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The early 1960s broadcast media advertising campaign featured a jingle, sung by The Paris Sisters with the lyrics: |
= = = North Brookfield = = = |
North Brookfield is the name of some places in the United States: |
= = = J. Richard Fisher = = = |
James Richard Fisher (born December 10, 1943) is a scientist at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory at Charlottesville, VA. He received his Ph.D. in Astronomy in 1972 from the University of Maryland, College Park and his B.S. in Physics in 1965 from the Pennsylvania State University, University Park. |
Rick was born in Pittsburgh, PA and, at the age of 4, moved with his family to a small farm near Reynoldsville, PA where he attended Sandy Valley Elementary School, West Side Elementary School, and Reynoldsville High School where he graduated in 1961. As a boy he was interested in amateur radio and astronomy which he combined into a career in radio astronomy. |
His PhD thesis was supervised by William C. Erickson and concerned the design and prototyping for an array at the Clark Lake Radio Observatory. Much of Fisher's career has involved radio astronomy instrumentation, including telescope feed design, radio frequency interference mitigation, and signal processing. He joined NRAO in 1972 at the Green Bank, West Virginia site. He was part of the team that conceived and designed the 100-meter Green Bank Telescope there. He moved to the Central Development Lab at the Charlottesville NRAO headquarters in 2005, where he retired in 2012 but continues to be active in instrumentation projects. |
In 1978 through 1980 he spent 18 months at the Radiophysics Laboratory of CSIRO in Sydney, Australia, and on the return trip spent 2 months at the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore, India. |
Along with R. Brent Tully, he proposed the Tully-Fisher relation, a correlation between the luminosity of a galaxy and the width of emission lines in its spectrum. |
= = = North Buffalo = = = |
North Buffalo may refer to: |
= = = Azygos vein = = = |
The azygos vein is a vein running up the right side of the thoracic vertebral column draining itself towards the superior vena cava. It connects the systems of superior vena cava and inferior vena cava and can provide an alternative path for blood to the right atrium when either of the venae cavae is blocked. |
The azygos vein transports deoxygenated blood from the posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen into the superior vena cava vein. The anatomy of this blood vessel can be quite variable. In some rare variations, for example, it also drains thoracic veins, bronchial veins, and even gonadal veins. The vein is so named because it has no symmetrically equivalent vein on the left side of the body. |
The azygos system is considered to be the azygos vein located from rib number 2 to rib number 4, while on the left part of the body, the hemiazygos vein and the accessory hemiazygos vein together form the analogous venous system. |
It is formed by the union of the ascending lumbar veins with the right subcostal veins at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra, ascending in the posterior mediastinum, and arching over the right main bronchus posteriorly at the root of the right lung to join the superior vena cava. This "arch of the azygos vein" ("arcus venae azygos") is an important anatomic landmark. As an anatomical variation in 1-2% of the population, the arch can be displaced laterally, thereby creating a pleural septum separating an azygos lobe from the upper lobe of the right lung. |
A major tributary is the hemiazygos vein, a similar structure on the opposite side of the vertebral column. Other tributaries include the bronchial veins, pericardial veins, and posterior right intercostal veins. It communicates with the vertebral venous plexuses. |
The origin and anatomical course of the azygos vein are quite variable. Usually, there is a singular azygos vein on the right side of the body. However, the azygos vein is occasionally located in the midline or two independent veins may be present like in early embryonic development. |
The azygos vein generally begins at the level of the lumbar vertebrae but may originate above the point in some cases. The lumbar aspect of the azygos vein can ascend anteriorly to the lumbar vertebrae and pass behind the right crus of the diaphragm or cross the aortic hiatus (where the aorta pierces the diaphragm) to the right of the cisterna chyli, a dilated lymph sac. The common trunk of the right ascending lumbar vein and the right subcostal vein join the azygos vein anterior to the body of T12. However, if the lumbar segment is absent, this trunk may form the azygos vein. |
It has been proposed that the azygos vein develops by originally draining to the posterior cardinal vein and then to the longitudinal venous channel. Following retrogression of the left common cardinal vein, the left azygos vein loses contact with the posterior cardinal vein. Thus, the blood drains into the right azygos line. |
The azygos system of veins is considered to be the azygos vein, along with its left-sided counterparts, the hemiazygos vein and the accessory hemiazygos vein. It also creates a cavo-caval anastomosis by offering an alternative, collateral blood flow from the lower half of the body to the superior vena cava, bypassing the inferior vena cava. This can have clinical significance in any blood flow restriction of the inferior vena cava. |
Azygos vein abnormalities can be suggested on chest radiograph by enlargement of the azygos shadow to greater than 1 cm. False positives can occur in heart failure causing increased pressures on the right side of the heart, or adjacent lymphadenopathy. Azygos and hemiazygos continuation of the inferior vena cava (IVC) was not common in daily life. It is very hard to observe, particularly when it is not associated with congenital heart disease or deep venous thrombosis. Thus, it is crucial to diagnose the enlarged azygos vein at the confluence with the superior vena cava and in the retrocrural space to prevent misdiagnosis as a right-sided paratracheal mass. The loss of the intrahepatic segment of IVC with azygous and hemiazygos continuation happens in 0.6% of patients diagnosed for congenital heart disease and usually occurs simultaneously with situs inversus, asplenia, or polysplenia, persistent left superior vena cava (SVC), and congenital pulmonary venolobar syndrome. Azygos and hemiazygos continuation of the IVC is rare especially when it is not associated with congenital heart disease. |
The Greek root "zyg" refers to a pair. 'A-' means "not". Thus, "azygos" means "unpaired". The azygos vein is unpaired in that there is only one in the body, mostly on the right side. While there is the hemiazygos vein and its accessory on the left side of the body, they are considered tributaries of the azygos vein rather than its left-side equivalent. |
This terminology is only accurate in some species, such as the human, dog, and cat. Ruminants (such as sheep and cows) have paired azygos veins. |
= = = Toughness = = = |
In materials science and metallurgy, toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. One definition of material toughness is the amount of energy per unit volume that a material can absorb before rupturing. It is also defined as a material's resistance to fracture when stressed. |
Toughness requires a balance of strength and ductility. |
Toughness can be determined by integrating the stress-strain curve. It is the energy of mechanical deformation per unit volume prior to fracture. The explicit mathematical description is: |
where |
Another definition is the ability to absorb mechanical energy up to the point of failure. The area under the stress-strain curve is called toughness. |
If the upper limit of integration up to the yield point is restricted, the energy absorbed per unit volume is known as the modulus of resilience. Mathematically, the modulus of resilience can be expressed by the product of the square of the yield stress divided by two times the Young's modulus of elasticity. That is, |
The toughness of a material can be measured using a small specimen of that material. A typical testing machine uses a pendulum to strike a notched specimen of defined cross-section and deform it. The height from which the pendulum fell, minus the height to which it rose after deforming the specimen, multiplied by the weight of the pendulum is a measure of the energy absorbed by the specimen as it was deformed during the impact with the pendulum. The Charpy and Izod notched impact strength tests are typical ASTM tests used to determine toughness. |
Tensile toughness (or, "deformation energy", "U") is measured in units of joule per cubic metre (J·m) in the SI system and inch-pound-force per cubic inch (in·lbf·in) in US customary units. |
1.00 N·m.m ≃ in·lbf·in and 1.00 in·lbf·in ≃ 6.89 kN·m.m. |
In the SI system, the unit of tensile toughness can be easily calculated by using area underneath the stress–strain ("σ"–"ε") curve, which gives tensile toughness value, as given below: |
Toughness can also be defined with respect to regions of a stress–strain diagram. Toughness is related to the area under the stress–strain curve. In order to be tough, a material must be both strong and ductile. For example, brittle materials (like ceramics) that are strong but with limited ductility are not tough; conversely, very ductile materials with low strengths are also not tough. To be tough, a material should withstand both high stresses and high strains. Generally speaking, strength indicates how much force the material can support, while toughness indicates how much energy a material can absorb before rupturing. |
= = = Snooker world rankings 1993/1994 = = = |
Snooker world rankings 1993/1994: The professional world rankings for the top 64 snooker players in the 1993/1994 season are listed below. |
= = = Guyandotte River = = = |
The Guyandotte River is a tributary of the Ohio River, approximately 166 mi (267 km) long, in southwestern West Virginia in the United States. It was named after the French term for the Wendat Native Americans. It drains an area of the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau south of the Ohio between the watersheds of the Kanawha River to the northeast and Twelvepole Creek and the Big Sandy River to the southwest. Via the Ohio River, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed. |
The Guyandotte River is formed in southwestern Raleigh County by the confluence of three streams, Winding Gulf, Stonecoal Creek, and the Devils Fork. and flows initially west-northwestwardly into Wyoming and Mingo counties. It turns briefly northward in Mingo County and enters Logan County, where it turns north-northwestwardly for the remainder of its highly meandering course through Logan, Lincoln and Cabell counties. It enters the Ohio River from the south at Huntington, about 5 mi (8 km) east of the city's downtown. |
A U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dam in Mingo County causes the river to widen as R.D. Bailey Lake in Mingo and western Wyoming Counties. |
The Mud River joins the Guyandotte at Barboursville in Cabell County. The Slab Fork joins the Guyandotte in downtown Mullens in Wyoming County. Big Ugly Creek joins the Guyandotte in Lincoln County. |
In Mullens, an active watershed organization is working to reduce pollution in the headwaters of the Guyandotte River. The Upper Guyandotte Watershed Association (UGWA) is a grassroots, community-based organization working to reduce sources of pollution in order to clean up streams and make the watershed a better place to live. UGWA has garnered much public support and produced results in partnering with numerous local, state, and federal agencies. |
According to the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS), the Guyandotte River has also been known as: |
= = = University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore = = = |
The University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (UET Lahore) is a public university located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan specializing in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) subjects. It is the oldest and one of the most selective engineering institutions in Pakistan. |
Founded in 1921 as Mughalpura Technical College, it later became the 'MacLagan Engineering College', a name given to it in 1923 when Sir Edward Douglas MacLagan, the then Governor of Punjab who laid the foundation stone of the main building, now called the Main Block. |
In 1932, it was affiliated with the University of the Punjab for an award of a Bachelor's Degree in Engineering. |
In 1962, it was granted charter in 1962 and was named as the West Pakistan University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore. |
In 1972, it was officially renamed as the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore. A second campus of the university was established in 1975 in Sahiwal which was relocated in Taxila in 1978 and became an independent university in 1993 called University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila. |
The university, as of 2016, has a faculty of 881 people with 257 with doctorates. It has a total of 9,385 undergraduate and 1,708 postgraduate students studying. It has a strong collaboration with University of South Carolina, University of Manchester and the Queen Mary University of London and has conducted research funded by Huawei, Cavium Networks, Microsoft and MontaVista. It is one of the highest ranked universities in Pakistan with domestic rankings placing it as the fifth best engineering school in Pakistan while QS World University Ranking putting U.E.T as 701st in the world every year between 2013 and 2016. It is also ranked as #701 in world by the same publication in 2018. |
In 2018 QS rankings university observed downgrading from 701 to among 801–1000 ranked slot. Meanwhile, in Asia university ranking is currently being ranked at #200 and in world wide unverisity ranking is 701. |
The university was established in 1921 in Mughalpura, a suburban area of Lahore, as Mughalpura Technical College. In 1923, the name was changed to Maclagan Engineering College to honor Sir Edward Maclagan, then Governor of the Punjab, who laid the foundation stone of the building. |
In 1932, the institution became affiliated with the University of the Punjab for awarding a bachelor's degree in engineering. By the time of independence in 1947, it offered B.Sc. degrees in electrical, mechanical and civil engineering. |
In 1954, a bachelor's degree program in mining engineering was started. In 1962, it was upgraded to West Pakistan University of Engineering and Technology. During the 1960s, bachelor's degree programs were started in chemical engineering, petroleum and gas engineering, metallurgical engineering, architecture and city and regional planning. By the 1970s, it had established over a score of master's degree programs in engineering, architecture, city and regional planning and allied disciplines. Several Ph.D. degree programs were also started. Today, it is widely considered one of the best and most prestigious engineering university of Pakistan where more than 50,000 students apply for admission every year. |
The campus is situated on the Grand Trunk Road (GT Road), few kilometers from the Mughal era Shalimar Gardens. |
The university consists of following faculties and departments: |
The university consists of following research centers: |
More than 870 students are foreign students and more than 1000 are female students. |
The UET faculty consists of 741 people including 14 international faculty members; around 122 have doctoral degrees. Its faculty holds one Tamgha-e-Imtiaz, one Sitara-i-Imtiaz, one Izaz-e-Kamal Presidential Award and nine HEC Best Teacher Awards. |
The university has established a Directorate of Research, Extension and Advisory Services which strives for the promotion and organization of research activities. The Al-Khwarizmi Institute of Computer Sciences is a notable name in research activity in computer sciences in Pakistan. |
The university has a sports complex, consisting of a swimming pool, tennis court, table tennis court, squash court and a cricket stadium that is also used for athletics. The university has several football grounds. Apart from sports-related facilities, there are societies to promote co-curricular activities. These include: |
The National Library of Engineering Science, inaugurated by Faisal bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud, is the central library of the university with a seating capacity for 400 readers and more than 125,000 volumes of books, 22,000 volumes of bound serials and 600 issues of scientific and technical serials on diverse fields. The Library has the honour of having recently been chosen by the Higher Education Commission to serve as the primary resource center for engineering and technical education. It is a three-story building in front of Allah Hu Chowk. |
= = = Snooker world rankings 1992/1993 = = = |
Snooker world rankings 1992/1993: The professional world rankings for the top 32 snooker players and two others from the top 64 in the 1992/1993 season are listed below. |
= = = Zapata: El sueño de un héroe = = = |
Zapata: El sueño del héroe (in English: "Zapata: The dream of a hero"), also titled simply Zapata, is a 2004 Mexican motion picture. |
This fictionalized portrayal of Emiliano Zapata, played by Alejandro Fernández, as an Indigenous Mexican shaman, directed by Alfonso Arau, was reportedly the most expensive Mexican movie ever produced, with a massive ad campaign, and the largest ever opening in the nation's history. Unusual in the Mexican film industry, "Zapata" was financed independently. |
"Zapata" made its U.S. debut at the Santa Fe Film Festival on December 3, 2004 at the Center for Contemporary Arts in Santa Fe, New Mexico. |
The film happens in the last quarter of the 19th century and the first nineteen years of the twentieth, during the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz, the presidency of Francisco I. Madero, the military revolt of Victoriano Huerta, the Convention of Generals and, finally, the death of Zapata, already in the constitutionalist stage of Venustiano Carranza. The film does not try to be a chair of history but a fable that obtains the identification of the spectators with the hero, through the successive confrontation of the protagonist with the power, represented in the antagonistic figure of Victoriano Huerta. In it, Emiliano Zapata appears like predestining, "the signal" in his chest, the mark or spot with the form of a little hand is the sign that identifies him as "the one" by the Huehuetlatolli (the heirs of the tradition) to be their guide. Thus, we see the birth of Emiliano, where he is recognized like the possible leader of his town. Zapata will have to break with his vision of the "real reality" and to enter in that other magical knowledge of the Mexican tradition and its inscrutable religious "sincretismo". |
= = = Jean Améry = = = |
Jean Améry (31 October 1912 – 17 October 1978), born Hanns Chaim Mayer, was an Austria-born essayist whose work was often informed by his experiences during World War II. His most celebrated work, "At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor on Auschwitz and Its Realities" (1966), suggests that torture was "the essence" of the Third Reich. Other notable works included "On Aging" (1968) and "On Suicide: A Discourse on Voluntary Death" (1976). He first adopted the pseudonym Jean Améry in 1955. Améry took his own life in 1978. |
Formerly a philosophy and literature student in Vienna, Améry's participation in organized resistance against the Nazi occupation of Belgium resulted in his detainment and torture by the German Gestapo at Fort Breendonk, and several years of imprisonment in concentration camps. Améry survived internments in Auschwitz and Buchenwald, and was finally liberated at Bergen-Belsen in 1945. After the war he settled in Belgium. |
Jean Améry was born as Hanns Chaim Mayer in Vienna, Austria, in 1912, to a Jewish father and a Catholic mother. His father was killed in action in World War I in 1916. Améry was raised as a Roman Catholic by his mother. Eventually, Améry and his mother returned to Vienna, where he enrolled in university to study literature and philosophy, but economic necessity kept him from regular pursuit of studies there. |
While Améry's family was "estranged from its Jewish origins, assimilated and intermarried", this alienation itself, in the context of Nazi occupation, informed much of his thought: "I wanted by all means to be an anti-Nazi, that most certainly, but of my own accord." |
The Nuremberg Laws of 1935, the text of which he soon came to know by heart, convinced Améry that Germany had essentially passed a sentence of death on all Jews. His "The Necessity and Impossibility of Being a Jew" speaks to this inner conflict as to his identity. He suggests that while his personal identity, the identity of his own childhood past, is distinctly Christian, he feels himself nonetheless a Jew in another sense, the sense of a Jewishness "without God, without history, without messianic-national hope". |
In 1938, when the Nazis were welcomed into Austria and the country joined with Germany into a "Greater Reich", Améry fled to France, and then to Belgium with his Jewish wife, Regina, whom he had chosen in opposition to his mother's wishes. She later died of heart disease while hiding in Brussels. Ironically, he was initially deported back to France by the Belgians as a German alien and wound up interned in the south. |
After escaping from the camp at Gurs, he returned to Belgium where he joined the Resistance movement. |
Involved in the distribution of anti-military propaganda to the German occupying forces, Améry was captured by the Nazis in July 1943 and routinely tortured at the Belgian Gestapo center at Fort Breendonk. When it was established that there was no information to be extracted from him, he was "demoted" from political prisoner to Jew, and shipped to Auschwitz. |
Lacking any trade skills, he was assigned to the harshest physical labors, building the I.G. Farben factory at Auschwitz III, the Buna-Monowitz labor camp. In the face of the Soviet invasion in the following year, he was evacuated first to Buchenwald and then to Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated by the British army in April 1945. |
After the war, the former Hanns Mayer changed his name to Jean Améry (the surname being a French-sounding anagram of his family name) in order to symbolize his dissociation from German culture and his alliance with French culture. He lived in Brussels, working as a culture journalist for German language newspapers in Switzerland. He refused to publish in Germany or Austria for many years, publishing only in Switzerland. He did not write at all of his experiences in the death camps until 1964, when, at the urging of German poet Helmut Heißenbüttel, he wrote his book "Jenseits von Schuld und Sühne" ("Beyond Guilt and Atonement"). It was later translated into English by Sidney and Stella P. Rosenfeld as "At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor on Auschwitz and its Realities". |
He later married Marie Eschenauer, whom he was still married to at the time of his death. In 1976 Améry published the book "On Suicide: A Discourse on Voluntary Death." He took his own life by overdose of sleeping pills in 1978. |
The publication of "At the Mind's Limits", Améry's exploration of the Holocaust and the nature of the Third Reich, made him one of the most highly regarded of Holocaust writers. In comparing the Nazis to a government of sadism, Améry suggests that it is the sadist's nature to want "to nullify the world". For a Nazi torturer, |
[a] slight pressure by the tool-wielding hand is enough to turn the other – along with his head, in which are perhaps stored Kant and Hegel, and all nine symphonies, and "The World as Will and Representation" – into a shrill squealing piglet at slaughter. |
Améry's efforts to preserve the memory of the Holocaust focused on the terror and horror of the events in a phenomenological and philosophical way, with what he characterized as "a scant inclination to be conciliatory". His explorations of his experiences and the meaning and legacy of Nazi-era suffering were aimed not at resolving the events finally into "the cold storage of history", but rather keeping the subject alive so that it would not be lost to posterity, as an abstraction or mere text. As he wrote in his 1976 preface to "Beyond Guilt and Atonement": |
I do not have [clarity] today, and I hope that I never will. Clarification would amount to disposal, settlement of the case, which can then be placed in the files of history. My book is meant to prevent precisely this. For nothing is resolved, nothing is settled, no remembering has become mere memory. |
With the prize money that the Viennese writer Robert Menasse received for the Austrian State Prize (1999) he re-founded the “Jean Améry–Preis für Europäische Essayistik”, whose winners were Lothar Baier, Barbara Sichtermann (1985), Mathias Greffrath (1988), Reinhard Merkel (1991), Franz Schuh (2000), Doron Rabinovici (2002), Michael Jeismann (2004), Journalist, Drago Jančar (2007), Imre Kertész (2009), Dubravka Ugrešić (2012), Adam Zagajewski (2016) and Karl-Markus Gauß (2018). |
= = = Saramacca District = = = |
Saramacca is a district of Suriname, in the north. Saramacca's capital city is Groningen, with other towns and cities including Batavia, Kampong Baroe, Uitkijk, Maho and Boskamp |
Saramacca has a population of 17,480 and an area of 3,636 km². |
The district has traditionally been the site of dozens of small, family owned farming communities, and it has only been recently that large agricultural projects have begun to emerge, primarily geared to the production of bananas and rice. |
The district is known for its birds, with ornithologists and birdwatchers coming from all over the world to study and admire Saramacca's toucans, parrots and cocks-of-the-rock. |
Saramacca is also the name of a group of Maroons who established communities along the Saramacca River having fled slavery. |
Saramacca is divided into 6 resorts ("ressorten"): |
= = = Sipaliwini District = = = |
Sipaliwini is the largest district of Suriname, located in the south. Sipaliwini does not have a regional capital as it is directly administered by the national government in Paramaribo. The main villages in the district are Apetina, Apoera, Bakhuys, Bitagron, Pokigron, Kajana, Kamp 52, Pelelu Tepu, Cottica, Anapaike, Benzdorp, Kwamalasamutu, Nieuw Jacobkondre, Aurora, Botopasi, Goddo, Djumu and Pontoetoe. |
Sipaliwini has a population of 37,065 and an area of 130,567 km². The district is nearly 4 times as large as the other 9 districts of Suriname combined; however, most of the Sipaliwini is unused (it was specifically stated when the district was formed that it would encompass the unused land in Suriname's south) except for the north and the west. |
It is thought by archaeologists that hunter-gatherers lived in what is today Sipaliwini district during the Paleolithic period. |
The region was largely left alone during the colonial period, as the Dutch that controlled Suriname were fearful of the Portuguese in Brazil, and it was not until the 20th century that development projects began. |
Subsets and Splits