the former VFD screen. The keyboard was also expanded and given more functions. The general structure of the console was also altered similarly to the Super Speak & Spell such that the handle which had come at the top of the screen in prior Speak & Math", "title": "Speak & Spell (toy)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "challenge traditional attitudes, he produced and directed the film, \"L'Imitation du cinema\". A combination of sexual and religious imagery, it caused a scandal in Belgium and was banned in France. Even with the support of the Kinsey Institute, it proved impossible to have the film shown in the United States. Although Marien worked as an artist across many media, some of the most notable achievements throughout his career were as a chronicler of the Belgian Surrealists' activities and a publisher of their writings. In 1943, Marien had published the very first monograph on Magritte. In 1954 he founded the magazine,", "title": "Marcel Mariën" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "As he surveyed the European milieu in the late 1890s, Lenin found several theoretic problems with the Marxism of the late 19th century. Contrary to what Karl Marx had predicted, capitalism had become stronger in the last third of the 19th century. In Western Europe, the working class had become poorer, rather than becoming politically progressive, thinking people; hence, the workers and their trade unions, although they had continued to militate for better wages and working conditions, had failed to develop a revolutionary class consciousness, as predicted by Marx. To explain that undeveloped political awareness, Lenin said that the division", "title": "Vanguardism" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Japan, where children's' cartoons based on her illustrations have been televised. Historically, painting and sculpture in Slovenia was in the late 18th and the 19th century marked by Neoclassicism (Matevž Langus), Biedermeier (Giuseppe Tominz) and Romanticism (Mihael Stroj). The first art exhibition in Slovenia was organized in the late 19th century by Ivana Kobilica, a woman-painter who worked in realistic tradition. Impressionist artists include Matej Sternen, Matija Jama, Rihard Jakopič, Ivan Grohar whose \"The Sower\" (Slovene: Sejalec) was depicted on the €0.05 Slovenian euro coins, and Franc Berneker, who introduced the impressionism to Slovenia. Espressionist painters include Veno Pilon and", "title": "Slovenia" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in 1886 and founded what is still one of the largest soap businesses, formerly called Lever Brothers and now called Unilever. These soap businesses were among the first to employ large-scale advertising campaigns. Before the late 19th century, water to individual places of residence was rare. Many countries in Europe developed a water collection and distribution network. London water supply infrastructure developed through major 19th-century treatment works built in response to cholera threats, to modern large-scale reservoirs. By the end of the century, private baths with running hot water were increasingly common in affluent homes in America and Britain. At", "title": "Bathing" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "most Arab tribes migrated into the Sudan in the 12th century and introduced Islam. It was noted in the late 19th century that the Arabic spoken in Sudan still largely maintained grammatical and dialectical features similar to that introduced from the Arabian Peninsula in the 12th century, and as a result Sudanese Arabic is a form of pure or \"archaic Arabic.\" This, among other features, serves to distinguish the Arabic spoken in Sudan from that of its neighbor, Egypt. Most Sudanese Muslims are adherents of the Sunni branch of Islam; Sunni Islam in Sudan is not marked by a uniform", "title": "Sudanese Arabs" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "moved to Ivory Coast before being conquered by the French. The slave trade came to the coastal region of Guinea with European traders in the 16th century. Slaves were exported to work elsewhere in the triangular trade. Guinea's colonial period began with French military penetration into the area in the mid-19th century. French domination was assured by the defeat in 1898 of the armies of Samori Touré, Mansa (or Emperor) of the Ouassoulou state and leader of Malinké descent, which gave France control of what today is Guinea and adjacent areas. France negotiated Guinea's present boundaries in the late 19th", "title": "Guinea" } ]

[ "the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals" ]

[ "The synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler opened a new research field, organic chemistry, and by the end of the 19th century, scientists were able to synthesize hundreds of organic compounds. The later part of the 19th century saw the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals, after the exhaustion of the oil supply from whaling. By the 20th century, systematic production of refined materials provided a ready supply of products which provided not only energy, but also synthetic materials for clothing, medicine, and everyday disposable resources. Application of the techniques of organic chemistry to living organisms resulted in physiological chemistry, the precursor to biochemistry. The 20th century also saw the integration of physics and chemistry, with chemical properties explained as the result of the electronic structure of the atom. Linus Pauling's book on The Nature of the Chemical Bond used the principles of quantum mechanics to deduce bond angles in ever-more complicated molecules. Pauling's work culminated in the physical modelling of DNA, the secret of life (in the words of Francis Crick, 1953). In the same year, the Miller–Urey experiment demonstrated in a simulation of primordial processes, that basic constituents of proteins, simple amino acids, could themselves be built up from simpler molecules." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Red Funnel" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "which included all seven of the company's liners visiting Southampton in a single day. \"Adonia\", \"Arcadia\", \"Aurora\", \"Azura\", \"Oceana\", \"Oriana\" and \"Ventura\" all left the city in a procession on 3 July 2012. While Southampton is no longer the base for any cross-channel ferries, it is the terminus for three internal ferry services, all of which operate from terminals at Town Quay. Two of these, a car ferry service and a fast catamaran passenger ferry service, provide links to East Cowes and Cowes, respectively, on the Isle of Wight and are operated by Red Funnel. The third ferry is the", "title": "Southampton" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Red Funnel Red Funnel, formally the Southampton Isle of Wight and South of England Royal Mail Steam Packet Company Limited, is a ferry company that carries passengers, vehicles and freight on routes between the English mainland and the Isle of Wight. High-speed foot passenger catamarans, known as \"Red Jets\", run between Southampton and Cowes, while vehicle ferries run between Southampton and East Cowes. Red Funnel's main competitor is Wightlink whose services operate from Portsmouth to Fishbourne and Ryde, and from Lymington to Yarmouth. The other major Solent ferry company, Hovertravel, operates between Southsea and Ryde. Both provide a frequent service", "title": "Red Funnel" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "West Cowes. In 1895 West Cowes Urban District Council applied for permission to change the name of the town to Cowes officially, and this was granted on 21 August 1895. Whilst the name Cowes has become well established on infrastructure related to the town (including maps, road signage and postal addresses), the name \"West Cowes\" remained on Admiralty charts, used by sailors, until 2015, when it was corrected following a letter from a Cowes resident. Red Funnel, the Southampton-based ferry company that provides routes from Southampton to both Cowes and East Cowes, has continued to use the name \"West Cowes\"", "title": "Cowes" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "any of the stations on the Isle of Wight from any other station in Great Britain. This ticket also covers the cost of passage on the Wightlink catamaran from Portsmouth Harbour to Ryde Pier Head. It is also possible to purchase ferry inclusive tickets from any station in Great Britain to Cowes or East Cowes on the Isle of Wight using Red Funnel ferries, although there are no rail connections from these towns. There are two main international services which operate on the railways in the United Kingdom: A third service which is worth mentioning is Dutchflyer (GoLondon in the", "title": "Train operating company" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "which included all seven of the company's liners visiting Southampton in a single day. \"Adonia\", \"Arcadia\", \"Aurora\", \"Azura\", \"Oceana\", \"Oriana\" and \"Ventura\" all left the city in a procession on 3 July 2012. While Southampton is no longer the base for any cross-channel ferries, it is the terminus for three internal ferry services, all of which operate from terminals at Town Quay. Two of these, a car ferry service and a fast catamaran passenger ferry service, provide links to East Cowes and Cowes, respectively, on the Isle of Wight and are operated by Red Funnel. The third ferry is the", "title": "Southampton" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "passenger-only catamarans. In 1867 Red Funnel instituted a service crossing the River Medina between Cowes and East Cowes. This service was operated by a series of small launches over the years. The service ceased on the outbreak of war in 1939 when the vessels involved were requisitioned by the Admiralty. In 1868 the company took over the Cowes Floating Bridge Company and operated the floating bridge until 1901. In 1885 the company bought the \"New Southampton Steam Towing Company\" and operated tugs and tenders under the subsidiary \"Red Funnel Towage\". In 2002 Red Funnel Towage was sold to the Adelaide", "title": "Red Funnel" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to the Isle of Wight, but neither normally serve Southampton, Cowes or East Cowes. The origins of Red Funnel date back to 1820, when the \"Isle of Wight Royal Mail Steam Packet Company\" was established by Cowes interests to operate the first steamer service from there to Southampton. In 1826, the \"Isle of Wight Steam Packet Company\" was formed in Southampton, and by the following year the two companies had started co-ordinating their operations. In 1860, the \"Southampton, Isle of Wight & Portsmouth Improved Steamboat Company\" was created to compete with the two established operators, and the threat posed caused", "title": "Red Funnel" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "celebrate the Silver Jubilee of the Queen's coronation in 1977, the main hangar doors of what was then the British Hovercraft Corporation (a successor to Saunders Roe) were painted with the world's largest image of the Union Flag, which can still be seen today. In January 2015, the car carrier bound for Bremerhaven, Germany, ran aground on Bramble Bank after developing a heavy list, roughly five miles north of the entrance to the River Medina. It has since been re-floated, repaired, and returned to service. East Cowes is linked to the mainland by Red Funnel’s vehicle ferry service. The Cowes", "title": "East Cowes" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "past the Bargate, heading directly south along the High Street and on to Town Quay, where the Red Funnel ferry terminal is located. The route continues on the other side of the Solent.. East Cowes | Cowes | Newport | Sandown Upon arrival at East Cowes, one must continue ahead around the one-way system in order to reach the Cowes Floating Bridge, which allows the route to cross the River Medina. There is a £1 return toll for cyclists, and a 2-3 minute crossing brings you to Cowes. The Floating Bridge does not operate a 24-hour service, so this section", "title": "National Cycle Route 23" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "in Southampton. In 1868 the ferry was bought by The Steam Packet Company (which now trades as Red Funnel), and bought a new ferry for the service in 1882. This was used regularly until 1896 when it was used only as a spare when a new ferry was purchased. The route was first taken over by the local authority in 1909, when the Cowes and East Cowes Urban District Councils took over their operation. With this, a new ferry was bought and started the system of naming vessels still used today, by numbering them in order of acquisition, the first", "title": "Cowes Floating Bridge" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "a new building by North West Bay Ships of Tasmania. Red Funnel have taken delivery of a new 40-metre high speed catamaran constructed in East Cowes by Shemara Refit LLP. Named by the Princess Royal on 4 July 2016, \"Red Jet 6\" entered service later in the summer. \"Red Jet 7\" was built by the Wight Shipyard Co. in East Cowes. \"Red Jet 7\" was lowered into the River Medina at East Cowes on 6 June 2018, and was christened during a launching ceremony on 24 July 2018. Between 1840 and the 1960s, Red Funnel line and its predecessors operated", "title": "Red Funnel" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Red Jet 6 MV \"Red Jet 6\" is a high-speed Catamaran ferry constructed for Red Funnel in East Cowes on the Isle of Wight as the sixth member of the company's expansive \"Red Jet\" line of catamarans. Red Funnel announced in May 2015 that they had placed an order for the ₤6 million vessel with Shemara Refit LLP of East Cowes, making \"Red Jet 6\" the first high-speed ferry built in the UK in fifteen years. Red Jet 6 was constructed in East Cowes's famous aircraft hangar that had been originally built for the long defunct aircraft company, Saunders-Roe. She", "title": "Red Jet 6" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Wight by multihulls, starting and finishing at the Royal Yacht Squadron starting line at Cowes, taking 1hr, 17mins, 17secs at an average speed of . Red Jet 6 MV \"Red Jet 6\" is a high-speed Catamaran ferry constructed for Red Funnel in East Cowes on the Isle of Wight as the sixth member of the company's expansive \"Red Jet\" line of catamarans. Red Funnel announced in May 2015 that they had placed an order for the ₤6 million vessel with Shemara Refit LLP of East Cowes, making \"Red Jet 6\" the first high-speed ferry built in the UK in fifteen", "title": "Red Jet 6" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "was leased from Homes & Communities Agency to Shemara Refit (now Wight Shipyard Co. Ltd), who have constructed the catamaran ferry Red Jet 6 inside the hangar for use by Red Funnel Ferries, with the next Red Jet in the series, Red Jet 7, also built there. The GKN North site had sold in 2002 for £8m to a government quango, SEEDA, South East Enterprise Development Agency for the regeneration of East Cowes. That stalled with the financial crash in 2008 and is set never to achieve the sites full potential as a deep water Prime Tier 1 Marine Industrial", "title": "Saunders-Roe" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "The car ferry service to East Cowes, with a journey time of 50 minutes, is operated by the three 'Raptor' class vessels: , and . The Fast Passenger Ferry service runs to Cowes (which is called \"West Cowes\" by Red Funnel) in 22 minutes. It is provided by the \"Red Jet\" catamarans: \"Red Jets\" 3, 4, 6 and 7. A fourth ferry in Red Funnel's fleet, , is under construction and is due to enter service as a cargo vessel in 2019. There has been a passenger ferry from Town Quay to the village of Hythe, across Southampton Water, since", "title": "Port of Southampton" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Who and the Sea Devils in October 1971. In those episodes, The Doctor was played by Jon Pertwee, with Katy Manning playing his companion Jo. The episodes featured other Isle of Wight locations as well, including No Mans Land Fort. As part of their fleet of 'Castle' series ferries operating to and from the Isle of Wight, Red Funnel had three ferries named Norris Castle, the latter two being car ferries. The ML Norris Castle I, was a passenger motor launch, which operated across the River Medina between 1938 and 1939. It was built by the Cowes boatbuilder, Clare Lallow", "title": "Norris Castle" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "\"Iruma detachment\" continued with RF-86Fs but on March 25th 1977 this was dissolved. From 1981 the F-15J Eagle began entering service with the JASDF, replacing the F-4EJ Phantom as the JASDF's main fighter. Starting in 1992 a total of 15 of the surplus F-4EJ fighter aircraft (seven F-4EJ and eight F-4EJ Kai) were modified to RF-4EJ status. There have been plans to replace the aging RF-4E and RF-EJ Kai aircraft with reconnaissance versions of the F-15J / F-15DJ aircraft. There were plans for Toshiba to produce a reconnaissance pod, but this was not expected to reach the ministry of defense's", "title": "501st Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (JASDF)" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "war crimes, as the only military targets wherever the few rebels manning the bakeries, and that dozens of civilians were killed. In Idlib province in the northwest of the country, entire cities were shelled and bombed for sheltering opposition activists and rebels, with the victims mostly civilians, along with heavy financial losses. Rather than attempt to discover some \"contra-causal free will\", modern philosophers will usually use notions of intention to establish individual moral responsibility. This Kantian approach may not be the only way to assess responsibility, especially considering groups may need a unique approach to individuals. For instance, there is", "title": "Collective punishment" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "attack on the Moscow office of the Roskomnadzor watchdog. In this period the company received up to 1,000 messages from individuals with complaints about delayed deliveries of purchases made at Internet shops. On March 2013 Russian Post reported the unfavourable state of affairs. In a special message Russian Post’s deputy general director, Nina Fetisova, told the Federal Communications Agency Rossvyaz and the Federal Customs Service that the processing of international mail was in a critical situation at the customs posts Vnukovo and Sheremetyevo International Airport and also at the Central International Post Office in Moscow. The director of the federal", "title": "Russian Post" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "landowners can apply via their local Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) or conservation district office. Grassland Reserve Program The grassland reserve program is a voluntary landowner program than provides financial and educational support to landowners wishing to maintain or enhance grasslands on their property. The program allows for restoration of multiple types of grasslands including shrub-land, pasture, and range. The grassland reserve programs main goal is to prevent the conversion of native grasslands to other land uses such as development and agriculture. Once protected the land does not necessary remain untouched. Easements may be applied for which allow temporary practices", "title": "Private landowner assistance program" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "also known as \"Black on White\"). In 1968, Harrison entirely overhauled the group's membership, and the new line-up began recording with more of a hard rock sound, scoring tour dates with Black Sabbath, Jethro Tull, and The James Gang. They achieved great renown for their excellent version of the Beatles song \"Cry Baby Cry\" on their second album \"Freedom at Last\". Further lineup changes occurred before the band finally splintered in 1972, with Harrison going on to Snafu. Freedom (band) Freedom was a psychedelic rock band active in the late 1960s and early 1970s, formed initially by members of Procol", "title": "Freedom (band)" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Cowes Cowes () is an English seaport town and civil parish on the Isle of Wight. Cowes is located on the west bank of the estuary of the River Medina, facing the smaller town of East Cowes on the east bank. The two towns are linked by the Cowes Floating Bridge, a chain ferry. The population was 9,663 in the 2001 census, which doubles during the regatta in early August. The population at the 2011 census was 10,405. Charles Godfrey Leland's 19th century verses describe the towns poetically as \"The two great Cowes that in loud thunder roar/This on the", "title": "Cowes" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the same hull with a modified cabin and modern engine and controls, and larger cabin cruisers based on a modified version of the Dagger design. Fairey Marine absorbed the East Cowes firm of Groves and Gutteridge Ltd., established since 1899. One of the main products of the Company has been lifeboats for the Royal National Lifeboat Institution. Fairey Marine was taken into Receivership along with other companies in the Fairey Group in 1975 when the parent company went into liquidation. The business was subsequently absorbed into what is now the marine division of Babcock International Group. When the main Fairey", "title": "Fairey Marine" }, { "idx": 23, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "members of Division Two. The Division was renamed Division One in 2006. East Cowes Victoria Athletic A.F.C. East Cowes Victoria Athletic Association Football Club is a football club based in East Cowes, Isle of Wight, England They are currently members of the and play at Beatrice Avenue. The club was established in 1885, taking the Victoria part of the name from the fact that their Beatrice Avenue ground is an the area owned by Osborne House, one of the homes of Queen Victoria. They were founder members of the Isle of Wight League in 1898, and won the league in", "title": "East Cowes Victoria Athletic A.F.C." }, { "idx": 24, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "very diverse range of interests. Key shoreside events of Cowes Week include the festivities within Cowes Yacht Haven, on Cowes Parade and at Shepards Wharf Marina. Each of these venues offer entertainment for the general public as well as those racing. Traditionally at the end of the Cowes Week event, a fireworks display is held. This has occurred for more than 150 years. In recent years contributions to the funding of the display have been requested by the community who enjoy and benefit from them. \"The Queen's Cup\" was presented to the Royal Southampton Yacht Club by Queen Victoria in", "title": "Cowes Week" }, { "idx": 25, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "match must produce a finalist. By now, the contest between the two clubs had produced great excitement amongst the public, and the crowd at the County Ground on the Wednesday afternoon was considerably larger than that on the previous Saturday. Cowes took an early lead through their centre-forward, Trask, before Bromley equalised. Warn then scored what appeared to be the winning goal for St. Mary's. The ball appeared to be \"half a yard\" behind the line before it was caught and thrown out by Lieverman, the Cowes goalkeeper. The home players claimed the goal, which was contested by Cowes. The", "title": "1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season" } ]

[ "Red Funnel" ]

[ "While Southampton is no longer the base for any cross-channel ferries, it is the terminus for three internal ferry services, all of which operate from terminals at Town Quay. Two of these, a car ferry service and a fast catamaran passenger ferry service, provide links to East Cowes and Cowes respectively on the Isle of Wight and are operated by Red Funnel. The third ferry is the Hythe Ferry, providing a passenger service to Hythe on the other side of Southampton Water." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "12,000–14,000" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "(Popper himself in his autobiography erroneously recalls that Grübl's first name was Carl). His father was a bibliophile who had 12,000–14,000 volumes in his personal library and took an interest in philosophy, the classics, and social and political issues. Popper inherited both the library and the disposition from him. Later, he would describe the atmosphere of his upbringing as having been \"decidedly bookish.\" Popper left school at the age of 16 and attended lectures in mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology and the history of music as a guest student at the University of Vienna. In 1919, Popper became attracted by Marxism", "title": "Karl Popper" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "(Popper himself in his autobiography erroneously recalls that Grübl's first name was Carl). His father was a bibliophile who had 12,000–14,000 volumes in his personal library and took an interest in philosophy, the classics, and social and political issues. Popper inherited both the library and the disposition from him. Later, he would describe the atmosphere of his upbringing as having been \"decidedly bookish.\" Popper left school at the age of 16 and attended lectures in mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology and the history of music as a guest student at the University of Vienna. In 1919, Popper became attracted by Marxism", "title": "Karl Popper" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, and West Virginia (comprising Area 3) only one year later. Hobby spent the 1960s organizing the spread of unions in the South and promoting AFL-CIO-endorsed candidates for public office. He also strove to become president of the North Carolina chapter of the AFL-CIO, and was successful on his fourth attempt in 1969. Hobby considered the previous president, Milton Barbee, too timid to lead the organization into the future. The overarching theme of Hobby's career in politics was to advance populist causes and the position of labor. He served in a variety of roles to make", "title": "Wilbur Hobby" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "together, uses racial quotas and stated: \"The statement about affirmative action is accurate and will remain in the entry\". In addition, Hugh Muir of the British newspaper \"The Guardian\" mockingly referred to Conservapedia's assertion that Obama has links to radical Islam as \"dynamite\" and an excellent resource for \"US rightwingers\". In contrast, the articles about conservative politicians, such as former U.S. Republican president Ronald Reagan and former British Conservative Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, have been observed as praising their respective subjects. Mark Sabbatini of the \"Juneau Empire\" considered the Conservapedia entry on Sarah Palin, the Republican vice-presidential candidate for the", "title": "Conservapedia" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "on the band's Myspace page. Reasons cited for the group's disbandment include issues with record labels Tooth and Nail and Epic. As of August 2009 the post has received 1057 Kudos. Chad was the bass player for the band Derek White and the Monophobics who independently released their self-produced debut album on Saturday March 1, 2008. On February 23, 2009 Chad took part in an absolutepunk.net chat and shared \"The Monophobics was a great time. I really think that playing a lot of that stuff made me a more rounded player for sure. It was a chance to experiment with", "title": "Chad Alan" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "The Smallgoods The Smallgoods is an Australian indie pop band originally from the Victorian coastal town of Port Fairy, but now based in Melbourne. The band's music draws on influences from 1960s artists such as The Beatles and The Byrds, along with more recent pop influences. The band was originally a four-piece consisting of brothers, Gus and Lachlan Franklin, Ben Mason and Shags Chamberlain who established themselves on the Warrnambool pub scene in 1999 - Ben and Lachlan were playing in local cover band, Slight Return, Gus having achieved 15 minutes of fame with his Triple J Unearthed winning group,", "title": "The Smallgoods" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "typical current service pattern is: Passengers for must change at Thorpe-le-Soken for a connecting service. There are some additional services to and from London Liverpool Street during peak hours. Walton-on-the-Naze railway station Walton-on-the-Naze railway station is one of the two eastern termini of the Sunshine Coast Line, a branch of the Great Eastern Main Line, in the East of England. It serves the seaside town of Walton-on-the-Naze, Essex. It is down the line from London Liverpool Street. Its three-letter station code is WON. The preceding station on the line is . The station was opened by the Tendring Hundred Railway,", "title": "Walton-on-the-Naze railway station" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "total of 80 volumes, by 1847. Murray's Family Library Murray's Family Library was a series of non-fiction works published from 1829 to 1834, by John Murray, in 51 volumes. The series editor was John Gibson Lockhart, who also wrote the first book, a biography of Napoleon. The books were priced at five shillings; Murray's approach, which did not involve part-publication, is considered a fundamentally more conservative business model, and intention, than used by the contemporary library of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. In 1834 Murray sold out to Thomas Tegg. Further volumes were added to the \"Library\",", "title": "Murray's Family Library" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "He quotes Menger's dictum that \"Definitions are dogmas; only the conclusions drawn from them can afford us any new insight\" and notes that different definitions of science can be rationally debated and compared: Popper had his own sophisticated views on evolution that go much beyond what the frequently-quoted passages say. In effect, Popper agreed with some of the points of both creationists and naturalists, but also disagreed with both views on crucial aspects. Popper understood the universe as a creative entity that invents new things, including life, but without the necessity of something like a god, especially not one who", "title": "Karl Popper" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Joachim Edler von Popper Joachim Edler von Popper (20 October 1722 – 11 May 1795) came from family of entrepreneurs and communal leaders from Březnice (\"Breznitz\") in the Kingdom of Bohemia, now the Czech Republic. His father, Wolf Popper, was a Primator (Chief Judge) of the Jews of Bohemia. Joachim Popper moved from Březnice to Prague and prospered there as a merchant (woolens, potash, whalebone), banker and manufacturer. In the mid-eighteenth century, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II held a monopoly of tobacco in Austria-Hungary. Leopold divided the monopoly into leases and awarded them to Joachim, Israel Edler von Hönigsberg, and", "title": "Joachim Edler von Popper" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "had already been buried. Popper's estate is managed by his secretary and personal assistant Melitta Mew and her husband Raymond. Popper's manuscripts went to the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, partly during his lifetime and partly as supplementary material after his death. Klagenfurt University has Popper's library, including his precious bibliophilia, as well as hard copies of the original Hoover material and microfilms of the supplementary material. The remaining parts of the estate were mostly transferred to The Karl Popper Charitable Trust. In October 2008 Klagenfurt University acquired the copyrights from the estate. Popper and his wife had chosen not", "title": "Karl Popper" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "1884-1918\" (1925), two volumes; \"My Brother Theodore Roosevelt (1921) by Corinne Roosevelt Robinson\"; and \"Theodore Roosevelt and His Time, Shown in His Letters\" (1920), two volumes, by Joseph Bucklin Bishop, included in the Memorial edition. Bishop, whose biography had been authorized by TR before the former President's death, had complete access to what became the collection of Theodore Roosevelt Papers at the Library of Congress. Over 670 quotations in the Cyclopedia are from letters by Roosevelt. The topics and subjects included in the Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia cover the full range of TR's activities and opinions. Issues of TR's times, like", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia" } ]

[ "12,000–14,000" ]

[ "Karl Popper was born in Vienna (then in Austria-Hungary) in 1902, to upper middle-class parents. All of Karl Popper's grandparents were Jewish, but the Popper family converted to Lutheranism before Karl was born, and so he received Lutheran baptism. They understood this as part of their cultural assimilation, not as an expression of devout belief. Karl's father Simon Siegmund Carl Popper was a lawyer from Bohemia and a doctor of law at the Vienna University, and mother Jenny Schiff was of Silesian and Hungarian descent. After establishing themselves in Vienna, the Poppers made a rapid social climb in Viennese society: Simon Siegmund Carl became a partner in the law firm of Vienna's liberal Burgomaster Herr Grübl and, after Grübl's death in 1898, Simon took over the business. (Malachi Hacohen records that Herr Grübl's first name was Raimund, after which Karl received his middle name. Popper himself, in his autobiography, erroneously recalls that Herr Grübl's first name was Carl.) His father was a bibliophile who had 12,000–14,000 volumes in his personal library. Popper inherited both the library and the disposition from him." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "£400,000" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "advertising budget of £400,000, the brash new paper \"burst forth with tremendous energy\", according to \"The Times\". Its initial print run of 3.5 million was attributed to \"curiosity\" and the \"advantage of novelty\", and had declined to the previous circulation of the \"Daily Herald\" (1.2 million) within a few weeks. By 1969, according to Hugh Cudlipp, \"The Sun\" was losing about £2m a year and had a circulation of 800,000. IPC decided to sell to stop the losses, according to Bernard Shrimsley in 2004, out of a fear that the unions would disrupt publication of the \"Mirror\" if they did", "title": "The Sun (United Kingdom)" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "advertising budget of £400,000, the brash new paper \"burst forth with tremendous energy\", according to \"The Times\". Its initial print run of 3.5 million was attributed to \"curiosity\" and the \"advantage of novelty\", and had declined to the previous circulation of the \"Daily Herald\" (1.2 million) within a few weeks. By 1969, according to Hugh Cudlipp, \"The Sun\" was losing about £2m a year and had a circulation of 800,000. IPC decided to sell to stop the losses, according to Bernard Shrimsley in 2004, out of a fear that the unions would disrupt publication of the \"Mirror\" if they did", "title": "The Sun (United Kingdom)" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "decorated with biblical themed grisailles. The space also has a garden from the Romantic period. Through the analysis of everyday life for a well-to-do family of the time, it brings 19th-century society to life. Can Papiol Romanticism Museum The Can Papiol Romanticism Museum () is a museum located in the historic centre of Vilanova i la Geltrú. It is a manor house dating from the end of the 18th century and is characteristic both for the furniture and decorative elements preserved from the time. Its aim is to evoke 19th-century society by analysing the everyday life of a well-to-do family", "title": "Can Papiol Romanticism Museum" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "his childhood dream of becoming a fighter pilot he slowly acquainted himself with the UK's bohemian scene. Calvert began his career in earnest by writing poetry. In 1967 he formed the Street Theatre group, \"Street Dada Nihilismus\". At the end of the 1960s he moved to London and joined the flourishing psychedelic subculture. He soon became one of its most active members; joining, amongst other activities, \"Frendz\", one of the leading underground magazines of the time. During that time he acquainted himself with New Wave science fiction writers. Acclaimed author Michael Moorcock, winner of several science fiction literary awards and", "title": "Robert Calvert" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of eugenics in Eastern Europe. He and other members of the external group looked outside of Eastern Europe for influence on eugenics instead of relying on their own nations. His work, along with the work of other notable eugenicists in the Eugenic Society in Hungary, made that country between 1910 and 1918 the “vanguard of eugenic thinking in Europe.\" He compared and combined eugenics ideas in both Germany and United States and theorized about applying the combined concepts to Hungary society. In his article titled \"Eugenics in the Central Empires since 1914\", he compared various eugenics societies and their different", "title": "Geza von Hoffmann" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "This significantly increases the filtration ability of the medium in comparison to other types of filtration processes and allows particles of different sizes to be filtered in the matrix. The prominent deep bed filtration processes currently used are direct filtration and contact-flocculation filtration. Direct filtration involves a short period of pre flocculation stage followed by the filtration process. In sewage treatment plants, the majority of suspended solids and other contaminates are successfully removed after the primary and secondary treatment stages. To remove the remaining solids and organic compounds from the wastewater stream, direct filtration method is utilised with prior flocculation.", "title": "Depth filter" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "16 years away, Chappell returned to the show in October 2009 following the cancellation of \"GL\", which ended its run less than a month earlier. While meeting with executives of another show, Gary Tomlin, the co-executive of \"DAYS\" at the time called Chappell and asked her to return. After nearly two years back, Chappell's contract was not renewed and she exited the show in September 2011. Following her exit, Chappell joined the cast of CBS' \"The Bold and the Beautiful\" as Danielle in the show's first lesbian storyline. Dr. Carly Manning arrived in Salem after she got the idea to", "title": "Carly Manning" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "it was meant to embrace southern values, many Kentuckians rejected the slogan as cheesy and ineffective. It was quickly seen that the slogan did not encourage tourism as much as initially hoped for. So government decided to create a different slogan to embrace Kentucky as a whole while also encouraging more people to visit the Bluegrass. In 2004, then Governor Ernie Fletcher launched a comprehensive branding campaign with the hope of making the state's $12–14 million advertising budget more effective. The resulting \"Unbridled Spirit\" brand was the result of a $500,000 contract with New West, a Kentucky-based public relations advertising", "title": "Kentucky" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "told \"they planned to run some advertisements in the media, particularly around defence and health policies\". Brash asserts that he and his staff advised the Brethren to check the legality of their advertising and that National had no control over its content. Brash also says that he did not recall their intention to issue anti-Green pamphlets. Brash and other National supporters noted that unions have funded third party advertising in support of Labour, and argued that the Brethren pamphlets were equivalent. Labour Party strategist Pete Hodgson responded that advertising paid for by unions was declared within Labour's budget and explicit", "title": "2005 New Zealand election funding controversy" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Brand New Planet Brand New Planet, also known as \"BNP\", was a youth magazine affiliated with the \"Toronto Star\". It was published between 2003 and 2007. \"Brand New Planet\" was founded in 2003. Once distributed in hard copy, via the Thursday edition of the \"Star\", it was later published solely as an online paper. Subscriptions were offered free of charge at its \"Toronto Star\"-hosted website. The paper was delivered an email notification on Thursdays in PDF. It was directed at kids between the ages of 9–14. \"Brand New Planet\" shut down permanently in June 2007 due to lack of advertising.", "title": "Brand New Planet" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "consulted, an explanation for the reduction instead of increase in economic growth from the tax cuts is that \"any\" benefits from tax cuts come over the long, not short run, but what does come in the short run is a major decline in demand for goods and services. In the Kansas economy cuts in state government expenditures cut incomes of state government \"employees, suppliers and contractors\" who spent much or most of their incomes locally. In addition, concern over the state's large budget deficits \"might have deterred businesses from making major new investments\". A working paper by two economists at", "title": "Kansas Senate Bill Substitute HB 2117" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of the advertising department of D. Crawford & Co., and the Swope Shoe Company, writing the advertisements of these firms for the newspapers, making contracts with them, and in connection with this also did general newspaper work. About 1890 M. Fanning and Galvin founded \"The Mirror\". Fanning was an old newspaper man and wanted to bring out a new weekly paper, and suggested to Roper that she take a position on the staff of that paper, which she did, starting with the first issue, but keeping up her advertising work for D. Crawford & Co. This combination eventually netted her", "title": "Frances Porcher" } ]

[ "£400,000" ]

[ "Research commissioned by Cecil King from Mark Abrams of Sussex University, The Newspaper Reading Public of Tomorrow, identified demographic changes which suggested reasons why the Herald might be in decline. The new paper was intended to add a readership of 'social radicals' to the Herald's 'political radicals'. Launched with an advertising budget of £400,000 the brash new paper \"burst forth with tremendous energy\", according to The Times. Its initial print run of 3.5 million was attributed to 'curiosity' and the 'advantage of novelty', and had declined to the previous circulation of the Daily Herald (1.2 million) within a few weeks." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Kurt Gödel" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "foundation for mathematics, despite the lack of a proof of its consistency. The next question was whether it provided definitive answers to all mathematical questions that could be posed in it, or whether it might be improved by adding stronger axioms that could be used to prove a broader class of theorems. A strongly negative answer to whether it was definitive arrived in September 1930 at the historic mathematical Congress of Königsberg, in which Kurt Gödel announced his first theorem of incompleteness: the usual axiomatic systems are incomplete, in the sense that they cannot prove every truth which is expressible", "title": "John von Neumann" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "foundation for mathematics, despite the lack of a proof of its consistency. The next question was whether it provided definitive answers to all mathematical questions that could be posed in it, or whether it might be improved by adding stronger axioms that could be used to prove a broader class of theorems. A strongly negative answer to whether it was definitive arrived in September 1930 at the historic mathematical Congress of Königsberg, in which Kurt Gödel announced his first theorem of incompleteness: the usual axiomatic systems are incomplete, in the sense that they cannot prove every truth which is expressible", "title": "John von Neumann" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": ", Bernays set out an axiomatic set theory whose starting point was a related theory John von Neumann had set out in the 1920s. Von Neumann's theory took the notions of function and argument as primitive; Bernays recast von Neumann's theory so that classes and sets were primitive. Bernays's theory, with some modifications by Kurt Gödel, is now known as von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory. A proof from the \"Grundlagen der Mathematik\" that a sufficiently strong consistent theory cannot contain its own reference functor is now known as the Hilbert–Bernays paradox. Paul Bernays Paul Isaac Bernays (17 October 1888 – 18", "title": "Paul Bernays" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "as Russell's in less unwieldy ways, such as the system of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory. Gödel's incompleteness theorems are two theorems of mathematical logic that establish inherent limitations of all but the most trivial axiomatic systems capable of doing arithmetic. The theorems, proven by Kurt Gödel in 1931, are important both in mathematical logic and in the philosophy of mathematics. The two results are widely, but not universally, interpreted as showing that Hilbert's program to find a complete and consistent set of axioms for all mathematics is impossible, giving a negative answer to Hilbert's second problem. The first incompleteness theorem states", "title": "Metamathematics" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "by taking classes and sets as primitives. He published his work in a series of articles appearing from 1937 to 1954. Bernays stated that: Bernays handled sets and classes in a two-sorted logic and introduced two membership primitives: one for membership in sets and one for membership in classes. With these primitives, he rewrote and simplified von Neumann's 1929 axioms. Bernays also included the axiom of regularity in his axiom system. In 1931, Bernays sent a letter containing his set theory to Kurt Gödel. Gödel simplified Bernays' theory by making every set a class, which allowed him to use just", "title": "Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "formally joined the State Department. Straus' first assignment within State was the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR). He served on this desk from 1957-1959. After his service at INR Straus was once again relocated to Japan serving in the political section as labor attaché from 1959 to 1964. His primary task was to act as liaison between Japanese labor groups, the Japanese government and the United States Embassy. In 1965 Straus was transferred to the United States Berlin Office. Here he acted as Labor Attaché and Berlin Access Officer. In 1967, Straus was transferred from his positions in Berlin", "title": "Ulrich A. Straus" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "sending thread will block at the next send. A channel with actors in differing clock domains is automatically asynchronous due to the need for at least one element of storage to mitigate metastability. A thread may simultaneously wait on multiple channels, synchronous or asynchronous, acting upon the first one available given a specified order of priority or optionally executing an alternate path if none is ready. The scope of declarations are limited to the code blocks (codice_1) in which they were declared, the scope is hierarchical in nature as declarations are in scope within sub blocks. For example: In addition", "title": "Handel-C" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in turn, predicts proficiency and second language communication confidence\" (Yashima, 2002, p. 63). International posture, along with second-language confidence in communication, was also seen as directly influencing WTC. While proficiency was seen as influencing confidence in second language communication, the path was not significant. In the Japanese context, this implies that students do have the abilities to perform in the second language, yet lack confidence in communicating in the second language. Yashima (2002) concluded with a call that \"EFL lessons should be designed to enhance students' interest in different cultures and international affairs and activities, as well as to reduce", "title": "Willingness to communicate" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "for four non-consecutive weeks, being held off of the top spot by Rihanna and Drake's \"Work\" and Desiigner's \"Panda\". \"7 Years\" also debuted at number 28 on the US Digital Songs chart with 26,000 digital copies sold. During 2016, the song sold 2.089 million copies in the US, making it the fourth best-selling song of the year, behind The Chainsmokers' \"Closer\", Flo Rida's \"My House\" and Justin Timberlake's \"Can't Stop the Feeling!\". \"7 Years\" was biggest hit in the US by a foreign-born act since Gotye's \"Somebody That I Used to Know\" in 2012. On 12 February 2016, \"7 Years\"", "title": "7 Years (Lukas Graham song)" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Majed Moqed A former law student, Majed Mashaan Ghanem Moqed (, ; also transliterated as Moqued) (June 18, 1977 – September 11, 2001) was one of five hijackers of American Airlines Flight 77 as part of the September 11 attacks. A Saudi, Moqed was studying law at a university in Saudi Arabia before joining Al-Qaeda in 1999 and being chosen to participate in the 9/11 attacks. He arrived in the United States in May 2001 and helped with the planning of how the attacks would be carried out. On September 11, 2001, Moqed boarded American Airlines Flight 77 and assisted", "title": "Majed Moqed" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a set. Attempting to achieve this would be the realm of axiomatic set theory or of axiomatic class theory. The problem, in this context, with informally formulated set theories, not derived from (and implying) any particular axiomatic theory, is that there may be several widely differing formalized versions, that have both different sets and different rules for how new sets may be formed, that all conform to the original informal definition. For example, Cantor's verbatim definition allows for considerable freedom in what constitutes a set. On the other hand, it is unlikely that Cantor was particularly interested in sets containing", "title": "Naive set theory" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Cantor's paradox In set theory, Cantor's paradox is a statement derivable from the theorem that there is no greatest cardinal number, so that the collection of \"infinite sizes\" is itself infinite. The difficulty is handled in axiomatic set theory by declaring that this collection is not a set but a proper class; in von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory it follows from this and the axiom of limitation of size that this proper class must be in bijection with the class of all sets. Thus, not only are there infinitely many infinities, but this infinity is larger than any of the infinities", "title": "Cantor's paradox" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "their proof. A famous problem is the normal Moore space question, a question in general topology that was the subject of intense research. The answer to the normal Moore space question was eventually proved to be independent of ZFC. From set theory's inception, some mathematicians have objected to it as a foundation for mathematics. The most common objection to set theory, one Kronecker voiced in set theory's earliest years, starts from the constructivist view that mathematics is loosely related to computation. If this view is granted, then the treatment of infinite sets, both in naive and in axiomatic set theory,", "title": "Set theory" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the axiom of regularity) that well-foundedness implies regularity. In variants of ZFC without the axiom of regularity, the possibility of non-well-founded sets with set-like ∈-chains arises. For example, a set \"A\" such that \"A\" ∈ \"A\" is non-well-founded. Although Mirimanoff also introduced a notion of isomorphism between possibly non-well-founded sets, he considered neither an axiom of foundation nor of anti-foundation. In 1926, Paul Finsler introduced the first axiom that allowed non-well-founded sets. After Zermelo adopted Foundation into his own system in 1930 (from previous work of von Neumann 1925–1929) interest in non-well-founded sets waned for decades. An early non-well-founded set", "title": "Non-well-founded set theory" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Internal set theory Internal set theory (IST) is a mathematical theory of sets developed by Edward Nelson that provides an axiomatic basis for a portion of the non-standard analysis introduced by Abraham Robinson. Instead of adding new elements to the real numbers, Nelson's approach modifies the axiomatic foundations through syntactic enrichment. Thus, the axioms introduce a new term, \"standard\", which can be used to make discriminations not possible under the conventional axioms for sets. Thus, IST is an enrichment of ZFC: all axioms of ZFC are satisfied for all classical predicates, while the new unary predicate \"standard\" satisfies three additional", "title": "Internal set theory" } ]

[ "Kurt Gödel" ]

[ "With this contribution of von Neumann, the axiomatic system of the theory of sets became fully satisfactory, and the next question was whether or not it was also definitive, and not subject to improvement. A strongly negative answer arrived in September 1930 at the historic mathematical Congress of Königsberg, in which Kurt Gödel announced his first theorem of incompleteness: the usual axiomatic systems are incomplete, in the sense that they cannot prove every truth which is expressible in their language. This result was sufficiently innovative as to confound the majority of mathematicians of the time." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "the nomadic cultures of central Asia" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and non-religious books could be illuminated. Also sheets for albums \"levha\" consisted of illuminated calligraphy (\"hat\") of \"tughra\", religious texts, verses from poems or proverbs, and purely decorative drawings. The art of carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire, carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism, and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters. The weaving of such carpets originated in the nomadic cultures of central Asia (carpets being an easily transportable form of furnishing), and eventually spread to the settled societies", "title": "Ottoman Empire" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire, carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism, and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters. The weaving of such carpets originated in the nomadic cultures of central Asia (carpets being an easily transportable form of furnishing), and was eventually spread to the settled societies of Anatolia. Turks used carpets, rugs and patterned kilims not just on the floors of a room, but also as a hanging on walls and doorways, where they provided additional insulation.", "title": "Culture of the Ottoman Empire" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and non-religious books could be illuminated. Also sheets for albums \"levha\" consisted of illuminated calligraphy (\"hat\") of \"tughra\", religious texts, verses from poems or proverbs, and purely decorative drawings. The art of carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire, carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism, and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters. The weaving of such carpets originated in the nomadic cultures of central Asia (carpets being an easily transportable form of furnishing), and eventually spread to the settled societies", "title": "Ottoman Empire" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "\"career criminal\". The page also had a phone number for police tip line and admitted to violating blasphemy laws. Later, he claimed he was referring to the invisible pink unicorn rather than the Christian God. The material is no longer available on Paasivirta's home page. \"This article contains material from corresponding Finnish Wikipedia article \", as of November 15, 2010, 13.46.\" Niilo Paasivirta Niilo Paasivirta is a Finnish Internet personality, who has become known for the Internet writings that parody fundamentalist Christian views. In Finland, he's best known for the essays called \"Oikeat Mielipiteet\" (\"Correct Opinions\"), and elsewhere for the", "title": "Niilo Paasivirta" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "The interior of the creamery has two levels of open factory space. Michigan Condensed Milk Factory The Michigan Condensed Milk Factory, also known as the Borden Creamery, is a factory building located at 320 West Broadway Street in Mount Pleasant, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. Samuel Whaley Hopkins was born in 1845 in Exeter, Rhode Island, the youngest child of Samuel and Freelove Burlingame Hopkins. At age 11, his family moved to Connecticut, where Hopkins attended school. At age 16, he taught school, then moved to Charleston, South Carolina and then Cleveland,", "title": "Michigan Condensed Milk Factory" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "circle of friends, into the psyche of the athletes. And what motives are important for these pursuits? Is it the lust for fame? For immortality? For the absolute life experience? With the help of the three protagonists \"Attention - a Life in Extremes\", tells the story of human achievement. The movie highlights the world of high performance sport, as well as other facets of those people who use their body and even risk it in order to draw something special from their existence. The risks of the represented sports will be shown, and with the help of philosophers such as", "title": "Attention – A Life in Extremes" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "carriage, including the US-made 40% double surface Manta RST and the 80% double surface Manta Orca 12 RST. The Manta RST comes in four sizes, graded by wing area: , , and . The Hungarian-made BB Microlight BB-02 Serpa or the BB Microlight BB-01 Bence are also available. BB Microlight BB-two seater The BB Microlight BB-two seater is a Hungarian ultralight trike, designed and produced by BB Microlight of Baja, Hungary. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction or as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft. The aircraft was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category, including", "title": "BB Microlight BB-two seater" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "2008, microRNAs (miRNAs) are identified as new players in regulating the expression of P-gp in both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Some members of miRNAs decrease the expression of P-gp. For example, miR-200c down-regulates the expression of P-gp through JNK signaling pathway or ZEB1 and ZEB2; miR-145 down-regulates mRNA of P-gp by directly binding to the 3'-UTR of the gene of P-gp and thus suppresses the translation of P-gp. Some other members of miRNAs increase the expression of P-gp. For example, miR-27a up-regulates P-gp expression by suppressing Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP); alternatively, miR-27a can also directly bind to the promoter", "title": "P-glycoprotein" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "fossil paradise. The discovery of new dinosaur footprints in 2005 renewed hopes for better understanding the history of this area. The economy of Kerman is mostly based on farming, notably nut farming and also mining. Sarchashmeh Copper mine is the second biggest copper mine in the world after the one located in Chile. Pistachios are an important part of the economy in Kerman, with Kerman Province being the largest producer of pistachios in Iran and the world. Carpet weaving is one of the main industries of the city, and the carpets produced there are renowned internationally. Carpet weaving is a", "title": "Kerman" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "40% of Iranian carpet exports are originated from Tabriz. These carpets are generally known as Tabriz rugs. Another carpet weaving center is Ardebil, which, despite being overshadowed by Tabriz in recent years, has produced the finest carpets in past. Two most famous Iranian rugs in the world had been woven in Ardebil in 1540. One is hung in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, and the other is in the Los Angeles County Museum of Arts. These carpets have silk warps and contain over thirty million knots. The acme of carpet weaving art is manifested in Verni, which was", "title": "Iranian Azerbaijanis" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in history was given by Louis XVI to George Washington. It was woven for the banquet room of Mount Vernon, where it can still be admired today In the early twentieth century, a new manufacturing method called \"tufting\" revolutionized the carpeting industry. Invented in Dalton (GA), it quickly replaced the traditional method of weaving. The pile yarns are stitched through a textile backing and coated on the underside of the coating. From 1930, the mechanization of tufting favored its development. It now represents 51% of total production while it amounted to only 10% in the 1950s. The tufted carpet is", "title": "Fitted carpet" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Zarrinkelk and Master Khaknegar. His first work, \"Flower and Butterfly,\" was completed in 1977 and put at the disposal of the Carpet Museum of Iran in 1984. This carpet was woven with an embossed design, but is considered very rare and unique due to the new weaving technique used by Khodadadi. \"Flower and Butterfly\" was woven with a longer pile (longer strands of wool), giving a three-dimensional effect to the animal, rose, and butterfly figures on the carpet. During the final stage of weaving \"Flower and Butterfly,\" Khodadadi had an idea for a new style of weaving inspired by inlaid", "title": "Ali Khodadadi" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "that date as far back as to the 2nd millennium BC. The results of the archeological digging in Azerbaijan validate the antiquity of the carpet weaving traditions on this land. The Gultapin excavations discovered carpet weaving tools which date back to the 4th-3rd millennium BC. For many centuries during the historical existence of Azerbaijan both settled and nomadic ways of life were of importance. The carpet making was born in rural huts and with time ranked among the most essential arts. It was highly valued by the heads of states, and the gifted weavers were glorified by the greatest poets.", "title": "Azerbaijani rug" } ]

[ "the nomadic cultures of central Asia" ]

[ "The art of carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire, carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism, and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters. The weaving of such carpets originated in the nomadic cultures of central Asia (carpets being an easily transportable form of furnishing), and was eventually spread to the settled societies of Anatolia. Turks used carpets, rugs and kilims not just on the floors of a room, but also as a hanging on walls and doorways, where they provided additional insulation. They were also commonly donated to mosques, which often amassed large collections of them." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to do more to help. Under President Levin, Yale has financially supported many of New Haven's efforts to reinvigorate the city. Evidence suggests that the town and gown relationships are mutually beneficial. Still, the economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success amid a decline in the local economy. In 2006, Yale and Peking University (PKU) established a Joint Undergraduate Program in Beijing, an exchange program allowing Yale students to spend a semester living and studying with PKU honor students. In July 2012, the Peking University-Yale University Program ended due to weak participation. In 2007 outgoing Yale", "title": "Yale University" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Ouro de Tolo \"Ouro de Tolo\" (Fool's gold, in English) is a song by the Brazilian singer and composer Raul Seixas from his first solo album, \"Krig-ha, Bandolo!\" (1973). In 2009, it was chosen by \"Rolling Stone Brasil\" as the 16th best Brazilian song. The name is a reference to the promises of fake alchemists from the Middle Ages. Seixas criticizes the wishes of the middle class who supported the Brazilian Miracle on the Brazilian military dictatorship saying that the conformist and religious views, such as the euphoria of the middle class citizen, were like a fool's gold. In June", "title": "Ouro de Tolo" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the only technology park in Attica, which specializes in areas - keys of modern applied technology, such as information technology, electronics technology, telecommunications, robotics, technology laser, environmental technology, energy, shipbuilding, marine technology, etc. The Metsovion Interdisciplinary Research Center (MIRC) of the National Technical University of Athens for the Protection and Development of Mountainous Environment and Local European Cultures was founded in 1993 by decision of the National Technical University of Athens Senate, following the proposal of the then Rector Professor Nikos Markatos. The principal aim of MIRC is to contribute to the protection and development of mountainous environment and local", "title": "National Technical University of Athens" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in 2000-2001, with new arrangements, orchestrations and musical direction by Nathan Hurwitz, directed by Kurt Stamm, choreography by Scott Wise. The cast included: Shoshana Bean, Brenda Braxton, Dianna Bush, Todd DuBail, Duane Martin Foster, Angela Garrison, Amy Goldberger, David Josefsberg, Joe Machuta, Ric Ryder, Denise Summerford, Jewel Tompkins, Ashley Howard Wilkinson. One reviewer wrote, \"Brenda Braxton shows her stuff in \"The Sunshine After the Rain,\" and Angela Garrison does well with her numbers, including, notably, \"The First Time.\" When they finally throw a bone to the men, the guys make the most of it. Ric Ryder and Todd DuBail carry", "title": "Leader of the Pack (musical)" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "out. Later they are mistakenly fired upon by their artillery due to a misjudgement of distance and are again saved by the student, who as a messenger risks his life to relay instructions to the soldiers setting the firing range of the artillery. Karl receives leave, returning to his starving home town and promptly catches his wife in bed with a butcher. Embittered and unreconciled, he returns to the front. In his absence, the student is stabbed in a melee; his body lying in the mud of a shell-hole, only one hand sticking out. An offensive by the Allies begins,", "title": "Westfront 1918" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "flight, and in many vlogs online, as popularized by the show with zefrank. British comedian Russell Kane has produced a series of comic, satirical videos, named \"Kaneings\", in response to current events. These make extensive use of jump cut-style editing. Vernacular use of the term \"jump cut\" can describe any abrupt or noticeable edit in a film. However, technically, many such over-broad usages are incorrect. In particular, a cut between two different subjects is not a true jump cut, no matter how jarring. A \"match cut\" (a.k.a. graphic match) may also be abrupt, but the viewer is meant to see", "title": "Jump cut" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Bernie S. Siegel Bernie Siegel (born October 14, 1932) is an American writer and retired pediatric surgeon, who writes on the relationship between the patient and the healing process. He is known for his best-selling book \"Love, Medicine and Miracles\". Siegel was born on October 14, 1932 in Brooklyn, New York. He received a B.A. from Colgate University and his M.D. from Cornell University Medical College, graduating with Phi Beta Kappa and Alpha Omega Alpha honors. He was trained in surgery at Yale–New Haven Hospital, West Haven Veteran’s Hospital and the UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. Siegel practiced general medicine", "title": "Bernie S. Siegel" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "New Haven Hospital acquired the nearby Yale Psychiatric Institute (designed by architect Frank Gehry in 1989) and opened Yale New Haven Psychiatric Hospital. In 2004, the Yale New Haven Shoreline Medical Center in Guilford, Connecticut was opened. The New Haven Pavilion houses outpatient clinics, clinical laboratories and administration, among other departments. Located across the street from the inpatient pavilions, it occupies land that the original hospital was built on in 1833. The New Haven Pavilion connects directly to facilities of Yale School of Medicine. In 2012, Yale New Haven Hospital acquired the assets of Hospital of Saint Raphael, located on", "title": "Yale–New Haven Hospital" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Ingalls Rink David S. Ingalls Rink is a hockey rink in New Haven, Connecticut, designed by architect Eero Saarinen and built between 1953 and 1958 for Yale University. It is commonly referred to as The Whale, due to its whale-like design. The building was constructed for $1.5 million, which was double its original cost estimate. It seats 3,500 people and has a maximum ceiling height of . The building is named for David S. Ingalls, Yale class of 1920, and David S. Ingalls, Jr., Yale class of 1956, both of whom were hockey captains. Members of the Ingalls family were", "title": "Ingalls Rink" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Yale Bulldogs baseball The Yale Bulldogs baseball team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. The team is a member of the Ivy League, which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I. Yale's first baseball team was fielded in 1864. The team plays its home games at Yale Field in New Haven, Connecticut. The Bulldogs are coached by John Stuper. The Yale Bulldogs Baseball program was founded in 1868 as a team to compete with Harvard baseball. Yale played its first baseball game against Wesleyan College in September 1865.", "title": "Yale Bulldogs baseball" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "James P. Pigott James Protus Pigott (September 11, 1852 – July 1, 1919) was a U.S. Representative from Connecticut. Born in New Haven, Connecticut, Pigott attended the common schools and graduated from Yale College in 1878, where he served on the fifth editorial board of \"The Yale Record\" in his junior year. cIn his senior year, Pigott was a founding editor of the \"Yale Daily News\". After graduating from Yale Law School in 1880, he was admitted to the bar in the same year and commenced the practice of law in New Haven. He served as New Haven city clerk", "title": "James P. Pigott" } ]

[ "economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success" ]

[ "Yale has a complicated relationship with its home city; for example, thousands of students volunteer every year in a myriad of community organizations, but city officials, who decry Yale's exemption from local property taxes, have long pressed the university to do more to help. Under President Levin, Yale has financially supported many of New Haven's efforts to reinvigorate the city. Evidence suggests that the town and gown relationships are mutually beneficial. Still, the economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success amid a decline in the local economy." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Appalachian Mountains." ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "winters, and occasionally the area experiences a major damaging ice storm. On January 24–25, 2000, Raleigh received its greatest snowfall from a single stormthe Winter Storm of January 2000. Storms of this magnitude are generally the result of cold air damming that affects the city due to its proximity to the Appalachian Mountains. Winter storms have caused traffic problems in the past as well. The region also experiences occasional periods of drought, during which the city sometimes has restricted water use by residents. During the late summer and early fall, Raleigh can experience hurricanes. In 1996, Hurricane Fran caused severe", "title": "Raleigh, North Carolina" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "swallowed in an art film wave\". In a largely positive review, Manohla Dargis of \"The New York Times\" wrote, \"Everything in the film may be in the past or may just be in the eternal, magnificent, maddening present that is Mr. Reygadas’s consciousness.\" Neil Young of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" labeled the film as \"offensively self-indulgent cubist folly\". Young expressed admiration for Reygadas' previous film \"Silent Light\", but wrote: \"Suspicions that the lauded, award-laden Mexican is, in artistic terms, an emperor clad in exquisitely invisible garments will only crystallize further thanks to \"Post Tenebras Lux\"—which at its worst exudes the sort", "title": "Post Tenebras Lux (film)" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a farmstead exemption on building used for agricultural purposes. The farm must be at least 10 contiguous acres and must be the primary residence of the owner. Farmers can qualify for both the homestead exemption and the farmstead exemption. In Clarion County, 47.86% of eligible property owners applied for property tax relief in 2009. In Clarion County, the highest relief was given to Clarion-Limestone Area School District at $183. The highest property tax relief in Pennsylvania was allotted to Chester Upland School District in Delaware County which got $632 in 2009. Property taxes in Pennsylvania are relatively high on a", "title": "North Clarion County School District" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "1322 Golden Empire Tower 1322 Golden Empire Tower (formerly known as 1322 Roxas Boulevard) is a 57-storey residential skyscraper in Manila, Philippines. It is owned by Moldex Land, Inc., part of the Moldex Group of Companies. Standing at , it is the tallest building in the City of Manila, and is the 12th-tallest building in the country and Metro Manila as well. The building has 55 floors above ground, and 2 basement levels for parking. The 1322 Golden Empire Tower was designed by international architectural firm Architecture International, in cooperation with local architectural firm GF & Partners Architects. Structural design", "title": "1322 Golden Empire Tower" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "regulations that governed the movement of explosives would have to be amended to sufficiently handle wartime conditions. One of the more visible duties of the Coast Guard was the protection of piers and docks. The service began this job with the understanding that it could not be solely a Coast Guard operation. To perform this tremendous task, COTPs had to coordinate operations, and their personnel supplemented municipal and private personnel. The protection of waterfront property and facilities was accomplished using military, naval, and Department of Justice intelligence personnel; private organizations and companies; municipal and state police forces; and commercial organizations", "title": "Sector Commander" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to an American father and Japanese mother. She grew up surrounded by her father's Smithsonian folk recordings and mother's 1970s Japanese pop CDs. Because of her father's job, which she prefers to not disclose, she and her family moved frequently, living in thirteen countries, including Turkey, China, Malaysia and the Democratic Republic of Congo, before eventually settling in New York City. After enrolling at Hunter College to study film, she decided to pursue music instead and transferred to Purchase College's Conservatory of Music, where she studied studio compositions. During her time at Purchase College, she recorded and self-released her piano-based", "title": "Mitski" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Kingdom Come State Park, Breaks Interstate Park, Kiwanis Raven Rock Park, Kentenia State Forest, Pine Mountain State Scenic Trail and the Little Shepherd Trail. Wildlife is abundant on Pine Mountain. The land is claimed to be the \"Black Bear Capital of Kentucky.\" Black bears, elk, rattlesnakes, and deer are found on Pine Mountain. Pine Mountain (Appalachian Mountains) Pine Mountain is a ridge in the Appalachian Mountains running through Kentucky, Virginia and Tennessee. It extends about 125 miles from near Jellico, Tennessee, to a location near Elkhorn City, Kentucky. Birch Knob, the highest point, is 3,273 feet above sea level and", "title": "Pine Mountain (Appalachian Mountains)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "mountains on all sides. The caves of Korakka Siddhar and Kalaanginatha Siddhar are situated near the Agaya Gangai waterfalls inside the forest area Catherine Falls is a double-cascaded waterfall located in Kotagiri(near Coonor), The Nilgiris District, Tamil Nadu and It is also a major tourist spot in Kotagiri. It is on the Mettupalayam road branching off at Aravenu. The upper fall drops to the floor, and is the second highest in the Nilgiri mountains. It can clearly been seen from the top of Dolphin's Nose if seeing the entire waterfall as one total impression is what you are looking for.", "title": "Tourism in Tamil Nadu" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the higher points in the city at about . Elevations of are found near Yew Street Hill north of Lake Padden and near Galbraith Mountain. South and eastward of the city limits are taller foothills of the North Cascades mountains. Mount Baker is the largest peak in the local area, with a summit elevation of that is only from Bellingham Bay. Mount Baker is visible from many parts of the city and western Whatcom County. Lake Whatcom forms part of the eastern boundary of the city, while many smaller lakes and wetland areas are found around the region. Bellingham is", "title": "Bellingham, Washington" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in the rear of the City-and how many redoubts are upon the line from the river to river, how many Cannon in each, and of what weight and whether the redoubts are closed or open next the city. Whether there are any works upon the Island of New York between those near the City and the works at Fort Knyphausen or Washington, and if any, whereabouts and of what kind. To be very particular to find out whether any works are thrown up on Harlem River, near Harlem Town, and whether Horn's Hook is fortified. If so, how many men", "title": "Robert Townsend (spy)" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Vancouver social justice activist. Wendy Poole Park Wendy Poole Park is a small triangular plot of parkland near the waterfront in the Downtown Eastside in Vancouver, British Columbia. The land is at Alexander Street and the Main Street Overpass, and it was named by the Vancouver Board of Parks and Recreation for a young aboriginal woman who was murdered nearby in 1989. The park contains a memorial boulder inscribed with information about Poole. Wendy Poole was a member of the Tsay Keh Dene (\"People of the Mountains\") a First Nations group from Northern B.C., near what is now the city", "title": "Wendy Poole Park" } ]

[ "Appalachian Mountains." ]

[ "Raleigh receives an average of 6.0 inches (15.2 cm) of snow in winter. Freezing rain and sleet also occur most winters, and occasionally the area experiences a major damaging ice storm. On January 24–25, 2000, Raleigh received its greatest snowfall from a single storm – 20.3 inches (52 cm) – the Winter Storm of January 2000. Storms of this magnitude are generally the result of cold air damming that affects the city due to its proximity to the Appalachian Mountains. Winter storms have caused traffic problems in the past as well." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Liberal" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Burke's \"Thoughts and Details on Scarcity\". The Liberal historian Lord Acton considered Burke one of the three greatest Liberals, along with William Gladstone and Thomas Babington Macaulay. Lord Macaulay recorded in his diary: \"I have now finished reading again most of Burke's works. Admirable! The greatest man since Milton\". The Gladstonian Liberal MP John Morley published two books on Burke (including a biography) and was influenced by Burke, including his views on prejudice. The Cobdenite Radical Francis Hirst thought Burke deserved \"a place among English libertarians, even though of all lovers of liberty and of all reformers he was the", "title": "Edmund Burke" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Premierships of William Ewart Gladstone William Ewart Gladstone was Prime Minister of Great Britain on four separate occasions between 1868 and 1894. He was noted for his moralistic leadership and his emphasis on world peace, economical budgets, political reform and efforts to resolve the Irish Question. Gladstone saw himself as a national leader driven by a political and almost religious mission, which he tried to validate through elections and dramatic appeals to the public conscience. His approach sometimes divided the Liberal Party, which he dominated for three decades. Finally Gladstone split his party on the issue of Irish Home Rule,", "title": "Premierships of William Ewart Gladstone" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "William Ewart Gladstone William Ewart Gladstone (; 29 December 1809 – 19 May 1898) was a British statesman and Liberal Party politician. In a career lasting over sixty years, he served for twelve years as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, spread over four terms beginning in 1868 and ending in 1894. He also served as Chancellor of the Exchequer four times. Gladstone was born in Liverpool to Scottish parents. He first entered the House of Commons in 1832, beginning his political career as a High Tory, a grouping which became the Conservative Party under Robert Peel in 1834. Gladstone", "title": "William Ewart Gladstone" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "which he saw as mandated by the true public interest regardless of the political cost. During the Christmas of 1867 The Earl Russell announced that he would not lead the Liberal Party at the next general election and so Gladstone succeeded him as Liberal Party leader. The resulting general election of 1868 (the first under the extended franchise enacted in the Reform Act 1867) returned a Liberal majority of 112 seats in the House of Commons. As prime minister 1868 to 1874 Gladstone headed a Liberal Party that was a coalition of Peelites like himself, Whigs and radicals; Gladstone was", "title": "Premierships of William Ewart Gladstone" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Gladstone (electoral district) Gladstone is a former provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It was created in 1879 in what was then the province's western tip, with the expansion of the province's western boundary, and eliminated by redistribution in 1881. It was re-established in 1903 (primarily from the old riding of Westbourne) and was not abolished again until 1999. The Gladstone riding was primarily rural, and its MLAs, regardless of party affiliation, were generally regarded as representatives of the farming community. The Manitoba Liberal Party dominated until that party lost most of its rural base in 1969;", "title": "Gladstone (electoral district)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Gladstone has been portrayed some 37 times in film and television. Portrayals include: Primary sources William Ewart Gladstone William Ewart Gladstone (; 29 December 1809 – 19 May 1898) was a British statesman and Liberal Party politician. In a career lasting over sixty years, he served for twelve years as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, spread over four terms beginning in 1868 and ending in 1894. He also served as Chancellor of the Exchequer four times. Gladstone was born in Liverpool to Scottish parents. He first entered the House of Commons in 1832, beginning his political career as a", "title": "William Ewart Gladstone" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Liberal Unionist Party The Liberal Unionist Party was a British political party that was formed in 1886 by a faction that broke away from the Liberal Party. Led by Lord Hartington (later the Duke of Devonshire) and Joseph Chamberlain, the party formed a political alliance with the Conservative Party in opposition to Irish Home Rule. The two parties formed the ten-year-long, coalition Unionist Government 1895–1905 but kept separate political funds and their own party organisations until a complete merger was agreed in May 1912. The Liberal Unionists owe their origins to the conversion of William Ewart Gladstone to the cause", "title": "Liberal Unionist Party" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "telling a journalist in 1876 that: \"I deeply deplore the manner in which, what I may call Judaic sympathies, beyond as well as within the circle of professed Judaism, are now acting on the question of the East'. Gladstone similarly refused to speak out against the persecution of Romanian Jews in the 1870s and Russian Jews in the early 1880s. In response, the \"Jewish Chronicle\" attacked Gladstone in 1888, arguing that 'Are we, because there was once a Liberal Party, to bow down and worship Gladstone—the great Minister who was too Christian in his charity, too Russian in his proclivities,", "title": "William Ewart Gladstone" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the comparison with Ireland. The original movement broadened its political appeal and soon began to receive Liberal Party backing. In 1885, the post of Secretary for Scotland and the Scottish Office were re-established to promote Scotland's interests and express its concerns to the British Parliament. In 1886, however, William Ewart Gladstone introduced the Irish Home Rule Bill. When many Scots compared what they had to the Irish offer of Home Rule, the status quo was considered inadequate. It was not regarded as an immediate constitutional priority however, particularly when the Irish Home Rule Bill was defeated in the House of", "title": "Scottish independence" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "years, through the University, temperance societies and the local Oxford Liberal association. During the passage of the Second Reform Act, he campaigned for the franchise to be extended to all men living in boroughs even if they did not own real property. In that sense, Green's position was more radical than that of most other Advanced Liberals, including William Ewart Gladstone. It was in the context of his Liberal Party activities that in 1881, Green gave what became one of his most famous statements of his liberal political philosophy, the \"Lecture on Liberal Legislation and Freedom of Contract\". At this", "title": "Thomas Hill Green" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "agitation\". Meanwhile, the Whigs, along with free trade Tory followers of Robert Peel, and independent Radicals, formed the Liberal Party under Lord Palmerston in 1859, and transformed into a party of the growing urban middle-class, under the long leadership of William Ewart Gladstone. Although the framers of the 1787 United States Constitution did not anticipate that American political discourse would become partisan, political controversies in the early 1790s over the extent of federal government powers saw the emergence of two proto-political parties: the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party, which were championed by Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson, respectively. However,", "title": "Political party" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the introduction of secret voting. After electoral defeat in 1874, Gladstone resigned as Leader of the Liberal Party; but from 1876 he began a comeback based on opposition to Turkey's reaction to the Bulgarian April Uprising. His Midlothian Campaign of 1879–80 was an early example of many modern political campaigning techniques. After the 1880 general election, Gladstone formed his second ministry (1880–1885), which saw the passage of the Third Reform Act as well as crises in Egypt (culminating in the Fall of Khartoum) and Ireland, where the government passed repressive measures but also improved the legal rights of Irish tenant", "title": "William Ewart Gladstone" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Midlothian campaign The Midlothian campaign of 1878–80 was a series of foreign policy speeches given by William Ewart Gladstone, leader of Britain's Liberal Party. It is often cited as the first modern political campaign. It also set the stage for Gladstone's comeback as a politician. It takes its name from the Midlothian constituency in Scotland where Gladstone (of Scottish ancestry) successfully stood in the 1880 election. When Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli attempted to distract public opinion from the economic and financial problems of the state by calling attention to the worsening British-Ottoman relations, Gladstone in four speeches charged the government", "title": "Midlothian campaign" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "effectively oppose the support of Liberal Party Prime Minister Gladstone for Irish Home Rule, \"the Orange card would be the one to play\". Yet FitzGibbon was noted for his political moderation: he had a wide circle of friends of differing political views, and his daughter Anne married a close relative of Gladstone. His house, Kilrock, on the Hill of Howth, was one of the centres of Dublin social life: here he entertained not only his legal colleagues, but many of the leading Irish and British politicians of the day. His Christmas parties at Kilrock were for many years one of", "title": "Gerald FitzGibbon (Irish lawyer)" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to the interventionist \"Toryism\" of such people as the former Conservative party Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli). In \"The Man versus the State\" (1884), he attacked Gladstone and the Liberal party for losing its proper mission (they should be defending personal liberty, he said) and instead promoting paternalist social legislation (what Gladstone himself called \"Construction\" – an element in the modern Liberal party that he opposed). Spencer denounced Irish land reform, compulsory education, laws to regulate safety at work, prohibition and temperance laws, tax funded libraries, and welfare reforms. His main objections were threefold: the use of the coercive powers of", "title": "Herbert Spencer" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "forebears – his ancestor, James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope, was a minister to George I of Great Britain. Benjamin Disraeli often met with Rosebery in the 1870s to try to recruit him for his party, but this proved futile. Disraeli's major rival, William Ewart Gladstone, also pursued Rosebery, with considerable success. As part of the Liberal plan to get Gladstone to be MP for Midlothian, Rosebery sponsored and largely ran the Midlothian Campaign of 1879. He based this on what he had observed in elections in the United States. Gladstone spoke from open-deck trains, and gathered mass support. In 1880,", "title": "Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Conservative Party. He played a central role in the creation the Party, defining its policies and its broad outreach. Disraeli is remembered for his influential voice in world affairs, his political battles with the Liberal leader William Gladstone, and his one-nation conservatism or \"Tory democracy\". He made the Conservatives the party most identified with the glory and power of the British Empire. He was born into a Jewish family, which became Episcopalian when he was 12 years old. Disraeli fought to protect established political, social, and religious values and elites; he emphasized the need for national leadership in response to", "title": "History of the United Kingdom" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Irish leader Charles Stewart Parnell. When a majority of the Irish Parliamentary Party turned against Parnell in November 1890, following what amounted to a demand by the Liberal leader, Gladstone, that Parnell should stand down over his involvement with Katharine O'Shea, Clancy rapidly emerged as one of Parnell's key defenders. On the third day of the Irish Party's week-long debate on Parnell's leadership in Committee Room 15 of the House of Commons, Clancy proposed an amendment that attempted to compromise by seeking further views from Gladstone and the other British Liberal Party leaders. Although this move held off a decision", "title": "J. J. Clancy (North County Dublin MP)" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Third Gladstone ministry The third Gladstone ministry was one of the shortest-lived ministries in British history. It was led by William Ewart Gladstone of the Liberal Party upon his reappointment as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom by Queen Victoria. It lasted five months until July 1886. The Liberal Party under the leadership of William Ewart Gladstone came to power in the United Kingdom in February 1886 after they, with the support of the Irish Nationalists, defeated the Conservative government of Lord Salisbury. The ministry was to become one of the most short-lived in British history. Gladstone, aged 76, became", "title": "Third Gladstone ministry" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "group feeling, the sense of concern for others, rising eventually to the larger picture of the unity of mankind. Midlothian campaign The Midlothian campaign of 1878–80 was a series of foreign policy speeches given by William Ewart Gladstone, leader of Britain's Liberal Party. It is often cited as the first modern political campaign. It also set the stage for Gladstone's comeback as a politician. It takes its name from the Midlothian constituency in Scotland where Gladstone (of Scottish ancestry) successfully stood in the 1880 election. When Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli attempted to distract public opinion from the economic and financial", "title": "Midlothian campaign" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "resigned. The Liberals regained power on 1 February, their leader Gladstone – influenced by the status of Norway, which at the time was self-governing but under the Swedish Crown – moving towards Home Rule, which Gladstone's son Herbert revealed publicly under what became known as the \"flying of the Hawarden Kite\". The third Gladstone administration paved the way towards the generous response to Irish demands that the new Prime Minister had promised, but was unable to obtain the support of several key players in his own party. Lord Hartington (who had been Liberal leader in the late 1870s and was", "title": "Charles Stewart Parnell" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Gladstone–MacDonald pact The Gladstone–MacDonald pact of 1903 was a secret informal electoral agreement negotiated by Herbert Gladstone, Liberal Party Chief Whip, and Ramsay MacDonald, Secretary of the Labour Representation Committee (LRC). The Liberal Party agreed to withdraw parliamentary candidates in some constituencies where the LRC was also standing in order to make sure the anti-Conservative vote was not split. There was increasing tension between the Liberal Party and the LRC since the latter's formation in 1900. For example, in the by-election for Clitheroe in 1902, local cotton weavers refused to withdraw their candidate, David Shackleton, who was not an approved", "title": "Gladstone–MacDonald pact" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "in 1882. Cabinet members are listed in bold face. Second Gladstone ministry After campaigning against the foreign policy of the Beaconsfield ministry, William Gladstone led the Liberal Party to victory in the 1880 general election. The nominal leader of the Party, Lord Hartington, resigned in Gladstone's favour and Gladstone was appointed Prime Minister of the United Kingdom for a second time by Queen Victoria. He pursued a policy of parliamentary reform, but his government became wildly unpopular after the murder of General Gordon in 1885. Gladstone was held responsible, and resigned, leaving the way free for the Conservatives under Lord", "title": "Second Gladstone ministry" }, { "idx": 23, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Second Gladstone ministry After campaigning against the foreign policy of the Beaconsfield ministry, William Gladstone led the Liberal Party to victory in the 1880 general election. The nominal leader of the Party, Lord Hartington, resigned in Gladstone's favour and Gladstone was appointed Prime Minister of the United Kingdom for a second time by Queen Victoria. He pursued a policy of parliamentary reform, but his government became wildly unpopular after the murder of General Gordon in 1885. Gladstone was held responsible, and resigned, leaving the way free for the Conservatives under Lord Salisbury to form a government. †Created Earl of Selborne", "title": "Second Gladstone ministry" }, { "idx": 24, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "are listed in bold face. Third Gladstone ministry The third Gladstone ministry was one of the shortest-lived ministries in British history. It was led by William Ewart Gladstone of the Liberal Party upon his reappointment as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom by Queen Victoria. It lasted five months until July 1886. The Liberal Party under the leadership of William Ewart Gladstone came to power in the United Kingdom in February 1886 after they, with the support of the Irish Nationalists, defeated the Conservative government of Lord Salisbury. The ministry was to become one of the most short-lived in British", "title": "Third Gladstone ministry" }, { "idx": 25, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "served as a minister in both of Peel's governments, and in 1846 joined the breakaway Peelite faction, which eventually merged into the new Liberal Party in 1859. He was Chancellor under Lord Aberdeen (1852–1855), Lord Palmerston (1859–1865), and Lord Russell (1865–1866). Gladstone's own political doctrine—which emphasised equality of opportunity, free trade, and laissez-faire economic policies—came to be known as Gladstonian liberalism. His popularity amongst the working-class earned him the sobriquet \"The People's William\". In 1868, Gladstone became Prime Minister for the first time. Many reforms were passed during his first ministry, including the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland and", "title": "William Ewart Gladstone" }, { "idx": 26, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "office again. Political plans were thrown into disarray by Palmerston's death on 18 October 1865. Russell became Prime Minister again, with Gladstone clearly the Liberal Party's leader-in-waiting, and as Leader of the House Disraeli's direct opponent. One of Russell's early priorities was a Reform Bill, but the proposed legislation that Gladstone announced on 12 March 1866 divided his party. The Conservatives and the dissident Liberals repeatedly attacked Gladstone's bill, and in June finally defeated the government; Russell resigned on 26 June. The dissidents were unwilling to serve under Disraeli in the House of Commons, and Derby formed a third Conservative", "title": "Benjamin Disraeli" }, { "idx": 27, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Herbert Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone Herbert John Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone, (7 January 1854 – 6 March 1930) was a British Liberal statesman. The youngest son of William Ewart Gladstone, he was Home Secretary from 1905 to 1910 and Governor-General of the Union of South Africa from 1910 to 1914. Appointed whip in 1899, Gladstone was an innovator who provided a long term strategy, kept the party from splitting over the Second Boer War, introduced more modern constituency structures; and encouraged working-class candidates. In secret meetings with Labour leaders in 1903 he forged the Gladstone–MacDonald pact. In two-member constituencies, it", "title": "Herbert Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone" }, { "idx": 28, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "3rd Viscount Palmerston's ministry out of this combination was the birth of the British Liberal Party. Several leading Peelites (including Gladstone, Herbert, Cardwell, and Newcastle, but notably not Graham, who was one of the driving forces behind the coalition) accepted cabinet posts in this ministry, though some Peelites became independents or returned to the Conservatives. Peelite The Peelites were a breakaway dissident political faction of the British Conservative Party from 1846 to 1859 who joined with the Whigs and Radicals to form the Liberal Party. They were led by Robert Peel, Prime Minister and Conservative Party leader in 1846. The", "title": "Peelite" }, { "idx": 29, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Will Gladstone William Glynne Charles Gladstone (14 July 1885 – 13 April 1915) was a Liberal Party politician in the United Kingdom, and the last of four generations of Gladstones to serve in the House of Commons, the first being his great-grandfather Sir John Gladstone(s) (1764–1851). His body was the last to be officially repatriated during World War I. Gladstone was born on 14 July 1885. His father, William Henry Gladstone (1840–1892), was the eldest son of the Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone and his wife Catherine, and his mother was the Hon. Gertrude Gladstone, daughter of Charles Stuart,", "title": "Will Gladstone" }, { "idx": 30, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Ewart Gladstone as Leader of the Liberal opposition in the House of Commons after the other serious contender, W. E. Forster, had indicated that he was not interested in the post. The following year, however, Gladstone returned to active political life in the campaign against Turkey's Bulgarian Atrocities. The relative political fortunes of Gladstone and Hartington fluctuated — Gladstone was not popular at the time of Benjamin Disraeli's triumph at the Congress of Berlin, but the Midlothian Campaigns of 1879–80 marked him out as the Liberals' foremost public campaigner. In 1880, after Disraeli's government lost the general election, Hartington was", "title": "Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire" }, { "idx": 31, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "politics and the historian John Vincent contends that under Lord Salisbury's premiership he \"left Britain's low tax, low cost, low growth economy, with its Gladstonian finance and its free trade dogmas, and no conscript army, exactly as he had found it...Salisbury reigned, but Gladstone ruled\". However, in the early 20th-century the Liberal Party began to move away from Gladstonian liberalism and instead developed new policies based on social liberalism (or what Gladstone called \"constructionism\"). The Liberal government of 1906–1914 is noted for its social reforms and these included old age pensions and National Insurance. Taxation and public expenditure was also", "title": "Gladstonian liberalism" }, { "idx": 32, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "most of these governments. The formal foundation of the Liberal Party is traditionally traced to 1859 and the formation of Palmerston's second government. However, the Whig-Radical amalgam could not become a true modern political party while it was dominated by aristocrats and it was not until the departure of the \"Two Terrible Old Men\", Russell and Palmerston, that Gladstone could become the first leader of the modern Liberal Party. This was brought about by Palmerston's death in 1865 and Russell's retirement in 1868. After a brief Conservative government (during which the Second Reform Act was passed by agreement between the", "title": "Liberal Party (UK)" }, { "idx": 33, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "House of Commons, which includes a short biographical account of the life and death of Gladstone. After his death, the estate was purchased by an uncle Henry Gladstone, the third son (and seventh child) of William and Catherine. Herbert Gladstone, another uncle, wrote a memoir of him that was published in 1918. On 8 July 1911, Gladstone was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Flintshire. This appointment also came with the title of Custos Rotulorum of Flintshire. Will Gladstone William Glynne Charles Gladstone (14 July 1885 – 13 April 1915) was a Liberal Party politician in the United Kingdom, and the last", "title": "Will Gladstone" }, { "idx": 34, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "had ten entrance doors. During its life, it was used as a venue for the Birmingham Dog Show, cattle shows, chrysanthemum shows, circus, boxing, cinema, and in its later days for popular music concerts. It had a cycle track used for competitions. It was used as a huge meeting space. Gladstone held a political meeting in November 1888, following Joseph Chamberlain's split from the Liberal Party over Irish Home Rule, and spoke for two hours. The speech was recorded by the journal \"Political World\" on an Edison phonograph shipped from New York – the first political speech recorded. Chamberlain himself", "title": "Bingley Hall" }, { "idx": 35, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "new party organisation under the old name of \"the Liberal Party\". Meadowcroft joined the Liberal Democrats in 2007. During the 19th century, the Liberal Party was broadly in favour of what would today be called classical liberalism, supporting \"laissez-faire\" economic policies such as free trade and minimal government interference in the economy (this doctrine was usually termed Gladstonian liberalism after the Victorian era Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone). The Liberal Party favoured social reform, personal liberty, reducing the powers of the Crown and the Church of England (many of them were nonconformists) and an extension of the electoral franchise.", "title": "Liberal Party (UK)" }, { "idx": 36, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "him innocent, and he began to focus on his philanthropic work and teaching the Gospel of Wealth. His good works still benefit people around the globe, and people saw that in him. The Homestead Strike did little to mar his reputation. Carnegie's controversial views on wealth sparked a trans-Atlantic debate that argued the nature, purpose, and disposition of wealth. William Ewart Gladstone, the head of the Liberal Party in England, and a friend of Carnegie's, had some sharp remarks on the publication. Even though they were close friends and had similar political ideals, Gladstone did not agree with Carnegie's paper.", "title": "The Gospel of Wealth" }, { "idx": 37, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Progressive alliance (UK) A progressive alliance in the UK is the idea of a cross-party political alliance supporting \"progressive politics\", generally in opposition to right wing parties, chiefly the Conservative Party. The term progressive alliance has been used to describe the Gladstone–MacDonald pact, the 1903 agreement between the Liberal Party and the Labour Representation Committee (forerunner to the Labour Party) to stand aside for each other in constituencies. In the 1930s the movement for a Popular Front called for a broad anti-fascist alliance involving Labour, the Liberals, the Communists and anti-fascist Conservatives. This policy was strongly supported by the Communist", "title": "Progressive alliance (UK)" }, { "idx": 38, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "set in 18th century Lymington. He published ten novels in all. Collins's political views were liberal and libertarian, but (in 1979) he was asked by Keith Joseph to join a Conservative party think tank chaired by John Hoskyns (who became Chief Political Adviser to Margaret Thatcher) to work on issues such as privatisation. Collins, though left of centre politically, always believed, in common with \"classical liberals\" such as Gladstone, that the free market is a superior means of distributing wealth than the state. Collins's political views manifested themselves in his novel \"Gents\" (1996) which has recently been republished by The", "title": "Warwick Collins" }, { "idx": 39, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Benjamin Disraeli Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, (21 December 1804 – 19 April 1881) was a British statesman who twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He played a central role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party, defining its policies and its broad outreach. Disraeli is remembered for his influential voice in world affairs, his political battles with the Liberal Party leader William Ewart Gladstone, and his one-nation conservatism or \"Tory democracy\". He made the Conservatives the party most identified with the glory and power of the British Empire. He is the only British Prime", "title": "Benjamin Disraeli" }, { "idx": 40, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "(1886) and the adulterer Charles Stewart Parnell (1890), believing that political leaders should possess high moral integrity. In Britain one strong base of Liberal Party support was Nonconformist Protestantism, such as the Methodists and Presbyterians. The nonconformist conscience rebelled against having an adulterer (Parnell) play a major role in the Liberal Party. The Liberal party leader William Gladstone warned that if Parnell retained his powerful role the leadership, it would mean the loss of the next election, the end of their alliance and also of Home Rule. The high point of the Nonconformist conscience came with the Nonconformist opposition to", "title": "Nonconformist conscience" }, { "idx": 41, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "well. For it is our party which is dedicated to good housekeeping—indeed, I would not mind betting that if Mr Gladstone were alive today he would apply to join the Conservative Party\". In 1996, she said: \"The kind of Conservatism which he and I...favoured would be best described as 'liberal', in the old-fashioned sense. And I mean the liberalism of Mr Gladstone, not of the latter-day collectivists\". Nigel Lawson, one of Thatcher's Chancellors, believed Gladstone to be the \"greatest Chancellor of all time\". Historical writers have often played Disraeli and Gladstone against each other as great rivals. Roland Quinault, however,", "title": "William Ewart Gladstone" }, { "idx": 42, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "(led first by Peel himself, then by the Earl of Aberdeen). The split occurred in 1846 over the issue of free trade, which Peel supported, versus protectionism, supported by Derby. The majority of the party sided with Derby whilst about a third split away, eventually merging with the Whigs and the radicals to form the Liberal Party. Despite the split, the mainstream Conservative Party accepted the doctrine of free trade in 1852. In the second half of the 19th century, the Liberal Party faced political schisms, especially over Irish Home Rule. Leader William Gladstone (himself a former Peelite) sought to", "title": "Conservatism" }, { "idx": 43, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Kingdom. The Liberal Party (the term was first used officially in 1868, but had been used colloquially for decades beforehand) arose from a coalition of Whigs, free trade Tory followers of Robert Peel and free trade Radicals, first created, tenuously under the Peelite Earl of Aberdeen in 1852 and put together more permanently under the former Canningite Tory Lord Palmerston in 1859. Although the Whigs at first formed the most important part of the coalition, the Whiggish elements of the new party progressively lost influence during the long leadership of the former Peelite William Ewart Gladstone and many of the", "title": "Whigs (British political party)" }, { "idx": 44, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "William Henry Gladstone William Henry Gladstone (3 June 1840 – 4 July 1891) was a British Liberal Party Member of Parliament, and the eldest son of Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone and his wife Catherine née Glynne. Gladstone was born in Hawarden, Flintshire, Wales. He attended Eton College and read Greek and Latin at Christ Church, Oxford University. He was a Member of Parliament for a total of 20 years, representing Chester for 3, Whitby for 12 and East Worcestershire for 5. A singer and organist, he was well versed in musical history, especially the development of Anglican church music.", "title": "William Henry Gladstone" }, { "idx": 45, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "His funeral at Hawarden was extremely well attended, and the poor of the parish were said to have \"unmistakeably felt that they had lost a most kind and generous benefactor. William Henry Gladstone William Henry Gladstone (3 June 1840 – 4 July 1891) was a British Liberal Party Member of Parliament, and the eldest son of Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone and his wife Catherine née Glynne. Gladstone was born in Hawarden, Flintshire, Wales. He attended Eton College and read Greek and Latin at Christ Church, Oxford University. He was a Member of Parliament for a total of 20 years,", "title": "William Henry Gladstone" }, { "idx": 46, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to run as a progressive alliance candidate. Progressive alliance (UK) A progressive alliance in the UK is the idea of a cross-party political alliance supporting \"progressive politics\", generally in opposition to right wing parties, chiefly the Conservative Party. The term progressive alliance has been used to describe the Gladstone–MacDonald pact, the 1903 agreement between the Liberal Party and the Labour Representation Committee (forerunner to the Labour Party) to stand aside for each other in constituencies. In the 1930s the movement for a Popular Front called for a broad anti-fascist alliance involving Labour, the Liberals, the Communists and anti-fascist Conservatives. This", "title": "Progressive alliance (UK)" }, { "idx": 47, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "temperance and sabbath enforcement. The nonconformist conscience, as it was called, was repeatedly called upon by Gladstone for support for his moralistic foreign policy. In election after election, Protestant ministers rallied their congregations to the Liberal ticket. In Scotland, the Presbyterians played a similar role to the Nonconformist Methodists, Baptists and other groups in England and Wales The political strength of Dissent faded sharply after 1920 with the secularization of British society in the 20th century. The rise of the Labour Party reduced the Liberal Party strongholds into the nonconformist and remote \"Celtic Fringe\", where it survived by an emphasis", "title": "Nonconformist" }, { "idx": 48, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Lib-Lab candidate. Gladstone therefore withdrew the Liberal candidate and Shackleton was elected unopposed. This was one of the main reasons behind the formation of the pact. In the general election of 1906, 31 of the 50 LRC candidates contested seats where the Liberals agreed not to put up a candidate. 24 of the 29 LRC MPs elected in that election were in seats where the Liberals did not stand. Eric J. Evans argues: Gladstone–MacDonald pact The Gladstone–MacDonald pact of 1903 was a secret informal electoral agreement negotiated by Herbert Gladstone, Liberal Party Chief Whip, and Ramsay MacDonald, Secretary of the", "title": "Gladstone–MacDonald pact" }, { "idx": 49, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "occurred simultaneously with a desire within one element of the ruling Liberal Party for a militant foreign policy in order to gain the domestic political popularity that enabled it to compete with the Conservative Party. Hopkins cites a letter from Edward Malet, the British consul general in Egypt at the time, to a member of the Gladstone Cabinet offering his congratulations on the invasion: \"You have fought the battle of all Christendom and history will acknowledge it. May I also venture to say that it has given the Liberal Party a new lease of popularity and power.\" John Galbraith and", "title": "Anglo-Egyptian War" }, { "idx": 50, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "meetings, and there seemed to be no other Liberal statesman who could reunite the party. Within a few months the talks were over, though some Liberal Unionists, including Trevelyan, later rejoined the Liberal Party soon after. The failed talks of 1887 forced the Liberal Unionists to continue to develop their links with the Conservatives. In Parliament, they supported the Salisbury administration, though they sat on the opposition benches alongside the Liberals. Hostile feelings between the former political colleagues hardened with the return of Gladstone as Prime Minister, following the 1892 General Election. Forming a minority government (with Irish Nationalist parliamentary", "title": "Liberal Unionist Party" }, { "idx": 51, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "was put through with the support of public outcry, mass meetings of \"political unions\" and riots in some cities. This now enfranchised the middle classes, but failed to meet radical demands. Following the Reform Act the mainly aristocratic Whigs in the House of Commons were joined by a small number of parliamentary Radicals, as well as an increased number of middle class Whigs. By 1839 they were informally being called \"the Liberal party. The Liberals produced one of the greatest British prime ministers—William Gladstone, who was also known as the \"Grand Old Man\" and was the towering political figure of", "title": "History of liberalism" }, { "idx": 52, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Charles Stewart Parnell became chairman, and in the 1880 general election, the League won 63 seats. In 1882, Parnell turned the Home Rule League into the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP), a formally organized party which became a major political force . The IPP came to dominate Irish politics, to the exclusion of the previous Liberal, Conservative, and Unionist parties that had existed there. In the 1885 general election, the IPP won 85 out of the 103 Irish seats; another Home Rule MP was elected for Liverpool Scotland. Two attempts were made by Liberals under British Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone", "title": "Irish Home Rule movement" }, { "idx": 53, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "a Liberal, but disagreed with his party leader, W. E. Gladstone, over Irish home rule. Boulter stood unsuccessfully as a \"Liberal Unionist\" in the general election of 1886, and his political views came to be aligned with those of the Conservative party, particularly on any matters affecting the integrity of the British empire. In social politics he remained more liberal, advocating public assistance for working men to buy homes. In his later years, he was a Justice of the Peace for Surrey. The son of John Boulter of Frimley, Surrey, Boulter first married Edith \"née\" Anderson. There were three sons", "title": "Stanley Boulter" }, { "idx": 54, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "imprisonment after his execution failed three times. He was further the victim of the embarrassing stunts of the Harcourt interpolation and the Home Office Baby. He was recognised as one of the ablest and most effective leaders of the Liberal party and when, after a brief interval in 1885, Gladstone returned to office in 1886, Harcourt was made Chancellor of the Exchequer, an office which he again filled from 1892 to 1895. Between 1880 and 1892 Harcourt acted as Gladstone's political deputy. A first-rate party fighter, his services were of huge value. However, in spite of his great success as", "title": "William Harcourt (politician)" }, { "idx": 55, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville Granville George Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville, (11 May 1815 – 31 March 1891), styled Lord Leveson until 1846, was a British Liberal statesman from the Leveson-Gower family. In a political career spanning over 50 years, he was thrice Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, led the Liberal Party in the House of Lords for almost 30 years and was joint Leader of the Liberal Party between 1875 and 1880. He is best known for his pacific stewardship of Britain's external relations, 1870–74 and 1880–85, in co-operation with his best friend, Prime Minister Gladstone. His foreign", "title": "Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville" }, { "idx": 56, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "late to see his arch-enemy pass the bill. Gladstone was furious; his animus commenced a long rivalry that would only end on Disraeli's death and Gladstone's encomium in the Commons in 1881. Lord Russell retired in 1867 and Gladstone became leader of the Liberal Party. In 1868 the Irish Church Resolutions was proposed as a measure to reunite the Liberal Party in government (on the issue of disestablishment of the Church of Ireland—this would be done during Gladstone's First Government in 1869 and meant that Irish Roman Catholics did not need to pay their tithes to the Anglican Church of", "title": "William Ewart Gladstone" }, { "idx": 57, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "respond effectively as economic and social conditions changed. Called the \"Grand Old Man\" later in life, Gladstone was always a dynamic popular orator who appealed strongly to the working class and to the lower middle class. Deeply religious, Gladstone brought a new moral tone to politics, with his evangelical sensibility and his opposition to aristocracy. His moralism often angered his upper-class opponents (including Queen Victoria), and his heavy-handed control split the Liberal Party. In foreign policy, Gladstone was in general against foreign entanglements, but he did not resist the realities of imperialism. For example, he ordered the occupation of Egypt", "title": "Liberal Party (UK)" }, { "idx": 58, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the establishment of the NLF, Chamberlain was elected its president (1877–80), Harris its chairman (1877–82), and Schnadhorst its salaried secretary (1877–93). In the Liberal split over Irish Home Rule the NLF was loyal to party leader Gladstone rather than its own progenitor Joseph Chamberlain, who left the Liberal party and formed the Liberal Unionist faction and coalition with Conservatives. However, in its political orientation generally the NLF conference tended to take the Radical approach, most clearly in its support of the Newcastle Programme in 1891 (see below). Here it endorsed the extension of the Factory Acts, the introduction of universal", "title": "National Liberal Federation" }, { "idx": 59, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the government (with most of the other remaining Peelites) as Chancellor of the Exchequer, to become part of the new Liberal Party. Gladstone inherited a deficit of nearly five million pounds, with income tax now set at 5d (fivepence). Like Peel, Gladstone dismissed the idea of borrowing to cover the deficit. Gladstone argued that \"In time of peace nothing but dire necessity should induce us to borrow\". Most of the money needed was acquired through raising the income tax to 9d. Usually not more than two-thirds of a tax imposed could be collected in a financial year so Gladstone therefore", "title": "William Ewart Gladstone" }, { "idx": 60, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "think the split from their former colleagues would be permanent. Gladstone preferred to call them \"dissentient Liberals\" as if he believed they would eventually come back like the \"Adullamites\", Liberals who had opposed the extension of the franchise in 1866 but had mostly come back to the main party after the Conservatives had passed their own electoral reform bill in 1867. In the end it did not matter what the Liberal Unionists were called, the schism in the Liberal party grew wider and deeper within a few years. The majority of Liberal Unionists, including Hartington, Lord Lansdowne, and George Goschen,", "title": "Liberal Unionist Party" }, { "idx": 61, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "affairs. His most successful performance in office came as chairman of the London County Council in 1889. He entered the cabinet in 1885 and served twice as foreign minister, paying special attention to French and German affairs. He succeeded Gladstone as prime minister and leader of the Liberal Party in 1894; the Liberals lost the 1895 election. He resigned the party leadership in 1896 and never again held political office. Rosebery was widely known as a brilliant orator, an outstanding sportsman and marksman, a writer and historian, connoisseur and collector. All of these activities attracted him more than politics, which", "title": "Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery" }, { "idx": 62, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "The NLF produced some political literature early in its history. However, in 1887 the NLF and LCA collaborated in the establishment of the new Liberal Publications Department, and these three organisations subsequently worked closely together at the administrative heart of the party. After the split between the party and Chamberlain over Home Rule, and the support the NLF offered to Gladstone, the NLF began to be more fully aware of the influence it was acquiring. This culminated with the Newcastle Programme of 1891, designed to be a co-ordinated programme of policies for radical reform springing from the grass-roots of the", "title": "National Liberal Federation" }, { "idx": 63, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "parties), Gladstone won a huge victory at the 1868 election and formed the first Liberal government. The establishment of the party as a national membership organisation came with the foundation of the National Liberal Federation in 1877. The philosopher John Stuart Mill was also a Liberal MP from 1865 to 1868. For the next thirty years Gladstone and Liberalism were synonymous. William Ewart Gladstone served as prime minister four times (1868–74, 1880–85, 1886, and 1892–94). His financial policies, based on the notion of balanced budgets, low taxes and \"laissez-faire\", were suited to a developing capitalist society, but they could not", "title": "Liberal Party (UK)" }, { "idx": 64, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to lead 23–13, needing just 2 more frames for victory. In frame 36, Davis set another Championship record break. McConachy took the first red but Davis then had a break of 99 including 12 reds. On 99 he snookered himself and fouled the blue. McConachy won all four frames in the evening to reduce Davis's lead to 23–17. McConachy made a 51 break in frame 39. Davis won two of the first three frames in the final afternoon session to lead 25–18 and retain the Championship. The remaining 6 dead frames were played, the two in the afternoon were shared", "title": "1932 World Snooker Championship" }, { "idx": 65, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "him years later, he finds McPhee has come into a great fortune, and learns his story: In a bid to gain custom and save money, the company decided to decrease their running time across the Atlantic; McPhee, rightly seeing this as senseless risk of lives, protested and was sacked in consequence. He was then employed by the manager of a rival firm, McRimmon of McNaughton and McRimmon. When McPhee discovered that his old firm had stopped repairing their ships, and reported to his new employer that their \"Grotkau\", or \"Hoor of Babylon\" as he termed her, was setting to sea", "title": "Bread upon the Waters" }, { "idx": 66, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "67 tackles, two sacks and an interception as a defensive back in 2008. He was named first-team All-WCAC, first-team All-County, first-team All-DCSportsfan, honorable mention Washington Post All-Met and honorable mention All-State accolades at wide receiver. Also was voted a team captain his senior year. On February 4, 2009, Couplin signed a National Letter of Intent to play college football for the College of William & Mary. He was also a standout track athlete at Bishop McNamara. He earned All-WCAC honors as a triple jumper. In addition, he was a member of the nationally ranked Bishop McNamara basketball team. Couplin enrolled", "title": "Jerome Couplin" }, { "idx": 67, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "14, 2008 Fort Reno Park was closed due to the detection of arsenic in the soil, and a fence was erected around the park. However, on May 28 the park was reopened and the fence removed after officials found that the initial high reading of arsenic levels was mistaken. The highest natural elevation at Fort Reno, , is lower than the top of the Washington Monument, which rises from nearly sea level. The highpoint in Fort Reno is marked by a small metal disk set into the ground. The Highpointers Foundation is working with the National Park Service to place", "title": "Fort Reno Park" }, { "idx": 68, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "addition to being Prime Minister, Merkys wanted to become Minister of Defense (a position he already held in 1919 and 1927), but Raštikis protested and Musteikis retained his post. Around the New Year, Raštikis published his thoughts on the recent developments in \"Kardas\" magazine. In it, he complained that a mayor (Merkys' position before becoming Prime Minister) or other civil servants earned more than the Commander of the Armed Forces. The issue was taken out of circulation and Raštikis tendered a letter of resignation. However, fearing public backlash, he was officially given a three-month vacation for \"health reasons\". In his", "title": "Stasys Raštikis" }, { "idx": 69, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "weekday breakfast program, which is also broadcast to Rockhampton and Emerald. Gladstone also receives radio stations that carry local programming from Rockhampton including commercial radio stations Triple M Central Queensland and 4RO. Triple M broadcasts on a separate FM frequency in Gladstone. ABC Capricornia also broadcasts into Gladstone from Rockhampton, using a separate FM frequency. Until November 2014, ABC Capricornia maintained a local news bureau in Gladstone where a local journalist was based to cover the Gladstone region. Some local news bulletins on ABC Capricornia were also broadcast live from Gladstone. However, in what was a controversial decision, the ABC's", "title": "Gladstone, Queensland" }, { "idx": 70, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "personal piety were not critical factors in their selection. Indeed, the Church was often called the \"praying section of the Tory party.\" Not since Newcastle, over a century before, did a prime minister pay as much attention to church vacancies as William Ewart Gladstone. He annoyed Queen Victoria by making appointments she did not like. He worked to match the skills of candidates to the needs of specific church offices. He supported his party by favouring Liberals who would support his political positions. His counterpart, Disraeli, favoured Conservative bishops to a small extent, but took care to distribute bishoprics so", "title": "History of the Church of England" }, { "idx": 71, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Dewey and Louie infuriate Scrooge by investing their money in what Scrooge assumes was a scam. Finally, Scrooge thinks to himself, \"I guess my heir will have to be Gladstone Gander! ... What an awful injustice to the world!\" Soon afterwards, however, the children's decision proves to be the wisest, and they become Scrooge's heirs instead of Gladstone. He is a rival of Donald for the love of Donald's girlfriend Daisy Duck. This is often portrayed either by showing Daisy uncertain of which one she likes the most or; the more common version, that she is angry with Donald and", "title": "Gladstone Gander" }, { "idx": 72, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "1939) into two separate municipalities based on their respective hundreds. It gained the Booyoolie township from that council in 1879, and acquired the remainder of what had been the southern portion of the Booyoolie council on 12 August 1880. It then gained the remainder of the Hundred of Yangya under the \"District Councils Act 1887\". A ward system was first introduced in 1881, with three wards (Gladstone, Eastern and Western) each electing two councillors. The town of Gladstone separated as the Corporate Town of Gladstone on 8 March 1883, and the Gladstone ward was dropped. It regained the town of", "title": "District Council of Gladstone" }, { "idx": 73, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "views became increasingly conservative. Whereas \"Social Statics\" had been the work of a radical democrat who believed in votes for women (and even for children) and in the nationalisation of the land to break the power of the aristocracy, by the 1880s he had become a staunch opponent of female suffrage and made common cause with the landowners of the Liberty and Property Defence League against what they saw as the drift towards 'socialism' of elements (such as Sir William Harcourt) within the administration of William Ewart Gladstone – largely against the opinions of Gladstone himself. Spencer's political views from", "title": "Herbert Spencer" } ]

[ "Liberal" ]

[ "The 19th-century Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone considered Burke \"a magazine of wisdom on Ireland and America\" and in his diary recorded: \"Made many extracts from Burke—sometimes almost divine\". The Radical MP and anti-Corn Law activist Richard Cobden often praised Burke's Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. The Liberal historian Lord Acton considered Burke one of the three greatest Liberals, along with William Gladstone and Thomas Babington Macaulay. Lord Macaulay recorded in his diary: \"I have now finished reading again most of Burke's works. Admirable! The greatest man since Milton\". The Gladstonian Liberal MP John Morley published two books on Burke (including a biography) and was influenced by Burke, including his views on prejudice. The Cobdenite Radical Francis Hirst thought Burke deserved \"a place among English libertarians, even though of all lovers of liberty and of all reformers he was the most conservative, the least abstract, always anxious to preserve and renovate rather than to innovate. In politics he resembled the modern architect who would restore an old house instead of pulling it down to construct a new one on the site\". Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France was controversial at the time of its publication, but after his death, it was to become his best known and most influential work, and a manifesto for Conservative thinking." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Michigan Central Railway Tunnel" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "cross into Canada. Detroit has four border crossings: the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel provide motor vehicle thoroughfares, with the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel providing railroad access to and from Canada. The fourth border crossing is the Detroit–Windsor Truck Ferry, located near the Windsor Salt Mine and Zug Island. Near Zug Island, the southwest part of the city was developed over a salt mine that is below the surface. The Detroit salt mine run by the Detroit Salt Company has over of roads within. Detroit and the rest of southeastern Michigan have a humid continental climate (Köppen \"Dfa\") which", "title": "Detroit" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Michigan Central Railway Tunnel The Michigan Central Railway Tunnel is a railroad tunnel under the Detroit River connecting Detroit, Michigan, in the United States with Windsor, Ontario, in Canada. The US entrance is south of Porter and Vermont streets near Rosa Parks Boulevard. The Canadian entrance is south of Wyandotte Street West between Cameron and Wellington Avenues. It was built by the Detroit River Tunnel Company for the Canada Southern Railway, leased by the Michigan Central Railroad and owned by the New York Central Railroad. The tunnel opened in 1910 and is still in use today by the Canadian Pacific", "title": "Michigan Central Railway Tunnel" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "a new rail tunnel compatible with double stacked trains. The initiative is known as the Continental Rail Gateway. The project was scrapped in 2015, upon the approval of the proposed Gordie Howe International Bridge. Michigan Central Railway Tunnel The Michigan Central Railway Tunnel is a railroad tunnel under the Detroit River connecting Detroit, Michigan, in the United States with Windsor, Ontario, in Canada. The US entrance is south of Porter and Vermont streets near Rosa Parks Boulevard. The Canadian entrance is south of Wyandotte Street West between Cameron and Wellington Avenues. It was built by the Detroit River Tunnel Company", "title": "Michigan Central Railway Tunnel" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "on the tunnel bus. Windsor has a long history with rail travel in both passenger service and freight due to the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel. Intercity passenger railway service is provided by Via Rail throughout the region via the Windsor Railway Station. The region also used to have a second station, the Windsor Michigan Central Railroad Depot before it was destroyed in a fire which historically served the Canada Southern Railway, New York Central Railroad and Amtrak. A major and controversial issue is the amount of traffic to and from the Ambassador Bridge. The number of vehicles crossing the bridge", "title": "Windsor, Ontario" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Historic Landmark in 1993. The second tunnel was built to handle intermodal rail cars with double-stacked shipping containers, which neither the first one nor the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel in Detroit can handle. By the early 1990s, CN had commissioned engineering studies for a replacement tunnel to be built adjacent to the existing St. Clair River tunnel. In 1992, new CN president Paul Tellier foresaw that CN would increase its traffic in the Toronto–Chicago corridor. The Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement was implemented in 1989 and discussions for a North American Free Trade Agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico", "title": "St. Clair Tunnel" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "500 researchers, and staff will work out of the IBio Center. With its proximity to Canada and its facilities, ports, major highways, rail connections and international airports, Detroit is an important transportation hub. The city has three international border crossings, the Ambassador Bridge, Detroit–Windsor Tunnel and Michigan Central Railway Tunnel, linking Detroit to Windsor, Ontario. The Ambassador Bridge is the single busiest border crossing in North America, carrying 27% of the total trade between the U.S. and Canada. On February 18, 2015, Canadian Transport Minister Lisa Raitt announced that Canada has agreed to pay the entire cost to build a", "title": "Detroit" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "cross into Canada. Detroit has four border crossings: the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel provide motor vehicle thoroughfares, with the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel providing railroad access to and from Canada. The fourth border crossing is the Detroit–Windsor Truck Ferry, located near the Windsor Salt Mine and Zug Island. Near Zug Island, the southwest part of the city was developed over a salt mine that is below the surface. The Detroit salt mine run by the Detroit Salt Company has over of roads within. Detroit and the rest of southeastern Michigan have a humid continental climate (Köppen \"Dfa\") which", "title": "Detroit" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Alan Starling Alan William Starling (born 2 April 1951) was a professional footballer, who played as a goalkeeper for Luton Town, Torquay United, Northampton Town & Huddersfield Town. Starling began his career as an apprentice with Luton Town, turning professional in April 1969 and making his league debut the following season. He joined Torquay United on loan in February 1971, playing just once, in a 4-0 defeat at home to Reading in place of regular keeper Andy Donnelly, before returning to Luton. He moved to Northampton Town in June 1971 and went on to make over 200 appearances for the", "title": "Alan Starling" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "all jurisdictions including the High Court of Australia are now addressed as \"Your Honour\". In legal contexts, they are referred to as \"His/Her Honour\" and \"the Honourable Justice Surname\" (for judges of superior courts) or \"his/her Honour Judge Surname\" (for inferior courts). Outside legal contexts, the formal terms of address are \"Judge\" (for puisne justices) or \"Chief Justice\" (for chief justices). The title for most puisne judges is \"Justice\", which is abbreviated in law reports to a postnominal \"J\", in the form \"Surname J\". Chief Justices of the High Court and of state Supreme Courts are titled \"Chief Justice\", which", "title": "Judge" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "They flew stealthily to Tuwaitha, a city ten miles (17 km) southeast of Baghdad, home to the \"Osirak\" nuclear reactor. This was the first attack on a nuclear reactor and only the third on a nuclear facility in history. It was also the first instance of a preventive attack on a nuclear reactor, the intent of which was to forestall the development of a nuclear weapon. The attack itself caused only minor damage to the reactor and wasn't successful in impeding the Iraqi nuclear program. The reactor was finally destroyed about eight months later on 7 June 1981 by the", "title": "Operation Scorch Sword" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "entirely Senegalese crew from 1823. She last appears in operational records in 1826. She was off fleet list and transferred to colonial accounts in September 1830. She was launched at Genoa on 15 July 1809 and her builder was François Pestel. The French Navy ceded her to their creditors on 17 March 1814, one day before the British captured the city; the British apparently did not seize her. She was launched at Bayonne on 2 August 1809. On 18 September 1809 she was under the command of \"enseigne de vaisseau\" Gautier who sailed her for Île de France. However she", "title": "Mouche No. 2-class schooner-avisos" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "office. Irdana Bey took active measures to expand the borders of the Khanate, briefly annexing the land of Ura-Tyube long coveted by the Khanate; Ura-Tyube ended up changing hands multiple times to and from Kokand throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. On his second attempt to annex Ura-Tyube he was more successful in capturing the territory, brutalizing prisoners of war by chopping off their heads and constructing a tower out of their heads. After various wars in attempts to expand the Khanate and Irdana's use of the title Khan instead of Bek, the Qing began to demand tribute from Kokand", "title": "Irdana Khan" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and Nidderau. The tunnel was originally shorter but it was extended to 200 metres during its renovation in 2004. The original capstone of the tunnel portal, which has its construction years (1904–1906) carved into it and was built near the original Büdesheim station, is the last remaining relic of the old tunnel. Immediately after the tunnel, the line passes through the \"Nidderwiesen\" nature reserve and the edge of the town of Nidderau is soon reached at Windecken. After a grade-separated crossing of the Friedberg–Hanau railway in Nidderau station, which was called \"Heldenbergen-Windecken\" for decades, the line follows the Friedberg–Hanau railway", "title": "Bad Vilbel–Glauburg-Stockheim railway" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Yangbajing Tunnel The Yangbajing Tunnel is the longest tunnel, some 3,345 metres long, of the Qinghai–Tibet Railway which links Xining with Lhasa across the high Tibetan Plateau of north-east China. It is 4,264 metres above sea level and located 80 kilometres NW of the Tibetan regional capital, Lhasa. It is longest tunnel on the line from Goldmod to Lhasa, and part of one of the highest railways in the world, The highest rail tunnel in the world is the 1,338 m Fenghuoshan tunnel which is situated at 4,905 m above sea level, and called \"the nearest door to the heaven.\"", "title": "Yangbajing Tunnel" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "area is now an interchange for State Transit Authority bus routes. Railway Square is not only traversed underneath by the extension of the Devonshire Street pedestrian tunnel, but also by a railway tunnel that runs underneath at the southern end of the square. The tunnel was part of the Metropolitan Goods line linking the main lines south from Central with Darling Harbour. This tunnel is the oldest railway tunnel in New South Wales and is now disused. The section of the rail line between the tunnel and the Powerhouse Museum is now a park and pedestrian pathway called The Goods", "title": "Railway Square, Sydney" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "New England were the Burlington Rail Tunnel and the Tunnel at Bellows Falls, in Vermont. The Vermont and Canada Railroad, completed between Essex Junction, VT and Rouses Point, NY and headquartered in St. Albans, Vermont, undertook construction of the tunnel in order to provide a better connection to the Lake Champlain lakefront from its main route, which passed through Essex Junction. The Vermont & Canada and the Vermont Central (headquartered in Northfield, VT) merged sometime prior to 1853. The original alignment passed through what is now downtown Burlington, and the depot was located two blocks south of the current City", "title": "Burlington Tunnel" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "variety of services suspended from the roof and fixtures primarily associated with the current use are visible, including piping and racking. A strip of fluorescent lighting is located down the centre of the tunnel. What appear to be drainage ditches are located along both walls the full length of the tunnel. All railway tracks have been removed and the concrete floor has replaced what was probably a ballast surface, as has evidence of the mustard gas storage facility. The floor has an even grade of 1 in 33 upwards from east to west. Regularly placed recessed refuges designed as safe", "title": "Glenbrook Tunnel" } ]

[ "Michigan Central Railway Tunnel" ]

[ "Detroit has four border crossings: the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel provide motor vehicle thoroughfares, with the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel providing railroad access to and from Canada. The fourth border crossing is the Detroit–Windsor Truck Ferry, located near the Windsor Salt Mine and Zug Island. Near Zug Island, the southwest part of the city was developed over a 1,500-acre (610 ha) salt mine that is 1,100 feet (340 m) below the surface. The Detroit Salt Company mine has over 100 miles (160 km) of roads within." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "1889" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the Federation of Australia commenced, resulting in the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The model of Australian federalism adheres closely to the original model of the United States of America, although it does so through a parliamentary Westminster system rather than a presidential system. In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military \"coup d'état\" led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution since", "title": "Federalism" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "warnings stating that his behavior undermined the political foundation of the monarchy.\" In 1889, Pedro II said to José Antonio Saraiva that he would not mind if Brazil became a republic. The \"Emperor's indifference towards the fate of the regime was also one of the main factors in the fall of the Monarchy.\" A serious problem began to become evident during the 1880s. This was a weakening of discipline within Brazil's military. The older generation of officers were loyal to the monarchy, believed the military should be under civilian control, and had a great aversion to the militaristic caudillism against", "title": "Decline and fall of Pedro II of Brazil" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "in Brazil among the majority of the population to change the form of government, republicans began pressuring the rebellious faction to overthrow the monarchy. On 9 November 1889, a large number of officers gathered in the Military Club and decided to stage a coup d'état aimed at the overthrow of the monarchy. Two days later in the house of Rui Barbosa a plan to execute the coup was drawn up by officers who included Benjamin Constant and Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca, plus two civilians: Quintino Bocaiúva and Aristides Lobo. It was the only significant meeting in which civilian republicans participated,", "title": "Decline and fall of Pedro II of Brazil" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "whom they called \"the Paulistas.\" The \"monarchy seemed to be at the height of its popularity.\" Pedro II had reached the pinnacle of his prestige among Brazilians. 1889 seemed to have begun well for both the monarchy and for Brazil. During a three-month tour of the northeast and north, the enthusiastic reception given the Count of Eu \"demonstrated that monarchism remained powerful there\". In late July, the Emperor traveled to Minas Gerais, demonstrating both that he was still actively engaged and the depth of support for the monarch in the province. Along with the successful appearances made by Eu and", "title": "Decline and fall of Pedro II of Brazil" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "War ended Spanish colonial rule. Brazil achieved its independence peacefully in 1822, becoming a monarchy, the Empire of Brazil. It retained its territorial integrity following independence, as opposed to the fragmentation of Spanish America into separate republics. Brazil was an anomaly in Latin America as a large, successful and stable monarchy until 1889, when the monarchy was overthrown following the abolition of slavery, and República Velha (\"Old Republic\") was founded. The notion of closer Spanish American cooperation and unity was first put forward by the Liberator Simón Bolívar who, at the 1826 Congress of Panama, proposed the creation a league", "title": "Latin American wars of independence" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of a kingdom, within the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and Algarves. Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822, when the War of Brazilian Independence began. This is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies. Rio de Janeiro subsequently served as the capital of the independent monarchy, the Empire of Brazil, until 1889, and then the capital of a republican Brazil until 1960 when the capital was transferred to Brasília. Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP", "title": "Rio de Janeiro" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "war against Prussia, causing Emperor Napoleon III to lose his throne. He was the last monarch of France. In Spain monarchy was abolished from 1873 to 1874 by the First Spanish Republic, but then restored until 1931. The monarchy of Tahiti came to an end in 1880 when France made it a colony and overthrew King Pōmare V. That of Burma was abolished in 1885, when the last king, Thibaw Min, lost his throne and the country was annexed by Britain. In Brazil, the monarchy was abolished in 1889, when Emperor Pedro II was overthrown by a republican military coup", "title": "Abolition of monarchy" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "The \"Lei Áurea\" had other consequences besides the freeing of all slaves; without slaves and lacking workers, the plantation owners \"(fazendeiros)\" had to recruit workers elsewhere and thus organized, in the 1890s, the \"Sociedade Promotora de Imigração\" (\"Society for the Promotion of Immigration)\". Another effect was an uproar among Brazilian slave owners and upper classes, resulting in the toppling of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic in 1889 – indeed, the Lei Áurea is often regarded as the most immediate (but not the only) cause of the fall of monarchy in Brazil. Lei Áurea The Lei Áurea (;", "title": "Lei Áurea" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Monarchism in Brazil The movement for the re-adoption of monarchy in Brazil has taken place as a series of uprisings and political acts, usually in a fragmented way and peripherally to larger causes. It has been important historically and remains an active movement to this day. It advocates restoration of the constitutional monarchy under the House of Orléans-Braganza, a cadet branch of the House of Braganza, which ruled Brazil for 77 years (the Empire of Brazil) until the monarchy was abolished in 1889 by a military coup d'état. After the 1889 coup d'état that ended the imperial rule and established", "title": "Monarchism in Brazil" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and Latin American nations like, for example, Portuguese Constitution of 1822, constitutions of various Italian states during Carbonari revolts (i.e., in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies), the Norwegian constitution of 1814, or the Mexican Constitution of 1824. In Brazil, the Constitution of 1824 expressed the option for the monarchy as political system after Brazilian Independence. The leader of the national emancipation process was the Portuguese prince Pedro I, elder son of the king of Portugal. Pedro was crowned in 1822 as first emperor of Brazil. The country was ruled by Constitutional monarchy until 1889, when finally adopted the Republican", "title": "Constitution" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "South American dreadnought race A naval arms race among Argentina, Brazil and Chile—the most powerful and wealthy countries in South America—began in the early twentieth century when the Brazilian government ordered three dreadnoughts, formidable battleships whose capabilities far outstripped older vessels in the world's navies. In 1904, the Brazilian Navy found itself well behind its Argentine and Chilean rivals in quality and total tonnage; few ships had been ordered since the fall of the Brazilian monarchy in 1889, while Argentina and Chile had just concluded a fifteen-year naval arms race which filled their navies with modern warships. Rising demand for", "title": "South American dreadnought race" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "intrinsically of the Americas, grew out of the Brazilian Independence movement of 1821–25 to establish the Brazilian Empire (a representative parliamentary constitutional monarchy, with widespread freedoms and which eventually abolished slavery). It was usurped in 1889 in a military coup to found the First Brazilian Republic, marked by lesser freedoms than under the monarchy, and replaced in 1930 by the Vargas dictatorship until 1945, liberalized somewhat as the Second Brazilian Republic (or United States of Brazil) until 1964, then overthrown by another totalitarian regime, the Brazilian military government, until 1985, when the modern government of Brazil began, a democratic federative", "title": "Lusitanic" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the Federation of Australia commenced, resulting in the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The model of Australian federalism adheres closely to the original model of the United States of America, although it does so through a parliamentary Westminster system rather than a presidential system. In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military \"coup d'état\" led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution since", "title": "Federalism" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of Brazil on 12 October that same year until 15 November 1889, when a military coup d'état took place and the proclamation of the Brazilian republic overthrew the monarchy. Prince Pedro, then, was acclaimed as Emperor of Brazil throughout the land. The constitution of the Brazilian Empire of 1824 - the first Brazilian constitutional charter - was organized two years after independence, with the emperor being the head of state and head of government of the Empire of Brazil, as well as head of the moderator power and the executive power. He reigned until 7 April 1831 when he abdicated", "title": "Brazilian imperial family" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Brazilian nobility The Brazilian nobility refers to the titled aristocrats and fidalgo families recognized by the Kingdom of Brazil and later, by the Empire of Brazil dating back to the early 19th century, when it was a colony of the Kingdom of Portugal. It existed until 1889, when a military coup d'état overthrew the monarchy and established the First Brazilian Republic. The Brazilian nobility originated from the Portuguese nobility, during the time of colonial Brazil; the noble titles were a sign of political power among the elite. Some of the nobles were members of Portuguese noble lineages and even of", "title": "Brazilian nobility" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil) The Proclamation of the Republic () was a military coup d'état that established the First Brazilian Republic on 15 November 1889. It overthrew the constitutional monarchy of the Empire of Brazil and ended the reign of Emperor Pedro II. The proclamation of the Republic took place in Rio de Janeiro, then capital of the Empire of Brazil, when a group of military officers of the Brazilian Army, led by Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca, staged a coup d'état without the use of violence, deposing Emperor Pedro II and the President of the Council of Ministers of", "title": "Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "This line was founded by Prince Ludwig August, second son of Prince August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Princess Clémentine of Orléans, who on 15 December 1864 married in Rio de Janeiro Princess Leopoldina of Brazil. They had four sons; for a time, their two eldest sons, Princes Peter August and August Leopold, were heirs presumptive to the Brazilian throne. After the fall of the Brazilian monarchy in 1889, the family returned to Europe. Prince Rainer, who was appointed head of the house in 1921, was son of Prince August Leopold and grandson of Prince Ludwig August. This branch was", "title": "House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "in 1875 until after the Brazilian monarchy was deposed in 1889. The only known documented and official exception was Princess Maria da Glória, who was created Princess of Grão-Pará in her own right by her father, Pedro I of Brazil, after the birth of his heir apparent, Prince Imperial Pedro (later Pedro II). She used the title in her capacity as second in the line of succession to the Brazilian throne from December 1825 to April 1826, until her father abdicated the throne of Portugal in her favor, and she became Queen Maria II. However, after the fall of the", "title": "Prince of Grão-Pará" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the monarchy. They launched a coup and instituted the republic on 15 November 1889. The few people who witnessed what occurred did not realize that it was a rebellion. Historian Lídia Besouchet noted that, \"[r]arely has a revolution been so minor.\" Throughout the coup Pedro II showed no emotion, as if unconcerned about the outcome. He dismissed all suggestions put forward by politicians and military leaders for quelling the rebellion. The Emperor and his family were sent into exile on 17 November. Although there was significant monarchist reaction after the fall of the Empire, this was thoroughly suppressed, and neither", "title": "Empire of Brazil" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "also \"took a leading role in organizing a 'Black Guard'.\" This was an association of former slaves dedicated to the monarchy's defense, and which also harassed republican meetings. The cabinet responsible for enacting the law abolishing slavery suffered a vote of no confidence on 3 May 1889 and was forced to resign. Pedro II called José Antônio Saraiva to form a new cabinet. Saraiva, a highly pragmatic politician, cared neither for monarchy nor republic, so long as he held power. He frankly warned the Emperor that Isabel had little chance of reigning as empress and that the government itself should", "title": "Decline and fall of Pedro II of Brazil" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "any type of indemnity to them. Even so, in 1889 the \"avowed republicans were probably a small minority\" as the \"republican ideals, in reality, had never managed to seduce the people. Its dissemination was restricted to the intellectual and military fields.\" As \"the republicans themselves recognized, the party did not have size, organization and popular support enough to overthrow the monarchy.\" Republicanism \"did not manage, at any moment of its development, to spur the national soul. It never had the stature to provoke a strong enthusiasm or enlist all forces that were divorcing from the throne.\" Even with radical propaganda", "title": "Decline and fall of Pedro II of Brazil" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the last half of the 19th century. At that time the number of African slaves was drastically reduced and the city was developed, with modern drains, animal trams, train stations crossing the city, gas and electric lighting, telephone and telegraph wiring, water and river plumbing. Rio continued as the capital of Brazil after 1889, when the monarchy was replaced by a republic. On 6 February 1889 the Bangu Textile Factory was founded, with the name of Industrial Progress Company of Brazil (Companhia Progresso Industrial do Brasil). The factory was officially opened on 8 March 1893, in a complex with varying", "title": "Rio de Janeiro" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "United States. It was flown from 15 November 1889, until 19 November 1889, when Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca (acting as provisional president of Brazil) vetoed the design, citing concerns that it looked too similar to the flag of another state. Fonseca suggested that the flag of the new republic should resemble the old imperial flag. This was intended to underscore continuity of national unity during the transition from a constitutional monarchy to a republic. Raimundo Teixeira Mendes presented a project in which the imperial coat of arms was replaced by a blue celestial globe and the positivist motto. It was", "title": "Flag of Brazil" }, { "idx": 23, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "The first railroad line with only 15 kilometers was opened in April 30, 1854 when many European countries did not have one. In 1868 there were 718 kilometers in railroads lines and by the end of the Empire in 1889 it grew to 9,200 kilometers while another 9,000 kilometers were under construction. The absolute value of the exports of the Empire in 1850 was the highest in Latin America (triple that of Argentina, which was in fourth place); Brazil would keep this position in this respect and in general economic terms until the end of the monarchy. Brazil's international trade,", "title": "Economy of the Empire of Brazil" }, { "idx": 24, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "classes considered a female monarch acceptable. Lacking any viable heir, the Empire's political leaders saw no reason to defend the monarchy. After a 58-year reign, on 15 November 1889 the Emperor was overthrown in a sudden \"coup d'état\" led by a clique of military leaders whose goal was the formation of a republic headed by a dictator, forming the First Brazilian Republic. The territory which would come to be known as Brazil was claimed by Portugal on 22 April 1500, when the navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral landed on its coast. Permanent settlement followed in 1532, and for the next 300", "title": "Empire of Brazil" }, { "idx": 25, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "on the rooftop of the Gotham City Police Department. When the Circus of Strange storms the Gotham City Police Department, Batman and Robin help to fight them where four police officers were killed and six other police officers were injured. After Batman and Robin defeated the Circus of Strange, they found that Mister Toad is dead in his cell holding a domino. It was later revealed that Mister Toad was killed by Joker. Mister Toad (comics) Mister Toad is a fictional character in DC Comics. His appearance is a homage to the character Mr. Toad in the novel \"The Wind", "title": "Mister Toad (comics)" }, { "idx": 26, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and Yumbo. The Herrera operation, according to the DEA, involved importing cocaine base from Peru and Bolivia, which would be trafficked via his own transportation to conversion laboratories in Colombia. It is believed Herrera hired guerrilla forces such as Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia () (FARC) and then guerrilla group 19th of April Movement (, M-19), to guard remote lab sites. Herrera always kept a very low profile and was never interviewed, and his name was almost never mentioned with that of the other leaders of the Cali cartel. Although it has been argued that he was the source of", "title": "Hélmer Herrera" }, { "idx": 27, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "2010 Central American Games The IX Central American Games () was a multi-sport event that took place between 9 and 19 April 2010. The competition featured 23 sports which were contested at various venues, with Panama acting as the primary host country and El Salvador playing a supporting role. The event was delayed twice: it was first set to take place in San Pedro Sula in December 2009, but was cancelled due to the 2009 Honduran political crisis, and a second delay occurred at the request of Panama (one of the replacement host countries), who could not keep to the", "title": "2010 Central American Games" }, { "idx": 28, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "which had been captured by the Russians from Austria-Hungary on 22 March 1915. KMK Battery 6 took part in the bombardment of forts X, Xa, XI, and XIa, opened on 30 March. Two days later, the Germans took and held forts X, Xa, and XI against counterattack, compelling the Russians to abandon Przemyśl. German troops entered the city on 3 June, then took the remaining forts two days later. From 8 August, KMK Battery 6 supported the XXXX Reserve Corps's attack on Kaunas Fortress by bombing Kaunas's three westernmost forts. Although the German siege artillery's shelling of Kaunas was slow,", "title": "Big Bertha (howitzer)" }, { "idx": 29, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Naungdawgyi Dabayin Min (), commonly known as Naungdawgyi ( ; 10 August 1734 – 28 November 1763) was the second king of Konbaung Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar), from 1760 to 1763. He was a top military commander in his father Alaungpaya's reunification campaigns of the country. As king, he spent much of his short reign suppressing multiple rebellions across the newly founded kingdom from Ava (Inwa) and Toungoo (Taungoo) to Martaban (Mottama) and Chiang Mai. The king suddenly died less than a year after he had successfully suppressed the rebellions. He was succeeded by his younger brother Hsinbyushin. Naungdawgyi was", "title": "Naungdawgyi" }, { "idx": 30, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "that it might even have been forgotten; it was unable to influence rationales advocating the regime's dissolution.\" It was the crisis between the military and the Government, \"of very diverse origin and evolution\" from the republicanism, which was to prove the main factor in the fall of the monarchy. Pedro II showed no interest in the republican manifesto of 1870. The Marquis of São Vicente, then President of the Council of Ministers, suggested to the Emperor that republicans be forbidden to enter into public service, a practice then common in monarchies. Pedro II answered, \"Mr. São Vicente, allow the nation", "title": "Decline and fall of Pedro II of Brazil" }, { "idx": 31, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Secret Convention on the Transfer of the Portuguese monarchy to Brazil The Secret Convention on the Transfer of the Portuguese monarchy to Brazil was an international treaty between Portugal and Britain on October 22, 1807, also called \"secret Convention on the transfer to Brazil of the seat of the Portuguese monarchy and temporary occupation of Madeira Island by British troops. \" It was signed in London, taking place in the context of the Napoleonic wars. More specifically, it was agreed a few days before the first invasion of Portugal in the Peninsular War, when the Napoleonic troops were already approached", "title": "Secret Convention on the Transfer of the Portuguese monarchy to Brazil" }, { "idx": 32, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "replaced by the newer-technology rides such as the Intamin Giant Drop (2nd generation), Gyro Drop (3rd generation), and the S&S Power series of compressed-air tower rides. Currently, Demon Drop at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom, \"Free Fall (Elevador)\" at Beto Carrero World, Brazil, \"Hollywood Action Tower\" at Movie Studios Park, Italy, \"Freefall\" at Rusutsu Resort, Japan,\" Free Fall\" at Central Park, Japan, \"Free Fall\" at Nagashima Spa Land, Japan, \"Free Fall\" at Tokyo Sommerland, Japan are the only remaining Intamin first generation Freefall rides in operation. The ride can accommodate up to four riders, and consists of three main sections;", "title": "Freefall (ride)" }, { "idx": 33, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Portuguese monarchy, not even counting more than five thousand insignia and commendations of the honorific orders of Portugal. When Napoleon was defeated in 1815, the European powers held the Congress of Vienna to reorganize the political map of the continent. Portugal participated in these negotiations, but given British machinations contrary to the interests of the House of Braganza, Portugal's ambassador to the Congress, the Count of Palmela, counseled the regent to remain in Brazil, as did the powerful Prince Talleyrand, in order to strengthen the ties between metropolis and colony, including the suggestion to elevate Brazil to the condition of", "title": "John VI of Portugal" }, { "idx": 34, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to plead with Frederick Henry for religious tolerance, but though the stadtholder himself would gladly have granted religious freedom to the Catholics, as he tried to gain popularity in the Spanish Netherlands in the hope support for the rebellion would grow, due to vehement Calvinist resistance it had already been decided to be as strict in this respect as in the rest of the Republic; only nunneries could remain until the last nun of those present in 1629 had died. The fall of 's-Hertogenbosch was an enormous blow to the prestige of the Spanish monarchy and the worst defeat in", "title": "Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch" } ]

[ "1889" ]

[ "In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution since 1891, although some of them would distort some of the federalist principles. The 1937 Constitution, for example, granted the federal government the authority to appoint State Governors (called interventors) at will, thus centralizing power in the hands of President Getúlio Vargas. Brazil also uses the Fonseca system to regulate interstate trade. Brazil is one of the biggest federal governments." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Faiyum" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the siege of Rhodes. Ptolemy built new cities such as Ptolemais Hermiou in upper Egypt and settled his veterans throughout the country, especially in the region of the Faiyum. Alexandria, a major center of Greek culture and trade, became his capital city. As Egypt's first port city, it was the main grain exporter in the Mediterranean. The Egyptians begrudgingly accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt, though the kingdom went through several native revolts. The Ptolemies took on the traditions of the Egyptian Pharaohs, such as marrying their siblings (Ptolemy II was the first to", "title": "Hellenistic period" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the siege of Rhodes. Ptolemy built new cities such as Ptolemais Hermiou in upper Egypt and settled his veterans throughout the country, especially in the region of the Faiyum. Alexandria, a major center of Greek culture and trade, became his capital city. As Egypt's first port city, it was the main grain exporter in the Mediterranean. The Egyptians begrudgingly accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt, though the kingdom went through several native revolts. The Ptolemies took on the traditions of the Egyptian Pharaohs, such as marrying their siblings (Ptolemy II was the first to", "title": "Hellenistic period" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and had no sons to succeed him; his only heir was his beautiful, cruel and malevolent daughter, Isabella. Otto refused to marry his daughter off, fearing one of his rivals might use her claim to Sylvania to usurp him. He swore on his deathbed that he would rather marry his daughter to a demon than let his hated brother Leopold inherit the throne. In the year 1797 the Count died without a male heir. Before his death, Vlad arrived at Drakenhof, Otto's castle, and asked for Isabella's hand in marriage. Desperate to stop his rivals seizing his land on his", "title": "Von Carstein" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "critical angle allowing almost all the light entering the diamond to be reflected back for optimized diamond cuts such as the brilliant. Total internal reflection Total internal reflection is the phenomenon which occurs when a propagated wave strikes a medium boundary at an angle larger than a particular critical angle with respect to the normal to the surface. If the refractive index is lower on the other side of the boundary and the incident angle is greater than the critical angle, the wave cannot pass through and is entirely reflected. The critical angle is the angle of incidence above which", "title": "Total internal reflection" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "were extensively colonized by Greek settlers). It is most likely that he came from Croton. He may have fled the second burning of the Pythagorean meeting-place around 454 BC, after which he migrated to Greece. According to Plato's \"Phaedo\", he was the instructor of Simmias and Cebes at Thebes, around the time the \"Phaedo\" takes place, in 399 BC. This would make him a contemporary of Socrates, and agrees with the statement that Philolaus and Democritus were contemporaries. The various reports about his life are scattered among the writings of much later writers and are of dubious value in reconstructing", "title": "Philolaus" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Higginson, of Rock Ferry, Liverpool. She died in 1886, and he remarried, in 1888, Ellen Lamb, daughter of Thomas Lamb, of Andover. Henry Bousfield Henry Brougham Bousfield (27 March 1832 – 10 February 1902) was a colonial Anglican priest and the inaugural Bishop of Pretoria 1878-1902. Bousfield was born on 27 March 1832, the son of William Cheek Bousfield, a barrister. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge (whence he gained his Cambridge Master of Arts {MA Cantab}). Ordained in 1856, his first post was as a curate at All Saints, Braishfield. From", "title": "Henry Bousfield" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "secure Stokes, Geelong re-signed Stokes to a two-year contract extension at the conclusion of the 2009 season. The Geelong Football Club has imposed sanctions against Stokes for his drug arrest including being banned from playing for Geelong's AFL team until round eight. Stokes was an automatic inclusion to the team in round eight and played a total of 18 games for the season. His best games came in the round 11 win against West Coast at Subiaco (24 disposals, 16 kicks 8 handballs, 5 marks and a goal); the round 14 win over North Melbourne at Skilled Stadium (28 disposals,", "title": "Mathew Stokes" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "prefer to create there, Alexandria. Alexander has a vision of himself being in Alexandria 100 years after his death where he visits the place where he was entombed by Ptolemy. Before leaving Egypt Alexander and his men visit the Temple of Ammon where they are told that Alexander will be killed by the one he trusts the most. Ptolemy witnesses a separate prophecy, that he will become Great King of the World. Plotting with Persia, Pythagorean cult members make another attempt on Alexander's life but he is able to fight them off. Darius leads Persia's armies against Macedonia's. Aristotle meanwhile", "title": "Reign: The Conqueror" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "cost 6,000 talents, nearly the entire annual tax revenue of Ptolemaic Egypt. Ptolemy XII's profligate behavior bankrupted him, and he was forced to acquire loans from Roman banker Gaius Rabirius Postumus. His increase of the tax rate to pay for these expenditures angered the poor and led to strikes by farmers. In 58 BC, after Roman senator Publius Clodius Pulcher accused Ptolemy XII's brother (Ptolemy of Cyprus) of aiding pirates who disrupted Roman shipping, the Roman Republic annexed Cyprus and drove Ptolemy of Cyprus, where he committed suicide rather than face exile to Paphos as a priest of Apollo. Ptolemy", "title": "Early life of Cleopatra" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "their respective companies, for services during the French and Indian Wars. It was to be called Pearson and Hobbs Town, but Hobbs died and none of his company took possession. In 1752, the land was surveyed and divided into lots, although some soldiers sold their rights for whatever they could get. Those that did settle found their cabins razed by Indians trying to drive them away. In response, the veterans built at Standish Corner a stockaded fort, which provided protection until Indian hostilities ceased in 1759 with the Fall of Quebec. Pearsontown Plantation was incorporated as Standish on November 30,", "title": "Standish, Maine" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "XI had left the Egyptian throne to Rome in his will, so Ptolemy XII was not the legitimate successor. Nevertheless, Rome did not challenge Ptolemy XII's succession because the Senate was unwilling to acquire an Egyptian expansion. Ptolemy XII was generally described as a weak, self-indulgent man, a drunkard, and a music lover. His practice of playing the flute earned him the ridiculing sobriquet \"Auletes\" (flute player) according to Strabo: Before Ptolemy XII's reign, the geographical distance between Rome and Egypt resulted in mutual indifference between them. Nevertheless, Egyptians asked the Romans to settle dynastic conflicts. During his reign, Ptolemy", "title": "Ptolemy XII Auletes" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "over his general, and Antigonus entered Syria in force—he evacuated it. In 311, a peace was concluded between the combatants. Soon after this, the surviving 13-year-old king, Alexander IV, was murdered in Macedonia on the orders of Cassander, leaving the satrap of Egypt absolutely his own master. The peace did not last long, and in 309 Ptolemy personally commanded a fleet that detached the coastal towns of Lycia and Caria from Antigonus, then crossed into Greece, where he took possession of Corinth, Sicyon and Megara (308 BC). In 306, a great fleet under Demetrius attacked Cyprus, and Ptolemy's brother Menelaus", "title": "Ptolemy I Soter" } ]

[ "Faiyum" ]

[ "Ptolemy, a somatophylax, one of the seven bodyguards who served as Alexander the Great's generals and deputies, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC, he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as \"Soter\" (saviour) for his role in helping the Rhodians during the siege of Rhodes. Ptolemy built new cities such as Ptolemais Hermiou in upper Egypt and settled his veterans throughout the country, especially in the region of the Faiyum. Alexandria, a major center of Greek culture and trade, became his capital city. As Egypt's first port city, it was the main grain exporter in the Mediterranean." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "five" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid. In 2009, Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the continental treble consisting of La Liga, Copa del Rey, and the UEFA Champions League, and also became the first Spanish football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year, by also winning the Spanish Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup. In 2011, the club became European champions again and won five trophies. This Barcelona team, which won 14 trophies in just 4 years under Pep Guardiola, is considered by some in the sport to be the", "title": "FC Barcelona" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Lionel Messi Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini (; born 24 June 1987) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward and captains both Barcelona and the Argentina national team. Often considered the best player in the world and regarded by many as one of the greatest players of all time, Messi has won a record-tying five Ballon d'Or awards, four of which he won consecutively, and a record five European Golden Shoes. He has spent his entire professional career with Barcelona, where he has won 33 trophies, including nine La Liga titles, four UEFA Champions League titles, and six", "title": "Lionel Messi" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "UEFA club competition records and statistics Real Madrid hold the record for the most overall titles (22) and Milan with most UEFA Super Cup wins (5), a record shared with Barcelona. The Madrilenian club have record thirteen were achieved in the UEFA Champions League and its predecessor. Barcelona have a record four titles in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup while Sevilla have a record of five UEFA Cup and Europa League titles. Finally, German clubs Hamburg, Schalke 04 and Stuttgart, and Spanish club Villarreal are the record holders by titles won in the UEFA Intertoto Cup (2 each). To date,", "title": "UEFA club competition records and statistics" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "in terms of trophies won in the history of Real Madrid. Real Madrid won the 2017 UEFA Super Cup 2–1 against Manchester United. Five days later, Real Madrid beat Barcelona at the Camp Nou in the first leg of the 2017 Supercopa de España, before winning the second leg 2–0, ending a 24 consecutive scoring record of Barcelona in \"El Clásico\" matches, and with a 5–1 aggregate score. Real Madrid also won their third successive UEFA Champions League in 2018, becoming the first club to win three straight UEFA Champions League titles since the tournament's inception, as well as the", "title": "Real Madrid C.F." }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "UEFA Champions League, during the early years of the competition, they have since won the trophy five times, with their first win in 1992. Barcelona have moved to the second place of the ranking of Europe’s most successful clubs in terms of international trophies won, just behind Real Madrid. In the second part of 2015, with the UEFA Super Cup victory in Tbilisi against Sevilla and the FIFA Club World Cup victory in Yokohama against River Plate meant the Catalans have won 20 different titles, behind Real Madrid's 25. In the tables, \"(H)\" denotes home ground, \"(A)\" denotes away ground", "title": "FC Barcelona in international football competitions" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Luis Suárez Luis Alberto Suárez Díaz (; born 24 January 1987) is a Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as a striker for Spanish club Barcelona and the Uruguay national team. Often regarded as one of the best players in the world, Suárez has won 17 trophies in his career, including five league titles and a UEFA Champions League title at club level, and a Copa América with Uruguay. A prolific goalscorer, Suárez has won two European Golden Shoes, an Eredivisie Golden Boot, a Premier League Golden Boot, as well as ending the six-year dominance of Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo", "title": "Luis Suárez" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "32 caps and scoring 8 goals. In his first five seasons as a manager, Capello won four Serie A titles with Milan, where he also won the 1993–94 UEFA Champions League, defeating Barcelona 4–0 in a memorable final. He then spent a year at Real Madrid, where he won the La Liga title at his first attempt, and in 2001 led Roma to their first league title in 18 years. Capello also won two titles at Juventus (which were later stripped after the \"Calciopoli\" scandal), and in 2006 returned to Real Madrid, where he won another La Liga title. Overall,", "title": "Fabio Capello" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "European Cup competition which later evolved into the UEFA Champions' League (see European Cup and Champions League history). In total, they have won three Football League titles (prior to the top division becoming the Premier League), four FA Cups, have two League Cup victories and many other minor honours, including reaching the UEFA Cup Final in 1972, and appearances in the last eight of both the UEFA European Cup, and the European Cup Winners' Cup, but spent just one season in the top division between 1984 and 2009. They are also the only club to have won five different league", "title": "Wolverhampton" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Cup/UEFA Champions League title and Sevilla won their fourth UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League; during the 2015–16 season as Real Madrid won their eleventh European Cup/UEFA Champions League title and Sevilla won their fifth UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League (first team to win three consecutive editions of this competition). Real Madrid won the European Cup five times in a row between 1956 and 1960 and then for a sixth time in 1966. La Liga clubs also dominated the early Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. Barcelona, Valencia and Zaragoza won this competition six times between 1958 and 1966, resulting in three all-La Liga finals in", "title": "Spanish football clubs in international competitions" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the \"big five\", Denmark's Copenhagen and Ukraine's Shakhtar Donetsk earned berths into the knockout round, with Shakhtar Dontsk reaching the quarterfinals, before losing to eventual champions, Barcelona. Lionel Messi of Barcelona was the tournament's top-scorer scoring twelve goals in thirteen appearances. In the tenth edition of the UEFA Women's Champions League, France's Lyon won their first ever title, defeating Germany's Turbine Potsdam in the final. The final, like the Men's Champions League, was also played at London, but at the Craven Cottage. 2011 in UEFA The following are the scheduled events, results and champions of association football for the year", "title": "2011 in UEFA" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "won the 2010–11 edition of the UEFA Champions League, making it the fourth time the club won either the Champions League or European Cup. Barcelona defeated Manchester United of England's Premier League in the championship. The final was played at Wembley Stadium in London, making it the first time since renovations that the venue hosted the Champions League final. The entire knockout round of the tournament was played in 2011, beginning with sixteen clubs from seven different UEFA nations. The five largest leagues by UEFA coefficients had at least two representatives in the knockout phase of the tournament. Outside of", "title": "2011 in UEFA" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "on as a substitute in the 2002 UEFA Champions League Final, which Leverkusen lost 2–1 to Real Madrid. After five-and-a-half years with Leverkusen, he joined English club Tottenham Hotspur in July 2006, where he spent two years before moving to Manchester United. He played in his second Champions League final in 2009, during his side's 2–0 defeat against Barcelona. After four seasons with United, during which time he won two Premier League titles in 2008–09 and 2010–11, as well as the Premier League Golden Boot in 2010–11, he joined Fulham in August 2012. He had later spells in France with", "title": "Dimitar Berbatov" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Cristiano Ronaldo Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro (; born 5 February 1985) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Italian club Juventus and captains the Portugal national team. Often considered the best player in the world and regarded by many as one of the greatest players of all time, Ronaldo has a record-tying five Ballon d'Or awards, the most for a European player, and is the first player to win four European Golden Shoes. He has won 26 trophies in his career, including five league titles, five UEFA Champions League titles and one UEFA European Championship.", "title": "Cristiano Ronaldo" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "included him on its list of the top 50 managers of all time. Throughout his career as a manager he won one World Cup title, five Serie A titles, three Chinese Super League titles, one Coppa Italia, one Chinese FA Cup, four Italian Supercups, one UEFA Champions League, one AFC Champions League, one UEFA Supercup and one Intercontinental Cup. He is the first and to date the only coach to win both the UEFA Champions League and the AFC Champions League. He was named the world's best football manager by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS) both", "title": "Marcello Lippi" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Víctor Valdés Víctor Valdés Arribas (; born 14 January 1982) is a retired Spanish professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper, and is the current manager of ED Moratalaz's youth setup. He spent most of his professional career with Barcelona in La Liga, and is regarded as one of the best goalkeepers in the club's history, having appeared in 535 official games for the club and won 21 major titles, notably six La Liga titles and three UEFA Champions League championships. Valdés also won the Zamora Trophy a record five times. He currently holds the club records as goalkeeper with", "title": "Víctor Valdés" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "single match, despite having competed in a group with Bayern Munich, Barcelona and Brøndby, plus two highly rated Italian clubs in the knock-out stages. However, United became champions with just five wins in total, the lowest number of wins recorded by a champion in the Champions League era to date, though the competition now has an extra round of two matches in the knock-out stages. It was the first time the Champions League was won by a team that had neither won their domestic league nor the Champions League the previous season and therefore would not have qualified for the", "title": "1998–99 UEFA Champions League" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "successive titles beginning with the 2001–02 season. The club has also been crowned champions of Ligue 2 three times, won five Coupe de France titles, one Coupe de la Ligue title and a joint record eight Trophée des Champions. Though the club is a regular participant in the UEFA Champions League, they have only reached as far as the semi-finals, which was accomplished during the 2009–10 season. Lyon has won the UEFA Intertoto Cup, achieving this honour in 1997. \"As of 23 November 2018\" \"As of 1 November 2018\" \"For a complete list of former Olympique Lyonnais players with a", "title": "Olympique Lyonnais" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "signing for Mallorca in 2000 where he scored 70 goals. His impressive form saw him join Barcelona in 2004 where he scored over 100 goals in five seasons, and also became the record holder for the most number of appearances by an African player in La Liga. Winning La Liga three times, he was a key member of the Barcelona attack, alongside Ronaldinho, that won the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final, with Eto'o scoring in the final, and was part of a front three of Lionel Messi and Thierry Henry that won the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final, with Eto'o", "title": "Samuel Eto'o" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid. In 2009, Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the continental treble consisting of La Liga, Copa del Rey, and the UEFA Champions League, and also became the first Spanish football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year, by also winning the Spanish Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup. In 2011, the club became European champions again and won five trophies. This Barcelona team, which won 14 trophies in just 4 years under Pep Guardiola, is considered by some in the sport to be the", "title": "FC Barcelona" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "times. Daniel Morais did four goals in the 3 last matches for Uberaba. Daniel Morais Reis Daniel Morais Reis (born May 12, 1986) is a Brazilian footballer, also Known as \"Danos Morais\", because of his terrible soccer in Clube Náutico Capibaribe. Morais Reis came to Swedish top tier club GAIS in the beginning of 2008 from Belo Horizonte club América FC. Morais Reis and the club agreed on terminating the contract in September 2009. After the good passage for União Araxá, from Araxá, Brazil, in the first halfyear of 2012, Daniel Morais joined with Uberaba Sport, from Uberaba, to play", "title": "Daniel Morais Reis" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "also known as Mad Rod), the night reflected the cutting edge of global styles in techno and club music. Borrowing heavily from the gay scene, they lent towards the obscure and taboo Performing Arts. The club always regularly had shows and live performances from electro poets to male strippers and drag shows. Early on pursuing a more acid house sound, pre-nascent hardcore techno and drum & bass, then filtering across into the sounds of Detroit, Chicago, New York, Berlin, Cologne, London, Sweden, Scotland, and - of course - Melbourne. Filter's sound also cut across record labels as varied as Djax,", "title": "Club Filter Melbourne" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "collection of demo versions of cues. This revision contains a new remastered mix by Alan Meyerson. The soundtrack shipped over 10 million copies in the U.S. and eventually went 10x platinum in 1995, thus becoming the biggest-selling soundtrack ever from an animated film. Its certification was promoted to Diamond when the award was instituted in 1999. According to Nielsen Soundscan the soundtrack, as of April 2014, has sold a total of 7.873 million copies in the US. It is also the best-selling vinyl album in the Nielsen SoundScan era (starting 1991), with 1,043,000 copies sold as of June 2014. In", "title": "The Lion King (soundtrack)" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "resides is part of the Reedy Creek Improvement District (RCID), a governing jurisdiction created in 1967 by the State of Florida at the request of Disney. RCID provides 911 services, fire, environmental protection, building code enforcement, utilities and road maintenance but does not provide law enforcement services. The approximately 800 security staff are instead considered employees of the Walt Disney Company. Arrests and citations are issued by the Florida Highway Patrol along with the Orange County and Osceola County sheriffs deputies who patrol the roads. Disney security does maintain a fleet of security vans equipped with flares, traffic cones, and", "title": "Walt Disney World" }, { "idx": 23, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and did not confirm or deny the excommunication. Phelps died of natural causes shortly before midnight on March 19, 2014. His daughter, Shirley, stated that a funeral for her father would not be held because the church does not \"worship the dead\". According to Nathan Phelps, Fred Phelps' body was immediately cremated and no information about the disposition of his ashes has been released. The Recovering From Religion organization released a statement on behalf of Nathan, who is on their board of directors, about his father's death. \"Time\" published an obituary by author David von Drehle that described Phelps as", "title": "Fred Phelps" }, { "idx": 24, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "which are based on the performance of clubs in the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League. Football in Germany is (like in most European countries) the number one attended and practiced sport. Besides the national league, the Euro cup and the FIFA World Cup has much attention among its population. Bayern Munich (German: \"Bayern München\") is the most successful German football club, with 25 national championships, 17 National Cups and 5 European Champions titles (three European Cups and 2 Champions Leagues) to its credit, and many more international titles. Like many other German football clubs, Bayern Munich is", "title": "Sport in Germany" }, { "idx": 25, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "London club. With Arsenal he won two Premier League titles, three FA Cups, and was an integral member of \"The Invincibles\" team of the 2003–04 season, who went the entire league season undefeated. Cole also made an appearance in Arsenal's first UEFA Champions League final in 2006; the club lost 2–1 to Barcelona. In August 2006, after a protracted transfer saga, Cole completed a move to rival club Chelsea, with whom he won further honours, including the Premier League in the 2009–10 season, four FA Cups, one Football League Cup and one UEFA Champions League. He was released by Chelsea", "title": "Ashley Cole" }, { "idx": 26, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "defunct UEFA Cup Winners' Cup). Manchester United qualified for the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League, and also earned the right to play against the winners of the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League, Real Madrid, in the 2017 UEFA Super Cup. Sevilla had won the last three tournaments but were unable to defend their titles, having qualified for the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League and reached the knockout phase. A total of 188 teams from 54 of the 55 UEFA member associations were expected to participate in the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League (the exception being Kosovo, whose participation was not accepted in their first", "title": "2016–17 UEFA Europa League" }, { "idx": 27, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "In women's handball, ŽRK Budućnost won six titles in European competitions: Karate Klub Budućnost won one title of European team champions, and the competitors of Karate Club Budućnost won 17 titles of European champion. Two football players who started their career in FK Budućnost won the UEFA Champions League, Dejan Savićević with A.C. Milan and Predrag Mijatović with Real Madrid C.F.. Both players scored goals in the UEFA Champions League final matches. Teams of SD Budućnost in the four most popular sports (football, handball, basketball, and volleyball) have won 134 national and international trophies. Among them are 6 trophies of", "title": "SD Budućnost Podgorica" }, { "idx": 28, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "pair of consecutive UEFA Champions League winners (Chelsea won the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League, coincidentally defeating Bayern Munich in the final). The match was the first time since 2004 that both finalists competed without the managers who won their respective UEFA trophies in the previous season, as both Jupp Heynckes and Rafael Benítez left the clubs after the conclusion of the previous season. The new managers, Pep Guardiola and José Mourinho, renewed a rivalry they shared in Spain as managers of Barcelona and Real Madrid respectively. Guardiola had twice won the trophy in his management career, with Barcelona in 2009", "title": "2013 UEFA Super Cup" } ]

[ "five" ]

[ "Domestically, Barcelona has won 23 La Liga, 27 Copa del Rey, 11 Supercopa de España, 3 Copa Eva Duarte and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies, as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions. In international club football, Barcelona has won five UEFA Champions League titles, a record four UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, a shared record five UEFA Super Cup, a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies. Barcelona was ranked first in the IFFHS Club World Ranking for 1997, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2015 and currently occupies the second position on the UEFA club rankings. The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "having twinned cities" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Bern decided against having twinned cities except for a temporary (during the UEFA Euro 2008) cooperation with the Austrian city Salzburg Bern has a population () of .. About 34% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the 10 years between 2000 and 2010, the population changed at a rate of 0.6%. Migration accounted for 1.3%, while births and deaths accounted for −2.1%. Most of the population () speaks German (104,465 or 81.2%) as their first language, Italian is the second most common (5,062 or 3.9%) and French is the third (4,671 or 3.6%). There are 171 people who", "title": "Bern" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "time, just being introduced into the active duty force of Tactical Air Command. Beginning in July 1983, some of the initial Block 1 and Block 5 F-16As were transferred to the 169th Tactical Fighter Group, being the first Air National Guard unit to receive the aircraft. Its A-7Ds were subsequently reassigned to other Air National Guard units. Later, Block 10 F-16A/B were delivered by the Air Force to the 157th TFS. By the mid eighties all the F-16s received by the 169th had undergone Pacer Loft modification bringing them up to the same block 10 standard. With the equipment change", "title": "157th Fighter Squadron" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "acceleration leads to the emission of electromagnetic radiation (Jackson, 1975). Linear particle acceleration is one possibility, but apart from the very high electric fields one would need it is more practical to hold the charged particles on a closed trajectory in order to obtain a source of continuous radiation. Magnetic fields are used to force the particles onto the desired orbit and prevent them from flying in a straight line. The radial acceleration associated with the change of direction then generates radiation. Volume rendering is a set of techniques used to display a 2D projection of a 3D discretely sampled", "title": "Tomography" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "is the second episode, this is not common. The condition is generally treated as a diagnosis of exclusion. Because KLS is rare, other conditions with similar symptoms are usually considered first. MRIs can determine if the symptoms are caused by certain brain disorders, stroke, and multiple sclerosis. Lumbar puncture can determine if encephalitis is the cause. KLS must be differentiated from substance abuse by toxicology tests. The use of Electroencephalography (EEG) can exclude temporal status epilepticus from consideration. EEGs are normal in about 70% of KLS patients, but background slowing may sometimes be detected. In addition, low-frequency high-amplitude waves can", "title": "Kleine–Levin syndrome" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "group Fifth Harmony at the 2016 \"Billboard\" Women in Music ceremony. \"Like I'm Gonna Lose You\" was written by Meghan Trainor, Justin Weaver, and Caitlyn Smith. It was composed as a demo \"years ago\", but Trainor was at first hesitant to show the song to her record label during the recording of her debut album, \"Title\" (2015). At the request of Trainor's uncle, Burton Toney, her management listened to the track. Trainor recalls one of her managers being brought to tears by the song, resulting in the decision to include it on the album. The song was produced by Trainor", "title": "Like I'm Gonna Lose You" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "A-list Celebrity and Heather responses, \"I am, bitch!\" Heather, fed up with all the drama, talks to her mom on the phone, while Lacey continues to harass her. In frustration, Heather throws a plate at the wall, nearly hitting Lacey. The next day, Brandi C. doesn't remember what happened the previous night. After hearing from Jessica she spat in Destiney's face, Brandi C. talks to Destiney, apologizing for her actions. Destiney forgives her, but tells her that she needs to stop hanging with Lacey and to stop drinking. Heather has a private meeting with Sharon about what happened the night", "title": "Rock of Love: Charm School" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "months, we did in about three weeks. I have to say, J Records stepped up to the plate and did it like they had three months. It's amazing how professional and how hard working they are and what they did to get everything moving.\" The band originally had 28 songs which were narrowed to 18 or 20 for pre-production. After further narrowing them down to about 15 or 20, votes were taken to decide a final track list. Two of the three initial demo tracks were simply remixed while \"My Own\" was left untouched. Two outtakes, \"Damaged You\" and \"Center\",", "title": "Scars (Soil album)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to bring Jacques to L.A. Henry knew Martin's father Pedro, who had protested vehemently against Angel and his gang and was ultimately murdered by Angel, which Martin doesn't know. Jacques decides to teach Martin some self-defense along with Henry and tells him the ramifications of what can and will happen should Martin decide to join Angel's gang. Upon returning home, Martin is in shock to learn his grandmother had passed. It was because Angel's goons once again started trouble and Frank tells Jacques that she ended up having a massive heart attack, yelling for Martin. Maria has learned what Jacques", "title": "Angel Town (film)" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Artemis itself from the Scythian city of Tauris. Toxaris tells Mnesippus that the Scythians venerate Orestes and his companion Pylades because of their devotion to friendship. He claims that Scythians are masters of practicing friendship while the Greeks have mastered merely describing it through their plays and writings. They decide to test the validity of his statement which Mnesippus claims is false. What follows is a contest of tales where Mnesippus and Toxaris determine whether Toxaris is correct. They both swear an oath to tell only true tales and decide on each telling five stories of true friendship that they", "title": "Toxaris" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to allow residents decide how and what to utilize the 30% portion of the revenue for in the city. Measure B was adopted by the city council in 2011 and the major player and driving force behind the project was Councilwoman Marti Brown. The city hired a non-government organization to provide a framework, strategies and options to create a program for the city of Vallejo. The city agrees to use part of the funds from measure B which was about $200,000 for the operational cost of the program. The citizen would be able to decide which projects within the city", "title": "Participatory budgeting in Vallejo, California" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "that would build the city instead of destroying it. And a major component of that was, stop building destructive roads. Another major component was, put a lot of money into improving public transportation, and the third component that we're seeing built now is, take the existing Central Artery that's there and fix it. I mean fix it both from a transportation point of view, because it doesn't work, but also fix what it did to the city by etting it underground and knit the city back together again. That was a very thrilling moment in my life, when Sargent did", "title": "Francis Sargent" } ]

[ "having twinned cities" ]

[ "The city council of the city of Bern decided against having twinned cities except for a temporary (during the UEFA Euro 2008) cooperation with the Austrian city Salzburg" ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "John Smith" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "but in the event the Conservatives were returned to power, though with a much reduced majority of 21. Despite the increased number of seats and votes, it was still an incredibly disappointing result for supporters of the Labour party. For the first time in over 30 years there was serious doubt among the public and the media as to whether Labour could ever return to government. Kinnock then resigned as leader and was replaced by John Smith. Once again the battle erupted between the old guard on the party's left and those identified as \"modernisers\". The old guard argued that", "title": "Labour Party (UK)" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "1984, Kinnock reshuffled his team in the wake of the 1984 Shadow Cabinet elections. Peter Shore remained Shadow Leader of the House, but Trade and Industry was transferred to John Smith, who was replaced as Shadow Employment Secretary by John Prescott. Gwyneth Dunwoody took over as Shadow Transport Secretary, having previously sat in the Shadow Cabinet without portfolio. Denzil Davies replaced Silkin as Shadow Defence Secretary Eric Heffer's was dropped from the Shadow Cabinet, as, it appears, his portfolio was as well. Brynmor John replaced Hughes as Shadow Agriculture Minister. Kinnock reshuffled his Shadow Cabinet on 13 July 1987 in", "title": "Shadow Cabinet of Neil Kinnock" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the aftermath of the general election loss. Denis Healey retired from the front bench and was replaced as Shadow Foreign Secretary by Kaufman, who was in turn replaced by Hattersley as Shadow Home Secretary. John Smith replaced the latter Shadow Chancellor. Bryan Gould replaced Smith as Shadow Trade and Industry Secretary, Alan Williams replaced Barry Jones as Shadow Welsh Secretary, and Kevin McNamara replaced Archer as Shadow Northern Ireland Secretary. Robin Cook replaced Meacher as Shadow Health Secretary, and Meacher took over Employment from Prescott, who in turn took the Energy portfolio, with Orme leaving Shadow Cabinet. Shore (Shadow Leader", "title": "Shadow Cabinet of Neil Kinnock" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "moderate Social Democratic Party. In 1983, Foot was replaced as party leader by Neil Kinnock, who moved the party towards the centre and away from its traditional base, accordingly with the breakdown of the post-war consensus. He was replaced as leader in 1992 by former Gaitskellite John Smith. When Tony Blair became Party Leader in 1994 and then Prime Minister in 1997, he continued to move the party towards the right, and he largely followed the Gaitskellite positions on economics and defence, ending the party's Clause IV commitment to nationalization in 1995, supporting the UK Trident programme, and retaining close", "title": "Gaitskellism" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "it was considered that the \"Shadow Budget\" announced by John Smith had opened the way for Conservatives to attack the party for wanting to raise taxes. In addition, a triumphalist party rally held in Sheffield eight days before the election, was generally considered to have backfired. The party had also suffered from a powerfully co-ordinated campaign from the right-wing press, particularly Rupert Murdoch's \"Sun\" newspaper. Kinnock, who in particular had been vilified by \"The Sun\" with headlines including \"Nightmare on Kinnock Street\" and the election day front-page headline \"If Kinnock wins today will the last person to leave Britain please", "title": "History of the Labour Party (UK)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "those Labour defectors who created the SDP in 1981. He helped found Labour Solidarity (1981–83) and credits the group with preventing the disintegration of the Party. Following Labour's devastating defeat in the 1983 general election Foot declined to continue as leader. Hattersley stood in the subsequent leadership election, John Smith was his campaign manager and a young Peter Mandelson impressed Hattersley. The other competitors were Neil Kinnock, Peter Shore, and Eric Heffer. Hattersley had the support of most of the Shadow Cabinet, but the majority of the PLP, the constituency groups and the unions were in favour of Kinnock. In", "title": "Roy Hattersley" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Energy, was dissatisfied with his shadow cabinet position and spoke of challenging the incumbent Roy Hattersley. Kinnock responded to the rumours regarding Benn's challenge, calling his supporters \"self-enthroned revolutionaries\" and a potential challenge a \"ridiculous diversion\". Benn and Kinnock were the only two candidates in the election. Benn's supporters had hoped that by launching the leadership challenge that others would step forward and increase the number of candidates involved. They specifically wanted John Smith, the Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer to challenge Kinnock as well. At the same time as the leadership challenge, the deputy leadership was also contested by", "title": "1988 Labour Party (UK) leadership election" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "but in the event the Conservatives were returned to power, though with a much reduced majority of 21. Despite the increased number of seats and votes, it was still an incredibly disappointing result for supporters of the Labour party. For the first time in over 30 years there was serious doubt among the public and the media as to whether Labour could ever return to government. Kinnock then resigned as leader and was replaced by John Smith. Once again the battle erupted between the old guard on the party's left and those identified as \"modernisers\". The old guard argued that", "title": "Labour Party (UK)" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "With NUM backing Barron secured the nomination and was duly elected as the Labour MP for Rother Valley at the 1983 general election. In 1985 Barron was made a Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Leader of the Opposition Neil Kinnock, a position he held until the 1988. Kinnock gave Barron a frontbench job in 1988 as an opposition spokesman on Energy he lost this position when John Smith took over the leadership and he refused another front bench position. Barron was returned to the front bench nine months later as a spokesman on Employment by the new leader John Smith,", "title": "Kevin Barron" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and mineral traffic only. Notwithstanding the wording of the Company title, Railway and Docks, the dock activity was clearly more important and more demanding of directorial time, and in 1902 the Great Western Railway had enquired whether the PTR&D would wish the GWR to work the railway for them. This was not considered appropriate at the time, but towards the end of 1907 the idea found more favour. Running powers and the working arrangements were agreed on 24 January 1908, but for financial calculation were considered to have been operative from 1 January 1907. At first the railway operation in", "title": "Port Talbot Railway and Docks Company" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "all and we should preserve it. . The official announcement of the film was made in June 2017. The film continues to have the franchise's original male cast: Dharmendra, Sunny Deol and Bobby Deol. However, there is a different set of leading ladies paired opposite them. In August 2017, it was reported that Kriti Kharbanda had been finalized to play the female lead in the film. Principal photography of the film commenced in the second week of August 2017. The first schedule of the film will be shot in Ramoji Film City. The first look of the film was revealed", "title": "Yamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "This is recognised by paragraph 42 of the Doha Development Agenda: So while the further development of middle-income countries, and in particular the tackling of rural poverty in these countries, can be achieved most importantly through increased market access in agriculture, lower-income countries need additional help, not only to take advantage of new opportunities, but to be able to adapt to changing conditions due to the loss of preferences. This additional help must take three main forms: support for developing-country agricultural production; support for participation in trade; and support for good policies and good governance. Cases such as Haiti’s post-1986", "title": "Trade and development" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "New Cemetery at Quetta. Ralph Arthur Penrhyn Clements Major General Ralph Arthur Penrhyn Clements, (9 February 1855 – 2 April 1909), commonly known as R. A. P. Clements, was a senior British Army officer. Clements, the son of a churchman, fought in the Xhosa War of 1877–1878 and the Anglo-Zulu War as a junior officer. He was twice wounded during the Third Anglo-Burmese War while serving as a brigade major, being mentioned in dispatches. After commanding a battalion of the South Wales Borderers during the late 1890s, he was appointed a brigade commander during the Second Boer War. Clements commanded", "title": "Ralph Arthur Penrhyn Clements" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the impenetrable monastery of Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra; there he slowly gathered adherents who perceived he would win the power struggle. Sophia was eventually overthrown, with Peter I and Ivan V continuing to act as co-tsars. Foy de la Neuville records that Sophia requested influential members of Peter's family, notably her aunts Tatyana and Anna, to mediate with him. Peter forced Sophia to enter a convent, where she gave up her name and her position as a member of the royal family. Still, Peter could not acquire actual control over Russian affairs. Power was instead exercised by his mother, Natalya Naryshkina. It", "title": "Peter the Great" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "1983 election, Labour suffered a landslide defeat, winning only 27.6% of the vote and securing just 209 seats. This was their worst performance at a general election since 1918. Labour won only half a million votes more than the SDP-Liberal Alliance, which had attracted the votes of many moderate Labour supporters, although the Alliance only won 23 seats. Michael Foot criticised the Alliance for \"siphoning\" Labour support and allowing the Tories to win more seats. Michael Foot resigned and was replaced as leader by Neil Kinnock who was elected on 2 October 1983 and progressively moved the party towards the", "title": "History of the Labour Party (UK)" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "electoral campaigns. Since her retirement from Danish politics, Thorning-Schmidt has been serving as CEO of Save the Children (since 2016). In addition, she has held several paid and unpaid positions, including: Thorning-Schmidt married Stephen Kinnock (who became a British MP in 2015) in 1996, becoming the daughter-in-law of Neil Kinnock, former leader of the British Labour Party and European Commissioner, and Glenys Kinnock, former British Minister for Europe. She met her husband while they were both attending the College of Europe. They have two daughters, Johanna and Camilla. Thorning-Schmidt lives in Copenhagen with their children, while her husband partly resided", "title": "Helle Thorning-Schmidt" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "aged 64; Mary died the following month aged 61. In 1953, at eleven years old, Kinnock began his secondary education at Lewis School, Pengam, which he later criticised for its record on caning. He went on to the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire in Cardiff (now Cardiff University), where he graduated with a degree in Industrial Relations and History in 1965. The following year, Kinnock obtained a postgraduate diploma in education. Between August 1966 and May 1970, he worked as a tutor for a Workers' Educational Association (WEA). He has been married to Glenys Kinnock since 1967. They", "title": "Neil Kinnock" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "if not substance, whereas Kinnock was now the longest serving leader of any of the major political parties at the time and was now the longest-serving opposition leader in British political history. From the outset, it was clearly a well-received change, as Labour's 14-point lead in the November 1990 \"Poll of Polls\" was replaced by an 8% Tory lead a month later. The 1992 general election on 9 April was widely tipped to result in a hung parliament or a narrow Labour majority, but in the event the Conservatives were returned to power, though with a much reduced majority of", "title": "History of the Labour Party (UK)" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to the Conservatives. This culminated in an emotional and animated Kinnock taking the podium and repeatedly shouting \"We're all right!\", which has often been re-broadcast since as an example of overconfident campaigning. Kinnock followed this by proclaiming \"We'd better get some talking done here, serious talking.\" Although Labour's internal polls at the time suggested the event had little effect on the level of support for the party, media commentators, and some prominent Labour politicians, thought the rally came over as \"triumphalist\" to television viewers of subsequent news programmes. The election eight days later was a victory for the Conservatives, who", "title": "Sheffield Rally" } ]

[ "John Smith" ]

[ "Kinnock then resigned as leader and was replaced by John Smith. Smith's leadership once again saw the re-emergence of tension between those on the party's left and those identified as \"modernisers\", both of whom advocated radical revisions of the party's stance albeit in different ways. At the 1993 conference, Smith successfully changed the party rules and lessened the influence of the trade unions on the selection of candidates to stand for Parliament by introducing a one member, one vote system called \"OMOV\" — but only barely, after a barnstorming speech by John Prescott which required Smith to compromise on other individual negotiations." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "$772 million" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "May 16, the Chinese government had allocated a total of $772 million for earthquake relief so far, up sharply from $159 million from May 14. On May 16 China stated it had also received $457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far, including $83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations. Saudi Arabia was the largest aid donor to China, providing close to €40,000,000 in financial assistance, and an additional €8,000,000 worth of relief materials. On May 12, 2009, China marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across", "title": "2008 Sichuan earthquake" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "May 16, the Chinese government had allocated a total of $772 million for earthquake relief so far, up sharply from $159 million from May 14. On May 16 China stated it had also received $457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far, including $83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations. Saudi Arabia was the largest aid donor to China, providing close to €40,000,000 in financial assistance, and an additional €8,000,000 worth of relief materials. On May 12, 2009, China marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across", "title": "2008 Sichuan earthquake" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "South East Asia where she reported and presented on a current affairs programme for Radio Television Hong Kong. In 1984 she joined Radio Trent as a reporter/presenter and then worked for Central Television as press officer for documentaries and drama. After that she co-presented \"Lookaround\", the local evening news for Border Television and in 1987 she joined Thames Television to co-present \"Thames News\" with Andrew Gardner. Smith left the station toward the end of 1988 to help launch Sky News in February 1989. In April 1993 she joined \"GMTV\" where she stayed on the programme until 4 June 2010. Smith", "title": "Penny Smith" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "common looting practices. A player exhibiting any of these behaviors might be labeled a \"ninja looter\", or simply a \"ninja\": Many MMOGs have various loot distribution systems built into the game that attempt to take fairness into account; World of Warcraft, for example, features a time-limited 'trading period' in which any loot can be given to someone else before it's locked to the holder. Some MMOs offer no such 'loot protection', or only offer a very basic system; according, 'loot etiquette' varies from game to game, as does the prevailing attitude toward (and tolerance of) ninja looters. In games that", "title": "Looting (video gaming)" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Konrad Junghänel Konrad Junghänel (born 27 February 1953) is a German lutenist and conductor in the field of historically informed performance, the founder and director of the vocal ensemble Cantus Cölln. Junghänel studied at the Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln. He has given solo concerts internationally and has worked with ensembles such as Les Arts Florissants, La Petite Bande, Musica Antiqua Köln and Tafelmusik Baroque Orchestra. As a lutenist, he recorded works by Jacques Bittner in 1984. He is particularly known for his lute recitals of Johann Sebastian Bach and Sylvius Leopold Weiss, and received the Preis der Deutschen", "title": "Konrad Junghänel" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "publicize letters written to her by Mohini Chatterjee. Mme. Blavatsky wrote to Mr. Sinnett in March 1886: Mohini was sent, and at first won the hearts and poured new life into the L.L. He was spoiled by male and female adulation, by incessant flattery and his own weakness. Mohini resigned from the Theosophical Society in 1887 and went back to his former home in Calcutta, where he resumed his practice of law. Mohini wrote poetry and prose in both English and his native Bengali. He and Mrs. Holloway wrote , published in 1887 under the pseudonym \"Two Chelâs\". He translated", "title": "Mohini Mohun Chatterji" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "unknown reasons, she left him and returned to the island of Hawaii. Their daughter was Kekūʻiapoiwa. Kekūʻiapoiwa remained on Maui and married her half-brother Kekaulike, founding the Kekaulike Dynasty of Maui which produced many chief politicians and nobles in the early days of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. On returning to the land of her mother, she married her half-brother, to whom she bore a son and a daughter Kekelaokalani I. Her third husband was Kauaua-a-Mahi, son of Mahiolole, the great Kohala chief of the Mahi family. With him she had two sons, Alapaʻinui and Hāae-a-Mahi. Her fourth and last husband", "title": "Kalanikauleleiaiwi" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "withdrew to their garrison in Tsingtao on the 28th of March 1929. When Chiang lectured a group of Chinese army cadets, he urged them to turn their energies to washing away the shame of Jinan, but to conceal their hatred until the last moment. The Kuomintang government later decreed that May 3 be designated a \"National Humiliation Memorial Day.\" During the Nanjing decade of the Republic of China, Han Fuju, a military commander from the warlord era who had aligned himself with the Kuomintang, was rewarded with the military governorship of Shandong, after fighting against the rebel troops of Yen", "title": "Jinan" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "performance arts such as Kouji might lose some of their attractiveness to the future generations of Chinese. As an art form with a history of over 2,300 years that has traveled the world showcasing the artistic creativity and intelligence of the Chinese people, it has surprisingly still not received any direct support for preservation from the government. As the Chinese government becomes increasingly enthusiastic about preservation of their vast intangible cultural heritage, many hope that Kouji will come under the grace of their assistance as well. To become a master of Chinese Kouji requires much more than may meet the", "title": "Kouji" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in service of Chinese socialism. The government has targeted publishers and distributors of the hymnal. Neither Xiaomin nor anyone in her family has any formal musical training. She does not know how to write either Western or Chinese musical notation. Initially, her hymns spread mainly orally, but they have since begun to be transcribed by others. Orchestral adaptations of the hymns have made Xiamin famous overseas as well. Her life story and the hymns are inseparable in publicity, reflecting a holiness theology on part of the movement. Described as \"profoundly modest\" despite her fame in China, Xiaomin spends much time", "title": "Canaan Hymns" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "The Economist Magazine's List of America's Best Colleges \"The Economist\" in October 2015 published results of own research and its first-ever U.S.college rankings. The objective of new college rankings set to define and display comparable economical advantages, what may be of particular importance for prospective students: 'the economic value of a university is equal to the gap between how much its students subsequently earn, and how much they might have made had they studied elsewhere'. On September 12 U.S. Department of Education published a College Scorecard website containing a cornucopia of data about universities. The government generated the numbers by", "title": "The Economist Magazine's List of America's Best Colleges" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "2016, the General Secretary, Xi Jinping, stated that members of the Communist Party of China must be \"unyielding Marxist atheists\" while in the same month, government officials ran over Chinese Christians who protested the demolition of their church. Traditionally, a large segment of the Chinese population took part in Chinese folk religions and Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism had played a significant role in the everyday lives of ordinary people. After the 1949 Chinese Revolution, China began a period of rule by the Communist Party of China. For much of its early history, that government maintained under Marxist thought that religion", "title": "State atheism" } ]

[ "$772 million" ]

[ "Following the earthquake, donations were made by people from all over mainland China, with booths set up in schools, at banks, and around gas stations. People also donated blood, resulting in according to Xinhua long line-ups in most major Chinese cities. Many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile By May 16, the Chinese government had allocated a total of $772 million for earthquake relief so far, up sharply from $159 million from May 14." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "1946" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to bring these refugees to Palestine but many were turned away or rounded up and placed in detention camps in Atlit and Cyprus by the British. On 22 July 1946, Irgun attacked the British administrative headquarters for Palestine, which was housed in the southern wing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem. A total of 91 people of various nationalities were killed and 46 were injured. The hotel was the site of the Secretariat of the Government of Palestine and the Headquarters of the British Armed Forces in Palestine and Transjordan. The attack initially had the approval of the Haganah.", "title": "Israel" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "King David Hotel bombing The King David Hotel bombing was a terrorist attack carried out on Monday, July 22, 1946, by the militant right-wing Zionist underground organization the Irgun on the British administrative headquarters for Palestine, which was housed in the southern wing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem. 91 people of various nationalities were killed, and 46 were injured. The hotel was the site of the central offices of the British Mandatory authorities of Palestine, principally the Secretariat of the Government of Palestine and the Headquarters of the British Armed Forces in Palestine and Transjordan. When planned, the", "title": "King David Hotel bombing" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "25 minutes the bombs exploded. To the Irgun's regret, 92 persons were killed.\" The death toll given includes Avraham Abramovitz, the Irgun member who was shot during the attack and died later from his wounds, but only the Hebrew version of the sign makes that clear. The Hebrew version has the words meaning \"including an Irgun man who was killed in a shootout which happened there\" () at the end, which are not found in the English version. King David Hotel bombing The King David Hotel bombing was a terrorist attack carried out on Monday, July 22, 1946, by the", "title": "King David Hotel bombing" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Robert Paus Platt Robert Paus Platt OBE (born 1905 in England, died 22 July 1946 in Jerusalem) was a British diplomat. He served as an under-secretary in the mandatory government of the British Mandate of Palestine and was among the 91 victims of the King David Hotel bombing. Platt studied at Queens' College, Cambridge and joined the Colonial Administrative Service. He was appointed Assistant Resident Commissioner in Mombasa in 1928. He later became under-secretary in the mandatory government of the British Mandate of Palestine and was killed in the King David Hotel bombing. Platt was the son of Robert M.", "title": "Robert Paus Platt" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "also famous for having been targeted by a terrorist bombing in 1946 undertaken by the Zionist paramilitary group Irgun, in which 91 people died. In 1929, Palestine Hotels Ltd. purchased on Jerusalem's Julian’s Way, today King David Street. Half the construction costs were paid by Ezra Mosseri, an affluent Egyptian Jewish banker and director of the National Bank of Egypt, and another 46% by other wealthy Cairo Jews. The approximately 4% remaining was paid by the National Bank, which purchased 693 shares of the company between 1934 and 1943. From its earliest days, the King David Hotel hosted royalty: the", "title": "King David Hotel" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "– 1946\", which remains as yet unpublished. Sperling also wrote art criticisms for the \"Jewish Chronicle\" and the \"Palestine Post\" (the latter which published his last review on the day of his death), using the initials \"Th. F.M.\". On July 22, 1946, Edward Sperling died in the King David Hotel bombing. Sperling was preparing to leave Jerusalem to go to Haifa. As he left his government office at the King David Hotel, he was shot at by Irgun men (not knowing he himself was a Zionist). Wounded, he fled back into his office in the hotel. Shortly afterward, the bombs", "title": "Edward Sperling" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "most part, they acted like a \"substitute brain... and a very malfunctioning one\". Roddenberry was also critical of how the public looked at certain religions, noting that when the King David Hotel bombing took place in 1946, the American public accepted it as the action of freedom fighters, whereas a car bombing by a Muslim in Beirut is condemned as a terrorist act. While he agreed that both parties were wrong in their use of violence, he said that the actions of both were undertaken because of their strong religious beliefs. According to Ronald D. Moore, Roddenberry \"felt very strongly", "title": "Gene Roddenberry" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "However, they were later able to find and arrest him. In July 1946, he witnessed the King David Hotel bombing: he and his company commander were within 300 feet of the building when the bombing occurred. While on a personal reconnaissance mission, he was shot and wounded by one of his own Bren gunners, who mistook him for a guerrilla. After recovering from his injuries, he was transferred from his regiment to become aide-de-camp to General Gordon MacMillan, the commander of British forces in Palestine and Transjordan. He spent a total of three years in Palestine. While there, he made", "title": "Colin Mitchell" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "planted by the Irgun men in the hotel went off. He was among the 91 people killed in the bombing. He was buried on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem. (See King David Hotel bombing). Tugend, Tom. \"A grandson's quest.\" The Jerusalem Post [Jerusalem] July 22, 1996 Edward Sperling Edward J Sperling (1889 – July 22, 1946), born Ezra Sperling, was a 20th-century writer, humourist, and Zionist. Ezra Sperling was born in 1889 in a Jewish community in Slutsk, Belarus, then part of the Russian Empire. As a boy, he and his family fled Russia to avoid the state-sponsored pogroms,", "title": "Edward Sperling" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "dread. After World War II, as a result of the British policies, the Jewish resistance organizations united and established the Jewish Resistance Movement which coordinated armed attacks against the British military which took place between 1945 and 1946. Following the King David Hotel bombing (in which the Irgun blew up the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, the headquarters of the British administration), which shocked the public because of the deaths of many innocent civilians, the Jewish Resistance Movement was disassembled in 1946. The leadership of the Yishuv decided instead to concentrate their efforts on the illegal immigration and began to", "title": "History of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "refugees to Palestine during a period when the British placed heavy restrictions on Jewish immigration. In 1946, Ben-Gurion agreed that the Haganah could cooperate with Menachem Begin's Irgun in fighting the British, who continued to restrict Jewish immigration. Ben-Gurion initially agreed to Begin's plan to carry out the 1946 King David Hotel bombing, with the intent of embarrassing (rather than killing) the British military stationed there. However, when the risks of mass killing became apparent, Ben-Gurion told Begin to call the operation off. Begin refused. Due to the Jewish insurgency in Palestine, bad publicity over the restriction of Jewish immigrants", "title": "David Ben-Gurion" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "road, ran parallel and close to the west side of the hotel. An unsurfaced lane, where the French Consulate was situated and from where access to the service entrance of the hotel was gained, ran from there past the north end of the hotel. Gardens and an olive grove, which had been designated as a park, surrounded the other sides. In 1946, the Secretariat occupied most of the southern wing of the hotel, with the military headquarters occupying the top floor of the south wing and the top, second and third floors of the middle of the hotel. The military", "title": "King David Hotel bombing" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the Palmach blew up ten of the eleven bridges connecting Palestine to its neighbouring countries. Fourteen Palmach members were killed during the attack on Achziv Bridge. The alliance was never completely under Haganah control and the Irgun launched a series of ever more ruthless attacks culminating in the King David Hotel bombing. This attack was the Irgun's response to a British crackdown, \"Black Sabbath\", launched on 29 June 1946. A combination of the crackdown and the Jewish civilian leadership's outrage at the King David attack led Ben-Gurion to call off further Palmach operations. After a gap of over ten months", "title": "Palmach" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Hotel. Three were aimed at the government printing press and three at the hotel itself. The intention was to fire them on the King's birthday, but the Haganah learned about the plan and warned the British through Teddy Kollek of the Jewish Agency. Army sappers then dug them up. On another occasion, members of an unknown group threw grenades, which missed, at the hotel. The leaders of Haganah opposed the idea initially. On July 1, 1946, Moshe Sneh, chief of the Haganah General Headquarters, sent a letter to the then leader of the Irgun, Menachem Begin, which instructed him to", "title": "King David Hotel bombing" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "even intensified their attacks. Specifically, the Irgun retaliated for Operation Agatha by bombing the south wing of the King David Hotel, which was the headquarters of the British government in Palestine. One reason for bombing the South wing was because that was the location where it was presumed that the British had taken the documents from the Jewish Agency. Operation Agatha Operation Agatha (Saturday, June 29, 1946) sometimes called Black Sabbath (\"השבת השחורה\") or Black Saturday because it began on the Jewish sabbath, was a police and military operation conducted by the British authorities in Mandatory Palestine. Soldiers and police", "title": "Operation Agatha" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the post-war attacks against the British in Palestine but withdrew following the outrage caused by the 1946 Irgun bombing of the British Army Headquarters in the King David Hotel. In May 1946, on the assumption of British neutrality in the future hostilities, a Plan C was formulated that envisaged guidelines for retaliation if and when Palestinian Arab attacks took place on the Yishuv. As the countdown ticked down, the Haganah implemented assaults involving the torching and demolition by explosives against economic infrastructures, the property of Palestinian politicians and military commanders, villages, town neighbourhoods, houses and farms that were deemed to", "title": "1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Infantry Brigade. On 26 April 1946 the battalion wore their red berets for the final time, at a farewell to the division parade. The battalion was stationed in Jerusalem when the King David Hotel bombing took place on 22 July 1946. The 2nd Ox and Bucks moved to Athlit, near Haifa, in November 1946, then to Zerca in Transjordan before returning to Jerusalem in January 1947. The battalion formed part of 8th Infantry Brigade in May 1947 and moved to Khassa, near Gaza, in July 1947 and left Palestine in September 1947. The 1st Battalion moved from the Rhineland to", "title": "Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "him, everything that the Irgun had wanted. He went on to compare the aftermath of the bombing to that of Carlos Marighella's campaign with the Brazilian Communist Party. The Irgun's activities were classed as terrorism by MI5. The Irgun has been viewed as a terrorist organization or organization which carried out terrorist acts. In particular the Irgun was branded a terrorist organisation by Britain, the 1946 Zionist Congress and the Jewish Agency. Begin argued that terrorists and freedom fighters are differentiated in that terrorists deliberately try to target civilians, and that the Irgun was not guilty of terrorism since it", "title": "King David Hotel bombing" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "that to this day the bombing remains one of the world's single most lethal terrorist incidents of the twentieth century.\" The Menachem Begin Heritage Center held a conference to mark the 60th anniversary of the bombing of the King David Hotel in 1946 by the Irgun. The conference was attended by past and future Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former members of Irgun. The British Ambassador in Tel Aviv and the Consul-General in Jerusalem protested, saying: \"We do not think that it is right for an act of terrorism, which led to the loss of many lives, to be commemorated\",", "title": "Israel–United Kingdom relations" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "telephone exchange was situated in the basement. An annexe housed the military police and a branch of the Criminal Investigation Department of the Palestine Police. Rooms had first been requisitioned in the hotel in late 1938, on what was supposed to be a temporary basis. Plans had already been made to erect a permanent building for the Secretariat and Army GHQ, but these were cancelled after the Second World War broke out, at which point more than two-thirds of the hotel's rooms were being used for government and army purposes. In March 1946, British Labour Party MP Richard Crossman gave", "title": "King David Hotel bombing" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "at home, Sam and Adam struggle over his desire for her to quit her job to become a stay-at-home mother. It is said in the episode to be four months since the King David Hotel bombing in Jerusalem, which took place on 22 July 1946. The episode opens with newsreel coverage of the bombing as a prelude to violent actions by both Jewish terrorists and anti-Semitic agitators in London. References are made and graffiti depicted symbolizing Perish Judah (\"PJ\"), and a \"Right Club\" type of organization which rallies Londoners to riot in Adam Wainwright's district. According to letters found in", "title": "Foyle's War (series 8)" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "John Gutch (governor) Sir John Gutch, OBE (12 July 1905 – 11 February 1988) was a British colonial administrator. His career in the Colonial Service began in 1928, with his appointment as an Assistant District Commissioner in the Gold Coast (now Ghana). In 1934, he was promoted to Assistant Colonial Secretary. He was posted to the Mandate of Palestine in 1936, eventually becoming Principal Commissioner. He was one of the survivors of the King David Hotel bombing in Jerusalem on 22 July 1946. He was posted by the Foreign Office to Cyrenaica in 1948. He became Chief Secretary of British", "title": "John Gutch (governor)" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "referred to as Etzel (), an acronym of the Hebrew initials, or by the abbreviation IZL. The Irgun policy was based on what was then called Revisionist Zionism founded by Ze'ev Jabotinsky. According to Howard Sachar, \"The policy of the new organization was based squarely on Jabotinsky's teachings: every Jew had the right to enter Palestine; only active retaliation would deter the Arabs; only Jewish armed force would ensure the Jewish state\". Two of the operations for which the Irgun is best known are the bombing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem on 22 July 1946 and the Deir", "title": "Irgun" }, { "idx": 23, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "in a similar arrangement to that followed in East Africa. No further changes were made before Sir Bernard retired, handing over to Sir Arthur Richards. He is credited as an adviser on the film Sanders of the River. After retirement Bourdillon continued to serve on the Colonial Economic and Development Council. He became treasurer and then chairman of the British Empire Leprosy Relief Association. In 1946, his son, Bernard, who was working in Palestine, was killed in the King David Hotel bombing. He was a director of Barclays Bank (Dominion, Colonial and Overseas), and of Barclays Overseas Development Corporation. He", "title": "Bernard Henry Bourdillon" }, { "idx": 24, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "war correspondent, \"her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart.\" \"The New York Times\" described her as \"the undisputed doyenne of war correspondents\". She amassed considerable expertise in military technology and – after pilot training during the 1940s – was particularly knowledgeable about aircraft. Immediately after the war, she began working for \"The Economist\" and \"The Observer\". In 1946, she and her husband Geoffrey Hoare were at the scene of the King David Hotel bombing in Jerusalem, which killed 91 people. She later was said to have refused to shake the hand of the Irgun leader Menachem", "title": "Clare Hollingworth" }, { "idx": 25, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "UN for the creation of an Arab state. The remainder was divided between Jordan and Egypt. Hundreds of thousands of, overwhelmingly Arab, civilians had become displaced. Bevin was infuriated by attacks on British troops carried out by the more extreme of the Jewish militant groups, the Irgun and Lehi, commonly known as the Stern Gang. The Haganah carried out less direct attacks, until the King David Hotel bombing, after which it restricted itself to illegal immigration activities. According to declassified British intelligence files, the Irgun and Lehi plotted to assassinate Bevin himself in 1946. Bevin negotiated the Portsmouth Treaty with", "title": "Ernest Bevin" }, { "idx": 26, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "battalion became increasingly involved in combating the insurgency campaign waged by a number of Zionist paramilitary organisations. The 1st Hertfordshires began conducting operations around Tiberias, designed both to interrupt enemy movements and defend the rail network against sabotage at night. During November it transferred to the 6th Airborne Division and was placed under the command of Lieutenant Colonel H.C.R. Hose DSO. It continued to be employed in internal security duties for much of 1946, and was involved in the rescue effort following the bombing of the King David Hotel. Shortly afterwards, while attached to the 2nd Parachute Brigade Group, the", "title": "Hertfordshire Regiment" }, { "idx": 27, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and his controversial order, in the wake of the King David Hotel bombing in July 1946, where he declared that \"(We) will be punishing the Jews in a way the race dislikes as much as any, by striking at their pockets and showing our contempt of them\". Born in Southsea, Hampshire, England, on 22 May 1894, Evelyn Hugh Barker was the son of Major General Sir George Barker, a British Army officer of the Royal Engineers, and Hon. Clemency Hubbard, daughter of John Hubbard, 1st Baron Addington, as the youngest of two children and the only son. He was educated", "title": "Evelyn Barker" }, { "idx": 28, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Operation Shark Operation Shark was a Counter-terrorism operation conducted by the military and police forces of British Mandatory Palestine in response to the King David Hotel bombing. Conducted through a series of house to house searches, the operation was intended to deprive the Irgun organization of manpower, hideouts, and weaponry. By 1946 the situation in Palestine had grown increasingly unstable. In response to an increase in insurgent activity, the Mandatory Palestine garrison and police force launched Operation Agatha on 29 June 1946. Checkpoints were set up, trains were flagged down, and workers were escorted home. Special licenses were issued to", "title": "Operation Shark" }, { "idx": 29, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "chosen the King David Hotel as their headquarters in a secure zone, thus requiring a pass to enter. On July 22, 1946, the King David Hotel was bombed by members of Irgun — a terrorist Zionist organization. Adi was in the building when the bomb exploded and was saved only because his elder brother Bahij; who also worked there, insisted that Adi was buried alive under the rubble. It took two hours to reach him and he was found alive with two broken arms and two broken ribs and with many bruises all over his face and body. It took", "title": "Adi Bitar" }, { "idx": 30, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the time of her arrest and on August 18, 1944, after a seven-month internment, she was released and gave birth shortly after. She was placed under house arrest and was frequently investigated. On July 22, 1946, following the King David Hotel bombing, she was once again arrested and was sent to the Latrun detention camp, where she remained for several weeks. After her release she remained under strict surveillance and was prevented from continuing her underground activity. After the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was accepted on November 29, 1947, she returned to Kol Zion. After the establishment of", "title": "Esther Raziel-Naor" }, { "idx": 31, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Menachem Begin (the leader of the Irgun), would later write about him, \"this amazing young man, his military ability borders, without doubt, on the genius...\" In 1946, after the arrest of Eitan Livni, the Chief Operations Officer of the Irgun, \"Gidi\" was appointed to the position in his place. In this position he planned over 200 terror operations: both against the British, and in the War of Independence, against the Arabs. In many of these attacks, he personally participated. Paglin planned the King David Hotel bombing, the attack on the British Air Force base at Qastina, the Goldschmidt House officers", "title": "Amichai Paglin" }, { "idx": 32, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Kafka, and Thomas Mann. By the time he was 19, he had begun working as a journalist, writing in French, while also teaching Hebrew and working as a choirmaster. He wrote for Israeli and French newspapers, including \"Tsien in Kamf\" (in Yiddish). In 1946, after learning of the Irgun's bombing of the King David Hotel, Wiesel made an unsuccessful attempt to join the underground Zionist movement. In 1948, he translated articles from Hebrew into Yiddish for Irgun periodicals, but never became a member of the organization. In 1949 he traveled to Israel as a correspondent for the French newspaper \"L'arche\".", "title": "Elie Wiesel" }, { "idx": 33, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "days, before being caught near Hamburg. For his many escape attempts, Tindal was twice mentioned in Dispatches. Tindal was promoted to group captain in 1946, with seniority to July 1945. He was appointed commandant of an RAF base in Treviso, Italy, in 1945, before being appointed to a staff position in Palestine, until his retirement in 1948. While in Jerusalem, where he was stationed with his family, Tindal narrowly escaped the King David Hotel bombing, on July 22, 1946. Tindal retired to County Donegal in Ireland in 1949, where he bought a country house and farm. He was an early", "title": "Nicolas Tindal-Carill-Worsley" }, { "idx": 34, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "built as planned. After the King David Hotel Bombing in 1946, British authorities found weapons stored in the basement of the synagogue. In light of this finding, the synagogue caretaker Eliezer Neuman was detained and sentenced by military authorities to a one-year term. Great Synagogue (Tel Aviv) The Great Synagogue of Tel Aviv is located on 110 Allenby Street, Tel Aviv, just east of the Shalom Tower. The building was designed by Yehuda Magidovitch in 1922 and completed in 1926. It was renovated in 1970 with a new external facade of arches. In the past, the synagogue was at the", "title": "Great Synagogue (Tel Aviv)" }, { "idx": 35, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "codenames, one of which \"Hayyim\" was understood to be Chaim Weizmann. Statement of Information Relating to Acts of Violence The Statement of Information Relating to Acts of Violence was a White Paper published by the British Government on 24 July 1946. It was published as a request of the Prime Minister following the British Operation Agatha on 29 June 1946. Although it was published two days after the King David hotel bombing, it had been prepared prior to that event. The paper set out details of the Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine, including evidence that the Jewish Agency had been", "title": "Statement of Information Relating to Acts of Violence" }, { "idx": 36, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "launched Operation Agatha, whose main goal was to suppress the state of anarchy in Palestine by capturing the most militant Zionists. During that surprise action, more than 2,700 Jews were arrested, including the senior leadership of the Haganah. The British obtained documentary evidence of Jewish Agency involvement in paramilitary acts and collusion between the Haganah and the more violent groups, Irgun and Lehi. Operation Agatha led to the formation of the Jewish Resistance Movement, one of whose acts was the King David Hotel bombing on 22 July 1946, an attack on the British administration headquarters for Palestine, where it was", "title": "Night of the Bridges" }, { "idx": 37, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Statement of Information Relating to Acts of Violence The Statement of Information Relating to Acts of Violence was a White Paper published by the British Government on 24 July 1946. It was published as a request of the Prime Minister following the British Operation Agatha on 29 June 1946. Although it was published two days after the King David hotel bombing, it had been prepared prior to that event. The paper set out details of the Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine, including evidence that the Jewish Agency had been complicit with the terrorist groups. A telegram had been intercepted, including", "title": "Statement of Information Relating to Acts of Violence" }, { "idx": 38, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and bus services are a short walk from the station. All services on the various routes out of Hull call at the station, giving it good links with many towns and cities in the rest of Yorkshire. There are also a number of through trains each day to and from London King's Cross, courtesy of Hull Trains (seven departures each day) and London North Eastern Railway. (one morning service outbound, returning in the evening). Sunday sees an hourly service to Sheffield and every two hours to York & Manchester (with some extra trains in the afternoon). There are now also", "title": "Brough railway station" }, { "idx": 39, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Norton Dunstall The Dunstall Norton was a Norton motorcycle made by Paul Dunstall, a specialist tuner of 1960s and early 1970s twins originally using some parts from Norton's Domiracer project when the Birmingham factory was closed in 1963. In 1966 Dunstall Motorcycles became a motorcycle manufacturer in its own right, so that Dunstalls could compete in production races, and set a number of world records before sales of the Dunstall Nortons declined in the 1970s consistent with the demise of the British motor cycle industry and corresponding rise in Japanese imports. Paul Dunstall had already turned his attention to modifying", "title": "Norton Dunstall" }, { "idx": 40, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "answer to the German Question, did not encompass more than two thirds of the German ' (language area). For someone who considered themselves German but living abroad, e.g., in multi-ethnic Austria-Hungary, ' meant any German who was a citizen of the German , as opposed to someone living abroad (and usually without a German passport). Part of the identity of ethnic German minorities living abroad — a classic example are the Baltic Germans — was to define themselves as German, using the pre-1871 concept. However, \" visiting the Russian Baltic governorates in the late 19th century, for instance, resented the", "title": "Imperial Germans" }, { "idx": 41, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "STONITH STONITH (\"Shoot The Other Node In The Head\" or \"Shoot The Offending Node In The Head\"), sometimes called STOMITH (\"Shoot The Other Member/Machine In The Head\"), is a technique for fencing in computer clusters. Fencing is the isolation of a failed node so that it does not cause disruption to a computer cluster. As its name suggests, STONITH fences failed nodes by resetting or powering down the failed node. Multi-node error-prone contention in a cluster can have catastrophic results, such as if both nodes try writing to a shared storage resource. STONITH provides effective, if rather drastic, protection against", "title": "STONITH" }, { "idx": 42, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Matt Kennon Matthew Carl Ferguson (born in Conyers, Georgia) is an American country music singer and songwriter known professionally as Matt Kennon. He has co-written a song for Randy Travis and has released one album for BamaJam Records. This album includes the top 40 hit \"The Call\". Matthew Carl Ferguson was born in Conyers, Georgia. He was adopted at birth by two parents, who had previously lost three of their four biological children to a house fire. Kennon's birth mother, who already had another son, made a decision to have an abortion, but she arrived at her doctor's office two", "title": "Matt Kennon" }, { "idx": 43, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the following description of activity at the hotel: \"private detectives, Zionist agents, Arab sheiks, special correspondents, and the rest, all sitting around about discreetly overhearing each other.\" Security analyst Bruce Hoffman has written that the hotel \"housed the nerve centre of British rule in Palestine\". Amichai Paglin, Chief of Operations of the Irgun, developed a remote-controlled mortar with a range of four miles, which was nicknamed the V3 by British military engineers. In 1945, after attacks using the mortar had been made on several police stations, six V3s were buried in the olive grove park south of the King David", "title": "King David Hotel bombing" }, { "idx": 44, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "became part of the fighting force, and on top of being in charge of an arms dump in Jerusalem took part in many operations. Avni commanded the sappers unit during the second attack on the British intelligence offices in the Russian Compound in Jerusalem on December 27, 1945, in which the building was destroyed and seven British policemen and an Irgun fighter were killed. He also took part in the King David Hotel bombing, being one of the senior commanders of the operation, and the bombing of the British Army base at Camp Schneller, personally lighting the fuses on mines", "title": "Yosef Avni" }, { "idx": 45, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "King David Hotel The King David Hotel ( , ) is a 5-star hotel in Jerusalem and a member of The Leading Hotels of the World. Opened in 1931, the hotel was built with locally quarried pink limestone and was founded by Ezra Mosseri, a wealthy Egyptian Jewish banker. It is located on King David Street in the centre of Jerusalem, overlooking the Old City and Mount Zion. The hotel, owned and operated by the Dan Hotels group, has traditionally been the chosen venue for hosting heads of state, dignitaries, and other personalities during their visits to Jerusalem. It is", "title": "King David Hotel" }, { "idx": 46, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "call to the \"Palestine Post\" newspaper was made. The telephone operator called the Palestine Police CID to report the message. She then called the hotel switchboard. The hotel operator reported the threat to one of the hotel managers. This warning resulted in the discovery of the milk cans in the basement, but by then it was too late. Begin claimed in his memoirs that the British had deliberately not evacuated so that they could vilify the Jewish militant groups. Shortly after noon Palestine time, the London UPI bureau received a short message stating that 'Jewish terrorists have just blown up", "title": "King David Hotel bombing" }, { "idx": 47, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "bombing were released under the thirty year rule in 1978, including the results of the military and police investigations. The reports contain statements and conclusions which are contradicted by other evidence, including that submitted to the inquest held after the bombing. Affidavits which reflected badly on the security of the hotel were removed from the army report before it was submitted to the High Commissioner and then the Cabinet in London. The police report makes the claim that the warning sent to the French Consulate was received five minutes \"after\" the main explosion. This is contradicted by multiple eyewitnesses who", "title": "King David Hotel bombing" } ]

[ "1946" ]

[ "After World War II, Britain found itself in intense conflict with the Jewish community over Jewish immigration limits, as well as continued conflict with the Arab community over limit levels. The Haganah joined Irgun and Lehi in an armed struggle against British rule. At the same time, hundreds of thousands of Jewish Holocaust survivors and refugees sought a new life far from their destroyed communities in Europe. The Yishuv attempted to bring these refugees to Palestine but many were turned away or rounded up and placed in detention camps in Atlit and Cyprus by the British. Escalating violence culminated with the 1946 King David Hotel bombing which Bruce Hoffman characterized as one of the \"most lethal terrorist incidents of the twentieth century\". In 1947, the British government announced it would withdraw from Mandatory Palestine, stating it was unable to arrive at a solution acceptable to both Arabs and Jews." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "a bit (binary digit) of information" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of these parts are thousands to trillions of small electrical circuits which can be turned off or on by means of an electronic switch. Each circuit represents a bit (binary digit) of information so that when the circuit is on it represents a \"1\", and when off it represents a \"0\" (in positive logic representation). The circuits are arranged in logic gates so that one or more of the circuits may control the state of one or more of the other circuits. When unprocessed data is sent to the computer with the help of input devices, the data is processed", "title": "Computer" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of these parts are thousands to trillions of small electrical circuits which can be turned off or on by means of an electronic switch. Each circuit represents a bit (binary digit) of information so that when the circuit is on it represents a \"1\", and when off it represents a \"0\" (in positive logic representation). The circuits are arranged in logic gates so that one or more of the circuits may control the state of one or more of the other circuits. When unprocessed data is sent to the computer with the help of input devices, the data is processed", "title": "Computer" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "effect, and this has led to the loose terminology of vitamin K antagonism. Although 4-hydroxycoumarin itself is not an anticoagulant, it is an important fungal metabolite from the precursor coumarin, which is also not an anticoagulant, and its production leads to further fermentative production of the natural anticoagulant dicoumarol. This happens in the presence of naturally occurring formaldehyde, which allows attachment of a second 4-hydroxycoumarin molecule through the linking carbon of the formaldehyde, to the 3-position of the first 4-hydroxycoumarin molecule, giving the semi-dimer the motif of the drug class. Dicoumarol appears in spoiled sweet clover silages and is considered", "title": "4-Hydroxycoumarins" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "opportunities for outdoor activities. Hikers, runners, kayakers, swimmers, and fishermen are known to be particularly fond of Knysna. Knysna hosts a variety of annual events, which draw local and international visitors alike. Such events include the Pick n Pay Knysna Oyster Festival in late June and/or early July; the Pink Loerie Mardi Gras at the end of April and/or beginning of May; the Knysna Speed Festival takes place in the first week of May, the highlight of the week being the Simola Hillclimb, currently sponsored by Jaguar South Africa. The Rastafarian Earth Festival takes place at the end of July,", "title": "Knysna" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "story that, at one point, Mexican police kidnapped their accountant and held him for ransom, while, at the same time, his parents had to pose as tourists in order to smuggle exposed film out of the country in their suitcases. The film was shot in Mexico and California. In Mexico: Chiapas, Morelos, México, D.F., and Tijuana. In California: San Diego and Los Angeles. The film was released in Scotland on October 11, 1983. On December 11, 1983, the movie opened in New York City and on January 27, 1984, it opened in wide release. It was screened in the \"\"", "title": "El Norte (film)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "blocks. The north side of the church is 13th-century in date while the south aisle is 15th-century and the chancel was much altered by George Street in 1862–1864. Interesting features include the carved base of the rood screen and the font of Catacleuse stone. The feast traditionally celebrated in the parish is held on the Sunday after the first Thursday in January. Ladock, in a joint venture with the nearby village of Grampound Road, has launched an effort to be Cornwall's premier sustainable village and set an example for the rest of the county. The scheme has been orchestrated by", "title": "Ladock" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "going to put an ad in the paper, does this nameless band have a name?' I told her we were 'Johnny Diesel and the Injectors'. It was just a joke. I wanted it to appear in the newspaper to amuse John Dalzall but the name stuck. When we got to Sydney, our Management said, 'Everyone will think you're Johnny Diesel. Are you going to go along with it?' I wasn't going to be stuck-in-the-mud, so I said, yeah. Whatever... fine\". Johnny Diesel & the Injectors moved to Sydney in September after taking up management by Brent Eccles, drummer for The", "title": "Diesel (musician)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "so appeals from the district courts were decided by the circuit justice alone. But the most important part of the Act was the provision that a quorum of only one judge was needed to convene a circuit court. As a result, Supreme Court justices could often rely on district court judges to convene circuit courts. With circuit riding largely optional, Supreme Court justices were no longer saddled with what they had previously felt was a tremendous burden. The Act's flexibility proved crucial to the demise of circuit riding, which essentially disappeared by 1840. The Act also created additional district courts", "title": "Judiciary Act of 1802" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "out by hand, but usually some formal method by computer is applied. In this article the design methods for combinational logic circuits are briefly summarized. The starting point for the design of a digital logic circuit is its desired functionality, having derived from the analysis of the system as a whole, the logic circuit is to make part of. The description can be stated in some algorithmic form or by logic equations, but may be summarized in the form of a table as well. The below example shows a part of such a table for a 7-segment display driver that", "title": "Espresso heuristic logic minimizer" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of the computer as we know it today, including Doug Engelbart, Xerox PARC, Apple Computer and Microsoft Windows. Markoff argues for a direct connection between the counterculture of the late 1950s and 1960s (using examples such as Kepler's Books in Menlo Park California) and the development of the computer industry. The book also discusses the early split between the idea of commercial and free-supply computing. The main part of the title, \"What the Dormouse Said,\" is a reference to a line at the end of the 1967 Jefferson Airplane song \"White Rabbit\": \"Remember what the dormouse said: feed your head.\"", "title": "What the Dormouse Said" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "technology innovators of the 1960s - early minicomputer companies like RCA Computer Systems, Digital Equipment Corporation, and Data General Corporation. Sarmanian was a pioneer in the electro-chemical production of printed circuit boards. The new process offered far greater reliability for the printed circuit boards and far higher density (chips and circuitry per square inch) for packaging components. When Sarmanian launched the company, most computer and electronics manufacturers were fabricating their own boards. Independent suppliers, however, became increasingly efficient and were proving a more cost-effective solution for a broad range of printed circuit board applications. Likewise, computer and electronics manufacturers became", "title": "Printed Circuit Corporation" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "board. Analog signature analysis Analog signature analysis is electronic component and circuit board troubleshooting technique which applies a current-limited AC sinewave across two points of an electronic component or circuit. The resulting current/voltage waveform is shown on a signature display using vertical deflection for current and horizontal deflection for voltage. This unique analog signature represents the overall health of the part being analyzed. By comparing the signatures of known good circuit boards to those of suspect boards, faulty nets and components can be quickly identified. Analog Signature Analysis relies on a change in electrical characteristics to detect problems on a", "title": "Analog signature analysis" } ]

[ "a bit (binary digit) of information" ]

[ "Inside each of these parts are thousands to trillions of small electrical circuits which can be turned off or on by means of an electronic switch. Each circuit represents a bit (binary digit) of information so that when the circuit is on it represents a \"1\", and when off it represents a \"0\" (in positive logic representation). The circuits are arranged in logic gates so that one or more of the circuits may control the state of one or more of the other circuits." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "enforcing privilege separation" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "EAL6 (\"Semiformally Verified Design and Tested\") system is Integrity-178B, which is used in the Airbus A380 and several military jets. In software engineering, secure coding aims to guard against the accidental introduction of security vulnerabilities. It is also possible to create software designed from the ground up to be secure. Such systems are \"secure by design\". Beyond this, formal verification aims to prove the correctness of the algorithms underlying a system; important for cryptographic protocols for example. Within computer systems, two of many security models capable of enforcing privilege separation are access control lists (ACLs) and capability-based security. Using ACLs", "title": "Computer security" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "EAL6 (\"Semiformally Verified Design and Tested\") system is Integrity-178B, which is used in the Airbus A380 and several military jets. In software engineering, secure coding aims to guard against the accidental introduction of security vulnerabilities. It is also possible to create software designed from the ground up to be secure. Such systems are \"secure by design\". Beyond this, formal verification aims to prove the correctness of the algorithms underlying a system; important for cryptographic protocols for example. Within computer systems, two of many security models capable of enforcing privilege separation are access control lists (ACLs) and capability-based security. Using ACLs", "title": "Computer security" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Kızlar Kalesi Kızlar Kalesi (literally \"Maidens' castle\") is a castle ruin in Mersin Province , Turkey. The castle ruin is situated in Tarsus district of Mersin Province at about . Travelers to the castle follow Turkish state highway which connects Tarsus to north. The road diverges to east from the village Dörtler (about from Tarsus). After following the road for about to Çavuşlu village the travelers face the castle to the south of the asphalt road. The last portion of the road is earth road. It is situated on a hill of with respect to sea and with respect to", "title": "Kızlar Kalesi" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "is not in use it should be closed off from the atmosphere to prevent water vapor saturation. Pumping capacity can be improved by prepumping the system by another simple and clean vacuum pump like a diaphragm pump or even a water aspirator or compressed-air venturi pump. Sequential or multistage pumping can be used to attain lower pressures. In this case two or more pumps are connected in parallel to the vacuum vessel. Every pump has a valve to isolate it from the vacuum vessel. At the start of the pump down all valves are open. The first pump is cooled", "title": "Sorption pump" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of the Arts & Crafts movement into the indigenous Prairie School.\" Pond was a contemporary, and in some ways rival, of Wright in the Chicago architectural scene of the late 19th and early 20th Centuries. Both were members of the Chicago Architectural Club and served as judges and participants in the Club's annual competitions. One biographer of Wright noted that Wright was insulted when the American Institute of Architects in 1912 commissioned a study of midwestern \"progressive architecture\" and instructed the investigators to examine the work of Louis Sullivan and Pond, but not including Wright. In a letter to Lewis", "title": "Irving Kane Pond" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and the group of low-speed and full-speed USB devices results in complex interactions and dependencies between the EHCI and OHCI/UHCI drivers. Support for Streams was added to the USB 3.0 SuperSpeed specification, primarily to enable high performance storage operations over USB. Classically there has been a 1:1 relationship between a USB endpoint and a buffer in system memory, and the host controller solely responsible for directing all data transfers. Streams changed this paradigm by providing a 1-to-many \"endpoint to buffer\" association, and allowing the device to direct the host controller as to which buffer to move. The USB data transfers", "title": "Extensible Host Controller Interface" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "(currency boards, co-tutelle, University of Orleans, France, 2004), Professor of Finance and Accounting, IFAG, Sofia, and Katerina Vojcheska, Research Fellow III degree, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Nikolay Nenovsky Nikolay Nenovsky graduated from the Moscow State University, Russia (M.A in 1989), received his Ph.D in economics from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (1995). On completing his PhD he lectured at the University of National and World Economy, Sofia where, later, he became a Professor of Economics and taught Monetary theory and International Finance. He is also affiliated to Laboratoire d'économie d'Orléans (LEO), since 2002 and to International Center for Economic Research", "title": "Nikolay Nenovsky" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "will read from the terminal. Used in a batch file when run interactively, it will read from the terminal. Used in a batch file run noninteractively, it will read from the SYS$INPUT stream (if one is defined), otherwise it will read nothing and return end of file. OpenVMS provides various security features and mechanisms, including security identifiers, resource identifiers, subsystem identifiers, ACLs, and detailed security auditing and alarms. Specific versions evaluated at DoD NCSC Class C2 and, with the SEVMS security enhanced services support, at NCSC Class B1, per the NCSC Rainbow Series. OpenVMS also holds an ITSEC E3 rating", "title": "OpenVMS" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Confused deputy problem A confused deputy is a computer program that is innocently fooled by some other party into misusing its authority. It is a specific type of privilege escalation. In information security, the confused deputy problem is often cited as an example of why capability-based security is important, as capability systems protect against this, whereas access control list-based systems do not. In the original example of a confused deputy, there is a program that provides compilation services to other programs. Normally, the client program specifies the name of the input and output files, and the server is given the", "title": "Confused deputy problem" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "access control lists (ACLs), which use SIDs to uniquely identify users and their group memberships. When a user logs into a computer, an access token is generated that contains user and group SIDs and user privilege level. When a user requests access to a resource, the access token is checked against the ACL to permit or deny particular action on a particular object. SIDs are useful for troubleshooting issues with security audits, Windows server and domain migrations. The format of a SID can be illustrated using the following example: \"S-1-5-21-3623811015-3361044348-30300820-1013\"; Possible identifier authority values are: In a Workgroup of computers", "title": "Security Identifier" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "or by synonymous abbreviations (depending on applications): Like other files and services in Windows, all registry keys may be restricted by access control lists (ACLs), depending on user privileges, or on security tokens acquired by applications, or on system security policies enforced by the system (these restrictions may be predefined by the system itself, and configured by local system administrators or by domain administrators). Different users, programs, services or remote systems may only see some parts of the hierarchy or distinct hierarchies from the same root keys. Registry \"values\" are name/data pairs stored within keys. Registry values are referenced separately", "title": "Windows Registry" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "exchange that was needed and that an effective model for understanding and managing the risks would need to take account of the business needs for information sharing. It was also recognised that the controlled release of information from a system handling secret information (sometimes referred to at the time as 'down grading' or 'sanitisation') was not adequately described by any of the existing models of Information security (notably Bell-LaPadula, Biba and the associated information flow models). Information flow models were found to be unhelpful in understanding the risks when information has to be shared with people and systems that are", "title": "Domain Based Security" } ]

[ "enforcing privilege separation" ]

[ "Within computer systems, two of many security models capable of enforcing privilege separation are access control lists (ACLs) and capability-based security. Using ACLs to confine programs has been proven to be insecure in many situations, such as if the host computer can be tricked into indirectly allowing restricted file access, an issue known as the confused deputy problem. It has also been shown that the promise of ACLs of giving access to an object to only one person can never be guaranteed in practice. Both of these problems are resolved by capabilities. This does not mean practical flaws exist in all ACL-based systems, but only that the designers of certain utilities must take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws.[citation needed]" ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Ten" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "In wilder areas of Outer London, such as Epping Forest, a wide variety of mammals are found including hare, badger, field, bank and water vole, wood mouse, yellow-necked mouse, mole, shrew, and weasel, in addition to fox, squirrel and hedgehog. A dead otter was found at The Highway, in Wapping, about a mile from the Tower Bridge, which would suggest that they have begun to move back after being absent a hundred years from the city. Ten of England's eighteen species of bats have been recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, nathusius and common pipistrelles, noctule, serotine, barbastelle, daubenton's, brown Long-eared,", "title": "London" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "In wilder areas of Outer London, such as Epping Forest, a wide variety of mammals are found including hare, badger, field, bank and water vole, wood mouse, yellow-necked mouse, mole, shrew, and weasel, in addition to fox, squirrel and hedgehog. A dead otter was found at The Highway, in Wapping, about a mile from the Tower Bridge, which would suggest that they have begun to move back after being absent a hundred years from the city. Ten of England's eighteen species of bats have been recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, nathusius and common pipistrelles, noctule, serotine, barbastelle, daubenton's, brown Long-eared,", "title": "London" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "is suspected to be a contact killing linked to London's criminal underworld. Epping Forest Keepers The Epping Forest Keepers are an ancient and historical body of people who are employed by the City of London, who in return are responsible, on behalf of the Conservators, for the management and care of Epping Forest, which covers approximately ten square miles of forest, bridleway, woodland and recreational space stretching from Forest Gate in east London, north to North Weald in Essex. The forest is managed by the City of London Corporation and is one of many open spaces that comes under their", "title": "Epping Forest Keepers" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Epping Forest Keepers The Epping Forest Keepers are an ancient and historical body of people who are employed by the City of London, who in return are responsible, on behalf of the Conservators, for the management and care of Epping Forest, which covers approximately ten square miles of forest, bridleway, woodland and recreational space stretching from Forest Gate in east London, north to North Weald in Essex. The forest is managed by the City of London Corporation and is one of many open spaces that comes under their control that is outside the Square Mile that are maintained by the", "title": "Epping Forest Keepers" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Messac's \"\" first published between 1928 and 1931 and Dorothy L. Sayers' \"Gaudy Night\" of 1935 (see below). Many well-known campus novels, such as Kingsley Amis's \"Lucky Jim\" and those of David Lodge, are comic or satirical, often counterpointing intellectual pretensions and human weaknesses. Some, however, attempt a serious treatment of university life; examples include C. P. Snow's \"The Masters\", J. M. Coetzee's \"Disgrace,\" Philip Roth's \"The Human Stain, \"and Norene Moskalski's\" Nocturne, Opus 1: Sea Foam.\" The novels are usually told from the viewpoint of a faculty member (e.g., \"Lucky Jim\") or the viewpoint of a student (e.g., Tom", "title": "Campus novel" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Roland F. Seitz Roland Forrest Seitz (1867–1946) was an American composer, bandmaster, and music publisher. For his many march compositions he earned the sobriquet “The Parade Music Prince”. He was born Roland Forrest Seitz on June 14, 1867 on a farm in Shrewsbury Township near Glen Rock, Pennsylvania. He was the youngest of eight children of William and Magdalena Zeigler. Despite an early interest in music, Roland started work as a printer’s apprentice at the weekly \"Glen Rock Item\". He joined the family band performing on the flute; and then the Glen Rock Band performing first on the euphonium and", "title": "Roland F. Seitz" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "was assembled in March 2017 and Adam Wingard was announced as the director in May 2017. Principal photography began in November 2018 in Hawaii and Australia and is expected to conclude in February 2019. \"Godzilla vs. Kong\" is scheduled to be released on May 22, 2020 in 2D, 3D, and IMAX by Warner Bros. Pictures, except in Japan where it will be distributed by Toho. Legendary's Godzilla was featured as a playable character in Bandai Namco's 2014 video game \"Godzilla\" as \"Hollywood Godzilla\". MonsterVerse The MonsterVerse is an American media franchise and shared fictional universe that is centered on a", "title": "MonsterVerse" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "In December 1999, the Independent Online reported that Gunston, but also brands like John Player International Filter, Camel Plain and Gitanes could be outlawed if the manufacturer would not lower the tar content in the afromentioned brands. The manufacturers had three months to comply with the regulation changes, and eventually complied. The limits on the amount of tar in cigarettes were said to be in line with the World Health Organization recommendations of 1999, which stipulate that 15 mg of tar and 1,5 mg of nicotine should be the maximum. After two or three years these limits were to be", "title": "Gunston (cigarette)" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "shorter bodies than the females. The body is covered in small keeled scales that give the species one of its common names. The genus is unique among extant vertebrates as it has a split jaw (intramaxilliary joint that separates anterior and posterior bones), an adaptation that may be advantageous in catching its main prey of geckos and skinks. The colour pattern is dark brown dorsally, the belly being lighter with dark spots. Over a 24-hour period the boa has a shift in colour, changing from \"dark\" during its relatively inactive day time period to \"light\" in the early evening through", "title": "Round Island boa" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "this, tensions and hostilities started to lessen over the following months. It still remains an offence under by-law 40 to either engage in public speaking or to preach within Epping Forest without the permission of the Conservators. Whilst Forest Keepers wouldn't routinely get involved in criminal matters, they are responsible for a forest that has long associations with crime. A number of bodies have been found within Epping Forest relating to numerous unsolved murders. Despite having a detection rate of around 92% for recorded murders within the UK, many murders related to Epping Forest remain unsolved. This offers some support", "title": "Epping Forest Keepers" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Epping) were represented by Winston Churchill throughout his tenure as Prime Minister during World War II. The Conservative Party has won in Epping Forest in every election since the creation of the constituency, and the present MP is the Conservative Eleanor Laing, who has been a Deputy Speaker of the House to John Bercow since October 2013. Epping Forest (UK Parliament constituency) Epping Forest is a parliamentary constituency in Essex represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 1997 by Eleanor Laing, a Conservative. 1974–1983: The Urban Districts of Chigwell, Epping, and Waltham Holy Cross, and in", "title": "Epping Forest (UK Parliament constituency)" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Curtismill Green Curtismill Green is a 47.3 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest between Epping and Brentwood in Essex. It is registered common land. A report by Essex County Council in 2007 stated that the site was in multiple ownership, and it was in poor condition. The site is a relic of the ancient Forest of Waltham, of which Epping Forest is the largest surviving part. It is unimproved grassland and scrub with both damp and dry areas, with a number of uncommon species. Notable plant species in grassland areas include Orange Foxtail, Lesser Spearwort and Yellow Rattle. There", "title": "Curtismill Green" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "UKIP. This election reversed this by-election result with Avey's son, Nigel replacing him, ousting the Liberal Democrat councillor 2015 Epping Forest District Council election The 2015 Epping Forest District Council election took place on 7 May 2015 to elect members of Epping Forest District Council in England. This was on the same day as other local elections. Figures are compared to the last time these seats were contested in any election cycle for the Epping Forest District Council election, this is indicated. A by-election was held on the 25th September 2014 following the death of Mayor Ken Avey. Liberal Democrat,", "title": "2015 Epping Forest District Council election" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Buenos Aires province, Argentina, at 40° S. They reside in wooded area such as forest, foliage, and palms. They occasionally occupy other sites that resemble large dead leaves, such as dried corn stalks and thatched roofing This species roosts in trees and vegetation. In Texas, their preferred roosting sites are the frond \"skirts\" of both wild and ornamental palm trees, such as \"Sabal mexicana\" and \"Washingtonia robusta\". These are collections of dead fronds against the trunk and provide a favored dark habitat for the bats. Palms are also home to insects, which the bats eat. The southern yellow bat is", "title": "Southern yellow bat" } ]

[ "Ten" ]

[ "Other mammals found in Greater London are hedgehogs, rats, mice, rabbit, shrew, vole, and squirrels, In wilder areas of Outer London, such as Epping Forest, a wide variety of mammals are found including hare, badger, field, bank and water vole, wood mouse, yellow-necked mouse, mole, shrew, and weasel, in addition to fox, squirrel and hedgehog. A dead otter was found at The Highway, in Wapping, about a mile from the Tower Bridge, which would suggest that they have begun to move back after being absent a hundred years from the city. Ten of England's eighteen species of bats have been recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, nathusius and common pipistrelles, noctule, serotine, barbastelle, daubenton's, brown Long-eared, natterer's and leisler's." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Tracy Hall" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "J. Reuben Clark Law School has a No. 41 national ranking according to the U.S. News & World Report Scientists associated with BYU have created some notable inventions. Philo T. Farnsworth, inventor of the electronic television, received his education at BYU, and later returned to do fusion research, receiving an honorary degree from the university. Alumnus Harvey Fletcher, inventor of stereophonic sound, went on to carry out the now famous oil-drop experiment with Robert Millikan, and was later Founding Dean of the BYU College of Engineering. H. Tracy Hall, inventor of the man-made diamond, left General Electric in 1955 and", "title": "Brigham Young University" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "J. Reuben Clark Law School has a No. 41 national ranking according to the U.S. News & World Report Scientists associated with BYU have created some notable inventions. Philo T. Farnsworth, inventor of the electronic television, received his education at BYU, and later returned to do fusion research, receiving an honorary degree from the university. Alumnus Harvey Fletcher, inventor of stereophonic sound, went on to carry out the now famous oil-drop experiment with Robert Millikan, and was later Founding Dean of the BYU College of Engineering. H. Tracy Hall, inventor of the man-made diamond, left General Electric in 1955 and", "title": "Brigham Young University" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Aphanizomenon flos-aquae is a brackish and freshwater species of cyanobacteria found around the world, including the Baltic Sea and the Great Lakes. \"Aphanizomenon flos-aquae\" can form dense surface aggregations in freshwater (known as \"cyanobacterial blooms\"). These blooms occur in areas of high nutrient loading, historical or current. \"Aphanizomenon flos-aquae\" has both toxic and nontoxic forms. Most sources worldwide are toxic, containing both hepatic and neuroendotoxins. Most cyanobacteria (including \"Aphanizomenon\") produce BMAA, a neurotoxin amino acid implicated in ALS/Parkinsonism. Toxicity of \"A. flos-aquae\" has been reported in Canada, Germany and China. \"Aphanizomenon flos-aquae\" is known to produce endotoxins, the", "title": "Aphanizomenon flos-aquae" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "66th overall by the Los Angeles Kings in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. Kanko graduated from the Kitchener Rangers in 2004 after scoring 68 points in 55 games for them. He moved on to the Manchester Monarchs of the AHL. It took him a while to get his bearings in the pros, in part to his small stature, but in the 2005–06 season he played well enough to get called up to the Kings. In his first game in the NHL on 16 December 2005 against the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, Kanko scored the game-tying goal in the third period", "title": "Petr Kanko" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "pull teeth and electrocute an unarmed man in order to extract information. The charity's CEO Keith Best stated: “Rockstar North has crossed a line by effectively forcing people to take on the role of a torturer and perform a series of unspeakable acts if they want to achieve success in the game.\" The game has also been accused of sexism. The \"Los Angeles Times\" considered the game's satirical portrayals of women uncreative, and added that violent and sexist themes hurt the game experience. \"Edge\" noted that while \"every female in the game exists solely to be sneered, leered or laughed", "title": "Grand Theft Auto" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "bullet hole in his head. In the mid-season premiere \"What Happened and What's Going On\", the Governor appears, along with Beth Greene, Bob Stookey, Martin, and Lizzie and Mika Samuels, during Tyreese's hallucinations after Tyreese is bitten by a walker. While Beth, Bob, and the girls comfort Tyreese, the Governor taunts him about his past actions and inability to do what is \"necessary\". The Governor, especially, criticizes Tyreese's choices, particularly in forgiving Carol for murdering Karen. The Governor reminds Tyreese that he promised to do what it took to earn his keep, but he failed to adapt. However, Tyreese stands", "title": "The Governor (The Walking Dead)" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Nelson, William O'Connor, Michael Phillippi, Steve Prescott, Wayne Reynolds, Ron Spencer, and Stephen Tappin. Sandstorm (Dungeons & Dragons) Sandstorm is an optional supplemental source book for the 3.5 edition of the \"Dungeons & Dragons\" roleplaying game. \"Sandstorm\" describes how DMs can create adventures and even campaigns set in a desert or wasteland environment. The book details many hazards that are associated with real-life dangers to desert travelers. Furthermore, \"Sandstorm\" corrects many false ideas about deserts, such as the belief that quicksands are commonly found in the desert; the book explains that quicksands require water to form, and are usually found", "title": "Sandstorm (Dungeons & Dragons)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "felt inspired in their studies. Temporary exhibits in Education in Zion highlight collaborations with BYU colleges and institutions. BYU art students have displayed work in the gallery in numerous exhibits. The gallery featured student art in the 2009 exhibit \"Clarity\" and the 2010 exhibit \"Inheritance\" showed works inspired by students's educational inheritance. Another student exhibit, \"After Eve\", showed art about women in education. Exhibits have helped to promote the university mascot and university services. A 2015 exhibit on Cosmo the Cougar called \"Cosmo: The Credentials of a Cougar\" connected the BYU mascot's traits to the official aims of the BYU", "title": "Education in Zion Gallery" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "over many years. Lodewyk van Bercken was a Flemish diamond polisher who invented the scaif. This ingenious polishing wheel enabled him to quickly cut facets into diamonds with precision. The scaif transformed the diamond trade. It opened the doors to the creation of complex diamond cuts which otherwise would have never been possible. The scaif is still used today as an essential tool for the diamond industry in order to create facets on diamonds. In 1475, Lodewyk van Bercken invented the worlds first Pear Cut Diamond. He introduced the concept of absolute symmetry in the placement of facets on the", "title": "Lodewyk van Bercken" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Synthetic intelligence Synthetic intelligence (SI) is an alternative term for artificial intelligence which emphasizes that the intelligence of machines need not be an imitation or in any way artificial; it can be a genuine form of intelligence. John Haugeland proposes an analogy with simulated diamonds and synthetic diamonds—only the synthetic diamond is truly a diamond. Synthetic means that which is produced by synthesis; combining parts to form a whole, colloquially, a man-made version of that which has arisen naturally. As defined, a \"synthetic intelligence\" would therefore be man-made, but not a simulation. The term was used by Haugeland in 1986", "title": "Synthetic intelligence" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "done arranging for the band Diamond Rio as well as many other music groups. He has performed with Marie Osmond, The Nashville Tribute Band, and many other cover and specialty types of groups. He regularly plays with the country group Joshua Creek. He has released two contemporary jazz CD's with his friend, fellow BYU graduate and keyboardist for Diamond Rio, Dan Truman Since 2011, he has been an associate teaching professor of music at BYU over the Commercial Music Degree. Saltmarsh was a bishop of an LDS Church ward in Nashville for several years. Saltmarsh married Calene Cox in 1987", "title": "Ron Saltmarsh" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "man-made gemstones made this way was a transparent clear crystal resembling glass. It looked to the naked eye like a real diamond when faceted correctly and no glass was involved in its manufacture. A second technique involves small pieces (\"seeds\") of mined gems put into a heated up chemical liquid. The liquid then is slowly cooled, and recrystallized to form larger pieces of the gemstone. Man-made gemstones grow from these \"seeds.\" Kelley's technical success in growing crystals led to the founding of the Shelby Gem Factory in 1970. In 1978 Kelley invented a unique method to create thin semiconductor films,", "title": "Larry Paul Kelley" } ]

[ "Tracy Hall" ]

[ "Scientists associated with BYU have created some notable inventions. Philo T. Farnsworth, inventor of the electronic television, received his education at BYU, and later returned to do fusion research, receiving an honorary degree from the university. Harvey Fletcher, also an alumnus of BYU, inventor of stereophonic sound, went on to carry out the now famous oil-drop experiment with Robert Millikan, and was later Founding Dean of the BYU College of Engineering. H. Tracy Hall, inventor of the man-made diamond, left General Electric in 1955 and became a full professor of chemistry and Director of Research at BYU. While there, he invented a new type of diamond press, the tetrahedral press. In student achievements, BYU Ad Lab teams won both the 2007 and 2008 L'Oréal National Brandstorm Competition, and students developed the Magnetic Lasso algorithm found in Adobe Photoshop. In prestigious scholarships, BYU has produced 10 Rhodes Scholars, four Gates Scholars in the last six years, and in the last decade has claimed 41 Fulbright scholars and 3 Jack Kent Cooke scholars." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "12" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to provoke discussion and debate about measurements of sexual orientation. The SASO consists of 12 questions. Six of these questions assess sexual attraction, four assess sexual behavior, and two assess sexual orientation identity. For each question on the scale that measures homosexuality there is a corresponding question that measures heterosexuality giving six matching pairs of questions. Taken all together, the six pairs of questions and responses provide a profile of an individual's sexual orientation. However, results can be further simplified into four summaries that look specifically at responses that correspond to either homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality or asexuality. Of all the", "title": "Sexual orientation" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to provoke discussion and debate about measurements of sexual orientation. The SASO consists of 12 questions. Six of these questions assess sexual attraction, four assess sexual behavior, and two assess sexual orientation identity. For each question on the scale that measures homosexuality there is a corresponding question that measures heterosexuality giving six matching pairs of questions. Taken all together, the six pairs of questions and responses provide a profile of an individual's sexual orientation. However, results can be further simplified into four summaries that look specifically at responses that correspond to either homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality or asexuality. Of all the", "title": "Sexual orientation" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "sexuality at three different points in an individual's life: past (from early adolescence up to one year ago), present (within the last 12 months), and ideal (what would you choose if it were completely your choice). The Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation (SASO) was developed to address the major concerns with the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid and as such, measures sexual orientation on a continuum, considers various dimensions of sexual orientation, and considers homosexuality and heterosexuality separately. Rather than providing a final solution to the question of how to best measure sexual orientation, the SASO is meant", "title": "Sexual orientation" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "different from the body? 11. Does the Tathagata (Buddha) exist after death? 12. ...or not? 13. ...or both? 14. ...or neither? Majjhima Nikaya 63 & 72 in the Pali canon contain a list of ten unanswered questions about certain views (ditthi): The Sabbasava Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 2) also mentions 16 questions which are seen as \"unwise reflection\" and lead to attachment to views relating to a self. The Buddha states that it is unwise to be attached to both views of having and perceiving a self and views about not having a self. Any view which sees the self as", "title": "The unanswered questions" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Bifid penis A bifid penis (or double penis) is a rare congenital defect where two genital tubercles develop. Historically, males born with a bifid penis often underwent sex reassignment surgery, due to the difficulty of penile reconstruction. They were raised as girls, and often had reconstructive surgery to make them phenotypically female, coupled with female hormone replacement therapy. However, in recent years, this practice has fallen under heavy scrutiny due to both a high frequency of sexual dysfunction in gender converted children, and more advanced penile reconstruction techniques. Many male marsupials naturally have a bifid penis, with left and right", "title": "Bifid penis" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "higher costs, at the same time, a downturn in North American school bus purchase volumes began as the children of the Baby Boom generation completed their elementary and secondary educations. By 1980, Superior was one of the \"Big Six\" school bus body manufacturing companies in the United States, competing with Blue Bird Body Company, Carpenter Body Company, Thomas Built Buses, Inc., Ward Body Company, and Wayne Corporation, as well as Gillig Corporation and Crown Coach Corporation (manufacturers which traded primarily on the West Coast). Bidding competition for reduced volumes became devastating to profits and even liquidity. In 1979, Ward declared", "title": "Superior Coach Company" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "On 18 September, he scored his first goal of the season for Tottenham with a shot from in a 4–0 home win against Liverpool. On 14 January 2012, Modrić scored the only goal in a home draw with Wolverhampton Wanderers. On 31 January in a 3–1 win against Wigan Athletic, he assisted for the first goal with a crossfield pass and scored the second from . For the third time that season, he was included in \"Team of the Week\". Modrić scored his last goal for Tottenham on 2 May in a 1–4 away win against Bolton Wanderers with a", "title": "Luka Modrić" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Sky Park (roof garden) closed to the public for the day. Parts of the car park were closed for the invited guests as well. A giant projection screen was put at the main entrance of the mall; this screen was to show the concert of Stefanie Sun. VivoCity served as the official venue for the live televised countdown to the new year, instead of Sentosa as in previous years. The 2007 Countdown, held from 31 December 2006 to 1 January 2007, was held at the rooftop amphitheatre and included performances by well-known homegrown artists from MediaCorp Channel 5 and 8,", "title": "VivoCity" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of Scotland being proposed by Daniel Rutherford and Archibald Alison. He died on 7 December 1810, while his work on the \"Criminal Law of Scotland\" was passing through the press. It was published in 1811. Though in certain respects imperfect and misleading, it is a work of great merit, the more especially that it is one of the earliest attempts to form a satisfactory collection of decisions in criminal cases. His role as Judge Admiral was succeeded by William Boswell, advocate. Burnett was Counsel for the City of Aberdeen and was replaced by Andrew Skene upon his death. He married", "title": "John Burnett (advocate)" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "understand and test an existing theory because no variables are vague and all variables are modifiable. Consider a model of memory built by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968, it showed how rehearsal leads to long-term memory, where the information being rehearsed would be stored. Despite the advancement it made in revealing the function of memory, this model fails to provide answers to crucial questions like: how much information can be rehearsed at a time? How long does it take for information to transfer from rehearsal to long-term memory? Similarly, other computational models raise more questions about cognition than they answer,", "title": "Computational cognition" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "One of SASO's founding resolutions was to send a representative to each NUSAS conference. In 1970 SASO withdrew its recognition of NUSAS, accusing it of attempting to hinder SASO's growth on various campuses. SASO's split from NUSAS was a traumatic experience for many white liberal youth who had committed themselves to the idea of a multi-racial organisation and felt that their attempts were being rebuffed. The NUSAS leadership regretted the split, but largely refrained from criticising SASO. The government—which regarded multi-racial liberalism as a threat and had banned multi-racial political parties in 1968—was pleased with SASO's emergence, regarding it as", "title": "Steve Biko" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Jonathon apples) \"What kind of beautiful shiny Jonathon apples?\" (Here the recursive logic changes, since this is a multivariate, not a univariate, nominal group—the question now is \"\"How many\" beautiful shiny Jonathon apples?\" and after that, \"How do those five beautiful shiny Jonathon apples relate to me the speaker/writer, now?\" (\"Those ones\".) In contrast, the logical questions of a univariate group would be unchanged right through, typical of long strings of nouns in news headlines and signage (\"International departure lounge ladies' first-class washroom\"). The post-modifiers here contain information that is \"rankshifted\". Returning to the original example above, \"on the chair\"", "title": "Nominal group (functional grammar)" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "attacked Ty who was coming home. Rachel accuses Ty of being the stalker and he is taken to the hospital to get checked over. Ty questions how anyone thought that he could do that to Rachel and he asks her how she does not know how he feels about her. Rachel discovers that a classmate is responsible for stalking her and she apologises to Ty. He does not accept the apology and tells Rachel that he is hurt. Rachel invites Ty to a mystery gig at Charlie's and when he turns up, they kiss. They then begin a relationship. When", "title": "Ty Harper" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "research, they addressed these questions, such as: What is a baby’s basic nature at birth? How much happiness can humans rightfully expect? How and why does happiness transform itself into unhappiness? In the Piepers’ words: “… [W]e set out on our own to find answers that would allow us to be better parents and more effective professionals. We learned from the insights and dilemmas of the many parents we counseled, from our own clients, and from supervising the caseloads of other mental health professionals. We evaluated the results of the counsel we gave to parents and to foster care and", "title": "Intrapsychic humanism" } ]

[ "12" ]

[ "The SASO consists of 12 questions. Six of these questions assess sexual attraction, four assess sexual behavior, and two assess sexual orientation identity. For each question on the scale that measures homosexuality there is a corresponding question that measures heterosexuality giving six matching pairs of questions. Taken all together, the six pairs of questions and responses provide a profile of an individual's sexual orientation. However, results can be further simplified into four summaries that look specifically at responses that correspond to either homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality or asexuality." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "1983" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "August 1982 along with Italian and French forces. On 23 October 1983, a suicide bomber driving a truck filled with 6 tons of TNT crashed through a fence and destroyed the Marine barracks, killing 241 Marines; seconds later, a second bomber leveled a French barracks, killing 58. Subsequently, the US Navy engaged in bombing of militia positions inside Lebanon. While US President Ronald Reagan was initially defiant, political pressure at home eventually forced the withdrawal of the Marines in February 1984. Code-named \"Operation \"El Dorado Canyon\"\", comprised the joint United States Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps air-strikes against Libya", "title": "Military history of the United States" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Kuruvattoor Kuruvattur is geographically divided into 4 regions, [i] Kuruvattur North (Vadakkumuri), [ii] Kuruvattur East (Kizhakkekara), [iii] Kuruvattur West (Chungappilavu), and [iv] Kuruvattur South (Kanayam). And this small village shares borders with Shoranur Municipality in South and Chalavara Grama Panchayat in East. There are two Aided Lower Primary schools and One Upper Primary school in this village and a CBSE school also. The homeopathy health centre of Vallapuzha Panchayat is placed at Kuruvattur. Kuruvattoor is a part of Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency, Pattambi Vidhan Sabha and Vallapuzha Grama Panchayat. Calicut International Airport, Cochin International Airport and Coimbatore Airport are the", "title": "Kuruvattoor" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Sidaction Sidaction is a major French public event that started in 1994 in France for raising awareness and collecting charitable funds for AIDS. It donates important sums to various AIDS charities, HIV/AIDS research, institutions specializing in medical care and social aid for those suffering of HIV/AIDS in France and internationally. in 2007, for example, Sidaction allocated donations to 111 programs in 29 countries. \"Sidaction\" is presided by Pierre Bergé and its vice-president is Line Renaud. After Bergé's death in September 2017, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi was assigned as new president. Sidaction has launched various initiatives in order to raise funds for its", "title": "Sidaction" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "program of the night, and the episode marked a slight increase in viewership from the previous week, which had 4.95 million viewers. Warning Signs (The Walking Dead) \"Warning Signs\" is the third episode of the ninth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series \"The Walking Dead\", which aired on AMC on October 21, 2018. It was written by Corey Reed and directed by Dan Liu. Construction on the bridge continues. As she promised to Michonne, Maggie brings a wagon load of supplies from the Hilltop to the Sanctuary when she is stopped by a group of Saviors who are looking", "title": "Warning Signs (The Walking Dead)" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "underway looking into allegations that MBDA director James Richardson Gonzalez and Ernest Olivas, Jr., an MBDA employee, had been using their positions to drum up support for Bush's campaign. The probe revealed that Olivas, a friend of Villalpando when the two were on staff together in the Reagan White House where he was the speech-writer for the vice president, had also been soliciting prominent Hispanic Republicans to support her bid for the RNHA chairmanship. RNHA co-founder Francisco Vega was one of those contacted and who confirmed to investigators that Olivas had called him from his government office while on work", "title": "Catalina Vasquez Villalpando" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "mechanical gears, or electric power lines. Intensity classes group designs according to the number of propulsion units they employ. For distributed propulsion, this ratio can be defined as the total aircraft thrust produced divided by the Maximum Take-Off Weight (MTOW) rather than dividing only by the propulsion unit weight, given the strategy's potential to reduce the weight of the rest of the aircraft. Thus, the following convention describes specific systems: DP Configuration (L/F)-Intensity class (A-E)-Thrust-to-weight (I-III)-(X) For example, the 1945s Blohm and Voss 238 V1 aircraft would be denoted as DPL-B-I,since the aircraft employs six piston engines and has a", "title": "Distributed propulsion" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "or by other means. Estimates of the size of the Palestinian population in Lebanon ranged from 260,000 to 400,000 in 2011. Human Rights Watch estimated 300,000 as of 2011. UNRWA's count was 450,000 as of 2014 and has not updated this figure since. In 2017, census by the Lebanese government counted 174,000 Palestinians in Lebanon. Much of the Palestinian community in Lebanon does not have Lebanese citizenship and therefore does not have Lebanese identity cards, is legally barred from owning property or legally barred form entering a list of desirable occupations. Employment requires a government-issued work permit, and, according to", "title": "Palestinians in Lebanon" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "studies have demonstrated that most of the various Jewish ethnic divisions and Druze, Palestinians, Bedouin, Lebanese and other Levantines cluster near one another genetically. Many studies have found that Jews and Palestinians are closer to each other than the Palestinians or European Jews are to non-Jewish Europeans or Africans. They also found substantial genetic overlap between Israeli and Palestinian Arabs and Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. A small but statistically significant difference was found in the Y-chromosomal haplogroup distributions of Sephardic Jews and Palestinians, but no significant differences were found between Ashkenazi Jews and Palestinians nor between the two Jewish communities,", "title": "Genetic studies on Jews" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "family were in the midst of fighting. His wife and four of his five children were forced to hide in the basement of a school for 11 hours, with teachers and other pupils, while Palestinians and units of the Lebanese Army exchanged fire above. During his posting in Beirut, Hutton was also appointed the first non-resident ambassador to Iraq (in 1974) and to Jordan and Syria (in 1975). Hutton was later an Ambassador to Egypt, the Sudan and finally to Switzerland, where he was also Representative to the UN Human Rights Commission. Pierre Hutton Pierre Norman Bruce Hutton (16 July", "title": "Pierre Hutton" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Palestinians cohabited in the camp. The Armenian inhabitants later left. Gradually, large parts of the Christian population moved out of the camp. The camp had 3,911 inhabitants in 1968. By 1977, the UNRWA census put the population at 4,643. By 1999, UNRWA estimated the population to be 9,498. Compared with other refugee camps in Lebanon, the El-Buss refugee camp has been characterized by a higher degree of integration between Lebanese and Palestinians. A public hospital set up inside the camp area is still used by Lebanese citizens. Palestinian Christians in the camp attend the same church as Lebanese Christians. The", "title": "El-Buss refugee camp" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "an official title. Under Kamal Jumblatt's leadership, the PSP was a major element in the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) alliance, which supported the recognition of Lebanon's Arab identity and sympathised with the Palestinians. When the Lebanese Civil War broke out in April 1975, as a member of the LNM the PSP was an active founder of the movement's military wing, the Joint Forces (LNM-JF). In 1976, following an open appeal by Kamal Jumblatt urging Lebanese Muslim youths to join the LNM-JF militias, the PSP's own military wing was expanded and re-organized, being officially established on August 17 of that year", "title": "People's Liberation Army (Lebanon)" } ]

[ "1983" ]

[ "In 1983 fighting between Palestinian refugees and Lebanese factions reignited that nation's long-running civil war. A UN agreement brought an international force of peacekeepers to occupy Beirut and guarantee security. US Marines landed in August 1982 along with Italian and French forces. On October 23, 1983, a suicide bomber driving a truck filled with 6 tons of TNT crashed through a fence and destroyed the Marine barracks, killing 241 Marines; seconds later, a second bomber leveled a French barracks, killing 58. Subsequently the US Navy engaged in bombing of militia positions inside Lebanon. While US President Ronald Reagan was initially defiant, political pressure at home eventually forced the withdrawal of the Marines in February 1984." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "SV40" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "development of new treatments and vaccines for infectious disease that occurred during these years. Vaccine development continued to accelerate, with the most notable achievement of the period being Jonas Salk's 1954 development of the polio vaccine under the funding of the non-profit National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. The vaccine process was never patented, but was instead given to pharmaceutical companies to manufacture as a low-cost generic. In 1960 Maurice Hilleman of Merck Sharp & Dohme identified the SV40 virus, which was later shown to cause tumors in many mammalian species. It was later determined that SV40 was present as a", "title": "Pharmaceutical industry" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "associated with SV40. SV40 SV40 is an abbreviation for simian vacuolating virus 40 or simian virus 40, a polyomavirus that is found in both monkeys and humans. It was named for the effect it produced on infected green monkey cells, which developed an unusual number of vacuoles. Like other polyomaviruses, SV40 is a DNA virus that has the potential to cause tumors in animals, but most often persists as a latent infection. SV40 has been widely studied as a model eukaryotic virus, leading to many early discoveries in eukaryotic DNA replication and transcription. The discovery of SV40 revealed that between", "title": "SV40" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "SV40 SV40 is an abbreviation for simian vacuolating virus 40 or simian virus 40, a polyomavirus that is found in both monkeys and humans. It was named for the effect it produced on infected green monkey cells, which developed an unusual number of vacuoles. Like other polyomaviruses, SV40 is a DNA virus that has the potential to cause tumors in animals, but most often persists as a latent infection. SV40 has been widely studied as a model eukaryotic virus, leading to many early discoveries in eukaryotic DNA replication and transcription. The discovery of SV40 revealed that between 1955 and 1963", "title": "SV40" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and non-renal solid organ transplant patients, JC virus with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and Merkel cell virus (MCV) with Merkel cell cancer. SV40 replicates in the kidneys of monkeys without causing disease, but can cause cancer in rodents under laboratory conditions. In the 1950s and early 1960s, well over 100 million people may have been exposed to SV40 due to previously undetected SV40 contamination of polio vaccine, prompting concern about the possibility that the virus might cause disease in humans. Although it has been reported as present in some human cancers, including brain tumors, bone tumors, mesotheliomas, and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, accurate", "title": "Polyomaviridae" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the wild poliovirus, a trend that is expected to continue. In 1960, the rhesus monkey kidney cells used to prepare the poliovirus vaccines were determined to be infected with the Simian Virus-40. SV40 was also discovered in 1960 and is a naturally occurring virus that infects monkeys. In 1961, SV40 was found to cause tumors in rodents. More recently, the virus was found in certain forms of cancer in humans, for instance brain and bone tumors, pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma, and some types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, SV40 has not been determined to cause these cancers. SV40 was found to", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "hamsters. In 1962 she presented evidence that the oncological agent present in the RMKC serum was capable of inducing histologically similar tumors under the same conditions as SV40, and that these tumors showed different properties than the SE polyoma virus, which was the only other biological material known to be capable of inducing tumors in almost all hamsters injected as newborns. Similar to SV40, RMKC extracts remained infectious after passage through filters, and similar levels of exposure to diethyl ether, heat, and storage at -70 °C. Eddy also provided evidence that the RMKC extracts were inhibited (tumors would not develop)", "title": "Bernice Eddy" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "widespread soon after. Infinite bounce Infinite bounce is a quiz format. Every question is addressed to the team succeeding the team that answered the previous question. If no team answers the question, the next question (n+1) is addressed to the same team to which the previous question (n) was addressed. In some versions question n+1 is addressed to the team succeeding the team to whom the previous question (n) was addressed. After reversal of the order in which teams are questions, the general practice is to start with the team that was last in the original sequence. This is regardless", "title": "Infinite bounce" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "carried out on Vågsberget, but the café and exhibition is open in summer and guided tours are available. There is also an exhibition featuring old fishing boats and equipment. Vågsberget is now part of the large village of Vågsvåg. Silda, the island in Sildagapet bay, is an old fishing community, which in its heyday had a population of 150 who made a living from fishing and farming. Its current winter population is only about 30, while in summer it is host to several hundred people, staying in holiday houses and cabins. The island has a restaurant perched on a rock", "title": "Vågsøy" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Central Plaza (Hong Kong) Central Plaza is a 78-storey, skyscraper completed in August 1992 at 18 Harbour Road, in Wan Chai on Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong. It is the third tallest tower in the city after 2 International Finance Centre in Central and the ICC in West Kowloon. It was the tallest building in Asia from 1992 to 1996, until the Shun Hing Square was built in Shenzhen, a neighbouring city. Central Plaza surpassed the Bank of China Tower as the tallest building in Hong Kong until the completion of 2 IFC. Central Plaza was also the tallest", "title": "Central Plaza (Hong Kong)" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and criminal penalties for violations of any orders made under the BSA. Civil and criminal penalties were also increased for violations of regulations prescribed under section 21 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and section 123 of Public Law 91-508. Section 123 of Public Law 91-508 specifies regulations that govern recordkeeping for uninsured banks or institutions, or any other institution defined in , while section 21 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act specifies regulations that govern recordkeeping for insured depository institutions. The section also lengthens the effective period of geographic targeting orders from 60 days to 180 days. Section 363", "title": "Patriot Act, Title III" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Biological determinism of human gender roles Biological determinism of human gender roles is the view that human sexuality is controlled by an individual's genes or some component of their physiology. This is an aspect of biological determinism, the wider view that human behaviour is determined by biological factors. Both views regard the contribution of learning and other environmental factors in a person's development as being over-stated. Lynda Birke's \"In Pursuit of Difference\" argues that the discipline of human biology often presents \"clear-cut differences\" between sexes with regards to chromosomes, genetics, and inheritance. However, while obvious physical differences between males and", "title": "Biological determinism of human gender roles" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "another study, 45 of 53 (85%) Merkel cell tumors were positive. Sequencing of the virus from Merkel cell cancers reveals that it generally has tumor-specific mutations that truncate the MCV T antigen. These mutations (which are not found in native virus obtained from nontumor sites) eliminate the T antigen helicase, preventing the integrated virus from replicating independently from the host cancer cell. The tumor is a \"dead-end host\" for MCV. Normally, the virus exists as circular episome (or plasmid) within the cell and its DNA is packaged into viral capsids and transmitted to other cells. In tumors, the viral DNA", "title": "Merkel cell polyomavirus" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to the NPCs. The WT1 has been confirmed as a necessary part for expressing Gas1 in kidneys in vivo. Loss of function of GAS1 in vivo results in hypoplastic kidneys with reduced nephron mass due to premature depletion of NPCs. In humans, fetal period is the most significant time point for inducting a new nephrons, no matter what kind of mammals, once the NPCS disappeared, there is no possibility for inducing the new nephrons. Gas1 gene has been mapped by the method of in situ hybridization to human chromosome bands 9q21.3-q22, a fragile site where frequently deleted in human tumors,", "title": "GAS1" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to be stage I at diagnosis. Overall, they metastasize more frequently than epithelial ovarian cancers. In addition, the cancer markers used vary with tumor type: choriocarcinomas are monitored with beta-HCG and endodermal sinus tumors with alpha-fetoprotein. Germ-cell tumors are typically discovered when they become large, palpable masses. However, like sex cord tumors, they can cause ovarian torsion or hemorrhage and, in children, isosexual precocious puberty. They frequently metastasize to nearby lymph nodes, especially para-aortic and pelvic lymph nodes. The most common symptom of germ cell tumors is subacute abdominal pain caused by the tumor bleeding, necrotizing, or stretching the ovarian", "title": "Ovarian cancer" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "associated with human cancers are human papillomavirus, hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus, Epstein–Barr virus, human T-lymphotropic virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Merkel cell polyomavirus. Experimental and epidemiological data imply a causative role for viruses and they appear to be the second most important risk factor for cancer development in humans, exceeded only by tobacco usage. The mode of virally induced tumors can be divided into two, \"acutely transforming\" or \"slowly transforming\". In acutely transforming viruses, the viral particles carry a gene that encodes for an overactive oncogene called viral-oncogene (v-onc), and the infected cell is transformed as soon", "title": "Oncovirus" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Canine transmissible venereal tumor Canine transmissible venereal tumors (CTVTs), also called transmissible venereal tumors (TVTs), canine transmissible venereal sarcoma (CTVS), sticker tumors and infectious sarcoma is a histiocytic tumor of the external genitalia of the dog and other canines, and is transmitted from animal to animal during mating. It is one of only three known transmissible cancers in mammals; the others are devil facial tumor disease, a cancer which occurs in Tasmanian devils, and contagious reticulum cell sarcoma of the Syrian hamster. The tumor cells are themselves the infectious agents, and the tumors that form are not genetically related to", "title": "Canine transmissible venereal tumor" } ]

[ "SV40" ]

[ "During the years 1940-1955, the rate of decline in the U.S. death rate accelerated from 2% per year to 8% per year, then returned to the historical rate of 2% per year. The dramatic decline in the immediate post-war years has been attributed to the rapid development of new treatments and vaccines for infectious disease that occurred during these years. Vaccine development continued to accelerate, with the most notable achievement of the period being Jonas Salk's 1954 development of the polio vaccine under the funding of the non-profit National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. The vaccine process was never patented, but was instead given to pharmaceutical companies to manufacture as a low-cost generic. In 1960 Maurice Hilleman of Merck Sharp & Dohme identified the SV40 virus, which was later shown to cause tumors in many mammalian species. It was later determined that SV40 was present as a contaminant in polio vaccine lots that had been administered to 90% of the children in the United States. The contamination appears to have originated both in the original cell stock and in monkey tissue used for production. In 2004 the United States Cancer Institute announced that it had concluded that SV40 is not associated with cancer in people." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "a king" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "his father was a king named Suddhodana, his mother was queen Maya, and he was born in Lumbini gardens. However, scholars such as Richard Gombrich consider this a dubious claim because a combination of evidence suggests he was born in the \"Shakyas\" community – one that later gave him the title \"Shakyamuni\", and the \"Shakya\" community was governed by a small oligarchy or republic-like council where there were no ranks but where seniority mattered instead. Some of the stories about Buddha, his life, his teachings, and claims about the society he grew up in may have been invented and interpolated", "title": "Buddhism" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "want of something to offer the Buddha, made an offering of her own breasts. And for this extreme act of merit the Buddha made the prophecy that Sanda Muhki would be reborn as a great king who would build a city at the foot of the hill and become a great supporter of Buddhism in the year 2400 of the Buddhist Era (1857 AD), the year King Mindon laid the foundations of Mandalay. On each of the four corners of the terrace can be seen a king of the ogres with his army of miniature ogre images behind him paying", "title": "Mandalay Hill" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "after the \"Fall of Man\" to retain the title. After that, Sami Zayn faced Tyler Breeze to determine the #1 contender to the NXT Championship. During the match, Zayn executed a \"Blue Thunder Bomb\" on Breeze for a near-fall. Breeze executed a \"Supermodel Kick\" on Zayn for a near-fall. In the end, as Zayn attempted a \"Helluva Kick\" on Breeze, Breeze executed a \"Beauty Shot\" to win the match. There was a segment with Mojo Rawley confronting Rusev and Lana; Rusev dominated the resultant brawl. In the fourth match, Charlotte faced Natalya for the vacant NXT Women's Championship. During the", "title": "NXT TakeOver (2014)" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Al-Saydiya Al-Saydiya is a neighborhood in the Al Rashid district of southwestern Baghdad, Iraq. Baiyaa is to the north and Dora to the east. A once middle-class district, much of Al-Saydiya was built within the last three decades on prime real estate between Baghdad Airport Road and the main highway where it forks into central Baghdad and south to Basra. Al-Saydiya is one of the turned-Sunni Arab areas after 2006-2007. Before that time it was mixed with respect to the facts that the majority sections of the neighborhood were overwhelmingly Sunni, like the officers' quarter reserved for Hussein loyalists. Minority", "title": "Al-Saydiya" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Jam, Elvis Costello and David Coverdale/Whitesnake. Other notable artists included Alberto Y Lost Trios Paranoias, XTC, Tom Robinson Band, Nick Lowe, Steel Pulse, The Vibrators, The Stranglers, Buzzcocks, Siouxsie and the Banshees, The Rezillos, Bonnie Tyler, The Fabulous Poodles, The Boomtown Rats, The Motors, Suzi Quatro, X-Ray Spex, The Tourists, stunt performer Eddie Kidd performing \"Leave it to the Kidd\", The Rich Kids, and The Only Ones. \"Revolver\" was originally slated as a prime time show, but due to the controversial nature of punk at the time, it was moved to a graveyard slot by ITV managers. It consequently received", "title": "Revolver (TV series)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "area of continuing research in viticulture. Of particular focus is the connection between yield size and the potential benefits of water stress. Since the act of stressing the vine does contribute to reduce photosynthesis-and by extension, reduce ripening since the sugars produced by photosynthesis is needed for grape development-it is possible that a stressed vine with high yields will only produce lots of under ripe grapes. Another interest of study is the potential impact on white grape varieties with enologists and viticulturists such as Cornelius Van Leeuwen and Catherine Peyrot Des Gachons contending that white grape varieties lose some of", "title": "Irrigation in viticulture" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "new Queen's and Regimental Colours by its Colonel-in-Chief, the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. That December it joined UNFICYP in Cyprus, returning home again in June 1985. In February 1988, following another lengthy tour of duty based at Aldergrove in Northern Ireland between 1985 and 1988, 1 DERR was posted to Hong Kong for two years, joining the colony's military garrison as the single non-Gurkha infantry battalion within the 48th Gurkha Infantry Brigade. Based at Stanley Fort on Hong Kong Island, the battalion carried out a wide range of internal security duties, which included patrolling the border with the People's", "title": "Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "him to become a modern-day O’Henry with trademark twists at the end. Jacobson felt that although twists are important to the genre, he did not want to limit himself by constructing a story for the main purpose of concluding with a twist. He is happy if a story and its characters lend themselves to that turn-on-a-dime ending, but he did not want that to be his sole focus. Jacobson is an outliner, though he does not write chapter outlines. He prefers instead to write a narrative description of what happens, and when. These outlines can run up to sixty pages.", "title": "Alan Jacobson (writer)" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the same age named Yaśodharā (Pāli: Yasodharā). According to the early Buddhist Texts of several schools, and numerous post-canonical accounts, she gave birth to a son, named Rāhula. Siddhartha is said to have spent 29 years as a prince in Kapilavastu. Although his father ensured that Siddhartha was provided with everything he could want or need, Buddhist scriptures say that the future Buddha felt that material wealth was not life's ultimate goal. At the age of 29, Siddhartha left his palace to meet his subjects. Despite his father's efforts to hide from him the sick, aged and suffering, Siddhartha was", "title": "Gautama Buddha" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "It states that Jaya met Gautama Buddha as a young boy, and gave him a bowl of dirt, dreaming that the dirt is food. The Buddha then predicted that several years after his parinirvana, the boy would be born as a chakravarti king ruling from Pataliputra. The \"Ashokavadana\" states that Ashoka's father did not like him because he was ugly. Ashoka killed his step-brother and the legitimate heir by tricking him into entering a pit with live coals, and became the king. He became notorious for his bad temper, and had 500 of his ministers killed because he believed that", "title": "Ashokavadana" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "as young as seven should be intensively training to become college quarterbacks and whether the parents of young children should be investing large sums of money in Clarkson's tutelage. In the segment, Clarkson admitted he did not want his own 10-year-old son to play football. While many of Clarkson's successful former students were featured, none of Clarkson's unsuccessful students were interviewed or even mentioned. Mike Forcier, the father of a former student Tate Forcier, alleged that Clarkson \"was more into promoting than coaching... It's like a big cattle call. That's what it is. It's all about promoting his guys and", "title": "Steve Clarkson" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "imperial throne would be a good thing for France, encouraged him. The candidacy was defeated with the election of Henry VII as German king, for the electors did not want France to become even more powerful. Charles continued to dream of the eastern crown of the Courtenays. He did benefit from the affection which Philip the Fair, who had suffered from the remarriage of their father, brought to his only full brother, and he found himself given responsibilities which largely exceeded his talent. Thus it was he who directed in 1311 the royal embassy to the conferences of Tournai with", "title": "Charles, Count of Valois" } ]

[ "a king" ]

[ "Śuddhodana was determined to see his son become a king, so he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds. But at age 29, despite his father's efforts, Gautama ventured beyond the palace several times. In a series of encounters—known in Buddhist literature as the four sights—he learned of the suffering of ordinary people, encountering an old man, a sick man, a corpse and, finally, an ascetic holy man, apparently content and at peace with the world. These experiences prompted Gautama to abandon royal life and take up a spiritual quest." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "a state described as intense pain" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "or other severe injury. Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the IASP definition of pain, it is possible to induce a state described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness in some patients, with morphine injection or psychosurgery. Such patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it; they recognize the sensation of pain but suffer little, or not at all. Indifference to pain can also rarely be present from birth; these people have normal nerves on medical investigations, and find pain unpleasant, but do not avoid repetition of the pain stimulus. Insensitivity to pain may also", "title": "Pain" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "or other severe injury. Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the IASP definition of pain, it is possible to induce a state described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness in some patients, with morphine injection or psychosurgery. Such patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it; they recognize the sensation of pain but suffer little, or not at all. Indifference to pain can also rarely be present from birth; these people have normal nerves on medical investigations, and find pain unpleasant, but do not avoid repetition of the pain stimulus. Insensitivity to pain may also", "title": "Pain" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the Neckar and was the seat of the Oberamt (district) of Nürtingen. The station was built to the east of the town. The former entrance building is still preserved. It housed the post office until 1893, when it was given its own building south of the station building. In the late 19th century, the town of Neuffen sought a connection to the railway. This was made possible by a private company. Since 1 June 1900, the Nürtingen–Neuffen railway has branched from the Plochingen–Tübingen railway in Nürtingen to Neuffen. This line is also called the \"Tälesbahn\" (“Valley’s Railway”). At the same", "title": "Nürtingen station" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "The western part of Ulaan Chab used to be part of the now defunct Chinese province of Suiyuan. Ulaan Chab has eleven administrative divisions: one district, one county-level city, five counties and four banners: Ulanqab features a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen \"BSk\"), marked by long, cold and very dry winters, warm, somewhat humid summers, and strong winds, especially in spring. More than half of the annual precipitation of around falls in July and August alone. In the 2000 census, there were 2,284,414 inhabitants: Ulanqab's transportation network is well-developed, connected by several railways and highways. Some of the railways the pass", "title": "Ulanqab" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "be proud (of this destruction)\", which results in Magog lashing out at the Man of Steel, blaming him for the present crisis since he would not adapt to modern ways. After the attack fails to harm Superman, Magog quietly surrenders. It becomes apparent that he is traumatized by his experience and seeks forgiveness. He is taken into custody by the League and held in their special prison where he and others are lectured about their violent ways, although Magog appears to spend most of his time remorsefully in his cell. However, the jail's walls are pierced by a brainwashed Captain", "title": "Magog (comics)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "In 2006, Masterson directed comedian Rich Hall's first stage play \"Levelland\" in which Hall played an irascible left-wing shock-jock. The show played at Melbourne Comedy Festival and \"Edinburgh Fringe Festival]]. Masterson also presented his solo \"Under Milk Wood\" at Union Hall, Adelaide to great acclaim. In 2007, his production of \"Follow Me\", by Ross Gurney-Randall and Dave Mounfield, won a Herald Angel, an Argus Angel and another Stage Best Actress nomination for Beth Fitzgerald. In 2008, he directed Justin Butcher in his performance of his own Scaramouche Jones which sold out its run at the Assembly Rooms and embarked on", "title": "Guy Masterson" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "news of the second battle of Copenhagen. A notice of a head money payment states that at some point King and \"Melville\" captured the privateers \"Pensee\" and \"Favorite\". \"Melville\" arrived at Deptford on 18 July 1808. King transferred on 29 July into , which he commissioned in Britain. The Principal Officers and Commissioners of His Majesty's Navy offered \"Melville sloop...lying at Deptford\" for sale on 3 November 1808. She was sold that day. Notes Citations References French corvette Naïade (1793) The French corvette \"Naïade\" was launched at Brest in 1793 as a brig-corvette for the French Navy. The Royal Navy", "title": "French corvette Naïade (1793)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "may, on the contrary, actually itself undermine expectations. Velasco and Neut (2003) \"argue that if the world is uncertain and there are situations in which the lack of discretion will cause large losses, a pre-commitment device can actually make things worse\". In chapter 7 of its report (\"Financial Liberalization: What Went Right,What Went Wrong?\") the World Bank analyses what went wrong in Argentina, summarizes the lessons from the experience, and draws suggestions for its future policy. The IMF's Independent Evaluation Office has issued a review of the lessons of Argentina for the institution, summarized in the following quotation: Mark Weisbrot", "title": "Washington Consensus" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the spindle whorl, and the potter's wheel as possible predecessors to the top, which he assumes was invented or discovered multiple times in multiple places. The action of a top is described by equations of rigid body dynamics (see the section Rotation in three dimensions). Typically the top will at first wobble until the shape of the tip and its interaction with the surface force it upright; contrary to what is sometimes assumed, longstanding scientific studies (and easy experimentations reproducible by anyone) show that less friction increases the time before the upright position is reached (unless the top is so", "title": "Top" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and South Korea, puts great demands upon youth. A multitude of expectations, high emphasis on competition, and the rote memorization of facts and figures for the purpose of passing entrance exams into the next tier of education in what could be termed a rigid \"pass-or-fail\" ideology, induce a high level of stress. Echoing the traditional Confucian values of society, the educational system is viewed as playing an important part in society's overall productivity and success. In this social frame, students often face significant pressure from parents and the society in general to conform to its dictates and doctrines. These doctrines,", "title": "Hikikomori" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in the near future. Given these promising findings, more recent research in psychology has begun to explore what factors drive consumers' expectations by exploring what factors come to mind when forming stock market expectations. Expectation (epistemic) In the case of uncertainty, expectation is what is considered the most likely to happen. An expectation, which is a belief that is centered on the future, may or may not be realistic. A less advantageous result gives rise to the emotion of disappointment. If something happens that is not at all expected, it is a surprise. An expectation about the behavior or performance", "title": "Expectation (epistemic)" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Aversives In psychology, aversives are unpleasant stimuli that induce changes in behavior through punishment; by applying an aversive immediately following a behavior, the likelihood of the behavior occurring in the future is reduced. Aversives can vary from being slightly unpleasant or irritating (such as a disliked color) to physically damaging. It is not the level of unpleasantness, but rather the effectiveness the unpleasant event has on changing behavior that defines the aversive. There are two types of aversive stimuli: Unconditioned aversive stimuli naturally result in pain or discomfort and are often associated with biologically harmful or damaging substances or events.", "title": "Aversives" } ]

[ "a state described as intense pain" ]

[ "Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the IASP definition of pain, it is possible to induce a state described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness in some patients, with morphine injection or psychosurgery. Such patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it; they recognize the sensation of pain but suffer little, or not at all. Indifference to pain can also rarely be present from birth; these people have normal nerves on medical investigations, and find pain unpleasant, but do not avoid repetition of the pain stimulus." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Murcia" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded up to north of the Ebro river, and in the 13th century they conquered the Land of Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The city of Alghero in Sardinia was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century. The language also reached Murcia, which became Spanish-speaking in the 15th century. In the Low Middle Ages, Catalan went through a golden age, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness. Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th–14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in Ausiàs March", "title": "Catalan language" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded up to north of the Ebro river, and in the 13th century they conquered the Land of Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The city of Alghero in Sardinia was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century. The language also reached Murcia, which became Spanish-speaking in the 15th century. In the Low Middle Ages, Catalan went through a golden age, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness. Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th–14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in Ausiàs March", "title": "Catalan language" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's \"Ode to the Homeland\" (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimerà (drama). In the 19th century, the region of Carche, in the province of Murcia was repopulated with Catalan speakers from the Land of Valencia. The Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939) saw a brief period of tolerance, with most restrictions against Catalan being lifted. Despite orthographic standardization in 1913", "title": "Catalan language" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Catalan language Catalan (; autonym: ) is a Western Romance language derived from Vulgar Latin and named after the medieval Principality of Catalonia, in northeastern modern Spain. It is the only official language of Andorra, and a co-official language of the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and Valencia (where the language is known as Valencian). It also has semi-official status in the Italian commune of Alghero. It is also spoken in the eastern strip of Aragon, in some villages of Region of Murcia called Carche and in the Pyrénées-Orientales department of France. These territories are often called", "title": "Catalan language" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "inning and closed out the win the rest of the way. Wednesday, October 14, 1981, at Yankee Stadium in Bronx, New York The Yankees struck first in Game 2 on Reggie Jackson's RBI groundout in the bottom of the first with runners on first and second off of ican League ERA leader Steve McCatty, but Oakland tied the score in the third when Rick Bosetti hit a leadoff double and scored on Rickey Henderson's one-out triple. Next inning, three consecutive one-out singles put Oakland up 2–1 and knock Yankees' starter Rudy May out of the game. George Frazier intentionally walked", "title": "1981 American League Championship Series" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Manakkad Manakkad is a village in Thodupuzha Taluk of Idukki District in Kerala, India, bordering Thodupuzha town on the banks of the Thodupuzha river. Its name is sometimes confused with those of Manarkad in Kottayam District and Manacaud (with the same Malayalam pronunciation as Manakkad) which is a locality in Thiruvananthapuram City. Manakkad Village also has a \"Panchayat\" known as Manakkad Panchayat. Arikuzha is the first ward of this Panchayat and it lies in the border of Idukki and Ernakulam districts. The telephone exchange is situated in Arikuzha. Arikuzha is a natural village with lot of scenic beauties. The village", "title": "Manakkad" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Brusciano Brusciano () is a municipality in the Metropolitan City of Naples, in Italy, on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius. Situated inland north-east of Naples, c. 16 km from the latter's center, it is an ancient village of rural vocation that has developed along the way National Puglia, in the stretch that connects the east of the capital and Pomigliano d'Arco and Nola. Its territory in the middle of the plain sits in the shadow of the Vesuvius area, between the slopes of Monte Somma and the plain of AcerraAsh, lava and volcanic tuff resulting from the Vesuvius formed the", "title": "Brusciano" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Serial Bus / IC Bus / SPI Bus, then some thought should be given to the design before making the changes. To minimize the chance of damaging various UEXT boards or the microcontroller, redefined pins should continue to adhere to the direction of the data in this table or alternately redefined as an input. For a safe design, it is recommended that you don't redefine pins 4 or 7 to be outputs, and use pin 6 as an output with caution. If a person is concerned about damaging the data lines of the microcontroller, additional over-voltage protection diodes and/or separate", "title": "UEXT" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Lourie Bosman Lourens Bosman (born 20 June 1941) is a South African politician for the opposition Freedom Front Plus, and the former President of AgriSA. He served as a Member of Parliament for the official opposition Democratic Alliance, first as Shadow Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and then as Shadow Deputy Minister of Higher Education and Training, before defecting to the FF+ in 2014. Dr. Bosman is married and has two children, a son Adee and a daughter Anname, with five grandchildren. He began his career by farming cattle and maize in 1968 and ran a Brahman Stud on", "title": "Lourie Bosman" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Llull (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th-14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry which culminated in Ausiàs March (1397–1459). By the 15th century, the city of Valencia had become the center of social and cultural dynamism, and Catalan was present all over the Mediterranean world. The belief that political splendor was correlated with linguistic consolidation was voiced through the Royal Chancery, which promoted a highly standardized language. The outstanding novel of chivalry \"Tirant lo Blanc\" (1490), by Joanot Martorell, shows the transition from medieval to Renaissance values, something than can also be seen in the works of Bernat Metge", "title": "Old Catalan" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "early 20th century, with the rise of Catalan Nationalism; firstly on the part of the Commonwealth of Catalonia and later the Autonomous Republican Government. It was in fact the Catalonia Statute of Autonomy 1932 which for the first time introduced the teaching of Catalan at all levels of education. Unfortunately, the period of autonomy was extremely brief, although its work laid the foundations that would allow, decades later, professional education sectors to maintain the Catalan language, even at the height of the Francoist Dictatorship, when the language was prohibited and its use persecuted. The recovery of democracy and a certain", "title": "Education in Catalan" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "dialect-related changes, with definite articles in Old Aragonese similar to their present Spanish equivalents. The most-widespread articles in Aragonese are similar to those in Galician and Portuguese, since they lack the initial \"l\": The second (auxiliary) article, after a vowel, is used with an \"r\" (pronounced [ɾ]). Neighboring Romance languages have influenced Aragonese. Catalan and Occitan influenced Medieval Aragonese, and the Catalan influence continued under the Crown of Aragon in the Ribagorçan dialect. Since the 15th century, Spanish has most influenced Aragonese; it was adopted throughout Aragon as the first language, limiting Aragonese to the northern region surrounding the Pyrenees.", "title": "Aragonese language" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "developed in the Kingdom of Valencia around the 15th century under the variant of \"Valenciano\" . The Catalan language consolidated and clearly differenciated, even in lyrical poetry, from Occitan language. The prose is widely cultivated, with influences from Italian humanism. Authors as the humanist Bernat Metge the preacher Vincent Ferrer, Francesc Eiximenis or Anselm Turmeda write works now considered as classical models of Catalan prose. The narrative and the fiction are shown in novels as \"Història de Jacob Xalabín\", \"Paris i Viana\" or the chivalric roman \"Curial i Güelfa\". In the 15th century the main centre of literary production is", "title": "Catalan literature" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "repressing Catalan culture. During the Franco period (1939-1975), Catalan was subject to oppression and was reduced to family use. Castillian (Spanish) became the only language of education, administration and the media. The situation was aggravated by large waves of migration of Spanish speakers in the 20th century, particularly in the 60s and 70s, from the rest of Spain, especially Andalusia and Extremadura, and which were for the most part concentrated around metropolitan Barcelona. This caused a great retreat in social use of Catalan and knowledge of the language, to the extent that Spanish passed Catalan as a mother tongue for", "title": "Francoist Catalonia" } ]

[ "Murcia" ]

[ "During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded up to north of the Ebro river, and in the 13th century they conquered the Land of Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The city of Alghero in Sardinia was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century. The language also reached Murcia, which became Spanish-speaking in the 15th century." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Vladislaus I" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "centuries. After the tragic death of the young king Vladislaus I of Hungary during the Battle of Varna in 1444 against the Ottomans, the Kingdom was placed in the hands of count John Hunyadi, who became Hungary's regent-governor (1446–1453). Hunyadi was considered one of the most relevant military figures of the 15th century: Pope Pius II awarded him the title of \"Athleta Christi\" or Champion of Christ for being the only hope of resisting the Ottomans from advancing to Central and Western Europe. Hunyadi succeeded during the Siege of Belgrade in 1456 against the Ottomans, the biggest victory against that", "title": "Late Middle Ages" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "only after 25 years, \"a fact that the audiences realised in just two minutes.\" Film producer and writer G. Dhananjayan told \"The Times of India\", \"When you talk of black-and-white films, you cannot resist mentioning the 1948 epic \"Chandralekha\" ... That film's grandeur, be it in the sets, costumes, songs, dances and the fight sequences, still remains a benchmark even this day of colour and 3D films.\" In April 2012, Rediff included the film on its \"A to Z of Tamil Cinema\" list and said that \"Chandralekha\" \"boasted an ensemble cast, great production values and a story that ensured it", "title": "Chandralekha (1948 film)" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Batonishvili Batonishvili () (literally \"a child of batoni (lord or sovereign)\" in Georgian) is a title for royal princes and princesses who descend from the kings of Georgia from the Bagrationi dynasty and is suffixed to the names e.g. Alexandre Batonishvili, Ioane Batonishvili, Nino Batonishvili etc. The title was eventually borne not only by the children of the reigning king (\"mepe\"), but by all male-line descendants of past kings. The customary attribute or form of address for a Batonishvili was \"უგანათლებულესი\" (\"uganatlebulesi\") (\"Most Brilliant\" or \"Most High\"). There were several types of noble in the monarchies of the Caucasus, some", "title": "Batonishvili" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "two goddesses Demeter and Persephone in Argos, had dried up all the region's springs after the Argolid was awarded to the protection of Hera. It would appear from the myth that Poseidon preceded Hera in the heartland of her cult. But he rescued Amymone from a chthonic satyr that was about to rape her. To possess her himself, the god revealed the springs of Lerna, a cult site of great antiquity near the shores of the Argolid. To Poseidon she bore Nauplius, \"the navigator\", who gave his name to the port city of Argos. Amymone, the blameless, was eventually reconciled", "title": "Amymone" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in and around the Cabrini-Green housing project on the near-north side. \"Cooley High\" was a critical and commercial success. Produced on a $750,000 budget, the film grossed $13 million at the domestic box office, making it one of the top 30 highest-grossing films of 1975. The film holds an 82% \"Fresh\" rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Filmmaker Spike Lee included the film on his essential film list entitled \"List of Films All Aspiring Filmmakers Must See\". The movie also ranked #23 on \"Entertainment Weekly\"s list of the 50 Best High School Movies. ABC planned a television adaptation of \"Cooley High\", but", "title": "Cooley High" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Widmark was at one stage a forerunner for the part played by Victor Mature. Ava Gardner was to play the female lead, but was eventually replaced by Lana Turner. Filming took place in late 1953 and early 1954, on location in Holland and England. It was the final film Gable made for MGM under his contract, which ended in March 1954. According to MGM records, the film earned $1,966,000 in the US and Canada, and $2,211,000 overseas, resulting in a profit of $821,000. In a 1954 \"New York Times\" review, critic Bosley Crowther wrote: \"By the time this picture gets", "title": "Betrayed (1954 film)" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "died without legitimate heir, and was thus succeeded by Vladislaus II Jagiellon (1490–1516), the son of Casimir IV of Poland. In turn, Vladislaus was succeeded by his son Louis II (1516–26). At the time of the initial Ottoman encroachment, the Hungarians successfully resisted conquest. John Hunyadi was leader of the Crusade of Varna, in which the Hungarians tried to expel the Turks from the Balkans. Initially, they were successful, but later at the Battle of Varna, the Ottomans won a decisive if Pyrrhic victory. Wladyslaw III was decapitated during this battle. In 1456, John Hunyadi delivered a crushing defeat of", "title": "Kingdom of Hungary" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the reign of King Hunyadi Mátyás the city reached its medieval population peak. With an estimated 10,000 Hungarian inhabitants, it was among the largest medieval cities in Europe. The history of Kassa was heavily influenced by the dynastic disputes over the Hungarian throne, which together with the decline of the continental trade brought the city into stagnation. Vladislaus III of Varna failed to capture the city in 1441. John Jiskra's mercenaries from Bohemia defeated Tamás Székely's Hungarian army in 1449. John I Albert, Prince of Poland, could not capture the city during a six-month-long siege in 1491. In 1526, the", "title": "Košice" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "during these fights. Władysław appointed Hunyadi (together with his close friend, Nicholas Újlaki) to command the southern defenses in 1441. Hunyadi made several raids against the Ottomans. During his \"long campaign\" of 1443-1444, the Hungarian forces penetrated as far as Sofia within the Ottoman Empire. The Holy See organized a new crusade, but the Ottomans annihilated the Christian forces at the Battle of Varna in 1444, during which Władysław was killed. Following Władysław's death, the Diet of 1445 acknowledged the infant Ladislaus V as rightful monarch. He lived in the court of his relative, Frederick III. Therefore, the Estates appointed", "title": "Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448, deterred the European states from sending any substantial military assistance to the Byzantines during the Ottoman siege of Constantinople in 1453. In the aftermath, the Ottomans had removed a significant opposition to their expansion into central and eastern Europe; subsequent battles forced a large number of Europeans to become Ottoman subjects. The fallen Polish King was named Władysław III Warneńczyk in memory of the battle. The Battle of Varna is commemorated on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw, with the inscription \"WARNA 10 XI 1444\". Battle of Varna The Battle of Varna took", "title": "Battle of Varna" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the latter on one occasion, and was saved from reprisals through Feraios' intervention. Having gathered a large army of mercenaries, he rebelled against the Ottoman sultan Selim III, and, acting as an independent ruler, he minted his own coins and had diplomatic relations with foreign states (including the French Republic). In 1798, he held territories which spread from the Danube to the Balkan Mountains and from Belgrade to Varna. In 1793, he undertook a military expedition to the Pashaluk of Belgrade but was soundly defeated by the Serbs in Ottoman service at the Battle of Kolari. The 1797 military expedition", "title": "Osman Pazvantoğlu" } ]

[ "Vladislaus I" ]

[ "At the end of the 15th century the Ottoman Empire advanced all over Southeastern Europe, eventually conquering the Byzantine Empire and extending control over the Balkan states. Hungary was the last bastion of the Latin Christian world in the East, and fought to keep its rule over a period of two centuries. After the tragic death of the young king Vladislaus I of Hungary during the Battle of Varna in 1444 against the Ottomans, the Kingdom was placed in the hands of count John Hunyadi, who became Hungary's regent-governor (1446–1453). Hunyadi was considered one of the most relevant military figures of the 15th century: Pope Pius II awarded him the title of Athleta Christi or Champion of Christ for being the only hope of resisting the Ottomans from advancing to Central and Western Europe." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "692" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "time the revolt of al-Mukhtar was crushed. In 691, Umayyad troops reconquered Iraq, and in 692 the same army captured Mecca. Ibn al-Zubayr was killed in the attack. The second major event of the early reign of Abd al-Malik was the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Although the chronology remains somewhat uncertain, the building seems to have been completed in 692, which means that it was under construction during the conflict with Ibn al-Zubayr. This had led some historians, both medieval and modern, to suggest that the Dome of the Rock was built as a destination", "title": "Umayyad Caliphate" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "no restriction on the language of the entries. A preliminary jury would select 6 songs for the national selection, while another 4 entries would be contributed by acts invited by the broadcaster on the basis of editorial considerations. On 27 September 2010, DR announced that 663 songs had been submitted for Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2011, 101 songs more than the previous year. On 15 October 2010, DR announced that the national final would take place on 26 February 2011 in the Ballerup Super Arena in Ballerup, a north-western suburb of Copenhagen. On 11 December 2010, DR announced that Felix", "title": "Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Member of the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova. In 1994 he was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Parliament. From 1993 to 1994 he was Chairman of the Commissions for Juridical and Law reform, which started the legal reforms in Moldova and member of the Commission on drafting the text of new Constitution. In 1999 he was Chairman of the Commission for territorial reform and decentralization of state power. On 22 May 1998 Nicolae Andronic was appointed Deputy Prime Minister, he held the function during Ion Ciubuc Cabinet II, and then from 1999 to 2000 he held the function of", "title": "Nicolae Andronic" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Ansidei Madonna The Ansidei Madonna (Italian: Pala Ansidei) is a 1505–1507 painting by the Italian High Renaissance artist Raphael, painted during his Florentine period. It shows the Blessed Virgin Mary sitting on a wooden throne, with the child Christ on her lap. On her right John the Baptist stands, on her left Saint Nicholas is reading. At the time the painting was commissioned, there were other paintings that made up the grouping for the altarpiece. Of the predellas, the only that remains is Saint John the Baptist Preaching, the others are inexplicably lost. Both the main painting, \"\"Ansidei Madonna\"\", and", "title": "Ansidei Madonna" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "boycott British goods (the Continental Association) starting December 1, 1774 and provided for a Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia. On May 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress assembled at the Pennsylvania State House after the Battles of Lexington and Concord marked the beginning of the American Revolutionary War. Congress adopted the Olive Branch Petition in July 1775, which affirmed American loyalty to Great Britain and entreated King George III to prevent further conflict. The petition was rejected—in August 1775, the King's Proclamation of Rebellion formally declared the colonies to be in a state of rebellion. In February 1776, colonists received", "title": "Independence National Historical Park" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and his Mongols (1224–1227) playing taxes to them and providing military assistance thus keeping his kingdom. With the death of Genghis, the area came within the Chagatai Khanate from 1227 to 1348. Kingdom of Mangalai Mangalai () was a 13th-century kingdom with its capital in northwest China's Akesu city. Mentioned by Marco Polo, it was subservant to Genghis Khan from 1224 to his death in 1227. On the edge of the Yuan Dynasty of China, Mangalai was controlled by the Chagatai Khanate. It's latter history sees periods of autonomy or inclusion of one of many larger kingdoms including: Mogulistan, Kashgar,", "title": "Kingdom of Mangalai" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "beyond the end of the Second Temple Period. Cooperation between the Romans and the Jews was strongest during the reigns of Herod and his grandson, Herod Agrippa I. However, the Romans moved power out of the hands of vassal kings and into the hands of Roman administrators, beginning with the Census of Quirinius in 6 CE. The First Jewish–Roman War broke out in 66 CE. After a few years of conflict, the Romans retook Jerusalem and destroyed the temple, bringing an end to the Second Temple Period in 70 CE. During the Persian period, the Temple became more than the", "title": "Sadducees" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "end of the civil war, Abdallah ibn Amir was again entrusted with restoring Muslim control over Khurasan. The exact events of the next few years are unclear as the historical traditions confuse them with Ibn Amir's original conquest of the area, but what information there is, mostly from tribal accounts, suggests occasional fierce resistance and rebellions, leading to acts like the destruction of the Nawbahar stupa by Ibn Amir's deputy Qays ibn al-Hatham. It was not until the appointment of Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan to the government of Iraq and the eastern Caliphate that the Arabs undertook a systematic pacification", "title": "Muslim conquest of Transoxiana" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and the Northern Nigerian Muslims with Maitatsine saying he was the prophet Muhammad. Illegal aliens from Niger, Chad, Cameroon, Mali and Burkina Faso along with over 6,000 Nigerian Muslim fanatics killed over 100 policemen while injuring 100 policemen. The army was called and alleviated the situation before the fanatics could overrun the country. However, official sources state that illegal aliens did not cause the trouble. When President Shehu Shagari called for all the foreigners to leave Nigeria, it created the worst international crisis since the end of the civil war in January 1970 and implemented a search of commercial, industrial", "title": "Kano 1980 riot" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "faith was well received by South India. Muslims were allowed to build mosques, intermarry with Indian women, and very soon an Indian-Arabian community came into being. Early in the 9th century, Muslim missionaries gained a notable convert in the person of the King of Malabar. The peaceful spread of Islam was suddenly checked when Muslim armies began to invade India. Mohammed Bin Qasim (672 CE) at the age of 17 was the first Muslim invader and he managed to reach Sindh. Centuries later Mahmud of Ghazni (971 - 1030 CE) was the second, much more ferocious invader, who swept up", "title": "Islam in India" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "harass-and-surround tactics of the Turkish horse archers, they tended to discount the effectiveness of the Egyptian armies. While overconfidence led to a Crusader disaster at the second battle of Ramleh, the more frequent result was a Fatimid defeat. \"The Franks never, until the reign of Saladin, feared the Egyptian as they did the armies from Muslim Syria and Mesopotamia.\" The War of the Lombards (1228–1242) was a civil war in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Kingdom of Cyprus between the \"Lombards\" (also called the imperialists), the representatives of the Emperor Frederick II, largely from Lombardy, and the native aristocracy,", "title": "Military history of the Crusader states" } ]

[ "692" ]

[ "The rivalries between the Arab tribes had caused unrest in the provinces outside Syria, most notably in the Second Muslim Civil War of 680–692 CE and the Berber Revolt of 740–743 CE. During the Second Civil War, leadership of the Umayyad clan shifted from the Sufyanid branch of the family to the Marwanid branch. As the constant campaigning exhausted the resources and manpower of the state, the Umayyads, weakened by the Third Muslim Civil War of 744–747 CE, were finally toppled by the Abbasid Revolution in 750 CE/132 AH. A branch of the family fled across North Africa to Al-Andalus, where they established the Caliphate of Córdoba, which lasted until 1031 before falling due to the Fitna of al-Ándalus." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "samurai" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "suspended and the influx of Chinese exports halted, a fact which facilitated the growth of independently Japanese culture called . Therefore, the Heian Period is considered a high point in Japanese culture that later generations have always admired. The period is also noted for the rise of the samurai class, which would eventually take power and start the feudal period of Japan. Nominally, sovereignty lay in the emperor but in fact, power was wielded by the Fujiwara nobility. However, to protect their interests in the provinces, the Fujiwara, and other noble families required guards, police and soldiers. The warrior class", "title": "Heian period" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "suspended and the influx of Chinese exports halted, a fact which facilitated the growth of independently Japanese culture called . Therefore, the Heian Period is considered a high point in Japanese culture that later generations have always admired. The period is also noted for the rise of the samurai class, which would eventually take power and start the feudal period of Japan. Nominally, sovereignty lay in the emperor but in fact, power was wielded by the Fujiwara nobility. However, to protect their interests in the provinces, the Fujiwara, and other noble families required guards, police and soldiers. The warrior class", "title": "Heian period" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Yamaguchi Prefecture Yamaguchi Prefecture was created by the merger of the provinces of Suō and Nagato. During the rise of the samurai class during the Heian and Kamakura Periods (794–1333), the Ouchi family of Suō Province and the Koto family of Nagato Province gained influence as powerful warrior clans. In the Muromachi Period (1336—1573), Ouchi Hiroyo, the 24th ruler of the Ouchi family conquered both areas of Yamaguchi Prefecture. The Ouchi clan imitated the city planning of Kyoto. They gained great wealth through cultural imports from the continent and trade with Korea and Ming Dynasty China. As a result, Yamaguchi", "title": "Yamaguchi Prefecture" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Empress Jingū came to be identified together with Hachiman. First enshrined at Usa Hachiman-gū in Ōita Prefecture, Hachiman was deeply revered during the Heian period. According to the Kojiki, it was Ōjin who invited Korean and Chinese scholars to Japan, and for this reason he is the patron of writing and learning. Because as Emperor Ōjin he was an ancestor of the Minamoto clan, Hachiman became the of the Minamoto samurai clan of Kawachi (Osaka). After Minamoto no Yoritomo became \"shōgun\" and established the Kamakura shogunate, Hachiman's popularity grew and he became by extension the protector of the warrior class", "title": "Shinto shrine" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "complex, the Shimotsuke Yakushi-ji, located in what is now the city of Tochigi, dates from the Nara period. From the Heian period, the area was dominated by a number of samurai bands, including the Utsunomiya clan, and the Nasu clan. A branch of the Minamoto clan, the Ashikaga rose to prominence during the Kamakura period from their \"shōen\" at what is now Ashikaga, and went on to create the ashikaga shogunate of the Muromachi period. During the Sengoku period, Shimotsuke was contested between the later Hōjō clan ,the Takeda and the Uesugi clans. After the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate,", "title": "Shimotsuke Province" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Tamura clan The was a Japanese samurai clan who ruled Ichinoseki Domain in Mutsu Province during the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. The family was closely related to the Date clan of Sendai Domain through intermarriage. The Tamura clan claimed descent from Sakanoue no Tamuramaro, and were local \"gōzoku\" controlling Tamura \"shōen\" (later Tamura District) in what is now central Fukushima Prefecture since the Heian period. The clan rose to become a minor \"daimyō\" during the Sengoku period. In 1504, the Tamura clan moved from Moriyama to Miharu Castle in what is now Miharu, Fukushima. As a defense network, the clan", "title": "Tamura clan" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "originally referred to a luncheon on festival days attended by soldiers and guards during the Heian period, and was attached to the warrior class. The menu usually consisted of dried abalone, jellyfish \"aemono\", pickled ume called \"umeboshi\", salt and vinegar for seasoning, and rice. Later in the period, the \"honzen-ryōri\" banquet became popularized. The cuisine of the samurai came distinctly from their peasant roots. The meals prepared emphasized simplicity while being substantial. The cuisine avoided refinement, ceremony and luxury, and shed all further Chinese influence. One specific example is the change from wearing traditional Chinese garb to a distinct clothing", "title": "History of Japanese cuisine" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Kintarō Kintarō is supposedly based on a real person, Sakata Kintoki, who lived during the Heian period and probably came from what is now the city of Minamiashigara, Kanagawa. He served as a retainer for the samurai Minamoto no Yorimitsu and became well known for his abilities as a warrior. As with many larger-than-life individuals, his legend has grown with time. Several competing stories tell of Kintarō's childhood. In one, he was raised by his mother, Princess Yaegiri, daughter of a wealthy man named Shiman-chōja, in the village of Jizodo, near Mount Ashigara. In a competing legend, his mother gave", "title": "Kintarō" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Tamura Takaaki, was created viscount in the new \"kazoku\" peerage system. As lord of Iwanuma As lord of Ichinoseki Tamura clan The was a Japanese samurai clan who ruled Ichinoseki Domain in Mutsu Province during the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. The family was closely related to the Date clan of Sendai Domain through intermarriage. The Tamura clan claimed descent from Sakanoue no Tamuramaro, and were local \"gōzoku\" controlling Tamura \"shōen\" (later Tamura District) in what is now central Fukushima Prefecture since the Heian period. The clan rose to become a minor \"daimyō\" during the Sengoku period. In 1504, the Tamura", "title": "Tamura clan" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "imperial court. Regional lords also began to build their own armies. These warriors were loyal only their local lords and not the emperor, although the imperial government increasingly called them in to protect the capital. The regional warrior class developed into the samurai, which created its own culture: including specialized weapons such as the katana and a form of chivalry, bushido. The imperial government's loss of control in the second half of the Heian period allowed banditry to grow, requiring both feudal lords and Buddhist monasteries to procure warriors for protection. As imperial control over Japan declined, feudal lords also", "title": "History of Asia" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "attendance to the nobility.\" From the mid-Heian Period these attendants were armed and served as guardians to the higher nobility. By the end of the 12th century, \"samurai\" became synonymous with \"bushi\" almost entirely and the word was closely associated with the middle and upper echelons of the warrior class. Written in 1371, The Heike Monogatari chronicles the struggle between the Minamoto and Taira clans for control of Japan at the end of the 12th century, a conflict known as the Genpei War. The Heike Monogatari is one of the longest and most beautifully composed of the genre called gunki", "title": "Samurai in Japanese literature" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Kura (saddle) , is the generic name for the Japanese saddle. The word \"kura\" is most commonly associated with the saddle used by the samurai class of feudal Japan which was developed from Chinese saddles. Over time the Japanese added elements of their own until the Japanese saddle became an identifiable style, also known as the samurai saddle. The Japanese were known to be using the Chinese style of saddle during the Nara period (AD 710 to 794), but during the Heian (794 to 1185), changes made to the Chinese saddle led to what we now call the \"kura\" or", "title": "Kura (saddle)" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and only with a strong economy and military could Japan force a revision of the unequal treaties, such as the Kanagawa Accords. Government policies also laid the basis of later industrialist empires known as the \"zaibatsu\". As a residue of its widespread use in propaganda during the 19th century, military nationalism in Japan was often known as \"bushidō\" (the way of the warrior). The word, denoting a coherent code of beliefs and doctrines about the proper path of the samurai, or what is called generically 'warrior thought' (武家思想, \"buke shisō\"), is rarely encountered in Japanese texts before the Meiji era,", "title": "Japanese nationalism" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Hagakure Hagakure (Kyūjitai: ; Shinjitai: ; meaning \"Hidden by the Leaves\" or \"hidden leaves\"), or , is a practical and spiritual guide for a warrior, drawn from a collection of commentaries by the clerk Yamamoto Tsunetomo, former retainer to Nabeshima Mitsushige, the third ruler of what is now Saga Prefecture in Japan. compiled these commentaries from his conversations with Tsunetomo from 1709 to 1716; however, it was not published until many years afterwards. Written during a time when there was no officially sanctioned samurai fighting, the book grapples with the dilemma of maintaining a warrior class in the absence of", "title": "Hagakure" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Nara period saw the introduction of Tangmi (Esoteric Buddhism, Japanese \"mikkyō\") to Japan from China by Kūkai and Saichō, who founded Shingon Buddhism and the Tendai school, respectively. During the Heian period the capital was shifted from Nara to Kyoto. Monasteries became centers of powers, even establishing armies of Sōhei, warrior-monks. Shinto and Buddhism became the dominant religions, maintaining a balance until the Meiji-restoration. The Kamakura period was a period of crisis in which the control of the country moved from the imperial aristocracy to the samurai. In 1185 the Kamakura shogunate was established at Kamakura. This period saw the", "title": "Buddhism in Japan" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "predisposed most women to powerlessness, in conflict with a female warrior role. The Genpei War (1180–1185) marked the war between the Taira (Heike) and Minamoto (Genji) clans; two very prominent and powerful Japanese clans of the late-Heian period. The epic \"The Tale of the Heike\" was composed in the early 13th century in order to commemorate the stories of courageous and devoted samurai. Among those was Tomoe Gozen, servant of Minamoto no Yoshinaka of the Minamoto clan. She assisted Yoshinaka in defending himself against the forces of his cousin, Minamoto no Yoritomo, especially during the Battle of Awazu on February", "title": "Onna-bugeisha" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "seeds of their own destruction with acts of arrogance and pride that led to their defeat in 1185 at the hands of the revitalized Minamoto. The story is episodic in nature and designed to be told in a series of nightly installments. It is primarily a samurai epic focusing on warrior culture – an ideology that ultimately laid the groundwork for bushido (the way of the warrior). The Heike also includes a number of love stories, which harkens back to earlier Heian literature. The story is roughly divided into three sections. The central figure of the first section is Taira", "title": "The Tale of the Heike" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "by farmers, were prepared in Kanji. Both the kanji literacy rate and skills in math improved toward the end of Kamakura period. Some samurai had \"buke bunko\", or \"warrior library\", a personal library that held texts on strategy, the science of warfare, and other documents that would have proved useful during the warring era of feudal Japan. One such library held 20,000 volumes. The upper class had \"Kuge bunko\", or \"family libraries\", that held classics, Buddhist sacred texts, and family histories, as well as genealogical records. Literacy was generally high among the warriors and the common classes as well. The", "title": "Samurai" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "also believed that the prosperity of the country depended on keeping children together. He dealt with the effect of separation on the children themselves by saying \"I do not know of any measures that would prepare the way for better feeling in Ireland than uniting children at an early age, and bringing them up in the same school, leading them to commune with one another and to form those little intimacies and friendships which subsist through life. Children thus united know and love each other as children brought up together always will and to separate them is I think, to", "title": "National school (Ireland)" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in Beijing), for example. Huang’s notable publications include “The Calligraphy of Huang Shi An” (1988) and “The Calligraphy Exhibitions of Huang Shi An” (2005). Huang devoted his life to promoting calligraphy. He started his calligraphy journey with Northern Wei Dynasty’s tablet inscriptions, followed by other forms of stone-calligraphy. He was inspired by Qing Dynasty’s He Shao Ji, who was a calligrapher, poet and scholar himself. Huang further enriched his calligraphy with Kang You Wei’s attributes. Huang Shi An Huang Shi An (黄石庵) (1903 – 1990) was a Chinese calligraphy artist. Huang Shi An was born by the names of ‘Zi", "title": "Huang Shi An" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "World Cup. Twelve ODI centuries have been scored on the ground. The Grange also hosts other sports as well as cricket. It has five squash courts, which support men's and ladies' teams that compete at all regional and national levels. Uniquely for a private club in Scotland, The Grange also has four grass tennis courts and four floodlit astroturf courts. Grange Hockey Club supports eight men's hockey teams which represents a broad range of ability. The 1st XI recently played in Europe, having won the Scottish Cup, and also play in the Euro Hockey League (EHL). The Grange Club is", "title": "The Grange Club" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "100%, based on , with a rating average of 9/10. Jonathan Rosenbaum from \"Chicago Reader\" praised the film, calling it a masterpiece. The film was a powerful influence on the later Swedish film director Ingmar Bergman who also utilised the figure of Death in \"The Seventh Seal\", where the referring to him as a \"strict master\" is a reference to \"The Phantom Carriage\". Bergman also cast Sjöström in the leading role for \"Wild Strawberries\", which also features references to the film. Bergman has said that he first saw it at 15 and watched it at least once every year. The", "title": "The Phantom Carriage" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "greeting each other, Laestadians say \"God's Peace\" in English (or in Finnish: \"Jumalan terve\" meaning God's greeting or welcome). To take their leave of each other, they say \"God's peace\" in English (or in Finnish: \"Jumalan rauhaa\"). \"Worldliness\" is discouraged, and Laestadians frown on pre-marital sex and on alcohol consumption except in the sacrament of holy communion. Conservative Laestadians frown upon worldly vices such as dancing, television, birth control, rhythmic music, make-up, earrings, movies, tattoos, and cursing. Some conservative elements within the church go even further in rejecting the ways of the world, for examples, refusing to buy insurance, prohibiting", "title": "Laestadianism" }, { "idx": 23, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "said to have been \"fearless as a man and beautiful as a flower,\" and to have wielded a naginata in battle. Many storytellers and printmakers have portrayed her in their works, including Kuniyoshi, who produced a series of warrior women prints. This series also included such historical or literary figures as Tomoe Gozen, Shizuka Gozen, and Hōjō Masako. Hangaku Gozen She lived during the end of the Heian and the beginning of the Kamakura periods. Her other names include . She was the daughter of a warrior named , and her siblings were and (or ). In 1180-1185 Tomoe Gozen", "title": "Hangaku Gozen" }, { "idx": 24, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Guecha warrior Guecha Warriors (Spanish: \"güechas\" or \"gueches\") were warriors of the Muisca Confederation in the Tenza Valley, Ubaque valley and Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the pre-Columbian era. The Guecha warrior was chosen for his merit in attitude and physique rather than by class. He was recognised by his unique status in society and his adornment with gold, feathers and inks. In the Chibcha language spoken by the Muisca people, the word \"Güechá\" has a number of possible meanings. The syllable \"güe\" may mean \"people\", \"I killed\", \"house\" or \"place\". The syllable \"chá\" may mean \"man\" or \"male\". Hence, \"güechá\" may", "title": "Guecha warrior" }, { "idx": 25, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a masterpiece of Nikki Bungaku. Emaki, which are long paper scrolls telling a story through texts and paintings, came to Japan through exchange with the Chinese Empire around the 6th century and spread widely among the Heian aristocracy. The subsequent Kamakura period was marked by internal strife and civil wars that fostered the rise of the warrior class. If the warriors of the \"bakufu\" preferred \"quick-moving narrative scrolls\" such as war tales or legends, the production of emaki at the Heian court subsisted. Pictures illustrating \"The Tale of Genji\" continued to be popular into the early Kamakura period and revived", "title": "Murasaki Shikibu Diary Emaki" }, { "idx": 26, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "ever written. Murasaki Shikibu's contemporary and rival Sei Shōnagon's revealing observations and musings as an attendant in the Empress' court were recorded collectively as \"The Pillow Book\" in the 990s, which revealed the quotidian capital lifestyle. The Heian period produced a flowering of poetry including works of Ariwara no Narihira, Ono no Komachi, Izumi Shikibu, Murasaki Shikibu, Saigyō and Fujiwara no Teika. The famous Japanese poem known as the Iroha (いろは), of uncertain authorship, was also written during the Heian period. During the Heian period, beauty was widely considered an important part of what made one a \"good\" person. In", "title": "Heian period" }, { "idx": 27, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Hikawa Maru-class ocean liner The was a class of ocean liners of Japan, serving during the 1930s, and after World War II. In 1927-28, the NYK Line placed an order for eight ocean liners to reinforce the Japan–Seattle route (3 × \"Hikawa Maru\" class), Japan–San Francisco route (3 × \"Asama Maru\" class), and Japan–London route (2 × \"Terukuni Maru\" class). The \"Hikawa Maru\" class were named the \"Hikawa Maru\", \"Hiye Maru\" (later \"Hie Maru\") and \"Heian Maru\". \"Hikawa Maru\" was completed on 25 April 1930. Her maiden voyage was 13 May 1930 for Yokohama–Seattle. Arrived at Seattle on 27 May.", "title": "Hikawa Maru-class ocean liner" } ]

[ "samurai" ]

[ "The Heian period was preceded by the Nara period and began in 794 A.D after the movement of the capital of Japan to Heian-kyō (present day Kyōto京都), by the 50th emperor, Emperor Kanmu. Kanmu first tried to move the capital to Nagaoka-kyō, but a series of disasters befell the city, prompting the emperor to relocate the capital a second time, to Heian. The Heian Period is considered a high point in Japanese culture that later generations have always admired. The period is also noted for the rise of the samurai class, which would eventually take power and start the feudal period of Japan." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "hybrid" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "interbreed with each other. Some hybrids have been recognized as species, such as the [[red wolf]] (though this is controversial). [[Artificial selection]], the deliberate [[selective breeding]] of domestic animals, is being used to [[breeding back|breed back]] [[Holocene extinction|recently extinct]] animals in an attempt to achieve an animal breed with a [[phenotype]] that resembles that extinct [[wildtype]] ancestor. A breeding-back (intraspecific) hybrid may be very similar to the extinct wildtype in appearance, ecological niche and to some extent genetics, but the initial [[gene pool]] of that wild type is lost forever with its [[extinction]]. As a result, bred-back breeds are at", "title": "Mammal" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "particularly in bedding plants where consistency is less critical. F1 crosses in animals can be between two inbred lines or between two closely related species or subspecies. In such fish as cichlids, the term F1 cross is used for crosses between two different wild-caught individuals that are assumed to be from different genetic lines. F1 hybrid An F1 hybrid (or filial 1 hybrid) is the first filial generation of offspring of distinctly different parental types. F1 hybrids are used in genetics, and in selective breeding, where it may appear as F1 crossbreed. The term is sometimes written with a subscript,", "title": "F1 hybrid" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "convention, the name of the sire comes first in such combinations: the offspring of a male polar bear and a female grizzly would be the suggested \"nanulak\" or a \"pizzly bear\", while the offspring of a male grizzly and a female polar bear would be a \"grolar bear\" or possibly an \"aknuk\". If the remains of MacFarlane's 1864 specimenwhich was validly described according to ICZN ruleswere traced and confirmed to be such a hybrid by ancient DNA techniques, the scientific name \"Ursus × inopinatus\" would be available for these animals. Two grizzly–polar hybrid cubs (one female and one male) were", "title": "Grizzly–polar bear hybrid" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "F1 hybrids (i.e., there are four unrelated grandparents). Three-way cross hybrids result from the cross between an F1 hybrid and an inbred line. Triple cross hybrids result from the crossing of two different three-way cross hybrids. Top cross (or \"topcross\") hybrids result from the crossing of a top quality or pure-bred male and a lower quality female, intended to improve the quality of the offspring, on average. Population hybrids result from the crossing of plants or animals in one population with those of another population. These include interspecific hybrids or crosses between different breeds. In horticulture, the term stable hybrid", "title": "Hybrid (biology)" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "its owner for lengthy travel. Lovebirds of different species can mate and produce both sterile and fertile hybrid offspring, for example \"Agapornis personatus\" mate with \"Agapornis fischeri\" will produce fertile hybrid offspring. These offspring have behaviors of both parents. It is recommended to only place birds of the same species together, or of the same sex for this reason. There are two lovebird societies in the United States: the Agapornis Breeders & Exhibitors and the African Love Bird Society. Lovebird A lovebird is the common name of \"Agapornis\" (Greek: αγάπη \"agape\" 'love'; όρνις \"ornis\" 'bird'), a small genus of parrot.", "title": "Lovebird" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "official mint, perhaps at a time when one of them should have been destroyed. The name derives from the mule, the hybrid offspring of a horse and a donkey, due to such a coin having two sides intended for different coins, much as a mule has parents of two different species. Several prominent mule errors have been discovered in recent times. One of the most famous is the Sacagawea Dollar/Washington State Quarter mule featuring the obverse of a Statehood quarter and the reverse of a Sacagawea dollar. This coin was struck on a Sacagawea dollar planchet. Common belief was that", "title": "Mule (coin)" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "standings in the final group. Despite this setback, the team went on to qualify for the Olympic tournament. Bocwinski played the first two U.S. games, a 0-0 tie with Mexico and a 3-0 loss to Malaysia. In 1983, Bocwinski became the head coach at Carthage College in Kenosha. In his two seasons as coach, he took the team to a 12-21-2 (.371) record. In addition to playing and coaching soccer, Bocwinski also worked over thirty years for the American Motors Corporation. In 1987, he was inducted into the Wisconsin Soccer Association Hall of Fame. John Bocwinski John Bocwinski (born November", "title": "John Bocwinski" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of Delgado Chalbaud. Haverkamp enabled chief Joao Davi Yanomami to travel to the United Nations headquarters in order to raise awareness about the plight of his people. Christina Haverkamp Christina Haverkamp (* 6 September 1958 in Nordhorn, Germany) is a German-based human rights activist with special focus on the Yanomami people living in Venezuela and Brazil. She founded the Yanomami-Hilfe e.V. in 2006 after she revoked her association and membership at the Society of Threatened Peoples with the argument that the Society for Threatened Peoples (GfbV) organization had embezzled money's and enriched itself by collecting donations meant to help the", "title": "Christina Haverkamp" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "altercation with Washington Redskins wide receiver Santana Moss. Both players were penalized for Unsportsmanlike Conduct. Webster had a career-high six interceptions during the 2011 regular season. Webster helped the Giants beat the Patriots for the second time in five years in Super Bowl XLVI by a score of 21-17. He defended 1 pass and recorded a tackle. Webster had a career-high 58 tackles (52 solo) during the 2012 regular season. Webster suffered a hip flexor and was questionable for the September 22, 2013 game against the Carolina Panthers. \"Source: \" Corey Webster Corey Jonas Webster (born March 2, 1982) is", "title": "Corey Webster" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "towards political activism, thus launching the first Palestinian acting troupe that staged the first Palestinian political play in the YMCA theatre in Jerusalem in the midst of the 1976 troubles to much Palestinian acclaim, but which was shut down by the Israeli censors after one night. With advancing age she dedicated herself increasingly to her women’s organisations and charities, notably the YWMA which she established in 1975. A lifelong left-leaning populist she combined charity work with economic empowerment as a means of political liberation for the poor, particularly women. Despite the fact that her marriage was an arranged one and", "title": "Nuzha Al-Ghussein" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "all monetary demands required of a successful campaign. Rawlings traveled across the country, initiating public-works projects and giving public employees a 60% raise prior to election day. Opposition parties objected the election results, citing incidences of votes stuffing in regions Rawlings was likely to lose and rural areas with scant populations, as well as a bloated voters' register and a partisan electoral commission. However, the Commonwealth Observer Group, led by Sir Ellis Clarke, approved of the election as \"free and fair\", as there very few issues at polling stations and no major incidences of voter coercion. In contrast, the International", "title": "Jerry Rawlings" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "selective pressure. Speciation through natal philopatry is a self-reinforcing process. Once genetic differences are sufficient, different species may be unable to interbreed to produce viable offspring. As a result, breeding could not occur anywhere except natal island, strengthening philopatry and ultimately leading to even greater genetic divergence. Philopatric species that do not migrate may evolve to breed cooperatively. Kin selection, of which cooperative breeding is a form, explains how individual offspring provide care for further offspring produced by their relatives. Animals that are philopatric to birthsites have increased association with family members, and, in situations where inclusive fitness is increased", "title": "Philopatry" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "however, an important means of speciation in plants, since polyploidy (having more than two copies of each chromosome) is tolerated in plants more readily than in animals. Polyploidy is important in hybrids as it allows reproduction, with the two different sets of chromosomes each being able to pair with an identical partner during meiosis. Polyploid hybrids also have more genetic diversity, which allows them to avoid inbreeding depression in small populations. Horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another organism that is not its offspring; this is most common among bacteria. In medicine, this", "title": "Microevolution" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Sexual coercion Sexual coercion in animals is the use of violence, threats, harassment, and other tactics to help them forcefully copulate. Such behavior has been compared to sexual assault, including rape, among humans. In nature, males and females usually differ in reproductive fitness optima. Males generally prefer to maximize their number of offspring, and therefore their number of mates; females, on the other hand, tend to care more for their offspring and have fewer mates. Because of this, there are generally more males available to mate at a given time, making females a limited resource. This leads males to evolve", "title": "Sexual coercion" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "later Vedic mythologies and interpretations usually do. She is described as the mother of all dogs, in particular of the two four-eyed brindle dogs of the god Yama, and dogs are given the matronymic \"Sarameya\" (\"offspring of Sarama\"). One scripture further describes Sarama as the mother of all wild animals. Orientalist Max Müller suggests that the word \"Sarama\" may mean \"the runner\", with the stem originating from the Sanskrit root \"sar\" (\"to go\"), but he is unable to account for the second part of the name, \"ama\". Professor Monier-Williams translates \"Sarama\" as \"the fleet one\". The etymological treatise \"Nirukta\" by", "title": "Sarama" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Moonrat The moonrat (\"Echinosorex gymnura\") is a species of mammal in the family Erinaceidae. It is the only species in the genus \"Echinosorex\". They are small, largely carnivorous animals which, despite their name, are not closely related to rats or other rodents. The species name is sometimes given as \"E. gymnurus\", but this is incorrect. The moonrat has a distinct pungent odor with strong ammonia content, different from the musky smell of carnivores. There are two subspecies: \"E. g. gymnura\" is found in Sumatra and the Thai-Malay Peninsula; \"E. g. alba\" is found in Borneo. In the former the head", "title": "Moonrat" } ]

[ "hybrid" ]

[ "The deliberate or accidental hybridising of two or more species of closely related animals through captive breeding is a human activity which has been in existence for millennia and has grown in recent times for economic purposes. The number of successful interspecific mammalian hybrids is relatively small, although it has come to be known that there is a significant number of naturally occurring hybrids between forms or regional varieties of a single species.[citation needed] These may form zones of gradation known as clines. Indeed, the distinction between some hitherto distinct species can become clouded once it can be shown that they may not only breed but produce fertile offspring. Some hybrid animals exhibit greater strength and resilience than either parent. This is known as hybrid vigor. The existence of the mule (donkey sire; horse dam) being used widely as a hardy draught animal throughout ancient and modern history is testament to this. Other well known examples are the lion/tiger hybrid, the liger, which is by far the largest big cat and sometimes used in circuses; and cattle hybrids such as between European and Indian domestic cattle or between domestic cattle and American bison, which are used in the meat industry and marketed as Beefalo. There is some speculation that the donkey itself may be the result of an ancient hybridisation between two wild ass species or sub-species. Hybrid animals are normally infertile partly because their parents usually have slightly different numbers of chromosomes, resulting in unpaired chromosomes in their cells, which prevents division of sex cells and the gonads from operating correctly, particularly in males. There are exceptions to this rule, especially if the speciation process was relatively recent or incomplete as is the case with many cattle and dog species. Normally behavior traits, natural hostility, natural ranges and breeding cycle differences maintain the separateness of closely related species and prevent natural hybridisation. However, the widespread disturbances to natural animal behaviours and range caused by human activity, cities, dumping grounds with food, agriculture, fencing, roads and so on do force animals together which would not normally breed. Clear examples exist between the various sub-species of grey wolf, coyote and domestic dog in North America. As many birds and mammals imprint on their mother and immediate family from infancy, a practice used by animal hybridizers is to foster a planned parent in a hybridization program with the same species as the one with which they are planned to mate." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "5000" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "be mechanically set into the machine with manual resetting of plugs and switches. The programmers of the ENIAC were six women, often known collectively as the \"ENIAC girls\". It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about 80 bytes). Built under the direction of John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania, ENIAC's", "title": "Computer" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "be mechanically set into the machine with manual resetting of plugs and switches. The programmers of the ENIAC were six women, often known collectively as the \"ENIAC girls\". It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about 80 bytes). Built under the direction of John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania, ENIAC's", "title": "Computer" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "its memory. Like the Colossus, a \"program\" on the ENIAC was defined by the states of its patch cables and switches, a far cry from the stored program electronic machines that came later. Once a program was written, it had to be mechanically set into the machine with manual resetting of plugs and switches. The programmers of the ENIAC were women who had been trained as mathematicians. It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other", "title": "History of computing hardware" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "one decade later - the postulation submitted the Positio to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints for their assessment. On 9 May 1985 he was declared to be Venerable after Pope John Paul II recognized his life of heroic virtue. The miracle required for his beatification was investigated in the Italian diocese of its origin and received the validation of the C.C.S. in Rome on 27 May 1988. The medical board voted in favor of the miracle on 9 November 1988 while the theologians did likewise on 3 February 1989. The pope voiced his approval on 13 May 1989", "title": "Giuseppe Giaccardo" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Savill. The team would not have much success in their lone season together, failing to even qualify for the provincial championships. For the 2015-16 curling season, Wayne Middaugh joined the team once again, as did Glenn's son, Scott Howard, with Savill leaving the team. Middaugh left the team mid-season following a skiing incident and was replaced by Adam Spencer. The team won the 2016 Ontario Tankard and represented Ontario at the 2016 Tim Hortons Brier. At the Brier, Howard led Ontario to a 4-7 round robin record. At the 2018 Winter Olympics, Howard coached the Great Britain Women's Curling team,", "title": "Glenn Howard" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Land for the 11th consecutive year. Syd Lawrence Syd Lawrence (26 June 1923 – 5 May 1998), was a British bandleader from Chester, England, who became famous in the UK for his orchestra's Big Band sound, which drew on the 1940s style of music of Glenn Miller and Count Basie amongst others. Born in Wilmslow in 1923, Lawrence was a talented trumpet player during World War II. He wrote and arranged music. He was based in Cairo during the war years, playing and arranging for the RAF service bands. After he left the armed forces, he played with some of", "title": "Syd Lawrence" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Huo and the other officials took action. They summoned a meeting of high level officials and announced the plan to depose the emperor, forcing those other officials to go along with the plan or be killed. In a group, they went to Empress Dowager Shangguan's palace to report to her about Prince He's offences and their plan. She agreed with their plan, and ordered that Prince He's Changyi subordinates be immediately barred from the palace. These subordinates (some 200 individuals) were then arrested by Zhang. She then summoned Prince He, who did not know what was going to happen. He", "title": "Marquis of Haihun" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "when Lily is facing issue with Daniel, she's not going to remain calm. She's going to do what she saw her mother do.\" The actress praised the couple's story for not focusing on the differing races of the characters. In September 2006, Sherwood was replaced in the role by Khalil. Former \"Young and the Restless\" executive producer and head writer Lynn Marie Latham said, \"Davetta did a fine job, but shows generally prefer to have original players back when they can get them.\" Upon her return Khalil was surprised by the advancement of Daniel and Lily's story and with the", "title": "Daniel and Lily" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the first loop, we want to find the highest power of 4 in \"bit\" to find the highest power of 2 in formula_110. In the second loop, if num is greater than res + bit, then formula_108 is greater than formula_112 and we can subtract it. The next line, we want to add formula_113 to formula_114 which means we want to add formula_115 to formula_107 so we want codice_1. Then update formula_113 to formula_118 inside res which involves dividing by 2 or another shift to the right. Combining these 2 into one line leads to codice_2. If formula_108 isn't greater", "title": "Methods of computing square roots" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "simplified by removing the need to multiply. All it would take with this simplification is to memorize the sequence above (132645...), and to add and subtract, but always working with one-digit numbers. The simplification goes as follows: If through this procedure you obtain a 0 or any recognizable multiple of 7, then the original number is a multiple of 7. If you obtain any number from 1 to 6, that will indicate how much you should subtract from the original number to get a multiple of 7. In other words, you will find the remainder of dividing the number by", "title": "Divisibility rule" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "IBM 709 The IBM 709 was a computer system, initially announced by IBM in January 1957 and first installed during August 1958. The 709 was an improved version of its predecessor, the IBM 704, and was the second iteration of the IBM 700/7000 series of scientific computers. The improvements included overlapped input/output, indirect addressing, and three \"convert\" instructions which provided support for decimal arithmetic, leading zero suppression, and several other operations. The 709 had 32,768 words of 36-bit magnetic core memory and could execute 42,000 add or subtract instructions per second. It could multiply two 36-bit integers at a rate", "title": "IBM 709" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "books were written by hand. To remove an entry from a column of numbers, the accountant could add a new entry with the ten's complement of the number to subtract. A bar was added over the digits of this entry to denote its special status. It was then possible to add the whole column of figures to obtain the corrected result. Complementing the sum is handy for cashiers making change for a purchase from currency in a single denomination of 1 raised to an integer power of the currency's base. For decimal currencies that would be 10, 100, 1,000, etc.,", "title": "Method of complements" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "found, to the total of the previous items. When an item or total exceeds 7, divide by 7, and keep the remainder only. Century-item: For `Old Style' (which ended 2 September 1752) subtract from 18. For `New Style' (which began 14 September 1752) divide by 4, take overplus from 3, multiply remainder by 2. Year-item: Add together the number of dozens, the overplus, and the number of 4s in the overplus. Month-item: If it begins or ends with a vowel, subtract the number, denoting its place in the year, from 10. This, plus its number of days, gives the item", "title": "Determination of the day of the week" } ]

[ "5000" ]

[ "It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about 80 bytes). Built under the direction of John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania, ENIAC's development and construction lasted from 1943 to full operation at the end of 1945. The machine was huge, weighing 30 tons, using 200 kilowatts of electric power and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes, 1,500 relays, and hundreds of thousands of resistors, capacitors, and inductors." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "August" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "for the organization, and hosted an inaugural benefit concert in August of that year. In 2008, following the death of West's mother, the foundation was rechristened \"The Dr. Donda West Foundation.\" The foundation ceased operations in 2011. Kanye West and friend, Rhymefest, also founded \"Donda's House, Inc\". Got Bars is the Donda's House signature music/lyric composition and performance program. Participants are selected through an application and audition process. Got Bars is a free music writing program with the goal of helping at-risk Chicago youth. It is aimed at students between 15 and 24, and includes lessons on how to write", "title": "Kanye West" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the New Millennium\", talking about his video \"It Wasn't Me\". In August 2008, he performed live at the Dar es Salaam festival, to mark the Zain Global Brand launch in Tanzania. The concert was held at the Leaders Club. In December 2008, \"Intoxication\" was nominated for Best Reggae Album at the 51st Grammy Awards. In May 2009, Shaggy performed at the closing ceremony of the 2009 IPL tournament held in South Africa. He also performed at the opening ceremony of the inaugural Champions League Twenty20 in the same month, held in Bangalore, India. In August 2009, he performed live at", "title": "Shaggy (musician)" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "summer present the music passion of the locals. UNESCO recognizes China's Harbin as \"The Music City\" as part of the Creative Cities Network in 2010. Harbin Summer Music Concert ('Concert' for short) is a national concert festival, which is held on 6 August every two years for a period of 10~11 days. During the concert, multiple evenings, concert, race and activities are held. The artists come from all over the world. The 'Harbin Summer Music Month', which was then renamed as 'Harbin Summer Music Concert', was held in August 1958. The first formal Concert was held on 5 August 1961", "title": "Harbin" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Concert for the Americas The Concert for the Americas was a music festival held on August 20, 1982 in the Dominican Republic at the Altos de Chavón Amphitheater, a 5,000-seat, open-air Greek-style venue located approximately two hours east of Santo Domingo. It was the amphitheater's inaugural event, with performers including Frank Sinatra with Buddy Rich, Heart, and Santana. Santana's set was cut short due to inclement weather. Charles Bluhdorn, whose Gulf+Western owned both the Altos de Chavón and Paramount Pictures, had Paramount record the concert so it could be rebroadcast worldwide. The concert was played on Showtime and featured a", "title": "Concert for the Americas" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Music Makers in August 2008. Its first performance was a major benefit concert held in Singapore's Victoria Concert Hall and supported by the Singapore branch of HSBC, a considerable accomplishment for an orchestra without a proven track record. In this inaugural concert it accompanied Gabriel Ng, Clare Yeo, and Janani Sridhar, three of Singapore's young talented soloists in concerti and arias. Among other high-profile guests at the event was the President of Singapore. However, the Orchestra's first concert on its own was in January 2009, when it performed at the Yong Siew Toh Conservatory of Music Concert Hall. During these", "title": "Orchestra of the Music Makers" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "first solo concert at the Petronas Philharmonic Hall where 12 years earlier she was only a guest performer at Tan Sri SM Salim's concert with the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra. In August, she received \"Anugerah Artis Wanita Pilihan\" (Favourite Female Artist Award) from the inaugural Anugerah Melodi 2013 during a special Eid episode of Melodi where the winners were chosen entirely by the viewers. In the same month, she was also chosen as one of the 'Inspirers' for Akademi Fantasia 2013 students alongside Melly Goeslaw and Faizal Tahir where they will share their experiences as singers and motivate the students in", "title": "Siti Nurhaliza" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "campaign. Mainz 05, Alemannia Aachen and Borussia Mönchengladbach were relegated to the 2. Bundesliga after finishing in the last three places. They were replaced by Karlsruher SC, Hansa Rostock and MSV Duisburg. \"Source: www.kicker.de \" Player of the Year: Franck Ribéry (Bayern Munich) Manager of the Year: Ottmar Hitzfeld (Bayern Munich) Player of the Month 2007–08 Bundesliga The 2007–08 Bundesliga was the 45th season of the Bundesliga, Germany's premier football league. It began on 10 August 2007 and ended on 17 May 2008. VfB Stuttgart were the defending champions. Every team played two games against each other team, one at", "title": "2007–08 Bundesliga" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "initial months and throughout most of its first year it faced considerable monetary challenges relating to its operating costs, in particular, concerning the rental of performance venues. rehearsal spaces, and instruments. In August 2009, the month of the first anniversary of its inaugural concert, the Orchestra was guerdoned with the prestigious HSBC Youth Excellence Award, carrying a cash value of S$200,000, a very significant achievement given that the group had been in existence for only slightly over one year. The award was received shortly after the highly praised (and sold out) third concert of that year, Rach. The cost problems,", "title": "Orchestra of the Music Makers" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "2007. Longtime Democratic political and finance leader Terry McAuliffe was Clinton's campaign chair. \"Bundlers\" that collected more than $100,000 for her campaign became known as \"HillRaisers\"; (a play on the expression \"hellraiser\") and were asked to raise as much as $1 million each. Elton John raised $2.5 million in a benefit concert for Clinton at Radio City Music Hall, on April 9. By August 2007, there were 233 HillRaisers. They included Vernon E. Jordan, Jr., Steven Rattner, New Jersey Governor Jon Corzine, U.S. Senator Dianne Feinstein, John Grisham, Magic Johnson, Ronald Perelman, Pennsylvania Governor Ed Rendell, Steven Spielberg and many", "title": "Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Grucci Fireworks grand finale. The video recordings of the Frank Sinatra and Buddy Rich set and Heart's performance were later released commercially. Personnel Concert for the Americas The Concert for the Americas was a music festival held on August 20, 1982 in the Dominican Republic at the Altos de Chavón Amphitheater, a 5,000-seat, open-air Greek-style venue located approximately two hours east of Santo Domingo. It was the amphitheater's inaugural event, with performers including Frank Sinatra with Buddy Rich, Heart, and Santana. Santana's set was cut short due to inclement weather. Charles Bluhdorn, whose Gulf+Western owned both the Altos de Chavón", "title": "Concert for the Americas" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "competence and professional experience, and will be selected from career officials of the State, Autonomous Communities or Local entities, also demanding the title of Doctor, Licensee, Engineer, Architect or equivalent Autonomous Communities Administration The Administration of the Autonomous Communities, also known as Autonomous Administration, is a Public Administration of Spain. It belongs to the second level of the Public Administrations, because it exerts its powers within the limits of each Autonomous Community. It is integrated by: The Autonomic Administration has a very broad level of competence, based on the decentralization of the State or through the State of Autonomies. As", "title": "Autonomous Communities Administration" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "This gave Rolls the rank of No. 12 in the world. Steve Rolls is currently 18-0 (10 KO). http://boxrec.com/boxer/568032 Steve Rolls Steve Rolls (born April 15, 1984) is a Canadian middleweight professional boxer from Chatham, Ontario. He currently resides in Etobicoke, Ontario, and trains with Ryan Grant at Grant's MMA. Steve Rolls was on the 2009 and 2010 Canadian National Boxing Team. In his amateur career he had an 83-14 record. In September 2009, Rolls went to the 2009 International Boxing Association (AIBA) Men’s Boxing Championship in Milan, Italy. He won his first 2 matches, against Georgia's Levan Guledani and", "title": "Steve Rolls" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the land at the Monongahela crossing ford of The Nemacolin Trail would be a valuable parcel. Unlike many others, he was not enticed by the many flatter better farmland plots available to the west now that the west side foothills and rivers were the last obstacles to travel. Across was a complex of ancient Native American trails that foot traffic and mule trains could use heading west. The Brownsville site was a rare low banked region along the length of the hills leading down river, and the end of the shortest Wagon Trail leading back over the pass to the", "title": "Thomas Brown (businessman)" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "be seen as the antithesis of \"yume no seirei\". Yume no seirei Yume no seirei, 夢の精霊 or “dream spirit”, is a mysterious \"yōkai\" believed to cause nightmares. Belief in the supernatural was particularly strong during the Heian and Edo periods. During this time, many believed that the spirits of the dead caused a multitude of evils for the living. On certain nights, demons and ghosts would move in a haunting procession from dusk to dawn, known as the \"Hyakki yakō\" or night procession of one hundred demons.* Occasionally, \"yume no seirei\" appears in this procession. He appears in the \"Hyakkai", "title": "Yume no seirei" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Appius Nicomachus Dexter Appius Nicomachus Dexter (\"floruit\" before 432 AD) was a politician of the Western Roman Empire. Dexter belonged to the \"Nicomachi\", an influential family of senatorial rank. Among his ancestors there was evidently Appius Claudius Tarronius Dexter; his grandfather was the praetorian prefect Virius Nicomachus Flavianus, his father might be identified with his relative Clementianus, while he was probably a nephew of Nicomachus Flavianus. Continuing the tradition of his family (he claims to follow the example set by Clementianus), he edited a manuscript containing the first ten books of Livy' \"Ab urbe condita\", initially corrected by some Victorinus,", "title": "Appius Nicomachus Dexter" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "are: 2007–08 Serbian SuperLiga The 2007–08 Serbian SuperLiga season (known as the \"Meridian SuperLiga\" for sponsorship reasons) was the second since its establishment in 2006. Red Star Belgrade were the defending SuperLiga champions, having won their twenty-fifth national title the season before. The SuperLiga changed its format from this season. The League was no longer divided into a playoff and play-out group midway through the campaign. Instead the 12 teams played each other three times in a conventional league format. For the SuperLiga's inaugural season and this one the league had been named the Meridian SuperLiga. This however, was the", "title": "2007–08 Serbian SuperLiga" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Hey! Say! JUMP-ing Tour '08-'09 Hey! Say! JUMP-ing Tour '08-'09 is the second DVD live concert released by Hey! Say! JUMP under the J Storm label. The DVD covers the last performance of the group in Yokohama Arena. The DVD was certified Gold by RIAJ. The concert tour began from the end of 2008 till the early year of 2009. The concert toured a total of three cities in Japan. Osaka, Nagoya, and Yokohama, where the concert DVD was shot last January 5, 2009 and attracts 140,000 people. The concert covers a full show that showcases the number one singles", "title": "Hey! Say! JUMP-ing Tour '08-'09" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "minutes. Sonata for Two Violins (Prokofiev) Sergei Prokofiev composed his Sonata for Two Violins in C major, Op. 56, in 1932 during his vacation near St. Tropez as a commission piece to conclude the inaugural concert of Triton, a Paris-based society dedicated to presenting new chamber music. That concert was held on 16 December 1932. However, with the composer's permission, the sonata was performed for the first time three weeks earlier in Moscow, on 27 November 1932 by Dmitry Tsyganov and Vladimir Shirinsky, both members of the Beethoven Quartet. The performance at the Triton concert was the \"Western premiere\". The", "title": "Sonata for Two Violins (Prokofiev)" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "young people aged between fourteen and twenty five had joined the new body. In January 1972, Ógra Ceoil launched the Irish Youth Orchestra at its inaugural concert in Trinity College, Dublin. The National Youth Orchestra of Ireland, as it is now known, continues to perform regularly in Ireland and abroad. The MAI began its campaign for a national concert hall in 1951. In 1960, music critic Charles Acton put the weight of his prominent position at \"The Irish Times\" behind the effort. At that point, a brand new building was being mooted, to be located opposite Christ Church Cathedral in", "title": "Music Association of Ireland" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "saturation campaign to launch his American career. Concurrent with the release of his debut album, RCA provided the industry introductions in Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, Cleveland, and New York. His album was also advertised extensively. Sergio Franchi made his American television debut with an appearance on \"The Ed Sullivan Show\" on October 14, 1962; and his Sol Hurok concert debut at Carnegie Hall on October 21, 1962. Singing the whole concert without a microphone, a New York reviewer commented favorably upon Franchi's \"big, healthy voice\", his penchant for ad-libbing, and upon Franchi's ability to establish instant rapport with his audience. Ed", "title": "Sergio Franchi" } ]

[ "August" ]

[ "West, alongside his mother, founded the \"Kanye West Foundation\" in Chicago in 2003, tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education. In 2007, the West and the Foundation partnered with Strong American Schools as part of their \"Ed in '08\" campaign. As spokesman for the campaign, West appeared in a series of PSAs for the organization, and hosted an inaugural benefit concert in August of that year." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Marvel Mystery Comics" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "late 1941, Goodman made Lieber—by then writing pseudonymously as \"Stan Lee\"—interim editor of the comics line, a position Lee kept for decades except for three years during his military service in World War II. Lee wrote extensively for Timely, contributing to a number of different titles. Goodman's business strategy involved having his various magazines and comic books published by a number of corporations all operating out of the same office and with the same staff. One of these shell companies through which Timely Comics was published was named Marvel Comics by at least \"Marvel Mystery Comics\" #55 (May 1944). As", "title": "Marvel Comics" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "for two final issues (Nov. 1940 & April 1941). The story \"The Test-Tube Monster\" by George E. Clark, in the May 1940 issue of \"Marvel Tales\", was reprinted in the paperback anthology \"Superheroes\" (Sphere, 1978), edited by Michel Parry, as an example of an evil superman. The series was briefly revived from 1950 to 1952, when three further issues were published as Marvel Stories and three more as Marvel Science Fiction. In comic books, the first \"Marvel Tales\" was the direct continuation of the superhero anthology \"Marvel Mystery Comics\", published by Marvel Comics' initial iteration, Timely Comics. This series ran", "title": "Marvel Tales" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "was cancelled in 1953. The only DC superhero comics to continue publishing through the 1950s were \"Action Comics\", \"Adventure Comics\", \"Detective Comics\", \"Batman\", \"Superboy\", \"Superman\", \"Wonder Woman\" and \"World's Finest Comics\". Plastic Man appeared in Quality Comics' \"Police Comics\" until 1950, when its focus switched to detective stories but his solo title continued bimonthly until issue 64, cover dated November 1956. Timely Comics' \"The Human Torch\" was canceled with issue #35 (March 1949) and \"Marvel Mystery Comics\", featuring the Human Torch, with issue #93 (Aug. 1949) became the horror comic \"Marvel Tales\". \"Sub-Mariner Comics\" was cancelled with issue #42 (June", "title": "Golden Age of Comic Books" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "office and with the same staff. One of these shell companies under which Timely Comics was published was named Marvel Comics by at least \"Marvel Mystery Comics\" #55 (May 1944). As well, some comics' covers, such as \"All Surprise Comics\" #12 (Winter 1946–47), were labeled \"A Marvel Magazine\" many years before Goodman would formally adopt the name in 1961. \"List of characters making multiple appearances, either in Timely Comics solely or in Timely and subsequent companies Atlas Comics and Marvel Comics\". Timely Comics Timely Comics is the common name for the group of corporations that was the earliest comic book", "title": "Timely Comics" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "\"Terry Vance\" detective features for Timely Comics, the precursor of Marvel Comics, in \"Marvel Mystery Comics\" #47–48 (cover-dated Sept.-Oct. 1943). He served in World War II, and it is unclear if the small number of Bolle stories that appear in comics from U.S. Camera, Rural Home, and Green Publishing through 1946 were done during the war or were inventory from before his service. His comics output became regular soon afterward with a \"Freddy Freshman\" story in Fawcett Comics' \"Captain Marvel Jr.\" #46 (Feb. 1947) and work in \"Crown Comics\" from the publisher McCombs from 1947 to 1948. He did additional", "title": "Frank Bolle" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "When the Lights Go Out \"When the Lights Go Out\" is the second single released from British group Five's debut studio album (music), \"Five\". It was released in early 1998. The song was co-written by Eliot Kennedy, Tim Lever and Mike Percy (from the band Dead or Alive), and John McLaughlin. It was co-produced by Eliot Kennedy, Tim Lever and Mike Percy. \"When the Lights Go Out\" is the band's only top ten hit in the United States. An alternate version of the song, in which J Brown's rap is replaced by Abs Breen's rap, was made especially for the", "title": "When the Lights Go Out" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "anything to get it. Buddy passes by his office, makes eye contact with Guy and gestures to call Guy into his office for a meeting. Guy excuses himself and goes into Buddy's office. The movie ends with Buddy shutting his office doors as other personnel pass by. George Huang decided to write the script after having a conversation with Robert Rodriguez. Rodriguez was in Los Angeles after his film \"El Mariachi\" brought him to the attention of Sony Pictures, where he befriended Huang. Huang told Rodriguez of his frustrations with filmmaking when the director encouraged him to quit his post", "title": "Swimming with Sharks" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of Churubusco that it had to be amputated. For his heroics, his fellow servicemen nicknamed him \"Fighting Tom\". Despite this possibly career-ending injury, he continued serving with the 2nd US Infantry until the outbreak of the Civil War. Sweeny was active in the Yuma War (1850–1853), fighting in several engagements against native Americans. At the outbreak of the Civil War, Sweeny was in command of the arsenal at St. Louis, Missouri In reply to efforts of Confederate sympathizers to induce him to surrender that important post, he declared that before he would do so, he would blow it up. As", "title": "Thomas William Sweeny" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "consent, Peacekeepers would be compelled to withdraw. Chapter VII missions, by contrast, do not require consent, though they may have it. If consent is lost at any point, Chapter VII missions would not be required to withdraw. During the Cold War, peacekeeping was primarily interpositional in nature—thus being referred to as traditional peacekeeping. UN Peacekeepers were deployed in the aftermath of interstate conflict in order to serve as a buffer between belligerent factions and ensure compliance with the terms of an established peace agreement. Missions were consent-based, and more often than not observers were unarmed—such was the case with UNTSO", "title": "Peacekeeping" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Sandahl, Susan Schweik, Tobin Siebers and Sharon L. Snyder, who write about a range of topics within disability arts, such as performance, literature, aesthetics, visual art, music, art history, theatre, film, dance, curatorial studies, and more. Artists who identify as disabled and make work about disability are growing in numbers, as are curators who identify as disabled and curate exhibitions on disability. Katherine Ott is a curator at the National Museum of American History at the Smithsonian Institution who has curated a number of exhibits on the history of the body, disability, ethnic and folk medicine, integrative and alternative medicine,", "title": "Disability art" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Comics banner. Marvel Comics obtained the \"Star Trek\" license in 1996. Marvel (under the \"Marvel/Paramount comics\" imprint) published various one-shots and the quarterly \"Star Trek Unlimited\" series, which covered \"TOS\" and \"TNG\". Marvel also published monthly comics based upon \"Deep Space Nine\" and \"\". They also introduced two new ongoing series, \",\" which dealt with Christopher Pike's adventures as captain of the \"Enterprise\", and \",\" which dealt with a group of cadets, including \"Deep Space Nine's\" Ferengi, Nog. In addition, Marvel published a five-issue limited series, \"Star Trek: Untold Voyages\". Similarly to Marvel's first series, \"Untold Voyages\" took place following", "title": "Star Trek (comics)" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Jim Mooney James Noel Mooney (August 13, 1919 – March 30, 2008) was an American comics artist best known for his long tenure at DC Comics and as the signature artist of Supergirl, as well as a Marvel Comics inker and Spider-Man artist, both during what comics historians and fans call the Silver Age of comic books. He sometimes inked under the pseudonym Jay Noel. Jim Mooney was born in New York City and raised in Los Angeles. Friends with pulp-fiction author Henry Kuttner and Californian science-fiction fans such as Forrest J. Ackerman, he drew the cover for the first", "title": "Jim Mooney" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Amazing Adventures Amazing Adventures is the name of several anthology comic book series, all but one published by Marvel Comics. The earliest Marvel series of that name introduced the company's first superhero of the late-1950s to early-1960s period fans and historians call the Silver Age of Comic Books. That same series also included the first comic book to be labeled \"Marvel Comics\". The first series titled \"Amazing Adventures\" was a 1950s science fiction anthology produced by Ziff-Davis and featuring painted covers. It ran for six issues, beginning c. 1950. with the first two issues being undated. Subsequent issues were dated", "title": "Amazing Adventures" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Hannibal King Hannibal King is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He first appeared as a supporting character in the 1970s comic book \"The Tomb of Dracula\". The character is usually depicted as a supernatural detective. Hannibal King was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. A private detective making a modest living, King was bitten and killed by the vampire Deacon Frost while on a case in London, England. Waking up to find himself one of the undead, King was horrified at what he had become and vowed never to consummate the curse by passing it", "title": "Hannibal King" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Masked Marvel (Centaur Publications) The Masked Marvel is a fictional superhero originally published by Centaur Publications. He debuted in 1939, on the pages of \"Keen Detective Funnies #7\". The character continued to appear as the feature in Keen Detective Funnies until the 24th issue, as well as in his own title, which lasted three issues. When Centaur Comics went out of business, he became dormant, until he was revived by Malibu Comics, where he acted as director of the government-run superhero team known as \"Protectors.\" His son, who took up his father's identity, became part of the team. Fearing the", "title": "Masked Marvel (Centaur Publications)" } ]

[ "Marvel Mystery Comics" ]

[ "Goodman's business strategy involved having his various magazines and comic books published by a number of corporations all operating out of the same office and with the same staff. One of these shell companies through which Timely Comics was published was named Marvel Comics by at least Marvel Mystery Comics #55 (May 1944). As well, some comics' covers, such as All Surprise Comics #12 (Winter 1946–47), were labeled \"A Marvel Magazine\" many years before Goodman would formally adopt the name in 1961." ]

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[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "172.22" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "instead of expectancy violations. Cognitive dissonance and EVT both try to explain why and how people react to unexpected information and adjust themselves during communication process. The social facilitation model has a similar outlook and labels these differences as unstable changes. A key difference between the theories lies in the receiver's arousal level. Both DAT and SFM maintain that the receiver experiences a physiological response whereas EVT focuses on the attention shift of the receiver. EVT posits that expectancy violations occur frequently and are not always as serious as perceived through the lenses of other theories. Anxiety/uncertainty management theory is", "title": "Expectancy violations theory" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "(US$24,691). He worked everyday selling clothes in the daytime and tailoring clothes in the evening. In 1992 he tailored thousands of winter coats for other factories and started to make enough to build his own brand. By using franchisees and building a strong team of French and local designers, the company grew by more than 30% every year. The brand quickly catered to the needs of a young and increasingly fashion conscious consumer base. By focusing on good quality and reasonable prices, the company gained increasing popularity. The company invited Taiwanese star Jay Chou to become the brand's image ambassador", "title": "Meters/bonwe" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "was a minor R&B hit (#88). In 1994, Whitney Houston performed the song on select dates during her Bodyguard Tour, and her 1997 HBO televised concert, \"\". Joss Stone remade \"Alfie\" to play under the closing credits of the 2004 remake of the film \"Alfie\". Other artists to record versions of \"Alfie\" include several versions by Bacharach himself, Patricia Barber, Tony Bennett, Jerry Butler, Liane Carroll, Randy Crawford, Blossom Dearie, Bill Evans, Percy Faith, Everything But The Girl, Maynard Ferguson, Renée Geyer, Stan Getz, Tony Hatch, Dick Hyman, Jack Jones, The Anita Kerr Singers, Chaka Khan, Rahsaan Roland Kirk, Earl", "title": "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song)" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Jain families. Sikhs, Hindus, and Jains in the Vancouver area celebrate Diwali. Events related to Diwali are held in Vancouver and Surrey, including DiwaliFest, which was established in 2004 as \"Vancouver Celebrates Diwali\". Within the Lower Mainland region DiwaliFest is one of the largest such events. The Indian Summer Festival is held every year. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) Vancouver sponsors the festival. The Vaisakhi parade, which takes place in Vancouver and Surrey every year, is the largest outside of India. The British Columbian government recognized the parade in 1995. As of 2013, the annual number of visitors for the Vancouver", "title": "South Asian Canadians in Greater Vancouver" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "more \"bigoted\" Muslims in the army would object to working on Friday, and noted that all recruits to the army were instructed in the Moslem religion. A few months later, however, Owen proposed creation of an Equatorial battalion composed entirely of southerners. This force would be taught to follow English commands and to follow Christian observances, forming the basis of a Christian population that would in time connect with that of Uganda and would prevent spread of the Muslim faith farther south. He was against the Moslem faith on the basis that it \"may at any time break out into", "title": "Roger Carmichael Robert Owen" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "report found children living in St. George, Utah, at the time of the fallout may have received doses to the thyroid of radioiodine as high as 120 to 440 rads\" (1.2 to 4.4 Gy). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 64.9 square miles (168.0 km²), of which, 64.4 square miles (166.8 km²) of it is land and 0.5 square miles (1.2 km²) of it (0.72%) is water. St. George lies in a desert valley, with most of the city lying below 3,000 feet (900 m). Wildlife and vegetation are typical of the", "title": "St. George, Utah" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Warren, St. Croix County, Wisconsin Warren is a town in St. Croix County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,320 at the 2000 census. The village of Roberts is located within the town. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 35.3 square miles (91.4 km²), of which, 34.8 square miles (90.1 km²) of it is land and 0.5 square miles (1.3 km²) of it (1.47%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,320 people, 426 households, and 359 families residing in the town. The population density was 37.9 people per", "title": "Warren, St. Croix County, Wisconsin" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Eau Galle, St. Croix County, Wisconsin Eau Galle is a town in St. Croix County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 882 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Wildwood is located in the town. The unincorporated community of Viking is also partially located in the town. It is named after the Eau Galle River, which runs through the town's eastern margin. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 33.8 square miles (87.5 km²), of which, 33.6 square miles (87.0 km²) of it is land and 0.2 square miles (0.5 km²) of", "title": "Eau Galle, St. Croix County, Wisconsin" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "St. Germain, Wisconsin St. Germain is a town in Vilas County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,932 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of St. Germain is located in the town. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 40.0 square miles (103.7 km²), of which, 34.0 square miles (88.1 km²) of it is land and 6.0 square miles (15.6 km²) of it (15.09%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,932 people, 887 households, and 623 families residing in the town. The population density was 56.8 people per", "title": "St. Germain, Wisconsin" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "referendum passed on March 21, 1922. The borough's name comes from Francis S. Kinney, who purchased of land in the 1880s for an estate that included Lake Kinnelon, and built St. Hubert's Chapel in 1886 on an island in the lake. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 19.186 square miles (49.693 km), including 17.987 square miles (46.587 km) of land and 1.199 square miles (3.106 km) of water (6.25%). The borough is home to Silas Condict County Park, which covers and was dedicated in 1964. Tripod Rock is located in Kinnelon's Pyramid", "title": "Kinnelon, New Jersey" } ]

[ "172.22" ]

[ "St. John's is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland. The city covers an area of 446.04 square kilometres (172.22 sq mi) and is the most easterly city in North America, excluding Greenland; it is 295 miles (475 km) closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton, Alberta. The city of St. John's is located at a distance by air of 3,636 kilometres (2,259 mi) from Lorient, France which lies on a nearly precisely identical latitude across the Atlantic on the French western coast. The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west." ]

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