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Members of the federation are |
The two latter organizations are also members of the Firaisan'ny Skotisma eto Madagasikara, the national Scouting federation, which is a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement. |
= = = Maestro Harrell = = = |
Maestro Harrell (born July 29, 1991) is an American singer, rapper, actor, DJ and producer. He starred on the HBO original series "The Wire" as Randy Wagstaff, and as Malik on the ABC comedy "Suburgatory". |
Harrell was born in Chicago, Illinois. In 2005, Harrell performed at the grand opening ceremony for Disneyland in Hong Kong. He signed a recording deal with So So Def/Island Def Jam with hip-hop producer Jermaine Dupri. |
Harrell made his motion picture film debut in the movie "Ali", which was directed by Michael Mann. He portrayed the young Cassius Clay, and the all-star cast included Will Smith, Jamie Foxx and Jon Voight. He was in "Barbershop" and the film "The Promotion". He remains most known for his role in David Simon's "The Wire" as Randy Wagstaff |
His voice is featured on the "Twilight Zone" episodes CD, along with Blair Underwood. Harrell starred in ABC's production of the PGA Tour Western Open with Tiger Woods and other pro-golfers. |
He started singing and dancing at age two. Since then, his many accomplishments include: performing several times on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and The Maury Povich -Most Talented Kids Show and other television shows; serving as the spokesperson for Western Union's Study Buddy Reading Program which enabled him to travel around the United States performing at schools and delivering motivational speeches to encourage students to read, as well as singing numerous jingles. He is a member of SAG, AFTRA and EQUITY unions. In addition to his lead role in Sony TriStar's "Guys Like Us", Harrell has appeared in several television commercials. |
He was the recipient of The Most Talented Child Under Twelve Years Old at the Chicago Music Awards in 1999, 2000, and 2001. Harrell was a presenter at the NAACP's 25 and ACT-SO Awards Ceremony in Houston, Texas, and he received standing ovations as he performed for NABSE (National Alliance of Black School Educators) in Atlanta, Georgia. For a short period of time, Harrell attended James E. McDade classical school in Chicago, Illinois. He graduated from Morgan Park Academy in Chicago before moving to Los Angeles, California to further pursue his career. For his 16th birthday, Harrell held a party August 12, 2007 featured on My Super Sweet Sixteen, airing on MTV, September 25, 2007 at 9:30pm CST. |
Harrell had a recurring role as Malik LeFrique on the ABC sitcom "Suburgatory", which ran from 2011–14. |
In 2011, he started producing. His first record was a remix to DJ Ruckus' single "Soul Soldier". 2014 he officially started a career as a music producer and dj. His first solo single developed as a collaboration with Antoine Becks, who has a career as an actor behind him too. "Drop It" contains many characteristics of the big-room-genre, which was very popular to that point of time. "Drop It" was the title and it was signed to German edm-label "Kontor Records". |
His break through in the edm scene was finally done in 2015 with the progressive-house track "For You", a collaboration with Dzeko & Torres and singer-duo Delora. Later in 2015 he was signed to W&W's label "Mainstage Music", where he got much attention for his track "Olympus" as well as his collaboration "Poseidon" with Maurice West. One year later he changed his style with a jungle-terror-crossover track called "Zantar", which was produced together with newcomer NoTech. |
2018: |
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= = = Too Hot to Sleep = = = |
Too Hot to Sleep is the seventh album from rock band Survivor, released in 1988. It was a relative commercial disappointment, reaching only #187 on the Billboard album charts, though "Across The Miles" is one of their biggest AC chart hits. After this album, founders Frankie Sullivan and Jim Peterik put the band on indefinite hiatus, while lead vocalist Jimi Jamison would continue to tour under the Survivor name (thus resulting in a lengthy court battle regarding rights to the name). Drummer Marc Droubay and bassist Stephen Ellis were replaced by studio musicians on the album. The lineup of Sullivan and Jamison would not reunite until 2000. |
This is one of the many Survivor albums briefly taken out of print in 2009. However, it was remastered and reissued in 2011 and distributed by Rock Candy Records. |
= = = The Willow Pattern (novel) = = = |
The Willow Pattern is a "gong'an" detective novel written by Robert van Gulik and set in Imperial China (roughly speaking the Tang Dynasty). It is a fiction based on the real character of Judge Dee (Ti Jen-chieh or Di Renjie), a magistrate and statesman of the Tang court, who lived roughly 630–700. |
As the author says in a postscript, the use of the Willow Pattern as a motif in the book was a conscious anachronism. The book features 15 illustrations by the author. |
Judge Dee is now a senior member of the Chinese government and has been appointed the Chief Judge in the Tang capital of Chang-An. One of the city's oldest, and most important aristocratic families becomes the subject of investigation. Three murders are committed and Judge Dee must find the connection. |
"The opening scene carries out the "in medias res" advice: a beautiful young girl in dishabille is arranging an old man's corpse to look like accidental death. The next brings on Judge Dee, in his usual philosophizing mood and flanked by the faithful Chiao Tai as they discuss the plague-stricken, half-deserted city. In the heat of summer, Dee has to discover the motive and agent of three murders, each separate but also related. Typically good Van Gulik." |
= = = Lindenwood, Illinois = = = |
Lindenwood is an unincorporated community in Ogle County, Illinois, United States, and is located north of Rochelle, along the banks of the Killbuck Creek. |
Lindenwood is located in Ogle County at latitude 42.053 and longitude -89.031, at an elevation of 771 feet, and is in the Central time zone (UTC-6). |
As of the census of 2000, there were 505 people among 192 households in the village. The racial makeup of the city was 97.0% White, 0.20% African American, 1.2% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race are 3.0% of the population. |
There were 192 households out of which 36.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.7% were married couples living together, 5.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.5% were non-families. 19.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.03. |
In the city the population was spread out with 25.9% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 17% who were 65 years of age or older. The population is divided 259 males and 246 females. |
The median income for a household in the city was $47,625, and the median income for a family was $52,500. Males had a median income of $35,890 versus $25,058 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,139. About 2.5% of families and 12.4% of the population were below the poverty line. |
= = = David Ensor (politician) = = = |
Alick Charles David Ensor (27 November 1906 – 5 February 1987) was a British lawyer, actor, author and Labour Party politician. |
Ensor was the son of Charles William Ensor, a surgeon, and his wife Helen Margaret Creighton Ensor. Following education at Westminster School, Ensor was admitted as a solicitor in 1928, finding employment with Newcastle upon Tyne City Council in 1932. His talents as a prosecutor led to his becoming prosecuting solicitor for the Metropolitan Police in 1935 as well as a lecturer at Hendon Police College. In 1938 he was appointed Clerk of the Peace for the County of London. |
With the outbreak of the Second World War Ensor was attached to the adjutant general's staff, as part of the British Expeditionary Force. As the force withdrew, Ensor was placed in charge of evacuating wounded soldiers and civilians through the port of Boulogne. On his return to London he was granted sick leave from the army. In September 1940 he was court martialled on twenty-nine charges: he was acquitted of scandalous conduct unbecoming the character of an officer and a gentleman, of absenting himself without leave, and of leaving his pistol and ammunition unguarded; but was found guilty of thirteen charges involving the use of dishonoured cheques leading to "the prejudice of good order and military discipline". During the trial it emerged that while officially on sick leave Ensor had been entertaining a number of women and leading an extravagant lifestyle which he did not have the funds to support. He resigned as clerk of the peace, and the incident effectively ended his legal career in England. |
After the war, Ensor briefly practiced law in Brussels before moving back to England in 1948, taking up farming in Dorset. This led to the publication of his well received book, "Thirty Acres and a Cow" (1955) and its follow up, "I was a Public Prosecutor" (1958). The success of the second book resulted in him being selected to chair Granada Television's "The Verdict is Yours" programme. Appearing as Mr Justice Ensor he presided over dramatised cases which argued in front of a jury of viewers. |
He became a well-known figure on television, taking acting roles in a number of films including "The Trials of Oscar Wilde" (1960), "Information Received" (1961) and "The Pot Carriers" (1962). |
By the early 1960s Ensor's acting career had stalled, and he entered politics. He joined the Labour Party and was elected at the 1964 general election as Member of Parliament (MP) for the marginal Bury and Radcliffe constituency and re-elected in 1966 election. In 1968 he indicated that he would not contest the seat again, standing down at the 1970 general election. In 1972 he joined the Liberal Party, but did not stand for election again. |
Ensor was twice married. The first marriage was to Norah Russell in 1932, with whom he had three children. Following their divorce, he married Vivienne Mason in 1944. He died at his home in Argelès-sur-Mer, France in 1987, aged 80. |
= = = Gilbert A. Currie = = = |
Gilbert Archibald Currie (September 19, 1882 – June 5, 1960) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan. |
Currie was born in Midland Township, Michigan, attended the district school, Midland High School, and graduated from the law department of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1905. He was admitted to the Michigan bar in 1905 and commenced practice in Midland. He was a member of the Michigan House of Representatives, 1909–1915, serving as Speaker of the House during the 47th Legislature. |
Currie was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination in 1914 to the 64th Congress. In 1916, he was elected from Michigan's 10th congressional district to the 65th Congress and was reelected in 1918 to the 66th, serving from March 4, 1917 to March 3, 1921. He was unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1920. |
After leaving Congress, Currie resumed the practice of law and also engaged in the banking business until his death in Midland at the age of 77. He was interred in Midland Cemetery. |
= = = Woosung, Illinois = = = |
Woosung is an unincorporated community in Ogle County, Illinois, U.S., and is located in the far southwestern part of the county, northwest of Dixon. |
Woosung was named by a railroad official who had once visited Wusong, China during his former career as a sea captain. |
= = = Tremont Street = = = |
Tremont Street is a major thoroughfare in Boston, Massachusetts. |
Tremont Street begins at Government Center in Boston's city center as a continuation of Cambridge Street, and forms the eastern edge of Boston Common. Continuing in a roughly southwesterly direction, it passes through Boston's Theater District, crosses the Massachusetts Turnpike, and becomes a broad boulevard in the South End neighborhood. It then turns to the west as a narrower four-lane street, running through Mission Hill and terminating at Brigham Circle, where it intersects Huntington Avenue. The street name zigzags across several physical roads, often requiring a sharp turn to remain on the street. |
The name is a variation of one of the original appellations of the city, "Trimountaine", a reference to a hill that formerly had three peaks. Beacon Hill, with its single peak, is all that remains of the Trimountain. Much of the Trimountain was removed, and the earth used as fill to expand the Shawmut Peninsula. The two smaller peaks, Cotton Hill (or Pemberton Hill, at what is now Pemberton Square) and Mt. Whoredom (or Mt. Vernon, formerly at the location of the modern-day Louisburg Square) no longer exist. The central peak, Sentry Hill, now called Beacon Hill, is smaller than the original peak, which reached approximately to the height of the top of the State House. |
A British military map of Boston from 1775, prepared by a Lieut. Sir Thomas Hyde Page of His Majesty's Corps of Engineers, shows Beacon Hill, Mount Whoredom, and another unnamed hill all just above Beacon Street. There is a small street on the northeast corner of Boston Common called "Treamount Street" from School Street to Hanover Street, the precursor of modern Tremont Street, running north from what was then called Common Street (modern Tremont Street alongside the eastern border of Boston Common). |
Sites of interest along Tremont Street, from northeast to southwest, include: |
The Tremont Street Subway runs underneath the street. Opened in 1897, it was the first subway tunnel in North America and still carries the MBTA Green Line. |
The Green Line stops in three places under Tremont Street: |
Former tenants: |
Notes |
Further reading |
= = = Powelliphanta hochstetteri bicolor = = = |
Powelliphanta hochstetteri bicolor, known as one of the amber snails, is a subspecies of large, carnivorous land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Rhytididae. |
This species occurs in New Zealand |
The shape of the eggs is oval, and they are usually not constant in their dimensions, on average they are 10.75 × 9 mm. |
"Powelliphanta hochstetteri bicolor" is classified by the New Zealand Department of Conservation as being in "Gradual Decline". |
= = = Schools of economic thought = = = |
In the history of economic thought, a school of economic thought is a group of economic thinkers who share or shared a common perspective on the way economies work. While economists do not always fit into particular schools, particularly in modern times, classifying economists into schools of thought is common. Economic thought may be roughly divided into three phases: premodern (Greco-Roman, Indian, Persian, Islamic, and Imperial Chinese), early modern (mercantilist, physiocrats) and modern (beginning with Adam Smith and classical economics in the late 18th century). Systematic economic theory has been developed mainly since the beginning of what is termed the modern era. |
Currently, the great majority of economists follow an approach referred to as mainstream economics (sometimes called 'orthodox economics'). Economists generally specialize into either macroeconomics, broadly on the general scope of the economy as a whole, and microeconomics, on specific markets or actors. |
Within the macroeconomic mainstream in the United States, distinctions can be made between saltwater economists and the more laissez-faire ideas of freshwater economists. However, there is broad agreement on the importance of general equilibrium, the methodology related to models used for certain purposes (e.g. statistical models for forecasting, structural models for counterfactual analysis, etc.), and the importance of partial equilibrium models for analyzing specific factors important to the economy (e.g. banking). |
Some influential approaches of the past, such as the historical school of economics and institutional economics, have become defunct or have declined in influence, and are now considered heterodox approaches. Other longstanding heterodox schools of economic thought include Austrian economics and Marxian economics. Some more recent developments in economic thought such as feminist economics and ecological economics adapt and critique mainstream approaches with an emphasis on particular issues rather than developing as independent schools. |
Mainstream economics is a term used to distinguish economics in general from heterodox approaches and schools within economics. It begins with the premise that resources are scarce and that it is necessary to choose between competing alternatives. That is, economics deals with tradeoffs. With scarcity, choosing one alternative implies forgoing another alternative—the opportunity cost. The opportunity cost expresses an implicit relationship between competing alternatives. Such costs, considered as prices in a market economy, are used for analysis of economic efficiency or for predicting responses to disturbances in a market. In a planned economy comparable shadow price relations must be satisfied for the efficient use of resources, as first demonstrated by the Italian economist Enrico Barone. |
Economists believe that incentives and costs play a pervasive role in shaping decision making. An immediate example of this is the consumer theory of individual demand, which isolates how prices (as costs) and income affect quantity demanded. Modern mainstream economics builds primarily on neoclassical economics, which began to develop in the late 19th century. Mainstream economics also acknowledges the existence of market failure and insights from Keynesian economics. It uses models of economic growth for analyzing long-run variables affecting national income. It employs game theory for modeling market or non-market behavior. Some important insights on collective behavior (for example, emergence of organizations) have been incorporated through the new institutional economics. A definition that captures much of modern economics is that of Lionel Robbins in a 1932 essay: "the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses." Scarcity means that available resources are insufficient to satisfy all wants and needs. Absent scarcity and alternative uses of available resources, there is no economic problem. The subject thus defined involves the study of choice, as affected by incentives and resources. |
Mainstream economics encompasses a wide (but not unbounded) range of views. Politically, most mainstream economists hold views ranging from laissez-faire to modern liberalism. There are also divergent views on particular issues within economics, such as the effectiveness and desirability of Keynesian macroeconomic policy. Although, historically, few mainstream economists have regarded themselves as members of a "school", many would identify with one or more of neoclassical economics, monetarism, Keynesian economics, new classical economics, or behavioral economics. |
Controversies within mainstream economics tend to be stated in terms of: |
Heterodox economics refers to some schools of thought are at variance with the microeconomic foundations of modern new classical economics. Heterodox economists instead emphasize the influence of history, natural systems, uncertainty, and power. Among these, we have institutional economics, Marxian economics, feminist economics, socialist economics, binary economics, ecological economics, bioeconomics and thermoeconomics. |
In the late 19th century, a number of heterodox schools contended with the neoclassical school that arose following the marginal revolution. Most survive to the present day as self-consciously dissident schools, but with greatly diminished size and influence relative to mainstream economics. The most significant are Institutional economics, Marxian economics and the Austrian School. |
The development of Keynesian economics was a substantial challenge to the dominant neoclassical school of economics. Keynesian views eventually entered the mainstream as a result of the Keynesian-neoclassical synthesis developed by John Hicks. The rise of Keynesianism, and its incorporation into mainstream economics, reduced the appeal of heterodox schools. However, advocates of a more fundamental critique of orthodox economics formed a school of Post-Keynesian economics. |
More recent heterodox developments include evolutionary economics (though this term is also used to describe institutional economics), feminist, Green economics, Post-autistic economics, and Thermoeconomics. |
Heterodox approaches often embody criticisms of the "mainstream" approaches. For instance: |
Most heterodox views are critical of capitalism. The most notable exception is Austrian economics. |
Georgescu-Roegen reintroduced into economics, the concept of entropy from thermodynamics (as distinguished from what, in his view, is the mechanistic foundation of neoclassical economics drawn from Newtonian physics) and did foundational work which later developed into evolutionary economics. His work contributed significantly to thermoeconomics and to ecological economics. |
Other viewpoints on economic issues from outside mainstream economics include dependency theory and world systems theory in the study of international relations. |
Proposed radical reforms of the economic system originating outside mainstream economics include the participatory economics movement and binary economics. |
Modern macro- and microeconomics are young sciences. But many in the past have thought on topics ranging from value to production relations. These forays into economic thought contribute to the modern understanding, ranging from ancient Greek conceptions of the role of the household and its choices to mercantilism and its emphasis on the hoarding of precious metals. |
Islamic economics is the practice of economics in accordance with Islamic law. The origins can be traced back to the Caliphate, where an early market economy and some of the earliest forms of merchant capitalism took root between the 8th–12th centuries, which some refer to as "Islamic capitalism". |
Islamic economics seeks to enforce Islamic regulations not only on personal issues, but to implement broader economic goals and policies of an Islamic society, based on uplifting the deprived masses. It was founded on free and unhindered circulation of wealth so as to handsomely reach even the lowest echelons of society. One distinguishing feature is the tax on wealth (in the form of both Zakat and Jizya), and bans levying taxes on all kinds of trade and transactions (Income/Sales/Excise/Import/Export duties etc.). |
Another distinguishing feature is prohibition of interest in the form of excess charged while trading in money. Its pronouncement on |
use of paper currency also stands out. Though promissory notes are recognized, they must be fully backed by reserves. Fractional-reserve banking is disallowed as a form of breach of trust. |
It saw innovations such as trading companies, big businesses, contracts, bills of exchange, long-distance international trade, the first forms of partnership ("mufawada") such as limited partnerships ("mudaraba"), and the earliest forms of credit, debt, profit, loss, capital ("al-mal"), capital accumulation ("nama al-mal"), circulating capital, capital expenditure, revenue, cheques, promissory notes, trusts (see "Waqf"), startup companies, savings accounts, transactional accounts, pawning, loaning, exchange rates, bankers, money changers, ledgers, deposits, assignments, the double-entry bookkeeping system, lawsuits, and agency institution. |
This school has seen a revived interest in development and understanding since the later part of the 20th century. |
Economic policy in Europe during the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance treated economic activity as a good which was to be taxed to raise revenues for the nobility and the church. Economic exchanges were regulated by feudal rights, such as the right to collect a toll or hold a fair, as well as guild restrictions and religious restrictions on lending. Economic policy, such as it was, was designed to encourage trade through a particular area. Because of the importance of social class, sumptuary laws were enacted, regulating dress and housing, including allowable styles, materials and frequency of purchase for different classes. Niccolò Machiavelli in his book "The Prince" was one of the first authors to theorize economic policy in the form of advice. He did so by stating that princes and republics should limit their expenditures and prevent either the wealthy or the populace from despoiling the other. In this way a state would be seen as "generous" because it was not a heavy burden on its citizens. |
The Physiocrats were 18th century French economists who emphasized the importance of productive work, and particularly agriculture, to an economy's wealth. Their early support of free trade and deregulation influenced Adam Smith and the classical economists. |
Classical economics, also called classical political economy, was the original form of mainstream economics of the 18th and 19th centuries. Classical economics focuses on the tendency of markets to move to equilibrium and on objective theories of value. Neo-classical economics differs from classical economics primarily in being utilitarian in its value theory and using marginal theory as the basis of its models and equations. Marxian economics also descends from classical theory. Anders Chydenius (1729–1803) was the leading classical liberal of Nordic history. Chydenius, who was a Finnish priest and member of parliament, published a book called "The National Gain" in 1765, in which he proposes ideas of freedom of trade and industry and explores the relationship between economy and society and lays out the principles of liberalism, all of this eleven years before Adam Smith published a similar and more comprehensive book, "The Wealth of Nations". According to Chydenius, democracy, equality and a respect for human rights were the only way towards progress and happiness for the whole of society. |
The American School owes its origin to the writings and economic policies of Alexander Hamilton, the first Treasury Secretary of the United States. It emphasized high tariffs on imports to help develop the fledgling American manufacturing base and to finance infrastructure projects, as well as National Banking, Public Credit, and government investment into advanced scientific and technological research and development. Friedrich List, one of the most famous proponents of the economic system, named it the National System, and was the main impetus behind the development of the German Zollverein and the economic policies of Germany under Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck beginning in 1879. |
The French Liberal School (also called the "Optimist School" or "Orthodox School") is a 19th-century school of economic thought that was centered on the Collège de France and the Institut de France. The Journal des Économistes was instrumental in promulgating the ideas of the School. The School voraciously defended free trade and laissez-faire capitalism. They were primary opponents of collectivist, interventionist and protectionist ideas. This made the French School a forerunner of the modern Austrian School. |
The Historical school of economics was an approach to academic economics and to public administration that emerged in the 19th century in Germany, and held sway there until well into the 20th century. The Historical school held that history was the key source of knowledge about human actions and economic matters, since economics was culture-specific, and hence not generalizable over space and time. The School rejected the universal validity of economic theorems. They saw economics as resulting from careful empirical and historical analysis instead of from logic and mathematics. The School preferred historical, political, and social studies to self-referential mathematical modelling. Most members of the school were also Kathedersozialisten, i.e. concerned with social reform and improved conditions for the common man during a period of heavy industrialization. The Historical School can be divided into three tendencies: the Older, led by Wilhelm Roscher, Karl Knies, and Bruno Hildebrand; the Younger, led by Gustav von Schmoller, and also including Étienne Laspeyres, Karl Bücher, Adolph Wagner, and to some extent Lujo Brentano; the Youngest, led by Werner Sombart and including, to a very large extent, Max Weber. |
Predecessors included Friedrich List. The Historical school largely controlled appointments to Chairs of Economics in German universities, as many of the advisors of Friedrich Althoff, head of the university department in the Prussian Ministry of Education 1882-1907, had studied under members of the School. Moreover, Prussia was the intellectual powerhouse of Germany and so dominated academia, not only in central Europe, but also in the United States until about 1900, because the American economics profession was led by holders of German Ph.Ds. The Historical school was involved in the "Methodenstreit" ("strife over method") with the Austrian School, whose orientation was more theoretical and a prioristic. In English speaking countries, the Historical school is perhaps the least known and least understood approach to the study of economics, because it differs radically from the now-dominant Anglo-American analytical point of view. Yet the Historical school forms the basis—both in theory and in practice—of the social market economy, for many decades the dominant economic paradigm in most countries of continental Europe. The Historical school is also a source of Joseph Schumpeter's dynamic, change-oriented, and innovation-based economics. Although his writings could be critical of the School, Schumpeter's work on the role of innovation and entrepreneurship can be seen as a continuation of ideas originated by the Historical School, especially the work of von Schmoller and Sombart. |
Subsets and Splits