text
stringlengths 8
16.8M
|
|---|
When you need to explain in writing how to do something, a set of step-by-step instructions is your best choice. By enumerating the steps, you make it easy for readers to perform the process in the correct sequence. Your goal is to provide a clear, self-sufficient explanation so that readers can perform the task independently.
When necessary, the apparatus being explained (machine, software package, or other equipment)
Prepare
Perform the task yourself, or ask experts to demonstrate it or describe it to you in detail.
Analyze prospective readers’ familiarity with the process so that you can write instructions at their level of understanding.
Make your Instructions Clear
Include four elements: an introduction, a list of equipment and materials, a description of the steps involved in the process, and a conclusion.
Explain in the opening why the process is important and how it is related to a larger purpose.
Divide the process into short, simple steps presented in order of occurrence.
Present the steps in a numbered list, or if presenting them in paragraph format, use words indicating time or sequence, such as first and then.
If the process involves more than ten steps, divide them into groups or stages identified with headings.
Phrase each step as a command (“Do this” instead of “You should do this”); use active verbs; use precise, specific terms (“three weeks” instead of “several weeks”).
When appropriate, describe how to tell whether a step has been performed correctly and how one step may influence another. Warn readers of possible damage or injury from a mistake in a step, but limit the number of warnings so that readers do not underestimate their importance.
Include diagrams of complicated devices, and refer to them in appropriate steps.
Summarize the importance of the process and the expected results.
Test your Instructions
Review the instructions to be sure they are clear and complete. Also judge whether you have provided too much detail.
Ask someone else to read the instructions and tell you whether they make sense and are easy to follow.
My Consultancy–Asif J. Mir - Management Consultant–transforms organizations where people have the freedom to be creative, a place that brings out the best in everybody–an open, fair place where people have a sense that what they do matters. For details please visit www.asifjmir.com, and my Lectures. |
Album Review: Andrew Bird’s “Echolocations: Canyon”
Songwriter and instrumentalist Andrew Bird has followed his own path since the start of his musical career in 2003. He has played in several bands, developed his own solo act in a variety of ways and gained a large following. He is known for his violin-centric indie-folk rock sound, which guided most of his releases — until his recent “Echolocations: Canyon.”
“Echolocations: Canyon,” released in 2015, is the first of a planned series of site-specific albums recorded in different natural locations. Bird travelled to the ravines of Coyote Gulch in Utah and created an improvisational soundscape spanning seven tracks, 51 minutes, using only his violin and electronics.
The music explores the different sonic qualities of the reverberant canyon, including many different violin techniques and song structures. Some are rhythmic, created with looping and effect pedals, and some are unstructured improvisations.
The first track, “Sweep the Field,” is a long monophonic call into the space above. It incorporates two of Bird’s favorite techniques, whistling and pizzicato, in unison. You can hear the sounds bouncing off of the massive rock walls surrounding Bird. It leads smoothly into “Groping The Dark,” the longest piece on the album, which moves through a looping structure obviously influenced by minimalism.
Another standout track is “The Return of Yawny,” a followup to his 2009 song “Yawny at the Apocalypse.” While this two-chord song is possibly the most repetitive track on the album, the atmosphere is convincing and the timbres of the soundscape keep it interesting. Bird shows his jazz influence as he improvises over the slow-flowing accompaniment with strong emotion and full tone. A second track that stands out to me, “Antrozous,” further shows off Bird’s quirky and varied style, featuring the unusual col legno technique (striking the strings with the back of the bow).
Just by listening, you can get a sense of Bird’s comfort and strength on his instrument. Many pop string players are neither experienced nor comfortable on their instruments, often drawing criticism from classically-trained musicians. Bird began to learn violin at age four and later studied violin performance at Northwestern University. He grew up surrounded by classical music and cites famous composers like Ravel and Bartók as his influences.
Bird’s thoughtful ear is as important as his musical technique. He has a strong ability to hear the ways in which sound interacts with space. In his words, “Ever since I was a child, I would test different spaces with my voice or whistle or violin. Whatever sound you make, it’s like a giant limb that can reach beyond your fingers.”
At times, it is hard to tell which sounds from “Echolocations: Canyon” were created onsite and which were created in studio production. While the violin dominates the musical texture of each song, there are often low drone pitches which seem to take away from the natural quality of the album, though this isn’t a negative; they work well for their respective songs.
If you want to learn more about this compelling album, search for the 8-minute accompanying film on YouTube. It shows Bird improvising while standing in a shallow creek facing the tall canyon walls. While most of Bird’s other releases are very different from “Echolocations: Canyon,” I would also recommend his 2009 album, “Noble Beast,” to anybody interested in further listening.
Weekly Poll
Latest News
Songwriter and instrumentalist Andrew Bird has followed his own path since the start of his musical career in 2003. He has played in several bands, developed his own solo act in a variety of ways and gained a large following. He is known for his violin-centric indie-folk rock sound, which guided most of his releases…
The Lawrentian
About our writing
The opinions expressed in The Lawrentian are those of the students, faculty and community members who wrote them. All facts are as provided by the authors. The Lawrentian does not endorse any opinions piece except for the staff editorial, which represents a majority of the editorial board. The Lawrentian welcomes everyone to submit their own opinions using the parameters outlined in the masthead. |
Tuesday, April 1, 2014
Happy Tuesday! Here's a do-anywhere workout that you can do in 30 minutes flat. It's meant to be done Tabata style (20 seconds of work, followed by 10 seconds of rest). Go through the list for a total of 7 times and make sure to stretch afterwards.
No comments:
Post a Comment
A little bit about me
Feeling good and living life to its fullest are my passions. I found that exercise and food help me do both of those things while being a friend, wife, mama, coach, trainer and all sorts of other roles. My goal as a health coach is to find simple but powerful ways to improve people's sleep, body image, gut health and longevity. I hope that some of my little posts speak to you and help with even a tiny bit of every day life. Please comment and let me know what you think or what you do to feel your best and live life to the fullest! |
Q:
limits of natural log
Evaluate $\lim\limits_{w\rightarrow\infty}\frac{\ln{w^2}}{\ln{w^3}+1}$
This particular limit is giving me trouble. Am I correct that $\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow a}(\ln{f(x)})=\ln{\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow a}}f(x)$? That is the approach I took but it didn't seem to help. I must have a hole in my understanding here because I can't figure out how to proceed. Any hints or advice would be greatly appreciated
A:
Am I correct that limx→a(lnf(x))=lnlimx→af(x)?
Unfortunately not if $\lim_{x\to a} f(x) = \infty$ which is the case here.
$\ln w^k = k\ln w$ so replace $\ln w$ with $v$ and you have
$\lim_{w\to \infty}\frac {\ln w^2}{\ln w^3 + 1} =\lim_{w\to \infty} \frac {2\ln w}{3\ln w^3 + 1}=\lim_{e^v\to \infty}\frac {2v}{3v + 1}$
Can you do that?
|
Q:
Conditional statements in a class, but outside of scope of the function
We know that with notation:
class Foo(object):
a = 1
def __init__(self):
self.b = 2
def c(self):
print('c')
we can create static variable Foo.a, 'normal' variable b, which will be available after creating and instance of Foo, and method c
Today I was really surprised, that I can use conditional statements in a class, but outside of scope of the function
class C():
if True:
a = 1
b = 2
Languages like C++/Java, taught me that legal notation is similar to:
class Name():
variable = <expression>
Could you describe other rules, which refer to this specific scope? How I should name this scope?
A:
The class body is just Python code. It has specific scope rules, but anything goes otherwise. This means you can create functions conditionally:
class C:
if some_condition:
def optional_method(self):
pass
or pull methods from elsewhere:
import some_module
class D:
method_name = some_module.function_that_accepts_self
etc.
The Python documentation for class definitions states:
A class definition is an executable statement.
and
The class’s suite is then executed in a new execution frame (see section Naming and binding), using a newly created local namespace and the original global namespace. (Usually, the suite contains only function definitions.) When the class’s suite finishes execution, its execution frame is discarded but its local namespace is saved. A class object is then created using the inheritance list for the base classes and the saved local namespace for the attribute dictionary.
Note the usually in that text. Essentially, the class body is executed as a function would, and anything you put in the body namespace becomes an attribute on the class.
The Naming and binding section then tells you:
The scope of names defined in a class block is limited to the class block; it does not extend to the code blocks of methods
so names you define in this block cannot be directly accessed in methods; you'd use class.name or self.name instead.
|
Pages
Wednesday, January 5, 2011
January Highlights
December was full of parties, family, presents, and occasions that made memories that will last a lifetime. January is a time to resolve to make changes, look ahead on a promising New Year, and a time for celebrating. We hope that you had a wonderful holiday season and have a prosperous New Year.
We have many new plans and ideas for the year ahead. Clearing out the old and making room for the new is a part of our January. New stock is arriving and making it's way to our shelves. Inventories are being done and Valentine's Day plans are already underway. This month will be one of looking back at what made 2010 so great and what we can do to improve your experience when you shop with us in 2011.
To keep up to date on all of our new ideas be sure to follow this blog and our promotions page. We will keep you up to date on all of the upcoming events through these blogs, our facebook page, and of course when you visit the shop.
A few things we have planned for the New Year are:
A book exchange ~ Continuing our Traveling Kindness Bouquet ~ A new twist to a Dozen Roses at Valentine's Day ~ More fun contests for the spring and summer ~ New products and services ~ and so much more!
No comments:
Post a Comment
LinkWithin
Search This Blog
A Little About Us~
Have you longed to work in a flower shop? Dreamed of being surrounded by the glorious scents, textures, and beautiful blooms? Well my friend here is your chance to see the ups and downs of our little shop. In this blog you will find a little about family, a sampling of our work, a few tangent rants, and a whole lot about flowers! Step through the gates and into The Secret Garden. Follow us on our journey and we promise to keep you entertained, informed, and above all else give you time to stop and smell the roses. |
Unusual HIV transmissions through blood contact: analysis of cases reported in the United Kingdom to December 1997.
It is important to establish the likely route of infection for all reported HIV infected individuals if the HIV epidemic is to be understood. Investigating routes of infection may bring unusual infection routes to light. Steps have been taken in the United Kingdom (UK) to establish the likely mode of HIV acquisition for everyone reported as infected. If an initial report is incomplete the clinician caring for the patient is asked for relevant information. If further information is needed, and an interview is feasible and acceptable to both the clinician and the patient, information is collected from the patient through face-to-face semistructured interview. Such follow up has identified 19 cases (among 34,000 records of individuals with HIV and/or AIDS for which probable routes of infection have established) who seem to have acquired HIV infection in unusual circumstances. Seven of the 19 cases described in this paper are thought to have acquired HIV infection in the UK, two in Spain, and ten in countries with a high prevalence of HIV infection. This paper describes the circumstances in which HIV transmission is believed to have occurred. |
China becomes first nation to land on the Moon's far side.
|
Q:
Combination problem. 2 methods
I'm trying to figure out two methods in doing these sorts of combination problems that show up on the GMAT. Mind helping me out in understanding both methods?
9 basketball players are trying out to be on a newly formed basketball team. Of these players, 5 will be chosen for the team. If 6 of the players are guards and 3 of the players are forwards, how many different teams of 3 guards and 2 forwards can be chosen?
1) Why does this method work?
6C3 * 3C2 =
6!/(3! * 3!) * 3!/(1! * 2!) =
20 * 3 = 60
60 I believe is correct. But why do we multiply? What is going on?
2) One way to calculate the answer would be to compute the number of different teams of 5 that could be chosen out of 9 players, and then subtract out all of the teams that have too many guards or too many forwards. However, that approach will get messy. But how do I do it?
I'll start off.
9C5 = 9!/(5! * 4!) = 126
A:
We multiply because of the "and": you want 3 guards AND 2 forwards. This is sometimes called the rule of product.
The way you did it in (1) is the easiest way, IMO:
How many 3 guard combinations are there from 6 available guards? $C(6,3)={6!\over 3!3!}=20$.
How many 2 forward combinations are there from 3 forwards? $C(3,2)=3$.
Therefore, there are $C(6,3)\cdot C(3,2)=20\cdot 3=60$ possible teams.
|
In the HP world, I'd probably be a Ravenclaw alumna studying wandlore. I hope I would have an OWL/NEWT in Charms, Herbology, Defense Against the Dark Arts, and Care of Magical Creatures. Since I like animals, I probably wouldn't do so well in Transfiguration (what happens to the rat after it's been turned into a teacup? what if the teacup breaks??), lol...
My latest diversion is what would happen if a ghost encountered an inferi made of his/her former body. Would one have any power over the other?
Wiki Contributions:
I made a table of astronomical names that appear in the House of Black (extended and otherwise).
I added a bullet to the "Behind the Scenes" of the Horcrux page outlining the "math" of horcruxes if the spell to create one divides the soul in two roughly equal halves. |
Q:
Append and tags to the text in all the cells in a coloumn in vba. The cells in the coloumn keep varying
I'm new to vba.
I have a coloumn with text in each cell. I need to add the html paragraph ( < p > and < /p > ) tags to each of these cells. The number of rows in this coloumn will vary and hence I need a vba code that can add these tags to all the cells, irrespective of the text in them or the number of cells.
What i tried uptil now requires me to record a macro where i append the tags to each cell manually, and then run this macro.
But this is not useful when there are more rows added to the coloumn.
Please let me know if there is a solution.
The code that i got :
Private Sub Test_parah_Click()
Windows("rawdata_test.xlsm").Activate
Range("H2").Select
ActiveCell.FormulaR1C1 = _
"<p>Retail prices.</p>"
Range("H3").Select
ActiveCell.FormulaR1C1 = _
"<p>Data base platform.</p>"
Range("H4").Select
ActiveCell.FormulaR1C1 = _
"<p>Lisence permits.</p>"
Range("H5").Select
ActiveCell.FormulaR1C1 = _
"<p>Greenberg assessment.</p>"
End Sub
A:
Why don't you just use a formula?
="<p>"&A1&"</p>"
or if you insist on doing it in VBA you can do something like this (skipping over blank cells and using rows.count to make it flexible to various versions of Excel)
Sub AddParagraphMarkers()
Dim cell As Range
For Each cell In Range("A1:A" & Range("A" & Rows.Count).End(xlUp).Row)
If Len(cell) <> 0 Then
cell.Value = "<p>" & (cell.Value & "</p>")
End If
Next
End Sub
Hope that gives you a starting point!
|
L1 Visa Extension or Renewal
L1 visa extensions may be granted to L1 visa holders who have reached their stay in the US on L1 visa status. L1 employees can stay and work in the US for up to five years or seven years with extensions, depending on their L1 visa category. Applicants may be allowed L1 visa extensions of up to two years at a time until they have been in the US for seven years, for L1A employees, and five years, for L1B employees.
Both L1A and L1B visa holders may apply for an L1 visa renewal or extension. Applications for L1A or L1B visa extensions should be submitted before the visa expiration date noted on Form I-94.
L1 Visa Extension or Renewal Process
To extend or renew L1 visa status, your US employer must file Form I-129 before the date on your Form I-94 expires. Visit a US Embassy or Consulate to extend your visa, bringing the following documents:
An extension support letter signed by the employer explain to USCIS the conditions of your employment and reason for your stay in the US
For L2 visa holders including spouses and children, the L1 workers employer must complete Form I-539, Application to Extend/Change Nonimmigrant Status, which should be submitted to USCIS along with the L1 applicants Form I-129.
L1 Visa Change of Status
To move into a managerial or executive position, you can file for Change of Status from L1B to L1A visa status. The petition for Change of Status must be approved at least 6 months before the L-1 employee reaches the 5-year maximum for L-1B status.
Only your employer can apply for Change of Status on your behalf. Your company or employer must file a new Form I-129 to submit to USCIS along with all other required documents. The petition must be submitted at least 60 days prior to the expiration date of your current I-94.
L1 Visa Change of Status: L1 to H1B Transfer
L1 visa holders may be able to change their visa status from L1 to H1B by obtaining an H1B visa sponsoring job with a US company. L1 visa holders cannot apply for H1B visa status; only a qualifying US company can apply for H-1B visa status on behalf of the employee. |
availablepublic5859http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/echo-an-elephant-to-remember-video-death-of-a-matriarch/5859/1612665108cove5859Short | Death of a Matriarch | Echo: An Elephant to RememberThe people who knew Echo best reflect on their great loss.The people who knew Echo best reflect on their great loss. "Echo: An Elephant to Remember" premieres on PBS Sunday, October 17, 2010.2010-10-17 01:01:00publishdisabledshowfalse14089Animal Reunions What happens when people are reunited with wild animals they forged bonds with long ago?http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/animal-reunions-full-episode/14089/2016-03-30 20:00:00http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/files/2016/03/Damian-Aspinall-with-Kwibi-hugging-Aspinall-e1458837971566-480x270.jpg2365705077cove13982Bedtime at the Elephant OrphanageA blanket and sleepover buddy help orphaned elephants settle in for the night. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/animal-reunions-bedtime-elephant-orphanage/13982/2016-03-30 20:00:00http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/files/2016/03/animal-reunions_baby_elephant_clip_top_image_1-480x270.jpg2365685709cove |
----------------------------
HTTP异常处理 |
----------------------------
* 通过 @app.errorhandler() 来处理指定的HTTP状态异常
* 处理方式是转发,不是重定向
from flask import render_template,request
@app.errorhandler(404)
def page_not_found(error):
print(error) # error是系统默认的异常提示信息
# return "找不到了"
return render_template('404.html')
* render_template() 调用之后的 404 ,这告诉 Flask,该页的错误代码是 404 ,即没有找到,默认为 200,也就是一切正常
* 也可以使用模块预定好的异常类来代替错误码(显得更加的直观)
@app.errorhandler(werkzeug.exceptions.BadRequest)
* werkzeug.exceptions 模块提供了很多异常类
* 也可以通过 app.register_error_handler 函数来完成异常处理器的注册
app.register_error_handler(400, lambda e: 'bad request!')
|
Projection optical units are known from DE 10 2015 209 827 A1, DE 10 2012 212 753 A1, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,964,706. |
CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla.—Two spacewalking astronauts tackled a backlog of outdoor work at the International Space Station on Tuesday.
It was the first spacewalk for Italy—a major contributor to the orbiting lab—as Luca Parmitano handled a variety of maintenance chores. He was accompanied by American Christopher Cassidy, a veteran spacewalker.
Cassidy encountered a stubborn bolt, eating up precious minutes, as he got started on the first of two planned spacewalks just a week apart. A slim gap of just one-eighth of an inch stalled the installation of a new space-to-ground radio transmitter. The old one failed in December.
"Nothing jumps out at me," Cassidy reported to Mission Control. "I can see a little wear on the bolt."
Finally, the former Navy SEAL managed to attach the transmitter. Mission Control said it appeared to be a tight fit.
It was smoother going for Parmitano as he collected science experiments for return to Earth later this year aboard a commercial SpaceX capsule.
The spacewalkers made up for lost time as they went through the hodgepodge of chores, removing a bad camera and relocating radiator grapple bars. Some of the work was done to make it easier to swap out bad parts if there's ever a breakdown.
They hustled through cable work in preparation for a new Russian lab due to arrive in December, and took pictures of the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, a $2 billion cosmic ray detector launched on NASA's next-to-last shuttle mission in 2011.
Advertisement
Scientists noticed unusual discoloration on its radiators and requested photos of the instrument, which is anchored to the station.
Parmitano found it awkward to secure a protective cover over a docking port used by NASA's space shuttles until their retirement two years ago. The cover is meant to shield against micrometeorite strikes.
"It's kind of like when you're trying to make your bed by yourself. One side is a little bit shorter than the other," Parmitano said.
Before ending their six-hour excursion, the astronauts got a jump on work intended for a second spacewalk next Tuesday.
"A really great day," Mission Control radioed up.
NASA said the tasks had been piling up over the past couple of years. Managers wanted to wait until the to-do list was long before committing to the time-consuming spacewalks.
Parmitano, 36, a major in the Italian Air Force, arrived at the space station at the end of May for a six-month stay.
Cassidy, 43, will wrap up his half-year mission in September.
The rest of the space station crew—one American and three Russians—assisted the spacewalkers from inside.
This was the fourth spacewalk this year with five more planned, mostly by Russians. In all, 170 spacewalks have been performed over the past 15 years at the space station, totaling nearly 1,074 hours or 45 days.
Lockheed says object part of 'sensor technology' testing that ended ThursdayWhat the heck is that thing? It's fair to assume that question was on the minds of many people who traveled along Colo. 128 south of Boulder this week if they happened to catch a glimpse of what appeared to be a large, silver projectile perched alongside the highway and pointed north toward town.
PARIS (AP) — Bye, New York! Ciao, Milan! Bonjour, Paris! The world's largest traveling circus of fashion editors, models, buyers and journalists has descended on the French capital, clutching their metro maps and city guides, to cap the ready-to-wear fashion season. Full Story |
The focus of companies like Google, Amazon etc. is to gain competitive business advantage from the insights drawn by processing petabytes of data. Big Data refers to data characterized by large volume, great variety, and ... |
Yupp. Celtics sideline reporter, Abby Chin, joined us this week for episode 30 to answer some of the biggest questions about the Celtics as we get ready for opening night this Tuesday. We dive into the Celtics season ahead, talk some Kyrie and his adaptation to Boston’s offense, and you better believe there’s more.
After we finish off a great interview with Abby the guys talk about the Patriots looking a little better? Brady’s injury to his left shoulder (maybe not his left shoulder… conspiracies). And then dive into some Sox talk and look at the season and debate who could be next to take Farrell’s job.
Remember to rate/subscribe on iTunes and Stitcher and follow us on Instagram and Twitter (@CouchGuySports) and like us on Facebook. Plus give us a follow on SoundCloud. |
Q:
C++0x parallilzation constructs vs. OpenMP
I am curious about knowing the advantage of using OpenMP (and consequently linking against a third party library, assuming you are a C++ programmer) while C++0x offers good parallel constructs.
Could someone provide me with pros. and cons. of using OpenMP instead on C++0x build-in constructs?
A:
I have to admit that I haven’t yet delved deeply into C++0x but as far as I see it “merely” offers some primitives for generic parallelization.
OpenMP on the other hand is a relatively high-level abstraction to parallelize code with a single purpose: to improve performance by distributing work across multiple CPU cores (rather than, say, improve UI responsiveness, or communicate with an asynchronous channel).
OpenMP makes this very easy because it offers a compact syntax and does a lot automatically, e.g. the managing of a thread pool and the scheduling of threads to distribute the work evenly. In the best case, this means that parallelizing an existing algorithm is as easy as putting the following into your code (at the appropriate position):
#pragma omp parallel for
(Of course it’s usually a bit more complicated.)
However, this comes at a cost that is twofold:
OpenMP is implemented by means of pragmas and integrates poorly with C++ syntax. For example, the following straightforward-looking code is illegal:
void f() {
#pragma omp critical
{
return;
}
}
That’s because you cannot prematurely leave OpenMP “blocks”. Quite the bummer.
OpenMP strives to be as platform-independent as possible. As a consequence, it lacks a few interesting primitives. For example, there’s no yield command in OpenMP, and no fetch_and_add primitive, nor a compare_and_swap or LL/CS.
|
Coin handling apparatus are known of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,518,001. The device disclosed in this patent contains a coin pay out assembly having a hopper and an elongated duct which has front and back panels and first and second edged panels defining a channel to accept coins which are arranged in a single, edge-to-edge arrangement between a lower channel inlet and an upper channel outlet. The outlet end of the channel communicates with the pay out chute. A coin ejector assembly includes a ejector member for forcible ejecting coins at the outlet end of the channel through an outlet slot. This ejector, according to the aforementioned patent, includes a roller rotatably disposed on an axis substantially normal to the front and back panels and moveable between a first position close to an edge panel and an off center position relative to the width of the channel. The ejector member is biased such that when the coin in the top most position in the chute engages the roller, the roller is displaced relative to the bias until the coin aligns with the outlet slot whereupon the bias urges the coin from the outlet slot for dispensing.
In conventional handling apparatus of the type described above, the ejector member must be provided with a roller which is moveable between the first position and second position in a direction away from the outlet slot. In other words, according to these prior devices, the position of the roller for the ejector member must always be further in distance than the radius of the coin relative to the position of the coin ejecting outlet.
The present invention is directed to an ejector apparatus where the position of the roller for an ejector member is not related to the radius of the coin to be ejected. In other words, the position of the roller for the ejector according to the present invention is not changed, even if the size of the coin to be dispensed is changed. The present invention has been developed for the purpose that 50 Yen coins with a small diameter and also 10 Yen coins with a large diameter can be used without changing the position for a roller for equipment which uses different diameter 100 Yen coins. |
Q:
How to remove the error like "Expected ;" in Tridion popup page?
I am customizing the ribbon toolbar and adding a button to it. Whenever I click on that button, it will open a aspx page allows authors to select some data, which gets appended to the existing RTF field content.
But when popup is opened it is having the below error in the browser (Internet Explorer).
I am inheriting Tridion page in the code behind file. When I try to use Response.Write() functions it is giving error like "Expected ;". Please tell me the reason why it is giving the error like that? Early responce is appreciated. Thanks in advance.
PFB the related code:
Aspx page code behind file contents:
namespace ButtonReference.Popups
{
[ControlResourcesDependency(new Type[] { typeof(Popup), typeof(Tridion.Web.UI.Controls.Button), typeof(Stack), typeof(Dropdown), typeof(List) })]
[ControlResources("RTFExtensions.ButtonReferenece")]
public partial class PopupReference : TridionPage
{
protected override void OnInit(EventArgs e)
{
base.OnInit(e);
TridionManager tm = new TridionManager();
tm.Editor = "PowerTools";
System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlGenericControl dep = new System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlGenericControl("dependency");
dep.InnerText = "Tridion.Web.UI.Editors.CME";
tm.dependencies.Add(dep);
System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlGenericControl dep2 = new System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlGenericControl("dependency");
dep2.InnerText = "Tridion.Web.UI.Editors.CME.commands";
tm.dependencies.Add(dep2);
//Add them to the Head section
this.Header.Controls.Add(tm); //At(0, tm);
}
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
mySession = new Tridion.ContentManager.Session(@"");
if (!Page.IsPostBack)
{
try
{
if (true)
{}
else
{
//Response.Write("Invalid schema chosen");
return;
}
}
}
}
}
A:
Small remark: since your page will be used as a simple popup, you don't need to load Domain Model related JavaScript stuff. Not loading it will reduce the load time for your page. To do that you need to set IsStandAloneView Tridion Manager property to false:
tm.IsStandAloneView = false;
|
Growing Active Learning Environments
Coming from the International Labour Organization’s International Training Centre’s DELTA unit is a very excellent online course Mobile Learning Toolkit. It has been developed specifically to support capacity-building in starting business in Africa (aptly named, Start and Improve Your Business) but it is also a handy collection of methods and activities for anyone wanting to develop m-learning. Most importantly, because mobile cellular use is overwhelmingly not smartphone-based, the activities focus on simple cell phone use. |
You may have noticed that socks aren’t what they used to be. Think back: for a long time socks were just something you used to cover your feet. Possibly black, probably ankle-height and definitely an afterthought. Socks are now an important part of your outfit at the least, the making of an outfit at most.
Socks have become an area of diplomacy and woke-signalling – the Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau is perhaps the biggest name to use socks in this way, choosing pointedly themed ones for public occasions. Or a telling insight into a political mind: Boris Johnson was criticised recently for not washing his lucky socks, emblazoned with a ruler of the Neo-Assyrian empire King Ashurbanipal, often enough.
Vetements’ DHL socks. Photograph: @vetements_official/ Instagram
In fashion, statement socks have been big for a few years. In 2017, kicked off by the Vetements’ socks with the DHL logo teeT-shirt, they became “the most loaded accessory of the year”, according to the GQ columnist Justin Myers. Prada played with pulling socks up to men’s knees and, thanks to logomania, socks have become a more affordable way for fashion fans to conspicuously buy into their favourite designer labels.
If none of this is ringing any bells, then it might mean it’s time to reassess your sock game. This is where the rules come in, because, in the words of Monica Geller from Friends: “Rules help control the fun.” EVB
What kind of socks should I be wearing now?
What kind of socks would you like to wear? Given the proliferation of styles, there is a good sock option for everyone. According to the stylist Bemi Shaw, you can never go wrong with a sports sock. “They add a bit of edge to a basic outfit and make streetwear look more authentic.”
A Matisse-bright pair, like you’ll find at Arket, is an easy way to elevate a thrown-on outfit. At John Lewis, according to Elena Bergonzi, a fashion accessories buyer, classic sport socks are proving popular, “but also glitter and animal prints for the fashion-forward customer”. EVB
Is it ever OK to wear socks with sandals?
Socks with sandals at the Sies Marjan show, Paris Men’s fashion week, spring/summer 2020. Photograph: Estrop/Getty Images
To this, the answer is a definite: Yes. But again, make clear it is deliberate. As the sock-styling expert and Man Repeller journalist Harling Ross has noted, explicit coordination makes it clear that any unusual use of accessories is intentional. If you’re feeling a bit hesitant, see the sophisticated version of the socks and sandals look as touted at the most recent Agnona show. Socks were paired with sandals of the same shade or just a little different; a subtler way to dip a toe. Or, one step up: look to the styling of duck-egg-blue socks with navy-blue sandals at spring/summer 2020 Sies Marjan menswear show. EVB
Should I wear my socks pulled up?
Socks worn with suspenders at London fashion week men’s, 2018. Photograph: Edward Berthelot/Getty Images
“Is there another way to wear your socks?” Shaw asks. For her, pulling them up “looks the best but also avoids the awkward bunching that can look like cankles”.
There’s an easy sartorial win to be had for men in shorts and sports socks just by pulling them up – but be sure to look like you mean it. Charlie Teasdale, Esquire’s style director, also thinks socks should be pulled up “in any vaguely formal situation” – he even suggests, “if you were so inclined”, investing in some sock suspenders. EVB
Is it OK to wear white socks?
Yes and no. Yes, when playing sport; no, when wearing a suit – until recently that is. Now, it is the subversive nature of white socks that makes them so appealing, says the fashion stylist Tom Stubbs, who wears his with Prada penny loafers. “That’s what’s so good about them, they’re wrong!” he says. “For a tiny bit of man-hosiery, [they are] freighted with controversy … They appear synonymous with the 80s, a decade decreed fundamentally bad stylistically. This obviously adds to the attraction.” So when to wear them? “Whenever you want to break the norm … socks don’t usually have attitude – but these white fellas defo do.” SC
White socks with penny loafers: fashion stylist Tom Stubbs. Photograph: Edward Berthelot/Getty Images
Where is a fiver best spent on socks?
“Asos has a great selection of socks for decent prices,” says Shaw. Calzedonia has spotty, fishnet and preppy Argyle styles galore. A supermarket pair of white cotton socks plus some dye and string will allow you to make your own take on the tie-dye sock trend. While if it’s volume over style points you’re after, you can’t beat a seven-pack of cotton-blend navy socks from M&S. EVB
If I’m going to buy one expensive pair of socks, which should I get?
What is understood by expensive socks will, of course, vary wildly. Shaw’s tried-and-tested choice are Calvin Klein: “I remember getting a pair for Christmas and realising that this was what heaven must feel like.” If you want high-level comfort, try Toast’s recycled cashmere (£24) or the Scottish cashmere socks from Brora (£39 to £85). If you’re in it for the lolz, look no further than this Don’t Trip tie-dye pair for $28 (£23). Or for a pair just a little elevated from the others in your sock drawer, try these £12 organic cotton, sustainably dyed ones from Brothers We Stand. EVB
What material should socks be made from?
Most socks are made from a blend of materials and those that include elastane are likely to be a better, more comfortable fit. Bamboo fibre socks absorb moisture and boast antibacterial and antifungal properties. “Bamboo socks aren’t quite as green as they may appear, due to the processing of the bamboo and dyes,” says Steve Hynd, campaign manager at City to Sea. “Look out for organic cotton certified by Gots (global organic textile standard), which means your socks will be independently checked throughout the supply chain. Also, don’t throw out your old socks – and wash them in a Guppy bag to ensure you don’t leach microplastics as you wash.”
Claire Preskey, a senior lecturer at Nottingham Trent university, recommends woollen socks: “Wool is biodegradable, odour resistant and naturally breathable.” However, wool tends to be more expensive than cotton and “it should be noted that there are wool-growing practices that are controversial, [such as] mulesing and cruel shearing methods,” says Preskey. LH
Where do all my lost socks go?
The same place as cloakroom tickets, lighters and USB phone leads: thin air. There are, however, practical ways to curtail your lost-socks quota. Don’t bung them in with all your other laundry, that’s how they get irrevocably separated and, despite best intentions, post-wash pairing just doesn’t happen. Instead, do a separate socks-and-underwear laundry load and invest in an octopus drying contraption to drip-dry them and prepare to pair with no stragglers. Simples #socksgoals. SC
Who should I be looking to for sock-wearing inspiration?
Tyler the Creator in white socks and sandals. Photograph: PG/Bauer-Griffin/GC Images
No one does socks quite like Tyler, the Creator – see his white socks with beige Teva sandals. The mid-90s director Jonah Hill is another man unafraid of a bold sock – pull up your tube socks and channel the confidence of someone who has been variously called an “style saviour” and “ultimate purveyor of dad fashion”.
For inspiration on how to have more nuanced fun, the German style icon Veronika Heibrunner is a wizard with her feet – from bubblegum pink socks with loafers and cream jeans to mid-calf-height socks with walking boots. If you’re after more high-brow inspiration in these halcyon days of chaussettes, channel Malvolio (minus the cross-gartering). Stubbs also points to the AW19 Celine catwalk. “Check [Hedi Slimane’s] AW19 men’s show for Psycho Billy ‘Robot’ shoe references and Skinhead/Rude Boy tassel loafer hybrids all presented against gleaming white almond socks.” EVB
Are trainer socks still a good idea?
As Myers puts it: “If you are going sockless, make sure you … wear socks.” This is where trainer socks come in. In our post-Victorian era, it is not always necessary to cover your ankles – but fashion’s ongoing love-in with sports shoes means socks are still essential if you don’t want an unpleasant waft.
As visible socks are an easy to way to communicate fashion prowess, and there are so many trend-driven styles available, it makes almost no sense to conceal them. However, if you are opting for invisible socks, the clue is in the name. Make sure that the sock is well hidden – ill-fitting elastic bands that poke out from around the edges of your shoes are never a good look. LH
Is it OK to buy socks as a present?
Arket socks.
It may have connotations of last-minute dad/uncle/teacher/secret Santa present, but herein lies the thing about socks: everyone wears them/needs them/loves them. The trick is to steer clear of novelty socks (an unsustainable gimmick that they’ll never wear) and instead buy a style they wouldn’t normally buy themselves. “Granted, it seems odd to go north of £20 on one pair,” says Teasdale, “but really good socks are the same as really good shoes – if you spend a bit more they will wear better and last you longer.” Teasdale points in the direction of Arket (“nowhere near £20, but you could buy someone a bundle”) and the Workers Club. “They make excellent merino wool socks in cool colours if you want to splash out.” SC
So, are novelty socks ever OK?
“Nope,” continues Teasdale. “Colour and print, absolutely. Go mad. But if you need your ankles to tell jokes for you, then socks are the least of your worries.” SC |
Just over a month ago, we posted a Call for Entries for a Dutch design-inspired gift item that could be produced on a 3D printer, to be produced by Kikkerland. The Royal Netherlands Embassy has since announced the 14 finalists, selected by an expert jury for public voting and (for those of you in NYC) viewing at the Museum of Arts and Design starting tomorrow, April 3, through April 20. Even if you can't make it to MAD to see the 3D-printed prototypes, anyone can cast his or her vote for the winner until April 30.
We caught up with jury member Jan van der Lande, CEO of Kikkerland, at the Housewares Show a few weeks ago, where he elaborated on the company's philosophy, including its longtime support of young designers:
The latest design news, jobs & events. Straight to you every other week.
Join over 300,000 designers who stay up-to-date with the Core77 newsletter...
Show master CEO Ralph Wiegmann with award winners from South KoreaLast weekend, we had the opportunity to attend the iF design awards 2014 night, which took place at the impressive BMW Welt museum in Munich. Some 2,000 guests involved in design, business, culture, politics and press enjoyed a relaxed get-together...
Emergencies bring a slew of unexpected issues: information technologies fail, power is not available, the water supply is cut, food is scarce and health problems spread quickly. UNICEF and Socialab got together, discussed these problems and fell upon an important question: How can we assist victims of disasters more efficiently...
Calling all designers!The Dutch government is looking for a new giveaway to distribute in the United States and is inviting designers to submit inventive, quirky, and smart ideas for a functional and affordable small item. The item should be inspired by Dutch Design and fit in the collection of our...
As we announced last week, Brunel University's top design students have been preparing for a 24-hour design-a-thon, which kicks off right now, at 6pm GMT.The Made in Brunel 24hr Design Challenge sees 157 students tackle briefs from world renowned companies including Lego, Rolls Royce, IDEO and Seymour Powell. Working under... |
Q:
Unknown error creating a project
I just came back to google's cloud platform and tools to work on a new project after not having touched my account for 9 months or so. The account has billing information. I just accepted the $300, 2 month trial on my account. Now, when I attempt to create new projects (in any and every way I have tried), I get a notification that says "Unknown error." The notification also provides a 'RETRY' option, which produces a new notification for the same error.
A:
Ok, so the issue has to do with the project name or id. I appear to be able to create projects, just not using the names I would prefer as there is something about having the string '-dot-' in the name or id that throws an unknown error. I'll have to find the best way to contact google for help with specific bugs. In this case the name I want to use is 'mywebsite-dot-com' and that auto-generates a project id that is identical ('mywebsite-dot-com').
Update: Google support did respond and let me know that '-dot-' is indeed a hidden keyword and cannot be used in the project ID.
|
Strawberries & Cream Mug - White
Add to Registry
Description
Details
Our wonderfully British fruit, the Strawberry, is honoured on this pretty Strawberries & Cream (White) fine bone china mug.ﾠ It features some plump, ripe red strawberries and some pale blue dots and there are also some floral blue cream jugs ready to pour!
Part of our Strawberries & Cream collection this mug is so summery it's bound to brighten up any cup of tea or coffee.ﾠ A lovely gift and brings a bit of the British summer into your kitchen! |
C-SRNWP
C-SRNWP
Objectives
The SRNWP (Short Range Numerical Weather Prediction) Working Group was established in 1993 on the basis of the already existing EWGLAM (European Working Group on Limited Area Modelling) network. Since that time the SRNWP project is the main vehicle for the cooperation between the European limited area modelling consortia (the main developing entities of short range numerical weather prediction models). These numerical weather prediction consortia are the ALADIN, COSMO, HIRLAM, LACE projects and the UK Met Office. The C-SRNWP (“C” stands for the coordination) Project has been working under the EUMETNET project since 2000.
"high resolution numerical models"
The tasks
– Enhance SRNWP related information and knowledge exchange between members
The main aim of the C-SRNWP Programme is to foster the efficient exchange of information between the Project Participating Members and across the European limited area modelling consortia related to scientific, technical as well as operational aspects of NWP. The main vehicle of this information exchange is the yearly EWGLAM/SRNWP Meeting, the scientific program of which is compiled by the C-SRNWP Programme Manager and the Expert Teams of the Programme.
The C-SRNWP Programme is also playing a coordinating role between the European LAM NWP community and other EUMETNET projects, particularly with EUCOS on observation impact studies, with OPERA on the possible re-distribution of radar volume data for data assimilation purposes and with EMMA on the best exploitation of NWP products for severe weather warnings. An evident collaboration is also taking place with the ASIST and EPS-II Projects.
The Programme is responsible for an intensified collaboration with ECMWF (participation as observer on the ECMWF Scientific Advisory Committee) and EUMETSAT, and promotes contacts with non-European NM(H)S’s and institutions.
The organisation
The current phase of the C-SRNWP Project started in January 2013 and will last until end of 2018. The Project Coordinating Member is the Hungarian Meteorological Service. The Project Manager is Mr Balazs Szintai from the OMSZ.
The inter-consortia cooperation is stimulated by a part-time coordinator (Project Manager) and realised within the activities of the Expert Teams (ET).
The following Expert Teams (they were created at the beginning of 2008) are acting in the framework of the C-SRNWP Project:
The activities under the SRNWP Project and the work of the Project Manager is supervised by the SRNWP Advisory Expert Team.
Traditionally the entire SRNWP group meets once per year (early autumn), where the annual “business” meeting is held in conjunction with the annual EWGLAM meeting. More details about the Project can be found on the C-SRNWP webpage. |
Frequently
Asked Questions
How can I save (more) money on my workers' compensation
policy?
You can save money on your workers’ compensation policy by having a Safety
Program, a Drug-Free Workplace Program, a deductible, an FCCPAP credit,
lower Experience Modification Factor, correct classification of
employees…and Workers’ Compensation Group will help you with all of these
options.
Can I pay for my policy without a deposit?
Yes…there are payment plans that ask for nothing down (except the
state expense constant) and others that only ask for the first month’s
installment, not to be held as a deposit.
Are
there any policies that allow me to pay in a fraction of the annual
premium?
Yes…retrospective rating plans allow you to pay in a percentage of your
premium during the year. If you have claims, you pay in additional
premium, but no more than you would on a regular plan. If you do not
have claims…you do not owe any more money. The percentage can be as
low as 30%!
Can a
Workers’ Compensation Policy Cost Less Than Employee Leasing Workers’
Compensation Coverage?
Yes, in MANY ways…
employee leasing
coverage does not offer the standard credits you can get with
traditional workers’ compensation policies.
employee leasing
arrangements charge you administrative fees on gross payroll, you
pay workers’ compensation on the premium part of overtime – an actual
increase in the premium based for workers’ compensation.
you are subject to
the leasing company’s experience modification factor while you are with
them AND after you leave.
improper coding of
employees by non-licensed sales people often results in higher rated
codes, etc...
corporate officers and owners cannot be excluded from coverage and premium.
Many times workers'
compensation insurance is something "thrown in" with an
insurance package. Business are often penalized because insurance agents
need to meet property or general liability quotas - and the worker's
compensation portion is bartered to suit these needs.
You can save a considerable
amount of money each year with the proper program designed to your
business. We'll help determine the right time for a paid-loss retro versus
a large deductible, a retention plan, a dividend plan or a guaranteed-cost
plan.
From compliance issues to
premium payments, workers' compensation insurance is complicated, but
we'll make it easier for you by creating a customized plan for your
company |
Star Trek: The Next Generation had a huge legacy to live up to. Not just the thought-provoking storytelling of the original series — but also the amazing insane costumes. But TNG rose to the challenge. Here's our roundup of the most epic costumes in the Next Generation's first few seasons. |
Time for Simpler Labels on Prescription Drug Bottles
“”Texting boosts medication adherence. So do ‘smart’ pill bottles. Now, U.S. Pharmacopeia, the non-governmental, standards-setting group for prescription and OTC medicines, has proposed another way to get patients to take their drugs as directed: better labeling for prescription drugs.
Almost half of patients misinterpret dosage directions on Rx container labels, according to American Medical News. Poor medication adherence may cost up to $300 billion a year in healthcare costs that could be averted, according to a collection of healthcare trade groups.
USP has proposed that new labeling standards follow new guidelines such as:
Put the most important information at the top.
Use concise, yet explicit language (Take 2 tablets in the morning and in the evening, instead of “take two tablets twice daily.”
Avoid Latin terms.
Format labels with a large font size (12-point Times New Roman or bigger).
Pharmacies should include the drug’s purpose in normal English (for high blood pressure, instead of “for hypertension”).
Text should run horizontally across the label, never vertically.
Medical experts have called for simpler, clearer labels to help patients correctly take their meds for years. “It’s about time,” said Dr. Albert Wu, a member of an Institute of Medicine and American College of Physicians Foundation panels that made similar recommendations in recent years. “The new standards that are proposed make good common sense.”"
ADVERTISEMENT
Thanks for watching!
I say it is a “no brainer.” Presription instructions – on the bottle, not on some insert – that people can actually read and understand. Way to go USP. Now, we need to “just do it.” |
Matt's Bar
Matt's Bar is a restaurant in south Minneapolis, Minnesota. It is known as one of two businesses that created the Jucy Lucy.
History
The bar was originally named Nibs prior to 1954 and was owned by Nibs Martin, who later purchased the Magic Bar and renamed it Mr. Nibs. Matt Bristol worked at Nibs. It was reopened with the name Matt's Bar in 1954. In 1998 Scott Nelson purchased the bar from the original owner Matt Bristol.
In a 1998 City Pages article, Cheryl Bristol, the daughter of bar founder and namesake Matt Bristol, told of how one day in 1954, a customer asked a cook to put two hamburger patties together and seal up some cheese in the middle. When the customer bit into the sandwich, he was heard to exclaim, "That's one juicy Lucy!"
It was depicted in an iconic painting by Michael Birawer
On June 26, 2014, the bar's original owner, Matt Bristol, died hours before the bar he founded was visited by President Barack Obama.
See also
List of hamburgers
Jucy Lucy
5-8 Club
References
Category:Buildings and structures in Minneapolis
Category:Drinking establishments in Minnesota
Category:Restaurants in Minnesota
Category:Restaurants established in 1954
Category:1954 establishments in Minnesota |
It is well-known that phonons can have a major impact in the phase diagram of 1D interacting electron systems, driving these systems from charge density waves (CDW) to superconductors due to retardation effects [@steve]. In fact, the problem of phonons in 1D has been studied to a great level of detail in the phase where the linear electronic charge density is incommensurate with the lattice leading to renormalizations of the various Luttinger liquid parameters and therefore to no dramatic effect in the charge propagation [@martin]. In this note we study the problem of the effect of acoustic phonons in the [*commensurate*]{} phase of Luttinger liquids when the 1D system has an instability to the opening of a gap (Mott gap) in the charge spectrum and therefore to insulating behavior. In the absence of phonons it can be shown that the lowest energy excitation is associated with the creation of a soliton (or anti-soliton) which can propagate freely in the system. This excitation, however, requires a finite amount of energy $\Delta_0$ which is directly related to the Mott gap. As it is well-known the origin of the soliton is associated with the Umklapp scattering of electrons in the presence of the lattice [@thierry]. In a bosonized description of this process one can show that the bosonic charge fields (associated with electronic charge excitations) are described by a sine-Gordon theory which has as semi-classical solutions traveling kinks and anti-kinks. Much less is known about effects of phonons on the soliton propagation in the insulating phase. We show that while the electron-phonon coupling allows for coherent soliton propagation in the Mott phase it can also lead to strong non-perturbative renormalization effects. We show here by a non-perturbative semiclassical calculation that the soliton excitation energy is reduced in the presence of acoustic phonons and that there is a critical value of the electron-phonon coupling for which the $\Delta$, the gap for the soliton creation in the presence of phonons, vanishes. Physically, the electron-electron coupling is suppressed by a polaronic effect.
The basic electronic Hamiltonian we consider can be written in a very general form: $$\begin{aligned}
H_{el}&=&-t\sum\limits_{i,\sigma,\alpha}c_{i,\sigma}^{+}c_{i+1,\sigma
}
+\sum\limits_{i,\sigma,\sigma'}
V_{\sigma,\sigma'} (i,j)
n_{i,\sigma} \, n_{j,\sigma'} \, ,
\label{Extended Hubbard Model}\end{aligned}$$ where $c_{i,\sigma}$ ($c^{\dag}_{i,\sigma}$) is the annihilation (creation) electron operator at lattice site $i$, with spin projection $\sigma=\uparrow,\downarrow$ and $n_{i,\sigma} = c^{\dag}_{i,\sigma}
c_{i,\sigma}$ is the electron number operator. Here $t$ is the kinetic energy and $V_{\sigma,\sigma'} (i,j)$ is the interaction energy between electrons on different sites. In what follows we assume short range interactions only. If, for instance, we keep only the on-site Coulomb repulsion $V_{\uparrow,\downarrow} (i,i) = U$ and the nearest neighbor Coulomb term $V_{\sigma,\sigma'} (i,i+1) = V$ this Hamiltonian describes the extended Hubbard Model. The many-body techniques we will apply here are actually valid for a very generic class of Hamiltonians [@emery]. As described elsewhere, [@luttinger] the fermionic degrees of freedom can be written in terms of bosonic charge, $\Phi _{\rho }\left( x\right)$, and spin,, $\Phi _{\sigma }\left( x\right)$, fields. The bosonic version of the fermionic Hamiltonian (\[Extended Hubbard Model\]) reads: $$\begin{aligned}
H_{el}&=&H_{\rho }+H_{\sigma }+\frac{2g_{1}}{\left( 2\pi a\right) ^{2}}\int
dx\cos \left[ \sqrt{8}\Phi _{\sigma }\left( x\right) \right]
\nonumber
\\
&+& \frac{2g_{3}}{%
\left( 2\pi a\right) ^{2}}\int dx\cos \left[ \sqrt{8}\Phi _{\rho }\left(
x\right) +4k_{F}x\right] ,
\label{bosonized electron hamiltonian}\end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
H_{v}=\frac{1}{2}\int dx\left[ \left( u_{v}K_{v}\right) \pi^2 \Pi_{v}^{2}
\left( x\right) +\frac{u_{v}}{K_{v}}\left( \partial_x \Phi
_{v}\left( x\right) \right)^{2} \right] \, ,
\label{bosonic spin or charge separation Hamiltonian}\end{aligned}$$ where $v=\rho,c$ refers to the free bosonic Hamiltonian ($\Pi_v$ is the momentum field operator, that is, $[\Pi_v(x),\Phi_{u}(y)] = i \delta(x-y) \delta_{u,v}$) for charge and spin, respectively, with Luttinger liquid parameters $K_{v}$, velocities $u_{v}$, and coupling constants $g_1$ and $g_3$ that are directly related to the backscattering and Umklapp processes, respectively. Here $k_F = \pi n/2$ is the Fermi momentum where $n$ is the linear density of electrons. All these parameters can be written in terms of the bare parameters of the original Hamiltonian (\[Extended Hubbard Model\]). In this representation the electronic charge density can be written as: $$\begin{aligned}
\rho \left( x\right) =-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\pi } \partial_x \Phi _{\rho
}\left( x\right). \label{charge density operator}\end{aligned}$$ Observe that in (\[bosonic spin or charge separation Hamiltonian\]) the charge and spin degrees of freedom do not interact with each other. This is a generic property of 1D quantum fluids (spin-charge separation). Many important results can be understood from the perturbative renormalization group (RG) studies of (\[bosonized electron hamiltonian\]). In the presence of attractive electron-electron interactions the backscattering term, $g_1$, is a relevant perturbation which leads to the opening of a gap in the spin spectrum which is associated with the dominance of superconducting fluctuations. In this case the charge excitations are gapless. In the presence of repulsive interactions backscattering is irrelevant and the Umklapp term, $g_3$, is the most important one. When the electronic density, $n$, is commensurate with the lattice (that is, $n=1/a$, where $a$ is the lattice spacing) the $4 k_F x$ term in (\[bosonized electron hamiltonian\]) can be dropped and the Umklapp term becomes a relevant perturbation which leads to the opening of a gap in the charge spectrum. In this case the spin spectrum remains gapless. When $n$ is incommensurate with the lattice both $g_1$ and $g_3$ are irrelevant and spin and charge both have gapless spectra.
Let us now consider the effect of an acoustic phonon field, $\phi(x)$, described by the Hamiltonian: $$\begin{aligned}
H_{ph}=\frac{1}{2}\int dx\left[ P^{2}\left( x\right)/\rho_s
+c_s^{2} \rho_{s} \left(\partial_x \phi\left( x\right)\right)^{2}\right] ,
\label{phonon hamiltonian}\end{aligned}$$ where $P(x)$ is the phonon momentum operator canonically conjugated to $\phi(x)$, ($[P(x),\phi(y)]=i \delta(x-y)$), $\rho _{s}=M/a$ is the lattice mass density and $c_s$ is the speed of sound. As is well-known, [@mahan] acoustic phonons couple to electrons via a deformation potential term which can be written as: $$\begin{aligned}
H_{el-ph} &=&-\gamma \frac{\pi }{\sqrt{2}}\int dx\rho \left( x\right)
\partial_x \phi \left( x\right)
\nonumber
\\
&=&\gamma \int dx \partial_x \Phi _{\rho }\left( x\right)
\partial_x \phi \left( x\right) \, ,
\label{electron-phonon hamiltonian}\end{aligned}$$ where we have used (\[charge density operator\]). Here $\gamma$ is the electron-phonon coupling constant. Naively a perturbative RG analysis of (\[electron-phonon hamiltonian\]) would indicate that the coupling is irrelevant since it has two derivatives. In fact, as we are going to show the electron-phonon coupling does not affect the soliton propagation (and therefore it is irrelevant from this perspective) but we are also going to show that the soliton energies are strongly renormalized by the polaronic effect generated by this operator and can even vanish in the strong coupling regime. Thus, the irrelevancy of the operator in the weak couplig regime does not imply that this operator is not important in the strong coupling limit.
Notice that the spin part of the Hamiltonian (\[bosonic spin or charge separation Hamiltonian\]) does not couple to the phonons we consider and can be dropped. We focus now entirely on the charge degrees of freedom. When a charge is injected into the the Mott insulator it creates a soliton excitation which can be described in terms of the equation of motion for the bosonic fields. Indeed, consider the equations of motion which are obtained from the Hamiltonian in the Heisenberg representation. It is very easy to show that the fields obey the following equations: $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{1}{u_{\rho }\pi K_{\rho }}\frac{\partial ^{2}\Phi _{\rho }}{\partial
t^{2}}&=&\frac{u_{\rho }}{\pi K_{\rho }}\frac{\partial ^{2}\Phi _{\rho }}{%
\partial x^{2}}+\frac{\sqrt{2}g_{3}}{\left( \pi a\right) ^{2}}\sin \left(
\sqrt{8}\Phi _{\rho }\right) +\gamma \frac{\partial ^{2}\phi}{\partial
x^{2}}
\nonumber
\\
\rho _{s}\frac{\partial ^{2}\phi}{\partial t^{2}}&=&c_{s}^{2}\rho _{s}%
\frac{\partial ^{2}\phi}{\partial x^{2}}+\gamma \frac{\partial ^{2}\Phi
_{\rho }}{\partial x^{2}}.\end{aligned}$$ We now take advantage of the Lorentz invariance of these equations and make a change of variables $\lambda =x \pm \upsilon t$ where $\upsilon $ is the soliton velocity, in order to write: $$\begin{aligned}
\left( \frac{\upsilon ^{2}}{u_{\rho }\pi K_{\rho }}-\frac{u_{\rho }}{\pi
K_{\rho }}\right) \frac{\partial ^{2}\Phi _{\rho }}{\partial \lambda ^{2}}&=&%
\frac{\sqrt{2}g_{3}}{\left( \pi a\right) ^{2}}\sin \left( \sqrt{8}\Phi
_{\rho }\right) +\gamma \frac{\partial ^{2}\phi}{\partial \lambda ^{2}}
\nonumber
\\
\rho _{s}\left( \upsilon ^{2}-c_{s}^{2}\right) \frac{\partial ^{2}\phi}{%
\partial \lambda ^{2}}&=&\gamma \frac{\partial ^{2}\Phi _{\rho }}{\partial
\lambda ^{2}}.
\label{equation of motion for phonon(charge)}\end{aligned}$$ Combining both equations and replacing $\Phi _{\rho }$ with $\Phi =\sqrt{8}%
\Phi _{\rho }$ , the equation of motion for the charge field is given by: $$\mu \frac{\partial^2 \Phi}{\partial \lambda ^{2}} +\sin \Phi = 0 \, ,
\label{Equation of motion for charge}$$ which is a sine-Gordon equation with $$\begin{aligned}
\mu =\frac{\left( \pi a\right) ^{2}}{4g_{3}}
\left[
\frac{\gamma ^{2}}{\rho_{s} \left( c_{s}^{2}-\upsilon ^{2}\right)}
-\frac{\left(u_{\rho }^{2}-\upsilon ^{2}\right)}{
u_{\rho }\pi K_{\rho }}
\right] \, .
\label{mu}\end{aligned}$$ As is well-known this equation has single soliton solutions: $$\begin{aligned}
\Phi _{\rho }(x,t) &=&\pm \sqrt{2}\tan ^{-1}\left( e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\left| \mu
\right| }}\left( x \pm \upsilon t\right) }\right) ,\text{ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ for }%
\mu >0 \nonumber \\
&=&\pm \sqrt{2}\tan ^{-1}\left( e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\left| \mu \right| }}%
\left( x \pm \upsilon t\right) }\right) +\pi ,\text{ \ \ \ for }\mu <0.
\label{solution for charge}\end{aligned}$$ Moreover, from (\[equation of motion for phonon(charge)\]), we find that the lattice deformation also propagates coherently and has a profile given by $$\begin{aligned}
\phi(x,t) =\pm \frac{\sqrt{2}\gamma }{\rho _{s}\left( \upsilon
^{2}-c_{s}^{2}\right) }\tan ^{-1}\left( e^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\left| \mu \right|
}}\left( x \pm \upsilon t\right) }\right) \, .
\label{solution for phonon}\end{aligned}$$
These equations show that coherent charge propagation is possible in the form of a soliton (or kink dressed with a correlated lattice deformation). The minimum energy required to create such an excitation can be obtained by substituting the above solutions for the boson and phonon field directly into the Hamiltonian. After straightforward algebra we find that the energy required for soliton creation is given by: $$\begin{aligned}
\Delta &=&
\frac{2}{\pi a}\sqrt{\left| g_{3}\left( \frac{u_{\rho }}{\pi K_{\rho }%
}-\frac{\gamma ^{2}}{\rho _{s}c_{s}^{2}}\right) \right| },\end{aligned}$$ which is reduced from its bare value $\Delta_0 =
\frac{2}{\pi a}\sqrt{g_{3} u_{\rho }/(\pi K_{\rho })}$ by an amount which depends on the electron-phonon coupling constant. So far this calculation is semiclassical in nature since it does not consider quantum corrections which will discussed elsewhere [@next]. This result predicts, however, that $\Delta$ vanish when $\gamma$ attains a critical value $$\begin{aligned}
\gamma_c = c_s \sqrt{\frac{u_{\rho} \rho_s}{\pi K_{\rho}}} \, .\end{aligned}$$ We thus predict that in systems with strong electron-phonon coupling the energy required to create a soliton vanishes due to the polaronic effect described here. Note that in the absence of the Umklapp term arising from the discrete lattice the effects described here are not possible.
This effect might explain the recently observed long range charge transport in DNA (which we claim is a Mott insulator [@other]) where injected charge carriers travel long distances along the DNA double helix [@barton].
We thank illuminating discussions with J. Barton, W. Beyermann, D. Cox, G. Gruner,and S. Kivelson. We especially thank M. Pollak for estimulating our interest in this problem. We acknowledge partial support provided by the Collaborative University of California - Los Alamos (CULAR) research grant under the auspices of the US Department of Energy.
G. T. Zimanyi, S. A. Kivelson and A. Luther, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**60**]{}, 2089 (1988); S. Kivelson, and G. T. Zimanyi, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. [**160**]{}, 457 (1988).
T. Martin and D. Loss, Int. J. Mod. Phys. [**9**]{}, 495 (1995); O. Heinonen and S. Eggert, Phys. Rev. Lett [**77**]{}, 358 (1996).
T. Giamarchi, Physica B [**230**]{}, 975 (1997).
V. J. Emery,in [*Highly Conducting One-Dimensional Solids*]{}, Edited by J. T. Devreese, R. P. Evrard and V. E. van Doren, Plenum Press (1979); J. Sólyom, “The Fermi gas model of one-dimensional conductors”, Adv.Phys. [**28**]{}, 201, (1979).
For a review, see, J. Voit, Rep. Prog. Phys. [**58**]{}, 977 (1995).
G. Mahan in [*Many-Particle Physics*]{} (Plenum Press, New York 1990).
Chun-Min Chang, A. H. Castro Neto, and A. R. Bishop, in preparation.
Chun-Min Chang, A. H. Castro Neto, and A. R. Bishop, cond-mat/0008166.
D. B. Hall, R. E. Holmlin and J. K. Barton, Nature [**382**]{}, 731 (1996); S. O. Kelley and J. K. Barton, Science [ **283**]{}, 375 (1999).
|
# coding=utf-8
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Code generated by Microsoft (R) AutoRest Code Generator.
# Changes may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if the code is
# regenerated.
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------
from msrest.pipeline import ClientRawResponse
from msrest.exceptions import HttpOperationError
from .. import models
class DigitalTwinOperations(object):
"""DigitalTwinOperations operations.
:param client: Client for service requests.
:param config: Configuration of service client.
:param serializer: An object model serializer.
:param deserializer: An object model deserializer.
:ivar api_version: The API version to use for the request. Constant value: "2020-05-31-preview".
"""
models = models
def __init__(self, client, config, serializer, deserializer):
self._client = client
self._serialize = serializer
self._deserialize = deserializer
self.config = config
self.api_version = "2020-05-31-preview"
def get_digital_twin(self, id, custom_headers=None, raw=False, **operation_config):
"""Gets a digital twin.
:param id: Digital Twin ID.
:type id: str
:param dict custom_headers: headers that will be added to the request
:param bool raw: returns the direct response alongside the
deserialized response
:param operation_config: :ref:`Operation configuration
overrides<msrest:optionsforoperations>`.
:return: object or ClientRawResponse if raw=true
:rtype: object or ~msrest.pipeline.ClientRawResponse
:raises:
:class:`HttpOperationError<msrest.exceptions.HttpOperationError>`
"""
# Construct URL
url = self.get_digital_twin.metadata["url"]
path_format_arguments = {"id": self._serialize.url("id", id, "str")}
url = self._client.format_url(url, **path_format_arguments)
# Construct parameters
query_parameters = {}
query_parameters["api-version"] = self._serialize.query(
"self.api_version", self.api_version, "str"
)
# Construct headers
header_parameters = {}
header_parameters["Accept"] = "application/json"
if custom_headers:
header_parameters.update(custom_headers)
# Construct and send request
request = self._client.get(url, query_parameters, header_parameters)
response = self._client.send(request, stream=False, **operation_config)
if response.status_code not in [200]:
raise HttpOperationError(self._deserialize, response)
deserialized = None
header_dict = {}
if response.status_code == 200:
deserialized = self._deserialize("object", response)
header_dict = {"ETag": "str"}
if raw:
client_raw_response = ClientRawResponse(deserialized, response)
client_raw_response.add_headers(header_dict)
return client_raw_response
return deserialized
get_digital_twin.metadata = {"url": "/digitaltwins/{id}"}
def update_digital_twin(
self,
id,
digital_twin_patch,
if_match=None,
custom_headers=None,
raw=False,
**operation_config
):
"""Updates a digital twin.
:param id: Digital Twin ID.
:type id: str
:param digital_twin_patch: json-patch contents to update.
:type digital_twin_patch: list[object]
:param if_match:
:type if_match: str
:param dict custom_headers: headers that will be added to the request
:param bool raw: returns the direct response alongside the
deserialized response
:param operation_config: :ref:`Operation configuration
overrides<msrest:optionsforoperations>`.
:return: None or ClientRawResponse if raw=true
:rtype: None or ~msrest.pipeline.ClientRawResponse
:raises:
:class:`HttpOperationError<msrest.exceptions.HttpOperationError>`
"""
# Construct URL
url = self.update_digital_twin.metadata["url"]
path_format_arguments = {"id": self._serialize.url("id", id, "str")}
url = self._client.format_url(url, **path_format_arguments)
# Construct parameters
query_parameters = {}
query_parameters["api-version"] = self._serialize.query(
"self.api_version", self.api_version, "str"
)
# Construct headers
header_parameters = {}
header_parameters["Content-Type"] = "application/json; charset=utf-8"
if custom_headers:
header_parameters.update(custom_headers)
if if_match is not None:
header_parameters["If-Match"] = self._serialize.header("if_match", if_match, "str")
# Construct body
body_content = self._serialize.body(digital_twin_patch, "[object]")
# Construct and send request
request = self._client.patch(url, query_parameters, header_parameters, body_content)
response = self._client.send(request, stream=False, **operation_config)
if response.status_code not in [202]:
raise HttpOperationError(self._deserialize, response)
if raw:
client_raw_response = ClientRawResponse(None, response)
client_raw_response.add_headers({"ETag": "str", "Location": "str"})
return client_raw_response
update_digital_twin.metadata = {"url": "/digitaltwins/{id}"}
def invoke_root_level_command(
self,
id,
command_name,
payload,
connect_timeout_in_seconds=None,
response_timeout_in_seconds=None,
custom_headers=None,
raw=False,
**operation_config
):
"""Invoke a digital twin root level command.
Invoke a digital twin root level command.
:param id:
:type id: str
:param command_name:
:type command_name: str
:param payload:
:type payload: object
:param connect_timeout_in_seconds: Maximum interval of time, in
seconds, that the digital twin command will wait for the answer.
:type connect_timeout_in_seconds: int
:param response_timeout_in_seconds: Maximum interval of time, in
seconds, that the digital twin command will wait for the answer.
:type response_timeout_in_seconds: int
:param dict custom_headers: headers that will be added to the request
:param bool raw: returns the direct response alongside the
deserialized response
:param operation_config: :ref:`Operation configuration
overrides<msrest:optionsforoperations>`.
:return: object or ClientRawResponse if raw=true
:rtype: object or ~msrest.pipeline.ClientRawResponse
:raises:
:class:`HttpOperationError<msrest.exceptions.HttpOperationError>`
"""
# Construct URL
url = self.invoke_root_level_command.metadata["url"]
path_format_arguments = {
"id": self._serialize.url("id", id, "str"),
"commandName": self._serialize.url("command_name", command_name, "str"),
}
url = self._client.format_url(url, **path_format_arguments)
# Construct parameters
query_parameters = {}
query_parameters["api-version"] = self._serialize.query(
"self.api_version", self.api_version, "str"
)
if connect_timeout_in_seconds is not None:
query_parameters["connectTimeoutInSeconds"] = self._serialize.query(
"connect_timeout_in_seconds", connect_timeout_in_seconds, "int"
)
if response_timeout_in_seconds is not None:
query_parameters["responseTimeoutInSeconds"] = self._serialize.query(
"response_timeout_in_seconds", response_timeout_in_seconds, "int"
)
# Construct headers
header_parameters = {}
header_parameters["Accept"] = "application/json"
header_parameters["Content-Type"] = "application/json; charset=utf-8"
if custom_headers:
header_parameters.update(custom_headers)
# Construct body
body_content = self._serialize.body(payload, "object")
# Construct and send request
request = self._client.post(url, query_parameters, header_parameters, body_content)
response = self._client.send(request, stream=False, **operation_config)
if response.status_code not in [200]:
raise HttpOperationError(self._deserialize, response)
deserialized = None
header_dict = {}
if response.status_code == 200:
deserialized = self._deserialize("object", response)
header_dict = {"x-ms-command-statuscode": "int", "x-ms-request-id": "str"}
if raw:
client_raw_response = ClientRawResponse(deserialized, response)
client_raw_response.add_headers(header_dict)
return client_raw_response
return deserialized
invoke_root_level_command.metadata = {"url": "/digitaltwins/{id}/commands/{commandName}"}
def invoke_component_command(
self,
id,
component_path,
command_name,
payload,
connect_timeout_in_seconds=None,
response_timeout_in_seconds=None,
custom_headers=None,
raw=False,
**operation_config
):
"""Invoke a digital twin command.
Invoke a digital twin command.
:param id:
:type id: str
:param component_path:
:type component_path: str
:param command_name:
:type command_name: str
:param payload:
:type payload: object
:param connect_timeout_in_seconds: Maximum interval of time, in
seconds, that the digital twin command will wait for the answer.
:type connect_timeout_in_seconds: int
:param response_timeout_in_seconds: Maximum interval of time, in
seconds, that the digital twin command will wait for the answer.
:type response_timeout_in_seconds: int
:param dict custom_headers: headers that will be added to the request
:param bool raw: returns the direct response alongside the
deserialized response
:param operation_config: :ref:`Operation configuration
overrides<msrest:optionsforoperations>`.
:return: object or ClientRawResponse if raw=true
:rtype: object or ~msrest.pipeline.ClientRawResponse
:raises:
:class:`HttpOperationError<msrest.exceptions.HttpOperationError>`
"""
# Construct URL
url = self.invoke_component_command.metadata["url"]
path_format_arguments = {
"id": self._serialize.url("id", id, "str"),
"componentPath": self._serialize.url("component_path", component_path, "str"),
"commandName": self._serialize.url("command_name", command_name, "str"),
}
url = self._client.format_url(url, **path_format_arguments)
# Construct parameters
query_parameters = {}
query_parameters["api-version"] = self._serialize.query(
"self.api_version", self.api_version, "str"
)
if connect_timeout_in_seconds is not None:
query_parameters["connectTimeoutInSeconds"] = self._serialize.query(
"connect_timeout_in_seconds", connect_timeout_in_seconds, "int"
)
if response_timeout_in_seconds is not None:
query_parameters["responseTimeoutInSeconds"] = self._serialize.query(
"response_timeout_in_seconds", response_timeout_in_seconds, "int"
)
# Construct headers
header_parameters = {}
header_parameters["Accept"] = "application/json"
header_parameters["Content-Type"] = "application/json; charset=utf-8"
if custom_headers:
header_parameters.update(custom_headers)
# Construct body
body_content = self._serialize.body(payload, "object")
# Construct and send request
request = self._client.post(url, query_parameters, header_parameters, body_content)
response = self._client.send(request, stream=False, **operation_config)
if response.status_code not in [200]:
raise HttpOperationError(self._deserialize, response)
deserialized = None
header_dict = {}
if response.status_code == 200:
deserialized = self._deserialize("object", response)
header_dict = {"x-ms-command-statuscode": "int", "x-ms-request-id": "str"}
if raw:
client_raw_response = ClientRawResponse(deserialized, response)
client_raw_response.add_headers(header_dict)
return client_raw_response
return deserialized
invoke_component_command.metadata = {
"url": "/digitaltwins/{id}/components/{componentPath}/commands/{commandName}"
}
|
here;s what i tied to do..
we know that (m+n)^2 = (m-n)^2 +( 2sqrt(mn) )^2
thus lets consider 3 sides of the right triangle as
(m+n) , ( m-n) , 2 sqrt(mn)
i found this absurd a bit so i took m^2 and n^2 in place of m and n i.e.
(m^2 + n^2)^2 = (m^2 - n^2)^2 + (2mn)^2
thus the sides are
m^2 + n^2 , m^2 -n^2 and 2mn
for integral values of m and n,, we get integral sides..
so area of the triangle = 1/2(m^2 - n^2)(2mn) = mn(m+n)(m-n)
how do i prove that mn(m+n)(m-n) is always divisible by 6 ?
mn(m+n)(m-n) is always divisible by 6 ?
first show divisible by 2:
if m,n even then yes
if either m,n even then yes
if both odd, then (m+n) is even,so yes
now show divisible by 3:
if m= 3p or n= 3q then yes
if m= 3p+1 and n= 3q+1 then m-n = 3p-3q yes
if m= 3p+1 and n= 3q+2 then m+n= 3p+3q+3 yes
if m= 3p+2 and n= 3q+1 then m+n yes
if m= 3p+2 and n= 3q+2 then m-n yes
that is all the cases. |
SAN FRANCISCO – A 5-year-old boy will embark on a series of crime-solving adventures when San Francisco is converted into “Gotham City” next week as part of a Make-A-Wish Foundation event for the sick youngster, who wants to be Batman.
On Nov. 15, Miles, who is from Tulelake in Northern Calif., will be called in to save the day as “Batkid” when villains steal Giants mascot Lou Seal, attempt to rob a downtown bank and perform other evil deeds.
Miles’ crime-solving day is part of the foundation’s mission to turn dreams into reality for sick children. Miles has leukemia.
Foundation spokeswoman Jen Wilson said the kindergartner has no idea what is in store for him when he comes to the Bay Area with his family next week.
Wilson said the foundation has been working with his parents to get advice on what would appeal to Miles, but even his parents don’t know the full extent of the activities planned for the young superhero-to-be.
The plans include a morning call from San Francisco police Chief Greg Suhr asking Miles to help a damsel in distress on a cable car, and then assist in capturing “The Riddler” as he raids a downtown vault.
While Miles is taking a lunch break at the sixth-floor restaurant at the Union Square Macy’s store, a crowd will form in the plaza below, urging “Batkid” to help free Lou Seal.
In a Batmobile convertible, Miles will chase the seal’s captor, Penguin, and save Lou Seal. He will then meet San Francisco Mayor Ed Lee, who will present him with a key to the city at City Hall.
Wilson said volunteers are being asked to gather at Union Square as part of the flash mob for Batkid shortly before 12:45 p.m., and more volunteers are being sought to cheer on Miles at City Hall.
He is expected to arrive around 2 p.m. at Civic Center Plaza, where the crowd will hold up signs of encouragement and praise as he receives recognition from the mayor on the City Hall steps.
After the ceremony with city officials, Make-A-Wish Foundation organizers will hold a news conference around 2:15 p.m., and Miles’ parents — and maybe even the Batkid himself — will say a few words, Wilson said.
More than 1,200 volunteers have signed up online to attend the various events for Miles. RSVPs and donations can be made at http://sf.wish.org/news-and-events/news/wish-news/batman.
San Francisco’s Cartoon Art Museum curator Andrew Farago has even more treats lined up for Miles.
The cartoonist has gotten in touch with friends at DC Comics and Warner Brothers to get Miles some Batman toys and merchandise.
“I want to get him as much Batman stuff as he can possibly fit into his home,” Farago said.
Several artists have offered to draw Miles as Batman, with the cartoons to be presented on poster boards. The drawings will likely depict Miles fighting bad guys or riding in the Batmobile, Farago said.
Farago said he wishes the adventurous day and the opportunity for Miles to become a real-life superhero were under better circumstances.
Farago said he is trying to have the comics and toys ready for Miles when he comes to “Gotham City” next week.
He said he has extended an invitation to Miles’ family to visit the Cartoon Art Museum, located at 655 Mission St., if they have any time between fighting crimes. |
Monuments
Iglesia parroquial de San José
There are some works of art inside this church that are of great artistic value. These include a 16th-century sculpture of the Virgen de los Dolores, two 17th-century carvings by Pedro de la Mena – a “Virgin and child” and a “Virgen de Belén” – and a depiction of the Holy Mary by the school of Alonso Cano. |
export function hi() {}
|
E. A. Belyaev
E. A. Belyaev (Evgenie Aleksandrovich Belyaev) (1895–1964) was an Islamic scholar and a prominent Soviet Islamist and member of the Institute of Asian Peoples of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
Works
Arabs, Islam and the Arab Caliphate in the Early Middle Ages
See also
List of Islamic scholars
References
Category:1895 births
Category:1964 deaths
Category:Islam in Russia |
Refill adherence of antihyperglycaemic drugs related to glucose control (HbA1c) in patients with type 2 diabetes.
The aim of this study was to examine a potential association between: (1) refill adherence to antihyperglycaemic drugs and glucose control, and (2) adherence to antihyperglycaemic and cardiovascular drugs for the same patients. Consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes at six Swedish health centres were included. Refill adherence was determined from repeat prescriptions. Satisfactory refill adherence was defined as the percentage of the patients with refills covering > or =80% of the prescribed treatment time. A total of 994 prescriptions were collected from 422 patients, 346 patients had antihyperglycaemic drugs (mean HbA(1c )6.5%) and 76 were on diet and exercise but not on drugs (mean HbA(1c )6.2%) (P = 0.0098). A total of 257 patients (74%) had satisfactory refill adherence. Mean HbA(1c) for the adherent patients was 6.5% and for the non-adherent patients 6.8% (P = 0.025). For patients on insulin only, 69% had satisfactory refill adherence with mean HbA(1c) 6.6% compared to 7.3% (P = 0.005) for the non-adherent patients. Ninety-two percent of the patients with satisfactory refill adherence to antihyperglycaemic agents were also adherent to cardiovascular drugs compared to 62% among those who were non-adherent to antihyperglycaemic drugs (P < 0.001). Patients with satisfactory refill adherence have lower HbA(1c)-levels and higher adherence to cardiovascular drugs than non-adherent patients. |
English:
Hello everyone
Today, I would like to make a little video for you reacting in the heat of the moment
about this event that is shaking the world of artificial intelligence
and the world of the game of Go.
I want to talk about the fact that an algorithm, a computer program, called "Alpha Go",
which has been developed by an affiliate of Google,
just beat Lee Sedol, one of the best Go players in the world,
if not the best.
So, it can seem a bit surprising that everyone is excited about this
when we know that it's been close to twenty years since a computer beat the world champion of chess.
Somehow, one would think that it's not surprising that the same thing happened with Go.
And we could even be surprised that it has taken twenty years to do what we've done with Go what we already knew how to do with chess.
So today I would like to explain to you why Go and chess are really very different.
French:
Bonjour à tous
Aujourd'hui, je voulais vous faire une petite vidéo de réaction à chaud
à cet événement qui est en train de secouer le monde de l'intelligence artificielle
et le monde du jeu de go.
Je veux parler du fait qu'un algorithme, un programme informatique, qui s'appelle "alpha go",
qui a été développé par une filiale de Google,
vient de battre Lee Sedol qui est un des meilleurs joueurs de go du monde
à l'heure actuelle, si ce n'est le meilleur.
Alors, ça peut paraître un peu étonnant que tout le monde s'excite sur cette nouvelle là
quand on sait que ça fait à peu près vingt ans qu'un ordinateur a battu le champion du monde d'échecs.
Quelque part, on pourrait penser que c'est pas surprenant qu'il se passe la même chose avec le Go.
Et même on pourrait être surpris que ça ait pris vingt ans pour qu'on arrive à faire avec le go ce qu'on savait déjà faire avec les échecs.
Donc aujourd'hui je voudrais vous expliquer pourquoi le jeu de go et le jeu d'échecs sont vraiment très différents.
French:
Qu'est ce qui explique qu'on ait mis si longtemps avant d'avoir une forme d'intelligence artificielle capable
de battre le meilleur joueur de go du monde, ou l'un des meilleurs joueurs de go du monde ?
Et aussi vous expliquer pourquoi un certain nombre de personnes pensaient que ça prendrait encore plus longtemps.
Ils attendaient plutôt ça pour dans dix ou quinze ans.
Pour comprendre ça, il faut se pencher un peu sur les règles du go.
Alors moi je ne suis pas joueur mais je vais essayer de vous expliquer basiquement le fonctionnement des règles.
Donc le go c'est un jeu qui se joue à deux joueurs,
l'un prend les noirs et l'autre prend les blancs,
et ça ne se joue pas sur un damier ou un échiquier, ça se joue sur une grille.
C'est une grille qui s'appelle le goban je crois.
C'est une grille de dix-neuf par dix-neuf.
Et donc le principe du jeu c'est que chaque joueur a des pions,
(alors on appelle pas ça des pions au go, on appelle ça des pierres),
et chaque fois que c'est son tour de jouer, il prend une de ses pierres et il la pose sur une intersection de la grille sur le plateau.
La différence avec un jeu comme les échecs ou les dames,
c'est que les pierres, un fois posées, elle ne bougent pas.
English:
Which explains why it has taken so long to have a form of artificial intelligence capable
of beating the best Go player in the world, or one of the best?
And also to explain to you why some people thought that it would take even longer.
They thought it would take another ten or fifteen years.
To understand this, we have to take a look at the rules of Go.
I don't play Go, but I'll try to explain basically how the rules work.
So Go is a game which has two players,
one uses black and the other uses white,
and it isn't played on a checkerboard or chess board, it's played on a grid.
I think it's called a goban.
The grid is nineteen by nineteen,
And so the idea of the game is that each player has pieces,
but we don't call them Go pieces, we call them stones,
and every time it's their turn to play, they take one of their stones and put it on the intersection of grid lines on the board.
The difference with a game like chess or checkers
is that the stones, once placed on the board, don't move.
English:
There is no notion of shifting or moving of the stones at all on the board, not at all.
Actually it's very simple:
each player, on their turn, takes one of their stones and puts it one of the grid intersections.
And so when you start, the board is empty,
and over the course of the game, the board fills in.
So what's the object of the game?
Overall, it is to encircle territories
and notably to encircle the pieces of the other player,
and if you ever completely surround their pieces, you can capture them.
And so that is how we keep score.
So those are the rules of Go.
Now, we'll try to understand:
What do we need to do if we wanted to make an algorithm
that is able to play Go?
To start, let's look at the situation when it comes to Chess.
Imagine that you're a computer program,
you're playing chess, and you're in the middle of a game.
It's your turn to play, you have to decide the next move.
There is a pretty simple method which you can try if you're a computer,
and that is simply trying all the possible moves.
French:
Il n'y a pas de notion de déplacement, de mouvement des pierres sur le plateau, pas du tout.
En fait c'est très simple :
Chaque joueur, à son tour de jouer, prend une de ses pierres et la pose sur une des intersections de la grille.
Et donc quand on démarre le plateau est vide,
et au fur et à mesure de la partie, le plateau se rempli.
Et alors, c'est quoi le but du jeu ?
En gros c'est d'encercler des territoires.
Et notamment d'encercler des pions de l'adversaire,
si jamais vous encerclez des pions de l'adversaire, vous pouvez les capturer.
Et donc voilà, c'est comme ça qu'on marque des points.
Voilà en gros pour les règles du jeu de go.
Alors maintenant, essayons de comprendre.
Qu'est ce qu'il faudrait qu'on fasse si on voulait faire un algorithme
qui soit capable de jouer au go ?
Alors, on va se placer tout simplement dans la situation du jeu d'échecs.
Imaginez que vous êtes un programme informatique,
vous êtes en train de jouer au échecs, vous êtes au milieu d'une partie.
C'est à vous de jouer, vous devez décider quel est le prochain coup à jouer.
Il y a une méthode qui est assez simple et qu'on peut faire si on est un ordinateur,
c'est tout simplement d'essayer tous les coups possibles.
English:
Let's imagine that you're in a certain spot, and you see all the possible moves.
And to go farther, you can't just see all the moves that you can make,
but you can also see all of the possible responses
that the other player could make to those moves.
And then we can push farther,
that is, we can see all the responses that one could make to those responses.
And we can do that for many levels and envision all the possible situations
by anticipating three, four, five, or six moves for example.
We predict all the possible situations for a certain number of moves,
we see which one is the most favorable for us,
and then we decide to play the corresponding move.
This is a somewhat brutal method.
We call it a tree search, for an obvious reason,
we construct the tree with all the possibilities for many moves
and we chose the move that benefits us the most.
For chess, this works relatively well,
it requires not a bad amount of computing power,
but a technique like that can give pretty good results.
French:
Imaginons que vous êtres dans une certaine position, vous regardez tous les coups possibles.
Et puis, pour aller plus loin on peut ne pas seulement regarder tous les coups qu'on peut jouer,
mais on peut aussi regarder toutes les réponses possibles
que l'adversaire peut faire à ces coups là.
Et puis on peu pousser plus loin,
c'est à dire qu'on peut regarder toutes les réponses qu'on peut faire à ces réponses.
Et on peut faire ça sur plusieurs niveaux et envisager toutes les situations possibles
en anticipant trois, quatre, cinq ou six coup par exemple.
On anticipe toutes les situations possibles sur un certain nombre de coups,
on regarde quelle est l'issue la plus favorable pour nous,
et puis on décide de jouer le coup correspondant.
Ca c'est une méthode assez brutale.
On l'appelle recherche en arbre, pour une raison assez évidente,
on construit l'arbre de toutes les possibilités sur plusieurs coups
et on choisi le coup qui nous avantage le plus.
Ca au échecs, ça peut marcher relativement bien.
Ça demande pas mal de puissance de calcul
mais une technique comme ça peut donner d'assez bons résultats.
English:
In Go, a method like this does not work at all.
There is a reason for this:
when you play go,
the number of possibilities of moves is much more important than in chess.
In chess, at any moment in the game,
there are about twenty or thirty different possible moves.
I believe at the very beginning of the game, for the first move, there are twenty possible moves.
After that, it grows a bit, but it turns out to be about thirty possible moves.
In Go, when you start the game,
the grid is empty.
And this is a grid of 19 by 19, so there are 361 possible positions.
When the other person responds, there are 360 possible positions, and so on.
So you see that the number of possible moves at any given moment of the game
is much more important in Go than in chess.
And that really increases the complexity of a tree search
French:
Au go, une méthode comme ça, ça marche pas du tout.
Il y a une raison pour ça :
quand vous jouez au go,
le nombre de possibilités de coups est bien plus important qu'aux échecs.
Aux échacs, à un moment donné de la partie,
il y a, en gros, une vingtaine ou ou trentaine de coups différents possibles.
Je crois qu'au tout début de la partie, pour l'ouverture (le premier coup), il y a vingt coups possibles.
Et puis après ça augmente un peu, mais ça tourne autour d'une trentaine de coups possibles.
Au go, quand vous commencez la partie,
la grille est vide.
Et c'est une grille de dix-neuf par dix-neuf, donc il y a trois cent soixante et une positions possibles.
Quand l'adversaire va répliquer, il a 360 positions possibles, et ainsi de suite.
Donc vous voyez que le nombre de coups possibles à un moment donné de la partie
est beaucoup plus important au go qu'aux échecs.
Et ça, ça augmente beaucoup la complexité d'une recherche en arbre
English:
because we can predict at most a few moves
but it becomes very difficult to predict beyond this because you would need a crazy amount of computing power.
So that's one essential difference between Go
and Chess that makes it so a brute force tree search doesn't work very well.
There's a second essential difference, and that is when you make a tree search,
I told you that you predict several moves in advance,
and then you look at one move several times,
Once simulated several times, what is the most advantageous situation.
To do this you need criteria to decide: what would be "a situation more advantageous than the others"?
This is to say that you need a criteria to compare the possible outcomes and decide which one is the most favorable for you.
To do that in Chess, it's not extremely complicated.
If you know how to play chess a bit, and you see a board with a game being played,
you're capable of judging, almost, which of the two players is better defended
and so one can easily evaluate the strength of a position in Chess
French:
parce qu'on peut anticiper maximum quelques coups
mais ça devient très difficile d'anticiper au-delà parce qu'il faudrait une puissance de calcul vraiment démentielle.
Donc ça c'est vraiment une première différence essentielle entre le jeu de go
et le jeu d'échecs qui fait qu'une recherche en arbre brutale ne marche pas très bien.
Il y a une deuxième différence essentielle, c'est que quand vous faites une recherche en arbre
Je vous ai dit donc vous anticipez sur plusieurs coups à l'avance
Et puis vous regardez une fois joués plusieurs coups
Une fois simulés plusieurs coups, quelle est la situation la plus avantageuse.
Pour faire ça vous avez besoin d'un critère pour décider : Qu'est-ce que ça veut dire "une situation est plus avantageuse qu'une autre".
C'est-à-dire que vous avez besoin d'un critère de décision pour comparer les issues possibles et décider laquelle est la plus favorable pour vous
Faire ca au échecs, c'est pas extrêmement compliqué
Si vous savez jouer un peu aux échecs et que vous regardez un plateau avec une partie en cours de route,
Vous êtes capable de juger, à peu près, lequel des deux joueurs est le mieux barré
donc ont peut asser facilement évaluer la force d'une position aux échec
|
Workers to get salaries at earlier minimum wages rates
Deputy Chief Minister Manish Sisodia said Thursday that those directly employed on contract basis by Delhi government, boards and corporations at minimum wage rates will receive payments at rates prevailing before August 4.
The Delhi High Court had on August 4 quashed the AAP government's much-touted March 2017 order revising the minimum wages for all classes of workmen in scheduled employment. Image Source: DNA
Deputy Chief Minister Manish Sisodia said Thursday that those directly employed on contract basis by Delhi government, boards and corporations at minimum wage rates will receive payments at rates prevailing before August 4.
The Delhi High Court had on August 4 quashed the AAP government's much-touted March 2017 order revising the minimum wages for all classes of workmen in scheduled employment. The court had said the "hurried" decision was violative of the Constitution and was taken without hearing the employers or employees who would be affected.
Sisodia said during his visits to government schools and offices recently, he received complaints from sanitation workers and security guards about their wages being reduced and they receiving lesser salaries as a result of the order of the high court.
"All those who are directly employed on contract basis by the Delhi government, boards and corporations or have been employed by contractors in various works of Delhi government at minimum wage rates, shall continue to receive payments at earlier rates prevailing before August 4," Sisodia said.
The decision was taken at a special cabinet meeting, he said.
If reduced payments were made as a result of the high court order or if any deductions were made, such workers will be paid balance amounts equal to the amount of deduction for the intervening period on or before October 31 to enable them to celebrate Diwali in a meaningful way, the deputy chief minister said.
Watch This Zee Business Video Here:
The government has directed Chief Secretary Anshu Prakash to ensure deductions made from August 4 till date is credited to the accounts of the personnel before October 31. He said the government has preferred an urgent appeal to the Supreme Court and is working on all fronts to ensure payment of fair living wages even to private sector unskilled employees. |
Ask Wright State
Have a question about Wright State?
Enter a complete question.
Payment Options
Students can access account activity, billing statements, recent payments, as well as make payments and more through Wings Express via WINGS. Also, students can give parents and others access to student account services - including online payment - by establishing an "Authorized User" through WINGS EXPRESS Student Fees link. Log in to WINGS, click on the WINGS Express icon toward the top of the page and select "Student and Financial Aid" and then "Student Fees".
All student payments, regardless of method, must be made by the payment deadline. Students with unpaid charges after the term begins will be subject to cancellation of their registrations.
Online
Online Payment Instructions
The preferred method for payment on student accounts is online through WINGS Express via WINGS. Once in WINGS, click on the WINGS Express icon toward the top of the page. At the main menu for WINGS Express, click on “Student and Financial Aid” and then “Student Fees”. When using the online method, payment options include:
E-check
An ACH debit entry from WSU will be processed on your checking/savings account.
Debit Card
Funds are deducted from your checking/savings account provided the transaction limit set by your bank is high enough to accommodate the student account payment. Check with your financial institution to verify the daily debit limit and whether online debit cards are permitted transactions.
Credit Card
Visa, MasterCard, Discover and American Express are accepted online only for tuition payments.
International Student Payments
Wright State University has partnered with peerTransfer to offer an innovative and streamlined way to make international tuition payments. peerTransfer’s mission is to save international students and their families money that would otherwise be lost on bank fees and unfavorable foreign exchange rates. With peerTransfer, you can pay from any country and any bank. You are also offered excellent foreign exchange rates, allowing you to pay in your home currency (in most cases) and save a significant amount of money, as compared to traditional banks. In addition, the posting of the payment into your Wright State University account will be faster, you will be able to track where your payment is in the transfer process via a student dashboard, and you will be notified via email when it is deposited into our account.
By Mail/In Person
Fees paid by mail must include a hard copy of the electronic billing statement (found on WINGS Express via WINGS) along with the payment. Please include the student University ID# with the payment. Payment options available to those using the by mail option include: check or money order (made payable to Wright State University), and third party sponsors.
In person payments can be made using the secure fee payment drop box located outside the Wright1 Card Office (055 Student Union) during Student Union building hours. All payments will be processed by the next business day, and receipt of the payment will be available on the student account in WINGS Express.
Lake Campus students can pay in person at the Student Services Office in Dwyer Hall.
Payment Plans
Looking for an affordable way to pay for your educational costs? You can spread out the cost of your education by using one of our convenient Payment Plans.
Students registering for spring classes by April 30 can maintain their registration with just a 5% down payment if enrolled in the Payment Plan on or before April 30. The remaining balance will be divided into equal monthly installments with the last payment due in July. It's easy to sign up online and pay the down payment through WINGS/WINGS Express. Want to know more about our Payment Plans- just click the links below.
4-Payment Plan
Fees are due by April 15 if you registered for classes by April 15
Enroll online with a minimum 5 percent down (after financial aid) for your first installment payment (you have the option to pay more).
Current term charges are all eligible for this plan.
Installments 2, 3, and 4 are calculated by dividing the remaining balance into equal payments.
No interest added to the balance. Just pay a $10 application fee each time you enroll in the plan.
Accessing the payment plan is easy! Go to WINGS and enroll through WINGS Express.
Plan available through April 30 with subsequent payments due on the 15th of each month.*
3-Payment Plan
Installments 2 and 3 are calculated by dividing the remaining balance into equal payments.
No interest added to the balance. Just pay a $40 application fee each time you enroll in the plan.
Plan available May 1- May 25 with subsequent payments due on the 15th of each month beginning in June.*
*A $50 late payment fee will be assessed for each late installment.
Students can also enroll by completing the Payment Plan Promissory Note (PDF) and mailing the completed form along with the initial payment and application fee to the Office of the Bursar. Students must be current with their student account fees before they are eligible to enroll in the plan. All students interested in this option should pay close attention to the due dates listed on the payment plan promissory note.
Penalties for late payments include, but are not limited to, late fees for each payment and/or a "hold" being placed on your student account which will prevent registration changes and transcript availability. Ask Raider Connect to find out more about the payment plan's terms and conditions.
Sponsored Student Payments
The billing is processed on a per term basis. A letter or contract must be presented to the University outlining the sponsor’s guarantee to pay. This authorization must not be contingent upon the student receiving a specific grade or upon a financial need status.
It is the policy of the University to protect our student’s right to confidentiality under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA). Sponsors must obtain information regarding grades, transcripts, course listings or other specific information directly from the student unless there is a student authorization to release grades and other information on file.
What is a Sponsored Student?
Sponsored students are students that require Wright State University to bill an outside sponsor for their tuition and fees while they attend the University. Fees can include technology fees, course fees, room/meal plan charges, student legal services fee, and/or health insurance. A letter of authorization is required from the sponsoring agency expressly authorizing Wright State University to bill the sponsor directly for the student's expenses. A third party credit is applied to the student account each term for the covered expenses, which is conditional upon the sponsor's payment.
What are the Sponsored Student's Responsibilities?
It is the student’s responsibility to ensure the University is provided with a valid authorization letter (contract) from their sponsor before the appropriate due date to avoid cancellation of registration and/or late fees.
A sponsored student must monitor their student account status regularly. If the sponsor does not cover the total charges, it is the student’s responsibility to pay the balance owed.
Non-payment by the sponsor immediately becomes the responsibility of the student.
It is the student’s responsibility to know the duration of the sponsorship as listed in the authorization letter. The University will not notify a student when the sponsorship has expired.
Additional information required by the sponsor, including grades, transcripts, course(s) and other miscellaneous information, must be supplied by the student.
If questions arise concerning conditions of the sponsorship the student should contact the sponsor.
Students may submit agency/third party authorization forms through the 70% refund period of the following term, however; your fees must be paid from other resources by the fee payment deadline.
What are the Sponsor's Responsibilities?
Provide a letter or contract to Wright State University prior to the term fee payment deadline with the following information: |
Lions coach Swys de Bruin has made four changes to his starting lineup to face the Highlanders in Dunedin on Saturday.
With hooker Malcolm Marx ruled out for six weeks due to a hamstring tear, Robbie Coetzee comes into the lineup, with regular prop Jacques van Rooyen providing emergency backup on the bench.
There is also a new lock combination as both Marvin Orie and Andries Ferreira start. Orie replaces flank Marnus Schoeman, with Franco Mostert again shifting to No 7.
In the final change to the team, Johannes Jonker comes in for Jacobie Adriaanse in a rotational switch.
Lions – 15 Andries Coetzee, 14 Ruan Combrink, 13 Lionel Mapoe, 12 Harold Vorster, 11 Aphiwe Dyantyi, 10 Elton Jantjies, 9 Nic Groom, 8 Kwagga Smith, 7 Franco Mostert, 6 Cyle Brink, 5 Marvin Orie, 4 Andries Ferreira, 3 Johannes Jonker, 2 Robbie Coetzee, 1 Dylan Smith.
Subs: 16 Jacques van Rooyen, 17 Ruan Dreyer, 18 Jacobie Adriaanse, 19 Lourens Erasmus, 20 Marnus Schoeman, 21 Dillon Smit, 22 Rohan Janse van Rensburg, 23 Sylvian Mahuza.
Super Rugby teams (Round 13)
Photo: Mark Tantrum/Getty Images |
Looking for a module/program author, or help with program...
I've attempted to post earlier, but could not find the message... My
apologies if this is a repeat, or if in a inappropriate group, but:
On sourceforge, Andrés López (andres32a on sourceforge) posted a
GPL'd script for speedreading called Speed Your Read (project name
speedread). Unfortunately, although he lists the project as being GPL,
and multi-platform, the only code that is available on SF is a perl2exe
"compiled" script. Ie. this is a package that was compiled to a
Windows exe using the IndigoStar perl2exe program. It has the script,
installer, and an instance of MySQL all embedded in the installer, and
the script alone as a perl2exe file.
I'd love to make some changes to the script to try to improve on some
issues, but cannot seem to be able to contact Andrés through any
source. On the splash screen for the program he talks abouthttp://www.openeducation.com, which is a domain up for sale without any
other reference to the author. I have attempted to contact him via his
SF address, but have not received any response.
So, if anybody knows of any way to contact him, I would be grateful to
find out more information about the script. That failing, does anybody
know of a way to get the script back out of the compiled version, and
would be willing to help out on this?
Advertisements
"Kris Stark" <> wrote:
> So, if anybody knows of any way to contact him, I would be grateful to
> find out more information about the script. That failing, does anybody
> know of a way to get the script back out of the compiled version, and
> would be willing to help out on this?
Share This Page
Welcome to The Coding Forums!
Welcome to the Coding Forums, the place to chat about anything related to programming and coding languages.
Please join our friendly community by clicking the button below - it only takes a few seconds and is totally free. You'll be able to ask questions about coding or chat with the community and help others.
Sign up now! |
934 F.2d 689
24 Collier Bankr.Cas.2d 2022, Bankr. L. Rep. P 74,051In the Matter of Maurice L. BERCIER, M.D., Debtor.BANK OF LOUISIANA, formerly Fidelity Bank and Trust Company, Appellee,v.Maurice L. BERCIER, M.D., Appellant.
No. 91-3046Summary Calendar.
United States Court of Appeals,Fifth Circuit.
July 3, 1991.
Tom W. Thornhill, Thornhill & Associates, Slidell, La., for appellant.
Sidney M. Bach, Gerald D. Wasserman, Bach & Wasserman, Metairie, La., for appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana.
Before KING, GARWOOD and DUHE, Circuit Judges.
KING, Circuit Judge:
1
Maurice L. Bercier, M.D., appeals from a federal district court ruling that $50,000 of his debt to Bank of Louisiana is nondischargeable. The district court reversed the bankruptcy court's prior ruling that the debt was, in fact, dischargeable. For the reasons set forth below, we reverse the ruling of the district court.
I. Background
2
Maurice L. Bercier, M.D. (Bercier) owned a fifty percent interest in Southeast Computed Tomography (S.E.C.T.). The Bank of Louisiana (BOL), formerly Fidelity Bank & Trust Company of Slidell, loaned $120,000 to S.E.C.T. in March, 1984. As collateral for the loan, Bercier placed a second mortgage on his office condominium valued at $60,000 and pledged his office accounts receivables valued at $40,000 and a $50,000 Nuveen Municipal Bond.1 At the time of the loan, Bercier could not find the bond, but he agreed to deliver it to BOL when he located it. Later, at BOL's request, Bercier attempted to locate the bond several times, to no avail.
3
On July 20, 1985, S.E.C.T. defaulted on its note payments. BOL then foreclosed on the mortgage. The bank filed suit in state court seeking a deficiency judgment against Bercier. Bercier located the bond in October, 1985, having misplaced it in one of his patient's files. Bercier liquidated the bond on November 8, 1985, and placed the proceeds in an escrow account pending the outcome of settlement negotiations with BOL. After the negotiations failed but before resolution of the state court suit, Bercier spent the proceeds from the bond for his living expenses.
4
The bank obtained a deficiency judgment in state court against Bercier for $48,044.17 plus interest. Bercier then filed a bankruptcy petition under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code. 11 U.S.C. Sec. 701 et seq.
5
Shortly after Bercier's Chapter 7 filing, BOL filed a complaint under Sec. 523(a)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code2 seeking to have its deficiency judgment against Bercier held to be nondischargeable based on misrepresentations allegedly made by Bercier in connection with the pledge of the bond. The bankruptcy judge, after a bench trial, found that the pledge of the bond was an accessory contract to secure the performance of another obligation. The court also found that the plaintiff, BOL, had the burden of proving the primary obligation on the debt for which the pledge was given. BOL failed to sustain its burden of proof, according to the bankruptcy court, because the judgment did not recognize the pledge as being collateral for the debt sued on. The court ruled that BOL's claim for the $50,000 bond was discharged, and that BOL owed Bercier interest, attorney's fees, and court costs.
6
The bankruptcy court further found, "in the event that this matter is appealed," that Bercier did not misrepresent any facts at the time the debt was purportedly entered; that he had lost the bond; that the validity of the pledge between pledgor and pledgee did not depend upon delivery; and that Bercier pledged the entire bond, not merely $20,000, and was under a duty to deliver it or a substitute. Finally, assuming that there was a note for which the pledge was given, the bankruptcy court found that Bercier's use of the bond proceeds constituted conversion and "would have been grounds" for declaring the $50,000 nondischargeable. No provision of the Bankruptcy Code was cited in the bankruptcy court's reasons for judgment.
7
BOL appealed the bankruptcy court's decision to the district court. At this point, BOL changed horses and based its brief on appeal on Sec. 523(a)(6) of the Bankruptcy Code,3 not on Sec. 523(a)(2). Perhaps BOL, after considering the bankruptcy court's fact findings 'for the purpose of appeal' and Bercier's pretrial memorandum explaining why Sec. 523(a)(2) does not apply to those facts, decided to pursue another more promising route to victory at the appellate level. BOL's decision to base its brief to the district court on Sec. 523(a)(6) is understandable in light of the bankruptcy court's findings that the pledge was valid, that Bercier's use of the proceeds constituted conversion, and that conversion would be grounds for declaring the $50,000 nondischargeable. These findings are common in Sec. 523(a)(6) cases. See In re Valentine, 104 B.R. 67, 70 (Bankr.S.D.Ind.1988) ("[c]onversion of another's property will give rise to a nondischargeable debt under 523(a)(6) if the conversion is willful and malicious"); 3 Collier on Bankruptcy, 15th ed., Sec. 523.16 ("The conversion of another's property without his knowledge or consent, done intentionally and without justification and excuse, to the other's injury, is a willful and malicious injury within the meaning of the exception.").4 The problem with the newly-embraced route is that BOL's complaint in the bankruptcy proceedings is specifically predicated on Sec. 523(a)(2) and does not even mention Sec. 523(a)(6), and there is nothing in the bankruptcy court record suggesting that this was anything other than a Sec. 523(a)(2) case.
8
The district court accepted BOL's invitation to analyze this case under Sec. 523(a)(6) and, relying on Sec. 523(a)(6), reversed the decision of the bankruptcy court, declaring BOL's claim against Bercier to be nondischargeable, with court costs to be paid by Bercier. The district court, reviewing the record as a whole, held that BOL "did sustain its burden of proving that the bond was pledged to secure the note and that the judgment was based upon the defaulted note." To the extent that this holding overturned the bankruptcy court's conclusion that BOL had failed to prove the primary obligation on the debt for which the pledge was given, this holding is not challenged on appeal. The district court also held that "Bercier's use of the proceeds of the bond constituted an intentional act ... which caused willful and malicious injury" to BOL. The district court agreed with the bankruptcy court that the spending of the proceeds constituted conversion. Accordingly, the district court held that the $50,000 debt was nondischargeable under Sec. 523(a)(6).
II. Standard of Review
9
"This court reviews the bankruptcy court's findings of fact under the clearly erroneous standard, but the bankruptcy court's conclusions of law are subject to de novo review." Matter of Consolidated Bancshares, Inc., 785 F.2d 1249, 1252 (5th Cir.1986) (citations omitted). "Thus we will affirm the bankruptcy court's findings unless 'on the entire evidence, [this court is] left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.' " In the Matter of Sutton, 904 F.2d 327, 329 (5th Cir.1990) (quoting United States v. United States Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395, 68 S.Ct. 525, 541, 92 L.Ed. 746 (1948)).
III. Discussion
10
As suggested by the factual scenario set forth above, the procedural history of the case is the key to the decision of this appeal. This case was originally filed under Sec. 523(a)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code. BOL alleged, in its complaint in the bankruptcy proceedings, that throughout its dealing with Bercier, "Bercier continued to represent to BOL that the bond was missing and therefore could not be handed over to the Bank, although in truth and fact, this was a misrepresentation of fact to BOL by Dr. Bercier...." BOL's complaint also treated Bercier's promise to deliver the bond as a representation and simply alleged that he "failed to live up to his representation[ ]."
11
Turning to the relevant portion of Sec. 523(a)(2), a debt for money or an extension, renewal or refinancing of credit is nondischargeable under this section of the Code to the extent it is obtained by false pretenses, a false representation or actual fraud. In order for Bercier's representation to be a false representation or false pretense under Sec. 523(a)(2), the "false representations and false pretenses [must] encompass statements that falsely purport to depict current or past facts. [A debtor's] promise ... related to [a] future action [which does] not purport to depict current or past fact ... therefore cannot be defined as a false representation or a false pretense." In re Roeder, 61 B.R. 179, 181 (Bankr.W.D.Ky.1986) (quoting In re Todd, 34 B.R. 633, 635 (Bankr.W.D.Ky.1983)). See 3 Collier on Bankruptcy 15th Ed., Sec. 523.08 ("A mere promise to be executed in the future is not sufficient to make a debt nondischargeable, even though there is no excuse for the subsequent breach.").5 The actual fraud component of Sec. 523(a)(2), insofar as it is relevant here, is explained by the Roeder court as follows:
12
a cause of action for fraud will exist under 11 U.S.C. Sec. 523(a)(2)(A) when a debtor makes promises of future action which, at the time they were made, he had no intention of fulfilling. In order to succeed on this legal theory, the objecting party must prove that: (1) the debtor made representations; (2) at the time they were made the debtor knew they were false; (3) the debtor made the representations with the intention and purpose to deceive the creditor; (4) that the creditor relied on such representations; and (5) that the creditor sustained losses as a proximate result of the representations.
13
Roeder, 61 B.R. at 181.
14
The bankruptcy court and the district court both expressly found that Bercier did not misrepresent any facts when the debt was entered into. In the light of the way this case was pleaded and tried, we read these findings as encompassing the conclusion that Bercier's representation that he would deliver the bond was truthful when made. These findings are not clearly erroneous and are not challenged on appeal to this court. With these unchallenged fact findings, BOL could not establish that Bercier's debt is nondischargeable under Sec. 523(a)(2) because at the time the debt was entered into, Bercier did not make a false representation of a current or past fact when he said the bond was lost or a false representation or promise when he said that he would furnish it when he found it, or duplicate it if he could not find it. Thus in applying the findings of the bankruptcy court, as accepted by the district court, we hold that BOL failed to establish that Bercier's debt was nondischargeable under Sec. 523(a)(2).
15
We now turn to BOL's "claim" under Sec. 523(a)(6), argued for the first time in its appellate brief to the district court. Under Rule 4007(c) of the Bankruptcy Code, "[a] complaint to determine the dischargeability of any debt pursuant to Sec. 523(c) of the Code shall be filed not later than 60 days following the first date set for the meeting of creditors held pursuant to Sec. 341(a)." The Advisory Committee Note further explains that Rule 4007(c) imposes "a deadline for filing complaints to determine the issue of dischargeability of debts set out in Sec. 523(a)(2), (4) or (6) of the Code. The bankruptcy court has exclusive jurisdiction to determine dischargeability of these debts. If a complaint is not timely filed, the debt is discharged." Bankr. Rule 4007 advisory committee's note.6
16
In the instant case, the meeting of creditors pursuant to Sec. 341(a) took place on February 6, 1989, and BOL's complaint under Sec. 523(a)(2) was timely filed on March 1, 1989. However, BOL's arguments based on Sec. 523(a)(6) were first made on October 9, 1990, and then not in a pleading but in an appellate brief. In allowing BOL to prevail in its quest to have the judgment against Bercier held nondischargeable based on a provision of the Code not asserted in the complaint or litigated at trial, the district court in effect subverted the purpose of Bankruptcy Rule 4007(c) to require complaints for dischargeability under, inter alia, Sec. 523(a)(6) to be filed within sixty days after the Sec. 341(a) creditors' meeting.7 In addition, Sec. 523(a)(6) requires a finding by the trier of fact of willful and malicious injury by the debtor, a finding not expressly made here by the bankruptcy court because BOL was proceeding under an entirely different section of the Bankruptcy Code at trial. We therefore decline the parties' invitation to decide whether Bercier's debt was dischargeable under Sec. 523(a)(6) by analyzing whether Bercier perfected his pledge of the bond or converted BOL's property under Louisiana law. The district court erred in allowing BOL to switch horses in midstream by changing this Sec. 523(a)(2) case into a Sec. 523(a)(6) case at the appellate stage.
IV. Conclusion
17
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the decision of the district court and hold, based on the bankruptcy court's findings of fact, that BOL failed to establish that Bercier's $50,000 debt is nondischargeable under Sec. 523(a)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code.
18
REVERSED.
1
According to Bercier's testimony before the bankruptcy court, during his negotiations with BOL, Bercier stated that he wanted only $20,000 of the bond to serve as collateral. This would mean the total value of the collateral would equal the total amount of the loan--$120,000. Bercier's testimony is supported by some of the witnesses; others simply did not recall. If, in fact, these were Bercier's intentions, they were never reduced to writing, and the bankruptcy court found the entire $50,000 bond to be collateral. This finding, accepted by the district court, is not clearly erroneous
2
Sec. 523(a)(2) states, in part:
(a) A discharge under section 727, 1141, 1228(a), 1228(b), or 1328(b) of this title does not discharge an individual debtor from any debt--
(2) for money, property, services, or an extension, renewal, or refinancing of credit, to the extent obtained by--
(A) false pretenses, a false representation, or actual fraud, other than a statement reflecting the debtor's or an insider's financial condition....
3
11 U.S.C. Sec. 523(a)(6) states:
(a) A discharge under section 727, 1141, 1228(a), 1228(b), or 1328(b) of this title does not discharge an individual debtor from any debt--
(6) for willful and malicious injury by the debtor to another entity or to the property of another entity....
4
We note that the testimony before the bankruptcy court regarding whether Bercier's pledge of the bond was valid and why he liquidated the bond and spent the proceeds when he did is germane to BOL's Sec. 523(a)(2) claim that Bercier made a misrepresentation of fact to the bank. Moreover, the liquidation of the bond and the spending of the proceeds are also germane to BOL's Sec. 523(a)(2) claim because, in its complaint, BOL asked for interest on the $50,000 "from the date of conversion and liquidation of the bond."
5
See also In re Boese, 8 B.R. 660, 662 (Bankr.D.S.D.1981) ("In order to prevail under 11 U.S.C. Sec. 523(a)(2)(A), a creditor must prove that a debtor knowingly and fraudulently made false representations to the creditor in order to obtain the creditor's money. Subsequent conduct contrary to a former representation by debtor does not necessarily establish the original representation to have been false.")
6
This court has applied Bankr. Rule 4007(c) strictly. See In the Matter of Sam, 894 F.2d 778, 781 (5th Cir.1990) (one purpose of Rule 4007(c) to promote expeditious and efficient administration of bankruptcy cases by assuring parties that within 60 days they know which debts subject to an exception to discharge); In the Matter of Compton, 891 F.2d 1180, 1185 (5th Cir.1990) ("Rule 4007 ... places a heavy burden on the creditor to protect his rights.")
7
We do not suggest that an amended complaint adding a ground of challenge to the dischargeability of a particular debt would not relate back, for purposes of Bankruptcy Rule 4007(c), to the time of filing of the same creditor's original complaint challenging the dischargeability of the identical debt. Courts have applied Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(c) to amended complaints filed after the Rule 4007(c) sixty-day period for filing complaints had expired. See, e.g., In re Fondren, 119 B.R. 101, 104 (Bankr.S.D.Miss.1990) ("Under the facts of this case, the allegations upon which the proposed amendment under section 523(a)(6) are based are the very same as those presented in the original complaint which alleged a violation of section 523(a)(2). Therefore, under Rule 15(c) ... the requested amendment here is allowable and will relate back to the date of the original complaint."); In re Heath, 114 B.R. 310, 312 (Bankr.N.D.Ga.1990) (Original complaint alleging nondischargeability under Sec. 523(a)(4) amended to allege nondischargeability under Sec. 523(a)(6) after Rule 4007(c) time period expired will relate back if claims under Sec. 523(a)(6) arose out of the conduct, transaction or occurrence set forth or attempted to be set forth in the original complaint.)
|
Newly Disclosed Betrayals of “Judas”
Jim Davila at Paleojudaica reports on the reprehensible behavior involved in the trafficking of the Gospel of Judas.
So not only did National Geographic practice shameless and tasteless hucksterism by foisting the bogus gospel on the world during Holy Week — in an unprecedented media campaign — it also tacitly promoted the mishandling and mutilation of irreplaceable artifacts — another country’s cultural heritage. All of its editors’ protests of scholarly intention ring rather hollow just now.
You don’t have to be a Christian to be grossed out by the whole matter, as Adam Gopnik demonstrated so well in the New Yorker. |
Sunday, December 31, 2017
Two New Schwibbögen designed in 2017
I designed two new Schwibbögen this past year. They were a hit at the Christkindlmarkt S L C
Each design was inspired by two world famous landmarks located in Heidelberg Germany. The Heidelberg Castle and the Ritter St Georg Town House (Ritter Hotel).
Heidelberg Castle
I will soon be adding the Heidelberg Castle and the Ritter St Georg Town House Schwibbögen to my inventory in my shop on Amazon Check out my designs at Artisans Boutique
zum Ritter St Georg (Ritter Hotel) is the oldest surviving house in Heidelberg from 1592 |
Botswana became the latest country to decriminalise homosexuality on Tuesday, celebrated by activists as a day of "pride, compassion and love."
In the landmark ruling, the southern African nation’s High Court rejected sections of the penal code that criminalise same-sex relations and impose up to seven years in prison.
High Court said in its ruling that penalising people for who they are is disrespectful, and the law should not deal with private acts between consenting adults. The right to privacy includes sexual orientation, which is innate and not a fashion statement, the judges said.
Prohibitive legal environments increase the vulnerability of gay men, transgender women and others to HIV, the statement said.
The ruling also cited the recent decriminalisation in India and elsewhere. It also pointed out that all three arms of Botswana’s government have expressed the need to protect the rights of the gay community.
The worst destinations for LGBT+ holidaymakers Show all 10 1 /10 The worst destinations for LGBT+ holidaymakers The worst destinations for LGBT+ holidaymakers North Macedonia 16 per cent Getty Images The worst destinations for LGBT+ holidaymakers Moldova 14 per cent Getty Images/iStockphoto The worst destinations for LGBT+ holidaymakers Lichtenstein 14 per cent Getty Images/iStockphoto The worst destinations for LGBT+ holidaymakers Belarus 13 per cent Getty Images/iStockphoto The worst destinations for LGBT+ holidaymakers San Marino 13 per cent Getty Images/iStockphoto The worst destinations for LGBT+ holidaymakers Monaco 11 per cent Getty Images The worst destinations for LGBT+ holidaymakers Russia 10 per cent Getty Images The worst destinations for LGBT+ holidaymakers Armenia 6 per cent Getty Images/iStockphoto The worst destinations for LGBT+ holidaymakers Turkey 5 per cent Getty Images The worst destinations for LGBT+ holidaymakers Azerbaijan 3 per cent Getty Images/iStockphoto
Less than a month ago, Kenya’s High Court upheld similar sections of the penal code, dashing campaigners’ hopes the country’s colonial-era laws would be overturned.
More than two dozen countries in sub-Saharan Africa have laws criminalising gay sex.
“It is a day to celebrate pride, compassion and love,” UNAIDS executive director Gunilla Carlsson said in a statement after the ruling.
Earlier this year, the southern African nation of Angola also decriminalized same-sex activity and banned discrimination based on sexual orientation.
Those arguing against the laws criminalising gay sex say they leave people in the LGBT community vulnerable to discrimination and abuse while making it difficult to access basic health and other services.
Activists celebrate outside the High Court in Botswana (AP)
The Botswana-based non-governmental group LEGABIBO, which supported the anonymous petitioner in the case challenging the sections of the penal code, has said such laws “infringe on basic human dignity.”
Ahead of the ruling, LEGABIBO shared a comment attributed to president Mokgweetsi Masisi: “There are also many people of same-sex relationships in this country who have been violated and have also suffered in silence for fear of being discriminated.
“Just like other citizens, they deserve to have their rights protected.”
Five most anti-LGBT+ countries in Europe, according to ILGA-Europe
In recent years Botswana has taken other steps towards protecting LGBT rights. |
Search
The kids are still sick (I kind of regret the thought I had two weeks ago that this winter has been easy on us in terms of sickness). Yiannis has been sick and OFF SCHOOL (the latter being the hardest) for the last two weeks, Iliana followed a week later. N. felt off a couple of days ago and guess who got the fucking flu now??? YEAP, you guessed it. No wonder.
They still haven’t found what the hell is wrong with my mom (she got admitted to the hospital a week ago). In the meantime she feels like shit, is horribly bored and needs to feel pampered and well taken care of. After all she has done for us the least we can do is take care of her.
As I returned yesterday from yet another day spent in the hospital (my mother in law has spent more time with the kids during this last week than she has in the last 6 months-bless her), I was hallucinating due to sleep deprivation thinking of Michael Keaton in this movie he did ages ago, Multiplicity. It’s a comedy about a man who never has enough time for the things he wants to do and is offered the opportunity to have himself duplicated.
Between you and me the movie is pretty lame, but the idea of being able to duplicate myself seems very appealing to me at the moment. That is the magic power I would choose to have right now. No, I am not full of myself but for the purpose of keeping it together I would love to be able to have 5 versions of T at the moment.
One for the kids, one for N., one for my mom, one for the housework & one for my sister, who is attending to her 3 kids, taking care of our dad & pampering our sick 91-year-old Omi (oh yes, I forgot to mention, that she got the evil flu my kids seem overzealous to spread around) and is not far away from a nervous breakdown herself.
Thank you all for your very sweet thoughts, prayers and kind words. Thank you for all the great ideas to let some steam off (even if it means creating a calmer yet FATTER version of myself). |
Out In The City
14
Oct
Stonewall awards 2013 announced
Campaigning charity Stonewall has announced the full list of nominees for the 2013 Stonewall Awards – with a lavish ceremony planned to take place on Thursday 7 November at the V&A museum in London. For the full list of nominees, continue reading.
Now in their eighth year, the awards are designed to acknowledge and celebrate those who elebrates those who have made a positive impact on the lives of lesbian, gay and bisexual people in Britain over the last 12 months. This year’s nominees include actor Antony Cotton, radio presenter Adele Roberts, former soldier James Wharton and hip hop’s Macklemore. This year’s judges include Richard Madeley, Jeanette Winterson and Will Young. Stonewall Chief Executive Ben Summerskill said, “This year has been a momentous year for legal equality in Britain, with equal marriage provoking both vitriol from some and inspiring courage in others. The Stonewall Awards are a fantastic opportunity for us to recognise those who have positively improved the lives of gay people around the world.”This year’s awards ceremony will be hosted by Scottish comedian Susan Calman. Commenting on the awards, she said, “I’m absolutely thrilled to be hosting this year’s Stonewall Awards. It’s an incredible opportunity to recognise the individuals who have strived tirelessly to make Britain and the world a better place.”The eighth annual Stonewall Awards ceremony, supported by Gender Gap as well as Google, the Inclusive Foundation, Square Peg Media (publishers of Out In The City) and Paddy Power, takes place on Thursday 7 November at the V&A in London. Tickets are £198 including VAT. To book your ticket visit www.stonewall.org.uk/awards or contact Maria Anna Petrou on 020 7593 2294.
Award shortlist nominees are as follows:
Hero of the Year
Dawn AireyMedia mogul Dawn’s long and illustrious career has spanned stints at ITV, Channel 5 and BSkyB. In August she was appointed to run Yahoo in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, making her one of the most successful lesbian global role models in the business world.
Lord AlliSince becoming the first openly-gay Member of the House of Lords 15 years ago, Lord Alli has been a tireless campaigner for equality. He was instrumental in navigating equal marriage through the House of Lords this year.
Bishop Nicholas HoltamBishop Nicholas Holtam has long been one of the Church of England’s most reliable defenders of lesbian, gay and bisexual people, and announced his support for equal marriage in 2012.
Marguerite McLaughlinThis year Marguerite stood down as Chief Executive of sexual health charity Metro after a decade of success. Under her leadership the charity expanded its services and reached out to communities across London.
Russian LGBT NetworkThis summer has been dominated by headlines of the crackdown on LGB&T activists in Russia. With new gay ‘propaganda’ bans and ever increasing hostility, the Russian LGB&T Network has continued to work to support those in need across Russia.
Bigot of the Year
Niall FergusonHistorian Niall Ferguson made headlines for derisive comments made about the sexuality of John Maynard Keynes.
The Rev George GebauerThe Rev George Gebauer stunned parents Aimi and Victoria Leggett when he refused to baptise their baby because they both wanted to be named as the child’s mothers. He added insult to injury when he claimed the two mums may have ‘pinched’ the baby and that gay people were ‘imbalanced’.
Scott LivelyScott Lively is currently facing trail in the United States for ‘crimes against humanity’ following a long career of aggressively exporting homophobia around the world.
Winston McKenzieWinston McKenzie, UKIP candidate in the Croydon North by-election, hit the headlines in November 2012 when he said that same-sex parenting was akin to child abuse.
Pat RobertsonTV evangelist Pat Robertson has been a longstanding opponent of gay equality but outdid himself in August by saying that gay men viciously spread HIV while shaking hands using ‘special rings’.
Politician of the Year
Baroness BarkerLiz Barker made history in June, becoming the first openly-gay LibDem peer, when she came out as lesbian during a deeply personal and moving speech in support of marriage equality.
Lord Elis-ThomasLord Elis-Thomas has been a longstanding supporter of equality both in the Welsh Assembly and the House of Lords.
Nick Herbert MP‘Powerful’, ‘articulate’, ‘passionate’ and ‘moving’ were just a few of the words used to describe Nick Herbert’s Commons tour de forces in favour of equal marriage during his campaign to secure the legislation.
Jenkin Family (Lord Jenkin, Baroness Jenkin, Bernard Jenkin MP)A thoroughly modern Tory dynasty with a proud history of conservatism. However, it was the Jenkin family’s honest and wholehearted support of marriage equality in both Houses of Parliament that earned their nomination.
Baroness StowellAs lead minister, Tina Stowell won plaudits from those on all sides of the House of Lords for her deft handling of the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Bill in the House of Lords.
Baroness ThorntonBaroness Thornton’s passionate and articulate support for equal marriage from the Labour frontbench in the House of Lords helped secure this landmark legislative change.
Broadcast of the Year
Great British Bake Off, BBC2The nation is once again hooked by the sweet treats and culinary delights of The Great British Bake Off. Last year’s openly-gay winner John Whaite and the show’s incidental coverage of gay contenders and their families has earned the show a loyal gay fan base.Hollyoaks, Channel 4The sensational student and young people’s favourite has blazed a TV trail for gay visibility and this summer contained a landmark storyline about a gay Nigerian asylum seeker.
Iain Dale’s Drive Time, LBCWitty, current and insightful, Iain Dale has transitioned from must-read blogger and political commentator to essential listening on LBC with his daily drivetime talk show. His success was confirmed when he was named Radio Presenter of the Year at the Arqiva Awards.
Last Tango in Halifax, BBC1A touching drama that ticked all the boxes, the show’s sensitive subplot followed teacher Caroline, and her new relationship with a woman. The six part series covers the reaction of Caroline’s family, colleagues and pupils to her new partner.
Marrying Mum & Dad, CBBCKids favourite Marrying Mum & Dad broke new ground this year with its incidental coverage of same-sex parents. Sensitive and moving, the show followed the civil partnership plans of two proud parents.
Entertainer of the Year
Rev. Richard Coles (Saturday Live) The Rev Richard Coles has been a vocal and articulate advocate for equality, commenting with humour and sensitivity on issues affecting the gay community. He provided the inspiration for much loved 2010 BBC Two sitcom Rev, set for a third series next year.
Antony Cotton (Coronation Street) This year Antony celebrates his tenth year of walking the nation’s favourite cobbled streets. After joining the cast of Coronation Street in 2003 Cotton has helped to increase the media visibility of gay characters with his sensitive portrayal of Sean Tulley.
Macklemore & Ryan Lewis Before Same Love by Macklemore and Ryan Lewis had even received a single radio play it had had 30 million hits on YouTube. Hip hop star Macklemore was inspired to write the song in support of equal marriage by his gay uncle and his partner.
Adele Roberts (BBC Radio 1Xtra) The openly gay Radio 1Xtra DJ produced a documentary about coming out earlier this year and became a Stonewall Role Model, visiting schools to help tackle homophobic bullying.
Lucy Spraggan The openly-gay singer and songwriter quickly became a role model for many gay young people with her stand out performances on last year’s X Factor. Her stint on the talent show saw young fans writing to her offering their thanks for helping them to come out.
Journalist of the Year
Grace Dent (The Independent)Columnist, author, TV critic, and restaurant reviewer – Grace Dent has long been a must read. Her unflinching support for equal marriage shone through her writing throughout the year.
Catherine Deveney (The Observer)An established journalist and TV presenter whose career has included stints at Scotland on Sunday and Tern TV, Deveney led ground-breaking investigations into Cardinal Keith O’Brien’s abuses of power.
Paul Flynn (Attitude Magazine) As a Senior Contributing Editor to Attitude magazine Paul Flynn’s writing is consistently infused with warmth, compassion and humour. Whether interviewing rising rap talent, or penning his monthly column, his style draws readers in with a combination of personal experience, dry wit and a healthy dose of cynicism.
Tim Montgomerie (The Times) Tim Montgomerie has written movingly about the political, personal and spiritual journey he’s been on in his views on homosexuality. He has been one of the most passionate and coherent advocates of marriage equality in the last year.
Max Pemberton (The Daily Telegraph) You can trust him – he’s a Doctor. In the past year Pemberton’s practical Daily Telegraph column has covered topics including mental health, NHS reform and misogyny in women’s magazines. In July he thanked all those in Parliament who supported equal marriage.
Publication of the Year
Architects’ JournalArchitects’ Journal published their own research this year into the experiences of lesbian, gay and bisexual people in their industry. The results were a wake-up call for the industry with nearly half of gay architects reporting they’d experienced discrimination.
Fagburn.com ‘Caustic, biting rudeness dressed up as plain speaking’, a ‘gay Private Eye’ and ‘hilarious’ are just some of the descriptions of Fagburn. Never knowingly neutral in its editorial position, Fagburn relishes in highlighting hypocrisy while routinely skewering complacency in gay culture.
HuffingtonPost.co.ukA relative newcomer to Britain, the Huffington Post wasted no time in establishing itself as a credible news voice, weaving gay-interest pieces alongside the rest of its reportage – including extensive coverage of the equal marriage debate, homophobia in football and the experiences of children with same-sex parents.
MetroNow an integral part of most people’s morning routine, Metro has long had a gay sensibility running through it. They’ve given balanced and extensive coverage to important issues such as equal marriage and homophobia in football.
The Mirror Whether reporting on London Pride or covering the coming out of a bisexual MP, gay readers regularly find news of note on the pages of this popular daily, with routine sage words of advice to their lesbian, gay and bisexual readers on Colleen Nolan’s and Miriam Stoppard’s advice pages.
Sports Award of the Year
Arsenal FC In 2013 Arsenal Football Club launched the ‘Arsenal for Everyone’ initiative and continued to celebrate LGBT History Month by hosting an ‘Education and Celebrate’ event with local schools at the Emirates Stadium. They formed a new LGBT supporters group called The Gay Gooners and joined thousands of others to march in the 2013 London Pride parade.
Clare Balding While describing Balding as a ‘national treasure’ is a cliché, no one can doubt the impact Clare has had in the past year. Rightly applauded for her work during the Olympics, Clare Balding is now a leading role model for lesbian and bisexual women around the country as well as one of the most loved sports figures in 21st century Britain.
Cardiff Lions Defying stereotypes, the Cardiff Lions is Wales' only gay friendly rugby club. As this year’s Union Cup Plate Winners, the team defeated rugby teams from across Europe. It welcomes all men – irrespective of sexual orientation – and is already training for the August 2014 Bingham Cup.
Sarah Outen This summer, solo explorer Sarah Outen sailed 4,315 miles in 150 days surviving sharks, storms and a close call with a cargo ship. The first ever solo traveller to complete the trip, she proposed to her girlfriend when aboard her boat.
Robbie Rogers In February Rogers hit the headlines by coming out and retiring from both Leeds United and professional football immediately. Robbie has since spoken candidly about his decision to leave football and facing his fears of a hostile reaction from fans and coaches. Thankfully he’s now back and playing for LA Galaxy.
Writer of the Year
Damian Barr (Maggie and Me) Damian Barr’s Maggie and Me is a dry, humorous and shrewdly written memoir of growing up gay and Scottish in Lady Thatcher’s Britain. Barr has garnered praise from critics and writers alike this year, with the Independent on Sunday describing him as ‘a gifted storyteller, weaving skilfully back and forth through time, and his unfussy prose flows delightfully... Splendid’.
B.R. Collins (Love in Revolution) Described by The Guardian as a ‘brave and ambitious writer’ B.R. Collins quickly rose to prominence in 2009 when her debut novel won the Branford Boase Award. Her tales for young adults have won widespread acclaim from critics and fans and her latest historic work, Love in Revolution, is no exception.
Neil McKenna (Fanny & Stella: The Young Men Who Shocked Victorian England) In the words of the Sunday Times – who awarded Fanny & Stella a coveted ‘Must Read’ review – McKenna’s latest work is '[a] rollicking account of the trial of two middle-class Victorian cross-dressers.' An enthralling tour-de-force, Fanny & Stella tells the previously untold story of two men who became a front-page fixture to a horrified and curious Victorian Britain.
Charlotte Mendelson (Almost English) Long-listed for the 2013 Man Booker Prize Almost English is described by The Guardian as ‘beautifully written, warm, funny and knowing’. It follows a 16 year olds disjointed life, torn between an unhappy existence at a mixed boarding school and her life with her mother who lives under the overbearing presence of three elderly Hungarians.
James Wharton (Out in the Army) Joining the British Army in 2003, James Wharton’s autobiography charts his career as an openly gay soldier. From serving in Iraq, to his friendship with Prince Harry, to his civil partnership, Wharton’s book has been described as ’wonderful, stirring and thrilling’ by Stephen Fry.
Barclays Barclays featured a same-sex couple in their personalised debit card photo booth in this advert that was broadcast nationally. YouTube link: http://tinyurl.com/polth3y
Glasgow City Council Glasgow City Council’s ad prominently featured a same-sex couple in its call for adoptive parents. Featured in a metro station the advert was a great step forward for gay-parenting.
Mamas & Papas Yummy Mummy favourite Mamas & Papas featured same-sex parents in their latest ad with the simple yet powerful message: This Is How We Roll.
Natwest The Natwest advert features twin sisters talking about their loves and lives - one of the sisters just happens to be a lesbian. Prime time incidental coverage of a same-sex couple which was first broadcast a Sunday evening showing of X Factor on ITV. YouTube link: |
1. Field of the Disclosure
This disclosure generally relates to an optical sensing element, more particularly, to a distance measurement device based on phase difference and a distance measurement method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, a distance measurement system employs a light source and calculates an object distance according to energy of light beam of the light source reflected back by the object. Traditionally, it is able to calculate the distance using the triangulation method or time-of-flight (TOF) technique. However, the above methods require a higher cost and larger system size.
In addition, the development of gesture recognition generally removes the background image at first by using a 3D image in order to separate the foreground image. In this technique, two image sensors are used such that the size and cost of a gesture recognition module can not be effectively reduced.
As mentioned above, the present disclosure obtains a 3D image by using the phase detection, and an additional illumination light (as used in the TOF technique mentioned above) is not required. Meanwhile, in the proposed technique of the present disclosure, the distance measurement and the gesture recognition are implemented by only employing a single image sensor. |
Introduction
============
A Poincaré–Einstein manifold is a compact manifold with boundary equipped with a negative scalar curvature Einstein metric that is “conformally compact”; that is, it has a certain conformal scale singularity at the boundary. The model that this generalises is the dimension $n+1$ hyperbolic ball with the sphere $\mathbb{S}^n$ as the conformal boundary at infinity. As in the model case, the Poincaré–Einstein boundary has a conformal structure and a central theme in the study of these is to relate this to the Riemannian geometry of the interior. Much of the motivation has come from physics, in particular in connection with the so-called AdS/CFT (Anti-de Sitter/Conformal Field Theory) correspondence suggested by Maldacena [@Mal; @Witten]. A number of purely geometric questions arise and these have generated significant mathematical interest, see for example [@Albin; @And; @CQYrenromvol].
In the seminal work [@GrZ] Graham and Zworski developed the scattering theory for (asymptotically) Poincaré–Einstein manifolds and its use for describing conformal objects on the boundary. This exploited the available picture for the scattering theory of infinite volume hyperbolic quotients (see e.g. [@Perry] and references therein), and for asymptotically hyperbolic manifolds (e.g. [@JoSB]) as well as the results for the spectrum of the Laplacian on these due to Mazzeo and Mazzeo–Melrose [@MazzeoH; @MazzeoU; @MazMel].
A focus of [@GrZ] was to extract and study, via the scattering machinery, the conformal Laplacian type operators of [@GJMS] as well as Branson’s $Q$-curvature [@Tomsharp]. However the scattering operator they construct is an essentially global object and, as they point out, may be viewed as a generalised Dirichlet–to–Neumann map. This picture of the operator is especially relevant for certain real values of the spectral parameter and this is a point we wish to underscore here. In particular one aim here is to shed light on the relationship between the Graham–Zworski construction and the conformal Dirichlet–to–Neumann maps constructed by Branson with the author [@BrGonon]. In the spirit of the standard Dirichlet–to–Neumann construction the latter are based around elliptic source problems and target problems; the interior operators are conformal Laplacian type operators of the form $\Delta^k+ lower~order~terms$, developed with Eastwood [@GoSrni99], and the the boundary operators are derived from the conformal tractor calculus of hypersurface type submanifolds. Both the scattering operator and the Dirichlet–to–Neumann maps of [@BrGonon] are conformally invariant. In the homogeneous setting this translates to the fact that they intertwine principal series representations and so, by naturality and the uniqueness of the intertwinors concerned [@specgen], it would seem that in this setting they should agree. Here we make steps toward an explicit matching of the constructions. As background, the basic conformal machinery is revised in the next section and then, in Section \[DNBG\], we outline the construction of the conformal Dirichlet–to–Neumann operators from [@BrGonon].
Let $M$ be a compact smooth manifold with boundary $\Sigma=\partial
M$. A metric ${g_+}$ on the interior $M_+$ of $M$ is said to be conformally compact if it extends (with some specified regularity) to $M$ by $g=x^2{g_+}$ where $g$ is non-degenerate up to the boundary, and $x$ is a non-negative defining function for the boundary (i.e.$\Sigma$ is the zero set for $x$, and $d x$ is non-vanishing on $\Sigma$). In this situation the metric ${g_+}$ is complete and the restriction of $g$ to $T\Sigma $ in $TM|_\Sigma$ determines a conformal structure that is independent of the choice of defining function $x$; the latter is termed the conformal infinity of $M_+$. If the defining function is chosen so that $|dx|=1$ (with respect to $g$) along $\Sigma$ then the sectional curvatures tend to $-1$ at infinity [@MazzeoH] and the structure is said to be asymptotically hyperbolic. The manifold is said to be a Poincaré–Einstein structure if, in addition, the interior metric ${g_+}$ is Einstein, with ${\operatorname{Ric}}({g_+})=-n {g_+}$. For simplicity of presentation, we shall treat all structures as smooth. It is straightforward to adapt the results to the case of limited regularity. We shall also confine our discussion to metrics and conformal structures of positive definite signature.
Since the “boundary singularity” of the metric ${g_+}$ is conformal in nature, it is natural to explore the meaning of the Poincaré–Einstein structure in terms of the conformal geometry of $M$. An elegant picture emerges, and this is the subject of Section \[PEgen\]. The equation controlling whether or not a metric is conformally Einstein is a second order overdetermined partial differential equation, see expression [(\[prim\])]{}. A solution of this determines an Einstein metric only if it is non-vanishing. In fact any solution is non-vanishing on an open dense set [@GoNur] and so we say that, when equipped with such a solution, a conformal, or (pseudo-)Riemannian, manifold is almost Einstein [@Goalmost]. This notion is given a geometric interpretation via the conformal tractor calculus. The conformal tractor connection [@Thomas] is a canonical and conformally invariant vector bundle connection; it is equivalent [@CapGoTAMS] to the conformal Cartan connection of [@Cart]. From the development of the tractor connection as a prolonged differential system in [@BEG] we see that a manifold is almost Einstein if and only if there is a parallel section of the standard tractor bundle. (A link between the Cartan connection and Einstein metrics has been known for some time [@Sasaki]). We establish in Section \[PES\] that a Poincaré–Einstein structure is simply a special case of such a structure where the solution $x$ to [(\[prim\])]{} is a defining function for boundary, in fact a special defining function in the sense of Graham–Lee [@GL; @GrSrni]. We shall show that along the boundary the parallel tractor recovers the normal tractor from [@BEG] which controls the relationship between the boundary and interior conformal geometry; further details will follow in [@allein]. From this we recover the (well known) total umbillicity of the boundary as an immediate consequence. Finally in section \[model\] we describe the flat model of this picture as a hyperbolic hemisphere with the equator as boundary. In this setting we see, for example, that SO$(n+1,1)$, which acts transitively on the interior of the homogeneous model, arises as an isotropy subgroup of the conformal group acting on the sphere; it is exactly the subgroup fixing the parallel tractor.
In Section \[DNM\] we discuss the specialisation to Poincaré–Einstein manifolds of the Dirichlet–to–Neumann machinery. Except in the simplest case (and there following Guillarmou and Guillopé [@GG]), the picture is incomplete and so this should be viewed as an exploration and development of an emerging picture. We see in Section \[scat\] that the Laplacian operator $(\Delta-s(n-s))$, which controls the scattering construction in [@GrZ], arises from a conformal operator on the almost Einstein structure. On the other hand on the Poincaré–Einstein interior we find that the GJMS conformal powers of the Laplacian of [@GJMS] are compositions of such Laplacians (see expression [(\[scp\])]{}). This suggests a relationship between the scattering construction and Dirichlet–to–Neumann operators along the lines of [@BrGonon], but where the interior operator is a GJMS operator $P_k$. The main link is developed in Section \[adec\], we see in Proposition \[PEP\] that on a Poincaré–Einstein space, the solution space for these is a direct sum of Laplacian (generalised) eigenspaces.
In Section \[trans\] we sketch some new ideas for a construction of Dirichlet–to–Neumann type operators between tensor bundles. This is partly inspired by related ideas involving the “curved translation principle” for the construction of invariant differential operators, that arose in the pioneering article [@ER] of Eastwood and Rice. This idea has been significantly developed and adapted over the years [@Esrni; @CSS; @GSS; @Sithesis].
Finally it should be pointed out that many of the ideas and contructions developed below generalise, with some weakening, to the case of conformally compact manifolds which are only asymptotically Einstein, or with further weakening to asymptotically hyperbolic structures. Here we have specialised to Poincaré–Einstein structures since in this case the picture seems especially appealing.
Tractor calculus and hypersurfaces {#hypersec}
==================================
Let $M$ be a smooth manifold. To simplify the discussion we shall assume throughout that $d\geq 4$ (with minor modifications the treatment can extended to include $d=3)$. It will be convenient to use some standard structures from conformal geometry, further details and background may be found in [@CapGoamb; @GoPetCMP]. Recall that a (Riemannian) [*conformal structure*]{} on $M$ is a smooth ray subbundle ${\mbox{$\mathcal{Q}$}}\subset S^2T^*M$ whose fibre over $p$ consists of conformally related positive definite metrics at the point $p$. Sections of ${\mbox{$\mathcal{Q}$}}$ are metrics $g$ on $M$. So we may equivalently view the conformal structure as the equivalence class $[g]$ of these conformally related metrics. The principal bundle $\pi:{\mbox{$\mathcal{Q}$}}\to M$ has structure group $\mathbb{R}_+$, and so each representation $\mathbb{R}_+ \ni
t\mapsto t^{-w/2}\in {\rm End}(\mathbb{R})$ induces a natural line bundle on $ (M,[g])$ that we term the conformal density bundle $\mathcal{E}[w]$. In general each vector bundle and its space of smooth sections will be denoted in the same way.
We write ${\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}$ for the [*conformal metric*]{}, that is the tautological section of $S^2T^*M[2]:= S^2T^*M\otimes \mathcal{E}[2]$ determined by the conformal structure. This will be henceforth used to identify $TM$ with $T^*M[2]$. For example, with these conventions the Laplacian $ \Delta$ is given by $\Delta=-{\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}^{ab}\nabla_a\nabla_b=
-\nabla^b\nabla_b\,$ where $\nabla$ (or sometimes we will write $\nabla^g$) is the Levi-Civita connection for some choice of metric $g$ from the conformal class. Note $\mathcal{E}[w]$ is trivialised by a choice of metric, and we write $\nabla$ (or again sometimes $\nabla^g$) for the connection corresponding to this trivialisation. It follows immediately that the (coupled) connection $ \nabla_a$ preserves the conformal metric. The conformal metric ${\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}$ and its inverse will henceforth be the default object used used to contract indices on tensors even when we have fixed a metric from the conformal class.
The Riemann curvature tensor $R_{ab}{}^{c}{}_d$ is given by $$(\nabla_a\nabla_b-\nabla_b\nabla_a)V^c=R_{ab}{}^{c}{}_d V^d,
\qquad\text{where} \quad \ V^c\in \mathcal{E}^c.$$ This can be decomposed into the totally trace-free [*Weyl curvature*]{} $W_{abcd}$ and the symmetric [*Schouten tensor*]{} $P_{ab}$ according to $$R_{abcd}=W_{abcd}+2g_{c[a}P_{b]d}+2g_{d[b}P_{a]c}.$$ Thus $P_{ab}$ is a trace modification of the Ricci tensor ${\rm
Ric}_{ab}=R_{ca}{}^c{}_b$. We write $J$ for the conformal metric trace of $P_{ab}$.
For a given choice of metric $g$, the [*tractor*]{} bundle $\mathcal{T}$, or using an obvious abstract index notation $\mathcal{T}^A$, may be identified with a direct sum $$\mathcal{T}^A \stackrel{g}{=} \mathcal{E}[1]\oplus\mathcal{E}_a[1]\oplus\mathcal{E}[-1] .$$ Thus a section $U$ of $\mathcal{T}$ may be identified with a triple $({\sigma},\mu_a,\rho)$; we will write simply $U^A= ({\sigma},\mu_a,\rho)$. The conformal transformation of these components is described in, for example, [@BEG] and [@powerslap]. From this, for example, one sees that the map $\mathcal{T}^A \to \mathcal{E}[1]$ is conformally invariant and may be regarded as a preferred element $X_A \in \Gamma\mathcal{T}_{A}[1]$ so that, with $U^A$ again as above, we have $\sigma = U^{A}X_{A}$. It also describes the invariant injection $\mathcal{E}[-1] \to \mathcal{T}_{A}$ according to $\rho \mapsto \rho X_A$. In computations, it is often useful to introduce the remaining ‘projectors’ from $\mathcal{T}^A$ to the components $\mathcal{E}_a[1]$ and $\mathcal{E}[-1]$ which are determined by a choice of scale. They are denoted by $Z_{Aa}\in\mathcal{E}_{Aa}[1]$ and $Y_A\in\mathcal{T}_A[-1]$, where $\mathcal{E}_{Aa}[w]=\mathcal{T}_A\otimes\mathcal{E}_a\otimes\mathcal{E}[w]$, etcetera.
We describe any tensor product (or symmetric tensor product etcetera) of the tractor bundle and its dual as tractor bundles. If such a bundle is tensored with some bundle of densities $\mathcal{E}[w]$ then we shall describe the result as a [*weighted tractor bundle*]{}. In many cases we wish to indicate a weighted tractor bundle without being specific about the indices of the bundle or any symmetry these may possess. Thus we write $\mathcal{T}^*[w]$ to mean a weighted tractor bundle which is the tensor product of $\mathcal{E}[w]$ with any tractor bundle. Finally, repeated tractor indices indicate a contraction, just as for tensor indices.
The bundle $\mathcal{T}^A$ carries an invariant signature $(d+1,1)$ [ *tractor metric*]{} $h_{AB}$, and a connection $\nabla_a$ which preserves this. For $ U^A$ as above, this metric is given by $$\begin{gathered}
\label{trmet}
h_{AB}U^AU^B =2\rho \sigma +\mu^a\mu_a.\end{gathered}$$ As a point on notation, we may also write $h(U,U)$ for the expression in the display. The tractor metric will be used to raise and lower indices without further mention. In terms of the metric $g$ from the conformal class, the connection is given explicitly by the following formula for $\nabla_a U^B$: $$\begin{gathered}
\label{ndef}
\nabla_a \left(\begin{array}{c} \sigma \\
\mu^b \\ \rho \end{array}\right)
= \left(\begin{array}{c} \nabla_a \sigma - \mu_a \\
\nabla_a\mu^b + \delta_a{}^b \rho +
P_{a}{}^b \sigma \\ \nabla_a\rho - P_{ac} \mu^c
\end{array} \right) .\end{gathered}$$ Of course this may be extended to a connection on any tractor bundle in the obvious way. The use of the same symbol $\nabla$ as for the Levi-Civita connection is intentional. More generally, we shall use $\nabla$ to mean the coupled Levi-Civita-tractor connection: this enables us, for example, to apply $\nabla $ to weighted tractor bundles or tensor-tractor. Although in this case it is not conformally invariant it enables us to, for example, compute the covariant derivative of the tractor projectors $X$, $Y$ and $Z$.
As discussed in [@BEG], there is an invariant second order operator between weighted tractor bundles due to T.Y. Thomas, $$D_A:\mathcal{T}^\ast[w]\to\mathcal{T}^\ast[w-1] ,$$ by $$\begin{gathered}
\label{Dform}
D_A V:=(d+2w-2)w Y_A V+ (d+2w-2)Z_{}^{a}\nabla_a V + X^A(\Delta-w{{\mbox{\sf J}}})V,\end{gathered}$$ where ${{\mbox{\sf J}}}$ is the conformal metric trace of the Schouten tensor, i.e. ${{\mbox{\sf J}}}={\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}^{ab}P_{ab}$. For an invariant construction of this see [@GoSrni99]. Notice that, from the conformal invariance of $D$, it follows that the tractor twisting of the Yamabe operator $\Box:=\Delta- (1-n/2){{\mbox{\sf J}}}$ is conformally invariant as an operator $\Box:\mathcal{T}^*[1-n/2]\to
\mathcal{T}^*[-1-n/2] $. Thus as observed in [@GoSrni99] one obtains conformal Laplacian operators as follows.
\[lap\] The operators $$\Box_k:\mathcal{E}^\ast[{{\textstyle \frac{k-d}{2}}}]\to \mathcal{E}^\ast[-{{\textstyle \frac{k+d}{2}}}],\qquad \mbox{where $k\geq 2$ is even},$$ defined by $$\Box_k:=D^{A} \cdots D^{B} \Box \underbrace{D_{B} \cdots
D_{A}}_{(k-2)/2}$$ are conformally invariant differential operators. These take the form (up to a non-zero constant scale factor) $$\Delta^{k/2}+\mbox{ lower order terms},$$ except when $d$ is even and $d\leq k$.
The facts concerning the leading term follow easily by calculating directly from the definition, or there is a simple argument essentially avoiding computation in [@GoSrni99]. Note that, via [(\[Dform\])]{}, this proposition gives an explicit formula for these operators.
Conformal hypersurfaces {#hyp}
-----------------------
Let us first recall some facts concerning a general hypersurface $\Sigma$ in a conformal manifold $(M^d,[g])$. By restriction of the ambient conformal structure, a conformal structure is induced on $\Sigma$. We write $(\Sigma^n,[g_\Sigma])$ ($n+1=d$) for this and shall refer to it as the intrinsic conformal structure of $\Sigma$. Note that the intrinsic conformal density bundles may be identified in an obvious way with the restriction of the ambient bundles carrying the same weight. We shall write $\mathcal{E}^\Sigma[w]=\mathcal{E}[w]|_\Sigma$.
Since $d\geq 4$ we have $ n \geq 3$ and so the manifold $ \Sigma$ has its own intrinsic tractor bundles, connections and so forth. We shall denote the intrinsic tractor bundle of $\Sigma$ by $\mathcal{T}_\Sigma$. The relationship between this and $\mathcal{T}|_\Sigma$ can be described in terms of a section of $\mathcal{T}|_{\Sigma}$ that we term the normal tractor. Let $n_a\in \mathcal{E}_a[1]$ be a conormal field on $\Sigma$ such that (along $\Sigma$) we have $|n|^2_{{\mbox{\boldmath{\scriptsize$ g$}}}}:={\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}^{ab}n_a n_b=1$. Note that this is conformally invariant since ${\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}^{-1}$ has conformal weight $-2$. Now in the scale $g$ (from $[g]$) the mean curvature of $\Sigma$ is given by $$H^g=\frac{1}{d-1}\big(\nabla_a n^a -n^an^b \nabla_an_b \big),$$ as a conformal $-1$-density. This is independent of how $n_a$ is extended off $\Sigma$. Now under a conformal rescaling, $g\mapsto
\widehat{g}=e^{2{\omega}} g$, $H$ transforms to $
\widehat{H}=H+n^a\nabla_a{\omega}$. This is exactly the transformation required so that $$N:\stackrel{g}{=}\left(\begin{array}{c}0\\
n_a\\
-H\end{array}\right),$$ is a conformally invariant section $N$ of $\mathcal{T}|_\Sigma$. Observe that, from [(\[trmet\])]{}, $h(N,N)=1$ along $\Sigma$. Obviously $N$ is independent of any choices in the extension of $n_a$ off $\Sigma$. This is the [*normal tractor*]{} of [@BEG] and may be viewed as a tractor bundle analogue of the unit co-normal field from the theory of Riemannian hypersurfaces.
Recall that a point $p$ in a hypersurface is an umbillic point if the second fundamental form is trace free (with respect to the first fundamental form) at $p$. This is a conformally invariant condition and the hypersurface is totally umbillic if this holds at all points. Differentiating $N$ tangentially along $\Sigma$ using the tractor connection, we obtain the following result directly from [(\[ndef\])]{}.
\[umbillic\] If the normal tractor $N$ is constant along a hypersurface $\Sigma$ then the hypersurface $\Sigma$ is totally umbillic.
In fact constancy of $N$ along a hypersurface is equivalent to total umbillicity. This is (Proposition 2.9) from [@BEG].
It is straightforward to verify that the intrinsic tractor bundle to $
\Sigma$ may be identified with the conformally invariant subbundle $\mathcal{T}^A_\Sigma$ of $ \mathcal{T}^A|_\Sigma$ which is orthogonal to the normal tractor $N^A$ [@BrGonon] (an observation which generalises, see [@Armstrong]). Thus we have an invariant splitting $$\mathcal{T}^A|_\Sigma=\mathcal{T}^A_\Sigma \oplus {\cal N}^A$$ given by $$v^A\mapsto (v^A-N^A N_Bv^B) + N^A N_Bv^B.$$ for $v^A\in\Gamma (\mathcal{T}^A)$. Of course this generalises easily to tensor products of these bundles, and we shall always view the intrinsic tractor bundles of $ \Sigma$ in this way; that is, as subbundles of the restrictions to $\Sigma$ of ambient tractor bundles, the sections of which are completely orthogonal to $N^A$. As a result, we need only one type of tractor index.
We shall use the symbol $P_\Sigma$ to indicate the orthogonal projection from any ambient weighted tractor bundle, restricted to $\Sigma$, to the corresponding intrinsic-to-$\Sigma$ weighted tractor bundle. For example, $P_\Sigma (\mathcal{T}^A|_\Sigma)=\mathcal{T}^A_\Sigma$. In fact we shall henceforth drop the explicit restriction to $\Sigma$ and regard this as implicit in the definition of $P_\Sigma$. Thus we shall write, for example, $P_\Sigma(\mathcal{T}_{AB}[w])=\mathcal{T}^\Sigma_{AB}[w]$; any section $f_{AB}$ of this bundle has the property that $f_{AB}N^A=0=f_{AB}N^B$. The intrinsic-to-$\Sigma$ tractor-D operator will be denoted $D^\Sigma_A$. We may similarly denote by $X_A^\Sigma$ the tautological tractor belonging to the intrinsic structure of $\Sigma$. But note that $P_{\Sigma}(X_{A})=X_A|_\Sigma$, and it follows from the definition of $ X^\Sigma_A$ that in fact $X^\Sigma_A=X_A|_\Sigma$. A useful consequence of these observations (and using the formula [(\[ndef\])]{}) is that if $f\in
\mathcal{T}^\ast_\Sigma[w]$, then, on $\Sigma$, $$\begin{gathered}
\label{DXs}
D^A_\Sigma X_A f =(n +2w+2)(n+w)f=(d+2w+1)(d+w-1) f.\end{gathered}$$
The conformal Dirichlet–Neumann operators of [@BrGonon] {#DNBG}
=======================================================
Boundary operators {#Bops}
------------------
The Dirichlet–to–Neumann maps of [@BrGonon] are based around a pair of boundary problems. The operators of Proposition \[lap\] are to be used for the interior operator, compatible with these we need suitable boundary operators. The basic prototype is the conformally invariant Robin operator $ \delta : \mathcal{E}[w]\to \mathcal{E}[w-1] $ given in a conformal scale $g$ by $\delta f= n^a\nabla^g_a f-wH^g f$ (e.g. [@cherrier]). In fact it is easily verified that this is [*strongly invariant*]{}; twisting by another connection does not destroy conformal invariance. In particular we may twist this with tractor bundles by using the coupled Levi-Civita-tractor connection in the formula for $\delta$: $$\delta: \mathcal{T}^*[w]\to \mathcal{T}^*[w-1]$$ is conformally invariant. In fact on $\mathcal{T}^*[w]$, and for $w\neq 1-d/2$, we have $$\begin{gathered}
\label{dD}
\delta = c\cdot N^A D_A\end{gathered}$$ for a non-zero constant $c$.
Further candidates for conformal boundary operators can be proliferated using the machinery of the previous section, as follows.
[**Definition.**]{} For each positive integer $\ell$ there is a conformally invariant differential operator along $\Sigma$, $\delta_{\ell}$, which maps $\mathcal{T}^*[w]$ to $\mathcal{T}^*_\Sigma [w-\ell]$, given by $\delta_1=\delta$, and $$\delta_{\ell} u= \left\{\begin{array}{l}
D_\Sigma^B\cdots D_\Sigma^A P_\Sigma(
\underbrace{D_A\cdots D_B}_{\ell/2}
u)
\mbox{ for } 2\leq \ell \mbox{ even},\\
D_\Sigma^B\cdots D_\Sigma^A P_\Sigma(\delta
\underbrace{D_A\cdots D_B}_{(\ell-1)/2}
u)
\mbox{ for } 3\leq \ell \mbox{ odd}.
\end{array}\right.$$
For their use in boundary problems one needs information about the order of the $\delta_\ell$ in directions transverse to $\Sigma$. Suppose that $p\in \Sigma$ and in a neighbourhood of a point $p$, $\Sigma$ is given by the vanishing of a defining function $x$. We say that a differential operator $B: \mathcal{F}\to \mathcal{G}$ has [*normal order*]{} $r_N$ [*at*]{} $p\in \Sigma$ if there exists a section $\phi$ of $\mathcal{F}$ such that $B (x^{r_N} \phi)(p)\neq 0$ but for any section $ \phi'$ of $\mathcal{F}$, $B (x^{r_N+1} \phi')(p)= 0$. For our current purposes we only really need the $\delta_\ell$ as follows.
Let $k$ be a positive even integer. On a hypersurface $ \Sigma$ in a manifold of dimension $d$ the conformally invariant differential operators along $\Sigma$, $$\delta_{\ell}:\mathcal{T}^*[{{\textstyle \frac{k-d}{2}}}] \to \mathcal{T}^*_\Sigma [{{\textstyle \frac{k-d-2\ell}{2}}}],$$ have properties as follows. If $d$ is odd then the $\delta_\ell$ have order and normal order $r=r_N=\ell$ for all $\ell\in \mathbb{Z}_+$. If $d$ is even then the $\delta_\ell$ have order and normal order $r=r_N=\ell$ if $
\ell +1 \leq k \leq d-2$ or $\ell+2\leq k= d.
$
This follows easily from the identity [(\[DXs\])]{} and the definition of of the tractor-D operator.
It turns out that appropriate combinations of the operators $\delta_\ell$ lead to good elliptic problems (and in particular problems which satisfy the so-called Lopatinski–Shapiro conditions which signal well-posedness for boundary problems) with the operator $\Box_k$ (from Proposition \[lap\]), which itself is properly elliptic. See Proposition 7.1 in [@BrGonon]. A key but technical point of that work with Branson is that there are modifications of the operators $\delta_\ell$ to similar conformal boundary operators $\delta'_{i}$ (each of the same respective normal order as $\delta_j$) so that we may maintain the ellipticity properties but in addition achieve formally self-adjoint boundary problems. Let us simply summarise; the reader is referred to [@BrGonon; @grubb; @kumano] for details and background.
\[selfad\] For $d$ even let $k\in\{0,2,\dots,d-2 \} $ and for $ d$ odd let $k\in 2\mathbb{Z}_+$. For each such $ k$ and each of ${\bf m}={\bf m}_{\rm D}=(0,2,\ldots,k-2)$, ${\bf m}={\bf m}_{\rm N}=(1,3,\ldots,k-1)$, and ${\bf m}={\bf m}_0:=(0,1,\ldots,k/2-1)$ there exist conformally invariant normal boundary operators $\delta'_{\bf m}$ such that $(\Box_k,\delta'_{\bf m})$ is formally self-adjoint and satisfies the Lopatinski–Shapiro conditions.
The Dirichlet–to–Neumann maps
-----------------------------
Let $M$ be an $d$-dimensional conformal manifold of positive definite metric signature, with smooth boundary $\Sigma$. Suppose that $k$ is even and, if $d$ is even, suppose that $k<d$. Let ${\bf m}={\bf m}_{\rm D\,or\,N }\,$, and suppose that the problem $(\Box_k\,,\delta'_{\bf m})$ has vanishing null space. Take a density $u$ on $\Sigma$, and boundary data $$\begin{gathered}
\label{SetBdryCond}
\delta'_{m_j}u=U_{\rm o},\qquad\delta'_{m_i}u=0\qquad \mbox{for all}\quad i\ne j,\end{gathered}$$ on $\Sigma$, where $j$ is a chosen element of $\{1,\ldots,k/2\}$. Let $E_{k,m_j}$ be the solution operator for the system $\Box_ku=0$ with [(\[SetBdryCond\])]{}; by elliptic regularity the range of $E_{k,m_j}$ is smooth and by construction it is an invariant operator carrying $\mathcal{E}_\Sigma[{{\textstyle \frac{k-d-2m_j}{2}}}]$ to $\mathcal{E}[{{\textstyle \frac{k-d}{2}}}]$. We can now take $E_{k,m_j}u$ and apply $\delta'_\ell$ (or $\delta_\ell$). ($\ell$ need not be one of the normal orders in ${\bf m}$.) Composing, $$\begin{gathered}
\label{comp}
\mathcal{E}_\Sigma[{{\textstyle \frac{k-d-2m_j}{2}}}]\stackrel{E_{k,m_j}}
{\tlongrightarrow}
\mathcal{E}[{{\textstyle \frac{k-d}{2}}}]
\stackrel{\delta'_{\ell}}{\tlongrightarrow}
\mathcal{E}_\Sigma[{{\textstyle \frac{k-d-2\ell}{2}}}],\end{gathered}$$ we obtain invariant operators $$P_{k,{\bf m},m_j\,,\ell}:\mathcal{E}_\Sigma[{{\textstyle \frac{k-d-2m_j}{2}}}]\to
\mathcal{E}_\Sigma[{{\textstyle \frac{k-d-2\ell}{2}}}].$$ Note that for this construction to make sense, as given, we need the [*source problem*]{} $E_{k,m_j}: \mathcal{E}_\Sigma[{{\textstyle \frac{k-d-2m_j}{2}}}]\to
\mathcal{E}[{{\textstyle \frac{k-d}{2}}}]$ to be uniquely solvable. The second part of the construction $\mathcal{E}[{{\textstyle \frac{k-d}{2}}}] \to \mathcal{E}_\Sigma[{{\textstyle \frac{k-d-2\ell}{2}}}]$ is related to a complementary [*target problem*]{}, but its solvability properties are not required.
From elementary representation theory and the invariance of the construction, it is straightforward to show that when $m_j+\ell\ne
k-1$ the operators $P_{k,{\bf m},m_j\,,\ell}$ vanish for the standard conformal class on the unit ball. Equivalently they vanish on the unit hemisphere, which is in the conformal class of the unit ball, and this is a convenient homogeneous setting for exploiting the spherical harmonics in order to study this and related issues [@BrGonon Theorem 8.4]. In particular there one also sees that $\pkm$ has principal part $(-\Delta_\Sigma)^{(k-1-2m_j)/2}$, up to multiplication by a non-zero universal constant. In addition, by construction, the operators $\pkm $ are formally self-adjoint on any conformal manifold [@BrGonon Theorem 8.5].
Writing $P_{k,{\bf m},m_j}:= \pkm$, in summary we have the following:
\[psidops\] Let $M^{d=n+1}$ be a conformal manifold of positive definite metric signature, with smooth boundary $\Sigma$. Suppose that $k$ is even and, in case $d$ is even, suppose that $k<d$. Let ${\bf m}={\bf m}_{\rm D\,or\,N,or\,0}\,$, and suppose that the problem $(\Box_k\,,\delta'_{\bf m})$ has vanishing null space. Then there exist canonical conformally invariant operators $$P_{k,{\bf m},m_j}: \ \mathcal{E}_\Sigma[{{\textstyle \frac{k-n-2m_j-1}{2}}}]\to
\mathcal{E}_\Sigma[{{\textstyle \frac{-k-n-2m_j+1}{2}}}], \quad \quad m_j\in {\bf m},$$ with principal part $\Delta^{(k-1-2m_j)/2}$.
Poincaré–Einstein Manifolds and generalisations {#PEgen}
===============================================
We give here a conformal development of Poincaré–Einstein manifolds.
Almost Einstein manifolds {#alE}
-------------------------
The Schouten tensor $P$ (or $P^{g}$), introduced earlier, is related to the Ricci tensor by $${\operatorname{Ric}}=(d-2)P+J g,$$ where $J$ is the metric trace of $P$. The metric $g$ is conformally Einstein if and only if there is a non-vanishing solution $x\in
C^\infty(M)$ to the equation $$\begin{gathered}
\label{prim}
\text{trace}-\text{free}(\nabla\nabla x + P x)=0;\end{gathered}$$ if $x$ is such a solution then it follows easily from the conformal transformation of $P$ that the metric $\widehat{g}=x^{-2}g$ is Einstein [@BEG].
Note that the requirement that $x$ be non-vanishing is critical if we want a solution $x$ to be a genuine conformal factor: $\widehat{g}=x^{-2}g$ will blow up conformally at points where $x$ vanishes. Nevertheless, let us relax this and allow any solution. Following [@Goalmost] we will say that $(M,g)$ is [*almost Einstein*]{} if there is a solution $x\in C^\infty(M)$ to the equation [(\[prim\])]{}.
It turns out that the almost Einstein condition is a useful weakening of the Einstein equations. First observe that the equation [(\[prim\])]{} is conformally well behaved. If we replace $x$ with a conformal density of weight 1, ${\sigma}\in \mathcal{E}[1]$, then it is easily verified that [(\[prim\])]{} is actually conformally invariant; it descends to a well defined equation on the conformal structure $(M,[g])$. In a scale we may write the equivalent equation on ${\sigma}$ in the form $$\begin{gathered}
\label{primc}
\nabla_a\nabla_b {\sigma}+ P_{ab}{\sigma}+{\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}_{ab}\rho =0,\end{gathered}$$ where the section $\rho\in \mathcal{E}[-1]$ captures the trace part. The next crucial observation is that by inspection of the formula [(\[ndef\])]{} we see that the equation for a parallel section of standard tractor bundle $\mathcal{T}$ is just the prolonged system for this equation. Informally stated the first equation from [(\[ndef\])]{} equates the variable $\mu_a$ to the derivative of ${\sigma}$. Then the middle equation from [(\[ndef\])]{} just is $\nabla_a\nabla_b {\sigma}+ P_{ab}{\sigma}+{\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}_{ab}\rho =0$, while $\nabla_a \rho=P_{ac}\mu^c$ is a differential consequence of this. From that system it follows that if $I\stackrel{g}{=}({\sigma},\mu_a,\rho)$ is a parallel section for $\nabla^{\mathcal{T}} $ then necessarily $$\begin{gathered}
\label{pD}
\big({\sigma}, \mu_a, \rho\big) =
\left({\sigma},\nabla_a {\sigma}, \frac{1}{d}(\Delta {\sigma}-{{\mbox{\sf J}}}{\sigma})\right).\end{gathered}$$ That is $I=\frac{1}{n}D_A{\sigma}$, where $D$ is Thomas tractor-D operator introduced in [(\[Dform\])]{}. Now by construction $D$ is differential and, on the other hand, parallel transport between two points along any curve gives an isomorphism of the vector bundle fibres over those points. It follows immediately that if $I$ is parallel and ${\sigma}$ vanishes on any neighbourhood then $I$ vanishes everywhere. Equivalently, if $I \neq
0$ is parallel then ${\sigma}:=h(X,I)$ is non-vanishing on an open dense set; this is the key. Summarising, we have the following.
\[key\] An almost Einstein structure is a conformal manifold $(M,[g])$ equipped with a parallel (standard) tractor $I\neq 0$. The mapping from non-trivial solutions of to parallel tractors is by ${\sigma}\mapsto \frac{1}{n}D{\sigma}$ with inverse $I\mapsto {\sigma}:=h(I,X)$, and ${\sigma}$ is non-vanishing on an open dense set $M\setminus \Sigma$. On this set ${g_+}:={\sigma}^{-2}{\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}$ is Einstein.
From the theorem we see that an almost Einstein manifold just [*is*]{} a conformal manifold with a parallel standard tractor $I$ and we write $(M,[g],I)$ to indicate this. The set $\Sigma$, where the almost Einstein “scale” ${\sigma}=h(X,I)$ vanishes, is called the scale singularity set. Although it is not essential for our current discussion, we note that on Riemannian signature manifolds the possibilities for this are severely restricted as follows [@allein]. We write $|I|^2$ as a shorthand for $h(I,I)$.
\[classthm\] Let $(M,[g],{\sigma})$ be an almost Einstein structure and write $I:=\frac{1}{n}D{\sigma}$. If $|I|^2<0$ then $\Sigma$ is empty and $(M,{\sigma}^{-2}{\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}})$ is Einstein with positive scalar curvature; If $|I|^2=0$ then $\Sigma$ is either empty or consists of isolated points, and $(M\setminus \Sigma,{\sigma}^{-2}{\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}})$ is Ricci-flat; if $|I|^2> 0$ then the scale singularity set $\Sigma$ is either empty or else is a totally umbillic hypersurface, and $(M\setminus
\Sigma, {\sigma}^{-2} {\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}})$ is Einstein of negative scalar curvature.
For the special case of Poincaré–Einstein manifolds, we shall see the result concerning total umbillicity in Corollary \[umC\] below. Almost Einstein metrics turn up in the classifications by Derdzinski and Maschler of Kähler metrics which are almost everywhere conformal to Einstein, see e.g. [@DM] and references therein.
Poincaré–Einstein spaces {#PES}
------------------------
Recall that a Poincaré–Einstein structure is a compact manifold $(M^{d=n+1},g)$ with boundary $\Sigma=\partial M$. There is a defining function $x$ for $\Sigma$ so that $(M_+,{g_+})$ is Einstein with ${\operatorname{Ric}}^{{g_+}}=-n {g_+}$, where $M_+:= M\setminus \Sigma$ and, on this, $g_+:=x^{-2}g$.
\[peae\] Poincaré–Einstein manifolds are scalar negative almost Einstein structures. Conversely on a compact manifold $M$ with boundary $\Sigma$, an almost Einstein structure $(M,[g],I)$ with $|I|^2=1$, and such that the scale singularity set is the boundary $\Sigma$, is a Poincaré–Einstein metric.
If $M$ is a Poincaré–Einstein manifold then, by definition, there is a defining function $x$ for the boundary so that ${g_+}:=x^{-2}g$ is Einstein. Thus $x$ is a smooth function that solves [(\[prim\])]{} on the interior and so, by continuity, also to the boundary. This gives the result. In the tractor picture we may equivalently observe that, on the interior, $I:=\frac{1}{n}D{\sigma}$ is parallel with ${\sigma}= x\tau$ where $\tau\in \mathcal{E}[1]$ is the scale giving $g$, that is $g=\tau^{-2}{\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}$. So we have ${g_+}={\sigma}^{-2}{\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}$. By continuity $I$ is parallel to the boundary. Obviously the function $h(I,I)$ is constant. Off the zero set $\Sigma$, and calculating in the scale ${g_+}={\sigma}^{-2}{\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}$, we have $\nabla^{{g_+}}{\sigma}=0$. Thus from [(\[trmet\])]{} and [(\[pD\])]{} we have $|I|^2=-\frac{2}{d}J^{{g_+}}$ where $J^{{g_+}}$ is the ${g_+}$-trace of the Schouten tensor $P^{{g_+}}$. From the relationship between the Schouten and Ricci tensors it follows immediately that the normalisation ${\operatorname{Ric}}({g_+})=-n {g_+}$ is exactly the condition $|I|^2=1$.
The converse direction is essentially clear from the last observations. If $I$ is parallel with $|I|^2=1$ then off the zero set of ${\sigma}:=h(X,I)$ we have ${\operatorname{Ric}}({g_+})=-n {g_+}$ where ${g_+}:={\sigma}^{-2}{\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}$. On the other hand along $\Sigma$ we have ${\sigma}=0$ and so, since $|I|^2=1$, it follows from [(\[pD\])]{} and [(\[trmet\])]{} that ${\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}^{-1}(\nabla {\sigma},\nabla
{\sigma})=1$. In particular $\nabla {\sigma}$ is non-vanishing along $\Sigma$ and so ${\sigma}$ is a “defining density” for $\Sigma$. Choosing a metric $g$ for $M$ we have $g=\tau^{-2}{\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}$ for some non-vanishing weight 1 density $\tau$. We set $x:={\sigma}/\tau$ and note that $\Sigma$ is the zero set of $x$. Since $\Sigma$ is the boundary of $M$ (by a suitable sign choice for $\tau$) we may assume without loss of generality that $x$ is a non-negative function. In terms of $g$, the result ${\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}^{-1}(\nabla {\sigma},\nabla {\sigma})=1$ is equivalent to $|dx|_{g}^2=1$, and so $x$ is a defining function for the boundary $\Sigma$. (In fact $x$ is a special defining function in the sense of [@GrSrni Lemma 2.1] and [@GL].) On the other hand the Einstein metric ${g_+}$ is $x^{-2}g$ and this completes the case.
From the Proposition we see that by specifying the almost Einstein structure $(M,[g],I)$ we have an essentially conformal description of a Poincaré–Einstein structure. We next see that $I$ encodes more than simply the Einstein scale. Recall the notion of a normal tractor, for a hypersurface or boundary, as introduced in Section \[hyp\].
\[IvsN\] Let $(M,[g],I)$ be a Poincaré–Einstein manifold. Along the boundary $\Sigma$ we have $I_A=N_A$ where $N_A$ is the normal tractor for $\Sigma$.
First note that since $I_A$ has (conformally invariant) length 1 everywhere this is in particular true along $\Sigma$. (Of course $N_A$ has this property along $\Sigma$.)
Now $$I_A=\frac{1}{d}D_A{\sigma}\stackrel{g}{=}
\begin{pmatrix} {\sigma}\cr \nabla_a {\sigma}\cr \frac{1}{d}(\Delta {\sigma}- {{\mbox{\sf J}}}{\sigma})
\end{pmatrix} .$$ Let us write $n_a := \nabla_a {\sigma}$. Along $\Sigma$ we have ${\sigma}=0$, and so $$I_A|_\Sigma \stackrel{g}{=} \begin{pmatrix} 0 \cr n_a \cr
\frac{1}{d}\Delta {\sigma}\end{pmatrix}.$$ Note that from [(\[trmet\])]{} and $|I|^2=1$ we have that ${\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}^{ab}n_an_b=1$ on $\Sigma$, and $n_a$ is seen to be a weight 1 unit co-normal for $\Sigma$.
Next we calculate the mean curvature $H$ in terms of ${\sigma}$. Recall that the second fundamental form of $\Sigma$ is ${I \hspace*{-3pt} I}_{ab}=\Pi^c_a\Pi^d_b
\nabla_c n_b$ (along $\Sigma$) where $\Pi$ is the orthogonal projection operator given by $$\Pi^c_a=\delta^c_a-n^cn_a .$$ By construction this is independent of how $n_a$ is extended off $\Sigma$. Thus along $\Sigma$ we have $$(d-1)H=\nabla^an_a-n^an^b\nabla_b n_a .$$ Now since $I_A$ is parallel we have $$\nabla_b n_a =\nabla_b\nabla_a {\sigma}= -P_{ab}{\sigma}- \frac{1}{d}{\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}_{ab}(\Delta {\sigma}-{{\mbox{\sf J}}}{\sigma}).$$ Along $\Sigma$ this simplifies to $\nabla_b n_a= -\frac{1}{d}{\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}_{ab}\Delta {\sigma}$, and so $\nabla^an_a=-\Delta {\sigma}$. Thus we have $$(d-1)H=-\left(1-\frac{1}{d}\right)\Delta {\sigma}\quad \Rightarrow \quad H
=-\frac{1}{d}\Delta {\sigma},$$ whence $$I_A|_\Sigma \stackrel{\tilde{g}}{=} \begin{pmatrix} 0 \cr n_a \cr
-H \end{pmatrix} ,$$ as required.
Using Proposition \[umbillic\], the following is an immediate consequence of the Proposition.
\[umC\] If $(M,[g],I)$ is a Poincaré–Einstein manifold then the boundary $\Sigma=\partial M$ is totally umbillic.
The Poincaré–Einstein model space {#model}
---------------------------------
We shall construct here a model for the Poincaré–Einstein space, a model which fits with the conformal picture developed above.
Consider $\mathbb{R}^{d+2}$ equipped with a non-degenerate bilinear form $\mathcal{H}$ of signature $(d+1,1)$. The [*null cone*]{} $\mathcal{N}$ of zero-length vectors forms a quadratic variety and (projectivising this picture) the corresponding quadric in $\mathbb{P}_{d+1}$ is topologically a sphere $\mathbb{S}^d$. Let us write $\mathcal{N}_+$ for the forward part of $\mathcal{N}\setminus
\{0 \}$ and write $\pi$ for the natural submersion $\mathcal{N}_+\to
\mathbb{S}^d$. Each point $p\in \mathcal{N}_+$ determines a positive definite inner product on $T_{x=\pi{p}}\mathbb{S}^d$ by $g_x(u,v)=\mathcal{H}_p(u',v')$ where $u',v'\in T_p\mathcal{N}_+$ are lifts of $u,v\in T_x\mathbb{S}^d$. For a given vector $u\in T_x
\mathbb{S}^{d}$ two lifts to $p\in \mathcal{N}_+$ differ by a vertical vector field. Since any vertical vector is normal (with respect to $\mathcal{H}$) to the cone it follows that $g_x$ is independent of the choices of lifts. Clearly then, each section of $\pi$ determines a metric on $\mathbb{S}^d$ and by construction this is smooth if the section is. Now, viewed as a metric on $T\mathbb{R}^{d+2}$, $\mathcal{H}$ is homogeneous of degree 2 with respect to the standard Euler vector field $E$ on $\mathbb{R}^{d+2}$, that is $\mathcal{L}_E \mathcal{H}=2
\mathcal{H}$, where $\mathcal{L}$ denotes the Lie derivative. In particular this holds on the cone, which we note is generated by $E$. On the other hand if a vector field on $\mathbb{R}^{d+2}\setminus \{
0\}$ is the lift of a vector field on $\mathbb{S}^d$ then it is necessarily homogeneous of degree 0. It follows that that two different sections of $\pi:\mathcal{N}_+\to \mathbb{S}^d$ determine conformally related metrics. (We have stated this globally, but of course the same holds locally over neighbourhoods of $\mathbb{S}^d$.) We will see shortly that the standard sphere metric is in the conformal class. Thus $\mathbb{S}^d$ is equipped canonically with the standard conformal structure for the sphere (but not with a preferred metric from this class). This is the standard model of a homogeneous “flat” conformal structure. Evidently we may identify $\mathcal{N}_+$ as the (total space) of the $\mathbb{R}_+$-ray-bundle of metrics over $\mathbb{S}^d$; the bundle consisting of metrics from this conformal class.
We can construct a Poincaré–Einstein metric over a cap of the sphere $\mathbb{S}^d$ as follows. Take a covector $I\in (\mathbb{R}^{d+2})^*$ of length 1 and by the standard parallel transport (of $\mathbb{R}^{d+2}$ viewed as an affine structure) view this as a constant section of $T^*\mathbb{R}^{d+2}$. Then, writing $X^A$ for the standard coordinates on $\mathbb{R}^d$, the intersection of the hyperplane $I_AX^A=1$ with $\mathcal{N}_+$, which we shall denote $S_+$, is a section of $\pi$ over an open cap $C_+$ of the sphere. Let us write ${g_+}$ for the metric $S_+$ gives on $C_+$. On the other hand the hyperplane $I_AX^A=0$ (parallel to the previous) intersects $\mathcal{N}_+$ in a cone of one lower dimension. The image of this under $\pi$ is a copy of $\mathbb{S}^{n}$ embedded in $\mathbb{S}^d$ (where as usual $d=n+1$). With respect to the given manifold structure on $\mathbb{S}^d$, this $\mathbb{S}^n$ is a boundary for its union with $C_+$ which we denote by $C$. This follows because any null line though the origin and parallel to the $I_AX^A=1$ hyperplane lies in the hyperplane $I_AX^A=0$, whereas every other null line through the original meets the $I_AX^A=1$ hyperplane. The open cap $C_+$ parametrises those null lines which meeting this hyperplane in the forward null cone (i.e. at a point of $S_+$). Note that the boundary $\mathbb{S}^{n}=\partial C$ canonically has no more than a conformal structure. This may obviously be viewed as arising as a restriction of the conformal structure on $\mathbb{S}^{d}$. Equivalently we may view its conformal structure as arising in the same way as the conformal structure on $\mathbb{S}^d$, except in this case by the restriction of $\pi$ to the sub-cone $I_AX^A=0$ in $\mathcal{N}_+$, and from $\mathcal{H}$ along this sub-cone. Note that any metric from the conformal class on $\mathbb{S}^d$ determines a metric on $C$ by restriction. Denoting one such by $g$ note that on $C^+$ this is conformally related to ${g_+}$.
Write ${\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}$ for the restriction of $\mathcal{H}$ to vector fields in $T\mathcal{N}_+$ which are the lifts of vector fields on $\mathbb{S}^d$. Then for any pair $u,v\in \Gamma(T\mathbb{S}^d)$, with lifts $u'$, $v'$, ${\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}(u',v')$ is a function on $\mathcal{N}_+$ homogeneous of degree 2, and which is independent of how the vector fields were lifted. Since $\mathcal{N}_+$ may be identified with the (total space of the) bundle of conformal metrics, ${\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}(u',v')$ may be identified with a conformal density of weight $2$ on $\mathbb{S}^d$. This construction determines a section of $S^2T^*\mathbb{S}^d\otimes E[2]$ that we shall also denote by ${\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}$. This is the usual conformal metric for the sphere. Let us henceforth identify, without further mention, each function on $\mathcal{N}_+$ which is homogeneous of degree $w\in \mathbb{R}$ with the corresponding conformal density of weight $w$. With ${\sigma}:=I_AX^A$, as above, note that ${\sigma}^{-2}{\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}$ is homogeneous of degree 0 on $\mathcal{N}_+$ and agrees with the restriction of $\mathcal{H}$ along $S_+$. Thus on $C_+$, ${\sigma}^{-2}{\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}={g_+}$, the metric determined by $S_+$. Similarly on $C$ we have $g=\tau^{-2}{\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}$, where $\tau$ is a non-vanishing conformal density of weight 1. So on $C_+$, ${g_+}=x^{-2}g$ where $x$ is the [*function*]{} ${\sigma}/\tau$.
We may now put these observations into a more general context via the tractor bundle on $\mathbb{S}^d$. Let us write $\rho^t$ for the natural action of $\mathbb{R}_+$ on $\mathcal{N}_+$ and then $\rho^t_*$ for the derivative of this. Now modify the latter action on $T\mathbb{R}^{d+2}$ by rescaling: we write $t^{-1}\rho^t_*$ for the action of $\mathbb{R}_+$ on $T\mathbb{R}^{d+2}$ which takes $u\in T_p\mathbb{R}^{d+2}$ to $t^{-1}(\rho_*^t u)\in T_{\rho^t(p)}\mathbb{R}^{d+2}$. Note that $u$ and $t^{-1}(\rho_*^t u) $ are parallel, according to the standard affine structure on $\mathbb{R}^{d+2}$. It is easily verified that the quotient of $T\mathbb{R}^{d+2}|\mathcal{N}_+$ by the $ \mathbb{R}_+$ action just defined is a rank $d+2$ vector bundle $\mathcal{T}$ on $M$. Obviously the parallel transport of $\mathbb{R}^{d+2}$ determines a parallel transport on $\mathcal{T}$, that is a connection $\nabla$. Since $\mathbb{R}^{d+2}$ is totally parallel this connection is flat. The twisting of $\rho^t_*$ to $t^{-1}\rho^t_*$ is designed so that the metric $\mathcal{H}$ on $\mathbb{R}^{d+2}$ also descends to give a (signature $(d+1,1)$) metric $h$ on $\mathcal{T}$ and clearly this is preserved by the connection. In fact $(\mathcal{T},h,\nabla)$ is the usual normal standard tractor bundle. This is proved under far more general circumstances in [@CapGoamb] (see also [@GoPetCMP]); it is shown there that the tractor bundle arises from the Fefferman–Graham ambient metric by an argument generalising that above. In this picture the Euler vector field $E=X^A\partial/\partial X^A$ (using the summation convention), which generates the fibres of $\pi$, descends to the canonical tractor field $X\in \mathcal{T}[1]$.
It follows from these observations that, since the vector field $I$ is parallel on $\mathbb{R}^{d+2}$, its restriction to $\mathcal{N}_+$ is equivalent to a parallel section of $\mathcal{T}$; we shall also denote this by $I$. So this is an almost Einstein structure on $\mathbb{S}^d$ and hence (by restriction) on $C$; $|I|^2=1$ means that the almost Einstein structure we recover has ${\operatorname{Ric}}({g_+})=-n {g_+}$ on $C_+$. Evidently the conformally invariant “top slot” of the tractor $I$ is ${\sigma}= X^AI_A=h(I,E)$ (as a homogeneous function – but as mentioned above homogeneous functions on $\mathcal{N}$ may be identified with conformal densities on $C$). The zero set $\Sigma$ for this is exactly $\mathbb{S}^n=\partial C$; recall any null line of $\mathcal{N}_+$ that does not lie in the $I_AX^A=0$ hyperplane meets the $I_AX^A=1$ hyperplane (where, viewing ${\sigma}$ as a homogeneous function, we have ${\sigma}=1$). So now it follows from Proposition \[peae\] that $(C,[g],I)$ is a Poincaré–Einstein space.
Of course this result may easily be verified by direct calculation, but such a calculation would only obscure this simple geometric picture. Note, for example, that Proposition \[IvsN\] is realised geometrically here as the fact that the same constant ambient vector $I_A$ defines both the section $S_+$, that gives the metric on $C_+$, and the boundary manifold $\Sigma$ via the subcone where $\mathcal{N}_+$ meets $I_AX^A=0$.
Finally we should say that in fact $I$ and the cone $\mathcal{N}$ determine a scalar negative almost Einstein structure on the entire sphere [@allein]. The Poincaré-metric is just the ${\sigma}\geq 0$ part of this. A similar construction using a constant vector with norm satisfying $|I|^2=-1$ gives the standard (Einstein) metric on the sphere, while a Euclidean (i.e. metric flat away from the scale singularity point) almost Einstein structure on the sphere minus a point is obtained by using a null constant vector $I$. Note that the group ${\rm SO}(h)~\cong ~{\rm SO}(d+1,1)$ acts transitively on $\mathcal{N}_+$. Thus, in each case, the isotropy group of the constant vector $I$ is a subgroup of ${\rm SO}(h)$ which acts transitively on the corresponding almost Einstein interior. For example in the original case, with $|I|^2=1$, the isotropy group is isomorphic to SO$(d,1)$ and acts transitively on the hyperbolic cap $C_+$. Similarly in the other cases: if we take $I$ such that $|I|^2=-1$ then the isotropy group is a copy of ${\rm SO}(d+1)$ which acts transitively on the copy of the sphere that $I$ determines; for null $I$ the isotropy group is the Euclidean group fixing $I$ (and is a subgroup of the parabolic stabilising the line generated by $I$).
The Dirichlet–Neumann machinery\
on Poincaré–Einstein manifolds {#DNM}
================================
Here we wish to discuss the specialisations of certain key differential operators to Poincaré–Einstein manifolds and the implications for a Dirichlet–to–Neumann construction along the lines of that in [@BrGonon]. Throughout this section we take $(M^d,[g],I)$ to be a Poincaré–Einstein manifold with boundary $\Sigma^n =\partial M$. We write ${\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}$ for the conformal metric on $M$ and ${\sigma}\in \mathcal{E}[1]$ for the almost Einstein scale $h(X,I)$, that is ${g_+}:={\sigma}^{-2}{\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}$ is Einstein of negative scalar curvature on the interior $M_+$.
First we make some elementary observations concerning the conformal calculus.
The scattering Laplacian {#scat}
------------------------
Recall that $I_A= \frac{1}{d}D_A{\sigma}$ is the parallel tractor corresponding to the Einstein scale. First observe that from [(\[dD\])]{} and Proposition \[IvsN\] it follows that $I^AD_A$ gives the conformal Robin operator $\delta$ along $\Sigma$ (at least on densities or tractors of weight $w\neq 1-d/2$). Here we expose the further role of $I^AD_A$.
For $u\in\mathcal{E}[w]$ in $M$ we wish to calculate $I^A D_A u$ on the interior $M_+$. In particular let us express this in terms of the interior Einstein metric ${g_+}$. We have $\nabla^{{g_+}} {\sigma}=0$, and so $$I_A D^A u = {\sigma}\left(\begin{array}{ccc} -{{\mbox{\sf J}}}/d & 0 & 1 \end{array} \right)
\left(\begin{array}{c} w (d+2w-2) u \\
(d+2w-2)\nabla^{{g_+}} u \\
\Delta u - w {{\mbox{\sf J}}}u \end{array} \right),$$ where on the right-hand-side $I$ and $D^A$ are expressed in terms of the metric ${g_+}$, but we are still allowing the tensorial objects to be density valued. So we obtain $$I^AD_A u ={\sigma}\left(\Delta u-\frac{2}{d}{{\mbox{\sf J}}}(d+w-1)w u \right).$$
Now let us use $d=n+1$ to replace $d$ and, for reasons that will shortly be clear, set $s:=n+w$. Then we obtain $$\begin{gathered}
\label{preslap}
I^AD_A u = {\sigma}\left(\Delta+\frac{2{{\mbox{\sf J}}}}{d}s(n-s)\right)u .\end{gathered}$$ Here $\Delta $ and ${{\mbox{\sf J}}}$ are (density-valued with weight $(-2)$) and $\Delta^{{g_+}}= {\sigma}^2 \Delta$, $J^{{g_+}}={\sigma}^{2}{{\mbox{\sf J}}}$. But for the Einstein metric ${g_+}$ with ${\operatorname{Ric}}({g_+})=-n{g_+}$ we have $J^{{g_+}}=-d/2$ and so this simplifies to $$\begin{gathered}
\label{slap}
{\sigma}I^AD_A u = (\Delta^{{g_+}}-s(n-s))u ,\end{gathered}$$ which agrees with the Laplacian controlling the scattering construction of Graham–Zworski, see (3.2) of [@GrZ]. For convenience let us refer to this as the [*scattering Laplacian*]{}.
The GJMS operators on a Poincaré–Einstein manifold
--------------------------------------------------
Using the Fefferman–Graham ambient metric Graham–Jenne–Mason–Sparling (GJMS) constructed in [@GJMS] a large family of conformally invariant operators $P_k$ between density bundles. These take the form $$P_k= \Delta^{k/2}+ \text{lower~order~terms}.$$ In fact $P_2$ is the usual conformal Laplacian from physics and, in the case of Riemannian signature, as we have here, is often termed the Yamabe operator. $P_4$ is due to S. Paneitz, while $P_6$ was constructed by V. Wünsch. Except at these low orders, the explicit details of the GJMS operators are complicated [@GoPetCMP], and no general formula is available. For these and other related reasons the operators $\Box_k$, with their explicit and manifestly formally self-adjoint formulae as in Proposition \[lap\], were preferred for the construction of Dirichlet–to–Neumann operators in [@BrGonon].
However the GJMS operators simplify dramatically on Einstein manifolds; from [@FGnew Proposition 7.9] or [@powerslap Theorem 1.2] on an Einstein manifold $(M^d,{g_+})$ we have $$\begin{gathered}
\label{powers}
P_{k}= \prod_{\ell=1}^{k/2}(\Delta^{{g_+}} + \lambda_\ell),\end{gathered}$$ where $\lambda_\ell= {\rm Sc}^{{g_+}} (d+2\ell-2)(d-2\ell)/(4d(d-1))$ and $\Delta^{{g_+}}=-\nabla^a\nabla_a$ is the Laplacian for ${g_+}$. This generalises the situation on the sphere, as observed some time ago by Branson [@Tomsharp].
It will be useful for us to know where [(\[powers\])]{} comes from in the tractor picture. On a conformally Einstein manifold $(M,[g])$ if ${\sigma}$ is an Einstein scale, with corresponding metric ${g_+}$ and parallel tractor $I_A:=\frac{1}{d}D_A {\sigma}$, then we may form the operator $P^{{g_+}}_k:\mathcal{E}[\frac{k-n}{2}]\to \mathcal{E}[-\frac{k+n}{2}]$ ($k\in
2\mathbb{N}$) by $$\begin{gathered}
\label{defP}
P^{{g_+}}_k u= {\sigma}^{1-k/2} I^{A_2}\cdots I^{A_{k/2}}
\Box D_{A_2}\cdots D_{A_{k/2}} u .\end{gathered}$$ By construction this depends on ${g_+}$. Surprisingly if ${g_+}'$ is another Einstein metric in the conformal class ${g_+}$ then $P^{{g_+}}_k=P^{{g_+}'}_k$ (see [@powerslap Theorem 3.1]). So for any $k\in 2\mathbb{N}$, $P_k^{{g_+}}$ is a canonical operator on conformally Einstein manifolds. Thus if the conformal class is fixed we may omit the ${g_+}$ in $P^{{g_+}}_k$. This is not a clash of notation since in fact on conformally Einstein manifolds, and for the $k$ where the GJMS operators $P_k$ are defined, they agree with the operator [(\[defP\])]{} [@powerslap Theorem 3.3].
The factorisation in [(\[powers\])]{} arises as follows. Using that $I$ is parallel, we may rewrite [(\[defP\])]{} as $$P_k u=
{\sigma}^{-k/2} (I^{A_{k/2}}D_{A_{k/2}})\circ \cdots \circ (I^{A_2}D_{A_2})
\circ (I^{A_1}D_{A_1}) u.$$ As we observed below [(\[preslap\])]{}, provided we work in an Einstein scale ${g_+}$, then each factor $(I^{A_i}D_{A_i})$ may be re-expressed in the form ${\sigma}^{-1}(\Delta^{{g_+}}+\lambda_i)$. The value of the constant $\lambda_i$ reflects the conformal weight of terms to its right. The scale ${\sigma}$, which gives ${g_+}={\sigma}^{-2}{\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}$, is parallel for the Levi-Civita connection $\nabla^{g_+}$, and so the factors of ${\sigma}$ cancel, at least after also replacing the density $u$, as well as the density-valued operators and curvature ${{\mbox{\sf J}}}$ with their unweighted equivalents. We arrive at [(\[powers\])]{}. We will term [(\[defP\])]{} a GJMS operator including for the high $k$ in even dimensions where the GJMS operators were not defined.
Specialising to a Poincaré–Einstein manifold we use the observation in [(\[slap\])]{} to suggestively re-express $P_k u$ ($u\in
\mathcal{E}[\frac{k-n}{2}]$) as a composition of scattering Laplacians $$\begin{gathered}
\label{scp}
P_{k} f = (\Delta^{{g_+}}-s_{k/2}(n-s_{k/2}))\circ \cdots \circ
(\Delta^{{g_+}}-s_{2}(n-s_{2})) \circ (\Delta^{{g_+}}-s_{1}(n-s_{1})) f ,\end{gathered}$$ where $f={\sigma}^{\frac{n-k}{2}}u$ is the function equivalent to $u$ in the trivialisation of $\mathcal{E}[\frac{k-n}{2}]$ afforded by ${\sigma}$. Since $u$ has weight $w_0:=(k-n)/2$, and each factor $I^AD_A$ lowers weight by 1 unit, we have $s_i=n+w_0+1-i=(k+n)/2+1-i$, for $i=1,\dots ,k$.
Algebraic decompositions {#adec}
------------------------
We digress briefly to recall some rather general considerations from the work [@GoSiDec] with Šilhan. Let $\mathcal{V}$ denote a vector space over a field ${\mathbb{F}}$. Suppose that $\mathcal{P}:\mathcal{V}\to \mathcal{V} $ is a linear operator that may be expressed as a composition $$\mathcal{P}=\mathcal{P}_0\mathcal{P}_1\cdots \mathcal{P}_\ell,$$ where the linear operators $ \mathcal{P}_i:\mathcal{V}\to \mathcal{V}$, $i=0,\dots ,\ell $, are mutually commuting. One might hope that we can characterise the range space ${\mathcal{R}}(\mathcal{P})$ and null space $\mathcal{N}(\mathcal{P})$ of $\mathcal{P}$ in terms of data for the factors $\mathcal{P}_i$. This is straightforward if the $\mathcal{P}_i$ are each invertible, but in fact far weaker conditions suffice to make significant progress in this direction. One situation which is particularly useful is as follows. Suppose that we there are linear operators $Q_i:\mathcal{V}\to \mathcal{V}$, $i=0,1,\dots, \ell$, that yield a decomposition of the identity, $$\begin{gathered}
\label{iddec}
id_V=Q_0\mathcal{P}^0+\cdots+Q_\ell \mathcal{P}^\ell,\end{gathered}$$ where $\mathcal{P}^i:=\Pi_{i\neq j=0}^{j=\ell} \mathcal{P}_i, i=0,\dots ,\ell$; and the $\mathcal{P}_i$s and the $Q_j$s are mutually commuting in that $$ \mathcal{P}_iQ_j=Q_j\mathcal{P}_i,\qquad i,j\in\{0,\dots,\ell\}.$$This is sufficient to give a 1-1 relationship between solutions $u\in \mathcal{V}$ of the inhomogeneous problem $\mathcal{P} u=f$ and solutions $(u_0,\dots
,u_\ell)\in\oplus^{\ell+1}\mathcal{V}$ of the problem $$\mathcal{P}_0 u_0=f, \quad \dots , \quad \mathcal{P}_\ell u_\ell =f,$$ see [@GoSiDec Theorem 2.2]. Thus for example the range of $\mathcal{P}$ is exactly the intersection of the range spaces for the components $\mathcal{P}_i$. The map from $u$, solving $\mathcal{P} u=f$, to solutions of the system is obvious: $$u\mapsto (\mathcal{P}^0 u, \dots ,\mathcal{P}^\ell u ) .$$ One key point is that [(\[iddec\])]{} gives an inverse by $$(u_0,\dots, u_\ell)\mapsto \sum_{i=0}^{i=\ell}
Q_i u_i.$$
Important for us here is that, given the situation above, then for each $i\in\{0,\dots ,\ell \}$, we have $$Q_iP^i:\ \mathcal{N}(\mathcal{P})\to \mathcal{N}(\mathcal{P}_i)$$ and this is a projection. Thus we obtain a direct decomposition of the null space $\mathcal{N}(\mathcal{P})$. In applying these results in the case that the $\mathcal{P}_i$ are partial differential operators we should expect that in general the $Q_i$, when they exist, will be pseudo-differential operators. However remarkably there are a large class of situations where we can solve [(\[iddec\])]{} algebraically. For example, for the case of partial differential operators $\mathcal{P}_i$ it can be that the $Q_j$ are again differential and obtained algebraically from the formulae for the $\mathcal{P}_i$. The very simplest situation of this is in fact exactly what we need here and is as follows. This is a special case from Theorem 1.1 of [@GoSiDec].
\[fundthm\] Let $\mathcal{V}$ be a vector over the field $\mathbb{F}$. Suppose that $E$ is a linear endomorphism on $\mathcal{V}$, and $P=P[E]:\mathcal{V}\to \mathcal{V}$ is a linear operator polynomial in $E$ which factors as $$P[E] = (E-\mu_1) \cdots (E-\mu_p),$$ where the scalars $\mu_1,\ldots,\mu_p \in \mathbb{F}$ are mutually distinct. Then the solution space $\mathcal{V}_P$, for $P$, admits a canonical and unique direct sum decomposition $$\begin{gathered}
\mathcal{V}_P=\oplus_{i=0}^\ell \mathcal{V}_{\mu_i},\end{gathered}$$ where, for each $i$ in the sum, $\mathcal{V}_{\mu_i}$ is the solution space for $E-\mu_i$. The projection ${\operatorname{Proj}}_i: \mathcal{V}_P\to
\mathcal{V}_{\mu_i}$ is given by the formula $${\operatorname{Proj}}_i = Q_i \prod_{i \not= j=1}^{j=p} (E-\mu_j),
\qquad \text{where} \quad
Q_i = \prod_{i \not= j=1}^{j=p} \frac{1}{\mu_i - \mu_j}.$$
On Einstein manifolds that are not Ricci flat it is easily verified that the constants $\la_i$, appearing in the expression [(\[powers\])]{} for $P_k$, satisfy $(\la_i=\la_j)\Rightarrow (i=j)$, $i,j\in
\{1,\dots, k/2\}$. Thus we have exactly the situation of the Theorem above, and it follows that the solution space for $P_k$ decomposes directly. (See [@GoSiDec] for further details and [@GoSiEforms] for applications as well as a similar treatment of operators on differential forms.) In particular, from the Theorem and [(\[scp\])]{}, we have the following.
\[PEP\] On the interior $M_+$ of a Poincaré–Einstein manifold we have $$\begin{gathered}
\label{Pdecomp}
\mathcal{N}(P_k)=\oplus_{i=1}^{k/2}\mathcal{N}(\Delta^{{g_+}}-s_{i}(n-s_{i})),\end{gathered}$$ where $s_i= \frac{k+n+1-2i}{2}$, for $i=1,\dots ,k$.
Dirichlet–Neumann maps from $\boldsymbol{P_k}$ {#DNP}
----------------------------------------------
We consider the situation first for the standard conformal Dirichlet–to–Robin operator. That is, for the source problem we use the Yamabe Dirichlet problem $(P_2,\delta_0)$, while for the second part of the construction [(\[comp\])]{} we use the conformal Robin operator $\delta= n^a\nabla^g_a+\frac{n-1}{2}H^g$, from Section \[Bops\].
Recall that the Einstein scale ${\sigma}$ is a defining density for the boundary $\Sigma$, and along $\Sigma$ we have $n^a\nabla^g_a
{\sigma}=n^an_a=1$. It follows easily [@BrGonon] from the conformal transformation of the mean curvature that one can choose the metric $g$ on $M$ so that $H^g=0$ (so then $\Sigma $ is totally geodesic). Let us henceforth use $g$ to mean such a metric. Consider a possible solution $u$ to $$\begin{gathered}
\label{P2s}
P_2u=0 \qquad \mbox{of the form}\quad u=U_{\rm o}+{\sigma}U_{\rm i},\end{gathered}$$ where $U_{\rm o}$ and $U_{\rm i}$ are smooth and $\delta U_{\rm o}|_\Sigma=0$. Note that $\delta {\sigma}=1$ along $\Sigma$. Given unique solvability of the source problem, such a solution $u$ would reveal a conformal Dirichlet–to–Neumann map, from Theorem \[psidops\], with $P_{2,{\bf m}_0,0}(f)=U_{\rm i}|_\Sigma$ where $f= U_{\rm o}|_\Sigma$.
Suppose that $\tau$ is the scale determining $g$, i.e. $g=(\tau)^{-2}{\mbox{\boldmath{$ g$}}}$. And set $x:={\sigma}/\tau$. From Proposition \[PEP\] it follows that, in terms of the scale ${g_+}$, the problem [(\[P2s\])]{} is equivalent to $$\big(\Delta^{{g_+}}-s(n-s)\big) u^{{g_+}}=0 \qquad \mbox{with} \quad
u^{{g_+}}= x^{n-s}U^{g}_{\rm o}+ x^{s} U^{g}_{\rm i},$$ where $s=\frac{n+1}{2}$. Here $u^{{g_+}}$ is the function equivalent to the density $u$ with respect to the trivialisation of $\mathcal{E}[\frac{1-n}{2}]|_{M_+}$ afforded by ${\sigma}$, that is $u^{{g_+}}={\sigma}^{(n-1)/2}u$. On the other hand $U^{g}_{\rm o}$ and $U^{g}_{\rm i}$ are the functions equivalent, via the scale $g$ to, respectively, $U_{\rm o}$ and $U_{\rm i}$. For example $U^g_{\rm
o}=\tau^{(n-1)/2}U_{\rm o}$. Now according to [@GG] (using [@Gu; @GrZ]), provided $s(n-s)$ is not an $L^2$ eigenvalue of $\Delta^{{g_+}}$, the Dirichlet problem here is uniquely solved by solutions of this form and so $U^{g}_{\rm o}|_{\Sigma}\mapsto
U^{g}_{\rm i}|_{M_+} $ is the scattering map of Graham–Zworski [@GrZ]. So this is seen to agree with the map $f\mapsto P_{2,{\bf m}_0,0}(f) $ of Theorem \[psidops\]. In fact in [@GG] they make exactly this point: that for $s=(n+1)/2$ the scattering map agrees with a Dirichlet–to–Neumann map.
This situation for the higher order GJMS operators is partly similar as follows. Consider Dirichlet–Neumann operators constructed as in [@BrGonon], i.e. as in Theorem \[psidops\], except using a GJMS operator $P_k$ as the interior operator (rather than $\Box_k$). There is the question of whether there are suitable boundary operators for $P_k$, to replace the $\delta'_{\bf m}$, of Proposition \[selfad\] and Theorem \[psidops\]. Rather than confront this possibly difficult issue at this point, let us simply assume that there are such operators and denote these also by $\delta'_{\bf m}$. That is we will assume that we have all the conditions required for Theorem \[psidops\], with now $P_k$ everywhere replacing $\Box_k$ in that Theorem. This assumption is not totally outrageous: For $P_2$, as above, we have $P_2=\Box_2$ and similarly for $P_4$, provided $d\neq
4$, this is satisfied as $P_4$ is a non-zero multiple of $\Box_4$. Similarly on conformally flat manifolds also this is satisfied for all $k$ in the range covered in Theorem \[psidops\], as again we have that $P_k$ and $\Box_k$ agree. (See [@GoPetCMP] for these last facts.)
It will shortly be clear that for comparison with [@GrZ], the source problem $(P_k,\delta'_{{\bf m}_0})$ (termed the [*generalised Dirichlet problem*]{} in [@BrGonon]) is relevant. So suppose that this uniquely solvable. (Note from [(\[Pdecomp\])]{} this requires that $s_i(n-s_i)$ is not an $L^2$ eigenvalue of $\Delta^{{g_+}}$, for $s_i$ as in Proposition \[PEP\].) Then with Dirichlet boundary data as in [(\[SetBdryCond\])]{} we get a Dirichlet–to–Neumann map akin to $P_{k,{\bf m},m_j}$. According to Proposition \[PEP\], any solution $u$ is a direct sum $u=u_1+u_2+\cdots +u_{k/2}$, where $(\Delta^{{g_+}}-s_{\ell}(n-s_{\ell}))
u^{{g_+}}_\ell=0$. However from this perspective it is not immediately clear how, in general, to relate the boundary data from the $P_k$ problem to boundary data for the solution $u^{{g_+}}_{\ell}$ of the scattering Laplacian. There are several difficulties here. For example, according to Theorem \[fundthm\], the projections $u\mapsto
u_{\ell}$ are administered by differential operators which, as given, do not make sense on $\Sigma$.
In the other direction, suppose we have a solution $u^{{g_+}}$ to $(\Delta^{{g_+}}-s_{j}(n-s_{j}))$ ($j\in \{ 1,\dots ,k/2\}$) of the form $$u^{{g_+}}= x^{n-s_j} U_{\rm o}^{g}+x^{s_j} U_{\rm i}^g$$ with $s_j= \frac{k+n-1-2m_j}{2}$ and $m_j\in {\rm m}_0$. (Since $2s_\ell-n$ is odd and the Poincaré–Einstein metric is suitably even, in the sense described pp. 108–109 of [@GrZ], it follows that the coefficient of $G$ in [@GrZ Proposition 3.5] vanishes. See the proof of Proposition 4.2 in [@GrZ], or Lemma 4.1 in [@Gu]. Thus we expect solutions of the above form provided that $s_\ell(n-s_\ell)$ is not an $L^2$ eigenvalue of $\Delta^{{g_+}}$.) Then using that $x={\sigma}/\tau$ we may re-express the solution in terms of densities: $$u={\sigma}^{m_j}U_{\rm o} + {\sigma}^{k-1-m_j}U_{\rm i},$$ with (using [(\[scp\])]{}) $u\in \mathcal{E}[\frac{k-d}{2}]$ solving $P_k u=0$ and $U_{\rm o}\in\mathcal{E}[\frac{k-n-2m_j-1}{2}] $ and $U_{\rm i}\in
\mathcal{E}[\frac{-k-n+2m_j+1}{2}] $. Thus $U_{\rm o}^{g}|_\Sigma$ is the function equivalent to the conformal density $ U_{\rm o}|_\Sigma=
c\cdot\delta'_{m_j} u|_\Sigma$, for some non-zero constant $c$. We also clearly have that $\delta'_{m_i}u|_\Sigma=0$ for integers $i$, $0\leq i <j$, and $\delta'_{k-1-m_j} ({\sigma}^{k-1-m_j}U_{\rm i})|_\Sigma$ is a nonzero constant times $U_{\rm i}|_\Sigma$. For example if $j=k/2-1$, then $u$ is the unique solution to the $(P_k,\delta'_{{\bf
m}_0})$ problem with $\delta'_{m_j} u|_\Sigma$ prescribed to agree with $c^{-1}\cdot U_{\rm o}|_\Sigma$. However we cannot in general say more to compare the scattering map with the Dirichlet–to–Neumann map without considerable explicit information about the asymptotics of $u$.
It is also clear that this comparison will be sensitive to the details of the boundary operators $\delta'_{r}$ used. The observation at the beginning of Section \[scat\], that for most weights $I^AD_A$ recovers the conformal Robin operator $\delta$, suggests the idea that there are likely to be higher order analogues of $\delta$ (i.e.variants of the $\delta'_r$) that are well adapted to the GJMS operators on Poincaré–Einstein manifolds. Since such operators could significantly simplify the conformal Dirichlet–to–Neumann construction and its relationship to the the scattering map it seems that investigating this possibility should be the next step in the programme.
New directions: translating {#trans}
===========================
Recall from Section \[hypersec\] there is a tractor twisting of the Yamabe operator $\Box:\mathcal{T}^*[1-d/2]\to \mathcal{T}^*[-1-d/2] $. Let us assume that on some Poincaré–Einstein manifold $(M^d,[g],I)$ with boundary $\Sigma$ the Dirichlet problem for $\Box: \mathcal{T}^*[1-d/2]\to
\mathcal{T}^*[-1-d/2] $ is uniquely solvable. For example this is the case on the homogeneous model $(C,[g])$ from Section \[model\]; since on $C$ the tractor bundle is trivialised by parallel sections this follows easily from the unique solvability of the density problem, as discussed in e.g. [@BrGonon]. Since the conformal Robin operator $\delta$ is also strongly invariant it follows that we may construct a tractor twisted conformal Dirichlet–to–Neumann map, $$P^{\mathcal{T}}_{2,{\bf m}_0,0}:\mathcal{T}^*_\Sigma\left[\frac{1-n}{2}\right]\to
\mathcal{T}^*_\Sigma\left[\frac{-1-n}{2}\right].$$ Here we are using some key facts. Firstly $\mathcal{T}^*_\Sigma$ may be identified with the subbundle of the restriction to $\Sigma$ of some ambient tractor bundle $\mathcal{T}^*$, and that this subbundle is characterised by being the part of $\mathcal{T}^*|_\Sigma$ annihilated by any contraction with the normal tractor $N^A$. Next since $I^A$ is parallel and recovers $N^A$ along $\Sigma$, it follows from the unique solvability that any solution $u$ to the Dirichlet problem has any contraction with $I^A$ vanishing everywhere. (Note that any such contraction itself solves a Yamabe Dirichlet problem, but with Dirichlet data the zero section.) From these observations it follows that the map $P^{\mathcal{T}}_{2,{\bf m}_0,0}$ takes values in the bundle $\mathcal{T}^*_\Sigma[\frac{-1-n}{2}]$.
Next suppose $\mathcal{U}^*$ is an irreducible (conformally weighted) tensor bundle on $\Sigma$ and there is a conformal differential operator $S:
\mathcal{U} \to \mathcal{T}^*_\Sigma[\frac{1-n}{2}]$ with conformal formal adjoint (as discussed in e.g. [@BrGodeRham]) $S^*: \mathcal{T}^*_\Sigma\to \mathcal{U}_*$. Here $\mathcal{U}_*$ is $\mathcal{U}\otimes \mathcal{E}[w]$ where the weight $w$ is such that the natural pairing of a section of $\mathcal{U}^*$ with a section of $\mathcal{U}_*$, via the conformal metric, yields a density of weight $-n$. Then we may form the composition $$\mathcal{U}^*\stackrel{S}{\to}\mathcal{T}^*_\Sigma\left[\frac{1-n}{2}
\right]\stackrel{P^{\mathcal{T}}_{2,{\bf m}_0,0} }{\longrightarrow}
\mathcal{T}^*_\Sigma\left[\frac{-1-n}{2}\right] \stackrel{S^*}{\to} \mathcal{U}_*;$$ by construction this composition $\mathcal{P}:=S^*\circ P^{\mathcal{T}}_{2,{\bf
m}_0,0}\circ S $ is conformally invariant. It is easily verified that $P^{\mathcal{T}}_{2,{\bf m}_0,0} $ is self-adjoint (by an adaption of the argument for $P_{2,{\bf m}_0,0}$), so $ \mathcal{P}$ is formally self-adjoint by construction.
The natural candidates for the operators $S: \mathcal{U}^* \to
\mathcal{T}^*_\Sigma[\frac{1-n}{2}]$ are the so-called differential splitting operators; $S$ is of this form if there is a bundle map $T$ from a subbundle of $\mathcal{T}^*_\Sigma[\frac{1-n}{2}]$ to $\mathcal{U}^*$ satisfying $
T\circ S=id_{\mathcal{U}^*}$. There is a rich and well developed theory for the construction of such splitting operators see for example [@Esrni; @GoSilKil]; for conformal geometry a general and practical construction is developed in [@Sithesis], while for an elegant recent advance which applies to all parabolic geometries see [@CapSouCas].
Let us illustrate with a simple example. Let $d=4$, take $\mathcal{T}^*_\Sigma$ to be simply the standard tractor bundle $\mathcal{T}_\Sigma$ on $\Sigma$ and for $\mathcal{U}^*$ take the cotangent bundle $\mathcal{E}^1_\Sigma$. There is a splitting operator (see e.g. [@Esrni]) $$E: \ \mathcal{E}^1_\Sigma \to \mathcal{T}_\Sigma[-1] \qquad \mbox{by} \quad \phi_b \mapsto
\left(\begin{array}{c}0\\
\phi_a\\
-\nabla^c\phi_c \end{array}\right).$$ Thus on the conformal 3-manifold $\Sigma$ we obtain $\mathcal{P}:\mathcal{E}^1_\Sigma \to \mathcal{E}^1_\Sigma[-1]$ by the composition $\mathcal{P}= E^* \circ P^{\mathcal{T}}_{2,{\bf m}_0,0}
\circ E$. To see this is non-trivial we argue as follows. On the homogeneous model the Dirichlet and conformal Neumann problems for $\Box: \mathcal{T}[1-d/2]\to \mathcal{T}[-1-d/2] $ are equivalent to trivial twistings of the Dirichlet and conformal Neumann problems for $P_2$. Thus they are both properly elliptic normal boundary problem satisfying the Lopatinski–Shapiro conditions and so each has finite dimensional kernel. See [@BrGonon Proposition 6.4] for a summary of the relevant facts from [@grubb; @hormander]. It follows immediately that the composition $P^{\mathcal{T}}_{2,{\bf m}_0,0}\circ E$ is non-trivial. Then using that $E$ is $G$-invariant splitting operator and considering the possible $G={\rm SO}(n+1,1)$ intertwinors between $\mathcal{E}^1$ and other irreducibles [@specgen] it follows easily that $E^* P^{\mathcal{T}}_{2,{\bf m}_0,0}\circ E$ is non-trivial. From this point the non-triviality of this operator in general can be established from the pseudo-differential nature of the operator (it is a composition of differential and pseudo-differential operators) and symbol analysis.
It seems likely that a large class of integral order pseudo-differential operators will arise from the construction sketched above. For example a non-linear conformal tensorial Dirichlet–to–Neumann map was announced in [@GrDN]; in view of the uniqueness of intertwinors, its linearisation should be recoverable using these ideas.
There is scope to develop a similar translation of the scattering construction to yield tensorial Dirichlet–to–Neumann maps in the case of non-half integral weights. Here a key point is that, on the one hand, the operator $I^AD_A$ extends the scattering Laplacian to the boundary of the Poincaré–Einstein manifold (where it degenerates to a constant times $\delta$), while on the other it is a strongly invariant operator. Given a tractor bundle $\mathcal{T}^*[w]$ (of some possibly complex weight $w$) an idea for extending data off the boundary is to use sections $u\in\mathcal{T}^*[w]$ satisfying $I^AD_A u=0$ and satisfying the compatible property that $u$ is annihilated by any contraction with $I^A$. In particular we may seek solutions of the form $u ={\sigma}^z U_{\rm o} + {\sigma}^{2w+n-z}U_{\rm i}$ where the tractor bundle sections $U_{\rm o}$ and $U_{\rm i}$ are smooth, have appropriate weights, and are annihilated by any contraction with $I^A$ (and as usual ${\sigma}$ is the Einstein scale ${\sigma}=h(X,I)$). The situation is most clear on the homogeneous model $(C,[g])$ from Section \[model\]. Once again using that, in this case, the tractor bundles are trivialised by a parallel frame it follows from the density case that the required Poisson operators exist for a set of weights dense in $\mathbb{C}$. In any case, given a scattering map $U_{\rm o}|_\Sigma\to U_{\rm i}|_\Sigma$ one may translate to maps between weighted tensor bundles by composing fore and aft with differential splitting operators as for the construction above.
Acknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}
----------------
ARG gratefully acknowledges support from the Royal Society of New Zealand via Marsden Grant no. 06-UOA-029. It is a pleasure to thank Andreas Čap, Robin Graham, Colin Guillarmou and Andrew Hassell for helpful discussions.
[99]{}
Albin P., Renormalizing curvature integrals on Poincaré–Einstein manifolds, [math.DG/0504161](http://arxiv.org/abs/math.DG/0504161).
Anderson M., $L\sp 2$ curvature and volume renormalization of AHE metrics on 4-manifolds, [*Math. Res.Lett.*]{} [**8**]{} (2001), 171–188, [math.DG/0011051](http://arxiv.org/abs/math.DG/0011051).
Armstrong S., Definite signature conformal holonomy: a complete classification, [math.DG/0503388](http://arxiv.org/abs/math.DG/0503388).
Bailey T.N., Eastwood M.G., Gover A.R., Thomas’s structure bundle for conformal, projective and related structures, [*Rocky Mountain J. Math.*]{} [**24**]{} (1994), 1191–1217.
Branson T., Sharp inequalities, the functional determinant, and the complementary series, [*Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.*]{} [**347**]{} (1995), 3671–3742.
Branson T., Gover A.R., Conformally invariant non-local operators, [*Pacific J. Math.*]{} [**201**]{} (2001), 19–60.
Branson T., Gover A.R., Conformally invariant operators, differential forms, cohomology and a generalisation of $Q$-curvature, [*Comm. Partial Differential Equations*]{} [**30**]{} (2005), 1611–1669, [math.DG/0309085](http://arxiv.org/abs/math.DG/0309085).
Branson T., Ólafsson G., Ørsted B., Spectrum generating operators, and intertwining operators for representations induced from a maximal parabolic subgroup, [*J. Funct.Anal.*]{} [**135**]{} (1996), 163–205.
Cartan E., Les espaces à connexion conforme, [*Ann. Soc. Pol. Math.*]{} **2** (1923), 171–202.
Čap A., Gover A.R., Tractor calculi for parabolic geometries, [*Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.*]{} [**354**]{} (2002), 1511–1548.
Čap A., Gover A.R., Standard tractors and the conformal ambient metric construction, [*Ann. Global Anal. Geom.*]{} [**24**]{} (2003), 231–295, [math.DG/0207016](http://arxiv.org/abs/math.DG/0207016).
Čap A., Soǔcek V., Curved Casimir operators and the BGG machinery, [arXiv:0708.3180](http://arxiv.org/abs/0708.3180).
Čap A., Slovák J., Soǔcek V., Bernstein–Gelfand–Gelfand sequences, [*Ann. of Math. (2)*]{} [ **154**]{} (2001), 97–113, [math.DG/0001164](http://arxiv.org/abs/math.DG/0001164).
Chang A., Qing J., Yang P., On the renormalized volumes for conformally compact Einstein manifolds, [math.DG/0512376](http://arxiv.org/abs/math.DG/0512376).
Cherrier P., Problèmes de Neumann non linéaires sur les variétés riemanniennes, [*J. Funct. Anal.*]{} [**57**]{} (1984), 154–206.
Derdzinski A., Maschler G., Special Kähler–Ricci potentials on compact Kähler manifolds, [*J. Reine Angew. Math.*]{} [**593**]{} (2006), 73–116, [math.DG/0204328](http://arxiv.org/abs/math.DG/0204328).
Eastwood M.G., Notes on conformal differential geometry, [*Supp.Rend. Circ. Matem. Palermo*]{} [**43**]{} (1996), 57–76.
Eastwood M.G., Rice J., Conformally invariant differential operators on Minkowski space and their curved analogues, [*Comm. Math. Phys.*]{} [**109**]{} (1987), 207–228, Erratum, [*Comm. Math. Phys.*]{} [**144**]{} (1992), 213.
Fefferman C., Graham C.R., The ambient metric, [arXiv:0710.0919](http://arxiv.org/abs/0710.0919).
Gover A.R., Aspects of parabolic invariant theory, The 18th Winter School “Geometry and Physics” (Srní, 1998), [*Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo (2) Suppl.*]{} no. 59 (1999), 25–47.
Gover A.R., Almost conformally Einstein manifolds and obstructions, in Proceedings of the 9th International Conference “Differential Geometry and Its Applications” (Matfyzpress, Prague, 2005), 2005, 247–260, [math.DG/0412393](http://arxiv.org/abs/math.DG/0412393).
Gover A.R., Laplacian operators and $Q$-curvature on conformally Einstein manifolds, [*Math. Ann.*]{}, [**336**]{} (2006), 311–334, [math.DG/0506037](http://arxiv.org/abs/math.DG/0506037).
Gover A.R., Nurowski P., Obstructions to conformally Einstein metrics in $n$ dimensions, [*J. Geom. Phys.*]{} [**56**]{} (2006), 450–484, [math.DG/0405304](http://arxiv.org/abs/math.DG/0405304).
Gover A.R., Peterson L., Conformally invariant powers of the Laplacian, $Q$-curvature, and tractor calculus, [*Comm. Math. Phys.*]{} [**235**]{} (2003), 339–378, [math-ph/0201030](http://arxiv.org/abs/math-ph/0201030).
Gover A.R., Almost Einstein manifolds in Riemannian signature, in preparation.
Gover A.R., Šilhan J., Commuting linear operators and decompositions; applications to Einstein manifolds, [math.AC/0701377](http://arxiv.org/abs/math.AC/0701377).
Gover A.R., Šilhan J., Conformal operators on forms and detour complexes on Einstein manifolds, [arXiv:0708.3854](http://arxiv.org/abs/0708.3854).
Gover A.R., Šilhan J., The conformal Killing equation on forms – prolongations and applications, [*Differential Geom. Appl.*]{}, to appear, [math.DG/0601751](http://arxiv.org/abs/math.DG/0601751).
Gover A.R., Somberg P., Souček V., Yang–Mills detour complexes and conformal geometry, [*Comm. Math. Phys.*]{}, to appear, [math.DG/0606401](http://arxiv.org/abs/math.DG/0606401).
Graham C.R., Volume and area renormalizations for conformally compact Einstein metrics, in The Proceedings of the 19th Winter School “Geometry and Physics” (Srní, 1999), [*Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo (2) Suppl.*]{} no. 63 (2000), 31–42.
Graham C.R., Dirichlet–to–Neumann map for Poincaré–Einstein metrics, [*Oberwolfach Reports*]{} [**2**]{} (2005), 2200–2203.
Graham C.R., Jenne R., Mason L.J., Sparling G.A., Conformally invariant powers of the Laplacian. I. Existence, [*J. London Math. Soc.*]{} **46** (1992), 557–565.
Graham C.R., Lee J.M., Einstein metrics with prescribed conformal infinity on the ball, [*Adv. Math.*]{} [**87**]{} (1991), 186–225.
Graham C.R., Zworski M., Scattering matrix in conformal geometry, [*Invent. Math.*]{} [**152**]{} (2003), 89–118, [math.DG/0109089](http://arxiv.org/abs/math.DG/0109089).
Grubb G., Functional calculus of pseudodifferential boundary problems, 2nd ed., Birkhäuser, Boston, 1996.
Guillarmou C., Meromorphic properties of the resolvent on asymptotically hyperbolic manifolds, [*Duke Math. J.*]{} [**129**]{} (2005), 1–37, [math.SP/0311424](http://arxiv.org/abs/math.SP/0311424).
Guillarmou C., Guillopé L., The determinant of the Dirichlet–to–Neumann map for surfaces with boundary, [math.SP/0701727](http://arxiv.org/abs/math.SP/0701727).
Hörmander L., The analysis of linear partial differential operators III, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1985.
Joshi M., Sá Barreto A., Inverse scattering on asymptotically hyperbolic manifolds, [*Acta Math.*]{} [**184**]{} (2000), 41–86, [math.SP/9811118](http://arxiv.org/abs/math.SP/9811118).
Kumano-go H., Pseudo-differential operators, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1974.
Maldacena J., The large $N$ limit of superconformal field theories and supergravity, [*Adv. Theor. Math. Phys.*]{} [**2**]{} (1998), 231–252, [hep-th/9711200](http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9711200).
Mazzeo R., The Hodge cohomology of a conformally compact metric, [*J. Differential Geom.*]{} [**28**]{} (1988), 309–339.
Mazzeo R., Unique continuation at infinity and embedded eigenvalues for asymptotically hyperbolic manifolds, [*Amer. J. Math.*]{} [**113**]{} (1991), 25–45.
Mazzeo R., Melrose R., Meromorphic extension of the resolvent on complete spaces with asymptotically constant negative curvature, [*J. Funct. Anal.*]{} [**75**]{} (1987), 260–310.
Perry P., The Laplace operator on a hyperbolic manifold. II. Eisenstein series and the scattering matrix, [*J. Reine Angew. Math.*]{} [**398**]{} (1989), 67–91.
Sasaki S., On the spaces with normal conformal connexions whose groups of holonomy fix a point or a hypersphere II, [*Japan J. Math.*]{} [**18**]{} (1943), 623–633.
Šilhan J., Invariant operators in conformal geometry, PhD thesis, University of Auckland, 2006.
Thomas T.Y., On conformal geometry, [*Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA*]{} [**12**]{} (1926), 352–359.
Witten E., Anti de Sitter space and holography, [*Adv. Theor. Math. Phys.*]{} [**2**]{} (1998), 253–291, [hep-th/9802150](http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9802150).
|
Leverage the surroundings to impact online community member creativity
Last week, I went to visit my ageing parents, they are 72 and 74 and they live in a village in Cyprus (where I grew up) situated in the Troodos mountain range at an elevation of 1200 meters. I was sitting on a spacious veranda being surrounded by pine trees with ripe grapes hanging overhead on a structure that provides shadow from the ruthless Cyprus summer sun.
The view included the Mediterranean Sea – southern coast of Cyprus - at a straight-line distance of 15-20 miles; compare that with my view of the red brick wall in our open plan office in London.
Listening to the smooth wind blow through over 100 year old pine trees can have a soothing effect and a surge in creativity; the surge probably has to do with the change of perspective in a very literal sense. This is a technique used in market research for physical focus groups or ideation groups. We got people to sit on bean bags, we got them to touch each other on the head, take off their shoes – even if they had holes in their socks :) ; we would do anything to take them out of their comfort zone in order to trigger innovative thinking. Even then, you are confined to a four wall construct (physical constraints), time constraints and the need to conform to some sort of unnecessary formalities which can hinder the creativity and authenticity of responses; this is where online methods of market research differ.
Change your view to change your view
I think one of the useful ideas that came up during my change of perspective last week is to encourage private online community participants in co-creation projects to change their usual environment when they work with us.
Albert Einstein once said: "You cannot solve a problem with the same mind that created it."
Instead of sitting in the same room where they usually sit when they are connected to the internet at home, they could consider some of the following ways to change their perspective and their right brain hemisphere activity:
- Change the place they would normally sit in the room and face a different direction
- Change the room they would normally sit in at home
- Sit in the garden or a balcony if available
- If they do not necessarily need a quiet space - should they be involved in an asynchronous bulletin board discussion, or a live focus group (using chat) - they can go to a nice Café with internet access
- Use their parents’ or a friend’s house
- Use their local library
In this day and age, with the advances in technology, the notion of a ‘virtual office’ is very much a reality for many people; I find myself truly enjoying working a full day’s work next to a swimming pool or amidst pine trees at a summer resort in the mountains. We were laughing at the office the week before when a colleague mentioned that WIFI was added to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs as one of the basic needs along with nourishment and security :) ! Once this is available, all one needs is: a device that connects to the web, power and a pair of headphones. A download speed of 3 Mb/s and upload speed of 0.8 Mb/s is what I had at my parents’ house which was more than enough to use Cisco Webex for online meetings. The upload speed was just about enough to stream audio and a double visual stream - my webcam and slides – from a small village in the mountains of Cyprus to Dallas, Boga Raton, Washington DC, Manchester, London and Nicosia.
How the office without walls helped me
I would also like to attribute the win of a major multinational social media listening project involving 6 languages in 6 countries to the fact that I changed perspective - I am curious if you buy this; it is a very exciting project for a multinational fast moving consumer goods manufacturer for automated high accuracy sentiment analysis by discussion topic and brands. I will stretch the argument a bit further and say that the list of benefits of my change of perspective while I was working last week includes:
- A successful online demo of communities247 - the private online communities platform of DigitalMR for co-creation, insights and customer advocacy - to a large private market research agency in the US. We explored the possibility of them joining our partner programme of market research agencies that will use and/or resell the communities247 platform.
- A very productive bi-monthly advisory board call with 8 members from four different countries about our series A funding strategy and tactics.
- A very positive (truly global) call with colleagues using Skype: two of us were in Cyprus, one in China, one in Poland and one in the UK! For a company with a total of 8 full time employees, I would say this is pretty remarkable.
In closing…
True to the argument of this post as I write the last couple of sentences, yet again confined by walls, a table and a chair, I look out of my window and I see the glaciers of the Alps, from 35,000 feet, on my way to London.
As always, I am very interested to connect with you and hear your experiences and views on the subject; I hope we can talk soon…in person. |
RUNX1 and CBFB are not only important for leukemogenesis but they are also key regulators of normal hematopoiesis. These two genes are required during the earliest steps of hematopoietic stem cell formation and in subsequent stages of several blood lineages. Multiple studies suggest that dysregulation of the normal transcriptional program controlled by RUNX1 and CBFB is likely to be an important mechanism for leukemogenesis. Therefore, better understanding of the RUNX1/CBFB transcriptional program and the roles of RUNX1 and CBFB in normal hematopoiesis will lead to better understanding of the mechanisms for leukemogenesis. We have been pursuing two specific aims in this project in the last fiscal year. In the first specific aim, we have been studying the role of RUNX1 in the formation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in zebrafish. Runx1 null mouse embryos lack definitive hematopoiesis and cannot survive past E13. Zebrafish with a runx1 stop codon mutation (runx1W84X/W84X), however, were able to recover from a larval bloodless phase and develop to adults with multi-lineage hematopoiesis. In order to determine if a RUNX1-independent mechanism can support the generation of HSCs we have generated three new runx1-/- lines using TALEN and CRISPR-Cas9. Two runx1-/- lines carry deletions within the runt-homology domain (runx1del8/del8 and runx1del25/del25). The third mutation removes most of the coding region of runx1, from exon 3 to exon 8 (runx1del(e3-8)/del(e3-8)). All three runx1-/- lines failed to initiate definitive hematopoiesis at 2 dpf. However, 40% of the runx1-/- embryos developed into fertile adults with circulating blood cells of multi-lineages. mRNA-sequencing of adult kidney showed that the runx1-/- hematopoietic cells are very similar to WT cells, except for the thrombocyte lineage. Live confocal imaging revealed the presence of cd41-GFP+ precursors in the hematopoietic tissues of runx1- /- embryos and larvae, which may be responsible for the recovery of hematopoiesis. We used single-cell RNA sequencing to transcriptionally profile WT and runx1-/- cd41-GFP+ cells at 2.5 dpf and 16 dpf (at the time of normal HSC initiation and hematopoietic recovery in runx1-/- larvae, respectively). At 2.5 dpf, we identified a residual population of cd41-GFP+ cells in the runx1-/- embryos that expresses HSC markers. At 16 dpf, runx1-/- and WT cd41-GFP+ precursors segregated in different cell clusters. Interestingly, the cd41-GFP+ precursors in the runx1-/- larvae are highly active and a large cluster of erythroid-primed precursors can be identified, corroborating with our hypothesis that the residual cd41-GFP+ cells are responsible for recovering hematopoiesis. Further analysis allowed us to identify candidate transcription factors that could be responsible for driving runx1-independent hematopoiesis. Genetic complementation analysis confirmed at least one of the transcription factors to be responsible for runx1-independent hematopoiesis. A manuscript reporting these findings is under preparation. In the second aim, we are using genetic and genomic approaches to study familial platelet disorder with associated myeloid malignancy (FPDMM). FPDMM patients have platelet defects and a life-long risk of developing hematopoietic malignancies, with variable clinical presentation and disease penetrance among families with different germline mutations, and even between affected individuals within a single family. An autosomal dominant disease, FPDMM is caused by inherited mutations in the RUNX1 gene. FPDMM is a rare disease; so far only about 50 families with the disease have been reported. Consequently, the pathogenesis of FPDMM has not been studied extensively. The problem is compounded by the fact that existing animal models (mouse and zebrafish) do not recapitulate FPDMM clinical phenotypes. My group has been taking two different approaches to study FPDMM pathogenesis. In the first approach, we have been using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) to study the hematopoietic defects in FPDMM patients; and in the second approach, we have been using genomic sequencing to determine if there are germline and somatic mutations in other genes that cooperate with RUNX1 mutation for myeloid malignancy in FPDMM patients. We have established iPSC lines from FPDMM patients of two families (with different RUNX1 mutations) and demonstrated that these patient-specific iPSCs had hematopoietic differentiation defects, which could be rescued by genome editing to correct the RUNX1 mutations in these iPSCs. In the second approach, we have initiated a longitudinal study to prospectively sequence blood and bone marrow samples from FPDMM patients to detect germline and somatic mutations and correlate the findings with clinical observations. This will be achieved through extensive collaborations with extramural colleagues, such as Lucy Godley at University of Chicago. In addition, we plan to set up a clinical program at the NIH Clinical Center dedicated to this longitudinal study. |
Download Elkie CLC - I Give You My Heart.mp3
Download lagu Elkie CLC - I Give You My Heart from album I Give You My Heart - IU on iTunes. Elkie CLC Please buy this song from the author or the developer site to support Elkie CLC – I Give You My Heart on all world charts. |
556 S.E.2d 146 (2001)
252 Ga. App. 759
WRIGHT et al.
v.
COOK.
No. A01A1244.
Court of Appeals of Georgia.
October 17, 2001.
Reconsideration Denied December 4, 2001.
*147 William R.L. Latson, Jonesboro, for appellants.
Gray, Hedrick & Edenfield, L. Bruce Hedrick, Atlanta, for appellee.
SMITH, Presiding Judge.
This is the second appearance of this case in this court. See Wright v. Swint, 224 Ga.App. 417, 480 S.E.2d 878 (1997). Charles and Rhonda Wright brought suit against A. Ronald Cook, an attorney, and others, alleging that Cook performed a faulty title search on property the Wrights purchased in 1985, then assured them in 1993 that the defect would be cured, but did nothing to accomplish this. In this appeal, the Wrights appeal from the trial court's order granting summary judgment to Cook. We find that summary judgment was not warranted, because regardless of whether Cook did or did not represent the Wrights at closing, a genuine issue of material fact remains in dispute with regard to whether he voluntarily undertook to correct the defect in title when it was discovered and then did not do so. We therefore reverse the grant of summary judgment to Cook.
The defect in the Wrights' title was not discovered until 1993, when they attempted to refinance the mortgage on their property. The Wrights alleged that when they informed Cook of the defects, he made assurances to them that he would remedy the problem, which was never done. Swint, supra at 417-418, 480 S.E.2d 878. They contend that this inaction constituted a breach of fiduciary duty and fraud. In Swint, we reversed the trial court's grant of Cook's motion to dismiss. The motion to dismiss was granted on the grounds that the Wrights' claim against Cook sounded in legal malpractice, which was barred for two reasons: First, the action was barred by the statute of limitation; and second, Cook never acted as the Wrights' attorney.
On appeal, this court held that the issue of representation was "in factual dispute," and it should not have been resolved by the trial court on a motion to dismiss. Swint, supra at 418(1), 480 S.E.2d 878. We further held that if Cook represented the Wrights, an action for legal malpractice against him for performing the defective title search in 1985 was barred by the four-year statute of limitation. Id. at 419(2), 480 S.E.2d 878. But if a jury found that Cook acted as the Wrights' attorney "on or after November 29, 1990, but did so negligently or negligently failed to do so, then the four-year statute of limitation does not bar an action for legal malpractice against him for acts he committed on or after November 29, 1990. [Cit.]" Id. at 418(1), 480 S.E.2d 878. Moreover, if Cook represented the Wrights on or after November 29, 1990, he would also have "stood in a fiduciary capacity to them. [Cit.]" Id. If he represented to the Wrights that he would cure the defective chain of title and reissue a new deed curing the defect, such promises created new duties and obligations. Failure to make good these promises also "may have breached a contractual duty for which action for damages may lie. The statute of limitation for such action being four years (OCGA § 9-3-25)," it did not expire for acts committed within four years prior to November 29, 1994, when the action was filed. Id. at 419(3), 480 S.E.2d 878.
The case then returned to the trial court, where the Wrights renewed a motion for recusal, which had previously been denied. The ground for the motion was that Cook was both a practicing attorney and one of the county's judges. He served as a juvenile court judge and city court judge, and he had acted pro hac vice in the State Court of Spalding County, in which this action was filed. The motion was granted this time, and a senior superior court judge was appointed *148 to hear the case. Cook then filed a motion for summary judgment, along with a notice of his request for filing several depositions. The Wrights filed a cross-motion for summary judgment, and after hearing, the trial court granted Cook's motion and denied that of the Wrights.
Although the record on this appeal includes additional evidence, nothing in that evidence persuades us to change our conclusion that the issue of whether Cook represented the Wrights, either before or after November 29, 1990, is in factual dispute.[1] While generally the relation of attorney and client is a matter of contract, the contract may be express or implied from the conduct of the parties. In the Matter of Dowdy, 247 Ga. 488, 491, 277 S.E.2d 36 (1981). And here, unlike the situation in Williams v. Fortson, Bentley & Griffin, 212 Ga.App. 222, 441 S.E.2d 686 (1994), relied upon by Cook, no disclaimer of representation was presented to the Wrights by Cook at closing. But even if Cook represented the Wrights at the closing, any claims against him stemming from that closing are barred both by the statute of limitation and by the law of the case, since that issue was decided in Swint, supra.
As to what transpired after the closing, the evidence is in conflict. Cook testified that after the closing, neither the bank nor the Wrights contacted him about the title. Mr. Wright testified on his deposition that he last had contact with Cook at the closing in issue. He testified, however, that his wife "probably" had contact with Cook when they discovered the defect in the title in 1993, because she "handled all of it." Mr. Wright testified that after speaking with Cook, his wife told him Cook said "it would be taken care of." Mrs. Wright testified, in direct conflict with Cook's testimony, that she spoke with him a number of times after the closing: "somewhere in the vicinity of four or five times probably in '93" and "[t]wo, maybe three times" in 1994. All these conversations had to do with the cloud on the Wrights' title. In these conversations, he "assured [her] that he would take care of the matter." On one occasion, she went to Cook's office to find out "what was going on on the closing concerning the cloud that was on the title." She spoke with Cook for ten to fifteen minutes, and he told her he was going to the courthouse to check on the title and he would get back to her. She last had contact with Cook in 1994, and nothing had been done.
A jury could believe that Cook undertook to correct the defect in title on the Wrights' behalf, and the Wrights relied on this promise to their detriment. If so, he created a duty to the Wrights. Simmerson v. Blanks, 149 Ga.App. 478, 254 S.E.2d 716 (1979). In performing that duty, even if he acted gratuitously he was obligated to exercise a reasonable degree of care and skill as an attorney. Id. at 480-481, 254 S.E.2d 716. The question of whether he made this promise must be decided by a jury, because the deposition testimony of Mrs. Wright and that of Cook are in direct conflict. "Where the facts, as testified to by the parties, create a conflict in the evidence as to a material issue, summary judgment is precluded. [Cit.]" Bearden v. Bearden, 231 Ga.App. 182, 184, 499 S.E.2d 359 (1998). The trial court's grant of summary judgment to Cook was therefore error.
Judgment reversed.
BARNES and PHIPPS, JJ., concur.
NOTES
[1] On his deposition, Cook testified that he certified the title to the bank, and not the Wrights, and that he did not then or ever represent the Wrights. Mrs. Wright testified that Cook represented her "through the bank." The bank officer was unsure.
|
Category: universal access
Even the Church of Latter-Day Saints is beginning to have a change of heart. Traditionally the church has focused on man-on-woman relationships (occasionally several) and the consequences of being gay were excommunication, homelessness and suicide. Under new Church President Thomas Monson, though, LDS have agreed to a historic meeting with Affirmation, a group which represents 910,000 gay and lesbian Mormons.
“I firmly believe that within my lifetime the church will welcome gay brothers and sisters as full members in the church. I don’t think that will happen today or tomorrow, but it will eventually happen,” Affirmation assistant senior executive director David Melson says. “Anytime that we teach homophobia as a family value, it means we are missing the mark and not doing the job that we should be doing as a people, as a church.”
The race is on – will you or the Mormons be the first to admit that everybody deserves the same freedom, the freedom to marry?
At last night’s Academy Awards, the Best Short Documentary went to a film called “Freeheld” about the struggle that a New Jersey police Lieutenant faced as she tried to include her partner in her pension while she also battled cancer. Had her partner been a different gender, it would have been automatic; instead it was anything but.
I know that you intend for Domestic Partnership to provide same-sex couples with all of the time-tested social and legal features of marriage. The truth is that Domestic Partnership fails miserably at bringing even basic parity to California’s gay partnerships.
When Director Cynthia Wade tells three million people that “It was Lt. Laurel Hester’s dying wish that her fight against discrimination would make a difference for all the same-sex couples across the country,” she is telling three million people that leaders like you are the problem; that people like you, for all your best intentions, are merely obstacles to individual liberty until you support the freedom for all of us to decide for ourselves who we marry.
I’ve only lived in California for eight years, and I love the state, but I believe it could be even better if same-sex couples had the same freedom to marry as everybody else.
Those who disagree with me have often said that they don’t want to reward a behavior, begging the question: is homosexuality genetic or learned?
The answer to that question is that it doesn’t matter. We used to have barriers to marriage that were based on race, and there are still churches that will not marry across faiths. In both cases our Government has had the wisdom to step out of the way of love.
It is time for Government to stop blocking same-sex couples who want to commit to marriage. Whether it’s nature – like race – or nurture – like religion – it is the same love that everybody else has. It should be treated the same way.
Please sign AB 43, the Religious Freedom and Civil Marriage Protection Act, not out of pity, but out of respect for people’s individual choices about who they love. That is the kind of state California is, and with your assent, can continue to be.
As a parent who wants to teach his kids about freedom and tolerance, it irritates me that you have so curtly promised to veto AB 43, the Religious Freedom and Civil Marriage Protection Act.It’s not the veto that saddens me; what offends me as an American is your refusal to acknowledge that it is fundamentally wrong to carve out and exclude a whole group of people from marriage based exclusively on who they love.
In signing AB 43, your hands might be tied, but in denouncing two sets of laws governing relationships in California, your mouth is still free. Won’t you use that freedom so I can teach my kids about freedom and tolerance by example rather than by exception?
As a gay American, I believe same-sex couples should be allowed to access the security and simplicity of marriage, just like everybody else.
On September 11, 2001, Mark Bingham helped liberate and protect an airplane. On another flight, parents Ronald Gamboa and Daniel Brandhorst perished along with their 3-year-old son, David Reed Gamboa Brandhorst. The co-pilot of the airplane that crashed into the Pentagon, David Charlebois, left behind Tom Hay, his partner of almost 13 years. On the ground, F.D.N.Y. chaplain Mychael Judge was the first official casualty of the attack. He was also gay.
These victims of terrorism perished that day, just like everybody else. If we are to triumph over these attacks on our freedom, we must unite. But how can we unite to defend freedom, when we deny it to ourselves?
We can bicker over gay rights, but we cannot afford to be divided over Freedom. The people of California, through our legislature, have asked you extend the freedom to marry to same-sex couples. I wish you would sign AB 43 and let freedom ring.
I see from today’s paper that you are teaming up with the Democrats and Assembly Speaker Fabian Nuñez in order to “do whatever it takes” to overhaul our healthcare system.
I wish you would “do whatever it takes” to bring the freedom to marry to all Californians.
Like healthcare, freedom to marry will allow universal access to important services inside of a secure, time-tested framework that everybody understands. Unlike healthcare, nobody is being forced to get married or even perform the ceremonies, and California taxpayers will actually save $24 million a year. It provides personal choice and freedom to Californians at a bargain price – something worth fighting for.
“Whatever it takes” includes signing AB 43, the Religious Freedom and Civil Marriage Protection Act. The legislature was clever enough to design it so it wouldn’t conflict with Proposition 22, and now that “universal access” is in your vocabulary, signing it isn’t even politically risky: it’s just the least you can do.
So please consider signing AB 43 and bringing to California’s same-sex couples the same freedom to marry that you have. |
You are here
Skyscape groundbreaking party is Wednesday
Two months after the last townhouse was completed on Grant Park, Elliot Park's first tower condos, a second developer will celebrate the groundbreaking of a nearby residential high-rise.
Chicago-based Tandem Developers' Sept. 14 party heralds the 27-story Skyscape, now rising at 953 Portland Ave. The 4-8 p.m. event at Elliot Park's Gallery Atitlan, 609 S. 10th St., will feature food and drink, live music and sales incentives, and is open to the public. (Call 340-9000 to RSVP.)
The event signals 20 months of construction on the block bounded by South 9th and 10th streets and Park and Portland avenues. David Fields, community development coordinator for Elliot Park Neighborhood, Inc. (EPNI), said a neighborhood task force would meet regularly with Tandem to keep neighbors abreast of the impact of construction in terms of traffic, noise and debris -- a lesson learned during Grant Park's construction.
Tandem's Paul Dincin, Skyscape's manager, said he doesn't expect traffic to be affected beyond closing one lane on the Park and Portland one-ways, but that "some dirt and noise is inevitable."
Anyone with concerns is encouraged to call Fields at 335-5846, ext. 13.
Tandem announced May 15 that it had sold half of the planned 252 units, and that construction would begin mid-July. Dincin said a slow permitting process pushed back the date, but sales have been consistent and the visible construction should spur more residents and potential retailers to buy and lease, he said.
Condo prices range from $185,000 to $1.25 million for penthouses, which Dincin said have sold so well that two more have been added to the design. Four penthouses have been sold.
A 5th-floor green roof will act as both an environmental and lifestyle amenity, Dincin pointed out, with lawn bowling and four to five barbecue areas outside a party room, spa with a hot tub and steam and massage rooms, and a business center.
The vast majority of first-floor retail will be a single 10,000-sqaure-foot space, which could house a grocery or large drug store, Dincin said. A smaller 1,500-square-foot space opens onto an ungated courtyard outside three townhouses.
While talk of a Trader Joe's gourmet grocery store is still just that, Dincin said Skyscape has drawn "a lot of interest from national retailers." Tandem is also open to nonfranchise businesses, he said -- a high priority for the Elliot Park neighborhood group. Fields said "neighborhood-level destination businesses" are preferred, something such as the locally owned diner slated for the Sexton building, under construction at 8th Street & Portland.
"We would love to have a local retailer, as long as there is clear sustainability," Dincin said. "Not for us so much as for the neighborhood. Something that's not opening and closing."
Dincin said that the larger commercial space could be separated into three smaller ones. |
Gold Stuck
Gold prospectors have dug up a gold nugget weighing over 670 grams in WA’s goldfields.
Dean Eisler runs gold prospecting tours out of Kalgoorlie and says plenty of people are still interested in the age old hobby. |
#!/usr/bin/env bash
VER=
FLAGS=
OTHER_EXT=
OTHER_ARGS=
USE_INSTALLED=0
GUD=
DO_CLEAN=0
IS_EDGE=0
EDGE_VER=
CHROME_ROOT=
EXE=
WORKING_DIR=${WORKING_DIR:-/r/working}
VC_ROOT=
DIST=0
ALSO_VC=0
UBO=0
HOME_PAGE=
default_vc_root=/e/Git/weidu+vim/vimium-c
function wp() {
local dir=${2}
test "${dir::5}" == "/mnt/" && dir=${dir:4} ||
test "${dir::10}" == "/cygdrive/" && dir=${dir:9}
if test "${dir::1}" != "/" -o "${dir:2:1}" != "/"; then
dir=$($REALPATH -m "$dir")
else
local win_dir=${dir:1:1}
dir=${win_dir^}:${dir:2}
fi
declare -g $1=${dir}
}
while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
case "$1" in
clean|ckean|--clean)
DO_CLEAN=1
shift
;;
exp|--exp)
FLAGS=$FLAGS" --enable-experimental-web-platform-features --enable-experimental-canvas-features"
FLAGS=$FLAGS" --javascript-harmony --js-flags=--harmony" # "--js-flags=--harmony" is used before C39
shift
;;
leg|legacy|leagcy|--legacy|--leagcy)
FLAGS=$FLAGS" --disable-javascript-harmony-shipping"
shift
;;
enable|enable-blink)
FLAGS=$FLAGS" --enable-blink-features="$2
shift 2
;;
disable|disable-blink)
FLAGS=$FLAGS" --disable-blink-features="$2
shift 2
;;
dark)
FLAGS=$FLAGS" --force-dark-mode"
shift
;;
test|--test) # no the "Disable developer mode extensions" dialog, but add an extra infobar
OTHER_ARGS=$OTHER_ARGS" --enable-automation"
shift
;;
zh|cn|zh-cn|zh-CN|--zh|--cn|--zh-cn|--zh-CN)
FLAGS=$FLAGS" --lang=zh-CN"
shift
;;
en|en-us|en-US|--en|--en-us|--en-US)
# https://developer.chrome.com/webstore/i18n#localeTable
FLAGS=$FLAGS" --lang=en-US"
shift
;;
fr|fr-fr|fr-FR|--fr|--fr-fr|--fr-FR)
FLAGS=$FLAGS" --lang=fr"
shift
;;
dist|--dist)
DIST=1
shift
;;
local|--local)
DIST=0
shift
;;
installed|--installed)
USE_INSTALLED=1
shift
;;
vc|--vc)
ALSO_VC=1
shift
;;
ub|ubo)
UBO=1
shift
;;
only|--only)
if test $DO_CLEAN -eq 1; then DO_CLEAN=2; fi
shift
;;
[3-9][0-9]|cur|wo|prev|[1-9a-f][1-9a-f][1-9a-f][1-9a-f][1-9a-f][1-9a-f]*) # ver
VER=$1
shift
;;
edge-dev|--edge-dev)
IS_EDGE=3
shift
;;
edge|--edge)
IS_EDGE=1
shift
;;
zdsf)
OTHER_ARGS=$OTHER_ARGS" --enable-use-zoom-for-dsf"
shift
;;
nozdsf|no-zdsf)
OTHER_ARGS=$OTHER_ARGS" --enable-use-zoom-for-dsf=false"
shift
;;
--*)
OTHER_ARGS=$OTHER_ARGS" $1"
shift
;;
*://*|about:*|chrome:*)
HOME_PAGE=$HOME_PAGE" $1"
shift
;;
localhost)
HOME_PAGE=$HOME_PAGE" http://$1/"
shift
;;
*)
if test -d "$1" && test -f "$1/manifest.json"; then
VC_ROOT=$1
DIST=0
shift
else
echo "Unknown arg: $1" >&2
shift
fi
;;
esac
done
if test $IS_EDGE -gt 0; then
case "$IS_EDGE" in
3) EDGE_VER=" Dev" ;;
2) EDGE_VER=" Beta" ;;
esac
CHROME_ROOT="/c/Program Files (x86)/Microsoft/Edge${EDGE_VER}/Application"
test -e "$CHROME_ROOT" || CHROME_ROOT="/c/Program Files (x86)/Microsoft/Edge Dev/Application"
EXE=$CHROME_ROOT/msedge.exe
GUD=${GUD:-/r/TEMP/EUD}
fi
GUD=${GUD:-/r/TEMP/GUD}
if test $DO_CLEAN -gt 0 -a -e "$GUD"; then
if test $USE_INSTALLED -gt 0; then
echo -E "MUST NOT clean the default UserData folder"
exit 1
fi
rm -rf "$GUD" || exit $?
wp gud_w "$GUD"
echo -E "Clean ${gud_w} : done."
fi
if test $DO_CLEAN -eq 2; then exit 0; fi
if test $ALSO_VC -gt 0; then
if test $DIST -gt 0; then
wp deafault_vc_ext_w "$default_vc_root/dist"
else
wp deafault_vc_ext_w "$default_vc_root"
fi
OTHER_EXT=${OTHER_EXT},${deafault_vc_ext_w}
fi
if test -f "/usr/bin/env.exe"; then
RUN=/usr/bin/start2.exe
REALPATH=/usr/bin/cygpath.exe
else
RUN=$(which env.exe)' start2.exe'
REALPATH=/bin/wslpath
fi
dir=$(/usr/bin/realpath "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")
dir=${dir%/*}
if test -f "$dir"/Chrome/chrome.exe; then
CHROME_ROOT=$dir
VC_ROOT=${VC_ROOT:-$default_vc_root}
else
CHROME_ROOT=${CHROME_ROOT:-/d/Program Files/Google}
VC_ROOT=${VC_ROOT:-${dir%/*}}
fi
if test -z "$VER" && test -f "$WORKING_DIR"/Chrome-bin/chrome.exe; then
VER=wo
fi
test "$VER" == cur && VER=
if test -n "$EXE"; then :
elif test "$VER" == wo; then
EXE=$WORKING_DIR/Chrome-bin/chrome.exe
else
EXE=$WORKING_DIR/${VER:-cur}/chrome.exe
test -f "$EXE" || EXE=$CHROME_ROOT/${VER:-Chrome}/chrome.exe
fi
VC_ROOT="$(/usr/bin/realpath ${VC_ROOT})"
if test $DIST -gt 0; then
VC_EXT=${VC_ROOT}/dist
dir=$(/usr/bin/realpath "${VC_EXT}")
wp vc_ext_w "$dir"
if ! test -f ${dir}/manifest.json; then
echo -e "No dist extension: "$vc_ext_w >&2
exit 1
fi
else
VC_EXT="$VC_ROOT"
wp vc_ext_w "$VC_EXT"
fi
if test $UBO -le 0; then UBO=
elif test "$VER" == wo -o "$VER" == prev || test ${VER:-99} -ge 45; then
UBO=${VC_ROOT}/../uBlock/dist/build/uBlock0.chromium
if test -d "$UBO"; then
wp UBO "${UBO}"
OTHER_EXT=${OTHER_EXT},${UBO}
fi
fi
exe_w=$($REALPATH -m "$EXE")
if ! test -f "$EXE"; then
echo -E "No such a file: "$exe_w >&2
exit 1
fi
if test -n "$VER" -o "$CHROME_ROOT" == '/d/Program Files/Google'; then
rm -f "${EXE%/*}/default_apps/"* "${EXE%/*}/"[0-9]*"/default_apps/"*
fi
if test $USE_INSTALLED -gt 0; then
GUD=
gud_w=
UD_DESC="(installed)"
UD_ARG=
test -d "$WORKING_DIR" && cd "$WORKING_DIR" 2>/dev/null || cd "${EXE%/*}"
echo -E Run: installed "${exe_w}" with "${vc_ext_w}"
exec $RUN "$EXE" \
--load-extension=${vc_ext_w}${OTHER_EXT} \
--homepage ${HOME_PAGE:-chrome-extension://hfjbmagddngcpeloejdejnfgbamkjaeg/pages/options.html} \
$OTHER_ARGS \
--start-maximized $FLAGS "$@"
exit 0
fi
dir=${GUD}; dir=${dir#/}; gud_w=${dir%%/*}; dir=${dir#[a-z]}
gud_w=${gud_w^}:${dir}
test -d "$GUD" || mkdir -p "$GUD" || exit $?
test -d "$WORKING_DIR" && cd "$WORKING_DIR" 2>/dev/null || cd "${EXE%/*}"
# Refer: https://peter.sh/experiments/chromium-command-line-switches/
echo -E Run: "${exe_w}" at ${gud_w} with "${vc_ext_w}"
$RUN "$EXE" \
--user-data-dir=${gud_w} \
--no-first-run --disable-default-apps\
--disable-sync --no-default-browser-check \
--load-extension=${vc_ext_w}${OTHER_EXT} \
--homepage ${HOME_PAGE:-chrome-extension://hfjbmagddngcpeloejdejnfgbamkjaeg/pages/options.html} \
--disable-office-editing-component-extension \
--disable-extensions-file-access-check \
--disable-component-update \
$OTHER_ARGS \
--start-maximized $FLAGS "$@"
|
58345: Case View
The Supreme Court
of Nevada
Appellate Case Management System
C-Track, the browser based CMS for Appellate Courts
Case Search
Participant Search
Cases
Case Search
Participant Search
Disclaimer: The information and documents available here should not be relied upon as an official record of action.Only filed documents can be viewed. Some documents received in a case may not be available for viewing.Some documents originating from a lower court, including records and appendices, may not be available for viewing.For official records, please contact the Clerk of the Supreme Court of Nevada at (775) 684-1600.
Case Information: 58345
Short Caption:SANCHEZ-DOMINGUEZ (DAVID) VS. STATEClassification:Criminal Appeal - Life - Direct
Lower Court Case(s):Washoe Co. - Second Judicial District - CR100866Case Status:Remittitur Issued/Case Closed
Disqualifications:Panel Assigned:
En Banc
Replacement:
To SP/Judge:SP Status:
Oral Argument:07/16/2012 at 10:30 AMOral Argument Location:Carson City
Submission Date:07/16/2012How Submitted:After Oral Argument
+
Party Information
RoleParty NameRepresented By
AppellantDavid Sanchez-DominguezRichard F. CornellBenjamin D. CornellJennifer L. Lunt
(Washoe County Alternate Public Defender)
John E. Malone
(Washoe County Alternate Public Defender)
RespondentThe State of NevadaCatherine Cortez Masto
(Attorney General/Carson City)
Terrence P. McCarthy
(Washoe County District Attorney)
Jennifer P. Noble
(Washoe County District Attorney)
14-06402: This document is currently unavailable. If you need a copy of this document, please contact Clerk's Office at (775)684-1600.
Docket Entries
DateTypeDescriptionPending?Document
05/16/2011Filing FeeAppeal Filing fee waived. Criminal.
05/16/2011Notice of Appeal DocumentsFiled Notice of Appeal. Appeal docketed in the Supreme Court this day. (Docketing statement mailed to counsel for appellant.) NOTICE OF APPEAL11-14458
06/10/2011Notice/OutgoingIssued Notice to File Docketing Statement and Request Transcripts. Due date: 10 days.11-17334
06/14/2011MotionFiled Motion to Extend Time to Prepare Transcript (Court Repoter Isolde Zihn).11-17710
06/15/2011Order/ProceduralFiled Order Granting Motion. Court Reporter Ms. Zihn shall have until August 8, 2011, to file the requested transcripts in the district court and deliver copies to the requesting party. Ms. Zihn: certificate of delivery due: August 18, 2011.11-17816
06/30/2011Order/ProceduralFiled Order. Appellant: transcript request form and docketing statement due: 10 days.11-19437
07/26/2011Notice of Appeal DocumentsFiled Documents from District Court Clerk. Notice of Appearance of Counsel (Richard Cornell) filed 5/23/11 and additional d.c. docket entries.11-22487
07/27/2011Order/ProceduralFiled Order Regarding Status of Counsel and to Show Cause. Alternate Public Defender's Response due: 10 days.11-22613
08/01/2011MotionFiled Response to Order Regarding Status of Counsel and to Show Cause (Richard Cornell).11-23030
08/04/2011MotionFiled Response to Order Regarding Status of Counsel and to Show Cause (John Malone).11-23563
08/05/2011MotionFiled Response to Order Regarding Status of Counsel and to Show Cause.11-23621
08/05/2011MotionFiled Motion to Substitute Counsel.11-23622
08/08/2011Order/ProceduralFiled Order. The clerk of this court shall remove the Alternate Public Defender as counsel of record for appellant. Attorney Richard Cornell shall have 15 days from the date of this order to file and serve a docketing statement and 60 days from the date of this order to file and serve the opening brief and appendix.11-23778
08/08/2011TranscriptFiled Notice from Court Reporter. Isolde Zihn stating that the requested transcripts were delivered. Dates of transcripts: 1/18/11 - 1/25/11, 1/26/11, and 5/4/11.11-23888
08/19/2011Docketing StatementFiled Docketing Statement Criminal Appeals.11-25259
09/27/2011BriefFiled Opening Brief.11-29465
09/27/2011AppendixFiled Appendix to Opening Brief CD-ROM included. Vols. 1 through 5.11-29468
10/27/2011MotionFiled Stipulation for Extension of Time (Answering Brief).11-33141
10/27/2011Notice/OutgoingIssued Notice Motion/Stipulation Approved. The stipulation to extend time to file answering brief is approved. Due date: November 28, 2011.11-33143
11/28/2011BriefFiled Respondent's Answering Brief.11-36508
01/03/2012BriefFiled Appellant's Reply Brief.12-00142
01/03/2012Case Status UpdateBriefing Completed/To Screening.
05/24/2012Order/ProceduralFiled Order Directing Clerk to Schedule Oral Argument. The clerk of this court is directed to schedule this matter for oral argument before the Southern Nevada Panel on the next available calendar.12-16439
06/11/2012Notice/OutgoingIssued Notice Scheduling Oral Argument. Oral Argument is scheduled for Monday, July 16, 2012, at 10:30 a.m. in Carson City. Argument shall be limited to 30 minutes.12-18264
07/05/2012Notice/OutgoingIssued Oral Argument Reminder Notice.12-21010
07/06/2012Notice/IncomingFiled Notice of Association of Counsel. (Benjamin D. Cornell, Esq. will appear with Richard F. Cornell, Esq. at the oral argument scheduled for July 16, 2012 at 10:30 a.m.).12-21167
07/09/2012Notice/IncomingFiled Notice of Association of Counsel (Jennifer Noble to participate in Oral Argument).12-21369
07/16/2012Case Status UpdateOral argument held this day. Case submitted for decision to the Northern Nevada Panel. NNP12 NS/KP/JH.
02/27/2014Opinion/DispositionalFiled Authored Opinion. "Affirmed." Before the Court EN BANC. Author: Pickering, J. Majority: Pickering/Gibbons/Hardesty/Parraguirre/Douglas. Cherry and Saitta, JJ., dissenting. 130 Nev. Adv. Opn. No. 10.14-06402
03/24/2014RemittiturIssued Remittitur.14-09193
03/24/2014Case Status UpdateRemittitur Issued/Case Closed
04/09/2014RemittiturFiled Remittitur. Received by District Court Clerk on April 3, 2014.14-09193
09/03/2014Notice/OutgoingIssued Letter to Publishers with corrections to recently filed opinions. (Letter dated July 17, 2014) Nos. 58602/59387/63724/64194/56614/58345/62489/62615/57324/59290. (Letter entered in 58602 as document no. 14-29096.)
|
Measurements of spinal mobility in the sagittal plane: new skin contraction technique compared with established methods.
A new skin contraction (10 cm segment) method for measuring segmental and "total" spinal movement in the sagittal plane is described and compared with the modified Schober test, finger-floor distance and goniometry. Three consecutive 10 cm segments are marked out along the spine from the lumbosacral junction with the patient in full flexion. The amount of contraction occurring within each segment is measured after maximal spinal extension. Skin contraction correlated significantly with comparable measurements by other methods. Interobserver variation was not significant. Mean patient measurement time (+/- SD) was 124 +/- 59 seconds. The 10 cm segment method was found to be more sensitive than other available clinical techniques for detecting loss of spinal mobility in ankylosing spondylitis. |
September 13, 2011Net profit more than tripled from $2.4 million a year ago to $8.2 million at the end of the first half of 2011. The company attributes the growth to strong sales of digital presses, especially in the US.
September 13, 2011The ink manufacturer has developed a digital inkjet narrow web press featuring UV LED curing lamps from Phoseon Technology. The single pass color press can print at speeds up to 80 feet per minute.
September 6, 2011The new TecScreen rotary screen system features a wide range of meshes for both conventional and specialty screen applications. The company also offers peripheral equipment for assembly of the screens into cylinders.
September 6, 2011Sleeve labels’ present 12 percent share of the world labeling market is estimated to grow at an annual 4.5 to 5 percent to 2015. AWA says that this is the highest projected growth rate for all labeling types. |
/*
* Copyright (c) 2010-2013 Juli Mallett. All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
* SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
#ifndef CRYPTO_CRYPTO_ENCRYPTION_H
#define CRYPTO_CRYPTO_ENCRYPTION_H
#include <set>
#include <event/event_callback.h>
namespace CryptoEncryption {
class Method;
enum Algorithm {
TripleDES,
AES128,
AES192,
AES256,
Blowfish,
CAST,
IDEA,
RC4,
};
enum Mode {
CBC,
CTR,
Stream,
};
typedef std::pair<Algorithm, Mode> Cipher;
enum Operation {
Encrypt,
Decrypt,
};
class Session {
protected:
Session(void)
{ }
public:
virtual ~Session()
{ }
virtual unsigned block_size(void) const = 0;
virtual unsigned key_size(void) const = 0;
virtual unsigned iv_size(void) const = 0;
virtual Session *clone(void) const = 0;
virtual bool initialize(Operation, const Buffer *, const Buffer *) = 0;
virtual bool cipher(Buffer *, const Buffer *) = 0;
virtual Action *submit(Buffer *, BufferEventCallback *) = 0;
};
class Method {
std::string name_;
protected:
Method(const std::string&);
virtual ~Method()
{ }
public:
virtual std::set<Cipher> ciphers(void) const = 0;
virtual Session *session(Cipher) const = 0;
static const Method *method(Cipher);
};
}
std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream&, CryptoEncryption::Algorithm);
std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream&, CryptoEncryption::Mode);
std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream&, CryptoEncryption::Cipher);
#endif /* !CRYPTO_CRYPTO_ENCRYPTION_H */
|
The effect of diabetes on phosphatidylinositol turnover and calcium influx in myocardium.
Diabetes was induced in rats by administration of streptozotocin. Diabetes occurred within 24 h after treatment. Two forms of diabetes were studied, an acute form (4 days) and a chronic form (2 months). In a separate experiment the effect of insulin and an aldose reductase inhibitor on acute diabetes was studied. Phosphoinositide labelling was done in biopsies of heart with [3H] myo-inositol. It was shown that the incorporation of myo-inositol amounted to about 65% in acute diabetes and 80% in chronic diabetes compared to age-matched controls. The incorporation both in atria and ventricles was affected in a similar way. Muscarinic receptor-mediated phosphatidylinositol breakdown and release of myo-Ins-1 P (myo-inositol 1-phosphate) was unaffected in diabetic hearts in the chronic model. In hearts of diabetic ketotic animals uncoupling of the muscarinic receptor from the phosphoinositide metabolism was apparent. Calcium net influx was significantly reduced in both acute and chronic diabetes compared to age-matched controls. Insulin supplementation to acute diabetic animals significantly improved phosphoinositide labelling with [3H] myo-inositol. No improvement was seen in calcium transport. An aldose reductase inhibitor also facilitated phosphoinositide labelling without improving calcium transport. It is suggested that phosphoinositide metabolism and calcium entry through the slow inward current are independent of one another and the former is sensitive to insulin. It is suggested that insulin by regulating the pool of phosphoinositides and release of endogenous calcium may modulate cardiac function. |
celloblog
100 Cello Warm-Ups and Exercises Blog 12: Flexibility and Coordination – Part Two
100 Cello Warm-Ups and Exercises Blog 12: Flexibility and Coordination – Part Two
Coordination Exercises
In Part 1 of this blog on “Flexibility and Coordination” I discussed the flexibility of the fingers and wrist, and gave some left hand warm-ups such as finger-pushups and some bow arm exercises such as the “box” exercise. Today we will discuss some warm-ups that are useful to improve coordination. A large part of the physical approach to playing the cello involves coordination. Whether playing double stops, timing the speed of a shift, or coordinating the left and right hands we need to be aware of this aspect of our technique. When I was a student in Freiburg, we used to go out as a cello group to a pizza restaurant every Monday after our master classes. We would sit at a long table talking in a babble of languages – German, French, Roumanian, Japanese, Korean, Spanish, English – doing wrist exercises in the air, articulating with the fingers on the table, and gesticulating wildly while vibrating on our arms. The other German customers must have thought that we had just been let out of an asylum. But what we were doing was practicing coordination exercises, demonstrating fingerings, and showing each other what we had learned. The only way to learn and improve coordination is by doing it again and again – even at a pizza restaurant. Here are a variety of exercises that focus on coordination, in no particular order. First a couple of general coordination exercises, focusing on the bow:
Here is the Tortelier bow speed exercise from his book “How I Play, How I Teach”:
Another coordination exercise for the bow is this one: “Frog and Tip”
A good exercise for working on left hand/right hand coordination issues is this “Two Note Coordination Exercise”:
Share With Your Friends!
Robert Jesselson is a Carolina Distinguished Professor at the University of South Carolina, where he teaches cello and plays in the American Arts Trio and the Jesselson/Fugo Duo. In 2013 he was named as the Governor’s Professor of the Year by Governor Haley and the SC Commission on Higher Education.
Dr. Jesselson has performed in recital and with orchestras in Europe, Asia, South America, and the United States, and has participated in the Music Festivals at Nice (France), Granada (Spain), Santiago (Spain), Aspen (CO), Spoleto (SC), the Grand Tetons (WY), and the Festival Inverno (Brazil). His performance degrees are from the Staatliche Hochschule fuer Musik in Freiburg, West Germany, from the Eastman School of Music, where he studied with Paul Katz, and the DMA from Rutgers where he studied with cellist Bernard Greenhouse. He has been principal cello of the South Carolina Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Orquesta-Sinfonica de Las Palmas, Spain. In 1983 Dr. Jesselson was in China for a six-month residency, one of the first Western cellists to visit that country. During that time he performed as soloist, gave master classes, and taught at several conservatories (including Beijing, Shanghai, and Canton). In December, 2001 he led a delegation of string players and teachers to Cuba to begin professional contact with Cuban musicians. He has also taught at Sookmyung University in Korea, Sun Yat Sen University in Taiwan, University of Auckland in New Zealand, at the Royal College of Music in London and recently in St. Lucia in the Caribbean. His recent CD of new music for cello and piano is called “Carolina Cellobration” and is available on CD Baby and Cellos2Go.
Dr. Jesselson was the national President of ASTA, the American String Teachers Association, from 2000-2002. During his tenure as president he initiated the National Studio Teachers Forums (2000 and 2002), started the National String Project Consortium (with sites now at 44 universities and grants of $3.1 million), and began the planning for the first stand-alone ASTA national convention in 2003. He was the founding Executive Director of the National String Project Consortium, and is currently on the NSPC Board.
Dr. Jesselson is former conductor of the USC University Orchestra and the Columbia Youth Orchestra, and he was the cello teacher at the S.C. Governor’s School for the Arts for 17 years. For 15 years he was the director of the USC String Project, building the program into one of the largest and most prominent string education programs in the country. His pioneering work on this program was recognized in an article in the New York Times in December, 2003. ASTA awarded him the “Marvin Rabin Community Service” Award in 2009 for his work with the NSPC and teacher training. He is the recipient of the 2015 USC Trustees Professorship and the 2010 Mungo Distinguished Professor of the Year, the highest teaching awards given by USC. He has also been awarded the 2002 Cantey Award for Outstanding Faculty, the 1992 Verner Award, the 1989 S.C. Arts Commission Artist Fellowship, the 1995 Mungo Teaching Award, and the first SC ASTA Studio Teacher Award in 2005. Next summer Dr. Jesselson will be teaching cello at the Green Mountain Music Festival in Vermont and at the Cellospeak Festival. He plays a 1716 Jacques Boquay cello. |
Tag Archives: random awesome booky shit
Okay so I’ve been trying to figure out what to write about pretty much ever since that last post, and I couldn’t really make up my mind until I finished reading Perks of Being a Wallflower.
Which, after I spent about 12 hours fangirling and coming down from that I-just-read-an-amazing-book high, left me thinking about how some books are good, and others are life-changing.
So I’ve decided to give you guys a smallish list of books that have profoundly affected my life and the way I look at the world, They’re not in any particular order, nor is this all of them (not even close) just the ones sitting in the front of my brain.
Perks of Being a Wallflower by Peter Chbosky
I figured since this was the book that started this post it should come first. It was really profound. I fell in love with the characters, the style, and the story from the moment I picked it up. It was just beautiful.
Favorite quotes:
“And in that moment, I swear we were infinite.”
“I would die for you. But I won’t live for you.”
“So, this is my life. And I want you to know that I am both happy and sad and I’m still trying to figure out how that could be.”
“We accept the love we think we deserve.”
Also, the poem, and really the whole damn book is quotable, it’s fucking beautiful.
I feel like what I got from this book was to embrace the moments, to be earnest with my feelings and actions, and to love the life I have.
2. The Picture of Dorian Gray By Oscar Wilde
I’d like to add that this is and has been my favorite book ever since I read it, almost four years ago, and that is an astonishing record for me. I’m a slut for Oscar Wilde and I sincerely wish I could have a conversation with him, you know, if he wasn’t dead. I feel like this book is ridiculously quotable, fun to read, and has real depth under neath the many layers of fabulousness.
Favorite quotes:
“The books that the world calls immoral are books that show the world its own shame.”
“Humanity takes itself too seriously. It is the world’s original sin. If the cave-man had known how to laugh, History would have been different.”
“Experience is merely the name men gave to their mistakes.”
“Nowadays people know the price of everything and the value of nothing.”
“I am too fond of reading books to care to write them.”
“Some things are more precious because they don’t last long.”
“Laughter is not at all a bad beginning for a friendship, and it is by far the best ending for one.”
Also, the entire fucking book is just one massive pile of beautiful, charming, horrible, quotes from a beautiful, cynical, miserable, man. It was utterly breathtaking and reminded me that there are more important things than being beautiful, clever, and popular. And that in the end it’s better to be honest with yourself and the people you love.
3. Hamlet by If I need to tell you, why are you reading this???
Obviously this is a play not a book, but I love it tremendously so it has to be included. People say Shakespeare is hard to read, I feel like its more hard to start reading, and then once you do it’s hard to stop. Also this is my favorite Shakespeare anything.
Favorite Quotes:
“Doubt thou the stars are fire;
Doubt that the sun doth move;
Doubt truth to be a liar;
But never doubt I love.” –also probably my favorite quote of all time.
“This above all: to thine own self be true,
And it must follow, as the night the day,
Thou canst not then be false to any man.”
“There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.”
“Though this be madness, yet there is method in’t.”
“Listen to many, speak to a few.”
I feel like the romance between Hamlet and Ophelia is only tied between the love of Annabel Lee and the speaker for best romance of all time. Look at that first quote, just look at it, it’s beautiful and sweet and sad and dreamy, pretty much the whole play is. Hamlet served as a reminder to do what I believe is right, and to say what’s on my mind.
4. Impulse by Ellen Hopkins
I’m also a slut for Ellen Hopkins, her writing style, her stories, they’re always so sad and touching and raw and real. This is one of the first books of hers that I read, and it’s stayed my favorite. Probably because I find it the easiest to identify with, I feel like Vanessa was written for me, and they’re all in a mental hospital.
Favorite Quotes:
“Grandma once told me it’s easy to overthink love, to dissect it and question it until it is no more.”
“One foot in front of the other, counting tiles on the floor so I don’t have to focus the blur of painted smiles, fake faces.” An accurate description of highschool Life.
“It [death] chokes you, gags you, but you have to pretend that you’re doing just fine, not trembling with this fear because the end is close.”
“Too much to take in, too much to purge. Why must every memory, once sweet, dead end in such ugliness?”
This book isn’t happy, it doesn’t have a happy ending, and there’s very little fluff to distract you from how horrible it is. But it was the first book I ever read that had characters who were depressed. It was novel for me to know that there were enough people who felt the way I do everyday that somebody would write a book about them. It also taught me to keep going, that it’s worth it to keep working, and that ending it all solves nothing.
This isn’t a novel or a story like the rest of them, it basically read like a collection of posts from her blog, which I adore, so it was totally awesome. (Only decent Best present my in-laws ever bought me) She alternates between talking about her life as a funny awesome mom person, and coping with severe depression and a host of other mental issues.
Favorite Quotes/Chapters:
“Don’t sabotage yourself. There are plenty of other people willing to do that for free.”
“Don’t make the same mistakes that everyone else makes. Make wonderful mistakes. Make the kind of mistakes that make people so shocked that they have no other choice but to be a little impressed.”
“I AM GOING TO BE FURIOUSLY HAPPY, OUT OF SHEER SPITE.” (How I’ve decided to approach life from here on out.)
“I can’t think of another type of illness where the sufferer is made to feel guilty and question their self-care when their medications need to be changed.”
“Normal is boring. Weird is better. Goats are awesome, but only in small quantities.”
Well at Least Your Nipples are covered. ( I read this at Josh, I have noticed a slight improvement in compliment sincerity, I feel like this is a magical chapter)
And It Might be Easier, But It Wouldn’t Be Better. (This basically felt like what Josh is always trying to say but can never get out right.)
This book was ridiculously funny, gave me new insight into dealing with my shitload of crazy, and is the only thing I’ve ever read about depression that didn’t make me feel more depressed after I read it. I laughed and cried, out loud, like audibly, like it invoked a physical reaction in me. And it was a beautiful reminder that we’re not alone, we’re not broken, and in some ways, we have the potential to be even more awesome than the normal people. Seriously, if you’ve ever struggled with depression read this, or her blog, either or, both are awesome Cx
Anywhore sorry this is so long, believe it or not I cut a lot out, but these are the stories that touched my soul. They changed the way I view the world, the way I cope with life, the way I look at myself and others. I hope if you read them you feel the same way, or at least find them enjoyable. |
// Copyright 2014 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
#ifndef COMPONENTS_TRANSLATE_CORE_COMMON_TRANSLATE_METRICS_H_
#define COMPONENTS_TRANSLATE_CORE_COMMON_TRANSLATE_METRICS_H_
#include <string>
#include "base/time/time.h"
namespace translate {
// Internals exposed for testing purposes. Should not be relied on by client
// code.
namespace metrics_internal {
// Constant string values to indicate UMA names.
extern const char kTranslateContentLanguage[];
extern const char kTranslateHtmlLang[];
extern const char kTranslateLanguageVerification[];
extern const char kTranslateTimeToBeReady[];
extern const char kTranslateTimeToLoad[];
extern const char kTranslateTimeToTranslate[];
extern const char kTranslateUserActionDuration[];
extern const char kTranslatePageScheme[];
extern const char kTranslateSimilarLanguageMatch[];
extern const char kTranslateLanguageDetectionConflict[];
extern const char kTranslateLanguageDeterminedDuration[];
} // namespace metrics_internal
// A page may provide a Content-Language HTTP header or a META tag.
// TranslateAgent checks if a server provides a valid Content-Language.
enum LanguageCheckType {
LANGUAGE_NOT_PROVIDED,
LANGUAGE_VALID,
LANGUAGE_INVALID,
LANGUAGE_MAX,
};
// When a valid Content-Language is provided, TranslateAgent checks if a
// server provided Content-Language matches to a language CLD determined.
enum LanguageVerificationType {
LANGUAGE_VERIFICATION_CLD_DISABLED, // obsolete
LANGUAGE_VERIFICATION_CLD_ONLY,
LANGUAGE_VERIFICATION_UNKNOWN,
LANGUAGE_VERIFICATION_CLD_AGREE,
LANGUAGE_VERIFICATION_CLD_DISAGREE,
LANGUAGE_VERIFICATION_TRUST_CLD,
LANGUAGE_VERIFICATION_CLD_COMPLEMENT_SUB_CODE,
LANGUAGE_VERIFICATION_MAX,
};
// Scheme type of pages Chrome is going to translate.
enum SchemeType {
SCHEME_HTTP,
SCHEME_HTTPS,
SCHEME_OTHERS,
SCHEME_MAX,
};
// Called after TranslateAgent verifies a server providing Content-Language
// header. |provided_code| contains a Content-Language header value which a
// server provides. It can be empty string when a server doesn't provide it.
// |revised_code| is a value modified by format error corrector.
void ReportContentLanguage(const std::string& provided_code,
const std::string& revised_code);
// Called after TranslateAgent verifies a page providing html lang attribute.
// |provided_code| contains a html lang attribute which a page provides. It can
// be empty string when a page doesn't provide it. |revised_code| is a value
// modified by format error corrector.
void ReportHtmlLang(const std::string& provided_code,
const std::string& revised_code);
// Called when CLD verifies Content-Language header.
void ReportLanguageVerification(LanguageVerificationType type);
// Called when the Translate Element library is ready.
void ReportTimeToBeReady(double time_in_msec);
// Called when the Translate Element library is loaded.
void ReportTimeToLoad(double time_in_msec);
// Called when a page translation is finished.
void ReportTimeToTranslate(double time_in_msec);
// Called when a translation is triggered.
void ReportUserActionDuration(base::TimeTicks begin, base::TimeTicks end);
// Called when a translation is triggered.
void ReportPageScheme(const std::string& scheme);
// Called when CLD agreed on a language which is different, but in the similar
// language list.
void ReportSimilarLanguageMatch(bool match);
// Called when the page language is determined.
void ReportLanguageDeterminedDuration(base::TimeTicks begin,
base::TimeTicks end);
} // namespace translate
#endif // COMPONENTS_TRANSLATE_CORE_COMMON_TRANSLATE_METRICS_H_
|
Quarterback- C+: After taking over for Casey Pachall five games into the season, Trevone Boykin had his ups and downs. The redshirt freshman showed flashes of greatness against Baylor, West Virginia, and Texas, but also had his struggles against OSU, KState, and Oklahoma. It wasn't all on Boykin though as the offensive line didn't give him a ton of time this season.
Running back- B: It is hard to grade this group because of the loss of Waymon James and Matthew Tucker being banged up for a majority of the season, but I was fairly pleased with the way this group ran the ball at the end of the season. I really liked what we saw from B.J. Catalon. He had his fumbling issues early on, but I really liked how he played in the final three games.
Wide Receivers- A: With the loss of Pachall, this group didn't get to shine near as bright as everyone was expecting this season. With that said, they still get an A from me because I know the talent these receivers have. They just didn't get to display it as frequently as we all would have liked.
Offensive Line- C: Like Boykin, this group had its ups and downs all season long. In some games they dominated the line of scrimmage, in others, it wasn't pretty. Getting some players back and an offseason of lifting should improve this group for 2013.
Defensive Line- B+: When the defensive line was completely healthy, they were pretty dang good. The Frogs have one the best defensive end combinations in the country. I was really pleased with how Chucky Hunter clogged the middle as well.
Linebackers- B: I wish I could split the two linebackers up. If we are just talking Kenny Cain, I would give him an A, but you have to factor in the others as well. Hasley showed some positive signs. Mallett wasn't bad. I am glad this group will get Deryck Gildon back in 2013.
Secondary: A+: This is one of the best secondary units I have seen at TCU. Jason Verrett was an absolute beast all season long. Carter, Olabode, and Hackett were all very solid. Olabode finished the regular season with four interceptions. Kevin White was shaky at times but I thought he played better near the end of the season.
Special Teams: B: I wanted to give this group a B+ but I can't. There were too many miscues fielding punt returns and Oberkrom lost his confidence and started missing kicks left and right. Ethan Perry had a nice season punting the ball. The special teams came up with a big blocked FG in the West Virginia game, but there were still too many mistakes for me to give them a B+.
Coaching- A+: Does this one even need to be discussed? Yes, the offensive play calling was a little conservative at times, but this coaching staff had the team ready to play every week. Every time the Frogs lost another player, the coaches had the next guy ready to go. I can't say enough about the coaching job Gary Patterson did this season. |
Nucleosome-like complex of the histone from the hyperthermophile Methanopyrus kandleri (MkaH) with linear DNA.
The MkaH protein from the archaeon Methanopyrus kandleri, an unusual assembly of two histone-fold domains in a single polypeptide chain, demonstrates high structural similarity to eukaryal histones. We studied the DNA binding and self-association properties of MkaH by means of the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), electron microscopy (EM), chemical cross-linking, and analytical gel filtration. EMSA showed an increased mobility of linear DNA complexed with MkaH protein with a maximum at a protein-DNA weight ratio (R(w)) of approximately 3; the mobility decreased at higher protein concentration. EM of the complexes formed at Rw <or= 3 revealed formation of isometric loops encompassing 71 +/- 7 bp of DNA duplex. At high values of Rw (>or=9) thickened compact nucleoprotein structures were observed; no individual loops were seen within the complexes. Gel filtration chromatography and chemical fixation indicated that in the absence of DNA the dominant form of the MkaH in solution, unlike other archaeal histones, is a stable dimer (pseudo-tetramer of the histone-fold domain) apparently resembling the eukaryal (H3-H4)(2) tetramer. Similarly, dimers are the dominant form of the protein interacting with DNA. The properties of MkaH supporting the assignment of its intermediate position between other archaeal and eukaryal histones are discussed. |
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using Vanara.Extensions;
namespace Vanara.InteropServices
{
/// <summary>A safe unmanaged linked list of structures allocated on the global heap.</summary>
/// <typeparam name="TElem">The type of the list elements.</typeparam>
/// <typeparam name="TMem">The type of memory allocation to use.</typeparam>
public class SafeNativeLinkedList<TElem, TMem> : SafeMemoryHandle<TMem>, IReadOnlyList<TElem> where TElem : struct where TMem : IMemoryMethods, new()
{
/// <summary>Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="SafeNativeLinkedList{TElem, TMem}"/> class.</summary>
/// <param name="ptr">The handle.</param>
/// <param name="size">The size of memory allocated to the handle, in bytes.</param>
/// <param name="ownsHandle">if set to <c>true</c> if this class is responsible for freeing the memory on disposal.</param>
/// <param name="getNextMethod">The method to use to get the next item in the list.</param>
public SafeNativeLinkedList(IntPtr ptr, int size, bool ownsHandle, Func<TElem, IntPtr> getNextMethod) : base(ptr, size, ownsHandle) { GetNextMethod = getNextMethod; }
/// <summary>Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="SafeNativeLinkedList{TElem, TMem}"/> class.</summary>
/// <param name="byteCount">The number of bytes to allocate for this new array.</param>
/// <param name="getNextMethod">The method to use to get the next item in the list.</param>
public SafeNativeLinkedList(int byteCount, Func<TElem, IntPtr> getNextMethod) : base(byteCount) { GetNextMethod = getNextMethod; }
/// <summary>Gets or sets the method to use to get the next item in the list.</summary>
/// <value>The method to get the next value. It should return <see cref="IntPtr.Zero"/> if there are no more items.</value>
public Func<TElem, IntPtr> GetNextMethod { get; set; }
/// <summary>Gets the number of elements contained in the <see cref="SafeNativeLinkedList{TElem, TMem}"/>.</summary>
public int Count => IsInvalid ? 0 : Items.Count();
/// <summary>Enumerates the elements.</summary>
/// <returns>An enumeration of values from the pointer.</returns>
protected virtual IEnumerable<TElem> Items => handle.LinkedListToIEnum(GetNextMethod);
/// <summary>Gets or sets the <typeparamref name="TElem"/> value at the specified index.</summary>
/// <value>The <typeparamref name="TElem"/> value.</value>
/// <param name="index">The index.</param>
/// <returns></returns>
/// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">index or index</exception>
public TElem this[int index] => Items.ElementAt(index);
/// <summary>Determines whether this instance contains the object.</summary>
/// <param name="item">The object to locate in the <see cref="T:System.Collections.Generic.ICollection`1"/>.</param>
/// <returns>
/// true if <paramref name="item"/> is found in the <see cref="T:System.Collections.Generic.ICollection`1"/>; otherwise, false.
/// </returns>
public bool Contains(TElem item) => Items.Contains(item);
/// <summary>Returns an enumerator that iterates through the collection.</summary>
/// <returns>A <see cref="IEnumerator{TElem}"/> that can be used to iterate through the collection.</returns>
public IEnumerator<TElem> GetEnumerator() => Items.GetEnumerator();
/// <summary>Returns an enumerator that iterates through a collection.</summary>
/// <returns>An <see cref="IEnumerator"/> object that can be used to iterate through the collection.</returns>
IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() => GetEnumerator();
}
} |
(This story originally appeared in on Apr 16, 2017)
NEW DELHI: Senior AAP functionary Kumar Vishwas has created a stir by uploading a video on Twitter which directly criticizes the AAP government and chief minister Arvind Kejriwal without naming them.In the course of a 13-minute address to countrymen, in which he spoke on a range of issues - from Kashmir to Pakistan - he has virtually indicted the government for trying to protect its own when they come under the corruption scanner."If in Delhi you form a government on the anti-corruption plank with the promise of freedom from corruption and fall silent and try to protect your own people when they come under the scanner, you will be questioned by people," he says.The fact that this is preceded by a message to the Centre that when you seek public support in the name of nationalism and win and if those fighting to protect the country are attacked while on duty, then people will question the government and there will be no solace to AAP and its leadership.However, the party is maintaining its composure in public and has described it as a measure of democracy within. Kejriwal even tweeted the video, describing it as "shaandaar" and one which shakes you up from within.What could also hurt the party leadership is the seeming equivalence drawn by Kumar between Narendra Modi and Kejriwal.Reflecting on the state of the nation, Vishwas says: "We clearly don't appear to be worried as we are too busy pleasing our political bosses. We are only chanting `Modi, Modi...Arvind, Arvind...Rahul, Rahul...faces keep coming before us...India is Indira, Indira is India....Modi raj aa gaya, Yogi raj aa gaya...A K raj aa gaya...we don't seem to realise that all this is short-lived.Whether it is Modi, Rahul, Yogi or AK....it is about five years...10 years...25 years...but India is beyond all this and will be there for thousands of years even after we are all gone."He asserts that "these governments are not permanent, they come and go....these palaces, PM house, CM house are temporary...so I ask of you all to come out of your nests, your brackets and act." The video starts with Vish was expressing his anguish over the treatment meted out to the country's men in uniform who had gone to Kashmir for polling as seen in a video. "I want to ask whether we in this country can stop for some time and think beyond our political parties and flattery of our leaderships.Can we ask the question that with the same party government at the Centre and in the state, how can a son of India be attacked by goondas?" He also later raises the issue of farmers committing suicide.Speaking to TOI, Vishwas said, "My message is clear. I have said country first, politics later. I don't want to say anything beyond that. Each is free to interpret the message his own way." He did point out that AAP had tweeted his video message from the official twitter handle though much after it had created a stir on social media.The message - though only a tiny segment of the entire video -assumes significance as it comes in the wake of the Rajouri Garden bypoll debacle where the AAP candidate lost his deposit. The party is yet to recover from its performance in Goa and Punjab. Soon after the Rajouri Garden result was announced, former AAP MLA from the area Jarnail Singh had called for a "deep and honest introspection" by the party on why it lost so badly , indicating that just his resigning from the seat to join the Punjab battle cannot be the only reason for such a debacle.There have been murmurs and allegations within the party of a coterie surrounding the CM, making him lose connect with reality and the core issues that AAP had earlier identified, like Lokpal, as a route to combat corruption. The candidate selection process and strategy planning for Punjab and Rajouri Garden elections are being cited as a reflection of the internal state of affairs in the party, said sources.The first signs of unrest were visible when in March AAP MLA from Bawana Ved Prakash resigned to join BJP. "I felt suffocated. The ministers never take our calls. Manish Sisodia and Kapil Mishra never answer our calls," he had alleged.He had also said that Kejriwal was unaware of what's happening in the party and is surrounded by people who believe in running the government "through laptops". |
BROOKHAVEN, N.Y. (CBSNewYork) – Lemonade stands are no longer kids’ stuff.
One stand on Long Island has blossomed into a yearly tradition, raising thousands in charitable dollars.
Lemon, water and sugar is an unlikely recipe for high-yield fundraising, but a pair of Stony Brook siblings has learned to mix lemonade with something that matters to make a difference, CBS2’s Carolyn Gusoff reported.
“My daughter Maddie and son Joseph decided it was a hot day, they wanted to have a lemonade stand, they made the stand in front of the house” mother Lauren Mastriano said.
“We just had a small table, a glass of lemonade, and a couple of cups and we hoped for the best,” Joseph added.
Their hopes realized, the lemonade stand now draws hundreds of volunteers and thousands in donations.
Five years ago, at ages 11 and 8, they first took in just $2.
“The lemonade was 50 cents, so that was pretty good for us,” Maddie said.
Rather than divvy up pennies, they decided to donate.
“Me and my brother both jumped on the idea of it has to be Stony Brook Children’s Hospital,” she said.
Thus began the annual tradition, growing each year. Now, Three Village Kids Lemonade Stand is held on school grounds with hundreds of donated raffle gifts, carnival games and sponsors.
“To think something so simple can make such an impact,” Maddie said. “Our community is going crazy over this event today.”
“It makes me feel amazing that we are giving back to the kids that are in the hospital that can’t have a summer vacation,” Joseph added.
“Everyone wants to jump in and turn lemons into lemonade for this great cause,” Lauren said. “They’re seeing the importance of helping out and rallying together for those in need.”
They still charge just 50 cents and follow the same, simple recipe for success. This year, their goal is to donate $20,000.
In years past, they have raised $16,000 for the children’s hospital. |
{-# LANGUAGE DataKinds #-}
module Language.Haskell.Brittany.Internal.Layouters.Stmt
( layoutStmt
)
where
#include "prelude.inc"
import Language.Haskell.Brittany.Internal.Types
import Language.Haskell.Brittany.Internal.LayouterBasics
import GHC ( runGhc, GenLocated(L), moduleNameString )
import HsSyn
import Name
import qualified FastString
import BasicTypes
layoutStmt :: ToBriDoc' (StmtLR GhcPs GhcPs (LHsExpr GhcPs))
|
Q:
Goroutine to populate struct instance slice
This is my first day using Go and I had a question about goroutines and appending to an instance's slice.
The idea is that each Truck would have a Cargo of length 1 containing an Item with name "Groceries". I almost have it, but for some reason it's losing the properties of the truck, and it seems to be terminating prematurely.
https://play.golang.org/p/f0uIy5qg8d
package main
import "fmt"
import "time"
type Item struct {
name string
}
type Truck struct{
Cargo []Item
name string
}
func UnloadTrucks(ch chan *Truck){
t := <- ch
fmt.Printf("%s has %d items in cargo: %s\n", t.name, len(t.Cargo), t.Cargo[0].name)
time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
return
}
func main() {
trucks := make([]Truck, 2)
ch := make(chan *Truck)
for i, t := range trucks{
t.name = fmt.Sprintf("Truck %d", i + 1)
fmt.Printf("Building %s\n", t.name)
}
for _, t := range trucks {
go func(tr *Truck){
itm := Item {}
itm.name = "Groceries"
fmt.Printf("Loading %s", tr.name)
tr.Cargo = append(tr.Cargo, itm)
ch <- tr
}(&t)
}
UnloadTrucks(ch)
}
A:
Your issue is not that the truck's properties are "lost", but they're never set in the first place. This loop is your problem:
for i, t := range trucks {
t.name = fmt.Sprintf("Truck %d", i + 1)
fmt.Printf("Building %s\n", t.name)
}
Within this loop, t is a copy of the Truck object in the trucks slice. Any modification on this object will not affect the original truck. Instead, you can reference the original Truck object by using the index variable i to directly access the object in the trucks slice:
for i, _ := range trucks {
trucks[i].name = fmt.Sprintf("Truck %d", i + 1)
fmt.Printf("Building %s\n", trucks[i].name)
}
|
pose -30 = 9*f - 588. Suppose f = 6*w + 26. Let b(t) = t - 13. Let y be b(17). Calculate the greatest common factor of y and w.
2
Let h be 9/(405/230) - (-2)/(-18). Suppose 2*m + 17 = h*m - 4*q, 0 = -m - 3*q + 23. Calculate the highest common divisor of m and 187.
11
Let a be -1 - (-101 - 20/(-5)). Let y = 3841 - 3829. What is the greatest common factor of y and a?
12
Let b(l) = 2*l + 20. Suppose u = -3*v - 6 - 11, 2*u = -4*v - 28. Let s be b(u). What is the greatest common divisor of 8 and s?
4
Let r = 8139 + -5989. Calculate the highest common factor of 350 and r.
50
Suppose -3*i + 255 = -6*d + 87, -2*d = i - 40. Calculate the highest common factor of i and 54.
6
Suppose 38*q - 32*q - 12 = 0. Suppose 8 = q*f, -3*w = -0*w - 2*f - 256. Let h = 6 + 5. Calculate the highest common factor of h and w.
11
Let r be 6/63 - 3073/(-147). Suppose 5*d - 576 = 2364. Calculate the highest common divisor of r and d.
21
Suppose -j = -2*t - 40, -5*t + 0*t = -2*j + 85. Suppose -10*s = 3*s + 17*s. Suppose s = -j*k + 31*k - 17. What is the highest common factor of k and 17?
17
Let y(x) = 6*x + x - 2*x - 69. Let s(m) = 122*m + 506. Let g be s(-4). Let k be y(g). What is the highest common divisor of k and 42?
21
Suppose -4*q = l - 42, 0 = 3*l - 5*q + 43 - 203. Suppose 53*x = l*x + 240. What is the highest common divisor of 120 and x?
40
Suppose 0 = 5*n - 4*p - 2819, 4*n - 3*p - 1418 = 838. Calculate the greatest common divisor of 35 and n.
7
Let u = 43 - -5. Suppose 0 = r - 2, -7*r + 2*r + u = -2*g. Let d = 1 - g. Calculate the greatest common factor of 60 and d.
20
Suppose -5*q = l - 1865, -31*l = -27*l - q - 7481. What is the greatest common factor of l and 4930?
170
Let b = -1031 + 1103. Let m(q) = -2*q**3 - 7*q**2 + 7*q - 6. Let k be m(-7). What is the highest common factor of b and k?
72
Let y(m) = -m**2 + 19*m + 182. Let b be y(-7). Let w be -1 - (b + -8) - (-128 + -8). Let v = 44 - 31. What is the highest common factor of w and v?
13
Suppose 0 = j - a - 3, -7*j + 4*j + 45 = 3*a. Calculate the greatest common divisor of j and 58.
1
Let g(n) = 903*n - 2133. Let r be g(3). Calculate the highest common factor of r and 1368.
72
Suppose -15 = -4*m - 3. Suppose -2*n + 148 + 70 = 0. Suppose 2*x = -2*d + 42, -m*x + 8*x = -3*d + n. Calculate the greatest common factor of x and 253.
23
Let c(i) = -i**3 + 29*i**2 - 90*i - 106. Let y be c(25). What is the highest common divisor of y and 27?
9
Let o(c) = -93*c + 776. Let l be o(3). Calculate the highest common divisor of 14 and l.
7
Suppose -k = 15 - 18. Suppose -4*f = -k*f - 4, -3*r + 465 = 3*f. Let g = -100 + r. What is the highest common divisor of g and 3?
3
Let r be (-1 + 23/(-3))/(17561/1173 - 15). Calculate the highest common divisor of r and 1357.
23
Let i be ((-385)/110)/((-2)/(-16))*-68. Calculate the highest common factor of i and 51.
17
Suppose -18*a + 38*a - 400 = 0. Let i(t) = -8*t - 12. Let k be i(-5). Let f = k + a. What is the greatest common divisor of 32 and f?
16
Let h(s) = -s**2 + 24*s - 53. Let b(l) = -l**3 - 6*l**2 - 6*l - 22. Let k be b(-6). Let z be h(k). What is the greatest common factor of 1653 and z?
87
Let j = 2303 - 2098. What is the highest common divisor of j and 55?
5
Let w be (-792)/(-54) + (-16)/(-48). Suppose 4*b = -4*h + 112, 4*h + 30 = -3*b + 144. Calculate the highest common divisor of w and h.
15
Suppose 0 = 2*o - 3*v + 3, 4*o + 61*v - 63*v - 14 = 0. What is the highest common factor of o and 2712?
6
Let w(y) = -y**3 + 11*y**2 - 12*y + 32. Let a = -121 - -131. Let x be w(a). Calculate the greatest common divisor of x and 60.
12
Let r be 123 + 253 + (21/9 - 2)*0. Calculate the greatest common factor of r and 20.
4
Suppose 37*v + 35*v - 624 = 24. What is the highest common divisor of v and 729?
9
Let v be (-11 - (-207)/18) + (-1212)/(-24). Let z = -219 - -576. What is the greatest common factor of v and z?
51
Let f = -4063 + 9904. Calculate the highest common factor of 99 and f.
99
Let w be (-3298)/595*-14 + 2/5. Calculate the greatest common factor of 30 and w.
6
Let t be (19/(-4))/(((-475)/100)/19). Suppose -2*r = 154 - 800. What is the highest common factor of t and r?
19
Suppose -7*m + 215 - 82 = 0. Suppose -4*p - 91 = -v - m, 3*p = 5*v - 377. What is the greatest common factor of v and 4?
4
Let m be ((-5734)/366)/(0 + (-2)/384). What is the highest common divisor of 658 and m?
94
Let r(v) = -v**3 + 5*v**2 - 2*v - 1. Let u be r(4). Let b be ((-108)/15)/(-6)*35. Suppose -35 = -z + b. Calculate the highest common factor of u and z.
7
Let s = 1138 + -1078. Let y be (s/14)/(42/3920). Suppose -3*b = b - 200. Calculate the greatest common divisor of y and b.
50
Suppose 0 = -4*z + z + 6. Let n be (-306)/z*(-5 - -4). Let l be 249/15 - 8/(-20). Calculate the greatest common divisor of l and n.
17
Let w be (-17 - 27)*45/(-12). Calculate the highest common factor of 1045 and w.
55
Suppose 515 = -18*f - 25. Let j be ((-44135)/f)/7 + 9/(-54). Calculate the greatest common factor of 70 and j.
70
Suppose -2*x - 184 = -l, -2*l + 479 = -5*x + 114. What is the highest common factor of 722 and l?
38
Let m = -146 - -150. Suppose -3*c = -4*k + 243, 7*c = m*c - 3. What is the greatest common factor of k and 15?
15
Let i = 464 + -394. Let p be (-532)/(-126) - 2/9. Suppose -5*n = -w - 1, 6 + 6 = p*n. What is the highest common divisor of w and i?
14
Let w(r) = 33*r - 18*r - 19*r - 50. Let f be w(-12). Let q = f - -47. What is the highest common factor of 18 and q?
9
Let w = -191 - -194. Suppose -w*p - 155 = 5*f - 456, 0 = 4*p - 2*f - 410. Calculate the highest common factor of p and 6.
6
Suppose 69*a - 138162 = 99376 + 522980. Calculate the highest common divisor of 66 and a.
66
Let s(p) = 6 - 3*p**2 + 3*p**2 - 3*p + p**2. Let d be s(5). Let t(h) = 2*h**2 - 40*h + 214. Let i be t(21). What is the greatest common divisor of i and d?
16
Let n = 52 + -99. Let h = 52 + n. Suppose h*o - 109 + 19 = 0. Calculate the highest common divisor of o and 12.
6
Let v be (2 + 4*16)*1. Suppose 0 = 5*j + h + 2*h - v, 3*h - 6 = 0. Let w be 2/4 - (-95)/38. What is the highest common divisor of w and j?
3
Let k(t) = 3*t**2 + 6*t - 76. Let v be k(-7). Let w = -15 + v. Suppose 0 = 2*g + 2, 5*g + 40 = -0*u + u. What is the greatest common factor of u and w?
7
Suppose -5*u - 4*l + 698 = 0, -3*l + 5*l - 4 = 0. Suppose 2*j - 42 - 648 = 0. Calculate the greatest common divisor of u and j.
69
Let f be 175 + (-2 - 12/(-9))/(14/63). What is the greatest common divisor of f and 41796?
172
Suppose -70*i + 69*i - 4075 = -3*l, 15 = 3*i. Calculate the highest common divisor of l and 85.
85
Let s = 4568 + -4540. Calculate the highest common divisor of 1267 and s.
7
Let g(m) = 35*m - 10. Let d be g(-7). Let j = -5292 - -5137. Let i = j - d. Calculate the greatest common divisor of i and 40.
20
Let g = 7 + -1. Let h = 2283 - 2169. What is the greatest common factor of h and g?
6
Suppose -x = 3*x - 12. Suppose -168 = -3*f + 7*f - 4*s, -x*f - 119 = 4*s. Let r = 45 + f. Calculate the greatest common divisor of 36 and r.
4
Suppose -9*l + 3*l = -210. Suppose 13 + l = a. Suppose -2*k - 2*n + a = 0, n + 79 = 3*k - 3*n. What is the highest common factor of 75 and k?
25
Let y be (-9)/(-16)*4 - 4/16. Suppose 5*c = 9*s - 10*s + 397, y*c - 1139 = -3*s. Calculate the greatest common divisor of 39 and s.
13
Let d be ((-6)/8)/(-11 + 2975/280). Suppose -w - 2*w = -6. What is the greatest common factor of w and d?
2
Let u = -855 + 817. Let i be (0 + 1 + -4)/(u/570). Calculate the greatest common factor of 5 and i.
5
Let i = -2660 + 2704. Let v be (-1*44/(-8))/((-2)/(-28)). What is the greatest common factor of v and i?
11
Suppose 86*h - 87*h + 284 = -3*m, 3*h = 4*m + 832. What is the greatest common factor of 1479 and h?
17
Suppose 252 = 4*k + 6*c, -4*k - 59*c = -60*c - 210. Let b = 31 + 5. What is the highest common factor of k and b?
18
Suppose -36*b + 35*b + 5*i + 948 = 0, 0 = -4*b + 5*i + 3792. What is the greatest common divisor of 108 and b?
12
Suppose -168*v - 143*v = 3923 + 6029. Let j = -1 - 35. Let p = v - j. Calculate the greatest common divisor of p and 1.
1
Let v(q) = -4*q**3 - 4*q**2 - q - 7. Let w be v(-3). Suppose 2*d - w - 198 = 0. What is the highest common factor of 19 and d?
19
Let u = -89 - -143. Let y = 0 + 2. Suppose 7*k = -y*k |
---
abstract: 'We derive the optimal proposal density for Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) using Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) (or Population Monte Carlo, PMC). The criterion for optimality is that the SMC/PMC-ABC sampler maximise the effective number of samples per parameter proposal. The optimal proposal density represents the optimal trade-off between favoring high acceptance rate and reducing the variance of the importance weights of accepted samples. We discuss two convenient approximations of this proposal and show that the optimal proposal density gives a significant boost in the expected sampling efficiency compared to standard kernels that are in common use in the ABC literature, especially as the number of parameters increases.'
address:
- 'Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Ave, New York City, NY 10010, USA'
- 'Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 *bis* boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France'
- 'Sorbonne Universités, Institut Lagrange de Paris (ILP), 98 *bis* boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France'
- 'Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA'
author:
-
-
-
bibliography:
- 'optimalABC.bib'
title: Optimal proposals for Approximate Bayesian Computation
---
Introduction
============
The naïve approach to Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) generates (compressed) data simulations for parameters $\theta$ that are drawn from the prior $\pi(\theta)$. If the resulting simulated data $d'$ is within $\epsilon$ of the true data $d$, i.e. under a distance metric $\rho(d,d')\leq\epsilon$, then $\theta$ is accepted as a sample from the approximate posterior density, $p(\theta | \rho(d,d')\leq\epsilon)$.
If simulation is costly, it is advantageous to attempt to increase the fraction of accepted $\theta$ by proposing new candidate $\theta$s from a proposal density $q(\theta)$ that is large in parameter ranges that are preferred by the data, and small in less interesting regions of the prior volume. It is natural to base the choice of $q(\theta)$ on the current accepted samples from the approximate posterior $p(\theta | \rho(d,d')\leq\epsilon)$. This is the approach taken in SMC-ABC algorithms (see eg., [@ABCreview2012] for a review); a proposal density $q(\theta)$ is constructed at each population iteration, which is typically a kernel density estimator (KDE) based on the accepted points from the previous population (ie, a kernel that adapts as the algorithm steps through successive population iterations [@Beaumont2009; @Mckinley2009; @Toni2009a; @Barnes2011; @Didelot2011; @Jasra2012; @Filippi2013; @Bonassi2015]).
The price to pay for the increased fraction of accepted ABC samples of $\theta$ is the necessity to importance weight the accepted samples by $\pi/q$. The variance in these importance weights will reduce the effective number of samples. The more concentrated $q$ is relative to $\pi$, on parameters $\theta$ that have a high probability of being accepted, the larger the variance in the importance weights $\pi/q$. In practice, a poor choice of proposal density $q$ can lead to a proposed sample whose proposal density $q$ was low, but is subsequently accepted, leading to a large importance weight that can overwhelm the rest of the (weighted) samples leading to a very small effective sample size. The natural question, then, is how to choose the proposal density that represents the optimal trade-off between a high acceptance rate and a low importance-weight variance.
Most SMC-ABC implementations propose new parameters for forward simulation via an importance weighted KDE based on the previous population’s accepted samples, with uniform [@Toni2009; @Toni2009a; @Mckinley2009], student-t [@Didelot2011] and Gaussian kernels [@Sisson2007; @Beaumont2009; @Filippi2013; @Bonassi2015] in common use. A choice has to be made for the kernel bandwidth and there are various choices in the literature: for example, for Gaussian kernels, [@Sisson2007] use the importance-weighted variance of the previous population samples, @Beaumont2009 use twice the importance-weighted variance of the previous population samples, whilst [@Bonassi2015] use standard recommendations from @West1993 and @Scott2005[^1]. Previous studies have sought kernels that are optimal in the following sense: they minimize the sum of the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the proposal KDE and the target density, and the negative log acceptance ratio, providing some trade-off between closeness of the target and proposal and the acceptance ratio [@Beaumont2009; @Filippi2013]. @Beaumont2009 showed that for a global Gaussian kernel, this optimality criterion leads to a bandwidth equal to twice the importance-weighted variance of the previous population’s accepted samples (with some further refinement and generalization by [@Filippi2013]). @Filippi2013 also considered the same optimality criterion applied to local rather than global kernels, deriving a locally-optimal kernel-covariance. Whilst this optimality criterion has proved powerful, the relative importance and utility of the KL divergence and acceptance ratio terms in this approach is ambiguous.
In this paper we take a slightly different approach and derive the proposal density $q(\theta)$ for SMC-ABC sampling that maximizes the effective number of samples per parameter proposal (and hence forward simulation). This provides the optimal trade-off between high acceptance rate and low variance in the importance weights under a straightforward and pragmatic definition of optimality. Rather than restricting to a given class of perturbation kernels (eg., Gaussian kernels), we derive the optimal proposal density (in the asymptotic $\epsilon\rightarrow 0$ limit) assuming only that some density estimator for the ABC posterior is available at each population iteration. The result provides a well-motivated guide for adaptive proposal density choice for SMC-ABC sampling.
Optimal SMC-ABC proposal densities {#sec:optimal}
==================================
We define the *sampling efficiency* as the functional $\omega[q]$ that measures the effective number of samples per parameter proposal. This is composed of two components: 1) $f_{a}$, the fraction of proposed points that will be accepted, and 2) $N_w$, the effective number of points after application of the importance weights.
The expected fraction of accepted points is given by $$\begin{aligned}
f_{a}=P(\rho(d,d')<\epsilon)&=\int I_{\rho(d,d')<\epsilon}\, p_q(d') dd'\nonumber \\
&\underset{\epsilon
\rightarrow 0}{\approx} V_\epsilon p_q(d)=V_\epsilon \int p(d|\theta)q(\theta) d\theta =V_\epsilon \, p(d) \int \frac{q(\theta)}{\pi(\theta)}p(\theta|d)d\theta \end{aligned}$$ where $ p_q(d)$ is the probability density of simulated data $d$ when the parameters are proposed from $q$, $V_\epsilon$ is the volume of the space for accepted samples, and “$\approx$” becomes accurate in the limit of small $\epsilon$, assuming $p(d)$ is continuous.
The expected effective number of points after application of the importance weights to $N_s$ accepted samples is given by $$\begin{aligned}
N_w=\frac{\left(\sum w_i\right)^2}{\sum w_i^2}=
%%
\frac{\left(\sum_i^{N_s} \pi(\theta_i)/q(\theta_i)\right)^2}{\sum_i^{N_s} \left(\pi(\theta_i)/q(\theta_i)\right)^2}&\\
%%
\underset{N_s\rightarrow\infty}{\approx}\frac{N_s\left(\int \frac{\pi}{q} p_\mathrm{accepted}(\theta)d\theta\right)^2}{\int \frac{\pi^2}{q^2}p_\mathrm{accepted}(\theta)d\theta}&\\
%%
\underset{\epsilon
\rightarrow 0}{\approx}\frac{N_s V_\epsilon\,\left(\int \frac{\pi}{q} p(d|\theta)q(\theta)d\theta\right)^2}{\int \frac{\pi^2}{q^2} p(d|\theta)q(\theta)d\theta} &\\
%%
=\frac{N_s V_\epsilon\,p(d)}{\int\frac{\pi(\theta)}{q(\theta)} p(\theta | d) d\theta}. \end{aligned}$$ We therefore find for the sampling efficiency $\omega[q]$ (dropping $q$-independent constant pre-factors), $$\label{omega}
\omega[q]\equiv \frac{A[q]}{B[q]} = \frac{\int \frac{q(\theta)}{\pi(\theta)}p(\theta | d)d\theta}{\int \frac{\pi(\theta)}{q(\theta)}p(\theta | d)d\theta}\propto f_a\frac{N_w}{N_s},$$ where the second equality defines the functionals $A[q]$ and $B[q]$, and the last proportionality defines the sampling efficiency as the number of effective (accepted) samples per parameter proposal (and hence forward simulation). For naïve ABC, proposing parameters from the prior, $\omega[\pi]=1$. Maximizing $\omega[q]$ with respect to $q$, under the constraint of $q$ being normalized, gives the optimal proposal $$\label{eq:optimalq}
q^\ast(\theta)=\sqrt[]{\omega[q^\ast]\frac{p(\theta | d)\pi(\theta)}{2A[q^\ast]-\frac{p(\theta|d)}{\pi(\theta)}}}.$$ This is the main result of the paper. This implicit equation for $q^\ast$ can be solved iteratively; alternatively one can just consider $\omega^\ast\equiv\omega[q^\ast]$ and $A^\ast\equiv A[q^\ast]$ as parameters and $$q^\ast(\theta)=\max_{\omega^\ast,A^\ast} \omega[q(\theta,\omega^\ast,A^\ast)].$$ Further, there are two simple and fast approximations for $q^\ast$ that can be obtained without iteration or that can inform good starting points for the iteration; these are discussed in §\[sec:approximations\].
Note that we only need to know $A$ to be able to sample from the optimal proposal , since $\omega$ just sets the normalization. Assuming a density estimator for $p(\theta|d)$ is available, and $\pi$ is easy to evaluate, then Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods can efficiently generate draws from $q^\ast$ to serve as parameter proposals for the next SMC iteration.
The optimal proposal Eq. can be seen as the geometric mean of posterior and prior (ie., the numerator), with a relative boost where the posterior is larger than the prior. The denominator boosts $q^\ast$ in the region where the posterior peaks, but the peaks in $q^\ast$ are narrower than the corresponding ones in $p(\theta|d)$ in their immediate neighborhoods to compensate for the heavier tails away from the peaks. Illustrative examples are shown in Figures \[fig:gaussian\_qplots\]–\[fig:chi2\_qplots\] and discussed in §\[sec:examples\].
Fast approximations to the optimal proposal density {#sec:approximations}
---------------------------------------------------
### Geometric mean approximation
Expanding $q^\ast$ gives the convergent series $$q^\ast=\sqrt[]{\frac{p(\theta|d)\pi(\theta)}{2B[q^\ast]}}\sum_{i=0}^{\infty}
\begin{pmatrix}
i-\frac12\\i
\end{pmatrix}\left(\frac{p(\theta|d)}{2A[q^\ast]\pi(\theta)}\right)^i.$$ Convergence follows from the properties of the binomial coefficient and the lower bound on $A[q^\ast]$ in Eq. (\[holders\]) below. In numerical experiments we find the $i>0$ terms give sub-dominant contributions to $\omega$ for a wide variety of choices for $q$, $p$ and $\pi$. Taking the normalized leading term of the series gives the *geometric mean approximation* to the optimal proposal[^2], $$\label{geometric_mean}
q_0 \propto\sqrt{p(\theta | d)\pi(\theta)}.$$ Note that for simple cases where the posterior is Gaussian under a uniform prior, the geometric mean approximation leads to a Gaussian proposal density centered on the posterior mean and with twice the posterior covariance. This is similar to taking a Gaussian KDE proposal with bandwidth equal to the estimated posterior variance; this kernel scheme is sometimes adopted in the ABC literature (eg., [@Sisson2007; @Ishida2015]).
### Bounded approximation
Given the value of $A[q^*]$, we could sample the optimal proposal density Eq. . Whilst $A[q^*]$ is not available a priori, we can bound $A[q^*]$ from above and below: using Hölder’s inequality to obtain the upper bound, and the non-negativity of probability densities for the lower bound, we find that $$\label{holders}
\frac{1}{2}\sup_\theta\frac{p(\theta|d)}{\pi(\theta)}< A[q^*] \leq\sup_\theta \frac{p(\theta|d)}{\pi(\theta)}.$$ Choosing a value of $A[q^*]$ between these bounds avoids the need for iteration for the cost of a mild reduction in optimality. Fixing $A$ to be the average of the upper and the lower bound leads to the *bounded approximation* for the optimal proposal, $$\label{bounded_approx}
q_{\bar{A}} \propto \sqrt{ \frac{p(\theta | d)\pi(\theta)}{2\bar{A} - \frac{p(\theta | d)}{\pi(\theta)} }},$$ with $$\bar{A} = \frac{3}{4}\sup_\theta\frac{p(\theta|d)}{\pi(\theta)}.$$ In numerical experiments, we find that the bounded approximation gives close to optimal sampling efficiencies (see §\[sec:examples\] and Table \[tab:sampling\_efficiencies\]). If further optimality is desired, this can be used as a starting point for iterating Eq. towards the optimal $q^\ast$.
All that is required to propose samples from the optimal proposal or an approximation of it is a density estimator for the posterior. In practice, this could be a KDE or mixture model fit to the accepted samples in the previous SMC population. With a posterior density estimator in hand, the optimal proposal can be found iteratively using Eq. , or via one of the convenient approximations Eq. or , and then sampled using MCMC or otherwise to generate parameter proposals for the next SMC iteration.
![ABC proposals for Gaussian posterior $p(\theta | d) = \mathcal{N}(0, 1)$ (grey), with a Gaussian prior $\pi(\theta)=\mathcal{N}(0,5)$ (not shown). From bottom to top at the peak: commonly used KDE proposal with bandwidth of twice the (estimated) posterior variance (blue), geometric mean approximation of the optimal proposal (red-dotted), bounded approximation of the optimal proposal with $A = 3/4\,\sup_\theta p(\theta|d)/\pi(\theta)$ (red-dashed), optimal proposal density (red).[]{data-label="fig:gaussian_qplots"}](gaussian.pdf){width=".79\textwidth"}
![ABC proposals for a bimodal posterior $p(\theta | d) = 1/2\,\mathcal{N}(-2, 1) + 1/2\,\mathcal{N}(2, 1)$ (grey), with a Gaussian prior $\pi(\theta)=\mathcal{N}(0,10)$ (not shown). From bottom to top at the peak: commonly used KDE proposal with bandwidth of twice the (estimated) posterior variance (blue), geometric mean approximation of the optimal proposal (red-dotted), bounded approximation of the optimal proposal with $A = 3/4\,\sup_\theta p(\theta|d)/\pi(\theta)$ (red-dashed), optimal proposal density (red).[]{data-label="fig:bimodal_qplots"}](bimodal.pdf){width=".79\textwidth"}
![ABC proposals for $\chi^2$ posterior $p(\theta | d) = \chi^2(\nu=3)$ (grey), with a uniform prior $\pi(\theta)=\mathcal{U}(0,30)$ (not shown). From bottom to top at the peak: commonly used KDE proposal with bandwidth of twice the (estimated) posterior variance (blue), geometric mean approximation of the optimal proposal (red-dotted), bounded approximation of the optimal proposal with $A = 3/4\,\sup_\theta p(\theta|d)/\pi(\theta)$ (red-dashed), optimal proposal density (red).[]{data-label="fig:chi2_qplots"}](chi2.pdf){width=".79\textwidth"}
[ccccc]{} Proposal, $q(\theta)$ & $A[q]$ & $B[q]$ & $\omega[q]\equiv A[q]/B[q]$\
\
$p(\theta | d)$ & 3.57 & 1.0 & 3.57\
$q^\mathrm{KDE}_{h=\sqrt{2}\sigma_p}(\theta)$ & 2.54 & 0.41 & 6.16\
$q_0(\theta)$ & 2.96 & 0.38 & 7.71\
$q_{\bar{A}}(\theta)$ & 3.26 & 0.40 & 8.20\
$q^\ast(\theta)$ & 3.34 & 0.41 & **[8.22]{}\
\
\
$p(\theta | d)$ & 3.68 & 1.0 & 3.68\
$q^\mathrm{KDE}_{h=\sqrt{2}\sigma_p}(\theta)$ & 2.55 & 0.40 & 6.36\
$q_0(\theta)$ & 3.22 & 0.34 & 9.47\
$q_{\bar{A}}(\theta)$ & 3.48 & 0.35 & 9.93\
$q^\ast(\theta)$ & 3.52 & 0.35 & **[9.94]{}\
\
\
$p(\theta | d)$ & 4.77 & 1.0 & 4.77\
$q^\mathrm{KDE}_{h=\sqrt{2}\sigma_p}(\theta)$ & 3.80 & 0.57 & 6.68\
$q_0(\theta)$ & 3.56 & 0.35 & 10.23\
$q_{\bar{A}}(\theta)$ & 4.05 & 0.36 & 11.23\
$q^\ast(\theta)$ & 4.34 & 0.38 & **[11.40]{}\
******
\[tab:sampling\_efficiencies\]
Examples {#sec:examples}
--------
### Numerical examples of optimal ABC proposals and their approximations
Figures \[fig:gaussian\_qplots\]–\[fig:chi2\_qplots\] and Table \[tab:sampling\_efficiencies\] illustrate the optimal ABC proposal density and its approximations in three scenarios: a Gaussian posterior (Figure \[fig:gaussian\_qplots\]), a bimodal double-Gaussian posterior (Figure \[fig:bimodal\_qplots\]), and a $\chi^2$ posterior (Figure \[fig:chi2\_qplots\]). We compare the optimal proposals to the commonly used ABC proposal scheme recommended in @Beaumont2009 for reference: a Gaussian KDE with bandwidth set to double the (estimated) posterior variance. For illustration, the proposals are compared in the converged $\epsilon\rightarrow0$ limit where the approximate posterior (in practice, a density estimator for the accepted samples) is close to the true posterior. The KDE proposal [@Beaumont2009] is shown as the convolution of the true posterior with a Gaussian with twice the posterior variance.
The three examples shown in Figures \[fig:gaussian\_qplots\]–\[fig:chi2\_qplots\] and Table \[tab:sampling\_efficiencies\] display the same essential characteristics. The optimal proposals are boosted in regions of high posterior density (around the peak) to give a high acceptance rate, whilst having slightly broader tails compared to the posterior to ensure the importance-weight variance is kept under control (hence giving an improved effective sample size). In contrast, the KDE proposals are typically much broader than the optimal proposals around the posterior peak, which leads to lower expected acceptance rates. Meanwhile, using a posterior density estimate for the proposal gives a poor expected importance-weight variance, owing to the narrower tails compared to the other proposal schemes. The optimal proposal represents the trade-off between high proposal density in regions of high posterior density, and fatter tails to maintain a lower importance-weight variance.
In all three examples shown, the bounded approximation for the optimal proposal Eq. performs nearly as well as the optimal proposal. This is especially clear from Table \[tab:sampling\_efficiencies\], where the sampling efficiencies for the optimal proposal versus the bounded approximation are very similar. The geometric mean approximation also provides a reasonable first approximation to the optimal proposal for the examples shown in Figures \[fig:gaussian\_qplots\]–\[fig:chi2\_qplots\], with improvements in sampling efficiencies compared to the KDE or posterior-approximation proposals (see Table \[tab:sampling\_efficiencies\]).
These three one-dimensional examples have the virtue of being easy to visualise and to show the features of the optimal proposal for Gaussian, skewed and multi-modal posteriors. In the following section we demonstrate that a lower bound on the expected relative improvement of the optimal proposal improves exponentially on the performance of other kernels.
### Expected improvement as a function of data informativeness and parameter dimensionality
We can obtain a lower bound on the improvement in sampling efficiency enabled by the optimal proposal by applying the geometric mean approximation to a simple toy problem. In this model, we take the prior and posterior to be $n_\theta$-dimensional multivariate Gaussians, with means in each dimension of $\mu_\pi$ and $\mu_p=0$, and diagonal covariances with variances $\sigma^2_\pi$ and $\sigma^2_p=1$, respectively. We then exploit the fact that $\omega[q_0]$ can be obtained analytically in this setting to rapidly evaluate the improvement in sampling efficiency over other choices of the proposal as a function of the dimensionality of the parameter space and the informativeness of the data (as measured by both the reduction in volume and the shift in the mean in going from prior to posterior). As the optimal proposal $q^\ast$ outperforms the geometric mean approximation $q_0$, the results in this section can be considered lower bounds on the improvement in performance realized by using the optimal proposal.
Figure \[fig:approximate\_improvement\_posterior\] compares the geometric mean approximation proposal to using an estimator for the posterior density as the proposal, in the three-dimensional setting. It is clear that proposing samples from the posterior is highly suboptimal, whilst using even the geometric mean approximation to the optimal proposal instead gives improvements that are large, especially when the data are highly informative or surprising compared to prior expectations. Figure \[fig:approximate\_improvement\_literature\_3d\] compares the geometric mean approximation proposal to the Gaussian KDE proposal scheme recommended in [@Beaumont2009] (with bandwidth set to double the estimated posterior variance), again for the case where the posterior and prior are three-dimensional Gaussians. Again, gains in sampling efficiency are expected using the geometric mean approximation as opposed to the KDE scheme. Figure \[fig:approximate\_improvement\_literature\_10d\] shows the same case but for a 10-parameter rather than three-parameter set-up, showing that the relative improvement from using the optimal kernel quickly becomes larger in higher dimensions.
Inspecting the analytical result for the Gaussian case confirms that the relative improvement in sampling efficiency of the geometric mean approximation scales exponentially with the number of parameters when compared to the other cases we study here. This also implies exponentially scaling improvement with number of parameters for the optimal proposal.
![Improvement $a$ in the sampling efficiency when sampling from the geometric mean approximation to the optimal proposal rather than the posterior for the case where both prior and posterior are Gaussian. This plot shows the case where $n_\theta=3$ (3-parameters). Even for this modest number of parameters the improvement is large when the data are informative. While the exact result guarantees $a>1$, the geometric mean approximation gives $a<1$ *(shown in blue)* for the atypical case when the posterior and prior have nearly equal width but are located far from each other. []{data-label="fig:approximate_improvement_posterior"}](neff_opt_abc_3d.pdf){width="\textwidth"}
![Improvement $a$ in the sampling efficiency when drawing proposals from the geometric mean approximation to the optimal proposal rather than the KDE scheme recommended in [@Beaumont2009] (with bandwidth equal to twice the posterior variance) for the case where both prior and posterior are Gaussian. This plot shows the case where $n_\theta=3$. While the exact result guarantees $a>1$, the approximation gives $a<1$ *(shown in blue)* for the atypical case when the posterior and prior have nearly equal width but are located far from each other. []{data-label="fig:approximate_improvement_literature_3d"}](neff_opt_vs_lit_abc_3d.pdf){width="\textwidth"}
![Improvement $a$ in the sampling efficiency when drawing proposals from the geometric mean approximation to the optimal proposal rather than the KDE scheme recommended in [@Beaumont2009] (with bandwidth equal to twice the posterior variance) for the case where both prior and posterior are Gaussian. This plot shows the case where $n_\theta=10$. While the exact result guarantees $a>1$, the approximation gives $a<1$ *(shown in blue)* for the atypical case when the posterior and prior have nearly equal width but are located far from each other. []{data-label="fig:approximate_improvement_literature_10d"}](neff_opt_vs_lit_abc_10d.pdf){width="\textwidth"}
Conclusions
===========
We have derived an optimal proposal scheme for SMC-ABC algorithms by maximizing the sampling efficiency, defined as the effective number of samples per parameter proposal. This represents the optimal trade-off between obtaining a high acceptance rate, whilst reducing the variance of the importance-weights of the accepted samples, hence increasing the effective sample size for the accepted samples. We derived an implicit form for the optimal proposal that can be solved iteratively, and also two convenient and simple approximations that can be evaluated quickly, provided a density estimator for the posterior is available (based on the accepted samples from the previous SMC population).
We have shown that the optimal proposal scheme gives a substantial boost in the expected sampling efficiency for a range of statistical models, and the expected gain in sampling efficiency increases with the dimensionality of the problem. The derived results hence provide a guide for choosing optimal proposal densities for SMC-ABC applications, for the small cost of constructing a posterior density estimator at each SMC population iteration.
We wish to thank Ethan Anderes and Tom Charnock for discussions. This work is supported by the Simons Foundation. Benjamin Wandelt acknowledges support from the Labex Institut Lagrange de Paris (ILP) (reference ANR-10- LABX-63) part of the Idex SUPER, and received financial state aid managed by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche, as part of the programme Investissements d’avenir under the reference ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02.
[^1]: ie., taking the (component-wise) importance-weighted variance divided by $N^{1/3}$, for $N$ samples.
[^2]: From Jensen’s inequality we have $$\int \left(\frac{p}{\pi}\right)^{2}\pi d\theta\geq
\int \left(\frac{p}{\pi}\right)^{\frac32}\pi d\theta\geq
1\geq
\int \left(\frac{p}{\pi}\right)^{\frac12}\pi d\theta.$$ It follows that $\omega[q_0]\geq \omega[\pi]$ and $\omega[p]\geq \omega[\pi]$ for any pdf $p$ and $\pi$. While we cannot conclude in general that $\omega[q_0]\geq \omega[p]$, Figure \[fig:approximate\_improvement\_posterior\] shows that in the Gaussian example $q_0$ outperforms the posterior in all practically relevant cases.
|
[Apoptosis in focal brain ischemia].
Ischaemic stroke is one of the major causes of death and disability in the developed world. It is caused by focal impairment of cerebral blood flow. The subsequent ischaemic cell death is predominantly necrotic in nature. However, a therapeutically important characteristic is the delayed apoptotic cell demise in the border zone of the primary lesion core. Apoptosis is one of the most intensively studied field of current medical and biological research. The better understanding of its mechanism may provide novel and more effective ways of therapy in a wide range of diseases including ischemic stroke. The salient neurological features of focal brain ischaemia and the morphological signs of apoptotic and necrotic cell death are summarized. The mechanism of apoptosis is discussed. It is divided into an early genetic phase of decision-making followed by a cellular execution phase. The characteristics of the early shift in the finely tuned balance of pro- and antiapoptotic genes and their protein products, which is preceded by an inbalance in intracellular ionized calcium homeostasis, energy depletion and mitochondrial dysfunction is discussed. The crucial role of caspases in apoptosis is emphasized. The three possible pathways during the execution phase is described: the intrinsic- and extrinsic caspase activation cascade and the caspase-independent intracellular signal transduction route. The molecular mechanism of neural cell membrane damage in the execution phase is discussed and some examples of altered protein synthesis also known as message-selection are given. The important role of late reperfusion in the execution phase is emphasized. The possible targets of antiapoptotic therapeutic approaches and the results of experimental studies are presented as well as the perspectives of their use in human clinical care. |
ESA’s Trace Gas Orbiter circling Mars since October 2016 this week finished a delicate aero-braking campaign of nearly one year that moved the spacecraft from a highly elliptical orbit into a nearly circular Low Mars Orbit in preparation for a final set of trimming maneuvers and the start of a highly anticipated science mission. As the primary component of the ExoMars 2016 mission, the orbiter now sets out on a science mission of at least four years and it builds an orbital relay point for rovers exploring the Martian surface.
The 4,300-Kilogram ExoMars 2016 mission – comprising the 3,750kg Trace Gas Orbiter and the 577kg Schiaparelli lander – launched atop a Proton rocket in March 2016 and enjoyed a smooth interplanetary journey toward Mars arrival on October 19, 2016. Heading off in different directions, the Trace Gas Orbiter successfully fired its main engine for over two hours to be captured in Mars orbit while the experimental lander remained on an intercept course to attempt a daring landing maneuver to pave the way for the ExoMars 2020 mission featuring a Mars Surface Platform and Rover.
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter images showing the different pieces of hardware from Schiaparelli scattered around the landing site in Meridiani Planum – Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona
Schiaparelli’s landing attempt ended with a 34 second free fall and 150-meter-per-second impact on the Martian surface after its navigation equipment had become overwhelmed due to higher-than-expected body rates at the deployment of its supersonic parachute – sending the inertial sensing system and navigation software into disarray. Although unable to complete its soft landing, Schiaparelli delivered valuable lessons to increase the odds of success for the ExoMars 2020 mission.
For the Trace Gas Orbiter, the mission started out in an orbit of 298 by 95,856 Kilometers around the red planet – still with a ways to go in order to reach its circular science orbit of 400 Kilometers from where it will be able to probe the Martian atmosphere.
Taking 4.2 days for one lap around the planet, TGO completed a pair of science checkout orbits in November 2016 ahead of a series of four propulsive maneuvers in January and February 2017 that shifted the spacecraft from an orbital inclination of seven degrees – a result of Schiaparelli’s landing zone requirement – into a 74-degree orbit from where the spacecraft can cover the majority of the planet. The main engine burns also reduced the orbit’s peak altitude to 33,200 Kilometers.
While the plane change required the use of the spacecraft’s main engine, spiraling down from the elliptical orbit to the science orbit would have gone beyond the possibilities of the mission’s propellant reserves.
Image: ESATGO Planned Altitude Profile – Image: ESA
Therefore, trajectory planners devised an aerobraking strategy that would slow the spacecraft down by 1,040 meters per second and save 600kg of propellant by skimming the upper layers of the Martian atmosphere for over 900 successive orbits – essentially using the craft’s solar arrays as drag sails to slow down and decrease the apoapsis altitude with every low pass through the outer atmosphere.
In March 2017, TGO conducted another pair of science checkout orbits before Europe’s first-ever aerobraking campaign at Mars began when the craft’s periapsis altitude was lowered in a stepwise fashion to ease TGO into the sweet spot of the changing Martian atmosphere that expands and contracts as the result of solar activity – much like Earth’s atmosphere. A total of seven thruster burns were executed, first lowering the periapsis to 150 Kilometers and then proceeding in smaller increments as part of a careful walk-in phase to account for uncertainties in atmospheric density.
Aerobraking began in earnest on April 6, 2017 when the periapsis had been dropped to 113 Kilometers and was then carefully maintained between 103 to 113 Kilometers for subsequent weeks. By June 25, TGO had reduced its orbital period from 24 to 14 hours and entered a two-month summer break around the solar conjunction period during which reliable communications with Mars are not possible as the sun moves into the line of sight between Earth and Mars.
Tracking the Progress of Aerobraking at ESOC – Photo: ESA
As aerobraking resumed at the end of August, Mission Operations at ESA’s Space Operations Center in Germany shifted into a more rapid pace as the orbit period of TGO required command uplinks on a daily basis, increasing to every few hours as the craft continued spiraling down. Several safety features were built-into the aerobraking campaign including an autonomous capability for TGO to pop-out of aerobraking and raise its periapsis altitude in case any onboard parameters violated limits or atmospheric deceleration crossed pre-programmed thresholds.
Image: ESA
By the end of January 2018, TGO had crossed the three-hour mark for orbital period after over 740 aerobraking passes that delivered a total delta-v of 782 m/s. Aerobraking ended on February 20 when TGO completed a 16-minute thruster burn to move its periapsis out of the atmospheric corridor and place itself into an orbit of 200 x 1,047 Kilometers.
Up next for the Trace Gas Orbiter is a series of up to ten orbit-trim maneuvers that will deliver it into the proper science orbit at an altitude of 400 Kilometers, taking just two hours for a lap around Mars. Preliminary science observations are expected to pick up around mid-March for instrument calibration and validation from the proper working altitude before routine science observations start formally on April 21. Regular long-distance calls between NASA’s Mars Rovers and Earth with TGO as a relay point should begin in the summer time frame.
Photo: ESA
TGO is outfitted with four science instruments – a pair of spectrometers to identify atmospheric species down to extreme trace amounts, a color & stereo camera to obtain imagery of potential sources & sinks of atmospheric trace gases, and finally a radiation monitor to measure the radiation dose encountered on the transfer to Mars & in orbit while also studying water deposits in the sub-surface.
The two spectrometer instruments are capable of detecting the spectral signatures of trace gases down to a concentration of a few parts per billion, allowing TGO to track changes in the Martian atmosphere, to create high-resolution vertical profiles from the ground to 160 Kilometers in altitude, and to identify possible sources and sinks for atmospheric trace gases.
These sources and sinks on the Martian surface will be imaged in full-color and stereoscopic photography to tie atmospheric phenomena to processes ongoing within the surface of Mars. The neutron instrument will deliver a high-resolution map of water in the Martian subsurface and measure the total radiation a human would endure when in transit to and in orbit around Mars.
Over the course of its mission, TGO will be tasked with taking a detailed inventory of trace gases in the Martian atmosphere, making up less than 1% of the atmospheric volume. These include water vapor, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, acetylene and methane which has been a focus of scientific study for the past years as findings suggest methane can temporarily occur in the Martian atmosphere. |
Coming Soon
UNDER CONSTRUCTION! While you wait for us to renovate our online store, please visit our other location sneakerology. https://www.sneakerologyny.com |
Q:
How to delete sms from inbox?
I've programmed an automatic sms responder:
.
.
.
function IsSMSAnswered(smsid: string): Boolean;
begin
// Code to test if SMS is answered
end;
procedure SendReplySMS(reply_smssender, reply_smsbody: string);
begin
// Code to send reply to smssender
end;
procedure FetchSMS; //fetch sms used by timer every 1 minute
var
cursor: JCursor;
uri: Jnet_Uri;
id_smsid: integer;
id_smssender: integer;
id_smsbody: integer;
id_smsid: string;
smssender: string;
smsbody: string;
smsreply: string;
begin
uri:= StrToJURI('content://sms/inbox');
cursor:= SharedActivity.getContentResolver.query(uri, nil, nil, nil, nil);
id_smsid:= cursor.getColumnIndex(StringToJstring('_id'));
id_smssender:= cursor.getColumnIndex(StringToJstring('address'));
id_smsbody:=cursor.getColumnIndex(StringToJstring('body'));
cursor.moveToLast;
for i:= cursor.getCount downto 1 do
begin
smsid:= :=JStringToString(cursor.getString(id_smsid));
if not IsSMSAnswered(smsid) then
begin
smssender:=JStringToString(cursor.getString(id_smssender));
smsbody:=JStringToString(cursor.getString(id_smssender));
if smsbody = 'abc' then
SendReplySMS(smssender, 'reply abc')
else if smsbody = 'def' then
SendReplySMS(smssender, 'reply def');
end
else
Break;
end;
end;
.
.
.
In this case remain all received sms messages in the phone database.
How do I delete the received SMS message from the phone database after processing?
.
.
.
if not IsSMSAnswered(smsid) then
begin
smssender:=JStringToString(cursor.getString(id_smssender));
smsbody:=JStringToString(cursor.getString(id_smssender));
if smsbody = 'abc' then
SendReplySMS(smssender, 'reply abc')
else if smsbody = 'def' then
SendReplySMS(smssender, 'reply def');
???? Now do I delete this received message ????
end
.
.
.
A:
I have a solution (with a little help by pskink):
.
.
.
procedure FetchSMS; //fetch sms used by timer every 1 minute
var
cursor: JCursor;
uri: Jnet_Uri;
uri_del: Jnet_Uri;
id_smsid: integer;
id_smssender: integer;
id_smsbody: integer;
smsid: string;
smssender: string;
smsbody: string;
smsreply: string;
begin
uri:= StrToJURI('content://sms/inbox');
cursor:= SharedActivity.getContentResolver.query(uri, nil, nil, nil, nil);
id_smsid:= cursor.getColumnIndex(StringToJstring('_id'));
id_smssender:= cursor.getColumnIndex(StringToJstring('address'));
id_smsbody:=cursor.getColumnIndex(StringToJstring('body'));
cursor.moveToLast;
for i:= cursor.getCount downto 1 do
begin
smsid:= :=JStringToString(cursor.getString(id_smsid));
if not IsSMSAnswered(smsid) then
begin
smssender:=JStringToString(cursor.getString(id_smssender));
smsbody:=JStringToString(cursor.getString(id_smssender));
if smsbody = 'abc' then
SendReplySMS(smssender, 'reply abc')
else if smsbody = 'def' then
SendReplySMS(smssender, 'reply def');
// ???? Now I need to delete this received message ????
// There is the answer
uri_del:= StrToJURI('content://sms');
SharedActivity.getContentResolver.delete(uri_del, StringToJString('_ID=' + smsid), nil);
// There is the answer
end
else
Break;
end;
end;
.
.
.
|
GRINDING TRANSMISSION
My 1993 mazda protege started poping back into neutral after shifting inte 5th gear. Now there is a loud grinding sound when shifting to all gears. Even in nuetral. No sound grinding sound when idleing or starting the car.
There was also a high pitch whisteling sound when driving over 50mph. Doesn't sound good. Expecting the worst. What could it be? Thanks! |
//
// _ _ ______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
// | \ | | | ____| | (_) | (_) | | | |
// | \| | ___ | |__ __| |_| |_ _ _ __ __ _| | | |
// | . ` |/ _ \ | __| / _` | | __| | '_ \ / _` | | | |
// | |\ | (_) | | |___| (_| | | |_| | | | | (_| |_|_|_|
// |_| \_|\___/ |______\__,_|_|\__|_|_| |_|\__, (_|_|_)
// __/ |
// |___/
//
// This file is auto-generated. Do not edit manually
//
// Copyright 2016 Automatak LLC
//
// Automatak LLC (www.automatak.com) licenses this file
// to you under the the Apache License Version 2.0 (the "License"):
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html
//
#include "JNIList.h"
namespace jni
{
namespace cache
{
bool List::init(JNIEnv* env)
{
auto clazzTemp = env->FindClass("Ljava/util/List;");
this->clazz = (jclass) env->NewGlobalRef(clazzTemp);
env->DeleteLocalRef(clazzTemp);
this->sizeMethod = env->GetMethodID(this->clazz, "size", "()I");
if(!this->sizeMethod) return false;
return true;
}
void List::cleanup(JNIEnv* env)
{
env->DeleteGlobalRef(this->clazz);
}
jint List::size(JNIEnv* env, jobject instance)
{
return env->CallIntMethod(instance, this->sizeMethod);
}
}
}
|
Scheme Publications
Delivering convenience every step of the way
At SAMWUMED, we understand that as a local government employee, choosing the best medical aid scheme for your family can be a complicated and often daunting task. Which is why we’ve made it easier for you by making all the information you need available at your fingertips.
Simply click on the links below to begin downloading any of our publications which will give you detailed information on our medical aid plans on offer. |
Paris Fashion: Finding high-end designers at Cheapo prices
Calling all fashionistas and fashionistos! Last week were you caught madly zigzagging between utter love and frustration with Target by Missoni’s recent launch? Well, lean in because this Paris insider tip is for you.
(Target by Missoni’s 1960s Italian film-inspired campaign featuring Margherita Missoni was pretty marvelous, I must say. It definitely caught my eye. Besides, who doesn’t want to be a spy?)
So where to find similar designer collaborations in Paris? Here’s what I’ve discovered, along with a few tips on how to secure the coveted goods.
1. Monoprix
On Wednesday, September 21, 2011, the French clothing line American Vintage by Michaël Azoulay will launch a limited collection of his signature t-shirts, hoodies and sweaters at Monoprix stores (Target’s French cousin) throughout the city. Pinch yourself. It’s not even listed on Monoprix’s Web site yet. For now, it’s our little secret, so plan to arrive early. Doors usually open around 9 a.m.
Monoprix at 43 avenue Clichy in Pigalle
Depeche mode
Not in Paris? Don’t fret. This is not Monoprix’s first tangle with a designer, and it won’t be its last. Like Target, Monoprix has been working with designers for nearly a decade. Currently Nathalie Lété and “La Cerise sur le Gâteau” by Anne Hubert are both sharing the spotlight.
Other collaborations have featured pin-uppity lingerie by Fifi Chachnil, pop culture-inspired shirts and sweaters by Lucien Pellat-Finet, and handbags by Vincent Sartel, the former creative director at Louis Vuitton Moël Hennessy. Why, it’s a win-sin for all.
So what’s the big deal?
Michaël Azoulay’s American Vintage shirts are super soft and comfy. Made of all-natural fibers, they’re also wickedly expensive. The flagship is located at 10 rue des Francs Bourgeois. Here the t-shirts cost about €80. But at Monoprix, they’ll run about €25 a pop. Charlotte Gainsbourg, Gwyneth Paltrow, Liv Tyler, and Penelope Cruz don the garb. Just saying.
I’ve got my eye on Michaël’s long t-shirts with a scoop neck in taupe, rose, coal and ciel bleu. I’m also crushing on the Bordeaux-colored sweater dress that runs about a third of the normal cost. A “uniform” fanatic (it just makes mornings easier), I think I’ll be able to score my fall wardrobe in one fell swoop. The t-shirts are also available for men, too.
Here’s a historical tidbit for you: The t-shirt became a closet staple after Marlon Brando’s stellar performance as Stanley in “A Street Car Named Desire,” and its popularity is showing no signs of leaving, baby.
Make a new plan
Prior to your shopping spree, take a peek at the collection’s look book, if it’s available online. It will save you time. Create a wish list. Arrive early. Familiarize yourself with the store layout. Monoprix is also a grocery store. Upon your arrival, if you spot groceries on the ground level, quickly hotfoot it down to the clothing level.
If time permits, visit more than one location. Here’s a list of my favorite Monoprix shops. The one on Boulevard Sébastopol, pictured above, is housed in a Félix Potin building (a masterpiece!).
H&M is another prime hotspot for designer collaborations. The chain will launch its “Versace by Donatella” collection in Europe on November 17, 2011. Other stores worldwide will receive goods by the end of the fall season. (New Yorkers, the preview party will take place in your hood on November 8. Good for you! Yes, I am very jealous.)
In the past, H&M has collaborated with Roberto Cavalli, Stella McCartney, Jimmy Choo and Lanvin by Alber Elbaz.
Tip: Not all of the H&M shops in Paris receive the designer goods, so kick off your quest at one of the larger stores at either 52 Champs Élysée or the 54 Boulevard Haussmann. It’s sandwiched neatly in-between grand magasins Printemps and Galeries Lafayette. Prior to the sale, check the Web site and create a game plan.
One last high note
Dear window shoppers, the Missoni flagship in Paris is located at 1 Rue Faubourg Saint-Honoré, 8th arrondissement (Metro Saint-Honoré). Here Rosita and Ottavio Missoni started flaunting their flames, waves and zigzags back in 1976.
Your favorite Cheapo collaborations?
Cheapos, do you have a favorite designer collaboration? Did you score a Missoni for Target treasure? Do tell in the comments section below. My sister Wendy has already trapped one of their black and white overnight train bags!
About the author
About the author: Theadora Brack is a writer working in Paris. Her fiction has appeared in more than 30 literary publications, including 3AM International, The Smoking Poet, Beloit Fiction Journal, Mid-American Review, and the Haight-Ashbury Literary Journal. |
Melissa's showing off her incredible body in her swimwear.
Real Housewives of New Jersey star Melissa Gorga is dancing in a bikini and showing off her incredible swimsuit body as she says goodbye to the summer. The reality star recently posted a number of skimpy swimsuit photos to Instagram, showing her dancing in a two-piece before saying bye bye to the season in a one-piece.
The first upload showed the 39-year-old mom of three dancing in a bikini as she showed off her matching romper.
Gorga shared the boomerang video of herself shimmying in a blue and pink bikini and her matching coverup as she posed on what appeared to be the deck at her and husband Joe Gorga’s Jersey Shore beach house.
Melissa, who tousled her hair while sporting large aviator sunglasses by the water, shared that her bikini and romper were both available from her New Jersey boutique in the caption of the upload.
“Oh Heyyyy,” she wrote alongside a waving emoji as she did a little dance for the camera. “When your romper & bathing suit from @envybymg match available now:).”
But that wasn’t the only swimsuit photo Melissa has shared with her 1.5 million followers via her Instagram account over the past few days, as she also posed in a swimsuit as she bid farewell to the summer ahead of Labor Day.
Melissa also headed to the photo-sharing site to share a shot of herself posing by the water at Toms River, New Jersey, in a low-cut grey bathing suit.
Showing off her rocking body in the one-piece while her hair was tied up into a bun and her eyes were covered by black sunglasses, Gorga admitted in the caption that she is most definitely a “#beachgirlforlife.”
“Another summer has gone by. This Jersey girl is saying thank you to the beautiful Jersey shore for leaving my family & I with amazing memories once again,” she wrote.
The RHONJ star then continued in the caption of the photo, “Home is where the heart is” alongside a blue heart emoji and the hashtag “#beachgirlforlife.”
The latest swimsuit snaps came shortly after Gorga opened up about balancing her life as a businesswoman and a mom while speaking to Bravo’s The Daily Dish where she spoke about how important it was for her to show her 13-year-old daughter Antonia what it means to run a business.
“I just wanted to show her the ins and outs of actually owning a store and having a small business, so that was a lot of fun,” Melissa explained before joking that Antonia may not have shown too much interest in her mom’s work life.
Bennett Raglin/Getty Images
Gorga then joked, “It’s always fun trying to teach a teenager about real work — not.”
The latest bikini snap from Melissa came shortly after Inquisitr reported that she was showing off her toned body in another fun swimsuit as she posed with her mom and husband in a bright pink bathing suit and daisy dukes. |
Andini. Fashion blogger, professional fangirl & occasional cosplayer.
This is my fangirl blog, I do the fashun thing on my main one. |
from django.conf.urls import url
from longclaw.shipping import api
from longclaw.settings import API_URL_PREFIX
address_list = api.AddressViewSet.as_view({
'get': 'list',
'post': 'create'
})
address_detail = api.AddressViewSet.as_view({
'get': 'retrieve',
'put': 'update',
'patch': 'partial_update',
'delete': 'destroy'
})
urlpatterns = [
url(API_URL_PREFIX + r'addresses/$',
address_list,
name='longclaw_address_list'),
url(API_URL_PREFIX + r'addresses/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$',
address_detail,
name='longclaw_address_detail'),
url(API_URL_PREFIX + r'shipping/cost/$',
api.shipping_cost,
name='longclaw_shipping_cost'),
url(API_URL_PREFIX + r'shipping/countries/$',
api.shipping_countries,
name='longclaw_shipping_countries'),
url(API_URL_PREFIX + r'shipping/countries/(?P<country>[a-zA-Z]+)/$',
api.shipping_options,
name='longclaw_shipping_options'),
url(API_URL_PREFIX + r'shipping/options/$',
api.shipping_options,
name='longclaw_applicable_shipping_rate_list')
]
|
An Australian former Guantanamo Bay detainee said on Thursday after a U.S. military appeals court threw out his conviction on a terrorism charge that he wants his government to pay for treatment of ailments resulting from torture.
David Hicks, who spent five years in the U.S. detention camp in Cuba, said he had not yet decided whether to seek broader compensation in Australia.
"I do think that someone should be responsible for my medical expenses," Hicks told reporters in Sydney.
"I was subjected to five-and-a-half years of physical and psychological torture that I will now live with always."
Hicks pleaded guilty in 2007 to providing material support to terrorism but on Wednesday the U.S. Court of Military Commissions Review threw out his conviction because such activity did not become a crime until years after he was captured in Afghanistan.
Hicks was among the first group of prisoners sent to Guantanamo when the detention camp in Cuba opened on Jan. 11, 2002. He had acknowledged he had trained at an al Qaeda camp in Afghanistan and met the Islamist group's leader Osama bin Laden.
His lawyers have said Hicks was innocent and that he made the guilty plea under duress after enduring years of beatings, sexual assaults and sleep deprivation.
The ruling by the U.S. military appeals court stressed that the decision to vacate his conviction was made on technical grounds. The judgment said Hicks was captured by members of the Northern Alliance fighting the Taliban and handed over to U.S. troops in Afghanistan. It said he had planned to join the fight against the U.S.-backed coalition that ousted the Taliban.
Hicks had joined Lashkar-e-Taiba, a group later designated as a terrorist organization by the United States, in Pakistan. He received weapons training there before traveling to Afghanistan, the three-judge panel said.
Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott said there would be no apology from the government, which did not challenge Hicks' detention at the U.S. naval base in Cuba.
"We did what was needed. Let's not forget ... he was up to no good on his own admission," Abbott told reporters.
Hicks, who was repatriated to Australia shortly after his conviction in 2007, clashed with reporters who asked if he acknowledged he had been cleared on a technicality.
Asked what he was doing when he was picked up in Afghanistan, Hicks said: "Having a holiday". |
Q:
Is the default logging to File and Console in Dropwizard use AsyncAppender?
In my DW app I am trying to make the logging to the file and console asynchronous. I found that I can use the AsyncAppender, but is that already configured in DropWizard or do I need to enable it, if so how do I configure the logger to use the AsyncAppender
Logger root = (Logger) LoggerFactory.getLogger(Logger.ROOT_LOGGER_NAME);
AsyncAppender fileAppender = (AsyncAppender) root.getAppender("async-file-appender");
My config.yaml is looks like this
server:
minThreads: 512
type: default
supportedCarParcFile: /opt/foo/my_app/config/my-app.json
logging:
appenders:
-
threshold: INFO
type: console
-
archivedFileCount: 7
archivedLogFilenamePattern: /opt/foo/my_app/logs/my-app-%d.log.gz
currentLogFilename: /opt/foo/my_app/logs/my-app.log
threshold: INFO
timeZone: CST
type: file
-
archivedFileCount: 7
archivedLogFilenamePattern: /opt/foo/my_app/logs/my-app_error-%d.log.gz
currentLogFilename: /opt/foo/my_app/logs/my-app_error.log
threshold: ERROR
timeZone: CST
type: file
loggers:
metrics:
additive: true
appenders:
-
archivedFileCount: 10
archivedLogFilenamePattern: /opt/foo/my_app/logs/metrics-%d.log.gz
currentLogFilename: /opt/foo/my_app/logs/metrics.log
type: file
level: INFO
I am using DropWizard 1.0.5.
A:
The DefaultLoggingFactory in dropwizard is used by default for logging purposes.
Which as you can see here makes use of the AsyncLoggingEventAppenderFactory using the AsyncAppenderBase
to build the appenders. The documentation of ch.qos.logback.core.AsyncAppenderBase states that:
This appender and derived classes, log events asynchronously. In order
to avoid loss of logging events, this appender should be closed. It is
the user's responsibility to close appenders, typically at the end of
the application lifecycle.
This appender buffers events in a
BlockingQueue. Worker thread created by this appender takes events
from the head of the queue, and dispatches them to the single appender
attached to this appender.
Now to your question, but is that already configured in DropWizard or do I need to enable it?
I would say, you don't need to enable it explicitly to configure async appending of the logs. The AsyncLoggingEventAppenderFactory shall take care of it.
|
Batterson
Batterson is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Dim Batterson (1881-1935), American college and professional football coach
Hermon Griswold Batterson (1827–1903), American Episcopal priest
James G. Batterson (1823–1901), American designer and builder, owner of New England Granite Works, founder of Travelers Insurance Company
Mark Batterson, American pastor and author
See also
Batterson Park |
Q:
Do fish make noises in order to get attention?
I have a small water tank with few fish at home. There are small stones for decoration, and for several weeks now, I noticed that every time I'm around, the fish go down to the stones and bump into them on purpose, and it results in some noise.
They didn't do it from the beginning (bought them in August 2019), just maybe 6-8 weeks. (Literally)
They do it now consistently, so I can't help wondering: is it their way to draw attention? I walk to them when they do it to check what they do then they swim up towards me.
To make it more clear, here is the fish tank with the small stones:
A:
Goldfish do not make noise to get attention but they will come to the surface of the water when you walk up to the tank. Goldfish and other fish will learn that when you come it means food is on its way.
Goldfish are bottom feeders so they will move pebbles and small rocks to find food.
The tank you have is too small for keeping goldfish, please read this https://thegoldfishtank.com/goldfish-care/tank/do-goldfish-need-a-big-tank/
For one goldfish you need a 100 liter tank and for each additional goldfish you need 50 liters of water, so if you want to keep 3 goldfish you need a 200 liters tank and there is no upper limit for tank size, so bigger is better.
You will need to have filtration in your tank to process the waste they make, goldfish are seen as dirty fish as they produce more waste than other fish.
Goldfish being coldwater fish should ideally be kept in a garden pond.
|
Q:
Jackson mixin not working for embedded types in Spring MVC
I'm having trouble getting Jackson mixins working for embedded types when using @ResponseBody. I'm using spring MVC 3.0 and jackson 1.8.
I have an object called EventEntry. That object has a property user, returning the type User via the getUser method. I set up mixins for both EventEntry and User. The mixins just consist of lots of @JasonIgnoreProperties values.
When an EventEntry is streamed out, the mixin is correctly applied and many properties are ignored. However, when the User object that is part of the EventEntry object is streamed out, the mixin is not applied and all properties are returned.
Code below:
public class EventEntry {
private User user;
public User getUser() {
return user;
}
public void setUser(User user) {
this.user = user;
}
}
The user class has lots of properties, most of which I do not want to return as part of the json object.
In my controller, I add the mixins I want to user as below:
@RequestMapping(value = "/event/view/{eventIdentifier}/entries/json", method = RequestMethod.GET)
public @ResponseBody List<EventEntry> viewMyEventsJson(HttpServletResponse response, @PathVariable("eventIdentifier") String eventIdentifier){
ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
SerializationConfig serializationConfig = mapper.getSerializationConfig();
serializationConfig.addMixInAnnotations(EventEntry.class, BasicEventEntryJsonMixin.class);
serializationConfig.addMixInAnnotations(User.class, BasicPublicUserJsonMixin.class);
List<EventEntry> eventEntryList = getEventEntries(eventIdentifier);
try {
mapper.writValue(response.getOutputStream(), eventEntryList);
} catch (IOException ex) {
logger.error(ex);
}
return null;
}
I have added two mixins, one for EventEntry, the other for User. As before, EventEntry contains a getUser() method.
Both mixins simply contain a whole lot of @JsonIgnoreProperty values:
@JsonIgnoreProperties({"eventId","lastUpdatedOn","lastUpdatedBy"})
public class BasicEventEntryJsonMixin extends EventEntry{
//Empty by design
}
@JsonIgnoreProperties({"emailAddress","lastUpdatedOn","lastUpdatedBy"})
public class BasicPublicUserJsonMixin extends User {
}
The mixin for EventEntry is correctly applied, but the mixin for the User is not - the entire object is streamed out.
The only config I have for jackson is
<bean id="messageAdapter" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter">
<property name="messageConverters">
<list>
<!-- Support JSON -->
<bean class="org.springframework.http.converter.json.MappingJacksonHttpMessageConverter"/>
</list>
</property>
</bean>
Do mixins not apply to embedded objects or have I misconfigured something?
Also, is there a neater way to achieve what I want to do which is essentially to decided on a view-by-view basis which properties should be returned and which shouldn't?
A:
The reason is that you configure one Jackson Mapper, but use an other one (the one from Spring).
Do it this way:
@RequestMapping(value = "/event/view/{eventIdentifier}/entries/json",
method = RequestMethod.GET)
public @ResponseBody String viewMyEventsJson(
@PathVariable("eventIdentifier") String eventIdentifier)
throws JsonGenerationException, JsonMappingException, IOException{
ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
SerializationConfig serializationConfig = mapper.getSerializationConfig();
serializationConfig.addMixInAnnotations(EventEntry.class,
BasicEventEntryJsonMixin.class);
serializationConfig.addMixInAnnotations(User.class,
BasicPublicUserJsonMixin.class);
return mapper.writeValueAsString(getEventEntries(eventIdentifier));
}
then you even do not need the xml configuration
|
Friends and family are desperately seeking information about Tim Wilson, 37, who has been missing in the Nashville area since April 22. His loved ones thought he had just gone camping until he didn’t return. His phone’s mysterious reappearance deepened his family’s concern. Now, a Facebook page has been set up to try to locate Tim, and searches are underway in the region where he was last seen.
Here is what we know so far about Tim Wilson and what has happened. This is a developing story.
1. Tim Wilson’s Car Was Found at Shelby Park in Nashville
Tim Wilson has been missing since Sunday, April 22. Today marks one week that he has been gone. Tim’s girlfriend, Lauren Fransen, wrote on Facebook that she thought he had gone camping at first, but she began to worry when she never heard back from him. Law enforcement and friends have been searching Shelby Park, where his car was found. It’s not known why Tim was there. She wrote on Facebook several days ago: “As of this morning, new information came to light to make this a more serious case. Police are looking for him and his car has been found. I filed a missing persons report this morning.”
Tim’s wallet was in his car, and nothing abnormal was found in his vehicle, Lauren shared on Instagram. Since Saturday, April 21, Tim has not been on social media, used his Gmail account, or used any bank cards, his girlfriend said.
Tim Wilson is 5’9″, thin build, and 140 pounds, according to the Facebook page set up to help find him. He has brown hair with some grey in it, and almost always wore his hair in a bun. He has a tattoo on his left hand of an eye, and a script tattoo on his right shoulder, going down his arm.
Tim typically wore a nose ring and, as one friend said: “To the best of our knowledge, yes (he was wearing it). He never took it out. For years.”
Tim was known to go off paths when he went hiking, so people are searching all areas of Shelby Park extensively, and drones were flying over thick brush to try to spot him.
2. Tim Wilson’s Phone Was Mailed to a Friend
In a strange turn of events, Tim Wilson’s cell phone was recovered after it was mailed to a friend. According to a Facebook page set up to help find Tim, they are searching the phone for any details that might help locate him. They said if people notice their calls or texts to Tim are going through, that’s because they have his phone and are using it to try to determine clues about what happened to him.
When the news about the phone was first announced, it wasn’t clear who mailed Tim’s phone or which friend received the phone. However, the Facebook page dedicated to finding Tim later confirmed that it was Tim himself who mailed the phone, along with a note and some of his personal belongings, to a friend.
According to the Facebook page: “As for Tim’s phone, we know Tim packaged and mailed his phone, along with some other personal items to his friend. We are in the process of getting ahold of the security cam footage from the post office to provide further confirmation. There was a note included in the package in Tim’s handwriting. We’re not at liberty to discuss the other contents of the package or note, but can confirm that Tim packaged and mailed it.”
Lauren said she went onto Tim’s Facebook to look for any hints or to see if he had messaged anyone there, but found nothing.
Tim is a musician, and people who have toured with him are also sharing posts, worried about his well-being.
You can see him playing his guitar here:
https://www.instagram.com/p/BgmnfSxFVJq/?taken-by=_laurenhope_
A photo of him playing at a festival in 2012:
According to Tim’s Facebook, he owns a business in Nashville called Music City Guitars and Gear.
3. Friends & Police Have Been Searching Shelby Park
The police have launched an intense search for Tim using boats to search the nearby river with sonar equipment, and also using dogs, horses, helicopters, and drones for land searches. Friends, family and other volunteers have joined in the massive search. They have been scouring Shelby Park on foot, with the help of detectives in charge of Tim’s case. The map above shows the area they had searched as of Saturday, April 28. The area in green indicates what has been covered by air or by foot, and the rest is what still needs to be searched. A local marathon was in Shelby Park on Saturday and runners were told to keep an eye out for anything suspicious.
https://www.instagram.com/p/BiHsr3FBJw9/?taken-by=_laurenhope_
Lauren said that Tim is “the sweetest and most gentle soul I’ve ever known.”
4. Tim Was in a Distraught State of Mind When He Was Last Seen
Tim’s girlfriend, Lauren, said that he was in a distraught state of mind when she last saw him, WKRN reported, which was part of the reason why she was so worried.
Rebekah Songer wrote on Facebook that Tim was her former partner for around four years, and she was always scared he might disappear. She wrote: “The circumstances surrounding his disappearance sound like the nightmare I feared for much of our time together. He often secludes himself in nature when his mind feels messy, isolating himself from human contact.”
5. Several People Have Reported Seeing Someone Who Looks Like Tim Wilson, But None of the Reports Were Verified
Several people have reported spotting persons who resemble Tim Wilson, but none have been confirmed. Reports of missing people being seen aren’t uncommon during cases like these, but many, sadly, don’t end up leading anywhere significant. However, law enforcement are following up on every possible sighting that might be Tim, just in case. The Tim Wilson Facebook page noted that there was a possible sighting in Portland, Tennessee a few days ago. They spoke to the couple who saw the man and sent police to the area, but couldn’t confirm if it was Tim.
Scott McDougal said on April 27 that a man contacted him who believed he saw Tim Wilson on Wednesday, a few days after he disappeared. The man said he saw someone who looked like Wilson around 10 p.m., approximately one hour after McDougal thought he might have seen Wilson on his property. However, the man they saw had apparently been recently released recently from Sumner County Jail and was not Tim.
Toni Jewell also shared the following possible sighting on April 27: “I live in the Lockeland Springs neighborhood just off the 10th Hole of the Shelby Golf Course. About 15 minutes ago as my friend and I were walking our dogs, a man walked out of the entrance to the Lockeland Springs Park. He was carrying a guitar case and headed toward 19th and Holly St. He did not have hair long enough to put in a bun and wasn’t disheveled or anything like that, but he did not say hello, didn’t pause for the dogs, just kept his head down and headed up the street. He was a good looking guy, as is Tim, and had the same hair color.”
Police are following up on all possible sightings. If you see anyone who looks like Tim Wilson, please call the East Nashville police at 615-862-8600. |
2013 Arizona Diamondbacks season
The Arizona Diamondbacks' 2013 season, was the franchise's 16th season in Major League Baseball and also their 16th season at Chase Field.
The Diamondbacks played 25 extra inning games during the season, the most of any MLB team in 2013.
Regular season
Season standings
National League West
National League Wild Card
Record vs. opponents
Game log
{| align="center" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" style="border:1px solid #aaa"
|-
! colspan="4" | Legend
|-
! style="background:#bfb;"| Diamondbacks Win
! style="background:#fbb;"| Diamondbacks Loss
! style="background:#bbb;"| Game Postponed
! Bold – Diamondbacks Player
|}
Roster
Opening day lineup
Player stats
Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; AVG = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases
Pitching
Note: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; H = Hits; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts
Farm system
References
External links
2013 Arizona Diamondbacks season at Baseball Reference
2013 Arizona Diamondbacks season Official Site
Arizona Diamondbacks season
Arizona Diamondbacks
Category:Arizona Diamondbacks seasons |
Sand consolidation and gravel packing are two near wellbore techniques widely used for controlling the production of sand from producing wells such as oil wells, gas wells and similar boreholes. In many instances, highly porous and fragmentable sand formations surround a wellbore. Under production conditions, the sand is often displaced from its aggregated structure and carried along by the fluid flood operations to a producing well. If the sand flow is allowed to procede unchecked, the producing wellbore soon becomes full of sand, thereby clogging the wellbore and impeding oil production. Furthermore, sand arriving at the surface site of the well erodes the production hardware.
As more and more sand is displaced from its original formation, a region of wash-out cavities surrounding the wellbore region results. As the wash-out zones become more extensive, the integrity of the wellbore is threatened and a danger of the wellbore collapsing exists.
It has therefore been the subject of extensive and intense research by the petroleum industry to develop techniques to minimize or obviate displacement of sand particles into producing well areas and prevent the formation of wash-out cavities surrounding the wellbore. One such general approach suggested by the art is to consolidate the coarse sand structures prior to fluid production. Sand consolidation techniques are aimed at cementing loose sand structures adjacent a wellbore. Such consolidation is effective to prevent breakdown of sand formation and subsequent clogging of producing wells.
In many loosely consolidated or unconsolidated formations, it is not economically or practically feasible to consider sand consolidation techniques. Also, there are many instances where substantial wash-out cavities are either initially present naturally near the wellbore or washed-out cavities form around the wellbore after prolonged use despite previous attempts at sand consolidation.
For these conditions, gravel packing techniques are often used to prevent formation sand production or further erosion and to reestablish the integrity of the wellbore periphery. Gravel packing is a secondary sand consolidation technique involving the introduction of a fluid suspension of exogenous particulate matter downhole, to fill the wash-out cavities or to "squeeze" to pack into the formation in the vicinity of the well. The term gravel is somewhat loosely applied in the art to encompass hard, rigid particulate matter ranging in size from a coarse sand to pebble size material.
Once the placement of sand and gravel has been accomplished, a slotted liner or "screen" placed as part of the production sting helps hold the loose filling material and retard the upstream sand flow through the filler material during production conditions.
Present gravel pack procedures often require a filling of the casing with weighted completion fluid or drilling mud prior to perforating. Thereafter the production casing is perforated via a casing gun with shots placed in a helical arrangement. Substantial amounts of wellbore fluid are often lost as in most instances the wellbore is in an overbalanced condition. If the well is not completely dead following the perforation operation, it is generally "killed" so the perforating tool can be pulled from the borehole. After pulling the perforating tool from the borehole, the production tubing along with a slotted liner is directed into the borehole. As a result of these operations, substantial amounts of expensive workover fluid can be lost during these operations. Because of the density, viscosity and chemical makeup of these workover fluids, damage often occurs to the permeability of a formation. Afterwards, in order to stabilize the sand in the formation, an in-casing gravel pack is generally placed within the wellbore along with additional fluids and chemicals. This results often in additional damage to the permeability of the formation.
Therefore, what is needed is a method for a gravel pack operation which will minimize the permeability damage to the formation caused by workover fluids and chemicals. |
With free registration, you can ask and answer questions in our HYSTERECTOMY forum community, get free booklets, access Hysterectomy Checkpoints and more. You are not alone. The HysterSisters are here for you. Join us today!
Lydia, how did it go with you and the Nature's Code vitamins? I've just got my first shipment -- for women over 50 since I've had a hysterectomy. I'm a bit concerned by the high doses of some vitamins. Debating taking them or sending them back.
I've been using Natures Code for over a decade. After my hysterectomy (I still have ovaries and an am mid stage Menopause) I began using the Over 50. I'm 54.
I've always had a high energy level but most people who know me think I have more energy than just about anyone they know. I think having a consistent, balanced nutritional supplement in my daily routine is a part of my well being. I don't know how much it contributes to my high energy and strength, but I know that I get the necessary supplements I need, even when I'm busy or not eating as well as I'd like.
Thanks, I ordered them and I'm taking them although I have a problem getting them all down during the day. I do seem to feel like I feel better. Just heard a report today that I may be real low on magnesium -- because of symptoms -- glad to read that Nature's Code provides me with magnesium Daily Recommended Allowance and more, but not too much to worry about.
Hi Ladies -
I had my TAH-BSO last August. I was 44 then and am 45 now. My instant menapause showed up as mild to moderate anxiety attacks. Yuck!!! I found out that B-Vitamins play a major role in keeping the body balanced and keeping anxiety at bay. I had been watching the information on Nature's Code for a long time and decided to try it as I wanted to get off medications. I was given .5mg Lorazapam (sp) as needed and it worked, but I wanted off all drugs and I wanted the anxiety to go away. Now, since B-vitamins are water soluable, your urine will be orange if you are taking more than you really need. Well, when I started taking NC vits. my urine was never orange for the first three months and my anxiety sudsided. My body really needed the vitamins. I feel much better even though I'm now going through more normal menapausal symptoms, they are mild. I should say that I did all of this with my doctor's approval. My doctor feels that NC is a good supplement system for me. So, I'd recommend that you talk with your doctor, but I don't think you'll be sorry if you give them a try. Hope this helps and I'll be happy to talk to anyone on this subject if you want to chat. Good Luck to you all. This last year has been strange and I know that I wouldn't have gotten through without my fellow Hystersisters. |
54 N.J. 526 (1969)
257 A.2d 699
STATE OF NEW JERSEY, PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,
v.
RICHARD HOCK, DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
The Supreme Court of New Jersey.
Argued September 8, 1969.
Decided October 20, 1969.
*528 Mr. Thomas Menchin, Assistant Deputy Public Defender, argued the cause for appellant (Mr. Stanley C. Van Ness, Public Defender, attorney).
Mr. William J. Cunnane, Assistant Prosecutor, argued the cause for respondent (Mr. James A. Tumulty, Jr., Prosecutor of Hudson County, attorney).
The opinion of the court was delivered by FRANCIS, J.
Defendants Bird and Hock were convicted on an indictment charging them with unlawfully carrying "concealed in a vehicle, to wit, an automobile, a certain firearm, to wit, a revolver, without first having obtained the requisite permit to carry same, contrary to the provisions of N.J.S.A. 2A:151-41." Hock alone appealed to the Appellate Division where in an unreported opinion the conviction was affirmed. Thereafter he appealed directly to this Court under R.R. 1:2-1(a), now R. 2:2-1(a) (1), alleging that constitutional and other trial errors require reversal.
The statute under which the charge was laid provides:
"Except as hereinafter provided, any person who carries, holds or possesses in any automobile * * *:
(a) A pistol or revolver without first having obtained a permit to carry the same in accordance with the provisions of this chapter;
* * * * * * * *
is guilty of a high misdemeanor."
N.J.S.A. 2A:151-41.
Section 7 thereof, 2A:151-7, says:
"The presence of a firearm * * * in a vehicle, is presumptive evidence of possession by all persons occupying the vehicle at the time." *529 Prior to 1966 the form of the statute was somewhat different. It forbade any person to carry a revolver "in an automobile * * * or concealed on or about his clothes or person, or otherwise concealed in his possession: (a) * * * without first having obtained a permit * * *." The change in the act is called to the prosecutor's attention because the indictment used here follows an old form in that it asserts that Hock "unlawfully carried concealed in a vehicle, to wit, an automobile, a certain firearm, etc." There is no longer any need to allege concealment, if in fact there ever was any such need.[1] Moreover in its charge the court read the old statute and advised the jury that the State had the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the gun was concealed in the automobile in which Hock was a passenger. The allegation of *530 concealment in the indictment being unnecessary, it could have been treated as surplusage at the trial. Furthermore, the court by imposing in its charge the duty to prove concealment laid a greater burden of proof on the State than was necessary. But the defendant made no complaint about either the indictment or the charge, and we do not see that he was prejudiced in any way.
The testimony adduced at the trial showed that on January 8, 1967 at about 3 A.M. Officer Ferolie of the Jersey City Police Department while on motorcycle patrol, observed a 1956 Cadillac turning from one street into another street at about five miles an hour. Its trunk lid was loose and banging up and down and the exhaust or muffler noise was very loud. Two men were in the car, Bird was driving and Hock was in the right front passenger seat. At Officer Ferolie's direction, Bird pulled over to the side of the road where production of his driver's license and registration was requested. The driver's license was in order. However, the car registration certificate had expired. Moreover, although the number on the certificate was the same as that on the license plates, the registration was for a different automobile, a 1955 or 1956 Oldsmobile. In view of the motor vehicle act violations as well as the officer's suspicion that the Cadillac might be a stolen vehicle, he ordered Bird and Hock to drive to the precinct headquarters. Ferolie followed the car a short distance to the rear. On the way he saw Hock, who was in the right front seat, bend forward toward the floor for a period he estimated variously at from 3 to 7 seconds. (In cross-examining on the pretrial motion to suppress, counsel for Hock asked the officer if any thought crossed his mind when he saw Hock bend over. On receiving an affirmative answer counsel inquired as to what it was, and the officer replied that he thought something was being put under the front seat.)
On arrival at the police station with Bird and Hock, Ferolie explained the situation to the desk sergeant who told him to impound the Cadillac so that the matter of ownership *531 could be explored. Ferolie then took Bird outside with him while he searched the car and inventoried its contents. Such inventory is routine procedure so that a record of the contents may be made in the presence of the alleged owner. On opening the right front door the officer saw a revolver on the floor a few inches from the door and partially protruding from under the right front seat. It turned out to be a loaded .38 caliber revolver. Bird testified he saw the gun about the same time as Ferolie did. But each defendant denied ownership of it, or that he put it in the car or knew it was there, or that he ever saw it before it was found in the car.
Both men were then charged with unlawfully carrying the revolver concealed in a vehicle in violation of N.J.S.A. 2A:151-41. In addition Bird was given summonses for driving an unregistered vehicle contrary to N.J.S.A. 39:3-4, misuse of license plates contrary to N.J.S.A. 39:3-35, driving with a muffler not in working order, violative of N.J.S.A. 39:3-70, and failing to report a change of address contrary to N.J.S.A. 39:3-36.
At trial, Hock (whose credibility was assailed because of previous criminal convictions in 1961 for breaking and entry, and in 1963 for robbery) continued his denial that he owned the revolver or carried it into the car, or knew it was under the right front seat he occupied, or that he put it under the seat. He testified, as did Bird, that they had given a lift to a stranger they met outside the Old Bay House Tavern, not far from the scene of their arrest, and that they had dropped him off just before they were stopped by Officer Ferolie. Hock's uncle, with whom Hock lived near the tavern, testified to his own presence in the tavern from about 7 P.M. until closing time. He offered some corroboratory statements, asserting that when he left the tavern at closing time other persons, one of them Bird, left also. Another such person was a stranger with whom he had played pool at the tavern on a few occasions. He did not know the person's name or where he lived, and he never saw him again after that night. While waiting on the sidewalk for the bartender to close up, the *532 uncle saw Hock walking toward him. Hock's purpose in coming to the tavern was to obtain a key from his uncle so that he could get into the house. Hock and Bird, who were friends, after some conversation decided to go to a restaurant for coffee. At this time the stranger mentioned was across the street waiting for a bus. The uncle said he asked the man if he wanted a lift since Hock and Bird were going his way. Everyone being agreeable, the stranger got into the rear seat of the car. Neither Hock nor Bird asked for his name or where he lived; he simply said he would let them know where they "could let him off." They claimed they discharged him at Merritt Street at his request, and that he was about 30 feet away when Officer Ferolie drew up alongside them. According to Hock the officer asked who the person was who had just gotten out of the car. Ferolie denied seeing anyone alight or that he made any such inquiry. His testimony was that the car was moving when he ordered Bird to pull into the curb, and that the only occupants were Bird and Hock.
Hock denied he put the revolver under his seat after the arrest and during the trip to police headquarters. He remembered having bent forward at one time but said that was only to put some cigarette ashes in the dashboard tray.
The jury obviously disbelieved the defense. A unanimous verdict of guilty was returned after a short period of deliberation.
I
Hoch claims that the revolver received in evidence against him at the trial was obtained as the result of a search and seizure which violated the Fourth Amendment of the Federal Constitution. The argument was first presented at a pretrial motion under R. 3:5-7(a) to suppress on the ground that there was no probable cause for the search and, in any event, a warrant should have been obtained before making the search and seizing the revolver. The motion was denied after hearing the testimony of Officer Ferolie which was substantially the same as that presented at the trial. We *533 agree, as did the Appellate Division, that the contention has no merit.
Evidence obtained by means of searches and seizures made without a search warrant is not suppressible in all cases. The Fourth Amendment condemns only such warrantless searches as are unreasonable. State v. Campbell, 53 N.J. 230 (1969); State v. Kasabucki, 52 N.J. 110 (1968); State v. Boykins, 50 N.J. 73 (1967).
On the basis of the police officer's reasonable belief that the noisy muffler on the car violated the Motor Vehicle Act, he was legally justified in ordering Bird to pull into the curb and then requesting production of his driver's license and vehicle registration certificate. State v. Campbell, supra; N.J.S.A. 39:3-29. When no registration certificate for the Cadillac was produced, and it appeared that the license plates on the car related to a different vehicle, a well-grounded suspicion that the car was stolen warranted arrest of its occupants. See N.J.S.A. 39:5-25. Search of the vehicle for evidence of ownership could have been made immediately at the scene. State v. Boykins, supra; United States v. Washington, 249 F. Supp. 40 (D.D.C. 1965), aff'd Washington v. United States, 130 U.S. App. D.C. 374, 401 F.2d 915 (1968); People v. Shapiro, 213 Cal. App.2d 618, 28 Cal. Rptr. 907 (1963); People v. Galceran, 178 Cal. App.2d 312, 2 Cal. Rptr. 901 (1960); People v. Sanson, 156 Cal. App.2d 250, 319 p.2d 422 (1957); People v. Thomas, 31 Ill.2d 212, 201 N.E.2d 413 (1964), cert. den. 380 U.S. 936, 85 S.Ct. 948, 13 L.Ed.2d 824 (1965); People v. Tadlock, 59 Ill. App.2d 481, 208 N.E.2d 100 (1965); State v. Sullivan, 65 Wash.2d 47, 395 p.2d 745 (1964). Instead of an on the scene search, it was not only proper, but sensible as well, to arrest Bird and Hock and order them to drive to police headquarters, especially since it was 3 A.M. and the officer was alone.
On arrival at police headquarters there was ample basis for detaining the men and impounding the car pending investigation of its possible theft. Cf. Pine v. Okzewski, 112 *534 N.J.L. 429 (E. & A. 1933). Even the Director of the Division of Motor Vehicles may authorize the seizure of a motor vehicle operated over the highways of this State when he has reason to believe that it has been stolen or is otherwise being operated under suspicious circumstances, and may retain it until ownership is established. N.J.S.A. 39:5-47. We see no logical or legal reason why a delay of the few minutes it took to drive to the place of impounding should wipe out the right to search the car without a search warrant for evidence of true ownership, when that right so clearly existed in terms of probable cause at the scene of the arrest. See State v. Fioravanti, 46 N.J. 109, 124 (1965), cert. den. Fioravanti v. New Jersey, 384 U.S. 919, 86 S.Ct. 1365, 16 L.Ed.2d 440 (1966); State v. Blanca, 100 N.J. Super. 241, 251 (App. Div. 1968).
When Officer Ferolie went out to the impounded car accompanied by Bird, the alleged owner, the propriety of the search need not depend, as the State suggests, only on whether the search was incidental to the arrest. Possible larceny of the car or operation without the permission of the owner being reasonably in issue, probable cause existed to search it for evidence of true ownership. Moreover, as the United States Supreme Court indicated in Cooper v. California, 386 U.S. 58, 87 S.Ct. 788, 17 L.Ed.2d 730 (1967), where the car was lawfully impounded during a reasonable period of investigation, it would be unreasonable to say the police had no right to search it, even for their own protection. "It is no answer to say that the police could have obtained a search warrant, for `the relevant test is not whether it is reasonable to procure a search warrant, but whether the search was reasonable.'" 386 U.S., at 62, 87 S.Ct., at 791. In taking Bird out with him to go through the car, the officer had two motives, one stated expressly and the other clearly inferable, but both in our judgment lawful. One was to inventory its contents to protect the police against excessive claims and to safeguard the suspect's *535 rightful interest therein; the other stemming by clear implication from the reason for the impounding, i.e., the suspicion of theft, was to note or discover any evidence of true ownership.
When the officer opened the right front door of the car, it is undisputed that the revolver, or enough of it to reveal that it was a revolver, was capable of being seen and was seen by Bird as well as Ferolie a few inches away from the door and under the right front seat where Hock had been sitting. Bird testified he saw it at the same time as the officer.
The presence of the gun in association with the 3 A.M. operation of an unregistered vehicle bearing license plates which had been issued for a different car and for a term which had expired warranted an inference by the officer that the gun was contraband and that the occupants of the car for which they could produce no registration were involved in some criminal enterprise. Compare, State v. Humphreys, 54 N.J. 406 (1969); State v. Barnes, 54 N.J. 1, 8 (1969); State v. DiRienzo, 53 N.J. 360, 385 (1969); State v. McKnight, 52 N.J. 35, 56 (1968); State v. Boykins, supra, 50 N.J., at 77-78; Harris v. United States, 390 U.S. 234, 88 S.Ct. 992, 19 L.Ed.2d 1067 (1968); Goodwin v. United States, 121 U.S. App. D.C. 9, 347 F.2d 793 (1965), cert. den. Williams v. United States, 382 U.S. 920, 86 S.Ct. 300, 15 L.Ed.2d 234 (1965); People v. Galceran, supra; State v. Sullivan, supra. The search of the car being lawful, the seizure of the gun was lawful and unaffected by the absence of a search warrant. Validity of the seizure of the gun did not depend upon the fact that it was partially visible when the door was opened. Its visible presence gave additional substance to the right of seizure, but under the totality of the circumstances the seizure would not have been constitutionally infirm if the gun had not been visible but had been discovered in the course of a search of the car.
*536 II
The defendant contends further that since N.J.S.A. 2A:151-41 prohibits carrying, holding or possessing a revolver in an automobile without "first having obtained a permit" to do so, the burden is on the State to affirmatively show absence of a permit as a part of its main case.
The statute makes carrying, holding or possessing a revolver in an automobile a high misdemeanor "except" where the person charged with the offense has previously obtained a permit to do so. The clause which exempts from its penal provision those persons who have been licensed is so incorporated into and made a part of the description of the offense that doubtless it should be considered necessary to allege in the indictment, as was done here, that Hock was without a permit to carry the revolver. But that allegation presents a negative which, under earlier cases, the prosecution was not called upon to prove in the first instance. As the cases indicate it was thought that the truth or falsity of the averment was more immediately or peculiarly within the knowledge of the defendant himself, or that the negative did not admit of direct proof. There was no central agency or office in the State where all gun permits granted under the statute had to be filed. Permits were issued by judges of the county court where the permittee resided at the time of application. Although there is no section of the statute expressly requiring permits to be filed and a record kept in the clerk's office of the same county, the implication is that such filing did occur. See N.J.S.A. 2A:151-44. So, if the prosecutor had to prove lack of a permit in the first instance, in a particular case he might have to search the records of many county clerk's offices, perhaps even all 21 of them, in an effort to make a prima facie case against an accused. Consequently our courts felt, as did those of a number of other states, that if a permit had been issued to a defendant the fact would be more immediately within his knowledge. Therefore it was held that there was no hardship or injustice in *537 placing upon him the slight intermediate obligation of presenting such evidence. Thus, upon a showing of possession of the type of gun which could not be legally possessed without a permit, a duty of going forward with some evidence of the holding of a permit was imposed on the accused. However, this did not alter the basic rule that the ultimate burden of persuasion rested on the State. State v. Blanca, 100 N.J. Super. 241, 248 (App. Div. 1968); State v. Rabatin, supra, 25 N.J. Super., at 31; People v. Ross, 60 Cal. App. 163, 212 P. 627 (1922); People v. Grass, 79 Misc. 457, 141 N.Y.S. 204 (Cty. Ct. 1913); 29 Am. Jur.2d, Evidence, § 153; 9 Wigmore, Evidence (3d ed. 1940), § 2486, p. 275.
In this case defendant's contention respecting the proper allocation of the burden of proof of lack of a gun permit requires no further discussion. It is plain from the jury opening of defense counsel, as well as from the testimony offered in the State's case as to the denials by the defendants of ownership, possession and knowledge of the presence of the revolver in the car, that the non-existence of a permit to possess or carry the gun was not an issue in the case. The nature of the defense testimony, as well as the summations of counsel, was such as to confirm the absence of such issue, and in our view the trial court was justified in its charge in removing it from jury consideration. The case was properly submitted to the jury in the framework of the trial contest for a finding of guilt or innocence on the realistic and actual issues presented by the defendants. Accordingly we see no justification for reversal of the conviction because of lack of proof that Hock did not have a gun permit.
III
Defendant claims the trial court committed prejudicial error in its charge to the jury by referring to section 7 of Title 2A:151 which speaks of presence of a revolver in an automobile as "presumptive evidence" of possession by an occupant thereof. In explaining the statute the court did so in *538 the exact language of a request to charge submitted by the defendant Bird. As charged, this request told the jury that if the occupants had no knowledge of the presence of the weapon in the automobile there could not be a conviction. The court advised the jury also that in order to convict under the statute referred to in the indictment, i.e., N.J.S.A. 2A:151-41, the State must prove every element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. There was no objection to the portion of the charge of which Hock now complains. Therefore the ground of appeal will not be considered unless it qualifies as plain error, that is, legal impropriety in the charge prejudicially affecting the substantial rights of the defendant and sufficiently grievous to justify notice by the reviewing court and to convince the court that of itself the error possessed a clear capacity to bring about an unjust result. State v. Corby, 28 N.J. 106, 108 (1958), overruled on other grounds, 44 N.J. 560 (1965).
In this case there was strong evidence connecting Hock with possession of the revolver found in the car. He was occupying the right front seat of the car as it proceeded toward police headquarters. The officer following him saw Hock bend forward for an appreciable period of time and then straighten up in his seat. When the right front door was opened a few minutes later the revolver was observed on the floor partly under the right front seat and within a few inches of the right front door. These facts warrant a substantial inference that Hock had possession of the gun, i.e., had intentional control and dominion over it. State v. Humphreys, supra, 54 N.J., at 413-414. As Humphreys indicates, such an inference is rational and not arbitrary. Of course, it is permissive, not mandatory, and, as the trial judge indicated, the jury was free to accept or reject it after a consideration of all the evidence.
The inculpatory inference was strengthened rather than diluted by the testimony of Hock and Bird. The story they told about giving the stranger a lift in the rear seat of the car for a short distance and dropping him almost immediately *539 before the officer accosted them was implausible. Its purpose was to create an inference that the stranger had put the gun in the car, and to negative the inference of Hock's possession. The jury quite obviously believed the stranger was born of desperation and imagination and not of truth, and so indicated by its verdict. In our judgment the great weight of the credible evidence supports the jury finding that Hock had knowing possession of the gun.
Under the circumstances, and although the charge of the court did not comport strictly with the views of this Court expressed in State v. DiRienzo, supra, and State v. Humphreys, supra, both decided after this case was tried, we cannot say Hock has shown such grievously prejudicial error as to warrent reversal of his conviction. For guidance, however, we commend the two cited cases to the trial judges for close study in connection with preparation of future jury instructions in such cases.
Judgment affirmed.
For affirmance Chief Justice WEINTRAUB and Justices JACOBS, FRANCIS, PROCTOR, HALL, SCHETTINO and HANEMAN 7.
For reversal None.
NOTES
[1] The act in its earlier form prohibited the carrying of a revolver, pistol or assorted other weapons concealed about the accused's clothes or person, without a permit to do so. See, e.g. L. 1912, c. 225. Under that statute it was necessary to allege in the indictment and to prove that the weapon was "concealed." State v. Gratz, 86 N.J.L. 482 (Sup. Ct. 1914). Subsequent revisions of the statute referred to vehicles by prohibiting the carrying of the specified weapons "concealed in or about his clothes or person, or in any automobile * * *." L. 1925, c. 207. Two cases held that allegation and proof of concealment were required under that language but neither clearly dealt with carrying in an automobile. State v. Meyers, 9 N.J. Misc. 1174, 157 A. 96, aff'd 110 N.J.L. 527 (E. & A. 1933); State v. Quinn, 108 N.J.L. 467 (Sup. Ct. 1932). In any event, in 1928, the statute was amended to read: "No person shall, without license therefor issued, * * * carry a pistol or revolver in any vehicle or concealed on or about his person * * *." L. 1928, c. 212. Manifestly, the reference to concealment in that act related only to carrying the weapon concealed on or about the accused's person, and was not intended to require concealment in the vehicle as an element of the crime. It is extremely doubtful that the somewhat less clear form of the statute, N.J.S.A. 2A:151-41, just before the 1966 amendment, was designed to change the plain prohibition of the 1928 act or that the clause in that same statute banning the carrying of a revolver "in any automobile * * * or on or about his clothes or person, or otherwise in his possession * * *" should have been deemed to do so. The question has never been decided expressly. It was raised and reserved in State v. Rabatin, 25 N.J. Super. 24, 30 (App. Div.), certif. den. 13 N.J. 361 (1953), and see Livesey v. Helbig, 87 N.J.L. 303 (E. & A. 1915).
|
title: PowerShell Rundll32 Remote Thread Creation
id: 99b97608-3e21-4bfe-8217-2a127c396a0e
status: experimental
description: Detects PowerShell remote thread creation in Rundll32.exe
author: Florian Roth
references:
- https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2018/06/bring-your-own-land-novel-red-teaming-technique.html
date: 2018/06/25
logsource:
product: windows
service: sysmon
detection:
selection:
EventID: 8
SourceImage: '*\powershell.exe'
TargetImage: '*\rundll32.exe'
condition: selection
tags:
- attack.defense_evasion
- attack.execution
- attack.t1085 # an old one
- attack.t1218.011
- attack.t1086 # an old one
- attack.t1059.001
falsepositives:
- Unkown
level: high
|
package compiler
import (
"testing"
)
func Test_fixRegex(t *testing.T) {
tests := []struct {
re string
want string
}{
{"foobar", "foobar"},
{`testing\h`, "testing[[:xdigit:]]"},
{`\htest`, `[[:xdigit:]]test`},
{`abc\hdef`, `abc[[:xdigit:]]def`},
{`\\\htest`, `\\[[:xdigit:]]test`},
{`\\htest`, `\\htest`},
{`\h\h\h\h`, `[[:xdigit:]][[:xdigit:]][[:xdigit:]][[:xdigit:]]`},
{`abc\hdef\hghi\h`, `abc[[:xdigit:]]def[[:xdigit:]]ghi[[:xdigit:]]`},
}
for _, tt := range tests {
got, _ := fixRegex(tt.re)
if got != tt.want {
t.Errorf("fixRegex() got = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
}
}
}
|
Subsets and Splits